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"Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones",
"* A/66/150.",
"Tema 17 a) del programa provisional*",
"Cuestiones de política macroeconómica",
"Comercio internacional y desarrollo",
"Informe del Secretario General",
"Resumen",
"El sistema comercial multilateral está haciendo frente a incertidumbres importantes respecto de las perspectivas de conclusión de la Ronda de Doha de negociaciones comerciales, que se suman al conjunto de cambios en la estructura y dirección del comercio internacional. El crecimiento del comercio de bienes intermedios, que se vincula con la ampliación de la producción internacional, se ha acelerado en los últimos años, muchas veces con un fuerte componente regional. Junto con la proliferación de acuerdos comerciales regionales, el impulso hacia el regionalismo será un elemento importante de la agenda de la política comercial de los próximos años. Las realidades económicas favorables también han contribuido a aumentar el comercio Sur-Sur, y una mayor cooperación Sur-Sur. De aprovecharse adecuadamente, esto también puede contribuir al desarrollo inclusivo y sostenible. No obstante, debe reforzarse el sistema comercial multilateral y la Ronda de Doha debe concluir con una fuerte dimensión de desarrollo. Un paquete inicial de medidas para los países menos adelantados podría ser el primer paso en esta dirección. No obstante, para que el comercio contribuya a lograr vías de desarrollo más inclusivas, los distintos niveles y componentes del sistema comercial internacional (multilateral, regional, bilateral y unilateral) deben tener mayor coherencia. El 13° período de sesiones de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo, que se celebrará en Doha, en abril de 2012, movilizará los esfuerzos internacionales hacia una globalización centrada en el desarrollo, lo cual contribuirá al crecimiento y el desarrollo inclusivos y sostenibles.",
"I. Introducción",
"1. El presente informe se ha preparado de conformidad con la resolución 65/142 de la Asamblea General, en la que esta pide al Secretario General que, en colaboración con la secretaría de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD), le presente, en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, un informe sobre la evolución del sistema comercial multilateral.",
"II. Tendencias del comercio internacional y el desarrollo",
"A. Evolución reciente",
"2. Después de una fuerte contracción en 2009, las exportaciones mundiales de mercancías registraron en 2010 una expansión anual sin precedentes del 14% en volumen (22% en valor). El aumento fue más rápido en los países en desarrollo, tanto en lo que se refiere a las exportaciones como a las importaciones (16,7% y 18,9%, respectivamente) que en los países desarrollados (12,6% y 10,2%) lo que revela no solo un fuerte impulso exportador de los países en desarrollo, sino también una gran demanda de importaciones gracias a la firme recuperación registrada en muchas regiones, en particular en Asia, donde el comercio se realiza por medio de redes internacionales de producción. En 2010, la exportación total de servicios creció un 8%, aunque su valor seguía siendo inferior al de 2008, antes de la crisis.",
"3. La evolución del comercio ha estado condicionada por la situación económica subyacente. La economía mundial creció un 3,9% en 2010, después de una contracción del 2,0% en 2009, y se estima que se desacelerará este año al 3,3%. Los países en desarrollo siguieron siendo los impulsores de la recuperación mundial en 2010, con un crecimiento colectivo del producto interno bruto (PIB) del 7,5%. Los precios elevados e inestables de los productos básicos, la fragilidad de los mercados financieros y las crisis de la deuda soberana, así como el desempleo generalizado, siguen influyendo en la recuperación. Dadas estas amenazas persistentes, y la desaceleración del crecimiento de la producción de este año, se espera que el crecimiento de las exportaciones se frene, poniendo de relieve las vulnerabilidades constantes del sistema comercial en una economía mundial interdependiente.",
"4. El incremento de los precios de los productos básicos en 2010 impulsó los valores nominales de las exportaciones de esos productos, pero hizo peligrar la seguridad alimentaria y la estabilidad macroeconómica. A comienzos de 2011, el índice de precios de los alimentos superó el máximo histórico. Los precios del petróleo también registraron un fuerte aumento debido a la inestabilidad de algunos países exportadores de petróleo, sometiendo las perspectivas de crecimiento de muchos países a nuevas presiones. Esta gran volatilidad de los precios refleja en gran medida las conmociones negativas de la oferta (por ejemplo, las condiciones meteorológicas), aunque se cree que el efecto en los precios se exageró debido a la especulación en los mercados de productos básicos financializados (véase A/66/207). Si bien unos precios más elevados benefician a los exportadores netos, como muchos países en desarrollo, en particular los países menos adelantados, son importadores netos de alimentos y energía, los precios más altos pueden tener efectos negativos en la reducción de la pobreza; solo en Asia, las recientes subidas de precios podrían abocar a más de 60 millones de personas a la pobreza[1].",
"B. Transformación del panorama comercial internacional",
"5. En el último decenio, el comercio creció sostenidamente más rápido que el PIB (excepto en 2009), lo que se tradujo en un incremento de la relación entre las exportaciones y el PIB; en los países en desarrollo, esa relación aumentó del 29,5% al 36,0% en 2008. La participación de los países en desarrollo en las exportaciones mundiales de mercancías aumentó del 24% al 42% en los dos últimos decenios, y en la producción mundial del 17% al 32%, apuntando a una posible convergencia de los ingresos en el futuro (véase el gráfico I). Por consiguiente, la importancia de los mercados externos y la contribución de las exportaciones al crecimiento de la producción aumentaron considerablemente. Si bien el total de las exportaciones ha crecido rápidamente, este crecimiento no se ha traducido en un incremento proporcional del valor añadido interno. Esto se debe en parte a que una mayor fragmentación de la producción implica que las exportaciones requieren una cantidad considerable de insumos intermedios importados.",
"6. El fuerte crecimiento de los países de Asia y otras economías emergentes, como los países del grupo BRIC (Brasil, Federación de Rusia, India y China), ha creado nuevas oportunidades comerciales, en particular para otros países en desarrollo. La participación de los países en desarrollo en las importaciones mundiales aumentó del 22% en 2000 al 39% en 2009, contribuyendo un 47% al crecimiento de las importaciones mundiales. El elevado contenido de material importado en las exportaciones de Asia ha beneficiado a los otros países en desarrollo integrados en la cadena mundial de producción y distribución. Actualmente, las exportaciones Sur-Sur representan el 53% del total de las exportaciones de los países en desarrollo, un aumento respecto del 43% del de 2000. Se estima que el comercio de servicios Sur-Sur constituye el 10% del comercio mundial.",
"Gráfico I Participación de los países en desarrollo y los países del grupo BRIC en la producción y las exportaciones mundiales, por región, 2000-2010",
"(Porcentaje)",
"Fuente: UNCTADstat.",
"7. Aunque 23 países en desarrollo registraron tasas de crecimiento anual real de más del 10% entre 2000 y 2010, casi una tercera parte (48 países) experimentó una contracción de sus exportaciones (véase el gráfico II). Esto indica que la convergencia de los ingresos no es una consecuencia automática de una economía mundial más abierta y que la polarización sigue siendo un desafío para los encargados de formular políticas a nivel nacional e internacional.",
"Gráfico II Distribución de los países en desarrollo por tasa de crecimiento anual real de las exportaciones y la producción de mercancías, 2000-2010",
"Fuente: UNCTADstat.",
"8. La transformación del panorama comercial mundial también puede observarse en la composición de los productos (véase el gráfico III). El crecimiento desproporcionadamente rápido de la categoría muy comerciada de maquinaria y equipo de transporte impulsó la expansión de las exportaciones de los países en desarrollo, mientras que los precios más altos de los productos básicos incrementaron el comercio de combustibles minerales. La disminución de la parte correspondiente a los productos manufacturados livianos se debe en parte a la mayor competencia, pues la presencia de países en los que los salarios son bajos ejerció presión sobre los precios.",
"9. La distinta composición por productos según las regiones indica una especialización regional creciente. Asia se concentra en los productos manufacturados, América Latina en la agricultura y los productos basados en los recursos, y África y los países menos adelantados en minerales y otros productos básicos. En el período de 1995 a 2009, la categoría de maquinaria y equipo de transporte contribuyó en más del 40% al crecimiento de las exportaciones en Asia, mientras que los combustibles minerales representaron el 60% del crecimiento de las exportaciones de los países menos adelantados. Si bien los aumentos recientes de los precios de los productos básicos influyeron en el aumento de los ingresos por exportaciones en este último grupo de países, sigue preocupando la posibilidad de que sus estructuras económicas poco diversificadas obstaculicen las perspectivas de crecimiento de largo plazo.",
"Gráfico III",
"Composición por productos de las exportaciones de los países en desarrollo, 2010",
"(Porcentaje)",
"Fuente: UNCTADstat.",
"10. El cambio de dirección y el dinamismo del comercio internacional, en particular a lo largo del eje Sur-Sur, está muy relacionado con la creciente fragmentación de la producción en la cadena mundial de producción y distribución (véanse los informes de la UNCTAD TD/B/57/3 y TD/B/C.I/16). La caída de los costos de transporte y comercio, incluidos los aranceles, la expansión de los servicios empresariales y de infraestructura, y el alza de las corrientes de inversión extranjera directa hacia los países en desarrollo (el 43% de las corrientes de inversión extranjera directa) contribuyeron a la creación de redes mundiales de producción[2]. El comercio internacional de productos intermedios ha sido dinámico y ha aumentado de 2 billones de dólares de los Estados Unidos en 1995 a casi 7 billones de dólares en 2008, representando el 48% del comercio mundial de mercancías distintas de los combustibles (véase el gráfico IV y el recuadro 1). Este tipo de comercio estimula la especialización de las distintas economías en las diferentes actividades de procesamiento, lo cual lleva al “comercio de tareas”, que añade valor a lo largo de la cadena mundial de producción y distribución. No obstante, los países especializados en actividades que requieren un uso intensivo de mano de obra podrían quedar atrapados en actividades de poco valor añadido, de modo que la retención local del valor es limitada a pesar del aumento del volumen de las exportaciones. Por ejemplo, para aumentar su ventaja competitiva y su rentabilidad, las empresas que dependen de tecnologías innovadoras utilizan cada vez más una cadena de producción y distribución “cerrada” entre proveedores especializados en componentes que solo se usan en sus productos finales y tienen un mayor margen de beneficios. Así pues, las capacidades productivas, el capital humano y la complejidad tecnológica nacionales son importantes para los países que aspiran a beneficiarse efectivamente de la cadena mundial de producción y distribución y mejorar su lugar en la cadena de valor.",
"Gráfico IV",
"Comercio mundial de mercancías distintas de los combustibles, 1995-2010",
"(En miles de millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos)",
"Fuente: UNCTAD.",
"Recuadro 1 \n\tLa cadena mundial de producción y distribución y la medición delcomercio\t\n\tEl crecimiento de la cadena mundial de producción y distribuciónha revelado un problema de medición en las estadísticas decomercio internacional. A diferencia de las estadísticas sobre elingreso nacional, las relativas al comercio miden el valor de esteen función del valor bruto de un producto y no del valor agregado.El incremento de producción en la cadena mundial de producción ydistribución de gran intensidad comercial ha inflado el valor delcomercio internacional, porque las piezas con que se comerciacruzan las fronteras varias veces y se cuentan cada vez que lohacen. Por ejemplo, aunque Apple es una empresa basada en losEstados Unidos de América, el valor agregado a la producción deliPod en China (donde se realiza el ensamblado final) es pequeño, yApple retiene la mayor parte de las utilidades, que se adquierenen los Estados Unidos (por ejemplo, los minoristas). Así, por cadaiPod de 300 dólares vendido en los Estados Unidos, este paísincrementa su déficit comercial con China en 150 dólares (esdecir, el costo de fábrica). Si se midiera en función del valorañadido, China tendría un superávit comercial con los EstadosUnidos un 40% más bajo*. \n\t* Greg Linden, Kenneth Kraemer y Jason Dedrick, “Who capturesvalue in a global innovation network?: the case of Apple’s iPod”,Communications of the ACM, vol. 52, núm. 3 (marzo de 2009).",
"11. La menor participación de la agricultura (menos del 10%) en las exportaciones de los países en desarrollo subestima su importancia para algunos países, así como el potencial de desarrollo del sector. Muchos países en desarrollo siguen dependiendo de la economía rural para la generación de empleo, los ingresos y las entradas por exportaciones. En promedio, la agricultura representa el 52% del empleo en los países en desarrollo, mientras que la participación de estos países en las exportaciones agrícolas mundiales aumentó del 31% en 2000 al 36% en 2009, impulsados por los exportadores competitivos de América Latina. Algunos países, como el Brasil, han podido diversificarse y mejorar sus actividades agrícolas para lograr un crecimiento más rápido. Las exportaciones de varios productos de alto valor han mostrado un fuerte dinamismo (por ejemplo, las hortalizas y los alimentos elaborados). No obstante, el aumento de la especialización ha convertido a muchos países en desarrollo, incluidos los que tienen economías predominantemente agrícolas, en importadores netos de alimentos básicos. Así pues, la seguridad alimentaria es ahora una cuestión apremiante, en particular por la imprevisibilidad de la oferta vinculada con la restricción de las exportaciones, lo cual se ha traducido en la decisión reciente del Grupo de los 20 (G-20) de eliminar las restricciones a las exportaciones de alimentos adquiridos para asistencia humanitaria.",
"12. El sector de los servicios, en particular los servicios de infraestructura, no solo es importante en sí mismo, sino que también puede mejorar la eficiencia y la competitividad en todos los sectores de la economía (véase TD/B/C.I/MEM.3/8). Los servicios representan el 15% del total de las exportaciones de bienes y servicios de los países en desarrollo y el 51% de su producción nacional. Estos porcentajes son inferiores al promedio mundial (20% y 67%, respectivamente), lo que muestra en general el menor nivel de transformación estructural en los países en desarrollo. No obstante, estos países están incrementando su participación en el mercado. Entre 2000 y 2010, su participación en las exportaciones mundiales de servicios aumentó del 23% al 30%, debido en parte a los resultados de Asia, en particular en lo que se refiere a viajes y servicios empresariales en China y servicios de computación e información en la India. Los viajes y el transporte son los dos subsectores dominantes y en 2010 representaron un 25% y un 20% respectivamente de las exportaciones de servicios. Estos están perdiendo terreno frente a los servicios empresariales exportables modernos que tienen gran economía de escala y externalidades fuertes, y que atraen mano de obra altamente calificada (véase el gráfico V). Los servicios brindan una oportunidad realista de transformación estructural, especialmente para aquellos países que no tienen ventajas comparativas en la manufactura.",
"Gráfico V",
"Participación de subcategorías de servicios seleccionadas en el comercio mundial de servicios, 1990-2010",
"(Porcentaje)",
"Fuente: UNCTADstat.",
"13. La cuestión de la migración en relación con el comercio y el desarrollo ha surgido como un problema importante. La creciente movilidad laboral y el movimiento de los proveedores de servicios han causado el incremento de las corrientes de remesas de los trabajadores, lo cual contribuye a reducir la pobreza. El número de migrantes mundiales ascendió a 215 millones en 2010, el 3% de la población del planeta. Las corrientes mundiales de remesas fueron de 442.000 millones de dólares en 2010, de los cuales las dos terceras partes fueron a países en desarrollo y el 6% a países menos adelantados (véase el cuadro 1). Las remesas son una fuente importante de financiación externa y representan el 1,5% del PIB de los países en desarrollo en su conjunto (el 1,2% en 2000) y el 5,2% del de los países menos adelantados. Aunque los efectos a largo plazo de las remesas en el desarrollo aún no se conocen plenamente, estos efectos pueden multiplicarse si las remesas se canalizan hacia los sectores productivos, incluidos el desarrollo del sector financiero y la educación[3].",
"14. Para incrementar las corrientes de remesas, las medidas que afectan a la migración temporal deben abordarse en todos los niveles, incluso en las negociaciones sobre el comercio de servicios de la ronda de Doha en el Modo 4 del Acuerdo General sobre el Comercio de Servicios. La coherencia de las políticas y los enfoques integrados son importantes. Es necesario seguir fortaleciendo y mejorando la cooperación y la coordinación a nivel nacional e internacional en los países de origen, tránsito y destino, e intercambiar experiencias.",
"Cuadro 1 Remesas como proporción del PIB y del total mundial de remesas, 2010",
"(Porcentaje)",
"Proporcióndel PIB\tProporcióndeltotalmundial \n Economías desarrolladas 0,3 25,9 \n Economías en transición 1,5 6,8 \n Economías en desarrollo 1,5 67,2 \n África 2,5 9,0 \n América Latina 1,2 13,5 \n Asia 1,5 44,3 \n Países menos adelantados 5,2 5,9",
"Fuente: UNCTADstat.",
"15. Traducir el dinamismo del comercio en mayores oportunidades de ingresos por medio de la creación de empleo es un desafío del desarrollo decisivo para el crecimiento inclusivo (véase TD/B/C.I/15). La crisis ya ha generado una gran cantidad de desempleados en todo el mundo, 205 millones de personas en 2010. Los datos indican que si bien la apertura del comercio no afecta a nivel general de empleo en el largo plazo, la liberalización puede llevar a una pérdida neta de puestos de trabajo en el corto plazo, ya que la destrucción de empleos en los sectores contratantes que compiten con las importaciones puede ser más rápida que la creación de puestos de trabajo en los sectores exportadores. Aunque es necesario estudiar más a fondo la relación empírica entre comercio y empleo, esto sugiere que traducir las posibles mejoras de la eficiencia del comercio en beneficios para el empleo no es automático y exige intervenciones gubernamentales proactivas y prudentes. Es fundamental tener en cuenta esta vinculación entre comercio y empleo en el sistema comercial internacional.",
"III. Evolución del sistema comercial multilateral",
"16. Los cambios descritos más arriba son parte de una transformación más amplia del sistema comercial internacional, que tiende hacia la producción fragmentada, la polarización múltiple y la regionalización, y cuya integración tiene ritmos distintos en los diferentes países. Entre las manifestaciones de esta transformación figuran el estancamiento actual de las negociaciones de la Ronda de Doha, las mayores dificultades a que hace frente el multilateralismo y el aumento de las iniciativas regionales que complementan los procesos multilaterales y compiten con estos (véase TD/B/58/3).",
"A. Panorama general",
"17. La Ronda de Doha se inició en 2001 y su conclusión estaba prevista para fin de 2004. El desacuerdo permanente sobre la agricultura ha retrasado el progreso general. En 2011 se intensificaron los esfuerzos por concluir la Ronda en diciembre. No obstante, la falta de avances importantes sobre las principales cuestiones pendientes llevaron a un grave estancamiento en abril. Una de las cuestiones importantes fue la fuerte liberalización sectorial en el acceso a los mercados de productos no agrícolas. Si bien la participación en iniciativas sectoriales se consideró “voluntaria”, algunos países desarrollados habían procurado asegurar la participación de los países en desarrollo más grandes en dos de los tres sectores clave (productos químicos, maquinaria industrial y productos electrónicos) para alcanzar una mayor liberalización en esas economías, incluida la eliminación de aranceles, que la que se obtendría de aplicar la fórmula general de disminución de los aranceles. Los países en desarrollo consideraron que esa exigencia era desmedida pues, en virtud de la fórmula general de reducción de los aranceles, ya disminuirían los aranceles consolidados proporcionalmente en mayor medida que los países desarrollados. La liberalización sectorial era un aspecto especialmente delicado debido a sus repercusiones en el mercado de trabajo. Otros sectores eran la atención de la salud ampliada, los productos forestales, las materias primas y las piedras preciosas y joyas. También hubo controversias en otras esferas, como la cuestión de los mayores compromisos de los países en desarrollo en el Modo 3 del Acuerdo General sobre el Comercio de Servicios con el fin de mantener los actuales niveles de apertura (por ejemplo las limitaciones al capital extranjero), los compromisos del Modo 4 de los países desarrollados y el mecanismo de salvaguardia especial para la agricultura.",
"18. El enfoque a tres velocidades, con “corredores rápidos, medios y lentos”, propuesto por el Director General de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) en mayo de 2011 como posible medio para avanzar, consistía en tratar de alcanzar un acuerdo parcial, preservando al mismo tiempo el principio de un compromiso único. La octava Conferencia Ministerial, prevista para diciembre de 2011, se centraría en las cuestiones que afectaban a los países menos adelantados, como el acceso a los mercados libre de derechos y de contingentes, las normas de origen conexas, las excepciones al trato de nación más favorecida que abarcaran el posible acceso preferencial a los mercados de los servicios y el algodón, a fin de obtener resultados rápidos. También se debatirían algunas cuestiones adicionales relativas al paquete “países menos adelantados plus” en el marco de la vía intermedia, que también incluiría la facilitación del comercio, la competencia de las exportaciones agrícolas, un mecanismo de vigilancia del trato especial y diferenciado, las subvenciones a la pesca y los bienes y servicios ambientales, a fin de alcanzar un equilibrio general y atender algunas de las preocupaciones de los principales socios comerciales (por ejemplo los Estados Unidos). Las negociaciones sobre las cuestiones relativas a la agricultura, el acceso a los mercados para los productos no agrícolas y los servicios, así como las cuestiones vinculadas con los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio, se aplazarían hasta 2012.",
"19. El logro efectivo de los primeros resultados en diciembre de 2011 se considera fundamental para las negociaciones subsiguientes que se celebrarán en 2012. Preocupa la posibilidad de que la prolongación de las negociaciones ya haya restado credibilidad al sistema comercial multilateral y pertinencia a algunas de las cuestiones que se negocian debido a la realidad económica actual. Los países en desarrollo destacan, como parte de la agenda original de desarrollo de Doha, la necesidad de obtener resultados sobre los temas pendientes de la Ronda Uruguay, mientras que algunos países desarrollados (como los de la Unión Europea (UE)) sostienen que deben abordarse cuestiones nuevas como las inversiones, la política de competencia, las adquisiciones públicas, los impuestos a la exportación y el cambio climático. Es necesario avanzar rápidamente para ocuparse de los nuevos temas del siglo XXI a fin de preservar la relevancia del sistema comercial multilateral ante una realidad económica cambiante. La liberalización del comercio y los acuerdos comerciales deben contribuir de manera positiva a abordar los problemas de desarrollo más amplios, incluidos la reducción de la pobreza, el empleo, la capacidad productiva, el crecimiento sostenido e inclusivo, la seguridad alimentaria y energética, la salud pública y el acceso a los recursos hídricos. Se necesita un liderazgo firme, también de los países emergentes, para revitalizar la arquitectura del sistema comercial multilateral.",
"20. Durante la crisis económica se reafirmó la solidez del sistema comercial multilateral basado en normas frente al proteccionismo. Se calcula que las medidas de restricción de las importaciones impuestas entre octubre de 2008 y abril de 2011 afectaron a lo sumo al 2,70% de las importaciones mundiales y tuvieron efectos limitados (el 0,25% por medidas fronterizas y el 0,75% por medidas de rescate). El proteccionismo agresivo se pudo contener, sobre todo gracias a la adhesión de los países a las normas y los compromisos de la OMC y a la firme moderación de muchos países en desarrollo. La OMC desempeñó un papel catalizador en la movilización de esfuerzos para abordar la insuficiente financiación del comercio (se utilizaron en el 80% al 90% del comercio) y el apoyo prestado por las iniciativas de ayuda para el comercio a la capacidad productiva, la infraestructura relacionada con el comercio, la competitividad y los ajustes. A pesar de cierto aumento de los recursos financieros (60% entre 2005 y 2010), sigue habiendo problemas importantes para asegurar recursos adicionales y ampliar la eficacia y los resultados del desarrollo, como se observa en el tercer Examen Global de la Ayuda para el Comercio de julio. En 2011 la OMC informó de que hubo indicios de aceleración del proteccionismo posterior a la crisis debido al mayor recurso a aranceles más altos, licencias de importación no automáticas y restricciones a las exportaciones, en un entorno de desaceleración del crecimiento y alto desempleo[4].",
"B. Efectos de la Ronda de Doha en el bienestar",
"21. La incapacidad de concluir la Ronda de Doha puede considerarse una oportunidad perdida. El análisis más reciente de la UNCTAD sobre los posibles efectos del resultado de la Ronda de Doha en el comercio y el bienestar en función de los productos indica que los beneficios mundiales obtenidos por una mayor liberalización son positivos aunque limitados, estimados en unos 70.000 millones de dólares anuales (véase el cuadro 2). La magnitud de los beneficios ha sido corroborada por otros estudios recientes. Los efectos en el bienestar de análisis basados en modelos evidentemente dependen de las especificaciones del modelo, los datos utilizados y las hipótesis de simulación. Estudios anteriores, como el del Banco Mundial de 2003, estimaron beneficios mundiales de hasta 358.000 millones de dólares, pero revisiones posteriores redujeron considerablemente esa cantidad, subrayando la necesidad de interpretar con prudencia los resultados de los modelos. Incluso esos beneficios tan grandes representan solo una fracción del PIB, lo cual sugiere la importancia de las políticas internas complementarias destinadas a ampliar las capacidades productivas endógenas y las oportunidades de empleo para aumentar los beneficios de la liberalización comercial.",
"Cuadro 2 Posibles efectos del resultado de la Ronda de Doha en el bienestar y el comercio",
"Doha Doha incluidas iniciativas sectoriales\n Bienestar^(a) Exportaciones^(b) Bienestar^(a) Exportaciones^(b)",
"Unión Europea 5 643 0,16 1 360 0,21",
"Estados Unidos -351 1,48 -2 127 2,21",
"Japón 6 432 1,94 9 543 3,08",
"Otros países desarrollados 11 142 2,25 16 023 3,86",
"Exportadores del Grupo de 1 858 0,59 1 831 0,84 Cairns",
"China 17 715 3,58 25 600 7,34",
"India 4 089 3,55 5 341 8,88",
"Indonesia 1 216 1,55 1 107 1,74",
"Brasil 1 320 1,01 1 808 1,84",
"México -1 322 -0,53 -2 543 -0,95",
"Asia Sudoriental 6 413 1,90 6 569 1,83",
"Asia Meridional 2 040 3,94 1 821 3,66",
"Europa Oriental y Asia 8 614 0,86 6 455 0,60 Occidental",
"América Central 1 634 1,83 1 244 1,57",
"América Latina, excluido el 345 0,29 41 0,15 Brasil",
"África Septentrional y 1 296 1,57 1 222 1,41 Oriente Medio",
"África Meridional 178 0,60 35 0,48",
"África Subsahariana 2 195 1,64 2 036 1,40",
"Total 70 457 1,09 77 367 1,73",
"Fuente: UNCTAD (base de datos del Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP)).",
"^(a) Millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos.",
"^(b) Porcentaje.",
"22. Los beneficios para el bienestar no se distribuyen de manera equitativa entre todos los participantes. La Unión Europea y el Japón tienen una alta protección de la agricultura (por ejemplo, azúcar, carne y arroz); su reducción aumenta la eficiencia y beneficia a los consumidores, los contribuyentes y los proveedores extranjeros. La reducción de los aranceles de las prendas de vestir y los vehículos automotores también genera beneficios semejantes para el sector industrial. Se estima que en la mayoría de los países en desarrollo las ventajas son menores. Los efectos de una relación de intercambio negativa podrían ser más importantes que los beneficios y traducirse en efectos netos negativos. Es lo que sucede en el caso de México y los Estados Unidos de América. Los países de África Subsahariana también corren el riesgo de sufrir pérdidas, aunque, considerados en grupo, en esta simulación los efectos en el bienestar son positivos. Este tipo de pérdidas podrían surgir de la erosión de las preferencias y el aumento de los precios de los alimentos importados. Lo cierto es que varios estudios les atribuyen efectos negativos en el bienestar[5].",
"23. La eliminación de los aranceles sectoriales de los productos químicos, la maquinaria industrial y los productos electrónicos en los países desarrollados y en el Brasil, China y la India podría aumentar los beneficios para el bienestar a 77.000 millones de dólares. Las exportaciones e importaciones de estas regiones aumentarían más que en la hipótesis básica. Se estima que algunas regiones, como Sudáfrica y América Latina, estarían en peor situación respecto de la hipótesis básica. Aunque los países en desarrollo participantes se beneficiarían en cuanto al bienestar, la producción y el empleo en los sectores de que se trata se verían afectados negativamente en comparación con la hipótesis básica, con repercusiones en sus objetivos de desarrollo industrial y empleo. Las estimaciones ponen de relieve la importancia de la participación voluntaria en las iniciativas sectoriales, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en la declaración emitida en la sexta Conferencia Ministerial de la OMC celebrada en 2005 en Hong Kong (China).",
"24. La liberalización del comercio de servicios también podría traer aparejados beneficios tanto a los países desarrollados como a los no desarrollados. Una posible reducción del 10% de las barreras comerciales podría traducirse en un aumento del 2,7% de las exportaciones de servicios[6]. El efecto en el PIB mundial se estima en unos 46.000 millones de dólares. Las exportaciones tanto de la Unión Europea como de los Estados Unidos aumentarían en 10.000 millones de dólares. Se estima que el sistema multilateral de visados de empleo temporal (un cupo del 3% de la fuerza de trabajo del país desarrollado para trabajadores calificados y no calificados de países en desarrollo) generará unos 200.000 millones de dólares a nivel mundial[7]. Se calcula que una reducción del 1% de los costos de las transacciones comerciales generaría 43.000 millones de dólares en beneficios de bienestar en todo el mundo, de los cuales el 65% beneficiaría a países que no son parte de la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos.",
"C. Los desafíos de la Ronda de Doha",
"25. El estancamiento actual ha revitalizado el debate sobre las causas de los reveses y el futuro de la Ronda. Los cambios estructurales en el panorama internacional han afectado considerablemente la dinámica de las negociaciones, mientras que las crisis mundiales han acaparado la atención de los encargados de formular políticas y complicado el problema político de justificar las concesiones. Las crisis también han cambiado el pensamiento económico a favor de una regulación más estricta de los mercados y de una intervención más activa y pragmática de los Estados. Las cuestiones sistémicas del comercio multilateral también han influido en las negociaciones.",
"26. La liberalización sectorial en el acceso a los mercados de productos no agrícolas ha sido una de las causas inmediatas del estancamiento. El objetivo de las iniciativas sectoriales sería volver a equilibrar la disparidad en las contribuciones de los países desarrollados y los emergentes y lograr la armonización de sus aranceles. Las negociaciones sobre los aranceles industriales habían atraído una mayor atención de los países desarrollados a medida que los elevados precios de los productos básicos agrícolas restaban importancia a los aranceles y las subvenciones relativos a la agricultura, mientras que la liberalización de los servicios demostraba ser compleja y no tener perspectivas inmediatas de resultados comerciales significativos. La mayor atención prestada a los intereses de los exportadores de los países desarrollados podría interpretarse como un intento de obtener apoyo político interno general para el conjunto de cuestiones de la Ronda de Doha con el objeto de superar la “resistencia” de los intereses internos que compiten con las importaciones. Abordar los intereses de los exportadores en la actualidad exige una liberalización profunda, lo cual es esencial para una producción moderna de gran intensidad comercial en una cadena mundial de producción y distribución en que un arancel pequeño puede aumentar el costo de producción de manera desproporcionada; de ahí surge el llamamiento a la liberalización sectorial. No se han abordado suficientemente las barreras no arancelarias, cada vez más importantes habida cuenta de la importante reducción de los aranceles.",
"27. Los países en desarrollo cuestionaron este concepto pues consideraban que contradecía los principios acordados de participación voluntaria en este tipo de iniciativas y falta de reciprocidad plena para los países en desarrollo. Aunque la diferencia entre los aranceles consolidados y los aplicados en los países en desarrollo ha mostrado un recorte efectivo de los aranceles aplicados, estos países destacaron que sus iniciativas anteriores de liberalización fueron las que dieron lugar a esa diferencia. Entre 1990 y 2010, los aranceles aplicados en los casos de naciones más favorecidas disminuyeron del 32,5% al 8,2% para los países en desarrollo. Esto pone de relieve la importancia de la flexibilidad de los aranceles como instrumento de política industrial. También se consideraba que la liberalización sectorial era sensible a los objetivos de desarrollo posteriores a la crisis de los países en desarrollo de crear una capacidad de producción endógena y oportunidades de empleo. El mayor peso económico de los países en desarrollo, en los que se registrará más de la mitad del crecimiento mundial en los próximos años, les ha permitido asumir una posición firme y enérgica.",
"28. El mayor número de miembros de la OMC y su diversidad han aumentado la complejidad de las negociaciones y compensaciones. De los 23 que tenía en 1947, el número de miembros del Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio/Organización Mundial del Comercio ha aumentado a 154. Se necesita un programa de negociación de base amplia como un todo único para conciliar los intereses diversos de los numerosos participantes permitiendo las compensaciones intersectoriales. No obstante, esta gran agenda parece haber sobrecargado a los negociadores y restado atención a las cuestiones básicas (por ejemplo la agenda de la Ronda Uruguay centrada en la agricultura y los servicios y las cuestiones del desarrollo). Garantizar la transparencia y la inclusión entre un gran número de participantes es cada vez más complicado (véase el recuadro 2). El compromiso entre las distintas cuestiones ha demostrado ser difícil, pues se requiere una mínima convergencia de las posiciones. Se consideraba que el enfoque del programa de negociación como un todo único, junto con la norma del consenso, era apto para las excepciones, ya que permitía a los países influir para obtener un trato especial.",
"Recuadro 2 Diferencias comerciales",
"Muchas cuestiones difíciles y emergentes suelen tratarse ahora como diferencias comerciales y no en negociaciones. El número de diferencias es probable que aumente. Las restricciones de China a las exportaciones de determinados minerales (como la bauxita y el magnesio) fueron impugnadas con éxito por la Unión Europea, los Estados Unidos y México alegando que las medidas discriminaban a los fabricantes extranjeros y otorgaban una ventaja injusta a los productores nacionales consumidores de materias primas. Algunas controversias guardan relación con las políticas de promoción de tecnologías ecológicas. La Unión Europea impugnó al Canadá en relación con el programa de aranceles de conexión para la energía renovable de Ontario, argumentando que no se cumplía la regla de la OMC que prohibía subvenciones al contenido nacional. Este caso influirá en la capacidad de los países de apoyar las industrias nacionales en los prometedores mercados de bienes y servicios ambientales.",
"29. En vista de los factores sistémicos que contribuyen al estancamiento, se ha reconocido que es necesario hacer una reforma institucional de la OMC como objetivo a largo plazo, entre otras cosas en lo que se refiere a la ejecución y vigilancia de los acuerdos y las políticas comerciales, el trato de las cuestiones del comercio en un marco de mayor cooperación y la prestación de apoyo a la ayuda para el comercio y la creación de capacidad. Esta posible reforma institucional debe garantizar que las normas y los instrumentos del sistema comercial multilateral son un factor fundamental en la transformación de la realidad económica y las necesidades del desarrollo. En consecuencia, podría ser necesario ajustar las reglas y prácticas vigentes con los objetivos de desarrollo de largo plazo, como el fortalecimiento de la capacidad industrial, la creación de oportunidades de empleo, la gestión de la seguridad alimentaria y la provisión de acceso a los medicamentos y servicios básicos, para así contribuir al logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Para esto se requiere un reconocimiento mayor del trato especial y diferenciado y del margen de acción en materia de políticas.",
"IV. El camino por delante",
"30. El acuerdo efectivo sobre un paquete inicial de medidas para los países menos adelantados y posiblemente también del paquete “países menos adelantados plus” en diciembre de 2011 se considera esencial para las subsiguientes negociaciones que tengan lugar en 2012. El paquete de medidas para los países menos adelantados también será importante para ayudar a estos países a aplicar el Programa de Acción de Estambul, aprobado en la cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados celebrada en mayo. No obstante, el apoyo complementario de la comunidad internacional sigue siendo esencial, dado que dicho paquete de medidas no bastará para ayudar a los países menos adelantados a lograr los objetivos. En las circunstancias actuales, la posibilidad de alcanzar un acuerdo sobre un paquete inicial de medidas es limitada, ya que es difícil lograr un equilibrio entre los intereses de todas las partes.",
"A. Acceso a los mercados libre de derechos y de contingentes",
"31. Desde 2000 se han realizado progresos notables en la ampliación del acceso a los mercados libre de derechos y de contingentes para los países menos adelantados. La meta de la decisión de la Conferencia Ministerial de Hong Kong de la OMC de que los países menos adelantados tuvieran acceso a los mercados libre de derechos y de contingentes al menos para el 97% de las líneas arancelarias se alcanzó en todos los países desarrollados, con excepción de los Estados Unidos, que actualmente abarcan el 83% de las líneas arancelarias. Para alcanzar las metas es necesario que los Estados Unidos renueven y reformen sustancialmente el Sistema Generalizado de Preferencias (que venció en 2010) para ampliar la cobertura de productos. Esta ampliación podría requerir un equilibrio en la competencia de intereses de los países menos adelantados de África y de Asia, ya que los países del África Subsahariana (por ejemplo Lesotho y Madagascar) podrían ver cómo su trato preferencial en el marco de la Ley sobre Crecimiento y Oportunidad en África es afectado, en especial en lo que se refiere a las prendas de vestir, lo cual les perjudicaría gravemente. La cobertura podría extenderse a los productos agrícolas actualmente excluidos del acceso a los mercados libre de derechos y de contingentes (por ejemplo, tabaco y carne). La selección de productos es importante, pues las exportaciones de los países menos adelantados están sumamente concentradas: el 3% de las líneas arancelarias representan el 95% del valor de las importaciones de los países de ingresos altos provenientes de los países menos adelantados. Es importante abordar seriamente los problemas relativos al ajuste y la competitividad a que hacen frente determinados países del África Subsahariana por medio de medidas de apoyo innovadoras, para que los productores se mantengan en el sector, aumenten el valor agregado y participen en la cadena mundial de producción y distribución.",
"32. Los beneficios que obtendrían los países menos adelantados del acceso pleno a los mercados libre de derechos y de contingentes podrían ser de 4.000 a 8.000 millones de dólares. Si todos los países en desarrollo otorgaran ese trato a los países menos adelantados, los beneficios potenciales para el bienestar se estiman en 4.800 millones de dólares anuales, con un aumento del 2,4% de las exportaciones. No obstante, esos beneficios se distribuirían de manera despareja entre los países (véase el cuadro 3). Los principales sectores que impulsan estos beneficios son las prendas de vestir, los productos textiles y, en menor grado, el tabaco. Los países menos adelantados de Asia serían los más beneficiados, en razón del aumento de las exportaciones de prendas de vestir. Las exportaciones totales de Camboya y Bangladesh aumentarían, respectivamente, el 18% y el 8%, generando un aumento del empleo de trabajadores no calificados del 10% y el 3%. Si el Brasil, China, la India y Sudáfrica también abren sus mercados a los países menos adelantados (como ya están haciendo algunos, véase el recuadro 3), los beneficios para los países menos adelantados aumentarían a 7.700 millones de dólares.",
"Cuadro 3",
"Efectos en el bienestar del acceso a los mercados libre de derechos y de contingentes",
"Bienestar Exportaciones Empleo (millones (porcentaje) no calificado de (porcentaje) dólares EE.UU.)",
"Camboya 916 18 10,1",
"Bangladesh 2 100 8,2 3,2",
"Etiopía 144 1,1 0,5",
"República Democrática Popular Lao 5 0,2 0,1",
"Malawi 161 7,4 4,7",
"Madagascar 7 0,1 0,1",
"Mozambique 106 1,7 1,5",
"República Unida de Tanzanía 130 1,6 0,7",
"Senegal 221 2,1 1,9",
"Uganda 3 0,1 –",
"Zambia 42 0,6 0,5",
"Resto de África Occidental 355 0,5 0,6",
"África Central 108 0,6 0,3",
"África Centromeridional -2 – –",
"Resto de África Oriental 498 0,9 0,5",
"Unión Europea, Estados Unidos, -3 897 – – otros países desarrollados y en desarrollo",
"Fuente: UNCTAD.",
"Recuadro 3 \n\tIniciativas de países en desarrollo de acceso a los mercados librede derechos y de contingentes\t\n\tAlgunos países han ampliado el acceso a los mercados libre dederechos y de contingentes de los países menos adelantados. Lainiciativa de la India, que se anunció en la cumbre del ForoIndia-África, celebrada en abril de 2008, otorga acceso a losmercados libre de derechos y de contingentes al 85% de las líneasarancelarias y reducciones de los aranceles a otro 9%, que seliberalizarán durante cinco años, para que el programa de acceso alos mercados libre de derechos y de contingentes abarque el 94% delas líneas arancelarias, incluidos el algodón, el cacao, el azúcarde caña y las prendas de vestir. El sistema establecido por elBrasil inicialmente otorgará trato preferencial al 80% de lasexportaciones de los países menos adelantados, y posteriormente seampliará al 100% para 2014. China ofrece a 31 países del ÁfricaSubsahariana un margen de preferencia del 10,4% en promedio parael 95% de las líneas arancelarias (por ejemplo cacao, habas, cueroy cobre), mientras que el 90% de las importaciones provenientes delos países menos adelantados ya ingresa en China sin aranceles envirtud del régimen de nación más favorecida. El sistema de laRepública de Corea otorga acceso a los mercados libre de derechosy de contingentes al 85% de las líneas arancelarias, porcentajeque llegará al 95% para 2012, incluidos el cobre, el tabaco crudoy la madera contrachapada.",
"33. La simplificación y transparencia de las normas de origen ha sido uno de los objetivos fundamentales de los países menos adelantados, pues las normas estrictas obstaculizan el uso eficaz de las preferencias. Los datos empíricos indican que las normas de origen relativamente rigurosas de la Unión Europea para prendas de vestir, que exigían la producción de prendas a partir del hilo, y no de la tela, tuvieron la consecuencia de reducir la utilización de las preferencias. A este respecto se han realizado progresos importantes con la introducción de las nuevas normas de origen del sistema generalizado de preferencias de la Unión Europea en enero de 2011, que incluyen normas específicas más flexibles para los productos industriales de los países menos adelantados, como las prendas de vestir, para las que ahora se permite una transformación simple (es decir, el uso de telas de un tercer país) (véase también el recuadro 4). El alcance regional de la acumulación se amplió a cuatro grupos regionales, aunque sin la posibilidad de la acumulación panafricana. En comparación, el sistema generalizado de preferencias para países menos adelantados del Canadá permite la acumulación mundial de todos sus beneficiarios. Los países menos adelantados han pedido que se armonicen las normas de origen comunes a distintos países desarrollados basándose en criterios de valor añadido en todos los casos con normas que faciliten la acumulación regional.",
"Recuadro 4 \n\tMás allá del acceso a los mercados libre de derechos y decontingentes en apoyo del Programa de Acción de Estambul\t\n\tEl paquete de medidas para los países menos adelantados seráimportante para cumplir la meta de duplicar su participación enlas exportaciones mundiales para 2020, establecida en el Programade Acción de Estambul. En el período 2000-2010, las exportacionesde los países menos adelantados crecieron más que el promediomundial hasta duplicar su proporción, aunque solo a un exiguo 1%.No obstante, repetir este éxito en el próximo decenio es undesafío importante^(a). Suponiendo que las exportaciones mundialesaumentaran un 4,7% anual entre 2011 y 2020, duplicar la proporciónexigirá que las exportaciones de los países menos adelantadosaumenten el 12,2% anual. Se trata de una meta ambiciosa porque, enprimer lugar, el aumento del valor nominal de las exportacionesdurante el decenio pasado estuvo impulsado por el aumento de losprecios de los productos básicos (véase el gráfico infra). Ensegundo lugar, casi la mitad de los productos de los países menosadelantados se destinan a países desarrollados (46%), donde elcrecimiento de las importaciones es menos dinámico (el 6,7%,frente al 12,0% en los países en desarrollo). La mayoría de lospaíses menos adelantados no cumplieron la meta de duplicar susexportaciones.\t\n\tParticipación de los países menos adelantados en las exportacionesmundiales y precios de los productos básicos, 1990-2011\t\n Fuente: UNCTADstat.",
"Esto implica que cumplir el objetivo del Programa de Acción deEstambul dependerá en gran medida de cómo evolucionen los preciosde los productos básicos y el desempeño de productos específicosen mercados específicos. Por ejemplo, las exportaciones deBangladesh están muy concentradas en las prendas de vestir y enlos mercados de la Unión Europea y los Estados Unidos. Lainiciativa de acceso a los mercados libre de derechos y decontingentes, que puede generar un aumento de las exportacionespor única vez del 1% en la mayoría de los países menosadelantados, es importante pero probablemente no sea suficiente.Se necesita con urgencia el apoyo firme de la comunidadinternacional a las iniciativas de ayuda para el comercio a fin dereforzar la capacidad de producción y las infraestructurasdeficientes de los países menos adelantados^(b). Asimismo,deberían estudiarse la introducción de medidas innovadoras. Elcomercio de China con África ha experimentado un crecimientoexplosivo. China está apoyando el establecimiento de zonas decooperación económica y comercial en varios países menosadelantados de África, lo cual podría seguir incrementando ydiversificando las exportaciones africanas, en particular deproductos manufacturados. \n\t^(a) Véase The Least Developed Countries Report, 2010: Towards aNew International Development Architecture for LDCs (publicaciónde las Naciones Unidas, número de venta: E.10.II.D.5). \n\t^(b) UNCTAD, Making trade more development-transmitting,multiplying and inclusive for LDCs. Puede consultarse enwww.unctad.org/en/docs/ditctncd2011d1_en.pdf.",
"34. Las iniciativas de acceso a los mercados libre de derechos y de contingentes y el apoyo constante de la comunidad internacional a los países menos adelantados probablemente den lugar a nuevos cambios en los sistemas preferenciales unilaterales. En su propuesta aún no aprobada, la Unión Europea busca reformar su sistema generalizado de preferencias a partir de 2014 y reorientar sus beneficios principalmente a los países menos adelantados y a otros países de ingresos bajos o de ingresos medianos bajos, reduciendo por primera vez el número de beneficiarios, de los 176 países actuales a unos 80 países. Hay dudas sobre si los países menos adelantados obtendrían los beneficios esperados, pues los países que se eliminan son básicamente de ingresos altos y medianos altos, que no necesariamente compiten con los menos adelantados. Limitar los beneficiarios puede seguir acentuando la diferenciación de los países en desarrollo, lo cual tendrá repercusiones en los principios de no discriminación y de trato especial y diferenciado de la OMC. Según la jurisprudencia de la OMC[8], Comunidades europeas – Condiciones para la concesión de preferencias arancelarias a los países en desarrollo, esa diferenciación puede permitirse si se basa en una norma objetiva que se administre de forma no discriminatoria.",
"B. Algodón",
"35. Está pendiente una decisión sobre la reducción y eliminación específica y rápida de las subvenciones y los aranceles del algodón. El sector está muy concentrado en los cinco productores principales (China, India, Estados Unidos, Brasil y Pakistán), que representan el 80% de la producción mundial. En 2009, los Estados Unidos fueron el principal exportador de algodón, con una tercera parte de las exportaciones mundiales, seguidos de la India, Uzbekistán y el Brasil. Los principales importadores de algodón fueron China (23%), Turquía y Bangladesh. La reducción de los aranceles del algodón en los principales países importadores beneficiaría a las exportaciones de los países menos adelantados (véase el gráfico VI).",
"Gráfico VI",
"Aranceles de nación más favorecida y preferenciales del algodón en los principales países importadores",
"Fuente: UNCTAD (TRANS).",
"36. El quid del asunto es la reducción del apoyo interno al algodón. El total de la ayuda de los gobiernos a la industria del algodón en 2010/11 se estima en 1.300 millones de dólares, una reducción frente a los 5.500 millones de dólares en 2008/09. El elevado precio del algodón causó una drástica reducción de las subvenciones en 2010/11, pues muchos programas de apoyo no se activaron. Los países que más subvencionan el algodón son los Estados Unidos, China, Grecia y Turquía. Los Estados Unidos gastaron 4.200 millones de dólares en 2005, mientras que China pasó a ocupar el segundo lugar recientemente, según el Comité Consultivo Internacional del Algodón, prestando apoyo principalmente a las semillas. Tomando un período más largo, la proporción del algodón mundial que recibía ayuda gubernamental directa aumentó del 55% entre 1997 y 2008 a cerca del 84% en 2008/09. La eliminación de las subvenciones al algodón podría causar un aumento del precio del 10% al 20%, una proporción considerable especialmente si caen los elevados precios actuales.",
"37. Muchos países en desarrollo, en especial 20 países menos adelantados de África, han concentrado sus exportaciones en el algodón (hasta el 85%)[9]. La producción de algodón de los “Cuatro del Algodón” (Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad y Malí) disminuyó el 50%, en parte debido a las condiciones desfavorables de los mercados que les hicieron dedicarse a otros productos. Además, los productores africanos en general no han podido aumentar su productividad al mismo ritmo que China y la India, que recurren en mayor medida a variedades biotecnológicas. En consecuencia, la participación de los países africanos en el mercado disminuyó del 8,8% en 2002/03 al 5,6% en 2007/08. Los recortes efectivos de las subvenciones podrían aumentar sus ingresos por exportaciones en un 20%. Las medidas destinadas a fortalecer las capacidades productivas, incluido el valor añadido, la infraestructura y la tecnología, les permitirían preparar mejor su oferta en el caso de precios más elevados.",
"C. Excepciones para servicios",
"38. Una excepción que autorice a los países a otorgar acceso preferencial a los mercados para los servicios, específicamente de los países menos adelantados sin tener que conceder el mismo trato a otros países, ayudará a los países menos adelantados a explotar el creciente comercio de servicios. Dicho acceso preferencial a los mercados, en particular en el Modo 4, contribuiría a aumentar las exportaciones de los países menos adelantados. Las normas de origen deberían garantizar que los beneficios del acceso preferencial a los mercados se reservan a proveedores de países menos adelantados (es decir los que tienen operaciones comerciales considerables en los países menos adelantados). La excepción también permitiría aplicar preferencias en relación con determinados aspectos de procedimiento de la regulación interna, como reducir los derechos de licencia. Es importante asegurar que las preferencias otorgadas a los países menos adelantados sean adicionales a las del trato de nación más favorecida, para no crear obstáculos a otros países en desarrollo. Para que la excepción tenga sentido, debe facilitarse efectivamente el acceso preferencial a los mercados.",
"D. Adhesión a la Organización Mundial del Comercio",
"39. Aunque no es parte del programa de trabajo de Doha, los países menos adelantados han subrayado reiteradamente la necesidad de mejorar el proceso de adhesión a la OMC. Actualmente, 12 de los 30 países que están tramitando su adhesión son países menos adelantados. La adhesión de Vanuatu, prevista para este año, será la primera después de las de Cabo Verde en 2008 y de Camboya y Nepal en 2004. La falta de criterios objetivos preestablecidos para ser miembro y la estructura de negociación asimétrica han obligado a los países adherentes a asumir compromisos profundos y estrictos. Como ejemplos están los bajos aranceles consolidados, la participación en la armonización de aranceles sectoriales, los compromisos de liberalización de los servicios efectivos y de base amplia, la prohibición de las subvenciones a las exportaciones agrícolas y los derechos de exportación, la privatización, la adhesión al Acuerdo sobre Contratación Pública que en realidad es opcional, y la prohibición de exigir resultados de exportación y transferencia de tecnología a los inversores extranjeros. Este enfoque ha limitado la flexibilidad normativa de los países que se adhieren.",
"40. La efectiva aplicación y puesta en marcha de las directrices sobre la adhesión para los países menos adelantados de 2002 puede contribuir a mejorar el proceso de adhesión de estos países. Los compromisos que se esperan de estos países pueden aclararse estableciendo parámetros para el acceso a los mercados y otros compromisos, por ejemplo basados en un promedio de aranceles y obligaciones en materia de servicios, asumidos por los países menos adelantados que ya son miembros. La tasa de los derechos consolidados de los países menos adelantados miembros son del 77% para la agricultura y el 45% para productos no agrícolas, mientras que los compromisos asumidos por Camboya y Nepal al adherirse fueron entre el 28% y el 41% para la agricultura y entre el 18% y el 24% para los productos no agrícolas. En cuanto a las normas, todos los países menos adelantados tienen derecho automáticamente a las disposiciones de trato especial y diferenciado, complementadas por planes de acción sobre regulación y políticas. Estas aclaraciones podrían incluirse en el paquete de medidas para los países menos adelantados.",
"E. Paquete de medidas “países menos adelantados plus”",
"41. Se ha determinado que el paquete de medidas “países menos adelantados plus” es necesario para lograr un equilibrio entre los diversos intereses de los miembros de la OMC y distribuir la carga. La facilitación del comercio destinada a mejorar los procedimientos aduaneros puede reducir los costos del comercio y tener efectos semejantes a los de la reducción de los aranceles para los exportadores. Algunos países en desarrollo están preocupados por el costo de aplicación, pues algunas medidas de facilitación del comercio (por ejemplo, la ventanilla única) pueden ser bastante gravosas, y el apoyo al trato especial y diferenciado y a la creación de capacidad se ha constituido en una cuestión clave de las negociaciones. Los bienes y servicios ambientales se promueven por sus posibles beneficios para el medio ambiente, pero preocupa que una mayor liberalización de una variedad de “bienes ambientales” propuestos, en su mayoría productos manufacturados relacionados con la eficiencia energética, pueda tener repercusiones semejantes a la liberalización sectorial, y afectar, por ejemplo, al 20% de todas las importaciones de los países menos adelantados.",
"42. Ya existe el compromiso de eliminar las subvenciones a la exportación de productos agrícolas para 2013. Estas subvenciones eran comunes entre 1995 y 2000 y su valor ascendía a 6.200 millones de dólares anuales en todo el mundo; el 90% de estas se originaba en la Unión Europea y apoyaban principalmente el sector de la leche y la carne (bovina). Dado que desde entonces la cantidad disminuyó considerablemente, su eliminación tendrá poca repercusión. En cuanto a las subvenciones a la pesca, dado que las disciplinas aún no están totalmente definidas, mantener el statu quo en las subvenciones existentes podría limitar los efectos perjudiciales de la sobrepesca. Las posibles disciplinas prohibirían determinadas subvenciones que contribuyeran a la sobrepesca (por ejemplo, para la construcción de buques pesqueros), aunque los oponentes sostienen que la principal causa del agotamiento de las poblaciones de peces es la gestión deficiente de estas poblaciones. Entre las otras cuestiones propuestas figura el examen del Entendimiento sobre Solución de Diferencias, los acuerdos comerciales regionales y el statu quo, entre otras cosas respecto de los aranceles, para evitar las tendencias proteccionistas.",
"V. Acuerdos comerciales regionales",
"43. La tendencia hacia los acuerdos comerciales regionales probablemente se acelere gracias a la intensificación de los compromisos dentro de las fronteras. La liberalización del comercio preferencial representa un problema importante para el sistema comercial multilateral, pues están vigentes unos 300 acuerdos comerciales regionales. Las negociaciones recientes de estos acuerdos incluyen un mayor número de mercados grandes y dinámicos, especialmente en Asia, países ricos en recursos y países desarrollados. Esto se ha observado en el cambio reciente de la Unión Europea hacia acuerdos comerciales regionales “orientados a la competencia” y la participación de los Estados Unidos en un Acuerdo Estratégico Transpacífico de Asociación Económica. Al estimular una liberalización más profunda y una armonización de las reglamentaciones de una proporción cada vez mayor del comercio mundial, los acuerdos podrían afectar aún más los incentivos para el multilateralismo. Los países en desarrollo contribuyeron considerablemente al fuerte incremento de los acuerdos Sur-Sur, que ahora representan dos terceras partes de los acuerdos comerciales regionales.",
"44. El valor del comercio abarcado por los acuerdos comerciales regionales aumentó al 51% del comercio mundial, aunque la proporción del comercio que realmente recibe trato preferencial es muy inferior (alrededor del 16%), ya que la mitad del comercio mundial ya está libre de aranceles debido a la condición de nación más favorecida[10]. La tasa de uso de preferencias podría ser elevada (por ejemplo el 87% y el 92% en los acuerdos comerciales regionales en que participan la Unión Europea y los Estados Unidos, respectivamente). En general, la liberalización del comercio en el marco de los acuerdos comerciales regionales ha tenido un efecto positivo en el bienestar mundial. Los participantes suelen sacar provecho en lo que se refiere al bienestar, las exportaciones y a menudo el empleo, aunque los ingresos de los gobiernos procedentes de los aranceles podrían disminuir, pero los que no participan suelen salir perjudicados debido a la desviación del comercio (véase el cuadro 4). La simulación que se muestra en el cuadro 4 sugiere que los beneficios a nivel mundial de algunos acuerdos comerciales regionales podrían ser negativos, ya que las pérdidas estimadas de los que no participan superan los beneficios de los miembros. Los países más pequeños sufrirían pérdidas si quedan excluidos de los acuerdos comerciales regionales.",
"Cuadro 4",
"Efectos potenciales de posibles acuerdos comerciales regionales",
"Participantes No de la zona de participantes libre comercio de la zona de libre comercio\n Bienestar^(a) Exportaciones^(b) Bienestar^(a) Exportaciones^(b)",
"Unión Europea – Japón 9,7 0,36 -9,5 -0,11",
"Unión Europea – Asociación de 12,8 0,44 -4,9 -0,18 Naciones de Asia Sudoriental",
"Acuerdo Estratégico 7,4 1,08 -8,8 -0,07 Transpacífico de Asociación Económica",
"Cooperación Económica Asia – 207,1 6,73 -43,9 -1,01 Pacífico",
"Fuente: UNCTAD.",
"^(a) Miles de millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos.",
"^(b) Variación en porcentaje.",
"45. En 2009, el promedio mundial de arancel aplicable a la nación más favorecida ponderado en función del comercio era el 4%. Este valor bajo no deja mucho margen para preferencias arancelarias, la base habitual de los acuerdos comerciales regionales. Los acuerdos recientes de este tipo han ampliado su alcance a las inversiones, la competencia, los servicios, las normas, las adquisiciones públicas y la propiedad intelectual, así como las normas laborales y ambientales. Parecen estar motivados cada vez más por la necesidad de ofrecer una plataforma para las cadenas de suministro regionales asegurando un entorno comercial libre de aranceles y barreras no arancelarias por medio de una profunda integración reguladora. Los análisis empíricos confirman que hay una relación positiva entre el comercio de piezas y componentes (un indicador indirecto de las redes de producción) y la profundidad de los acuerdos. Por ejemplo, dentro de la zona de comercio preferencial de la Asociación de Naciones de Asia Sudoriental prevalece el comercio de bienes intermedios.",
"46. La proliferación cuantitativa y la profundización cualitativa de los acuerdos comerciales regionales apuntan a la necesidad de coherencia entre el sistema comercial multilateral y estos acuerdos. Una mayor transparencia, como en el mecanismo de transparencia sobre los acuerdos comerciales regionales establecido por la OMC, es útil para aumentar la previsibilidad de estos acuerdos. La coherencia en el desarrollo es necesaria para que el trato especial y diferenciado y el margen de acción normativa disponible en el sistema comercial multilateral no se vean superados por los acuerdos comerciales regionales, donde el poder de negociación puede ser asimétrico. Debe garantizarse la coherencia reguladora, entre otras cosas imprimiendo un carácter multilateral a determinados elementos de los acuerdos comerciales regionales, como las normas de origen y la liberalización sectorial (por ejemplo, el Acuerdo sobre Tecnología de la Información). Los acuerdos comerciales regionales también podrían promover una cooperación más amplia. Los planes de cooperación económica, financiera, reguladora e institucional y la mancomunidad de recursos para el desarrollo de la infraestructura y la facilitación del comercio regionales, podrían aumentar considerablemente los beneficios. La conclusión de la Ronda de Doha también podría contribuir a esa coherencia.",
"A. Acuerdos comerciales regionales Norte-Sur",
"47. Las condiciones de acceso a los mercados podrían ser un aspecto válido para los acuerdos comerciales regionales Norte-Sur en que participan países de ingresos bajos y países que dependen de un número limitado de productos y mercados. Mantener las condiciones preferenciales actuales en virtud de acuerdos preferenciales unilaterales fue una motivación fundamental para que muchos países de América Latina celebraran acuerdos comerciales con los Estados Unidos (productos agrícolas) y para que los Estados de África, el Caribe y el Pacífico que no son menos adelantados celebraran acuerdos de asociación económica con la Unión Europea (por ejemplo, bananas y azúcar en virtud de las preferencias del Acuerdo de Cotonú). Así pues, en virtud de acuerdos comerciales regionales, varios países de América Latina obtuvieron una reducción de los aranceles de las bananas en la Unión Europea, aumentando los márgenes de preferencia de 3 a 39 euros por tonelada.",
"48. Los países en desarrollo más grandes se enfrentan con problemas para obtener un mejor acceso a los mercados en virtud de los acuerdos comerciales regionales. Estos acuerdos muchas veces mantienen aranceles altos en los productos sensibles a la competencia de las importaciones que estaban muy protegidos en el trato de nación más favorecida, incluidos los productos lácteos, el azúcar, los cereales y las prendas de vestir. Los aranceles preferenciales reducen el promedio mundial ponderado en función del comercio en solo 1%, porque muchas veces se excluyen los elevados aranceles que se imponen a los productos agrícolas y los productos manufacturados de gran intensidad de mano de obra. Por ejemplo, el 27% de los productos agrícolas queda excluido, frente a solo el 1% de los bienes manufacturados. Esto podría estar cambiando, pues los recientes acuerdos comerciales regionales Norte-Sur disponen la eliminación de aranceles por los países desarrollados para casi todos los productos para el final del período de transición, incluidos algunos productos sensibles a la competencia de las importaciones (como el azúcar).",
"49. Garantizar el contenido, el ritmo y la secuencia adecuados de su propia liberalización es una preocupación fundamental de los países en desarrollo, pues se verían más afectados por los efectos de la eliminación recíproca de los aranceles debido a las asimetrías económicas. No obstante, su capacidad de emprender una liberalización menor y más lenta se ve limitada por la norma de la OMC que exige que los acuerdos comerciales regionales liberalicen “prácticamente todo el comercio”, lo cual suele entenderse como la liberalización del 90% del comercio a lo largo de 10 años. Algunos países en desarrollo han pedido que se revise esa norma mediante la incorporación del principio de trato especial y diferenciado para permitir que no haya reciprocidad plena en los acuerdos comerciales regionales. Algunos acuerdos recientes de este tipo han incorporado un mecanismo para hacer extensiva automáticamente la profundización de la liberalización que debe emprender una de las partes en virtud de futuros acuerdos comerciales regionales a la otra parte, como las cláusulas de nación más favorecida con terceras partes en el marco de los acuerdos de asociación económica entre los Estados de África, el Caribe y el Pacífico, y la Unión Europea, que podrían inhibir los efectos de los acuerdos comerciales regionales Sur-Sur, y otras disposiciones aplicadas a determinados productos agrícolas en los acuerdos comerciales regionales de los Estados Unidos.",
"50. El comercio de servicios es característico de los acuerdos comerciales Norte-Sur. A nivel mundial, una tercera parte de estos acuerdos incluyen cláusulas relativas a los servicios. El modelo de los tratados de libre comercio de América del Norte, basado en un enfoque de lista negativa, y el modelo híbrido, que combina listas negativas y positivas, son dos de los modelos de liberalización de los servicios. En general, abarcan los servicios transfronterizos, la presencia comercial (a veces en combinación con la inversión en bienes), el movimiento de personas naturales y cuestiones de regulación de sectores específicos (por ejemplo, los servicios financieros). En los acuerdos comerciales regionales se asumen mayores compromisos que en el marco del Acuerdo General sobre el Comercio de Servicios (véase el gráfico VII). Por ejemplo, en el marco del acuerdo de asociación económica entre la Unión Europea y el Foro del Caribe del Grupo de los Estados de África, del Caribe y del Pacífico (CARIFORUM), los países de este Foro incluyeron el 75% de los subsectores. Algunos acuerdos comerciales regionales han incorporado disciplinas sobre la regulación de los servicios que podrían limitar su derecho a la regulación, como excepciones cautelares condicionadas a una prueba de necesidad, a diferencia de lo que sucede en el Acuerdo General sobre el Comercio de Servicios. Los acuerdos comerciales Norte-Sur podrían ayudar a dar un acceso verdadero a los mercados a sectores y modos de interés de los países en desarrollo, en particular el Modo 4, donde la apertura es limitada.",
"Gráfico VII Índice de compromisos de liberalización de los servicios",
"Fuente: UNCTAD, basado en la OMC.",
"51. Los acuerdos comerciales regionales suelen incorporar disciplinas sobre derechos de propiedad intelectual que van “más allá de los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio” y afectan a distintas políticas públicas, desde las de salud hasta las de innovación. Estos acuerdos amplían la cobertura, los derechos de los titulares y la duración de varias categorías de propiedad intelectual mediante la aplicación más rigurosa, de modo que muchas veces se restringen las flexibilidades de los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio (por ejemplo, la concesión de licencias de importación para los medicamentos esenciales). Algunos acuerdos retrasan la entrada de productos genéricos en los mercados (por ejemplo, protegiendo los datos de ensayos farmacéuticos durante al menos cinco años). Algunas estimaciones indican que esto podría aumentar los precios de los medicamentos entre el 10% y el 40% (por ejemplo en Costa Rica).",
"52. Los acuerdos comerciales Norte-Sur han emprendido la liberalización de las adquisiciones públicas, un mercado que representa del 10% al 15% del PIB. A menudo, la falta de capacidad de suministro en los países en desarrollo impide que haya una verdadera reciprocidad. Inversamente, hace mucho tiempo que las adquisiciones públicas son un instrumento importante de política industrial y pública, para apoyar a los proveedores locales y promover el desarrollo tecnológico. Si bien las políticas preferenciales internas que exigen contenido local siempre han contribuido al establecimiento de algunas industrias estratégicas, esas políticas suelen estar prohibidas y solo se permiten en relación con las adquisiciones públicas en el marco de la OMC (para la mayoría de los países en desarrollo que no son parte en el Acuerdo sobre Compras del Sector Público). Las disciplinas de los acuerdos comerciales regionales restringen cada vez más estas importantes flexibilidades normativas.",
"B. Integración Sur-Sur",
"53. La integración y cooperación Sur-Sur va camino de constituir la principal plataforma para un comercio Sur-Sur dinámico (véase el recuadro 5). La mayoría de los acuerdos comerciales Sur-Sur se han centrado en el comercio de bienes, mientras que muchos han incluido medidas reguladoras y de cooperación más amplias. Permiten la explotación de economías de escala, sirven de base de la integración mundial, promueven el comercio de productos no tradicionales y tienen la posibilidad de facilitar la diversificación[11]. Las normas de origen menos rigurosas y el reconocimiento mutuo de las normas, lo cual es más fácil lograr entre países que tienen un nivel semejante de desarrollo, pueden promover la creación de cadenas de valor regionales.",
"Recuadro 5Beneficios potenciales de un mercado común africano\t\n\tEl nivel de comercio entre los países africanos es bajo, enparticular el de bienes intermedios. Para superar la fragmentacióny los mercados pequeños, los países del continente estánintentando establecer un mercado común panafricano para 2023. Lascondiciones económicas favorables crean un entorno adecuado paraun verdadero programa de integración africana. La iniciativatripartita de la Comunidad de África Meridional para el Desarrollo(SADC), el Mercado Común para el África Oriental y Meridional, yla Comunidad de África Oriental demuestra la consagración al logrode coherencia en los distintos acuerdos comerciales africanos quese superponen. Hasta ahora, el proceso de integración se hacentrado principalmente en los aranceles, pero la “integraciónpara el desarrollo”, que combina la liberalización del comerciocon la cooperación en la regulación y para el desarrollo, podríaresultar muy positiva. Una reducción del 50% de los arancelesdentro de África y de las barreras no arancelarias que a menudosurgen a causa de deficiencias de infraestructura o procedimientosadministrativos gravosos podrían generar beneficios para elbienestar de 6.500 millones de dólares y efectos positivos en elempleo en todas las regiones, en particular un crecimiento del4,8% en la Comunidad Económica de los Estados de África Occidental(CEDEAO). El comercio y la producción dentro de Áfricaaumentarían, contribuyendo al cambio estructural.\t\n Posibles efectos de la integración entre los países africanos ------------------------------------------------------------------- Bienestar Empleo Exportaciones(millones de no calificado (porcentaje)dólares (porcentaje)EE.UU.)----------------------- ------------ -------------- --------------- África meridional 1 188 0,66 1,72 ECOWAS 1 814 4,78 7,04 África Oriental y 1 329 0,07 3,19Central \n\tSADC 2 177 2,04 3,12------------------------------------------------------------------- F \n Fuente: UNCTAD.",
"54. La conclusión en diciembre de 2010 de las negociaciones de la tercera ronda del Sistema Mundial de Preferencias Comerciales entre los países en desarrollo, puesta en marcha en el 11º período de sesiones de la UNCTAD en 2004, imprimió nuevo impulso a la cooperación interregional Sur-Sur. El acuerdo reduce los aranceles aplicados en un 20% para el 70% de los productos sobre los que se aplican aranceles, combinando así reducciones efectivas de los aranceles con flexibilidades en materia de políticas. Las concesiones arancelarias resultantes amplían la cobertura de productos a 47.000 líneas arancelarias. Participaron en la ronda 22 de los 43 miembros del Sistema Mundial de Preferencias Comerciales, de los cuales 11 intercambiaron concesiones arancelarias[12]. Las estimaciones de la UNCTAD indican que los 11 participantes obtendrán beneficios en el bienestar de 2.500 millones de dólares, cifra que podría aumentar a 5.800 millones de dólares si los 22 participantes de la ronda emprendieran una reducción de los aranceles. La ampliación y profundización de la liberalización, con normas de origen mejoradas, y de la cooperación y liberalización en materia de barreras no arancelarias, financiación del comercio y, en última instancia, comercio de servicios podrían aumentar considerablemente su potencial.",
"VI. Conclusión",
"55. En los últimos dos decenios, la conexión dinámica entre el comercio y las inversiones ha sido un impulsor decisivo del crecimiento y la transformación estructural en algunos países en desarrollo. Este dinamismo ha comenzado a transformar el panorama económico y a centrar la atención en las políticas complementarias necesarias para fortalecer las capacidades productivas, ampliar las oportunidades de empleo a favor del desarrollo sostenible y responder mejor a las conmociones externas. Es necesario prestar más atención a los sectores de la agricultura y los servicios. Unas políticas comerciales, industriales, sociales y laborales integradas y concertadas pueden ser muy positivas para lograr una distribución más equitativa de la riqueza y las oportunidades dentro de los países y entre ellos. El sistema comercial internacional es un catalizador importante para la realización de los beneficios del comercio, y los esfuerzos en torno a las prolongadas negociaciones de la Ronda de Doha deben canalizarse urgentemente hacia el logro de beneficios para el desarrollo. El paquete de medidas para los países menos adelantados debería contribuir de manera importante a la aplicación del Programa de Acción de Estambul. Debería prestarse más atención al logro del octavo Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio mediante un sistema multilateral comercial y financiero abierto, equitativo, basado en normas, previsible y no discriminatorio. Es importante revitalizar el sistema comercial multilateral y prepararse para los desafíos del siglo XXI. Las normas y los instrumentos del sistema comercial internacional deben tener en cuenta los imperativos del desarrollo en el contexto de la rápida transformación de las condiciones económicas, entre otras cosas mediante un mayor margen de acción normativa para el desarrollo y el logro de una mayor coherencia en materia de desarrollo entre el sistema comercial multilateral y los acuerdos comerciales regionales, y entre el sistema internacional comercial y el financiero.",
"[1] Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales, “World economic situation and prospects 2011. Update as of mid-2011”. Puede consultarse en www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_current/2011wespupdate.pdf.",
"[2] World Investment Report, 2011: Non-Equity Modes of International Production and Development (publicación de las Naciones Unidas, número de venta: E.11.II.D.2).",
"[3] Véase TD/B/C.I/EM.4/2 y Devesh Kapur, “Remittances: the new development mantra?”, G-24 Discussion Paper Series. Puede consultarse en www.unctad.org/en/docs/gdsmdpbg2420045_en.pdf.",
"[4] OMC, Informe del Director General al Órgano de Examen de las Políticas Comerciales sobre los hechos ocurridos recientemente en relación con el comercio. Puede consultarse en docsonline.wto.org.",
"[5] Sandra Polaski, Winners and Losers: impact of the Doha Round on developing countries. Puede consultarse en www.carnegieendowment.org/files/winners.losers.final2.pdf.",
"[6] Peterson Institute, Figuring out the Doha Round. Puede consultarse en www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/dialogue_paper_schott_e.pdf.",
"[7] Dani Rodrik (2002), Feasible globalizations. Puede consultarse en http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/drodrik/Research%20papers/Feasglob.pdf.",
"[8] OMC, Comunidades europeas – Condiciones para la concesión de preferencias arancelarias a los países en desarrollo. Puede consultarse en www.wto.org/spanish/tratop_s/dispu_s/246r_a_s.doc.",
"[9] UNCTAD, Pan-African Cotton Meeting 2011, Concept Note. Puede consultarse en: www.unctad.info/upload/SUC/PACM_Benin/Concept_Note_English.pdf.",
"[10] Para un análisis más reciente, véase OMC, Informe sobre el Comercio Mundial 2011 – La OMC y los acuerdos comerciales preferenciales: de la coexistencia a la coherencia. Puede consultarse en http://www.wto.org/spanish/res_s/booksp_s/anrep_s/world_trade_report11_s.pdf.",
"[11] UNCTAD, Convertir el comercio Sur-Sur en un motor de crecimiento incluyente. Puede consultarse en www.unctad.org/sp/docs/presspb20093-sp.pdf.",
"[12] Argentina, Brasil, Cuba, Egipto, India, Indonesia, Malasia, Marruecos, Paraguay, República de Corea y Uruguay."
] | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"* A/66/150.",
"Item 17 (a) of the provisional agenda*",
"Macroeconomic policy questions",
"International trade and development",
"Report of the Secretary-General",
"Summary",
"The multilateral trading system is facing major uncertainties regarding the prospect of the closing of the Doha Round of trade negotiations, which comes on top of a series of changes in the structure and direction of international trade. The growth of trade in intermediate goods, linked to the spread of international production, has been accelerating in recent years and often includes a strong regional component. Along with the proliferation of regional trade agreements, the drive towards regionalism will be a major focus of the trade policy agenda over the coming years. Favourable economic realities have also contributed to increased South-South trade, along with increased South-South cooperation. Properly harnessed, this too can contribute to inclusive and sustainable development. Still, the multilateral trading system needs to be reinvigorated and the Doha Round concluded with a strong development dimension. An early least developed country package could be the first step in this direction. However, greater coherence needs to be built throughout the different layers and components of the international trading system — multilateral, regional, bilateral and unilateral — if trade is to contribute to more inclusive development paths. The thirteenth session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, scheduled in April 2012 in Doha, will mobilize international efforts towards a development-centred globalization, which contributes to inclusive and sustainable growth and development.",
"I. Introduction",
"1. The present report has been prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/142, in which the Secretary-General was requested to submit, in collaboration with the secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a report on developments in the multilateral trading system.",
"II. Trends in international trade and development",
"A. Near-term developments",
"2. Following a sharp contraction in 2009, world merchandise exports recorded their largest ever annual expansion of 14 per cent in volume (22 per cent in value) in 2010. The speed of expansion was faster in developing countries for both exports and imports (16.7 and 18.9 per cent, respectively) than in developed countries (12.6 and 10.2 per cent), suggesting not only developing countries’ strong export drive but also vibrant import demand thanks to robust recoveries in many regions. This was particularly true in Asia, where trade takes place through international production networks. In 2010, world total services exports expanded 8 per cent, but their value was still below the pre-crisis 2008 level.",
"3. Trade performance has been conditioned by underlying economic developments. The world economy grew 3.9 per cent in 2010, after a contraction of 2.0 per cent in 2009, and is estimated to decelerate this year to 3.3 per cent. Developing countries continued to fuel the global recovery in 2010, with their collective gross domestic product (GDP) growth reaching 7.5 per cent. High and volatile commodity prices, fragility in financial markets and sovereign debt crises, and pervasive unemployment continue to influence the recovery. Given these persistent threats, along with the deceleration of output growth this year, export expansion is expected to slow, highlighting the persistent vulnerabilities of a trading system in an interdependent world economy.",
"4. Rising commodity prices in 2010 boosted the nominal value of commodity exports but posed challenges for food security and macroeconomic stability. The all-food price index surpassed its historic peak early in 2011. Prices of oil also surged following instabilities in some oil-exporting countries, putting additional strains on growth prospects for many countries. Such high price volatility largely reflects negative supply shocks (e.g. weather conditions) but the price effect is believed to have been magnified by speculation in financialized commodity markets (see A/66/207). While higher prices are positive for net exporters, since many developing countries, particularly the least developed countries, are net importers of food and energy, higher prices are likely to have negative effects on poverty reduction; the recent price hikes could push more than 60 million people into poverty in Asia alone.[1]",
"B. Changing international trade landscape",
"5. Over the previous decade trade grew persistently faster than GDP (except in 2009), resulting in an increased exports-to-GDP ratio; in developing countries the average figure rose from 29.5 per cent to 36.0 per cent by 2008. The share of developing countries in world merchandise exports expanded from 24 per cent to 42 per cent in the previous two decades, and from 17 per cent to 32 per cent in world output, pointing to the possible future income convergence (see figure I). Consequently, the importance of external markets and the contribution of exports to output growth increased significantly. While total exports have grown rapidly, this growth has not led to a proportionate increase in domestic value added. This arises partly because increased fragmentation of production implies that exports require a significant amount of imported intermediate inputs.",
"6. The strong growth in Asian countries and several other emerging economies (e.g. the BRIC countries, Brazil, Russian Federation, India and China), has created new trading opportunities, particularly for other developing countries. Developing countries’ share in world imports increased from 22 per cent in 2000 to 39 per cent in 2009, contributing 47 per cent to world import growth. The high import content of Asian exports has benefited other developing countries integrated into the global supply chain. South-South exports now account for 53 per cent of total developing countries’ exports, up from 43 per cent in 2000. South-South trade in services is estimated to be 10 per cent of global trade.",
"Figure I Share of developing countries and BRIC in world output and exports by region, 2000-2010",
"(Percentage)",
"Source: UNCTADstat.",
"7. While 23 developing countries experienced real annual export growth rates of more than 10 per cent between 2000 and 2010, close to one third (48 countries) experienced export contractions (see figure II). This serves as a reminder that income convergence is not an automatic consequence of a more open global economy, and that polarization remain a challenge for policymakers, at the national and international levels.",
"Figure II Distribution of developing countries by growth in annual average real merchandise exports and output, 2000-2010",
"[]",
"Source: UNCTADstat.",
"8. The changing pattern of world trade is also observable in its product composition (see figure III). The disproportionately fast growth in intensively traded machinery and transport equipment drove the expansion of developing countries’ exports, while higher commodity prices have increased the share of mineral fuels. The declining share of light manufactured goods arises partly from increased competition, with the entry of low-wage countries putting pressure on prices.",
"9. The differing product composition of regions suggests increasing regional specialization, with Asia concentrating in manufactured goods, Latin America in agriculture and resource-based products and Africa and the least developed countries in minerals and other commodities. From 1995 to 2009, machinery and transport equipment contributed more than 40 per cent to export growth in Asia, while mineral fuels were responsible for 60 per cent of export growth in least developed countries. While recent commodity price increases have helped increase export earnings in the latter group of countries, worries remain that their weakly diversified economic structures could hamper long-term growth prospects.",
"Figure III Product composition of developing countries’ exports, 2010",
"(Percentage)",
"[]",
"Source: UNCTADstat.",
"10. The shifting direction and dynamism of world trade, particularly along its South-South axis, has been closely linked to the increased fragmentation of production in the global supply chain (see UNCTAD reports TD/B/57/3 and TD/B/C.I/16). Falling transport and trade costs, including tariffs, expanding business and infrastructure services, and buoyant foreign direct investment flows to developing countries (43 per cent of global foreign direct investment inflows) contributed to the development of global production networks.[2] International trade in intermediate goods has been dynamic, and expanded from $2 trillion in 1995 to almost $7 trillion in 2008 to represent 48 per cent of non-fuel merchandise trade (see figure IV and box 1). This trade encourages the specialization of different economies in different processing activities, leading to “trade in tasks” that adds value along the global supply chain. Countries specialized in labour-intensive activities, however, may be locked into low value adding activities, so that domestic value retention is limited despite increased export volume. For instance, to increase competitive edge and profitability, companies relying on innovative technologies are increasingly using a “closed supply chain” among suppliers specializing in components unique to the final products and wherein profit margins are larger. National productive capabilities, human capital and technological sophistication thus matter for countries that seek to effectively benefit from the global supply chain and upgrade their value-chain ladders.",
"Figure IV Non-fuel world trade, 1995-2010",
"(Billions of United States dollars)",
"Source: UNCTAD.",
"Box 1Global supply chain and the measurement of trade\nThe growing global supply chain has exposed a measurement issue ininternational trade statistics. Unlike national income statistics,trade statistics measures the value of trade in terms of the grossvalue of a product, rather than value added. Increased productionin trade-intensive global supply chain has inflated the value ofinternational trade, because parts cross borders several times andare counted each time. For instance, although Apple is a companybased in the United States of America and the value added to theproduction of the iPod by China (where final assembly is done) issmall, with the bulk of profits retained by Apple and accruing tothe United States (e.g. retailers), every $300 iPod sold in theUnited States increases its trade deficit with China by $150 (i.e.factory cost). If measured in value added terms, China has anestimated bilateral trade surplus with the United States that is 40per cent smaller.*\n* Greg Linden, Kenneth Kraemer and Jason Dedrick, “Who capturesvalue in a global innovation network?: the case of Apple’s iPod”,Communications of the ACM, vol. 52, No. 3 (March 2009).",
"11. The small share of agriculture (under 10 per cent) in developing countries’ exports understates its importance for some countries as well as the sector’s wider development potential. Many developing countries remain dependent on the rural economy for employment generation, income and export earnings. Agriculture accounts on average for 52 per cent of employment in developing countries, while the countries’ share in world agricultural exports increased from 31 per cent in 2000 to 36 per cent in 2009, driven by competitive Latin American exporters. Some countries (e.g. Brazil) have been able to diversify and upgrade their agricultural activities to achieve faster growth. Several high-value products have exhibited strong export dynamism (e.g. horticulture and processed food). However, increased specialization has turned many developing countries, even those with predominantly agrarian economies, into net importers of staple foods. This has made food security a pressing issue, particularly with regard to the unpredictability of supply associated with export restriction, resulting in the recent G-20 decision to remove export restrictions on food purchased for humanitarian aid.",
"12. The services sector, particularly infrastructure services, is not important only in its own right but can help improve efficiency and competitiveness in all sectors of the economy (see TD/B/C.I/MEM.3/8). Services represent 15 per cent of total exports of goods and services for developing countries and 51 per cent of their national output. These percentages are lower than the world average (20 per cent and 67 per cent), indicating the generally lower level of structural transformation in developing countries. However, developing countries are gaining market share. From 2000 to 2010, their share in world services exports rose from 23 per cent to 30 per cent, with many gains originating in Asia — particularly with regard to travel and business services in China and computer and information services in India. Travel and transportation are the two dominant subsectors, representing one fourth and one fifth of services exports in 2010. They are losing ground in favour of modern exportable business services that exhibit strong economies of scale and externalities and absorb highly skilled labour (see figure V). Services provide a realistic opportunity for structural transformation, especially for those countries without comparative advantage in manufactures.",
"Figure V Shares of selected services subcategories in world services trade, 1990-2010",
"(Percentage)",
"[]",
"Source: UNCTADstat.",
"13. The issue of migration with regard to trade and development has emerged as a major challenge. Increased labour mobility and movement of services providers have created increased workers’ remittance flows which contribute to poverty reduction. The number of global migrants reached 215 million in 2010, or 3 per cent of the world population. World remittance flows were $442 billion in 2010, of which two thirds went to developing countries and 6 per cent to the least developed countries (see table 1). Remittances are an important source of external financing, accounting for 1.5 per cent of GDP for developing countries as a whole (1.2 per cent in 2000) and 5.2 per cent for the least developed countries. Although the long-term development impact of remittances is still not well understood, the impact can be strengthened by channelling remittances into productive sectors, including financial sector development and education.[3]",
"14. To increase remittance flows, measures affecting temporary migration need to be addressed at all levels, including at the Doha Round services negotiations on Mode 4 of the General Agreement on Trade in Services. Policy coherence and integrated approaches are important. There is a need to further strengthen and improve cooperation and coordination nationally and internationally — including among origin, transit and destination countries — and also to share experiences.",
"Table 1 Remittances as a share of GDP and of world total remittances, 2010",
"(Percentage)",
"Share in GDP Share in world total",
"Developed economies 0.3 25.9",
"Transition economies 1.5 6.8",
"Developing economies 1.5 67.2",
"Africa 2.5 9.0",
"Latin America 1.2 13.5",
"Asia 1.5 44.3",
"Least developed 5.2 5.9 countries",
"Source: UNCTADstat.",
"15. Transforming trade dynamism into greater income opportunities through job creation is a critical development challenge for inclusive growth (see TD/B/C.I/15). The crisis has already left a large worldwide pool of unemployed, totalling 205 million in 2010. Evidence suggests that while trade openness does not affect the overall level of employment in the long run, liberalization can lead to net job losses in the short run, as job destruction in contracting import-competing sectors can outpace job creation in export sectors. Although the empirical relationship between trade and employment warrants further research, this suggests that transforming potential trade efficiency gains into employment gains is not automatic and requires proactive and careful government intervention. Such a trade-employment nexus needs to be critically accounted for in the international trading system",
"III. Developments in the multilateral trading system",
"16. The changes outlined above are part of a broader transformation of the international trading system. That transformation is towards fragmented production, multi-polarization, and regionalization, with integration proceeding at different speeds for different countries. Manifestations of the transformation include the current stalemate in the Doha Round negotiations, increased difficulties facing multilateralism and the increasing regional initiatives that complement and compete with the multilateral processes (see TD/B/58/3).",
"A. Overview",
"17. The Doha Round was launched in 2001 and scheduled to conclude by the end of 2004. Continued disagreement over agriculture has delayed overall progress. Efforts intensified in 2011 to finalize the round by December. However, the absence of significant progress on key outstanding issues led to a serious blockage in April. One major issue was deeper sectoral liberalization in non-agriculture market access negotiations. While participation in sectorals was deemed “voluntary”, some developed countries had sought to secure the participation of larger developing countries in two of the three key sectors — chemicals, industrial machinery and electronics — to achieve deeper liberalization, including tariff elimination, in these economies than would result from applying the general tariff-cutting formula. Developing countries found such a demand imbalanced because, under the general tariff-cutting formula, they would already be cutting bound tariffs in proportionately greater amounts than developed countries. Sectoral liberalization was found to be particularly sensitive owing to its labour market implications. Other sectors include enhanced health care, forest products, raw materials and gems and jewellery. Other areas were also controversial, including the issue of stronger commitments by developing countries in Mode 3 of the General Agreement on Trade in Services to bind existing levels of openness (e.g. foreign equity limitations), Mode 4 commitments by developed countries and the special agricultural safeguard mechanism.",
"18. The three-speed approach — fast, medium and slow lanes — suggested by the Director-General of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in May 2011 as a way forward consisted of seeking partial agreement while preserving a single-undertaking principle. Issues involving the least developed countries — duty-free and quota-free market access, associated rules of origin, a most-favoured-nation waiver to cover possible preferential services market access and cotton — would be targeted for early harvest by the Eighth WTO Ministerial Conference in December 2011. “Least developed country-plus” (LDC-plus) issues would be discussed in the “medium track”, which would also include trade facilitation, agricultural export competition, a special and differential treatment monitoring mechanism, fisheries subsidies and environmental goods and services to strike an overall balance and address the concerns of major trading partners (e.g. the United States). Negotiations on agriculture, non-agriculture market access and services, as well as issues related to the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), were proposed to be deferred to 2012.",
"19. The effective delivery of an early harvest in December 2011 is critical for the subsequent negotiations in 2012. There is concern that prolonged negotiations have already affected the credibility of the multilateral trading system and made some negotiating issues less relevant to today’s economic realities. Developing countries stress, as part of the original Doha Development Agenda, the need to deliver on outstanding issues from the Uruguay Round, while some developed countries (e.g. those in the European Union) call for addressing new issues such as investment, competition policy, government procurement, export taxes and climate change. There is need to move expeditiously to address new “twenty-first century issues” to preserve the relevance of the multilateral trading system to changing economic realities. Trade liberalization and agreements need to contribute positively to addressing broader development challenges, including poverty reduction, employment, productive capacity, sustained and inclusive growth, food and energy security, public health and access to water. Strong leadership is required, including from emerging countries, to reinvigorate the multilateral trading system architecture.",
"20. The robustness of the rule-based multilateral trading system against protectionism was reaffirmed during the economic crisis. Import-restrictive measures introduced between October 2008 and April 2011 are estimated to cover at most 2.70 per cent of world imports and incur a limited effect — 0.25 per cent by border measures and 0.75 per cent by bailout measures. Aggressive protectionism was contained, thanks essentially to countries’ adherence to WTO rules and commitments and strong restraint exercised by many developing countries. WTO was catalytic in mobilizing efforts to address trade-finance shortage (used in 80-90 per cent of trade) and Aid for Trade support for productive capacity, trade-related infrastructure, competitiveness and adjustment. Despite some increase in financial resources (60 per cent from 2005 to 2010), major challenges remain regarding ensuring additionality of resources and enhancing effectiveness and development results, as noted in the Third Global Review of Aid for Trade in July. In 2011, WTO reported signs of accelerating post-crisis protectionism, with an increased recourse to higher tariffs and non-automatic import licensing and export restrictions, against the backdrop of decelerating growth and high unemployment.[4]",
"B. Welfare effect of the Doha Round",
"21. The failure to conclude the Doha Round can be seen as a missed opportunity. The latest UNCTAD analysis of the possible trade and welfare impact of a Doha Round outcome in goods finds that global gains from further liberalization are positive although modest, at around an estimated $70 billion annually (see table 2). The magnitude of gains has been corroborated by other recent studies. Welfare effects of model-based analysis depend, of course, on model specifications, underlying data and simulation scenarios. Earlier studies, such as by the World Bank in 2003, found global welfare gains up to $358 billion but were subsequently revised significantly downwards, pointing to the need for caution in interpreting model results. Even such large gains represent only a fraction of GDP. This suggests the importance of domestic complementary policies to enhance endogenous productive capacities and employment opportunities to increase the benefits of trade liberalization.",
"Table 2 Potential annual welfare and trade impacts of Doha outcome",
"Doha Doha with sectorals\n Welfare^(a) Exports^(b) Welfare^(a) Exports^(b)",
"European Union 5 643 0.16 1 360 0.21",
"United States -351 1.48 -2 127 2.21",
"Japan 6 432 1.94 9 543 3.08",
"Other developed 11 142 2.25 16 023 3.86 countries",
"Cairns group exporters 1 858 0.59 1 831 0.84",
"China 17 715 3.58 25 600 7.34",
"India 4 089 3.55 5 341 8.88",
"Indonesia 1 216 1.55 1 107 1.74",
"Brazil 1 320 1.01 1 808 1.84",
"Mexico -1 322 -0.53 -2 543 -0.95",
"South-East Asia 6 413 1.90 6 569 1.83",
"South Asia 2 040 3.94 1 821 3.66",
"Eastern Europe and West 8 614 0.86 6 455 0.60 Asia",
"Central America 1 634 1.83 1 244 1.57",
"Latin America, excluding 345 0.29 41 0.15 Brazil",
"North Africa and Middle 1 296 1.57 1 222 1.41 East",
"South Africa 178 0.60 35 0.48",
"Sub-Saharan Africa 2 195 1.64 2 036 1.40",
"Total 70 457 1.09 77 367 1.73",
"Source: UNCTAD (GTAP database).",
"^(a) Millions of United States dollars.",
"^(b) Percentage.",
"22. The welfare gains are not equally shared among participants. The European Union and Japan have high protection in agriculture (e.g. sugar, meat, rice); reducing that increases efficiency and benefits consumers, taxpayers and foreign suppliers. Similar gains also arise from tariff reductions for apparel and motor vehicles in the industrial sector. Gains for most developing countries are estimated to be smaller. Negative terms of trade effects may overwhelm other gains and lead to negative overall effects. This is the case for Mexico and the United States of America. The risk of losses also exists for sub-Saharan African countries, although as a group their welfare effects are positive in this simulation. Such losses could arise from preference erosion and rising food import prices. Indeed, several studies find negative welfare effects for them.[5]",
"23. Sectoral elimination in chemicals, industrial machinery and electronics in developed countries and Brazil, China and India could raise the global welfare gains to $77 billion. Exports and imports in these regions would increase more than in the basic scenario. Some regions (e.g. South Africa and Latin America) are estimated to be worse off compared to the baseline scenario. Although the participating developing countries gain in welfare terms, production and employment in the sectors concerned are negatively affected compared to the baseline, with implications for their industrial development and employment objectives. The estimates underscore the importance of voluntary participation in the sectorals as provided in the declaration made at the 2005 Sixth WTO Ministerial Conference in Hong Kong, China.",
"24. Services trade liberalization could also yield gains for both developed and developing countries. A potential reduction of 10 per cent of the trade barriers could lead to an increase of 2.7 per cent of services exports.[6] The estimated global GDP impact is about $46 billion. Both European Union and United States exports would increase by $10 billion. The multilateral temporary work visa scheme (quota for skilled and unskilled developing country workers at 3 per cent of the developed-country labour force) is estimated to generate $200 billion globally.[7] A reduction of 1 per cent in trade transaction costs is estimated to generate $43 billion in welfare gains worldwide, of which 65 per cent would accrue to countries not part of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.",
"C. Doha Round challenges",
"25. The current stalemate has resuscitated debate over the causes of the setbacks and the future of the Round. Structural changes in the international trade landscape have significantly affected negotiating dynamics, while global crises have overtaken policymakers’ attention and raised the political challenge of justifying concessions. The crises have also changed economic thinking in favour of stronger regulations of market and a more proactive and pragmatic intervention by States. Systemic issues of the multilateral trading system also influenced the course of negotiations.",
"26. Non-agriculture market access negotiations sectoral liberalization was an immediate cause of the stalemate. The objective of sectorals would be to rebalance the disparity in the contribution between developed and emerging countries and to achieve harmonization of their tariffs. Industrial tariff negotiations had attracted increased attention from developed countries as high agricultural commodity prices made tariffs and subsidies less relevant in agriculture, while services liberalization proved to be complex and without immediate prospects for a commercially meaningful outcome. The increased attention given to exporters’ interest in developed countries may be seen as an attempt to win overall domestic political support for the Doha Round package in order to overcome “resistance” from import-competing domestic interests. Addressing exporters’ interests today requires deep liberalization which is essential for modern trade-intensive production in a global supply chain wherein a small tariff can disproportionately increase production cost — hence the call for sectoral liberalization. Non-tariff barriers — increasingly important given substantial reduction in tariffs — have not been sufficiently addressed.",
"27. This was contested by developing countries as contradictory to the agreed-upon principles of voluntary participation in such initiatives and less-than-full reciprocity for developing countries. While large “tariff water” in developing countries — the difference between bound and applied rates — had drawn attention to effective cuts in applied tariffs, developing countries pointed to their past autonomous liberalization efforts, which had created such water. Between 1990 and 2010, average most-favoured-nation-applied tariffs decreased from 32.5 to 8.2 per cent for developing countries. This highlights the importance of tariff flexibilities as industrial policy instruments. Sectoral liberalization was also seen as sensitive to developing countries’ post-crisis development objectives of building endogenous productive capacity and employment opportunities. The increased economic weight of developing countries — home to over half of global growth in the coming years — allowed them to take an assertive position.",
"28. The increased number and diversity of members in WTO has increased the complexity of negotiations and trade-offs. Starting from 23 members in 1947, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization membership has increased to 154. A broad-based negotiating agenda in a single undertaking was required to reconcile diverse interests among many participants by allowing cross-sectoral trade-offs. The large agenda, however, appeared to overload negotiators, and resulted in diluting attention from core issues (e.g. the built-in agenda from the Uruguay Round of agriculture and services and development issues). Ensuring transparency and inclusiveness among numerous participants became increasingly challenging (see box 2). Trade-offs between different issues proved to be difficult, as they necessitated a minimum convergence of positions. The single-undertaking approach, together with the consensus rule, was seen as amenable to exceptions, as the approach gave individual countries leverage to seek special treatment.",
"Box 2Trade disputes\nMany difficult and emerging issues are increasingly addressed intrade disputes, rather than through negotiations. The number ofdisputes is expected to increase. Export restrictions by China oncertain minerals (e.g. bauxite, magnesium) were successfullychallenged by the European Union, the United States and Mexico onthe grounds that the measures discriminate against foreignmanufacturers and give unfair advantage to domestic downstreamproducers. Some disputes were relevant to policies promoting greentechnologies. The European Union challenged Canada regardingOntario’s feed-in-tariff programme for renewable energy, which itargues go against a WTO rule prohibiting local content subsidies.The case will have bearing on the ability of countries to supportlocal industries in promising environmental goods and servicesmarkets.",
"29. In view of systemic factors contributing to the stalemate, the case for WTO institutional reform as a long-term objective has been recognized, including in respect to implementing and monitoring trade agreements and policies, addressing trade issues in a more cooperative framework and providing Aid for Trade and capacity-building support. The possible institutional reform needs to ensure that the norms and instruments of the multilateral trading system are a critical factor in evolving economic realities and development needs. It might, accordingly, be necessary to align existing rules and practices with longer-term development objectives such as strengthening industrial capabilities, creating employment opportunities, managing food security and providing access to essential medicines and services, thereby contributing to the Millennium Development Goals. This implies the need for greater recognition of special and differential treatment and policy space.",
"IV. The way forward",
"30. The effective delivery of an early harvest of least developed country packages, and possibly “LDC-plus” packages, in December 2011 is seen as critical for subsequent negotiations in 2012. The least developed country package will also be important to help the least developed countries to implement the Istanbul Programme of Action adopted at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries in May. However, additional complementary support by the international community is still essential, as such a package would not be sufficient to help the least developed countries meet the targets. As things stand, the chance of agreement on an early package is likely to be limited, as it is difficult to strike a balance of interests among all parties.",
"A. Duty-free quote-free market access",
"31. Important progress has been made in expanding duty-free quota-free market access for the least developed countries since 2000. The Hong Kong Ministerial Conference decision’s target for covering at least 97 per cent of tariff lines was achieved in all developed countries except the United States, which currently covers 83 per cent of tariff lines. Renewal and substantial reform by the United States of the Generalized System of Preferences scheme (which expired in 2010) to expand product coverage is needed to meet the targets. Extending product coverage could require balancing competing interests of African and Asian least developed countries, because sub-Saharan African countries (e.g. Lesotho, Madagascar) could experience preference erosion of their African Growth and Opportunity Act benefits, especially on apparel, and be severely affected. Coverage may be extended to agricultural products currently excluded from the duty-free quota-free initiative (e.g. tobacco, meat). The selection of products matters, as exports from the least developed countries are highly concentrated; 3 per cent of tariff lines represent 95 per cent of the value of high-income country imports from the least developed countries. It is important to meaningfully address adjustment and competitiveness challenges facing certain sub-Saharan African countries through innovative support measures, so that producers remain in the sector, increase value addition and participate in the global supply chain.",
"32. The benefits accruing for the least developed countries from full duty-free quota-free treatment could amount to $4 billion to $8 billion. In a scenario where all developed countries provide such treatment for the least developed countries, the potential annual welfare gain for the least developed countries is estimated to be $4.8 billion, with an increase of 2.4 per cent in exports. However, the gains would be very unevenly distributed among countries (see table 3). Results are driven by apparel, textiles and, to a lesser extent, tobacco. Asian least developed countries are the major beneficiaries, owing to increased apparel exports. Total exports from Cambodia and Bangladesh increase by 18 and 8 per cent, respectively, generating employment gains for unskilled labour of 10 per cent and 3 per cent. If Brazil, China, India and South Africa also open their markets for the least developed countries (as some of them are doing — see box 3), gains for the least developed countries rise to $7.7 billion.",
"Table 3 Welfare effect of duty-free quota-free market access",
"Welfare Exports Employment, (millions of (percentage) unskilled United States (percentage) dollars)",
"Cambodia 916 18.0 10.1",
"Bangladesh 2 100 8.2 3.2",
"Ethiopia 144 1.1 0.5",
"Lao People’s Democratic 5 0.2 0.1 Republic",
"Malawi 161 7.4 4.7",
"Madagascar 7 0.1 0.1",
"Mozambique 106 1.7 1.5",
"United Republic of Tanzania 130 1.6 0.7",
"Senegal 221 2.1 1.9",
"Uganda 3 0.1 —",
"Zambia 42 0.6 0.5",
"Rest of West Africa 355 0.5 0.6",
"Central Africa 108 0.6 0.3",
"South-Central Africa -2 — —",
"Rest of East Africa 498 0.9 0.5",
"European Union, United States, -3 897 — — Other developed and developing countries",
"Source: UNCTAD.",
"Box 3Developing countries’ duty-free quota-free initiatives\nSeveral developing countries have extended duty-free quota-freetreatment for the least developed countries. The duty-freequota-free initiative by India, first announced at the India-AfricaForum Summit in April 2008, grants duty-free quota-free access to85 per cent of tariff lines and duty reductions on another 9 percent, to be liberalized over five years, so that the duty-freequota-free programme covers 94 per cent of tariff lines, includingcotton, cocoa, cane sugar and garments. The scheme developed byBrazil will initially grant preferential treatment to 80 per centof the least developed countries’ exports and subsequently expandto 100 per cent by 2014. China offers 31 sub-Saharan leastdeveloped countries an average 10.4 per cent preference margin on95 per cent of tariff lines (e.g. cocoa beans, leather, copper),while 90 per cent of the least developed countries’ imports (e.g.oil) already enter China duty-free through most-favoured-nationstatus. The scheme by the Republic of Korea provides duty-freequota-free access on 85 per cent of tariff lines and will cover 95per cent by 2012, including copper, raw tobacco and plywood.",
"33. Making rules of origin simpler and more transparent has been a key objective of the least developed countries, as stringent rules inhibit effective use of preferences. Evidence suggests that relatively stringent rules of origin on apparel products in the European Union, which required the assembly of apparel from yarn and not from fabric, had the effect of reducing preference utilization. Major progress was made in this regard with the implementation of new European Union Generalized System of Preferences rules of origin in January 2011. The new rules introduced more flexible rules, specific to the least developed countries, for industrial products, including for apparel that now permit “single transformation” (i.e. allowing the use of third-country fabric) (see also box 4). The regional scope for cumulation was extended to four regional groupings without, however, the possibility of pan-African cumulation. By comparison, the Generalized System of Preferences scheme by Canada for the least developed countries provides global cumulation of all Generalized System of Preferences beneficiaries. The least developed countries have called for harmonized rules of origin common to different developed countries based on across-the-board value added criteria with facilitated regional cumulation rules.",
"Box 4Beyond duty-free quota-free market access to support the IstanbulProgramme of Action\nThe least developed country package will be important to help theleast developed countries meet the target of doubling their sharein world exports by 2020, as set out in the Istanbul Programme ofAction. From 2000 to 2010, the least developed countries’ exportsoutpaced world exports to double their share, albeit to a meagre 1per cent. Repeating this success for the next decade is, however, amajor challenge.^(a) Assuming that world exports will expand by 4.7per cent annually between 2011 and 2020, doubling the share willrequire exports by the least developed countries to grow by 12.2per cent annually. This is ambitious because, first, the increasein the nominal value of exports in the last decade was driven byrising commodity prices (see figure below). Second, almost half ofproducts from the least developed countries are destined fordeveloped countries (46 per cent) where import growth is lessdynamic (6.7 per cent, compared to 12.0 per cent in developingcountries). The majority of the least developed countries fellshort of doubling their export share.\nThe least developed countries’ share in world exports and commodityprices, 1990-2011\n [] \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Source: UNCTADstat. \nThis implies that meeting the Programme objective will largelydepend on future commodity price developments and the performanceof specific products in specific markets. For example, exports fromBangladesh are highly concentrated in apparels and in EuropeanUnion and United States markets. The duty-free quota-freeinitiative — estimated to generate a one-time export increase ofaround 1 per cent for most of the least developed countries — helpsbut is unlikely to be sufficient. Strong Aid for Trade support bythe international community is urgently needed to address the weakproductive capacities and infrastructures of the least developedcountries.^(b) Innovative measures should also be explored. Tradeby China with Africa has witnessed explosive growth. China issupporting the establishment of economic and trade cooperationzones in several African least developed countries, which couldfurther increase and diversify exports from Africa, particularlymanufacturing.^(a) See The Least Developed Countries Report, 2010: Towards a NewInternational Development Architecture for LDCs (United NationsPublication, Sales No. E.10.II.D.5). \n^(b) UNCTAD “Making trade more development-transmitting,multiplying and inclusive for LDCs”. Available fromwww.unctad.org/en/docs/ditctncd2011d1_en.pdf.",
"34. The duty-free quota-free market access initiatives and continued international efforts to support the least developed countries are likely to induce further changes to unilateral preferential schemes. In its proposal yet to be adopted, the European Union seeks to overhaul its Generalized System of Preferences scheme from 2014 to redirect its benefits essentially to the least developed countries and other low- and lower-middle-income countries by reducing the number of beneficiaries, for the first time, from the existing 176 to some 80 countries. Concern exists as to whether benefits would be captured by the least developed countries as expected, as countries being removed are essentially high- and upper-middle-income countries that do not necessarily compete with the least developed countries. Limiting beneficiaries can further accentuate differentiation of developing countries, with implications for the non-discrimination and special and differential treatment principles of WTO. According to WTO jurisprudence,[8] “European communities — conditions for the granting of tariff preferences to developing countries”, such differentiation may be permissible if based on an objective standard that is administered in a non-discriminatory manner.",
"B. Cotton",
"35. Ambitious, specific and expeditious reduction and elimination of cotton subsidies and tariffs remain to be fully addressed. The sector is highly concentrated, with the five largest producers (China, India, the United States, Brazil and Pakistan) representing four fifths of the world production. In 2009, the United States was the largest cotton exporter, accounting for one third of world exports, followed by India, Uzbekistan and Brazil. The largest cotton importers are China (23 per cent), Turkey and Bangladesh. Reductions of cotton tariffs in major importing countries would contribute to gains for exports from the least developed countries (see figure VI).",
"Figure VI Most-favoured-nation and preferential tariffs on cotton in major importing countries",
"[]",
"Source: UNCTAD (TRAINS).",
"36. At the core of the issue is the ambitious reduction of domestic cotton support. Total government support to the cotton industry is estimated at $1.3 billion in 2010/11, down from $5.5 billion provided in 2008/09. High prices for cotton led to a sharp decline in subsidies in 2010/11, since many support programmes were not triggered. The major subsidizing countries are the United States, China, Greece and Turkey. The United States spent $4.2 billion in 2005, while recently China became the largest cotton subsidizer, according to the International Cotton Advisory Committee, mainly providing support to seeds. Over a longer term, the share of world cotton production receiving direct government assistance increased from an average of 55 per cent between 1997 and 2008 to an estimated 84 per cent in 2008/09. Elimination of cotton subsidies could increase cotton prices by 10-20 per cent, which is significant, especially if current high cotton prices fall.",
"37. Many developing countries, especially 20 least developed countries in Africa, have a high concentration of exports in cotton (up to 85 per cent).[9] Cotton production in the “Cotton Four” countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad and Mali) decreased by 50 per cent, partly due to unfavourable market environments that made them switch to other products. Furthermore, African producers in general have been unable to keep up with productivity growth in countries such as China and India that make increasing use of biotech varieties. Consequently, the market share of African countries declined from 8.8 per cent in 2002/03 to 5.6 per cent in 2007/08. Effective cuts in cotton subsidies could increase their export revenues by 20 per cent. Measures to strengthen productive capacities, including value added, infrastructure and technology contribute to increasing their supply response to higher prices.",
"C. Services waiver",
"38. A waiver authorizing countries to grant preferential market access in services specifically for the least developed countries without having to extend the same treatment to other countries will help the least developed countries to exploit the growing services trade. Such preferential market access, particularly Mode 4, would contribute to increasing exports from the least developed countries. Rules of origin should ensure that preferential access benefits are reserved for suppliers to the least developed countries (i.e. those who have substantial business operations in the least developed countries). The waiver would also allow preferences regarding certain procedural aspects of domestic regulation, such as lower licensing fees. It is important to ensure that preferences given to the least developed countries should be in addition to most-favoured-nation treatment so as not to raise barriers for other developing countries. For the waiver to be meaningful, effective preferential market access needs to be provided.",
"D. Accessions to the World Trade Organization",
"39. While it is not part of the Doha programme of work, the least developed countries have repeatedly emphasized the need to improve the WTO accession process. Currently, 12 of 30 countries in the accession process are least developed countries. The accession of Vanuatu, expected this year, follows only those of Cape Verde in 2008 and of Cambodia and of Nepal in 2004. The absence of pre‑established, objective criteria for membership and asymmetric bargaining structure in negotiations has resulted in deep and stringent commitments undertaken by acceding countries. Examples are low bound tariffs; participation in sectoral tariff harmonization; effective and broad-based services liberalization commitments; prohibition of agricultural export subsidies and export duties; privatization; accession to the otherwise-optional Agreement on Government Procurement; and prohibition of export performance and transfer of technology requirements on foreign investors. This approach has limited acceding countries’ policy flexibilities.",
"40. Effective implementation and operationalization of the 2002 accession guidelines for the least developed countries can contribute to improving the accession process. Commitments expected of the least developed countries can be clarified by setting benchmarks for market access and other commitments, for instance based on average tariff and services commitments undertaken by existing least developed country members. Average bound rates of existing least developed country members are 77 per cent in agriculture and 45 per cent in non-agricultural products. They compare with commitments by Cambodia and Nepal in their accession on the order of 28-41 per cent in agriculture and 18-24 per cent in non‑agricultural products. On rules, all the least developed countries can be automatically entitled to all special and differential treatment provisions, supplemented by regulatory and policy action plans. Such clarification could usefully be harvested together with the least-developed-country package.",
"E. Least developed country-plus package",
"41. An “LDC-plus” package has been found necessary to achieve balance among diverse WTO members’ interests and burden-sharing. Trade facilitation aimed at improved customs procedures can reduce trade costs and have effects similar to tariff reduction for exporters. Some developing countries are concerned over the implementation cost, as some trade facilitation measures (e.g. single window) will incur significant costs, and effective special and differential treatment and capacity-building support has been a key negotiating issue. Environmental goods and services are promoted for potential environmental benefits while concern exists that deeper liberalization on a range of proposed “environmental goods”, mostly manufactured goods related to energy efficiency, can have deep liberalization effects similar to sectoral liberalization, and cover, for instance, 20 per cent of all imports for the least developed countries.",
"42. Commitment already exists to eliminate agricultural export subsidies by 2013. These subsidies were prevalent from 1995 to 2000 and were valued at $6.2 billion annually worldwide; 90 per cent of them originated in the European Union and supported mainly dairy and meat (beef). Since the amount decreased considerably thereafter, its elimination will have limited effect. On fisheries subsidies, since the disciplines are yet to be fully developed, “standstill” on existing subsidies is suggested to limit their adverse effect on overfishing. Possible disciplines will prohibit certain subsidies contributing to overfishing (e.g. for new vessel construction), while opponents argue that poor management of fish stocks is the major cause for depletion of fish stocks. Other issues proposed include a review of the Dispute Settlement Understanding, regional trade agreements and standstills, including on tariffs, to prevent protectionist tendencies.",
"V. Regional trade agreements",
"43. The drive towards regional trade agreements is likely to accelerate with deepened behind-the-border commitments. Preferential trade liberalization represents a major challenge for the multilateral trading system, with some 300 regional trade agreements currently in force. Recent regional trade agreement negotiations involve a greater number of large and dynamic markets — particularly Asia — resource-rich countries and developed countries. This is observable in the recent European Union move towards “competitiveness-oriented” regional trade agreements and the United States engagement in a Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement. By inducing deeper liberalization and regulatory harmonization covering an increasing share of world trade, they could further affect incentives for multilateralism. Developing countries contributed considerably to the sharp increase, with South-South agreements now representing two thirds of all regional trade agreements.",
"44. The value of trade covered by regional trade agreements increased to 51 per cent of world trade, although the share of trade actually receiving preferential treatment is much lower (about 16 per cent), as half of world trade is already duty free owing to most-favoured-nation treatment.[10] The preference utilization rate may be high (e.g. 87 per cent and 92 per cent under regional trade agreements involving the European Union and the United States, respectively). Trade liberalization under regional trade agreements generally has a positive effect on global welfare. Participants tend to benefit in terms of welfare, exports and often employment, although government revenues from tariffs may fall, but non-participants tend to lose from trade diversion (see table 4). Simulation shown in table 4 suggests that global gains from some likely regional trade agreements may be negative, indicating that estimated losses to non-members outweigh the gains to members. Smaller countries would suffer losses if they are sidelined in the regional trade agreement formation.",
"Table 4 Potential effects from possible regional trade agreements",
"Free trade Free trade area area non-participants participants\n Welfare^(a) Exports^(b) Welfare^(a) Exports^(b)",
"European Union-Japan 9.7 0.36 -9.5 -0.11",
"European Union-Association of 12.8 0.44 -4.9 -0.18 Southeast Asian Nations",
"Trans-Pacific Partnership 7.4 1.08 -8.8 -0.07",
"Asia-Pacific Economic 207.1 6.73 -43.9 -1.01 Cooperation",
"Source: UNCTAD.",
"^(a) Billions of United States dollars.",
"^(b) Percentage change.",
"45. In 2009, the trade-weighted global average most-favoured-nation tariff was 4 per cent. Such a low rate does not leave much scope for tariff preference, the traditional rationale for regional trade agreements. Recent regional trade agreements have expanded their scope to investment, competition, services, standards, government procurement and intellectual property, as well as labour and environmental standards. They appear to be increasingly motivated by the need to provide a platform for regional supply chains by ensuring duty-free and non-tariff-barrier-free trading environments through deep regulatory integration. Empirical analysis confirms a positive link between trade in parts and components — a proxy for production networks — and the depth of agreements. For instance, the intra-preferential trade agreement trade of intermediate goods is prevalent in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.",
"46. The quantitative proliferation and qualitative deepening of regional trade agreements point to the need for coherence between the multilateral trading system and regional trade agreements. Increased transparency, as under the transparency mechanism on regional trade agreements established by WTO, is useful in enhancing predictability of regional trade agreements. Developmental coherence is required so that special and differential treatment and policy space available under the multilateral trading system is not overridden by regional trade agreements where bargaining power can be asymmetric. Regulatory coherence needs to be ensured, including by multilateralizing certain elements of regional trade agreements, such as rules of origin and sectoral liberalization (e.g. ITA). Regional trade agreements could also promote broader cooperation. Economic, financial, regulatory and institutional cooperative schemes, and pooling resources to develop regional infrastructure and trade facilitation, could significantly increase the benefits. The conclusion of the Doha Round could also contribute to such coherence.",
"A. North-South regional trade agreements",
"47. Market access conditions may be a valid consideration for North-South regional trade agreements involving lower-income countries and/or countries reliant on limited products and markets. Locking in existing preferential conditions under unilateral preferential arrangements was a key motivation for some Latin American countries to form regional trade agreements with the United States (agricultural products and for non-least developed country African, Caribbean and Pacific States to conclude economic partnership agreements with the European Union (e.g. banana, sugar under the Cotonou preferences). Under regional trade agreements, for example, several Latin American countries obtained a reduction of European Union banana tariffs, increasing preference margins from €3-€39 per ton.",
"48. Larger developing countries face challenges in effectively securing improved market access under regional trade agreements. Regional trade agreements often preserve high tariffs on import-sensitive products that attracted high protection on a most-favoured-nation basis, including dairy, sugar, cereals and apparel. Preferential tariffs reduce the global trade-weighted average tariff only by 1 per cent, because high tariffs on agriculture and labour-intensive manufacturing goods are often excluded. For example, 27 per cent of agriculture products are excluded compared with 1 per cent of manufacturing goods. This may be changing, as recent North-South regional trade agreements provide for tariff elimination by developed countries of almost all products by the end of transition period, including some otherwise import-sensitive products (e.g. sugar).",
"49. Ensuring an adequate content, pace and sequence of their liberalization is a key concern of developing countries, as the effect of reciprocal tariff elimination would be greater for them given economic asymmetries. Their ability to undertake lesser and slower liberalization is, however, constrained by a WTO rule requiring regional trade agreements to liberalize “substantially all trade”, often understood as requiring liberalization of 90 per cent of trade over 10 years. Some developing countries have called for revising the rule by incorporating the principle of special and differential treatment to allow “less-than-full” reciprocity in regional trade agreements. Recent regional trade agreements have incorporated a mechanism to automatically extend deeper liberalization that may be undertaken by a regional trade agreement party under future regional trade agreements to the other party, such as “third-party most-favoured-nation” clauses under economic partnership agreements between African, Caribbean and Pacific States and the European Union, which could have a chilling effect on South-South regional trade agreements, and similar provisions applied to selected agricultural products under regional trade agreements of the United States.",
"50. Trade in services is characteristic of North-South regional trade agreements. Globally, one third of regional trade agreements have services commitments. Two models for services liberalization are the “North American Free Trade Agreement model” based on negative list approach and a “hybrid model” combining positive and negative list approaches. The models generally cover cross-border services, commercial presence (often in conjunction with investment in goods), movement of natural persons and sector-specific regulatory issues (e.g. financial services). More substantial commitments are made under regional trade agreements than under general agreements on trade in services (see figure VII). Under the economic partnership agreement between the European Union and the Caribbean Forum of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (CARIFORUM), for instance, the CARIFORUM countries listed 75 per cent of subsectors. Certain regional trade agreements have incorporated disciplines on services regulations that could potentially constrain their right to regulate, such as financial prudential carve-outs conditioned, unlike under general agreements on trade in services, on “necessity tests”. North-South regional trade agreements could help provide meaningful market access on sectors and modes of interest to developing countries, particularly Mode 4, where opening is limited.",
"Figure VII Index of services liberalization commitments",
"[]",
"[]",
"Source: UNCTAD, based on WTO.",
"51. Regional trade agreements often incorporate “TRIPS-plus” disciplines on intellectual property rights that affect various public policies, ranging from health to innovation. They expand the coverage, title holder’s rights and duration of several intellectual property categories with stricter enforcement, so that flexibilities available under TRIPS are often restricted (e.g. compulsory licensing to import essential drugs). Some have the effect of delaying the market entry of generic products (e.g. protecting pharmaceutical test data for at least five years). Some estimates suggest that such provisions could increase drug prices by 10-40 per cent (e.g. Costa Rica).",
"52. North-South regional trade agreements have embarked on liberalization of government procurement, a market representing 10-15 per cent of GDP. The lack of supply capacity in developing countries has often prevented meaningful reciprocity. Conversely, government procurement has long served as an important industrial and public policy instrument for them — to support local suppliers and promote technological development. While domestic preference policies requiring local content have historically contributed to the establishment of some strategic industries, such policies are generally prohibited and permissible only in connection with government procurement under WTO (for most developing countries not party to the Agreement on Government Procurement). Such important policy flexibilities are increasingly restricted by regional trade agreement disciplines.",
"B. South-South integration",
"53. South-South integration and cooperation increasingly provides a platform for dynamic South-South trade (see box 5). Most South-South regional trade agreements have covered trade in goods, while many have embarked on broader regulatory and cooperative measures. They allow the exploitation of economies of scale, serve as development launch pads to global integration, promote trade in non‑traditional goods and have the potential to facilitate diversification.[11] Less stringent rules of origin and the mutual recognition of standards — more easily achievable among countries with similar level of development — can promote the development of regional value chains.",
"Box 5Potential benefits of an African common market\nThe level of intra-African trade is low, including in intermediategoods. To overcome fragmentation and small markets, Africancountries seek to establish a pan-African common market by 2023.Favourable economic conditions create the right environment for ameaningful African integration agenda. The tripartite initiativeamong the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the CommonMarket for Eastern and Southern Africa and the East AfricanCommunity demonstrates commitment to bringing coherence tooverlapping African regional trade agreements. Thus far theintegration process has focused mainly on tariffs, but“developmental integration” combining trade liberalization withregulatory and development cooperation could go a long way. Areduction by 50 per cent of intra-African tariffs and non-tariffbarriers often resulting from infrastructure deficiency orburdensome administrative procedures could generate significantwelfare gains of $6.5 billion with a positive employment effect inall regions, up to 4.8 per cent in the Economic Community of WestAfrican States (ECOWAS). Intra-African trade and output wouldincrease, contributing to structural change.\n Potential effects of intra-African integration -------------------------------------------------------------------------Welfare Employment, Exports (millions of United unskilled (percentage)States dollars) (percentage)-------------------- ---------------------- -------------- -------------- North Africa 1 188 0.66 1.72 ECOWAS 1 814 4.78 7.04 East and Central 1 329 0.07 3.19Africa \nSADC 2 177 2.04 3.12-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Source: UNCTAD.",
"54. Interregional South-South trade cooperation has received impetus from the conclusion in December 2010 of the third round of the Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries (GSTP) negotiations, launched in 2004 at the eleventh session of UNCTAD. The agreement reduces applied tariffs by 20 per cent on 70 per cent of dutiable products, thereby combining effective cuts with policy flexibilities. The resulting tariff concessions broaden product coverage to 47,000 tariff lines. Twenty-two of the 43 GSTP members participated in the round and 11 exchanged tariff concessions.[12] UNCTAD estimates find the 11 participants will see welfare gains of $2.5 billion, which could be increased to $5.8 billion if all 22 countries that participated in the round undertake tariff reduction. Broadening and deepening liberalization, with enhanced rules of origin, and extending cooperation and liberalization to non-tariff barriers, trade facilitation, trade finance and eventually services trade could significantly enhance its potential.",
"VI. Conclusion",
"55. A dynamic trade and investment nexus has, over the past two decades, been a key driver of growth and structural transformation in some developing countries. That dynamism has begun to change the economic landscape and has redirected focus to the complementary policies required to strengthen productive capacities, expand employment opportunities in support of inclusive and sustainable development, and better cope with external shocks. Greater attention needs to be given to agriculture and services sectors. Integrated and coherent trade, industrial, labour market and social policies can go a long way towards realizing a more equitable sharing of wealth and opportunities, within and across countries. The international trading system is an important catalyst for realizing the benefits of trade, and the efforts behind the protracted Doha Round negotiations need to be urgently channelled into meaningful development gains. The least developed country package should make an important contribution to the implementation of the Istanbul Programme of Action. Attention should be given to the realization of Millennium Development Goal 8 on an open, equitable, rule-based, predictable and non-discriminatory multilateral trading and financial system. Reinvigorating the multilateral trading system and preparing it for twenty-first century challenges is important. Development imperatives under rapidly changing economic conditions need to be factored into the norms and instruments of the international trading system, such as through enhanced policy space for development and achieving greater developmental coherence between the multilateral trading system and regional trade agreements, as well as between the international trade and financial systems.",
"[1] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, “World economic situation and prospects 2011, update as of mid-2011”. Available from www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_ current/2011wespupdate.pdf.",
"[2] World Investment Report 2011: Non-Equity Modes of International Production and Development (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.D.2).",
"[3] See TD/B/C.I/EM.4/2 and Devesh Kapur, “Remittances: the new development mantra?”, G-24 Discussion Paper Series. Available from www.unctad.org/en/docs/gdsmdpbg2420045_en.pdf.",
"[4] WTO, “Report to the Trade Policy Review Body from the Director General on trade-related developments”. Available from www.docsonline.wto.org.",
"[5] Sandra Polaski, “Winners and losers: impact of the Doha Round on developing countries”. Available from www.carnegieendowment.org/files/winners.losers.final2.pdf.",
"[6] Peterson Institute, “Figuring out the Doha Round”. Available from www.wto.org/english/res_e/ reser_e/dialogue_paper_schott_e.pdf.",
"[7] Dani Rodrik, “Feasible globalizations”. Available from www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/drodrik/ Research%20papers/Feasglob.pdf.",
"[8] WTO, “European communities — conditions for the granting of tariff preferences to developing countries”. Available from https://docsonline.wto.org.",
"[9] UNCTAD, “Pan-African Cotton Meeting 2011, Concept Note”. Available from www.unctad.info/ upload/SUC/PACM_Benin/Concept_Note_English.pdf.",
"[10] For a recent analysis, see WTO, “World trade report 2011: The WTO and preferential trade agreements: from co-existence to coherence”. Available from www.wto.org/english/res_e/ booksp_e/anrap_e/world_trade_report11_e.pdf.",
"[11] UNCTAD, “Making South-South trade an engine for inclusive growth”. Available from www.unctad.org/en/docs/presspb20093_en.pdf.",
"[12] Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Morocco, Paraguay, Republic of Korea, Uruguay."
] | A_66_185 | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"* A/66/150.",
"Item 17 (a) of the provisional agenda*",
"Macroeconomic policy questions",
"International trade and development",
"Report of the Secretary-General",
"Summary",
"The multilateral trading system is facing significant uncertainties regarding the prospects for the conclusion of the Doha Round of trade negotiations, coupled with changes in the structure and direction of international trade. The growth of trade in intermediate goods, which is linked to the expansion of international production, has accelerated in recent years, often with a strong regional component. Along with the proliferation of regional trade agreements, the momentum towards regionalism will be an important element of the trade policy agenda of the coming years. The favourable economic realities have also contributed to increased South-South trade, and increased South-South cooperation. If appropriate, this can also contribute to inclusive and sustainable development. However, the multilateral trading system should be strengthened and the Doha Round should conclude with a strong development dimension. An initial package of measures for the least developed countries could be the first step in this direction. However, for trade to contribute to more inclusive development pathways, the different levels and components of the international trading system (multilateral, regional, bilateral and unilateral) must be more coherent. The thirteenth session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, to be held in Doha in April 2012, will mobilize international efforts towards development-centred globalization, which will contribute to inclusive and sustainable growth and development.",
"I. Introduction",
"1. The present report has been prepared in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/142, in which the Assembly requests the Secretary-General, in collaboration with the secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a report on developments in the multilateral trading system.",
"II. Trends in international trade and development",
"A. Recent developments",
"2. After a strong contraction in 2009, world merchandise exports registered an unprecedented annual expansion of 14 per cent in volume in 2010 (22 per cent in value). The increase was faster in developing countries, both in terms of exports and imports (16.7 per cent and 18.9 per cent respectively) than in developed countries (12.6 per cent and 10.2 per cent) which reveals not only a strong export boost from developing countries, but also a high demand for imports due to the strong recovery in many regions, particularly in Asia, where trade is made through international production networks. In 2010, the total export of services grew by 8 per cent, although its value remained lower than in 2008, before the crisis.",
"3. The evolution of trade has been conditioned by the underlying economic situation. The world economy grew by 3.9% in 2010, after a contraction of 2.0% in 2009, and is estimated to slow this year to 3.3%. Developing countries continued to be the drivers of global recovery in 2010, with a collective growth in gross domestic product (GDP) of 7.5 per cent. High and unstable commodity prices, financial market fragility and sovereign debt crises, as well as widespread unemployment, continue to influence recovery. Given these persistent threats, and the slowdown in this year ' s production growth, export growth is expected to slow down, highlighting the continuing vulnerabilities of the trading system in an interdependent global economy.",
"4. The increase in commodity prices in 2010 boosted the nominal export values of these products, but made food security and macroeconomic stability at risk. In early 2011, the food price index exceeded the historical maximum. Oil prices also showed a strong increase due to the instability of some oil-exporting countries, subjecting the growth prospects of many countries to further pressures. This high price volatility largely reflects the negative shocks of the supply (e.g., weather conditions), although the effect on prices is believed to be exaggerated due to speculation in the financialized commodity markets (see A/66/207). While higher prices benefit net exporters, such as many developing countries, in particular the least developed countries, are net food and energy importers, higher prices may have a negative impact on poverty reduction; only in Asia, recent price increases could lead to more than 60 million people to poverty[1].",
"B. Transformation of the international trade landscape",
"5. Over the past decade, trade grew steadily faster than GDP (except in 2009), resulting in an increase in the ratio between exports and GDP; in developing countries, this ratio increased from 29.5 per cent to 360.0 per cent in 2008. The participation of developing countries in world merchandise exports increased from 24 per cent to 42 per cent over the past two decades, and global production from 17 per cent to 32 per cent, pointing to a possible convergence of income in the future (see figure I). Therefore, the importance of external markets and the contribution of exports to production growth increased considerably. While total exports have grown rapidly, this growth has not resulted in a proportional increase in domestic added value. This is partly due to increased production fragmentation implying that exports require a considerable amount of imported intermediate inputs.",
"6. The strong growth of Asian countries and other emerging economies, such as the BRIC countries (Brazil, India, the Russian Federation and China), has created new trading opportunities, particularly for other developing countries. Developing countries ' participation in global imports increased from 22 per cent in 2000 to 39 per cent in 2009, contributing 47 per cent to global import growth. The high content of material imported into Asian exports has benefited the other developing countries integrated into the global production and distribution chain. Currently, South-South exports account for 53 per cent of total exports from developing countries, an increase from 43 per cent in 2000. South-South trade is estimated to be 10 per cent of global trade.",
"Figure I Participation of the developing countries and countries of the BRIC group in global production and exports by region, 2000-2010",
"(Percentage)",
"Source: UNCTADstat.",
"7. Although 23 developing countries recorded actual annual growth rates of more than 10 per cent between 2000 and 2010, almost one third (48 countries) experienced a contraction of their exports (see figure II). This indicates that income convergence is not an automatic consequence of a more open world economy and that polarization remains a challenge for policymakers at the national and international levels.",
"Figure II Distribution of developing countries by actual annual export growth rate and commodity production, 2000-2010",
"Source: UNCTADstat.",
"8. The transformation of the global trade landscape can also be seen in the composition of outputs (see figure III). Disproportionately rapid growth in the highly traded category of machinery and transport equipment led to the expansion of exports from developing countries, while higher commodity prices increased trade in mineral fuels. The decrease in the share of light manufactured products is due in part to the increased competition, as the presence of countries where wages are low put pressure on prices.",
"9. The different product composition according to the regions indicates a growing regional specialization. Asia focuses on manufactured products, Latin America on resource-based agriculture and commodities, and Africa and the least developed countries on minerals and other commodities. In the period 1995-2009, the category of transport machinery and equipment contributed more than 40 per cent to export growth in Asia, while mineral fuels accounted for 60 per cent of the export growth of the least developed countries. While recent increases in commodity prices had an impact on the increase in export earnings in the latter group of countries, it remained concerned that their undiversified economic structures might impede long-term growth prospects.",
"Figure III",
"Composition by developing country export products, 2010",
"(Percentage)",
"Source: UNCTADstat.",
"10. The shift in direction and dynamism of international trade, particularly along the South-South axis, is closely related to the growing fragmentation of production in the global production and distribution chain (see UNCTAD reports TD/B/57/3 and TD/B/C.I/16). The decline in transport and trade costs, including tariffs, the expansion of business and infrastructure services, and the rise in foreign direct investment flows to developing countries (43 per cent of FDI flows) contributed to the creation of global production networks[2]. International trade in intermediate products has been dynamic and has increased from $2 billion in 1995 to nearly $7 billion in 2008, accounting for 48 per cent of world trade in goods other than fuels (see figure IV and box 1). This type of trade stimulates the specialization of the different economies in the different processing activities, which leads to the “commerce of tasks”, which adds value along the global chain of production and distribution. However, countries specializing in labour-intensive activities could be trapped in low-value-added activities, so that local retention of value is limited despite increased export volume. For example, to increase their competitive advantage and profitability, companies that rely on innovative technologies increasingly use a “closed” production and distribution chain among component providers that are only used in their final products and have a greater profit margin. Thus, national productive capacities, human capital and technological complexity are important for countries that aim to effectively benefit from the global production and distribution chain and improve their place in the value chain.",
"Figure IV",
"World trade in goods other than fuels, 1995-2010",
"(Thousands of United States dollars)",
"Source: UNCTAD.",
"Box 1 The global chain of production and distribution and the measurement of trade The growth of the global production and distribution chain has revealed a measurement problem in international decommercial statistics. Unlike the statistics on national income, trade-related statistics measure the value of a product ' s gross value rather than the aggregate value. The increase in production in the global chain of production and distribution of high commercial intensity has inflated the value of international trade, because the pieces with which the borders are traded several times and are counted every time they do so. For example, while Apple is a company based in the United States of America, the value added to deliPod production in China (where the final assembly is done) is small, andApple retains most of the utilities, which are acquired in the United States (e.g. retailers). Thus, for every $300 Pod sold in the United States, this country increases its trade deficit with China at $150 (ssay, factory cost). If measured according to the value-added, China would have a trade surplus with the United States by 40% lower*. * Greg Linden, Kenneth Kraemer and Jason Dedrick, “Who capturesvalue in a global innovation network?: the case of Apple’s iPod”,Communications of the ACM, vol. 52, No. 3 (March 2009).",
"11. The lower share of agriculture (less than 10 per cent) in developing countries ' exports underestimates their importance to some countries, as well as the development potential of the sector. Many developing countries continue to rely on the rural economy for employment generation, income and export earnings. On average, agriculture represents 52 per cent of employment in developing countries, while their participation in global agricultural exports increased from 31 per cent in 2000 to 36 per cent in 2009, driven by competitive exporters in Latin America. Some countries, such as Brazil, have been able to diversify and improve their agricultural activities to achieve faster growth. Exports of several high-value products have shown strong dynamism (e.g. vegetables and processed foods). However, increased specialization has made many developing countries, including those with predominantly agricultural economies, net importers of basic food. Thus, food security is now a pressing issue, in particular the unpredictable supply associated with export restriction, which has resulted in the Group ' s recent decision to remove restrictions on food exports purchased for humanitarian assistance.",
"12. The services sector, in particular infrastructure services, is not only important in itself, but can also improve efficiency and competitiveness in all sectors of the economy (see TD/B/C.I/MEM.3/8). Services account for 15 per cent of the total exports of goods and services from developing countries and 51 per cent of their national output. These percentages are below the global average (20 per cent and 67 per cent respectively), which generally shows the lowest level of structural transformation in developing countries. However, these countries are increasing their participation in the market. Between 2000 and 2010, their participation in global exports of services increased from 23 per cent to 30 per cent, owing in part to Asia ' s results, in particular with regard to travel and business services in China and computer and information services in India. Travel and transport are the two dominant subsectors and in 2010 accounted for 25 per cent and 20 per cent respectively of service exports. These are losing ground in the face of modern exportable business services that have large economies of scale and strong externalities, and which attract highly skilled labour (see figure V). Services provide a realistic opportunity for structural transformation, especially for those countries that have no comparative advantages in manufacturing.",
"Figure V",
"Participation of sub-categories of selected services in global trade in services, 1990-2010",
"(Percentage)",
"Source: UNCTADstat.",
"13. The issue of migration in relation to trade and development has emerged as an important problem. Increased labour mobility and the movement of service providers have led to increased labour remittance flows, which contributes to poverty reduction. The number of global migrants reached 215 million in 2010, 3 per cent of the world ' s population. Global remittance flows were $442 billion in 2010, of which two thirds went to developing countries and 6 per cent to least developed countries (see table 1). Remittances are an important source of external financing, accounting for 1.5 per cent of GDP in developing countries as a whole (1.2 per cent in 2000) and 5.2 per cent of the least developed countries. Although the long-term effects of remittances on development are not yet fully known, these effects can be multiplied if remittances are channelled to productive sectors, including the development of the financial sector and education.[3]",
"14. In order to increase remittance flows, measures affecting temporary migration must be addressed at all levels, including in the Doha round trade in services negotiations in Mode 4 of the General Agreement on Trade in Services. The coherence of integrated policies and approaches are important. There is a need to further strengthen and improve cooperation and coordination at the national and international levels in countries of origin, transit and destination, and to share experiences.",
"Table 1 Remittances as a proportion of GDP and global remittances, 2010",
"(Percentage)",
"Proportion of GDP Proportion of the worldly economy Developed economies 0.3 25.9 Economies in transition 1.5 6.8 Economies in development 1,5 67.2 Africa 2.5 9.0 Latin America 1.2 13.5 Asia 1.5 44.3 Least developed countries 5.2 5.9",
"Source: UNCTADstat.",
"15. Translating the dynamism of trade on increased income opportunities through job creation is a critical development challenge for inclusive growth (see TD/B/C.I/15). The crisis has already generated a large number of unemployed worldwide, 205 million people in 2010. Data indicate that while the opening of trade does not affect the general level of long-term employment, liberalization may lead to a net loss of short-term jobs, as the destruction of jobs in the contracting sectors competing with imports may be faster than the creation of jobs in the exporting sectors. While there is a need to further study the empirical relationship between trade and employment, this suggests that translating possible improvements in trade efficiency into employment benefits is not automatic and requires proactive and prudent government interventions. This link between trade and employment in the international trading system is essential.",
"III. Evolution of the multilateral trading system",
"16. The changes described above are part of a broader transformation of the international trading system, which tends towards fragmented production, multiple polarization and regionalization, and whose integration has different rhythms in different countries. The manifestations of this transformation include the current stalemate in the Doha Round negotiations, the greatest challenges facing multilateralism and the increase in regional initiatives that complement and compete with multilateral processes (see TD/B/58/3).",
"A. Overview",
"17. The Doha Round began in 2001 and was scheduled for completion by the end of 2004. Permanent disagreement on agriculture has delayed overall progress. Efforts to complete the Round in December were intensified in 2011. However, the lack of significant progress on major outstanding issues led to a serious stalemate in April. One of the important issues was strong sectoral liberalization in non-agricultural market access. While participation in sectoral initiatives was considered “voluntary”, some developed countries had sought to ensure the participation of larger developing countries in two of the three key sectors (chemicals, industrial machinery and electronic products) to achieve greater liberalization in those economies, including tariff elimination, which would be derived from the implementation of the general tariff-decrease formula. The developing countries considered that such a requirement was thus disassociated under the general tariff reduction formula, the bound tariffs would already be reduced proportionally to a greater extent than the developed countries. Sectoral liberalization was a particularly sensitive aspect due to its impact on the labour market. Other sectors included expanded health care, forest products, raw materials and precious stones and jewellery. There were also disputes in other areas, such as the issue of the increased commitments of developing countries in Mode 3 of the General Agreement on Trade in Services in order to maintain the current levels of openness (e.g. limitations to foreign capital), the commitments of Mode 4 of developed countries and the special safeguard mechanism for agriculture.",
"18. The three-speed approach, with “fast, medium and slow brokers”, proposed by the Director-General of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in May 2011 as a possible means of progress, was to seek to reach a partial agreement while preserving the principle of a unique commitment. The eighth Ministerial Conference, scheduled for December 2011, would focus on issues affecting the least developed countries, such as access to duty-free and quota-free markets, related rules of origin, exceptions to the most-favoured-nation treatment that covered potential preferential access to service and cotton markets, in order to achieve rapid results. Additional issues relating to the " least developed countries plus " package would also be discussed under the intermediate track, which would also include trade facilitation, competition for agricultural exports, a special and differential treatment monitoring mechanism, fisheries subsidies and environmental goods and services, in order to achieve a general balance and address some of the concerns of major trading partners (e.g. the United States). Negotiations on agriculture issues, market access for non-agricultural products and services, as well as issues related to Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, would be postponed until 2012.",
"19. The effective achievement of the first results in December 2011 is considered essential to the subsequent negotiations in 2012. It is concerned that the prolongation of the negotiations has already undermined the credibility of the multilateral trading system and the relevance of some of the issues that are being negotiated due to the current economic reality. Developing countries highlight, as part of the original Doha development agenda, the need for results on the outstanding issues of the Uruguay Round, while some developed countries (such as those of the European Union (EU)) argue that new issues such as investment, competition policy, public procurement, export taxes and climate change should be addressed. There is a need to move quickly to address the new themes of the twenty-first century in order to preserve the relevance of the multilateral trading system to a changing economic reality. Trade liberalization and trade agreements should contribute positively to addressing broader development challenges, including poverty reduction, employment, productive capacity, sustained and inclusive growth, food and energy security, public health and access to water resources. Strong leadership, also from emerging countries, is needed to revitalize the architecture of the multilateral trading system.",
"20. During the economic crisis, the soundness of the rules-based multilateral trading system against protectionism was reaffirmed. It is estimated that import restrictive measures imposed between October 2008 and April 2011 affected at most 2.70 per cent of global imports and had limited effects (0.25 per cent by border measures and 0.75 per cent by rescue measures). Aggressive protectionism could be contained, particularly by countries ' adherence to WTO rules and commitments and the strong restraint of many developing countries. The WTO played a catalytic role in mobilizing efforts to address insufficient trade finance (we used 80 per cent to 90 per cent of trade) and support provided by trade aid initiatives to productive capacity, trade-related infrastructure, competitiveness and adjustments. Despite a certain increase in financial resources (60 per cent between 2005 and 2010), there remain significant challenges in securing additional resources and expanding development effectiveness and results, as noted in the July third Global Aid for Trade Review. In 2011, the WTO reported that there were signs of accelerating post-crisis protectionism due to increased recourse to higher tariffs, non-automatic import licences and export restrictions, in an environment of slowing growth and high unemployment.[4]",
"B. Effects of the Doha Round on welfare",
"21. The inability to conclude the Doha Round can be considered a missed opportunity. UNCTAD ' s most recent analysis of the potential impact of the outcome of the Doha Round on trade and well-being based on outputs indicates that the global benefits of increased liberalization are positive but limited, estimated at about $7 billion per year (see table 2). The magnitude of the benefits has been corroborated by other recent studies. The effects on model-based well-being clearly depend on model specifications, data used and simulation assumptions. Previous studies, such as that of the World Bank in 2003, estimated global benefits of up to $358 billion, but subsequent revisions significantly reduced this amount, underlining the need to interpret the results of the models wisely. Even such large benefits represent only a fraction of GDP, suggesting the importance of complementary domestic policies aimed at expanding endogenous productive capacities and employment opportunities to increase the benefits of trade liberalization.",
"Table 2 Possible effects of the outcome of the Doha Round on welfare and trade",
"Doha including sectoral initiatives Wellness^(a) Exports^(b) Wellness^(a) Exports^(b)",
"European Union 5 643 0.16 1 360 0.21",
"United States - 351 1.48 -2 127 2.21",
"Japan 6 432 1.94 9 543 3.08",
"Other developed countries 11 142 2.25 16 023 3,86",
"Group of 1 858 0.59 1 831 0.84 Cairns",
"China 17 715 3.58 25 600 7.34",
"India 4 089 3.55 5 341 8.88",
"Indonesia 1 216 1.55 1 107 1.74",
"Brazil 1 320 1.01 1 808 1.84",
"Mexico -1 322 -0,53 -2 543 -0,95",
"South-East Asia 6 413 1.90 6 569 1.83",
"South Asia 2 040 3.94 1 821 3.66",
"Eastern Europe and Asia 8 614 0.86 6 455 0.60 Western",
"Central America 1 634 1.83 1 244 1.57",
"Latin America, excluding 345 0.29 41 0.15 Brazil",
"North Africa and 1 296 1.57 1 222 1.41 Middle East",
"Southern Africa 178 0.65 35 0.48",
"Sub-Saharan Africa 2 195 1.64 2 036 1.40",
"Total 70 457 1.09 77 367 1.73",
"Source: UNCTAD (Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database).",
"US$ Million.",
"^(b) Percentage.",
"22. Benefits for well-being are not equally distributed among all participants. The European Union and Japan have high protection of agriculture (e.g. sugar, meat and rice); their reduction increases efficiency and benefits consumers, taxpayers and foreign suppliers. The reduction in the tariffs of clothing and motor vehicles also generates similar benefits for the industrial sector. It is estimated that in most developing countries the benefits are lower. The effects of a negative-exchange relationship could be more important than benefits and translated into negative net effects. This is what happens in the case of Mexico and the United States of America. Sub-Saharan African countries are also at risk of loss, although, considered as a group, the effects on well-being are positive in this simulation. Such losses could arise from the erosion of preferences and increased prices of imported foods. The truth is that several studies attribute negative effects to well-being[5].",
"23. The elimination of sectoral tariffs on chemicals, industrial machinery and electronic products in developed countries and in Brazil, China and India could increase welfare benefits to $77 billion. Exports and imports from these regions would increase more than in the basic scenario. It is estimated that some regions, such as South Africa and Latin America, would be in worse position with regard to the basic hypothesis. While participating developing countries would benefit from well-being, production and employment in the sectors concerned would be adversely affected compared to the basic scenario, with implications for their industrial development and employment objectives. The estimates highlight the importance of voluntary participation in sectoral initiatives, in accordance with the declaration issued at the sixth WTO Ministerial Conference in 2005 in Hong Kong, China.",
"24. The liberalization of trade in services could also bring benefits to both developed and non-developed countries. A possible reduction of 10 per cent of trade barriers could result in an increase of 2.7 per cent of service exports.[6] The impact on global GDP is estimated at some $46 billion. Exports from both the European Union and the United States would increase by $1 billion. It is estimated that the multilateral system of temporary employment visas (a 3 per cent quota of the country ' s labour force developed for qualified and unskilled workers from developing countries) will generate some $20 billion globally.[7] It is estimated that a reduction of 1 per cent of the costs of trade transactions would generate $43 billion in welfare benefits worldwide, of which 65 per cent would benefit countries other than the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.",
"C. The Challenges of the Doha Round",
"25. The current stagnation has revitalized the debate on the causes of the reves and the future of the Round. Structural changes in the international landscape have greatly affected the dynamics of negotiations, while the global crises have taken the attention of policymakers and complicated the political problem of justifying concessions. The crises have also changed economic thinking in favour of stricter market regulation and more active and pragmatic State intervention. Systemic issues of multilateral trade have also influenced negotiations.",
"26. Sectoral liberalization in non-agricultural market access has been one of the immediate causes of stagnation. The objective of sectoral initiatives would be to rebalance the disparity in contributions from developed and emerging countries and to achieve harmonization of their tariffs. Negotiations on industrial tariffs had attracted increased attention from developed countries as high prices of agricultural commodities were of less importance to agricultural tariffs and subsidies, while liberalization of services proved complex and did not have immediate prospects for significant trade results. The increased focus on the interests of exporters from developed countries could be interpreted as an attempt to obtain general domestic political support for the Doha Round as a whole to overcome the “resistance” of competing domestic interests with imports. Addressing the interests of exporters today requires deep liberalization, which is essential for modern production of high commercial intensity in a global chain of production and distribution in which a small tariff can increase the cost of production disproportionately; hence the call for sectoral liberalization. Non-tariff barriers, increasingly important in view of the significant reduction in tariffs, have not been sufficiently addressed.",
"27. The developing countries questioned this concept because they considered it contradicted the agreed principles of voluntary participation in such initiatives and lack of full reciprocity for developing countries. While the difference between bound and applied tariffs in developing countries has shown an effective cut in the applied tariffs, these countries stressed that their previous liberalization initiatives were those that led to that difference. Between 1990 and 2010, tariffs applied in the most-favoured-nation cases decreased from 32.5 per cent to 8.2 per cent for developing countries. This highlights the importance of tariff flexibility as an industrial policy instrument. Sectoral liberalization was also considered to be sensitive to the post-crisis development goals of developing countries to build endogenous production capacity and employment opportunities. The greatest economic burden of developing countries, in which more than half of global growth will be recorded in the coming years, has allowed them to take a firm and strong stand.",
"28. Increased number of WTO members and their diversity have increased the complexity of negotiations and compensations. Of the 23 in 1947, the membership of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization has increased to 154. A broad-based negotiation programme is needed as a single whole to reconcile the diverse interests of the many participants by allowing intersectoral compensation. However, this big agenda seems to have overburdened negotiators and reduced attention to basic issues (e.g. the Uruguay Round agenda focused on agriculture, services and development issues). Ensuring transparency and inclusion among a large number of participants is becoming more and more complicated (see box 2). The commitment among the various issues has proved to be difficult, as a minimum convergence of positions is required. The approach of the negotiating agenda as a single whole, together with the consensus rule, was considered to be suitable for exceptions, as it allowed countries to influence to obtain special treatment.",
"Box 2 Trade differences",
"Many difficult and emerging issues are now often treated as trade differences rather than negotiations. The number of differences is likely to increase. China ' s restrictions on exports of certain minerals (such as bauxite and magnesium) were successfully challenged by the European Union, the United States and Mexico, alleging that the measures discriminated against foreign manufacturers and gave unjust advantage to domestic raw materials consumer producers. Some disputes relate to policies for the promotion of green technologies. The European Union challenged Canada in connection with the Ontario renewable energy tariff programme, arguing that the WTO rule banning subsidies to national content was not met. This case will influence the capacity of countries to support national industries in promising markets for environmental goods and services.",
"29. In view of systemic factors contributing to stagnation, it has been recognized that there is a need for institutional reform of WTO as a long-term goal, including the implementation and monitoring of trade agreements and policies, the treatment of trade issues within a framework of enhanced cooperation and the provision of support for trade and capacity-building. This possible institutional reform must ensure that the rules and instruments of the multilateral trading system are a key factor in the transformation of economic reality and the needs of development. Accordingly, it might be necessary to align existing rules and practices with the long-term development goals, such as strengthening industrial capacity, creating employment opportunities, managing food security and providing access to basic medicines and services, thereby contributing to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. This requires greater recognition of the special and differential treatment and policy space.",
"IV. The way ahead",
"30. The effective agreement on an initial package of measures for the least developed countries and possibly also of the “LDC plus” package in December 2011 is considered essential for subsequent negotiations in 2012. The package of measures for the least developed countries will also be important to assist these countries in implementing the Istanbul Programme of Action, adopted at the fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries in May. However, the complementary support of the international community remains essential, as such a package of measures will not be sufficient to help the least developed countries achieve the goals. Under current circumstances, the possibility of reaching agreement on an initial package of measures is limited, as it is difficult to strike a balance between the interests of all parties.",
"A. Access to duty-free and quota-free markets",
"31. Significant progress has been made in expanding duty-free and quota-free market access for the least developed countries since 2000. The goal of the WTO Hong Kong Ministerial Conference ' s decision that least developed countries have access to duty-free and quota-free markets at least 97 per cent of tariff lines was reached in all developed countries, with the exception of the United States, which currently covers 83 per cent of tariff lines. The United States needs to substantially renew and reform the Generalized System of Preferences (which expired in 2010) to expand product coverage. This expansion may require a balance in the competition for the interests of the least developed countries in Africa and Asia, as the countries of sub-Saharan Africa (e.g. Lesotho and Madagascar) could see how their preferential treatment under the African Growth and Opportunity Act is affected, especially with regard to clothing, which would seriously harm them. Coverage could be extended to agricultural products currently excluded from duty-free and quota-free market access (e.g. tobacco and meat). The selection of products is important, as exports from least developed countries are highly concentrated: 3 per cent of tariff lines represent 95 per cent of the import value of high-income countries from least developed countries. It is important to address seriously the challenges of adjustment and competitiveness faced by selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa through innovative support measures, so that producers remain in the sector, increase added value and participate in the global production and distribution chain.",
"32. The benefits of full duty-free and quota-free market access by least developed countries could be $4 billion to $8 billion. If all developing countries granted such treatment to the least developed countries, the potential benefits for well-being are estimated at $4.8 billion annually, with an increase of 2.4 per cent of exports. However, these benefits would be distributed unevenly among countries (see table 3). The main sectors that promote these benefits are clothing, textiles and, to a lesser extent, tobacco. The least developed countries in Asia would be the most benefited, owing to increased exports of clothing. The total exports of Cambodia and Bangladesh would increase, respectively, 18 per cent and 8 per cent, generating an increase in the employment of unskilled workers of 10 per cent and 3 per cent. If Brazil, China, India and South Africa also open their markets to the least developed countries (as some are already doing, see box 3), the benefits for the least developed countries would increase to $7.7 billion.",
"Table 3",
"Effects on the well-being of duty-free and quota-free markets",
"Wellness Exports Employment (millions (percentage) unskilled (percentage) United States dollars)",
"Cambodia 916 18 10.1",
"Bangladesh 2 100 8.2 3.2",
"Ethiopia 144 1.1 0.5",
"Lao People ' s Democratic Republic 5 0.2 0.1",
"Malawi 161 7.4 4.7",
"Madagascar 7 0.1 0.1",
"Mozambique 106 1.7 1.5",
"United Republic of Tanzania 130 1.6 0.7",
"Senegal 221 2.1 1.9",
"Uganda 3 0.1 -",
"Zambia 42 0.6 0.5",
"Rest of West Africa 355 0.5 0.6",
"Central Africa 108 0.6 0.3",
"Central Africa -2 - -",
"East African Challenge 498 0.9 0.5",
"European Union, United States, -3 897 - - other developed and developing countries",
"Source: UNCTAD.",
"Box 3 Initiatives of developing countries for duty-free and quota-free market access Some countries have expanded access to duty-free and quota-free markets in least developed countries. India ' s initiative, which was announced at the summit of the India-Africa Forum, held in April 2008, provides duty-free and quota-free market access to 85 per cent of tariff lines and reductions to another 9 per cent, to be released for five years, so that the duty-free and quota-free market access programme will cover 94 per cent of tariff lines, including cane and cane. The system established by Brazil will initially accord preferential treatment to 80 per cent of the least developed countries ' exports, and will subsequently be available to 100 per cent by 2014. China offers 31 countries in sub-Saharan Africa a preference margin of 10.4 per cent on average for 95 per cent of tariff lines (e.g. cocoa, habas, leather and copper), while 90 per cent of imports from least developed countries already enter China without tariffs envirtud of the most-favoured-nation regime. The system of the Republic of Korea provides duty-free and quota-free market access to 85 per cent of tariff lines, which will reach 95 per cent by 2012, including copper, raw tobacco and plywood.",
"33. The simplification and transparency of rules of origin has been one of the key objectives of the least developed countries, as strict rules hinder the effective use of preferences. Empirical data indicate that the relatively rigorous rules of origin of the European Union for clothing, which required the production of garments from the thread, and not from the fabric, resulted in reducing the use of preferences. In this regard, significant progress has been made with the introduction of the new rules of origin of the European Union ' s generalized system of preferences in January 2011, which include more flexible specific standards for industrial products in least developed countries, such as clothing, for which a simple transformation is now permitted (i.e., the use of fabrics in a third country) (see also box 4). The regional scope of the accumulation was extended to four regional groups, although without the possibility of pan-African accumulation. In comparison, Canada ' s widespread system of preferences for least developed countries allows the global accumulation of all its beneficiaries. The least developed countries have called for harmonizing common rules of origin to different developed countries based on value-added criteria in all cases with rules that facilitate regional accumulation.",
"Box 4 Beyond duty-free and decontingent market access in support of the Istanbul Programme of Action The package of measures for the least developed countries will be an important step in meeting the target of double their participation in global exports by 2020, as set out in the Istanbul Programme of Action. In the period 2000-2010, exports from the least developed countries grew more than the world average to double their share, although only to a mere 1%.However, repeating this success in the next decade is a major challenge. Assuming global exports increased by 4.7 per cent annually between 2011 and 2020, doubling the share will require that exports of least developed countries increase by 12.2 per cent per year. This is an ambitious goal because, first, the increase in the nominal value of exports for the past decade was driven by the increase in commodity prices (see figure below). In the second place, almost half of the products from the least developed countries are for developed countries (46 per cent), where import growth is less dynamic (67 per cent, compared to 12 per cent in developing countries). Most of the least developed countries did not meet the goal of duplicating their submissions. Participation of least developed countries in world exports and commodity prices, 1990-2011 Source: UNCTADstat.",
"This implies that meeting the Istanbul Programme of Action objective will depend to a large extent on how commodity prices and product performance evolve into specific markets. For example, Bangladesh exports are heavily concentrated on the garments and the markets of the European Union and the United States. The initiative of duty-free and decontingent-free market access, which can generate an increase in exports for the only time of 1 per cent in most of the least developed countries, is important but probably not sufficient. The firm support of the international community is urgently needed for trade-support initiatives to strengthen the production capacity and the infrastructures of the least developed countries^(b). The introduction of innovative measures should also be considered. China's trade with Africa has experienced explosive growth. China is also supporting the establishment of economic and trade zones in a number of least developed countries in Africa, which could continue to increase and diversify African exports, including manufactured products. ^(a) See The Least Developed Countries Report, 2010: Towards aNew International Development Architecture for LDCs (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.II.D.5). Available at www.unctad.org/en/docs/ditctncd2011d1_en.pdf.",
"34. Initiatives of duty-free and quota-free market access and the continued support of the international community to the least developed countries are likely to lead to further changes in unilateral preferential systems. In its yet unapproved proposal, the European Union seeks to reform its generalized system of preferences since 2014 and redirect its benefits mainly to the least developed countries and other low- and middle-income countries, reducing for the first time the number of beneficiaries, from the current 176 countries to some 80 countries. There are doubts as to whether the least developed countries would reap the expected benefits, as the countries that are eliminated are basically high and middle-income, which do not necessarily compete with the least developed. Limiting beneficiaries may continue to accentuate the differentiation of developing countries, which will have an impact on the principles of non-discrimination and special and differential treatment of WTO. According to WTO jurisprudence[8], European Communities – Conditions for the granting of tariff preferences to developing countries, this differentiation can be allowed if it is based on an objective rule that is administered in a non-discriminatory manner.",
"B. Cotton",
"35. A decision on the specific and rapid reduction and elimination of cotton subsidies and tariffs is pending. The sector is very focused on the five main producers (China, India, the United States, Brazil and Pakistan), which account for 80 per cent of global production. In 2009, the United States was the largest cotton exporter, with one third of world exports, followed by India, Uzbekistan and Brazil. The main cotton importers were China (23%), Turkey and Bangladesh. The reduction of cotton tariffs in major importing countries would benefit exports from least developed countries (see figure VI).",
"Figure VI",
"Most-favoured-nation and cotton preferences in major importing countries",
"Source: UNCTAD (TRANS).",
"36. The goal of the matter is to reduce domestic support to cotton. The total assistance of Governments to the cotton industry in 2010/11 is estimated at $1.3 billion, a reduction from $5.5 billion in 2008/09. The high price of cotton caused a drastic reduction in subsidies in 2010/11, as many support programmes were not activated. The countries that subsidize cotton are the United States, China, Greece and Turkey. The United States spent $4.2 billion in 2005, while China recently became second, according to the International Cotton Advisory Committee, providing mainly seed support. Taking a longer period, the proportion of global cotton receiving direct government aid increased from 55 per cent between 1997 and 2008 to about 84 per cent in 2008/09. The elimination of cotton subsidies could cause an increase in the price of 10 to 20 per cent, a significant proportion especially if the current high prices fall.",
"37. Many developing countries, especially 20 African least developed countries, have concentrated their exports on cotton (up to 85 per cent)[9]. Cotton production of the “Cotton Box” (Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad and Mali) decreased by 50 per cent, partly due to the unfavourable market conditions that made them devote to other products. In addition, African producers in general have not been able to increase their productivity at the same rate as China and India, which are used to a greater extent to biotechnological varieties. Consequently, the participation of African countries in the market decreased from 8.8 per cent in 2002/03 to 5.6 per cent in 2007/08. Effective cuts in subsidies could increase their export earnings by 20 per cent. Measures to strengthen productive capacities, including added value, infrastructure and technology, would enable them to better prepare their supply in the case of higher prices.",
"C. Exceptions for services",
"38. An exception that authorizes countries to grant preferential market access for services, specifically from the least developed countries without having to accord the same treatment to other countries, will help the least developed countries to exploit the growing trade in services. Such preferential market access, particularly in Mode 4, would help to increase exports from least developed countries. The rules of origin should ensure that the benefits of preferential market access are reserved for suppliers from least developed countries (i.e. those with considerable trade in least developed countries). The exception would also allow preferences to be applied in relation to certain procedural aspects of internal regulation, such as reducing licence rights. It was important to ensure that the preferences accorded to least developed countries were additional to those of more-favoured-nation treatment, so as not to create obstacles to other developing countries. In order for the exception to make sense, preferential market access must be effectively facilitated.",
"D. Accession to the World Trade Organization",
"39. While not part of the Doha work programme, the least developed countries have repeatedly stressed the need to improve the WTO accession process. Currently, 12 of the 30 countries undergoing accession are least developed countries. This year ' s accession to Vanuatu will be the first after those of Cape Verde in 2008 and Cambodia and Nepal in 2004. The lack of pre-established objective criteria for membership and the asymmetric negotiating structure have forced acceding countries to undertake deep and strict commitments. Examples include low bound tariffs, participation in the harmonization of sectoral tariffs, commitments for the liberalization of effective and broad-based services, the prohibition of agricultural export subsidies and export rights, privatization, accession to the Public Procurement Agreement that is actually optional, and the prohibition of demand for export and transfer of technology to foreign investors. This approach has limited the policy flexibility of countries that adhere to it.",
"40. The effective implementation and implementation of the accession guidelines for the least developed countries in 2002 can help to improve the accession process of these countries. The expected commitments of these countries can be clarified by setting parameters for market access and other commitments, for example based on average tariffs and service obligations, assumed by the already-member least developed countries. The Consolidated Rights Rate of Least Developed Countries is 77 per cent for agriculture and 45 per cent for non-agricultural products, while the commitments made by Cambodia and Nepal upon accession were between 28 and 41 per cent for agriculture and between 18 and 24 per cent for non-agricultural products. In terms of standards, all least developed countries automatically have the right to special and differential treatment provisions, complemented by regulatory and policy action plans. These clarifications could be included in the package of measures for the least developed countries.",
"E. Package of measures “LDCs plus”",
"41. The package of " least developed countries plus " measures has been determined to strike a balance between the various interests of WTO members and to distribute the burden. Trade facilitation to improve customs procedures can reduce trade costs and have similar effects to those of tariff reduction for exporters. Some developing countries are concerned about the cost of implementation, as some trade facilitation measures (e.g. single window) may be rather burdensome, and support for special and differential treatment and capacity-building has been a key issue of negotiations. Environmental goods and services are promoted by their potential environmental benefits, but it is concerned that further liberalization of a proposed variety of “environmental assets”, mostly manufactured products related to energy efficiency, may have a similar impact to sectoral liberalization, and, for example, affect 20 per cent of all imports from least developed countries.",
"42. There is already a commitment to eliminate agricultural export subsidies by 2013. These subsidies were common between 1995 and 2000 and were valued at $6.2 billion annually worldwide; 90 per cent of them originated in the European Union and mainly supported the milk and meat (bovina). Since the amount has decreased considerably since then, its elimination will have little impact. As for fisheries subsidies, since disciplines are not yet fully defined, maintaining the status quo in existing subsidies could limit the adverse effects of overfishing. Possible disciplines would prohibit certain subsidies that would contribute to overfishing (e.g. for the construction of fishing vessels), although opponents argue that the main cause of depletion of fish stocks is poor management of these stocks. Among the other issues proposed is the review of the Dispute Settlement Understanding, regional trade agreements and the status quo, including tariffs, to avoid protectionist trends.",
"V. Regional trade agreements",
"43. The trend towards regional trade agreements is likely to accelerate through the intensification of commitments within borders. Liberalization of preferential trade represents an important problem for the multilateral trading system, with some 300 regional trade agreements in place. Recent negotiations on these agreements include more large and dynamic markets, especially in Asia, resource-rich countries and developed countries. This has been noted in the recent change of the European Union towards “competitive” regional trade agreements and the participation of the United States in a Trans-Pacific Partnership Strategic Agreement. By encouraging deeper liberalization and harmonization of rules of an increasing proportion of world trade, agreements could further affect incentives for multilateralism. Developing countries contributed significantly to the sharp increase in South-South agreements, which now account for two thirds of regional trade agreements.",
"44. The value of trade covered by regional trade agreements increased to 51 per cent of world trade, although the proportion of trade actually receiving preferential treatment is much lower (about 16 per cent), as half of world trade is already tariff-free due to the most-favoured-nation status.[10] The rate of use of preferences could be high (e.g. 87 per cent and 92 per cent in regional trade agreements involving the European Union and the United States, respectively). In general, trade liberalization under regional trade agreements has had a positive impact on global well-being. Participants tend to benefit from well-being, exports and often employment, although government revenues from tariffs might decline, but non-participants tend to be adversely affected by trade diversion (see table 4). The simulation shown in table 4 suggests that the global benefits of some regional trade agreements could be negative, as the estimated losses of those not involved exceed the benefits of members. Smaller countries would suffer losses if they were excluded from regional trade agreements.",
"Table 4",
"Potential effects of potential regional trade agreements",
"Participants No from the free trade zone of the free trade area Wellness^(a) Exports^(b) Wellness^(a) Exports^(b)",
"European Union - Japan 9,7 0,36 -9,5 -0,11",
"European Union – Association of 12.8 0.44 -4,9 -0.18 Southeast Asian Nations",
"Strategic Agreement 7,4 1,08 -8,8 -0,07 Economic Partnership Trans-Pacific",
"Asia Economic Cooperation - 207.1 6.73 -43.9 -1.01 Pacific",
"Source: UNCTAD.",
"^(a) Thousands of United States dollars.",
"^(b) Percentage variation.",
"45. In 2009, the global tariff average applicable to the most favoured trade-based nation was 4 per cent. This low value does not leave much room for tariff preferences, the usual basis of regional trade agreements. Recent such agreements have expanded their scope to investments, competition, services, standards, public procurement and intellectual property, as well as labour and environmental standards. They seem to be increasingly motivated by the need to provide a platform for regional supply chains by ensuring a trade environment free from tariffs and non-tariff barriers through deep regulatory integration. Empirical analysis confirms that there is a positive relationship between trade in parts and components (an indirect indicator of production networks) and the depth of agreements. For example, the trade in intermediate goods is prevalent within the preferential trade area of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.",
"46. The quantitative proliferation and qualitative deepening of regional trade agreements point to the need for coherence between the multilateral trading system and these agreements. Increased transparency, as in the transparency mechanism on the regional trade agreements established by WTO, is useful in increasing the predictability of these agreements. Coherence in development is necessary to ensure that special and differential treatment and the policy space available in the multilateral trading system are not overcome by regional trade agreements, where bargaining power can be asymmetrical. Regulatory coherence should be ensured, inter alia, by providing a multilateral character to certain elements of regional trade agreements, such as rules of origin and sectoral liberalization (e.g., the Information Technology Agreement). Regional trade agreements could also promote broader cooperation. Economic, financial, regulatory and institutional cooperation plans and the pool of resources for regional infrastructure development and trade facilitation could significantly increase benefits. The conclusion of the Doha Round could also contribute to that coherence.",
"A. North-South regional trade agreements",
"47. Market access conditions could be a valid aspect for North-South regional trade agreements involving low-income countries and countries that depend on a limited number of products and markets. Maintaining current preferential conditions under unilateral preferential agreements was a key reason for many Latin American countries to enter into trade agreements with the United States (agricultural products) and for non-developed African, Caribbean and Pacific States to enter into economic partnership agreements with the European Union (e.g. bananas and sugar under the Cotonou Agreement preferences). Thus, under regional trade agreements, several Latin American countries obtained a reduction in banana tariffs in the European Union, increasing the margins of preference from 3 to 39 euros per ton.",
"48. Larger developing countries face challenges in gaining better market access under regional trade agreements. These agreements often hold high tariffs on products sensitive to the competition for imports that were highly protected in the most-favoured-nation treatment, including dairy products, sugar, cereals and clothing. Preferential tariffs reduce the global trade-based average by only 1 per cent, because the high tariffs imposed on agricultural products and labour-intensive manufactured products are often excluded. For example, 27 per cent of agricultural products are excluded, compared to only 1 per cent of manufactured goods. This could be changing, as recent North-South regional trade agreements provide for the elimination of tariffs by developed countries for almost all products by the end of the transition period, including some products sensitive to import competition (such as sugar).",
"49. Ensuring the proper content, pace and sequence of their own liberalization is a key concern of developing countries, as they would be most affected by the effects of the mutual elimination of tariffs due to economic asymmetries. However, its ability to undertake less and slower liberalization is constrained by the WTO rule requiring regional trade agreements to “practically liberalize all trade”, which is often understood as the liberalization of 90 per cent of trade over 10 years. Some developing countries have called for a review of this rule by incorporating the principle of special and differential treatment in order to ensure that there is no full reciprocity in regional trade agreements. Some recent such agreements have incorporated a mechanism to automatically extend the deepening of liberalization to be undertaken by one of the parties under future regional trade agreements to the other party, such as the most-favoured-nation clauses with third parties under the economic partnership agreements between African, Caribbean and Pacific States, and the European Union, which could inhibit the effects of regional trade agreements on selected agricultural products.",
"50. Trade in services is characteristic of North-South trade agreements. At the global level, one third of these agreements include service clauses. The North American free trade treaty model, based on a negative list approach, and the hybrid model, which combines negative and positive lists, are two of the service liberalization models. In general, they cover cross-border services, commercial presence (sometimes in combination with investment in goods), movement of natural persons and sector-specific regulatory issues (e.g., financial services). Regional trade agreements make greater commitments than under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (see figure VII). For example, under the Economic Partnership Agreement between the European Union and the Caribbean Forum of the Group of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (CARIFORUM), the countries of this Forum included 75 per cent of the subsectors. Some regional trade agreements have incorporated disciplines on the regulation of services that could limit their right to regulation, such as precautionary exceptions conditioned on a proof of necessity, unlike what happens in the General Agreement on Trade in Services. North-South trade agreements could help provide real market access to sectors and modes of interest in developing countries, in particular Mode 4, where openness is limited.",
"Figure VII - Services liberalization commitments index",
"Source: UNCTAD, based on WTO.",
"51. Regional trade agreements often incorporate disciplines on intellectual property rights that go “in addition to the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights” and affect various public policies, from health to innovation. These agreements extend the coverage, rights of holders and duration of various categories of intellectual property through the most rigorous application, so that the flexibilities of Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (e.g., the granting of import licences for essential medicines) are often restricted. Some agreements delay the entry of generic products into markets (e.g., protecting pharmaceutical test data for at least five years). Some estimates indicate that this could increase the prices of medicines between 10% and 40% (e.g. in Costa Rica).",
"52. North-South trade agreements have undertaken the liberalization of public procurement, a market that represents 10 to 15 per cent of GDP. Often, the lack of supply capacity in developing countries prevents genuine reciprocity. Conversely, public procurement has long been an important tool in industrial and public policy to support local suppliers and promote technological development. While domestic preferential policies requiring local content have always contributed to the establishment of some strategic industries, these policies are often prohibited and only permitted in relation to public procurement within the WTO (for most developing countries that are not party to the Public Sector Purchase Agreement). The disciplines of regional trade agreements increasingly restrict these important policy flexibilities.",
"B. South-South integration",
"53. South-South integration and cooperation are on track to constitute the main platform for dynamic South-South trade (see box 5). Most South-South trade agreements have focused on trade in goods, while many have included broader regulatory and cooperation measures. They allow the exploitation of economies of scale, serve as the basis for global integration, promote trade in non-traditional products and have the possibility of facilitating diversification.[11] Less rigorous rules of origin and mutual recognition of standards, which is easier to achieve among countries with a similar level of development, can promote the creation of regional value chains.",
"Box 5Potential benefits of an African common market The level of trade among African countries is low, in particular that of intermediate goods. To overcome fragmentation and small markets, the countries of the continent are trying to establish a common pan-African market by 2023. The favourable economic conditions create a suitable environment for a true African integration programme. The Southern African Development Community (SADC) initiative, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, and the East African Community demonstrates the consecration of coherence in the various overlapping African trade agreements. Until now, the integration process is mainly made in tariffs, but the “integration for development”, which combines trade liberalization with cooperation in regulation and development, could look very positive. A 50 per cent reduction in intra-Africa tariffs and non-tariff barriers that often arise from poor infrastructure or heavy-duty administrative procedures could generate benefits for the well-being of $6.5 billion and positive effects on unemployment in all regions, including a growth of 4.8 per cent in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Trade and production within Africa would increase, contributing to structural change. Possible effects of integration among African countries ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wellness Employment Exports (millions of unqualified (percentage)dollars (percentage)US--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Southern Africa 1 188 0.66 1.72 ECOWAS 1 814 4.78 7.04 East Africa and 1 329 0.07 3.19 SADC Census 2 177 2.04 3,12--------------------------------------------------- F Source: UNCTAD.",
"54. The conclusion in December 2010 of the negotiations for the third round of the Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries, launched at the eleventh session of UNCTAD in 2004, gave new impetus to South-South interregional cooperation. The agreement reduces tariffs by 20 per cent for 70 per cent of the products on which tariffs are applied, thus combining effective tariff reductions with policy flexibilities. The resulting tariff concessions extend product coverage to 47,000 tariff lines. They participated in round 22 of 43 members of the World Trade Preference System, of which 11 exchanged tariff concessions.[12] UNCTAD estimates indicate that the 11 participants will benefit from the well-being of $2.5 billion, which could increase to $5.8 billion if the 22 participants in the round undertook a reduction in tariffs. The expansion and deepening of liberalization, with improved rules of origin, and cooperation and liberalization on non-tariff barriers, trade finance and, ultimately, trade in services could significantly increase their potential.",
"VI. Conclusion",
"55. Over the past two decades, the dynamic connection between trade and investment has been a critical driver of growth and structural transformation in some developing countries. This dynamism has begun to transform the economic landscape and focus on the complementary policies needed to strengthen productive capacities, expand employment opportunities for sustainable development and better respond to external shocks. More attention needs to be paid to agriculture and services sectors. Integrated and concerted trade, industrial, social and labour policies can be very positive for a more equitable distribution of wealth and opportunities within and among countries. The international trading system is an important catalyst for the realization of the benefits of trade, and efforts around the protracted negotiations in the Doha Round must be urgently channelled towards achieving development benefits. The package of measures for the least developed countries should contribute significantly to the implementation of the Istanbul Programme of Action. More attention should be paid to achieving Millennium Development Goal 8 through an open, equitable, rule-based, predictable and non-discriminatory multilateral trading and financial system. It is important to revitalize the multilateral trading system and prepare for the challenges of the twenty-first century. The norms and instruments of the international trading system should take into account the development imperatives in the context of the rapid transformation of economic conditions, including through increased policy space for development and greater development coherence between the multilateral trading system and regional trade agreements, and between the international trading and financial system.",
"[1] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, “World economic situation and prospects 2011. Update as of mid-2011”. Available at www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_current/2011wespupdate.pdf.",
"[2] World Investment Report, 2011: Non-Equity Modes of International Production and Development (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.D.2).",
"[3] See TD/B/C.I/EM.4/2 and Devesh Kapur, “Remittances: the new development mantra?”, G-24 Discussion Paper Series. Available at www.unctad.org/en/docs/gdsmdpbg2420045_en.pdf.",
"[4] WTO, Report of the Director-General to the Trade Policy Review Body on recent developments in trade. Available at docsonline.wto.org.",
"[5] Sandra Polaski, Winners and Losers: impact of the Doha Round on developing countries. Available at www.carnegieendowment.org/files/winners.losers.final2.pdf.",
"[6] Peterson Institute, Figuring out the Doha Round. Available at www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/dialogue_paper_schott_e.pdf.",
"[7] Dani Rodrik (2002), Feasible globalizations. Available at http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/drodrik/Research%20papers/Feasglob.pdf.",
"[8] WTO, European Communities – Conditions for granting tariff preferences to developing countries. Available at www.wto.org/spanish/tratop_s/dispu_s/246r_a_s.doc.",
"[9] UNCTAD, Pan-African Cotton Meeting 2011, Concept Note. Available at: www.unctad.info/upload/SUC/PACM_Benin/Concept_Note_English.pdf.",
"[10] For a more recent analysis, see WTO, World Trade Report 2011 – WTO and preferential trade agreements: from coexistence to coherence. Available at http://www.wto.org/res_s/booksp_s/anrep_s/world_trade_report11_s.pdf.",
"[11] UNCTAD, Convert South-South trade to an inclusive growth engine. Available at www.unctad.org/sp/docs/presspb20093-sp.pdf.",
"[12] Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Morocco, Paraguay, Republic of Korea and Uruguay."
] |
[
"Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones",
"Tema 76 a) del programa provisional*",
"Los océanos y el derecho del mar",
"Informe sobre la labor realizada en la 12ª reunión del proceso abierto de consultas oficiosas de las Naciones Unidas sobre los océanos y el derecho del mar",
"Carta de fecha 22 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente de la Asamblea General por los Copresidentes del proceso de consultas",
"En virtud de la resolución 65/37 A de la Asamblea General, de 7 de diciembre de 2010, fuimos nombrados Copresidentes de la 12ª reunión del proceso abierto de consultas oficiosas de las Naciones Unidas sobre los océanos y el derecho del mar.",
"* A/66/150.",
"Tenemos el honor de transmitirle adjunto el informe sobre la labor realizada en la 12ª reunión del proceso de consultas, celebrada en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas del 20 al 24 de junio de 2011. El resultado de la reunión consiste en nuestro resumen de las cuestiones e ideas examinadas. De acuerdo con la práctica anterior, le pedimos que tenga a bien hacer distribuir la presente carta y el informe del proceso de consultas como documento del sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General en relación con el tema del programa titulado “Los océanos y el derecho del mar”.",
"Además, les rogamos que tome nota de que la reunión nos ha encargado señalar los resultados de la 12ª reunión a la atención de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible, que se celebrará en Río de Janeiro (Brasil), en 2012. En consecuencia, agradeceríamos que el documento adjunto, que incluye cuestiones que convendría que se examinaran en el marco de la Conferencia, también pueda transmitirse a los Copresidentes de la Mesa para el proceso preparatorio de la Conferencia.",
"(Firmado) Milan Jaya Nyamrajsingh Meetarbhan (Firmado) Don MacKay Copresidentes",
"Duodécima reunión del proceso abierto de consultas oficiosas de las Naciones Unidas sobre los océanos y el derecho del mar",
"(20 a 24 de junio de 2011)",
"Resumen de las deliberaciones preparado por los Copresidentes[1]",
"1. La 12ª reunión del proceso abierto de consultas oficiosas de las Naciones Unidas sobre los océanos y el derecho del mar se celebró del 20 al 24 de junio de 2011 y, de conformidad con la resolución 65/37 A de la Asamblea General, centró sus debates en el tema titulado “Modo de contribuir a la evaluación, en el contexto de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible, de los avances logrados hasta el momento y las lagunas que aún persisten en la aplicación de los resultados de las principales cumbres en materia de desarrollo sostenible y hacer frente a las nuevas dificultades que están surgiendo”.",
"2. La reunión contó con la asistencia de representantes de 88 Estados, 17 organizaciones y otros organismos intergubernamentales y 12 organizaciones no gubernamentales.",
"3. Los participantes tuvieron a su disposición la siguiente documentación de apoyo: a) Adición al informe del Secretario General sobre los océanos y el derecho del mar (A/66/70/Add.1), y b) Formato y programa provisional anotado de la reunión (A/AC.259/L. 12).",
"4. La reunión también tuvo ante sí propuestas de la Unión Europea (A/AC.259/20) y de los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo del Pacífico (A/AC.259/21).",
"Temas 1 y 2 del programa Apertura de la reunión y aprobación del programa",
"5. Los dos Copresidentes, Don MacKay (Nueva Zelandia) y Milán Jaya Meetarbhan (Mauricio) destacaron en sus declaraciones de apertura la importancia de los océanos y los mares para el desarrollo sostenible, en particular para los Estados ribereños en desarrollo y los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo, teniendo en cuenta su dependencia de los ecosistemas costeros y marinos para su sustento. Era necesario de que los océanos ocuparan un lugar destacado en el programa de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible.",
"6. En nombre del Secretario General, Patricia O’Brien, Secretaria General Adjunta de Asuntos Jurídicos y Asesora Jurídica, subrayó la importancia de los océanos, mares, islas y zonas costeras para la seguridad alimentaria mundial y para sostener la prosperidad económica y el bienestar de muchas naciones. Señaló que, si bien se habían hecho progresos con respecto a un marco institucional para los océanos, entre otras cosas, con el establecimiento del proceso de consultas oficiosas, sin embargo, aún quedaba mucho por hacer.",
"7. Sha Zukang, Secretario General Adjunto de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales, hizo hincapié en que miles de millones de personas en todo el mundo dependían de los océanos y sus recursos para su subsistencia. Sin embargo, los océanos se encontraban entre los ecosistemas más amenazados, entre otras cosas, debido a la pérdida de la diversidad biológica marina, la contaminación, el calentamiento global, la acidificación, la decoloración de los corales y la disminución de las poblaciones de peces. Estos retos destacaban la urgencia de tomar medidas para garantizar la gestión y el uso sostenible de los recursos marinos para las generaciones actuales y futuras.",
"8. La reunión aprobó el formato y el programa provisional anotado, así como la organización de los trabajos propuesta.",
"Tema 3 del programa Intercambio general de opiniones",
"9. Las deliberaciones sobre el tema central en las sesiones plenarias y en los grupos de debate están recogidas en los párrafos 11 a 85 infra.",
"10. Las delegaciones expresaron su reconocimiento por la adición al informe del Secretario General sobre océanos y el derecho del mar (A/66/70/Add.1). Varias delegaciones resaltaron las dificultades y nuevas cuestiones identificadas en el informe, y tomaron nota de su conclusión de que, si bien se habían hecho avances, para alcanzar plenamente muchas de las metas y objetivos en pro del desarrollo sostenible de los océanos y los mares se requerían más esfuerzos de los Estados, las organizaciones intergubernamentales y otros agentes pertinentes.",
"Tema central: Modo de contribuir a la evaluación, en el contexto de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible, de los avances logrados hasta el momento y las lagunas que aún persisten en la aplicación de los resultados de las principales cumbres en materia de desarrollo sostenible y hacer frente a las nuevas dificultades que están surgiendo",
"11. De conformidad con el programa anotado, las deliberaciones en los grupos de debate se estructuraron en torno a cuatro segmentos: a) El desarrollo sostenible, los océanos y el derecho del mar; b) Descripción general de los avances logrados hasta el momento y las lagunas que aún persisten en la aplicación de los resultados de las principales cumbres en materia de desarrollo sostenible; c) Nuevas dificultades que están surgiendo para el desarrollo sostenible y la utilización de los océanos y los mares y d) El camino hacia Río+20 y el período posterior. Los segmentos fueron inaugurados por presentaciones de los miembros de los grupos, que estuvieron seguidas de deliberaciones.",
"12. Las delegaciones destacaron la oportunidad y significación del tema central, teniendo en cuenta que los océanos y los mares, habida cuenta de su importancia económica, social y ambiental, debían ocupar un lugar destacado en las deliberaciones y los resultados de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible en 2012. Se hizo especial hincapié en la importancia del tema central para los países en desarrollo.",
"13. Con referencia a uno de los temas de la Conferencia, a saber “La economía ecológica (‘verde’) en el contexto del desarrollo sostenible y la erradicación de la pobreza”, algunas delegaciones señalaron que, en muchos países, una “economía verde” era una “economía azul”.",
"1. El desarrollo sostenible, los océanos y el derecho del mar",
"a) Exposiciones orales",
"14. Brice Lalonde, uno de los Coordinadores Ejecutivos de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible, realizó una presentación sobre las dificultades que plantea la aplicación de los instrumentos jurídicos relativos a los océanos y la necesidad de abordar las múltiples amenazas a los océanos. En particular, el Sr. Lalonde destacó la importante función de las organizaciones regionales, en particular, en la recopilación del conocimiento científico mediante la cooperación y la coordinación. Hizo hincapié en la necesidad de medidas de base científica y la importancia de los enfoques basados en los ecosistemas, la gestión integrada de las zonas costeras y las evaluaciones del impacto ambiental. Cherdsak Virapat, Director Ejecutivo del Instituto Oceánico Internacional, examinó la relación entre los océanos y los tres pilares del desarrollo sostenible. Hizo hincapié en el nexo entre los océanos y las zonas costeras y la presión cada vez mayor que pesa sobre los ecosistemas oceánicos debida a las actividades humanas, a pesar de los esfuerzos de la comunidad internacional para establecer un régimen de gobernanza mundial y general para los océanos. El Sr. Virapat insistió en la necesidad de que la sociedad humana cambiara su comportamiento para alcanzar los objetivos de la interacción sostenible con el medio ambiente y los océanos.",
"b) Deliberaciones del plenario y de los grupos de debate",
"15. Se destacó el papel de los océanos en la consecución de los tres pilares del desarrollo sostenible. Se observó que los océanos, incluidas las zonas costeras, eran fundamentales para la vida, la seguridad alimentaria y la prosperidad de la humanidad. La salud de los océanos y la ordenación de sus recursos estaban directamente relacionadas con las oportunidades de desarrollo para muchos pueblos, en particular en los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo. También se insistió en la importancia de la salud de los océanos para la prestación de los servicios de los ecosistemas, como parte de los ciclos ecológicos de la Tierra, mediante la absorción del carbono y el suministro de oxígeno. En particular, se recalcó la importancia de la contribución de la pesca para el pilar social, ya que las pesquerías bien administradas proporcionaban seguridad alimentaria y empleo. Las pesquerías también eran esenciales para los intercambios y el comercio de muchos Estados ribereños que dependían en gran medida de estos recursos, en particular los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo.",
"16. Varias delegaciones recordaron un principio fundamental del desarrollo sostenible, a saber, la equidad intergeneracional, que hacía hincapié en la búsqueda del desarrollo con una utilización racional y sostenible de los recursos naturales, para que las generaciones futuras también pudieran disfrutar de los beneficios del desarrollo actual. Se hizo referencia asimismo a la equidad intrageneracional. Muchas delegaciones señalaron la necesidad de equilibrar y fortalecer los vínculos entre los pilares económico, social y ambiental del desarrollo sostenible. Algunas delegaciones destacaron que los tres elementos debían considerarse como un todo integrado, y no como pilares separados. Se expresó la opinión de que este enfoque imponía considerar los aspectos económicos, ecológicos y sociales a nivel local, nacional, regional y mundial, y que no había una solución única para todos.",
"17. Varias delegaciones estimaron que, para lograr el desarrollo sostenible, convenía evitar la fragmentación del derecho del mar. Recordaron que las actividades en los océanos estaban regidas por el derecho del mar, recogido en la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar de 1982, cuya integridad se debía preservar. A este respecto, se recordó que la medida más importante que podía tomar un Estado con miras al desarrollo sostenible era ratificar la Convención. También se señaló que la convocatoria de la Conferencia sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible en 2012 coincidiría con el 30º aniversario de la aprobación de la Convención.",
"18. Con referencia al papel de las organizaciones regionales en el desarrollo sostenible de los océanos y el derecho del mar, algunas delegaciones expresaron su preocupación por una propuesta de un miembro del grupo de ampliar los mandatos de las organizaciones y mecanismos regionales de ordenación pesquera para que funcionaran como organizaciones regionales de ordenación de los océanos. Se subrayó que esas organizaciones y mecanismos ya estaban haciendo frente a dificultades para cumplir sus mandatos actuales, y era poco probable que tuvieran la capacidad o el mandato para abordar cuestiones como las zonas marinas protegidas. Otras delegaciones destacaron el actual marco jurídico establecido por la Convención y sus acuerdos de aplicación y herramientas ya disponibles para hacer frente a estas dificultades.",
"19. Se subrayó el papel central de la Asamblea General como órgano de adopción de decisiones, especialmente en los aspectos relacionados con el desarrollo sostenible de los océanos y los mares.",
"20. En lo que respecta a la cooperación y la coordinación, algunas delegaciones señalaron la gran cantidad de convenciones internacionales, conferencias y marcos jurídicos que se ocupaban de las cuestiones marinas, y destacaron la necesidad de armonizar la visión de la comunidad internacional y desarrollar las sinergias, para promover la ordenación sostenible de los océanos. Se señaló la importancia de la cooperación intersectorial entre los organismos con mandatos para regular las diferentes actividades, en particular a nivel regional. También se hizo hincapié en la necesidad de una ordenación integrada y el desarrollo sostenible de las zonas costeras, así como la adopción de enfoques basados en los ecosistemas.",
"21. En este contexto, se recordó que en el Plan de Aplicación de las Decisiones de la Cumbre Mundial sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible de Johannesburgo se había recomendado que se estableciera en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas un mecanismo eficaz, transparente y regular de coordinación entre organismos respecto de las cuestiones relativas a los océanos y las zonas costeras, lo que había conducido a la creación de ONU-Océanos. Se expresó la opinión de que era necesario volver a evaluar la función de ONU-Océanos (véanse también párrs. 87 a 91) para incrementar la coherencia y el apoyo a los Estados Miembros en la aplicación de las políticas relacionadas con los océanos.",
"22. Se señaló a la atención de la reunión la importancia de aplicar un enfoque de precaución, como se pide en el Principio 15 de la Declaración de Río y como ha reiterado la Sala de Controversias de los Fondos Marinos del Tribunal Internacional del Derecho del Mar, en su opinión consultiva sobre las responsabilidades y obligaciones de los Estados que patrocinan a personas y entidades con respecto a las actividades en la zona. Varias delegaciones apoyaron la aplicación de un enfoque basado en los ecosistemas para la gestión de las actividades humanas en los océanos, incluso mediante el uso de herramientas, de conformidad con el derecho internacional, tales como las zonas marinas protegidas y costeras y la planificación del espacio marino. También se hizo referencia al Principio 2 de la Declaración de Río, según el cual los Estados tenían la responsabilidad de asegurar que las actividades bajo su jurisdicción no causaran daños al medio ambiente de otros Estados o de zonas situadas fuera de la jurisdicción nacional. Muchas delegaciones recordaron el principio de las responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas.",
"2. Resumen de los progresos realizados y las lagunas existentes en la aplicación de los resultados de las principales cumbres sobre desarrollo sostenible",
"a) Exposiciones orales",
"23. Luis Valdés, director de Ciencias Oceánicas de la Comisión Oceanográfica Intergubernamental de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (COI/UNESCO) señaló deficiencias en la investigación científica marina, la fragmentación de la gobernanza de los océanos en las Naciones Unidas y una utilización insuficiente de ONU-Océanos. Citó la geoingeniería, los ecosistemas vulnerables de alta mar y los plásticos marinos como los nuevos temas más significativos. Kriangsak Kittichaisaree, Embajador de Tailandia ante Australia, hizo una reseña de las deficiencias y dificultades que persistían en materia de fomento de la capacidad y transferencia de tecnología marina, incluso en el ámbito de la investigación relacionada con la energía, la biotecnología marina, el fortalecimiento de las estructuras de gestión, la protección del medio marino, la preparación para desastres, el desarrollo sostenible de las pesquerías, el aumento del nivel del mar, la gestión de desechos y las medidas para abordar los efectos adversos del cambio climático. Sebastian Mathew, Secretario Ejecutivo del Colectivo Internacional de Apoyo a los Pescadores Artesanales puso de relieve las diferencias existentes entre los resultados de la Cumbre, las legislaciones y políticas nacionales para el desarrollo sostenible de la pesca de captura y la ejecución en los planos nacional y local. Atribuyó esas diferencias principalmente a la falta de capacidad, el conocimiento científico insuficiente, la ausencia de compromiso político y la gobernanza inadecuada. Phil Weaver, Coordinador de la Investigación sobre focos de biodiversidad en los márgenes de los mares europeos, señaló los impactos destructivos de la pesca en los fondos marinos en las especies marinas y el lecho del mar. Hizo hincapié en la importancia de las evaluaciones de impacto, la aplicación de un enfoque de precaución y la necesidad de vigilancia de los buques pesqueros. Alo Babajide, profesor de la Universidad de Lagos, determinó las deficiencias, los desafíos y las prioridades en la protección del medio marino de la contaminación marina que eran necesarias para alcanzar los tres pilares del desarrollo sostenible, y destacó los costos de la falta de acción. Se refirió a los mecanismos de aplicación y señaló la contribución de los proyectos sobre grandes ecosistemas marinos en apoyo del enfoque basado en los ecosistemas y la ordenación integrada.",
"b) Deliberaciones del plenario y de los grupos de debate",
"24. Las delegaciones recordaron los compromisos positivos asumidos en las principales cumbres sobre desarrollo sostenible. Muchas delegaciones se refirieron también a la Declaración de Manado sobre los Océanos y el resultado de la décima reunión de la Conferencia de las Partes en el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica. Sin embargo, muchas delegaciones observaron con preocupación el desnivel entre los compromisos asumidos y su cumplimiento. Varias delegaciones señalaron que si bien se habían emprendido importantes esfuerzos políticos para cumplir esos compromisos, incluso mediante el perfeccionamiento del marco normativo, persistían deficiencias en la ejecución en relación con los océanos.",
"25. Varias delegaciones indicaron que no se habían cumplido muchos de los compromisos asumidos en la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Medio Ambiente y el Desarrollo y suscritos en el Plan de Aplicación de las Decisiones de Johannesburgo y los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, especialmente en lo relativo a los Estados ribereños en desarrollo y los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo.",
"26. Varias delegaciones hicieron hincapié en la necesidad de mayores esfuerzos en la aplicación de los acuerdos y el cumplimiento de los compromisos existentes, en particular a nivel nacional, con el fin de avanzar en el programa del desarrollo sostenible. En este sentido, se recordó un mensaje clave del Programa 21, “pensar globalmente y actuar localmente”. Se indicó que el conjunto de medidas a nivel nacional se traduciría en una acción a nivel internacional. Se destacó la necesidad de desarrollar políticas a nivel local, por ejemplo, con las comunidades pesqueras de pequeña escala.",
"27. Algunas delegaciones destacaron la importancia de la responsabilidad del Estado del pabellón y la necesidad de que los Estados, para ser naciones pesqueras responsables, se adhieran a los instrumentos internacionales importantes, como el Acuerdo de las Naciones Unidas sobre las poblaciones de peces, de 1995, y el Acuerdo sobre medidas del Estado rector del puerto destinadas a prevenir, desalentar y eliminar la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada, aprobado por el Comité de Pesca de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO). Se observó que los Estados pueden ser naciones pesqueras responsables sin ser parte en esos acuerdos y que su actuación se debe evaluar sobre la base de sus acciones.",
"28. Tras señalar la importancia del conocimiento científico para la ordenación y la conservación racional de los océanos, algunas delegaciones expresaron la necesidad de mayores esfuerzos para fortalecer la capacidad de la COI/UNESCO y las organizaciones regionales en el fomento de la capacidad en ciencias del mar. También se hizo referencia a la Autoridad Internacional de los Fondos Marinos como un posible modelo para la promoción de la cooperación y la coordinación del fomento de capacidad y la transferencia de tecnología marina.",
"29. Se expresó la opinión de que la buena gobernanza era esencial para la erradicación de la pobreza y el desarrollo sostenible, pero esa cuestión todavía planteaba un problema considerable para el sistema de las Naciones Unidas. En particular, se destacó la referencia a la buena gobernanza contenida en el Consenso de Monterrey de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Financiación para el Desarrollo de 2002 y los objetivos de la gobernanza de los océanos identificados en la Cumbre Mundial sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible. En ese sentido, todavía era necesario identificar en qué medida esos objetivos se habían alcanzado. También se señaló la falta de claridad sobre los mecanismos institucionales y normativos necesarios para alcanzar el objetivo de protección del 10% de los océanos para 2020. Se manifestó preocupación por el debilitamiento institucional y presupuestario de las entidades internacionales encargadas de examinar la aplicación de las normas relativas a la protección marítima.",
"30. Se señaló la Directiva marco sobre la estrategia marina, de la Unión Europea según la cual, entre otras cosas, se aplicaría un enfoque basado en el ecosistema a la gestión de las actividades humanas. En este contexto, a partir de 2012, los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea tendrían que calcular, a través de evaluaciones periódicas, el coste del deterioro del medio marino.",
"31. Se señaló el papel central de la Convención en el contexto de las recomendaciones adoptadas en las grandes cumbres sobre el desarrollo sostenible. Se indicó que el Acuerdo de las Naciones Unidas de 1995 sobre las poblaciones de peces había proporcionado las bases para un sólido régimen normativo internacional de la pesca y codificado los principios modernos de conservación y ordenación de las pesquerías. También se destacó el tema de la transparencia, con especial referencia a la necesidad de que los Estados informen adecuadamente a las organizaciones y arreglos regionales de ordenación pesquera sobre sus actividades de pesca.",
"32. También se señaló que el Acuerdo de 1995 había incluido en la Parte VII la creación de un Fondo de Asistencia, que a menudo tenía recursos insuficientes, y por lo tanto, frustraba las expectativas de los Estados en desarrollo. Se hizo un llamamiento a aportar contribuciones al Fondo de Asistencia.",
"33. Varias delegaciones estimaron que las principales deficiencias que persistían en la ejecución del Programa 21 y el Plan de Aplicación de las Decisiones de Johannesburgo en materia de pesca sostenible se relacionaban con la pesca excesiva y el exceso de capacidad pesquera, así como los subsidios a la pesca. En este sentido, tras señalar que la eliminación de los subsidios perjudiciales redundaría en beneficios económicos, ambientales y de desarrollo, se opinó que se acogería con satisfacción la posibilidad de examinar el tema de los subsidios en la preparación de la Conferencia de 2012 (véase también el párrafo 66).",
"34. Otras delegaciones observaron que la falta de capacidad de seguimiento, control y vigilancia afectaba la capacidad de algunos Estados para regular las actividades en su zona económica exclusiva. Las delegaciones destacaron la necesidad de abordar la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada, las prácticas destructivas de pesca, las capturas incidentales y los descartes, la gestión de una sola especie, la presentación de datos y la ordenación ineficaz de la pesca. Se expresó preocupación también por la persistencia de la práctica de cortar las aletas a los tiburones.",
"35. Con respecto a la pesca con redes de arrastre de fondo, se hizo hincapié en el próximo taller organizado para examinar la aplicación de los párrafos pertinentes de las resoluciones 61/105 y 64/72 de la Asamblea General sobre los efectos de la pesca en los fondos marinos sobre los ecosistemas marinos vulnerables y la sostenibilidad a largo plazo de las poblaciones de peces de alta mar, que se consideró el foro más adecuado para abordar los aspectos técnicos de la pesca en los fondos marinos.",
"36. Se expresó la opinión de que los beneficios económicos de la pesca en alta mar eran insignificantes en términos absolutos y desproporcionadamente pequeños en comparación con los efectos negativos sobre el medio marino.",
"37. Varias delegaciones subrayaron la necesidad de aplicar de forma más eficaz a la ordenación pesquera los principios modernos de conservación y de gestión, tales como el criterio de precaución y los enfoques basados en los ecosistemas. En este sentido, muchas delegaciones manifestaron preocupación de que no se habían cumplido varios de los objetivos establecidos en las cumbres sobre el desarrollo sostenible, en particular la aplicación del enfoque basado en los ecosistemas para 2010, la consecución en 2010 de una reducción significativa del ritmo actual de pérdida de diversidad biológica a nivel mundial, regional y nacional, y el establecimiento de redes representativas de las zonas marinas protegidas para 2012.",
"38. También se hizo referencia a las estadísticas alarmantes que figuran en el informe El estado mundial de la pesca y la acuicultura 2008 de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, destacando la necesidad de fortalecer el régimen regulador de las organizaciones y arreglos regionales de ordenación pesquera, con miras a hacerlas más responsables, transparentes y abiertas. En ese sentido, se señaló a la atención las recomendaciones de la Conferencia de Examen del Acuerdo sobre las poblaciones de peces, en relación con la necesidad de modernizar el mandato de las organizaciones y arreglos regionales de ordenación pesquera y llevar a cabo evaluaciones periódicas de su actuación. También se señaló a la atención el Acuerdo de Nauru sobre la cooperación en la ordenación de las pesquerías de interés común de 1982. En este sentido, se destacó la importancia de la sostenibilidad de la pesca de atún para la economía de los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo y se hizo referencia a la Declaración de Koror de 2010, que introdujo medidas innovadoras, tales como cierres ampliados y selectivos de la pesca en alta mar. Algunas delegaciones propusieron que la Asamblea General ejerciera la supervisión del desempeño de las organizaciones y arreglos regionales de ordenación pesquera. Sin embargo, se determinó que el Atlántico nororiental era una zona en que esas organizaciones competentes habían abordado con éxito la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada, entre otras cosas, mediante el uso de listas negras.",
"39. Algunas delegaciones destacaron la importancia y vulnerabilidad de los cetáceos migratorios, que constituían una fuente de sustento para las comunidades costeras dedicadas a explotar la observación de ballenas y delfines con carácter comercial. Tomaron nota de los servicios ambientales proporcionados por los cetáceos; por ejemplo, las ballenas mysticetas reciclan el hierro orgánico y lo convierte en mineral de hierro. Se observó que los actuales marcos jurídicos y normativos sólo cubrían una quinta parte de los cetáceos. El nivel de fragmentación de la protección de las ballenas, por ejemplo, constituía un obstáculo importante para el desarrollo justo y sostenible de los océanos. Se observó que se necesitaba una mayor cooperación internacional sobre este tema, con el fin de adoptar una política colectiva, de conformidad con el derecho internacional aplicable, incluida la Convención, para garantizar la protección de los cetáceos en alta mar. Otras delegaciones destacaron en ese sentido el principio fundamental de que los recursos renovables debían utilizarse de manera sostenible. Expresaron que estaban dispuestas a seguir cooperando en el marco de los actuales foros competente, a saber, la Comisión Ballenera Internacional y la Comisión de Mamíferos Marinos del Atlántico Septentrional.",
"40. Con respecto a la conservación y uso sostenible de la diversidad biológica marina, muchas delegaciones destacaron que en la cuarta reunión del Grupo de Trabajo especial oficioso de composición abierta encargado de estudiar las cuestiones relativas a la conservación y el uso sostenible de la diversidad biológica marina fuera de las zonas de jurisdicción nacional, celebrada del 31 de mayo al 3 de junio de 2011, se había dado un paso hacia la superación de un importante vacío en la aplicación de la Convención. El Grupo de Trabajo había recomendado que la Asamblea General iniciara un proceso con el fin de garantizar que el marco jurídico para la conservación y el uso sostenible de la diversidad biológica marina fuera de las zonas de jurisdicción nacional abordara eficazmente esas cuestiones, mediante la identificación de las deficiencias y las medidas futuras, incluso a través de la aplicación de los instrumentos existentes y la posible elaboración de un acuerdo multilateral en el marco de la Convención. En este proceso se podría abordar la conservación y el uso sostenible de la diversidad biológica marina fuera de las zonas de jurisdicción nacional, en particular, juntos y en su conjunto, los recursos genéticos marinos, como las cuestiones sobre la distribución de los beneficios, las medidas como los instrumentos de gestión basados en zonas, entre ellos las zonas marinas protegidas, y las evaluaciones de impacto ambiental, el fomento de la capacidad y la transferencia de tecnología marina.",
"41. Algunas delegaciones señalaron que las zonas marinas protegidas habían sido reconocidas como una importante herramienta de gestión, incluso para mitigar y amortiguar algunos de los impactos en los océanos provocados por el desarrollo costero y en el mar, la pesca excesiva, el cambio climático, los fenómenos naturales, y otros factores de tensión. Algunas delegaciones señalaron la lentitud del progreso hacia el logro de la meta del establecimiento de zonas marinas protegidas para 2012, de conformidad con el derecho internacional y sobre la base de la mejor información científica disponible, incluidas las redes representativas. Varias delegaciones destacaron la necesidad de establecer zonas marinas fuera de la jurisdicción nacional. Con referencia a la labor del Grupo de Trabajo (véase párr. 40), otras delegaciones, subrayaron que era preciso abordar cuestiones de jurisdicción y establecer estructuras institucionales para las zonas fuera de la jurisdicción nacional que representaran los intereses de la comunidad internacional en su conjunto.",
"42. Algunas delegaciones también señalaron la ausencia de un mecanismo mundial para la designación de zonas marinas protegidas en ubicaciones fuera de la jurisdicción nacional. Se hizo referencia a los resultados pertinentes de la décima reunión de la Conferencia de las Partes en el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica, haciendo hincapié en la aprobación de un nuevo Plan Estratégico para la Diversidad Biológica 2011-2020, que incluyera las metas sobre la pesca sostenible y sobre las zonas protegidas costeras y marinas, así como el proceso establecido en la decisión X/29 de la Conferencia de las Partes para identificar zonas significativas desde el punto de vista ecológico o biológico.",
"43. A fin de garantizar el uso sostenible de los bienes y servicios marinos, varias delegaciones señalaron la necesidad de evaluar adecuadamente y comprender el estado y el funcionamiento de los océanos para apoyar un enfoque integrado y basado en los ecosistemas de la gestión de las actividades humanas que producían efectos en el medio marino. A este respecto, se hizo referencia a la importancia de un Proceso operativo ordinario de presentación de informes y evaluación del estado del medio marino a escala mundial, incluidos los aspectos socioeconómicos.",
"44. Se estimó que se necesitaba un enfoque basado en los ecosistemas para la gestión de todos los usuarios y usos, incluido el turismo, la marina mercante, la minería y la pesca. En este sentido, se hizo referencia a la importancia de establecer centros regionales de ciencia y tecnología marinas en los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo.",
"45. En lo que respecta a la contaminación marina, se destacó la necesidad de seguir trabajando en la reducción de los impactos en los océanos de los detritos marinos, el ruido submarino y las actividades realizadas en tierra. Los detritos marinos constituían una cuestión transfronteriza, que requería la cooperación y coordinación regional. Se destacó también el fenómeno de las especies invasoras como una amenaza a la diversidad biológica y un factor importante en su disminución. Se subrayó el trabajo de la Organización Marítima Internacional en el tratamiento del agua de lastre (véase también párr. 92). Se observó que una disminución de la diversidad biológica también afectaba la pesca, el turismo y el comercio. Se señaló asimismo a la atención la falta de un régimen jurídico sobre responsabilidad e indemnización en relación con los daños causados por la contaminación generada por las actividades de exploración y explotación marinas frente a las costas.",
"46. Se expresó la opinión de que la contaminación transfronteriza de las plataformas de extracción de petróleo frente a las costas constituía una preocupación que debía abordarse, y se tomó nota de los trabajos en curso en este sentido. Algunas delegaciones examinaron la posibilidad de elaborar nuevos instrumentos para hacer frente a los problemas que habían surgido en relación con actividades como la exploración y la explotación de hidrocarburos en el mar frente a las costas. Otras delegaciones subrayaron que la cuestión estaba adecuadamente contemplada por las obligaciones asumidas en virtud del derecho internacional para proteger el medio marino, incluida la Convención, e hicieron hincapié en la necesidad de su plena aplicación.",
"47. Varias delegaciones opinaron que los proyectos de investigación sobre la contaminación debían abordar estas nuevas amenazas para el medio marino. También era necesario investigar los efectos del cambio climático en los océanos.",
"48. Algunas delegaciones manifestaron también su preocupación con respecto a los riesgos asociados con el transporte de desechos peligrosos y radiactivos a través del mar del Caribe",
"49. Se expresó la opinión general de que el fomento de la capacidad era fundamental para el logro del desarrollo sostenible de los océanos y los mares. También se observó que los cambios en la tecnología han ampliado el acceso a los datos del Sistema Mundial de Observación, que servía como importante recurso para los científicos, los administradores de los recursos costeros y oceánicos, los servicios de emergencia, los legisladores, los educadores, y los que utilizan los océanos para su recreación y su subsistencia.",
"50. Se señaló a la atención los criterios y directrices para la transferencia de tecnología marina aprobados por la Comisión Oceanográfica Intergubernamental y la necesidad de aplicarlos. Se indicó que debería estudiarse más a fondo el papel de la COI en la transferencia de tecnología. Con respecto a las actividades en la Zona, se subrayó la competencia de la Autoridad Internacional de los Fondos Marinos para esa transferencia de tecnología.",
"51. Se hizo referencia a la necesidad de equilibrar los requisitos de los Estados en desarrollo con los derechos de propiedad relacionados con la transferencia de tecnología.",
"52. Se señaló la necesidad de un enfoque coordinado del fomento de la capacidad y la transferencia de tecnología. En este sentido, se consideró necesario identificar las deficiencias en la capacidad, que podrían obstaculizar la participación efectiva en el desarrollo sostenible de los océanos, y determinar soluciones para estas deficiencias. Algunas delegaciones observaron que entre esas soluciones podría figurar el establecimiento de un mecanismo de intercambio entre los proveedores y los destinatarios.",
"53. Varias delegaciones también reconocieron que el fomento de la capacidad era un aspecto importante de la investigación. Se hizo referencia a ejemplos de programas eficaces de creación de capacidad, como el Programa Nansen, que apuntaba al fomento de la capacidad a través de la investigación y la ordenación pesquera y el fortalecimiento institucional. También se aludió a ejemplos de cooperación Sur-Sur, en particular en lo que respecta a la cría de peces marinos y costeros y el desarrollo de energías alternativas y renovables.",
"Sesión de información",
"54. Los Copresidentes invitaron al profesor Alex Rogers, del Departamento de Zoología de la Universidad de Oxford, a presentar a las delegaciones un informe publicado recientemente acerca de un taller de expertos internacionales sobre las tensiones e impactos a que están expuestos los océanos. El profesor Rogers destacó una amplia gama de efectos sobre los océanos debidos a actividades humanas, lo que tenía importantes repercusiones para la función y la capacidad de recuperación de los ecosistemas marinos. Expresó particular preocupación por la velocidad sin precedentes del cambio climático y la necesidad de adoptar medidas para proteger los ecosistemas. Recomendó que se adoptaran medidas urgentes para reducir las emisiones de dióxido de carbono, una estrategia coherente de restauración de los ecosistemas y una ordenación eficaz de alta mar.",
"3. Nuevas dificultades que están surgiendo para el desarrollo sostenible y la utilización de los océanos y los mares",
"a) Exposiciones orales",
"55. Sr. Yoshinobu Takei, Profesor Auxiliar, Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Utrecht, examinó los desafíos y oportunidades para alcanzar el objetivo del desarrollo sostenible mediante la ordenación integrada de los océanos y los mares. Analizó la gestión de los arrecifes de coral como ejemplo de las formas en que los Estados podían lograr una gestión integrada, y de las dificultades relacionadas con ese enfoque. Ussif Rashid Sumaila, profesor de la Universidad de British Columbia, destacó algunos de los efectos del calentamiento global sobre el uso sostenible de los recursos pesqueros del océano, tales como cambios en la productividad de la pesca, el área de distribución de las especies, los modelos de migración, el aumento de la decoloración de los corales, la acidificación del océano, y cambios en la composición de los ecosistemas, así como los efectos económicos a través de cambios en las capturas y los valores de captura. Señaló, por ejemplo, que el valor de los recursos pesqueros en África occidental podría disminuir hasta en un 50%. Tullio Scovazzi, Profesor de Derecho Internacional, Universidad de Milán-Bicocca, ofreció una perspectiva jurídica para la conservación y uso sostenible de la diversidad biológica marina dentro y fuera de los límites de la jurisdicción nacional, al tiempo que subrayó la necesidad de considerar cómo la Convención podría evolucionar para abordar nuevas cuestiones, como un régimen para los recursos genéticos marinos y el establecimiento de una red de zonas marinas protegidas, así como evaluaciones de impacto ambiental, la creación de capacidad y la transferencia de tecnología marina. Jacqueline Alder, Jefa de la Subdivisión de agua dulce y ecosistemas marinos de la División de Aplicación de Políticas Ambientales, del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA), puso de relieve el alcance y la naturaleza de las importantes cuestiones que surgen a nivel mundial en relación con la gobernanza, la contaminación y la industrialización de los océanos.",
"b) Deliberaciones del plenario y de los grupos de debate",
"56. Se destacó que era necesario prestar atención a una amplia gama de desafíos nuevos y emergentes para el desarrollo y el uso sostenible de los océanos y los mares. En particular, las delegaciones expresaron su preocupación por la pérdida de la diversidad biológica y los servicios relacionados, el impacto sobre los ecosistemas marinos vulnerables, incluidos los corales, la sobreexplotación de los recursos, los subsidios nocivos, los desechos marinos y microplásticos, las especies exóticas invasoras, el ruido submarino, y la acumulación de productos químicos y el exceso de nutrientes en los océanos.",
"57. Varias delegaciones señalaron que los problemas que afectaban el desarrollo sostenible estaban relacionados entre sí y no podían ser tratados en forma aislada. Estas delegaciones también subrayaron que la interacción entre tales cuestiones podría generar problemas que no se abordaban en las políticas actuales. Se observó, por ejemplo, que la investigación sobre el cambio climático por lo general se centraba en los impactos individuales, y que los impactos acumulados podrían tener consecuencias desconocidas.",
"58. Muchas delegaciones también destacaron la vulnerabilidad ambiental y el aislamiento de los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo, cuya cultura, medios de subsistencia y economías estaban amenazados por los usos no sostenibles de los recursos marinos y el cambio climático. A este respecto, varias delegaciones expresaron su preocupación por los efectos del cambio climático en los océanos, incluido el aumento del nivel del mar y la acidificación de los océanos. Muchas delegaciones coincidieron en la necesidad de abordar el cambio climático en el contexto de los principios establecidos en la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. En particular, se hizo referencia a los efectos del cambio climático en relación con el abastecimiento de agua y la seguridad alimentaria.",
"59. Se observó que debía considerarse que en los Estados en desarrollo se carecía de información y tecnología, así como de capacidad institucional, para abordar, en particular, el cambio climático. Otras delegaciones pidieron una mayor cooperación internacional e intercambio de información sobre las observaciones e investigaciones para comprender mejor y prever los efectos de la acidificación del océano en el medio marino. Varias delegaciones señalaron también el papel de las energías renovables en el desarrollo sostenible, incluso para atenuar al mínimo los riesgos del cambio climático y reducir la pobreza. Se señaló la importancia de un enfoque de precaución en el desarrollo de energías renovables para la gestión de los impactos ambientales.",
"60. Varias delegaciones también destacaron los efectos del cambio climático en las poblaciones de peces, que incluía la redistribución de esas poblaciones.",
"61. Algunas delegaciones insistieron en que los cambios en la distribución de las poblaciones podrían producir el colapso de los acuerdos existentes en las organizaciones regionales de ordenación pesquera, donde las asignaciones se basaban en la ubicación de estos recursos. Algunas delegaciones indicaron que se necesitaba un instrumento internacional sobre la asignación de los recursos pesqueros, ya que este tema no estaba tratado en el Acuerdo de las Naciones Unidas sobre las poblaciones de peces.",
"62. Con respecto a la acidificación de los océanos, se manifestó preocupación por la falta de capacidad para seguir de cerca los efectos de la acidificación, en particular en los países en desarrollo.",
"63. En cuanto a la fertilización de los océanos, se expresó preocupación por el posible impacto en el medio marino.",
"64. Varias delegaciones señalaron que a pesar de que los detritos marinos no eran un problema nuevo, sus efectos sobre los ecosistemas marinos eran cada vez más evidentes debido, en particular, a la omnipresencia de los microplásticos. Indicaron que esta cuestión merecía una atención especial en la Conferencia sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible de 2012. Un participante observó que el PNUMA había establecido un programa integral de gestión de desechos.",
"65. En cuanto al ruido submarino, varias delegaciones destacaron que había habido un crecimiento acentuado de eventos de ruido en el medio marino, sobre todo en los sectores del transporte marítimo y la energía y las actividades militares. Un miembro del grupo destacó que el ruido podía afectar gravemente a las especies marinas, incluidos los mamíferos, y causar una drástica reducción de las tasas de capturas de peces. Varias delegaciones pidieron medidas inmediatas sobre este tema.",
"66. Con respecto a la pesca excesiva, se estimó que era necesario eliminar los subsidios nocivos. Aunque atrayentes a corto plazo, a largo plazo esos subsidios podrían socavar la base de recursos. Varias delegaciones insistieron en que el foro adecuado para tratar el problema era la Ronda de Doha de la Organización Mundial del Comercio. Algunas delegaciones afirmaron que era importante no abordar a todos los subsidios de la misma manera, ya que algunos se podrían utilizar para financiar medidas de adaptación, tales como la diversificación de las economías locales. Se indicó que el proceso de la Conferencia de 2012 podía ofrecer una nueva oportunidad importante para abordar las cuestiones relacionadas con los subsidios.",
"67. Algunas delegaciones destacaron la necesidad de reconocer la importante contribución de las comunidades pesqueras artesanales y de pequeña escala para el desarrollo sostenible. En este sentido, se recordó que el Programa 21 había reflejado y reconocido la importancia de las pesquerías artesanales y a pequeña escala para el desarrollo sostenible. Algunas delegaciones observaron que la Conferencia de 2012 debía reafirmar la importancia de esas cuestiones.",
"68. Se hizo referencia a la utilización de granjas de acuicultura flotantes de escala industrial. Era necesario intensificar los esfuerzos nacionales e internacionales para abordar la acuicultura, en particular mediante la recopilación de datos, mejores prácticas y directrices para la certificación.",
"69. Varias delegaciones expresaron sus opiniones sobre posibles soluciones a la amplia gama de desafíos que se planteaban al desarrollo y el uso sostenible de los océanos y mares, insistiendo en que los ecosistemas ocupaban el centro de los esfuerzos de gestión. Estas delegaciones también subrayaron la necesidad de preservar la integridad de los ecosistemas y aplicar de forma operativa el enfoque basado en los ecosistemas. Se destacó la contribución potencial del Proceso ordinario.",
"70. Muchas delegaciones señalaron que el resultado de la cuarta reunión del Grupo de Trabajo constituía un avance significativo y un resultado basado en un cuidadoso equilibrio (véase también párr. 40).",
"71. Muchas delegaciones subrayaron la necesidad de abordar la cuestión del régimen jurídico de los recursos genéticos marinos en zonas fuera de la jurisdicción nacional. Estas delegaciones expresaron su apoyo a la posible elaboración de un acuerdo de ejecución para abordar la conservación y el uso sostenible de la diversidad biológica marina fuera de las zonas de jurisdicción nacional. Algunas delegaciones apoyaron la inclusión de un texto a ese respecto en el documento final de la Conferencia de 2012.",
"72. Otras delegaciones estimaron que la solución para la conservación y el uso sostenible de la diversidad biológica marina se debía buscar a través de la plena aplicación de los instrumentos existentes. Con referencia a los resultados de la cuarta reunión del Grupo de Trabajo, esas delegaciones hicieron hincapié en que la aplicación de los instrumentos existentes y la identificación de las deficiencias en la aplicación eran una parte igualmente importante del proceso.",
"4. El camino hacia Río+20 y el período posterior",
"a) Exposiciones orales",
"73. Biliana Cicin-Sain, Presidenta del Foro Mundial sobre los océanos, las costas y las islas y Directora del Centro Gerard J. Mangone de Política Marina de la Universidad de Delaware, reflexionó sobre los océanos y el proceso de Río, lo que se había logrado y lo que había que hacer, y se centró en dos cuestiones, a saber, una gobernanza integrada basada en el ecosistema de los océanos y el cambio climático. También presentó algunos elementos de un posible “conjunto de medidas para los océanos” en la Conferencia, en el marco de los temas principales de ese evento. Maria Teresa Mesquita Pessôa, Ministra Plenipotenciaria de la Misión Permanente del Brasil ante las Naciones Unidas, y miembro de oficio de la Mesa para el proceso preparatorio de la Conferencia de 2012, describió los compromisos asumidos en relación con el desarrollo sostenible y los océanos. Señaló que debían abordarse los siguientes retos persistentes: las pesquerías no sostenibles, el desarrollo de capacidades para la pesca sostenible, la pérdida de hábitat, incluidos los arrecifes de coral y los manglares, las evaluaciones de impacto ambiental, las especies exóticas invasoras; los desechos nucleares; la acidificación de los océanos y el aumento del nivel del mar, la vulnerabilidad de los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo y la diversidad biológica en zonas fuera de la jurisdicción nacional. También señaló la necesidad de abordar la coordinación y la cooperación de los organismos y organizaciones relacionados con los océanos en los debates futuros acerca de un marco institucional para el desarrollo sostenible. Asimismo recordó que el Plan de Aplicación de las Decisiones de Johannesburgo también había exhortado al fortalecimiento de la capacidad de la COI/UNESCO, la FAO y otras organizaciones internacionales y regionales y subregionales para fomentar la capacidad nacional y local en las ciencias marinas y la ordenación sostenible de los océanos y sus recursos.",
"b) Deliberaciones del plenario y de los grupos de debate",
"74. Varias delegaciones estimaron que, para que la Conferencia de 2012 fuera un éxito, debía ofrecer resultados concluyentes en materia de los océanos, la pesca y la diversidad biológica. Se expresó la opinión de que los gobiernos deberían considerar la posibilidad de tomar medidas decididas en Río+20, lo que incluye la necesidad de reafirmar los compromisos existentes y desarrollar nuevas iniciativas. A la luz de las diversas aportaciones que debían hacerse a la Conferencia de 2012, se necesitaba un enfoque coordinado a las cuestiones de los océanos, a fin de evitar una fragmentación del derecho del mar.",
"75. Muchas delegaciones pidieron que se estableciera un nexo entre la “economía azul” y la “economía verde”, en el contexto de la erradicación de la pobreza y el desarrollo sostenible. Se podría asignar a la cuestión del océano un nivel de prioridad más alto en la atención y la conciencia internacional, con el fin de alcanzar los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible. Teniendo en cuenta que muchos de los compromisos que se habían acordado en el Programa 21 y el Plan de Aplicación de las Decisiones de Johannesburgo aún no se habían cumplido, se consideró necesario establecer objetivos y metas realistas que pudieran alcanzarse plenamente, en lugar de metas más ambiciosas. Se opinó que debían orientarse esfuerzos renovados hacia la aplicación y el cumplimiento de las medidas existentes. Se hizo hincapié en que, para que los países en desarrollo pudieran lograr esos objetivos, se requería una asistencia continua en los planos internacional, regional, nacional y local.",
"76. Se sugirió un enfoque centrado en temas específicos, tales como la seguridad alimentaria, la acidificación del océano y la conservación y gestión eficaz de los ecosistemas marinos. Varias otras delegaciones pidieron que en la Conferencia de 2012 se hiciera hincapié en la vulnerabilidad y las necesidades particulares de los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo. También se destacó la necesidad de dar seria consideración a las cuestiones relacionadas con la producción y el consumo sostenibles, en particular el consumo sostenible de mariscos. Se determinó que el papel de las fuentes renovables y alternativas de energía era crucial para alcanzar los tres pilares del desarrollo sostenible y la realización de una “economía verde”, y además se tomó nota de la importancia de un enfoque de precaución (véase párr. 59). Se expresó la opinión general de que la Conferencia de 2012 debería ayudar a la comunidad internacional en el examen de medidas eficaces de conservación y gestión de los océanos, incluso a través de marcos, políticas y mecanismos adecuados.",
"77. Se observó que la Conferencia de 2012 ofrecería una oportunidad para considerar las mejores herramientas de política para que los países avancen hacia una “economía ecológica”, evitando al mismo tiempo que se creen nuevos obstáculos “ecológicos” al comercio. En este sentido, la Conferencia debía centrarse en la reforma y la supresión de los obstáculos existentes para un crecimiento ecológico, como los subsidios nocivos a los combustibles fósiles y a la pesca. Se recordaron las propuestas de trato especial y diferenciado para los países en desarrollo, con respecto a los subsidios a la pesca en el contexto de las negociaciones en la Organización Mundial del Comercio.",
"78. Con especial referencia a la pesca, se estimó que, como resultado, la Conferencia de 2012 debía asegurar que la pesca mundial fuera justa, sostenible y responsable. A este respecto, se recordó la responsabilidad conferida a las organizaciones y arreglos regionales de ordenación pesquera en cuanto a la conservación y gestión de las poblaciones mundiales de peces. Sin embargo, se destacó la necesidad de mejorar el mandato de estas organizaciones, y de aplicar a la pesca enfoques basados en los ecosistemas. Se propuso que la Asamblea General ejerciera una función de supervisión sobre la actuación de las organizaciones y arreglos regionales de ordenación pesquera.",
"79. Con respecto a la diversidad biológica marina fuera de las zonas de jurisdicción nacional, muchas delegaciones destacaron la necesidad de un régimen jurídico específico en virtud de la Convención. Se señaló la función de la Autoridad Internacional de los Fondos Marinos en relación con la protección y preservación del medio marino en la zona, incluida la diversidad biológica marina, según se desprende de las reglamentaciones adoptadas por su Asamblea.",
"80. Con respecto a las herramientas de gestión basadas en zonas, se expresó la opinión de que la Conferencia de 2012 debía reconocer la necesidad de mejorar la eficacia de las zonas marinas protegidas existentes y futuras para aumentar la capacidad de recuperación del mar ante el cambio climático y la acidificación de los océanos.",
"81. Se destacó la necesidad de evaluar los impactos de las actividades humanas sobre el medio ambiente como información básica para la planificación de políticas. A este respecto, se estimó que la Conferencia contribuiría a sensibilizar sobre la necesidad de las evaluaciones de impacto. Se propuso que la Conferencia promoviera el desarrollo de los procesos de evaluación, incluidas las evaluaciones de impacto acumulado de las actividades humanas sobre el medio marino.",
"82. Se subrayó el papel de la transferencia de tecnología marina en el fomento de la capacidad y como contribución al desarrollo sostenible. Se observó que la cooperación que se solicita en la Parte XIV de la Convención en relación con la transferencia de tecnología marina se podría contemplar en el contexto Norte-Sur y Sur-Sur. También se observó que la transferencia de tecnología marina requería un entorno propicio que atrajera las inversiones.",
"83. En lo que respecta al marco institucional, se propuso orientar el enfoque a reformas pragmáticas de las instituciones existentes, más que a un cambio institucional de mayor escala. Se hizo hincapié en la necesidad de intensificar la cooperación y coordinación entre los organismos de las Naciones Unidas para acelerar la consecución de los objetivos y metas establecidos en el Plan de Aplicación de las Decisiones de Johannesburgo. Se expresó preocupación, sin embargo, de que el establecimiento de nuevas estructuras pudiera favorecer la fragmentación del derecho del mar.",
"84. También se reconoció el papel esencial de las instituciones regionales y nacionales. Se destacó la necesidad de marcos institucionales, incluso a nivel internacional, que permitieran la integración de los tres pilares del desarrollo sostenible. Se consideró esencial una cooperación más estrecha entre las pesquerías, los organismos ambientales y otros organismos oceánicos para un enfoque integrado de la gestión de los asuntos oceánicos y el tratamiento de los impactos acumulados de las diversas actividades humanas.",
"85. Varias delegaciones propusieron que el Proceso abierto de consultas oficiosas acordara los elementos específicos que se remitirían a la Conferencia. Estos podrían incluir: la relación estrecha entre los tres pilares del desarrollo sostenible, incluidos los mares y los océanos, en particular para los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo; la necesidad de un desarrollo sostenible que tome en consideración los aspectos ambientales, económicos, sociales y humanos; la importancia de restablecer la salud de los ecosistemas marinos como una prioridad para lograr el desarrollo sostenible, la seguridad alimentaria, la erradicación de la pobreza y el establecimiento de una “economía azul” sostenible; el hecho de que no se hayan alcanzado muchos de los objetivos sobre los océanos y el desarrollo sostenible acordados en las cumbres anteriores, en particular los incluidos en el capítulo 17 del Programa 21 y en el Plan de Aplicación de las Decisiones de Johannesburgo; la reconfirmación y, si procede, la actualización de tales compromisos; la adopción de medidas concretas para lograr un enfoque integrado y basado en los ecosistemas para la gestión de las actividades humanas que tienen un efecto sobre los ecosistemas marinos; el tratamiento de nuevas cuestiones como los detritos marinos, el ruido submarino, las especies invasoras y su efecto acumulado sobre la diversidad biológica, incluso fuera de las zonas de jurisdicción nacional; el aumento de la capacidad de recuperación de los ecosistemas marinos frente a la acidificación de los océanos; la vinculación de un enfoque basado en los ecosistemas y los compromisos para la evaluación periódica del estado del medio ambiente marino, como base para adoptar decisiones mejor fundamentadas; la mayor integración del valor de los servicios de los ecosistemas, incluido el costo del deterioro, en el proceso de adopción de decisiones, incluso a través de mecanismos de mercado; la importancia de la ordenación de los recursos pesqueros de una manera que garantice su sostenibilidad a largo plazo, incluso asegurando que la capacidad pesquera se ajusta a las posibilidades de pesca, a través de la eliminación de los subsidios nocivos y la aplicación de un enfoque basado en los ecosistemas para la gestión de las pesquerías; la renovación de los compromisos de todos los sectores económicos que tengan un impacto en el medio marino, incluido el transporte marítimo, la energía marina y el impacto de actividades terrestres; el fomento de la capacidad y la transferencia de tecnología; la confirmación de los compromisos contraídos en otros procesos, en particular, en la décima reunión de la Conferencia de las Partes en el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica acerca de la diversidad biológica marina; la importancia de la diversidad biológica marina en zonas fuera de la jurisdicción nacional para la integridad de los ecosistemas marinos, y sus bienes y servicios afines, como un elemento esencial para el desarrollo sostenible, en particular para los países en desarrollo. Se señaló como un elemento para consideración el régimen jurídico específico para la diversidad biológica en las zonas fuera de la jurisdicción nacional en virtud del Convenio. A su juicio, esas cuestiones podrían ser sometidas a la Conferencia para que aprobara las medidas futuras.",
"Tema 4 del programa Cooperación y coordinación interinstitucional",
"86. Andrew Hudson, Asesor Técnico Principal, de Aguas Internacionales, Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo y Coordinador de ONU-Océanos, informó sobre el trabajo más reciente de ONU-Océanos y del Grupo Mixto de Expertos sobre los Aspectos Científicos de la Protección del Medio Marino.",
"87. Informó a los asistentes sobre los principales resultados de la novena reunión de ONU-Océanos, celebrada en Nueva York el 17 de junio de 2011, en que los organismos participantes examinaron la posibilidad de llevar a cabo una revisión de ONU-Océanos, para identificar sus puntos fuertes y débiles y las oportunidades para mejorar.",
"88. El Sr. Hudson también informó a la reunión sobre las iniciativas adoptadas por los organismos miembros para garantizar la visibilidad de los temas relacionados con el mar en la Conferencia de 2012, así como en la planificación y la preparación de Expo 2012, que se celebrará en Yeosu, República de Corea, sobre el tema “El océano y la costa tienen vida – Diversidad de recursos y actividades sostenibles”.",
"89. Ofreció información actualizada sobre las diversas actividades de los grupos de trabajo de ONU-Océanos, e informó a la reunión acerca de la decisión de establecer un nuevo Grupo de Trabajo sobre detritos marinos, dirigido conjuntamente por el PNUMA y la OMI, con sólidos vínculos con el Grupo Mixto de Expertos sobre los Aspectos Científicos de la Protección del Medio Marino. El Sr. Hudson también describió las actividades en curso para mejorar el Atlas de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Océanos, agradeció la nueva financiación de 45.000 dólares, y expresó su esperanza en que dicho apoyo financiero continuara con carácter anual. Respondiendo a algunas preguntas, el Sr. Hudson observó que el establecimiento de nuevos grupos de trabajo se había hecho de conformidad con uno de los mandatos fundamentales de ONU-Océanos, relativo a la identificación de temas emergentes y la creación de grupos de trabajo para abordarlos, según proceda.",
"90. Se expresó la opinión de que debía fortalecerse ONU-Océanos y aumentarse su transparencia, visibilidad y pertinencia en vista de la Conferencia de 2012, de conformidad con el mandato contenido en la resolución 57/141 de la Asamblea General, y que debía considerarse la participación de los Estados Miembros en la labor de ONU-Océanos. Se sugirió que en la revisión de ONU-Océanos también podrían ser útiles las enseñanzas aprendidas de otros mecanismos de coordinación entre organismos, tales como ONU-Agua y ONU-Energía.",
"91. Con respecto a la forma en que ONU-Océanos podría coordinar la programación de las reuniones relacionadas con el mar para evitar solapamientos, el Sr. Hudson indicó que la distribución de un calendario de los actuales acontecimientos relacionados con el océano podría ser útil a los miembros de ONU-Océanos en la planificación de los eventos futuros. También se señaló que se esperaba que las secretarías, que forman parte de ONU-Océanos, se ocuparan de esa tarea.",
"92. El Sr. Hudson recordó la contribución científica del Grupo Mixto de Expertos para el avance del capítulo 17 del Programa 21 y el Plan de Aplicación de las Decisiones de Johannesburgo, y señaló a la atención su trabajo, en particular sobre las aguas de lastre, las emisiones atmosféricas de los buques y las fuentes de contaminación costera, y la acidificación de los océanos en las zonas de intenso tráfico marítimo. Habida cuenta de los efectos nocivos de las especies invasoras en los ecosistemas marinos, se exhortó a los Estados a que ratificaran el Convenio internacional para el control y la gestión del agua de lastre y los sedimentos de los buques.",
"93. El Sr. Hudson también subrayó que el Grupo Mixto de Expertos estaba siempre dispuesto para contribuir al Proceso ordinario, si así se le solicitaba, y recordó la colaboración con el Programa de evaluación de las aguas transfronterizas del Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial. Resaltó además el trabajo del Grupo de Expertos sobre temas emergentes, tales como los microplásticos, y la disponibilidad de ese Grupo para aportar sus contribuciones científicas a los Estados y organizaciones internacionales.",
"94. Se tomó nota del papel del Grupo Mixto de Expertos como un comité científico interinstitucional y se hizo referencia a las dificultades que tenía el Grupo para trabajar, debido a la falta de financiación.",
"Tema 5 del programa Procedimiento para seleccionar temas y expertos con el fin de facilitar la labor de la Asamblea General",
"95. Con respecto a los temas que se discutirán en las próximas reuniones del Proceso abierto de consultas oficiosas, varias delegaciones recordaron la conclusión a que se llegó en la décima reunión, en el sentido de que el Proceso Consultivo Oficioso debía abordar cuestiones relacionadas con los tres pilares del desarrollo sostenible. Se expresó la opinión de que la conservación y el desarrollo estaban relacionados entre sí y por lo tanto esas cuestiones no podían examinarse de forma independiente.",
"96. Varias delegaciones insistieron en la necesidad de que los documentos conceptuales de preferencia se distribuyeran a más tardar en la primera ronda de consultas oficiosas de la Asamblea General relativas a la resolución sobre los océanos y el derecho del mar, para que las delegaciones tuvieran tiempo suficiente para estudiarlos. Se consideró productiva la práctica de elegir temas para por lo menos dos años consecutivos, aunque se aconsejó precaución ante esta propuesta, ya que era necesario un examen adecuado de los temas propuestos.",
"97. Se reconoció la dificultad de organizar grupos de expertos, y varias delegaciones señalaron la necesidad de que se diera a los Copresidentes cierto grado de flexibilidad. Se destacó el importante papel de los Copresidentes al identificar e invitar a personas competentes para participar como expertos y mantener el equilibrio regional apropiado.",
"98. Algunas delegaciones subrayaron la utilidad de la reunión preparatoria y en este sentido acogieron con beneplácito los esfuerzos de los Copresidentes de consultar a los Estados Miembros.",
"99. Los Copresidentes del Comité reiteraron su llamamiento a la aportación de contribuciones al fondo fiduciario voluntario establecido en virtud de la resolución 55/7 de la Asamblea General, para ayudar a los representantes de los Estados en desarrollo, en particular a los Estados menos adelantados, los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo y los países en desarrollo sin litoral, a asistir a las reuniones del proceso de consultas como un medio esencial para garantizar la participación de expertos y asistentes de los países en desarrollo. La Secretaría presentó información actualizada sobre el estado del Fondo Fiduciario.",
"Tema 6 del Programa Cuestiones que convendría que examinara la Asamblea General en su labor futura sobre los océanos y el derecho del mar",
"100. Se señaló a la atención de la reunión la lista compuesta simplificada preparada por los Copresidentes de las cuestiones que convendría que examinara la Asamblea General en su labor futura sobre los océanos y el derecho del mar[2]. Una organización intergubernamental destacó el cambio climático y, en particular, la acidificación del océano, como cuestión directamente vinculada a los tres pilares del desarrollo sostenible. Señaló, a este respecto, que el aumento de la acidificación de los océanos estaba directamente vinculado a cambios en la concentración de los peces, impactos negativos sobre los corales y transmisión del ruido oceánico. Otra fuente de preocupación era el efecto nocivo de la acidificación en los arrecifes de coral, que sirven de hábitat vital de los peces que contribuye a la alimentación y el empleo, y también protege a las comunidades costeras de las tormentas.",
"[1] El presente resumen se ha preparado exclusivamente a efectos de referencia y no como acta de las deliberaciones.",
"[2] Disponible en http://www.un.org/depts/los/consultative_process/consultative_process_info.htm#-List%20of%20issues."
] | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"Item 76 (a) of the provisional agenda[1]",
"Oceans and the law of the sea",
"Report on the work of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea at its twelfth meeting",
"Letter dated 22 July 2011 from the Co-Chairs of the Consultative Process addressed to the President of the General Assembly",
"Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/37 A of 7 December 2010, we were appointed as the Co-Chairs of the twelfth meeting of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea.",
"We have the honour to submit to you the attached report on the work of the Informal Consultative Process at its twelfth meeting, which was held at United Nations Headquarters from 20 to 24 June 2011. The outcome of the meeting consists of our summary of issues and ideas discussed during the meeting. As per past practice, we kindly request that the present letter and the report of the Consultative Process be circulated as a document of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly under the agenda item entitled “Oceans and the law of the sea”.",
"In addition, kindly note that the meeting entrusted us to bring the outcome of the twelfth meeting to the attention of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2012. Accordingly, we would be grateful if the attached document, which includes issues that could benefit from attention in the framework of the Conference, could also be transmitted to the Co‑Chairs of the Bureau for the Preparatory Process of the Conference.",
"(Signed) Milan Jaya Nyamrajsingh Meetarbhan Don MacKay Co-Chairpersons",
"Twelfth meeting of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea",
"(20-24 June 2011)",
"Co-Chairs’ summary of discussions[2]",
"1. The twelfth meeting of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea was held from 20 to 24 June 2011 and, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/37 A, focused its discussions on the topic entitled “Contributing to the assessment, in the context of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, of progress to date and the remaining gaps in the implementation of the outcomes of the major summits on sustainable development and addressing new and emerging challenges”.",
"2. The meeting was attended by representatives of 88 States, 17 intergovernmental organizations and other bodies and 12 non-governmental organizations.",
"3. The following supporting documentation was available to the meeting: (a) addendum to the report of the Secretary-General on oceans and the law of the sea (A/66/70/Add.1); and (b) format and annotated provisional agenda of the meeting (A/AC.259/L.12).",
"4. The meeting also had before it submissions from the European Union (A/AC.259/20) and the Pacific small island developing States (A/AC.259/21).",
"Agenda items 1 and 2 Opening of the meeting and adoption of the agenda",
"5. The two Co-Chairs, Don MacKay (New Zealand) and Milan Jaya Meetarbhan (Mauritius), highlighted in their opening statements the importance of the oceans and seas to sustainable development, in particular for coastal developing States and small island developing States, in the light of their dependence on healthy coastal and marine ecosystems for livelihood. There was a need for the oceans to feature prominently on the agenda of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.",
"6. On behalf of the Secretary-General, Patricia O’Brien, the Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs and Legal Counsel, underlined the critical importance of oceans, seas, islands and coastal areas for global food security and for sustaining economic prosperity and the well-being of many nations. She noted that while progress had been made with regard to an institutional framework for the oceans with the establishment, inter alia, of the Consultative Process, much more remained to be done.",
"7. Sha Zukang, Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs, stressed that billions of people around the world were dependent on the oceans and their resources for their livelihood. Yet, oceans were among the most threatened ecosystems, including from the loss of marine biodiversity, pollution, global warming, acidification, coral bleaching and declining fish stocks. These challenges highlighted the urgency of taking action to ensure the sustainable management and use of marine resources for current and future generations.",
"8. The meeting adopted the format and annotated provisional agenda and approved the proposed organization of work.",
"Agenda item 3 General exchange of views",
"9. The discussions held on the topic of focus at the plenary meetings and within the panels are reflected in paragraphs 11 to 85 below.",
"10. Delegations expressed their appreciation for the addendum to the report of the Secretary-General on oceans and the law of the sea (A/66/70/Add.1). Several delegations highlighted the challenges and emerging issues identified in the report, noting its conclusion that while progress had been achieved, the full implementation of many of the goals and targets for the sustainable development of oceans and seas required further efforts by States, intergovernmental organizations and other relevant actors.",
"Area of focus: Contributing to the assessment, in the context of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, of progress to date and the remaining gaps in the implementation of the outcomes of the major summits on sustainable development and addressing new and emerging challenges",
"11. In accordance with the annotated agenda, discussions in the panel were structured around four segments: (a) sustainable development, oceans and the law of the sea; (b) overview of progress to date and the remaining gaps in the implementation of the outcomes of the major summits on sustainable development; (c) new and emerging challenges for the sustainable development and use of oceans and seas; and (d) the road to Rio+20 and beyond. The segments were launched by presentations from panellists, which were followed by discussions.",
"12. Delegations highlighted the timeliness and critical importance of the topic of focus, noting that the oceans and seas, in the light of their economic, social and environmental significance, should feature prominently in the discussions and outcome of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012. The importance of the topic of focus to developing countries was particularly emphasized.",
"13. With reference to one of the themes of the conference, which was entitled “Green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication”, some delegations noted that for many countries, a “green economy” was a “blue economy”.",
"1. Sustainable development, oceans and the law of the sea",
"(a) Panel presentations",
"14. Brice Lalonde, Co-Executive Coordinator, United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, provided a presentation on the challenges faced in the implementation of legal instruments relating to the oceans and the need to address the multiple threats to the oceans. In particular, Mr. Lalonde emphasized the important role of regional organizations, including in the gathering of scientific knowledge through cooperation and coordination. He stressed the need for science-based measures and the importance of ecosystem-based approaches, integrated coastal management and environment impact assessments. Cherdsak Virapat, Executive Director, International Oceans Institute, discussed the relationship between the oceans and the three pillars of sustainable development. He emphasized the nexus between oceans and coastal areas and the ever-increasing pressures on ocean ecosystems from human activities, despite efforts by the international community to develop a global and comprehensive governance regime for the oceans. Mr. Virapat stressed the need for human society to change its behaviour to achieve the goals of sustainable interaction with the environment and the oceans.",
"(b) Plenary and panel discussions",
"15. The role of oceans in achieving the three pillars of sustainable development was emphasized. It was noted that the oceans, including coastal areas, were critical for life, food security and the prosperity of humankind. The health of the oceans and the management of their resources were directly related to development opportunities for many peoples, in particular in small island developing States. The role of healthy oceans in providing ecosystem services as part of the Earth’s ecological cycles, including by absorbing carbon and providing oxygen, was also stressed. In particular, the significance of the contribution of fisheries to the social pillar was highlighted, as well-managed fisheries provided food security and employment. Fisheries were also essential for trade and commerce for many coastal States that rely heavily on those resources, in particular small island developing States.",
"16. Several delegations recalled that a central principle of sustainable development was intergenerational equity, which stressed the pursuance of development in a manner that used natural resources rationally and sustainably so that future generations could also enjoy the benefits of current development. Reference was also made to intragenerational equity. Many delegations noted the need to balance and strengthen linkages among the economic, social and environmental pillars of sustainable development. Some delegations stressed that all three elements should be considered as an integrated whole and not as separate pillars. The view was expressed that such an approach required consideration of the relevant economic, ecological and social aspects at the local, national, regional and global levels, and that there was no “one-size-fits-all” solution.",
"17. Several delegations were of the view that, in achieving sustainable development, fragmentation of the law of the sea should be avoided. They recalled that activities in the oceans were governed by the law of the sea as reflected in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the integrity of which should be preserved. In that regard, it was recalled that ratification of the Convention was the most significant action a State could take towards sustainable development. It was also noted that the convening of the Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 would coincide with the thirtieth anniversary of the adoption of the Convention.",
"18. With reference to the role of regional organizations in the sustainable development of oceans and the law of the sea, some delegations expressed concern at a proposal from a panellist that the mandates of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements into regional ocean management organizations. It was stressed that regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements were already coping with challenges in fulfilling existing mandates and that it was not likely that they would have either the capacity or the mandate to address issues such as marine protected areas. Other delegations emphasized the existing legal framework established by the Convention and its implementing agreements and the tools already available to face those challenges.",
"19. The central role of the General Assembly as a decision-making body, particularly in aspects related to the sustainable development of oceans and seas, was emphasized.",
"20. With regard to cooperation and coordination, some delegations noted the plethora of international conventions, conferences and legal frameworks dealing with marine issues, and highlighted the need to harmonize the vision of the international community and develop synergies in order to promote the sustainable management of the oceans. The importance of cross-sectoral cooperation between organizations with mandates to regulate different activities, particularly at the regional level, was noted. The need for integrated management and the sustainable development of coastal areas, as well as the adoption of ecosystem approaches, was also emphasized.",
"21. In this context, it was recalled that in the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg Plan of Implementation), it was recommended that an effective, transparent and regular inter-agency coordination mechanism on ocean and coastal issues be established within the United Nations system, which led to the establishment of UN-Oceans. The view was expressed that there was a need to re-evaluate the role of UN-Oceans (see also paras. 87-91) in increasing coherence and supporting Member States in the implementation of ocean-related policies.",
"22. The attention of the meeting was drawn to the importance of applying a precautionary approach as called for in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and as reiterated by the Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea in its advisory opinion on the responsibilities and obligations of States sponsoring persons and entities with respect to activities in the area. Several delegations supported the application of an ecosystem approach to managing human activities in the oceans, including by using tools, consistent with international law, such as marine protected areas and coastal and marine spatial planning. Reference was also made to Principle 2 of the Rio Declaration, according to which States had the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction did not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limit of national jurisdiction. The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities was also recalled by many delegations.",
"2. Overview of progress to date and the remaining gaps in the implementation of the outcomes of the major summits on sustainable development",
"(a) Panel presentations",
"23. Luis Valdés, Head of Ocean Sciences of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (IOC/UNESCO), noted gaps in marine scientific research, the fragmentation of the governance of oceans within the United Nations and the under-utilization of UN‑Oceans. He cited geo-engineering, vulnerable deep-sea ecosystems and marine plastics as the most significant emerging issues. Kriangsak Kittichaisaree, Ambassador of Thailand to Australia, presented the remaining gaps and challenges in capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology, including in the area of energy-related research; marine biotechnology, strengthening management structures, protection of the marine environment; disaster preparedness, sustainable fisheries development; sea-level rise; waste management and addressing the adverse effects of climate change. Sebastian Mathew, Executive Secretary, International Collective in Support of Fishworkers, highlighted the existing gaps between summit outcomes, national legislations and policies for the sustainable development of capture fisheries and implementation at the national and local levels. He attributed such a gap mainly to lack of capacity, insufficient scientific knowledge, absence of political commitment and poor governance. Phil Weaver, Coordinator, Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man’s Impact on European Seas, noted the destructive impacts of bottom fishing on marine species and the seabed. He emphasized the importance of impact assessments, the application of a precautionary approach and the need for surveillance of fishing vessels. Alo Babajide, Professor, University of Lagos, identified the gaps, challenges and priorities in marine environmental protection from marine pollution necessary to achieve the three pillars of sustainable development, highlighting the costs of inaction. He addressed implementing mechanisms and noted the role of the Large Marine Ecosystems projects in support of the ecosystem approach and integrated management.",
"(b) Plenary and panel discussions",
"24. Delegations recalled positive commitments made at major summits on sustainable development. Many delegations referred also to the Manado Ocean Declaration and the outcome of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. However, many delegations noted with concern the gap between the adoption of commitments and their implementation. Several delegations stated that while important political efforts had been undertaken to meet these commitments, including by perfecting the normative framework, shortcomings in implementation remained in relation to oceans.",
"25. Several delegations noted that many of the commitments made at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development and subscribed in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation and the Millennium Development Goals, especially relating to coastal developing States and small island developing States, had not been met.",
"26. A number of delegations emphasized the need for greater efforts in the implementation of existing agreements and commitments, particularly at the national level, in order to advance the sustainable development agenda. In this regard, a key message from Agenda 21, “to think globally and act locally”, was recalled. It was suggested that the aggregate of actions at the national level would translate into action at the international level. The need to develop policies at the local level, for example with small-scale fishing communities, was highlighted.",
"27. Some delegations stressed the importance of flag State responsibility and the need for States, in order to be responsible fishing nations, to become party to important international instruments such as the 1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement and the Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing approved by the Committee on Fisheries of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). It was noted that States could be responsible fishing nations without becoming party to such Agreements and that their performance should be evaluated on the basis of their actions.",
"28. Noting the importance of scientific knowledge for the sound management and conservation of the oceans, some delegations expressed the need for greater efforts in strengthening the ability of the IOC/UNESCO and regional organizations in building capacity in marine science. Reference was also made to the International Seabed Authority as a possible model for the promotion of cooperation and coordination of capacity-building and transfer of marine technology.",
"29. The view was expressed that good governance was essential for poverty eradication and sustainable development but still constituted a considerable challenge for the United Nations system. In particular, the reference to good governance contained in the 2002 Monterrey Consensus of the International Conference on Financing for Development and the ocean governance goals identified at the World Summit on Sustainable Development were highlighted. In that regard, there was still a need to identify to what extent such goals had been achieved. The lack of clarity on the institutional and regulatory mechanisms needed for achieving the target of protection of 10 per cent of oceans by 2020 was also noted. A concern was expressed about the institutional and budgetary weakening of the international bodies mandated to examine the implementation of the rules relating to maritime protection.",
"30. Attention was drawn to the Marine Strategic Framework Directive of the European Union according to which, inter alia, an ecosystem-based approach would be applied to the management of human activities. In this context, from 2012, Member States of the European Union would need to assess, through regular assessments, the cost of degradation of the marine environment.",
"31. The central role of the Convention in the context of the recommendations adopted at the major summits on sustainable development was noted. It was suggested that the 1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement had provided the foundation for a robust international fisheries regulatory regime and codified modern principles of fisheries conservation and management. The issue of transparency, with particular reference to the need of having States properly reporting their fishing efforts to the regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements in which they participated, was also highlighted.",
"32. It was also noted that the 1995 Agreement had included the establishment of an Assistance Fund under Part VII which was often underresourced and which therefore frustrated the expectations of developing States. An appeal was made for contributions to the Assistance Fund.",
"33. Several delegations expressed the view that the major remaining gaps in the implementation of Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation in respect of sustainable fisheries related to overfishing and fishing overcapacity, as well as fisheries subsidies. In this connection, noting that removing harmful subsidies had economic, environmental and developmental benefits, the view was expressed that it would be welcome if the issue of subsidies could be discussed in the preparation for the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development (see also para. 66).",
"34. Other delegations observed that a lack of monitoring, control and surveillance capacity affected the ability of some States to regulate activities in their exclusive economic zone. Delegations stressed the need to address illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, destructive fishing practices, by-catch and discards, single-species management, data reporting and ineffective fisheries management. A concern was also expressed about continued shark finning.",
"35. With regard to bottom trawling, attention was drawn to the upcoming workshop to discuss implementation of relevant paragraphs of General Assembly resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 on the impact of bottom fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems and the long-term sustainability of deep sea fish stocks, which was seen as the most suitable forum to deal with the technical aspects of bottom fishing.",
"36. The view was expressed that the economic benefits of deep sea fisheries were negligible in absolute terms and disproportionately small when compared with the negative impact on the marine environment.",
"37. Several delegations stressed the need to apply more effectively modern conservation and management principles to fisheries management, such as the precautionary and ecosystem approaches. In this connection, many delegations expressed concern that several of the goals set up by the sustainable development summits, in particular the application of the ecosystem approach by 2010, the achievement by 2010 of a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national levels, and the establishment of representative networks of marine protected networks by 2012, had not been met.",
"38. Reference was also made to the alarming statistics contained in the FAO report State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, highlighting the need to strengthen the regulatory regime for regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements with a view to making them more accountable, transparent and open. In that regard, attention was drawn to the recommendations of the Resumed Review Conference on the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement relating to the need to modernize the mandate of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements and to undertake regular performance reviews. Attention was also drawn to the 1982 Nauru Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Management of Fisheries of Common Interest. In this connection, the importance of the sustainability of tuna fishing for the economy of small island developing States was underscored, and attention was drawn to the 2010 Koror Declaration, which introduced innovative measures, such as expanded and targeted high seas closures. Some delegations proposed that the General Assembly exercise oversight of the performance of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements. However, the North-East Atlantic was identified as an area where the competent regional fisheries management organization had successfully addressed illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing through, inter alia, the use of black lists.",
"39. Some delegations highlighted the importance and vulnerability of migrating cetaceans, which sustained coastal communities engaged in commercial whale and dolphin watching operations. They noted the ecosystem services provided by cetaceans, for example, baleen whales recycle organic iron and convert it into mineral iron. It was noted that only one fifth of cetaceans was covered by the current legal and policy frameworks. The fragmented level of protection of whales, for example, constituted a substantial hindrance to the fair and sustainable development of the oceans. They observed that further international cooperation was needed on this issue, with the view to adopting a collective policy, in conformity with applicable international law, including the Convention, to ensure the protection of cetaceans on the high seas. Some other delegations highlighted in this regard the fundamental principle that renewable resources must be harvested in a sustainable way. They expressed their readiness to continue to cooperate within existing competent forums, namely the International Whaling Commission and the North Atlantic Marine Mammals Commission.",
"40. With regard to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity, many delegations highlighted that a step towards overcoming a major gap in the implementation of the Convention had been taken at the fourth meeting of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction, held from 31 May to 3 June 2011. The Working Group had recommended that a process be initiated, by the General Assembly with a view to ensuring that the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction effectively addressed those issues by identifying gaps and ways forward, including through the implementation of existing instruments and the possible development of a multilateral agreement under the Convention. This process would address the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, in particular, together and as whole, marine genetic resources, including questions on the sharing of benefits, measures such as area-based management tools, including marine protected areas, and environmental impact assessments, capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology.",
"41. Some delegations noted that marine protected areas had been recognized as an important management tool, including mitigating and buffering some of the impacts on the oceans from coastal and offshore development, overfishing, climate change, natural events, and other stressors. Some delegations pointed out the slow progress towards achieving the 2012 target for establishing marine protected areas, consistent with international law and based on the best scientific information available, including representative networks. Several delegations highlighted the need to establish marine protected areas in areas beyond national jurisdiction. With reference to the work of the Working Group (see para. 40), other delegations stressed the need to address jurisdictional issues and develop institutional structures for areas beyond national jurisdiction that represented the interests of the international community as a whole.",
"42. The absence of a global mechanism for the designation of marine protected areas beyond areas of national jurisdiction was also noted by some delegations. Reference was made to the relevant outcome of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, emphasizing the adoption of a new Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, including targets on sustainable fisheries and on coastal and marine protected areas, as well as the process established in decision X/29 of the Conference of the Parties to identify ecologically or biologically significant areas.",
"43. In order to ensure the sustainable use of marine goods and services, several delegations noted the need to adequately assess and understand the state and functioning of the oceans to support an integrated and ecosystem-based approach to the management of human activities that had an impact on the marine environment. In that regard, reference was made to the importance of an operational regular process for global reporting and assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects.",
"44. The view was expressed that an ecosystem approach was needed for the management of all users and uses, including tourism, merchant shipping, mining and fishing. In this connection, reference was made to the importance of establishing regional marine scientific and technological centres in small island developing States.",
"45. With regard to marine pollution, the need for further work in reducing the impacts of marine debris, underwater noise and land-based activities on the oceans was stressed. Marine debris was a transboundary issue, requiring regional cooperation and coordination. The phenomenon of invasive species was also underscored as a threat to biodiversity and a significant factor in its decline. The work of the International Maritime Organization in addressing ballast water was underlined (see also para. 92). It was noted that a decrease of biodiversity also affected fisheries, tourism and commerce. Attention was also drawn to the lack of a legal regime on liability and compensation related to damage caused by pollution generated in connection with offshore exploration and exploitation activities.",
"46. The view was expressed that transboundary pollution from offshore oil platforms constituted a concern which should be addressed, and noted ongoing work in this regard. Some delegations discussed the possibility of the development of new instruments to address emerging issues relating to activities such as offshore hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation. Other delegations emphasized that the issue was adequately covered by existing obligations under international law to protect the marine environment, including the Convention, and stressed the need to fully implement them.",
"47. Several delegations were of the view that pollution research projects should address these new threats to the marine environment. Research was also necessary on the impact of climate change on oceans.",
"48. Some delegations also expressed concern with regard to the risks associated with the transportation of hazardous and radioactive waste through the Caribbean Sea.",
"49. The general view was expressed that capacity-building was critical for the achievement of the sustainable development of oceans and seas. It was also noted that changes in technology had expanded access to data from the Global Ocean Observing System, which served as an important resource for scientists, ocean and coastal resource managers, emergency responders, policymakers, educators, and those who used the oceans for their recreation and livelihood.",
"50. Attention was drawn to the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology and the need to apply them. It was noted that the role of IOC with regard to the transfer of technology should be further explored. With regard to activities in the Area, the competence of the International Seabed Authority for transfer of technology was underlined.",
"51. Reference was made to the need to consider balancing the requirements of developing States with proprietary rights linked to the transfer of technology.",
"52. The need for a coordinated approach to capacity-building and technology transfer was noted. In this regard, identifying the capacity gaps, which may hinder effective participation in the sustainable development of oceans and finding solutions to these gaps was considered necessary. Some delegations suggested that this could include the establishment of a clearing house mechanism for providers and recipients.",
"53. Several delegations also recognized that capacity-building was an important aspect of research. Examples of effective capacity-building programmes were referred to, including the Nansen Programme, which aimed at building capacity through fisheries research and management and institutional strengthening. Reference was also made to examples of South-South cooperation, in particular in regard to marine and coastal fish farming and the development of alternative, renewable energy.",
"Information session",
"54. The Co-Chairs invited Professor Alex Rogers, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, to inform delegations of a recently released report on an international expert workshop on ocean stresses and impacts. Professor Rogers highlighted a wide range of impacts on the oceans due to human activities, which had major implications for the function and resilience of marine ecosystems. He expressed particular concern over the unprecedented rate of climate change and the need for action to protect ecosystems. He recommended urgent action to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, a coherent strategy of ecosystems restoration and effective management of the high seas.",
"3. New and emerging challenges for the sustainable development and use of oceans and seas",
"(a) Panel presentations",
"55. Yoshinobu Takei, Assistant Professor, School of Law, Utrecht University, discussed the challenges and opportunities in achieving the goal of sustainable development through the integrated management of oceans and seas. He examined coral reef management as an example to illustrate ways in which States could achieve integrated management and the difficulties related thereto. Ussif Rashid Sumaila, Professor, University of British Columbia, highlighted some of the impacts of global warming on the sustainable use of ocean fish resources such as changes in fish productivity, distributional range of species, migration patterns, increases in coral bleaching, ocean acidification, and changes in ecosystem composition; as well as economic effects through changes in catches and catch values. He noted, for example, that the value of fish stocks in West Africa could decrease by up to 50 per cent. Tullio Scovazzi, Professor of International Law, University of Milan-Bicocca, provided a legal perspective on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity within and beyond the limits of national jurisdiction while emphasizing the need to consider how the Convention could evolve to address new issues such as a regime for marine genetic resources and the establishment of a network of marine protected areas, as well as environmental impact assessments, capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology. Jacqueline Alder, Head of Freshwater and Marine Ecosystem Branch, Division of Environmental Policy Implementation, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), highlighted the scope and nature of globally significant emerging issues relating to governance, pollution and the industrialization of the oceans.",
"(b) Plenary and panel discussions",
"56. A wide range of new and emerging challenges to the sustainable development and use of oceans and seas was highlighted as requiring attention. In particular, delegations expressed concern over the loss of biodiversity and related services; impacts on vulnerable marine ecosystems, including corals; overexploitation of resources; harmful subsidies; marine debris and microplastics; invasive alien species; underwater noise; and the accumulation of chemicals and excessive nutrients in the oceans.",
"57. Several delegations noted that the challenges affecting sustainable development were interlinked and could not be addressed in isolation. These delegations also stressed that the interplay between these issues could produce challenges that were not addressed under current policies. It was noted, for example, that research on climate change usually focused on individual impacts, and that cumulative impacts might have unknown consequences.",
"58. Many delegations also highlighted the environmental vulnerability and isolation of small island developing States, whose culture, livelihoods and economies were being threatened by unsustainable uses of marine resources and by climate change. In this regard several delegations raised concerns over the impacts of climate change on oceans including sea level rise and ocean acidification. Many delegations agreed on the need to address climate change in the context of the principles set out in the United Nations Framework for the Convention on Climate Change. In particular, reference was made to how climate change impacts relate to water supplies and food security.",
"59. It was noted that the lack of information and technology as well as institutional capacity within developing States to address, in particular climate change, needed to be taken into consideration. Other delegations called for increased international cooperation and data sharing on observations and research to better understand and anticipate the effects of ocean acidification on the marine environment. Several delegations also noted the role of renewable energy in sustainable development, including in the minimization of the risk of climate change and reduction of poverty. The importance of a precautionary approach in the development of renewable energies to manage environmental impacts was noted.",
"60. Several delegations also highlighted the impact of climate change on fish stocks, including redistribution of fish populations.",
"61. Some delegations emphasized that changes in the distribution of stocks could lead to the collapse of existing agreements in regional fisheries management organizations where allocations were based on the location of these resources. Some delegations suggested that there was a need for an international instrument on the allocation of fish stocks, since this issue was not dealt with in the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement.",
"62. With regard to ocean acidification, concerns were expressed over the lack of capacity to monitor the impacts of acidification, particularly in developing countries.",
"63. With regard to ocean fertilization, concern was expressed about the possible impact on the marine environment.",
"64. Several delegations noted that although marine debris was not a new challenge, its effects on marine ecosystems were becoming more apparent due, in particular, to pervasiveness of microplastics. They suggested that this matter deserved particular attention at the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development. It was noted by a panellist that UNEP had a comprehensive waste management programme in place.",
"65. In regard to underwater noise, several delegations highlighted that the marine environment had experienced an acute growth of noise events, particularly in the shipping and energy sectors and military activities. A panellist stressed that noise could seriously affect marine species, including mammals, and could cause dramatic reductions in fishing catch rates. Several delegations called for immediate action on this issue.",
"66. As to overfishing, the view was expressed that there was a need to eliminate harmful subsidies. Although attractive in the short term, subsidies could undermine the resource base in the long term. Several delegations emphasized that the appropriate forum for this issue was the Doha Round of the World Trade Organization. Some delegations stated that it was important not to treat all subsidies the same way since they could be used to fund adaptive measures, such as the diversification of local economies. It was suggested that the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development process could provide a new important opportunity to address issues related to subsidies.",
"67. Some delegations emphasized the need to recognize the important contribution of artisanal and small scale fishing communities to sustainable development. In this regard, it was recalled that Agenda 21 had reflected and recognized the importance of artisanal and small scale fisheries to sustainable development. Some delegations suggested that the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development should reaffirm the importance of these issues.",
"68. Reference was made to the use of industrial scale floating aquaculture farms. There was a need to increase national and international efforts to address aquaculture, including through data collection, best practices and certification guidelines.",
"69. Several delegations expressed views on possible solutions to the wide range of challenges to the sustainable development and use of oceans and seas, while emphasizing that ecosystems were at the centre of management efforts. These delegations also highlighted the need to preserve the integrity of ecosystems and to make the ecosystem approach operational. The potential role of the Regular Process was emphasized.",
"70. Many delegations stated that the outcome of the fourth meeting of the Working Group was a significant move forward and a delicately balanced outcome (see also para. 40).",
"71. Many delegations underlined the need to address the question of the relevant legal regime for marine genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction. These delegations expressed support for the possible development of an implementing agreement to address the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction. Some delegations supported the inclusion of language in this regard in the outcome document of the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development.",
"72. Other delegations expressed the view that the solution to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity should be sought by maximizing the implementation of existing instruments. With reference to the outcome of the fourth meeting of the Working Group, it was stressed by those delegations that the implementation of existing instruments and the identification of implementation gaps was an equally important part of the process.",
"4. The road to Rio+20 and beyond",
"(a) Panel presentations",
"73. Biliana Cicin-Sain, President of the Global Ocean Forum and Director of the Gerard J. Mangone Centre for Marine Policy, University of Delaware, reflected on oceans and the Rio process, what had been achieved and what needed to be done, focusing on two issues, namely integrated ecosystem-based ocean governance and climate change. She also presented some elements of a possible “oceans package” at the Conference on Sustainable Development, within the framework of the Conference’s major themes. Maria Teresa Mesquita Pessôa, Minister Plenipotentiary in the Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations, and member ex officio of the Bureau for the Preparatory Process of the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development, described the commitments undertaken with respect to sustainable development and oceans. She noted the following as persistent challenges to be addressed: unsustainable fisheries; capacity development for sustainable fisheries; loss of habitat, including coral reefs and mangrove areas; environmental impact assessments; invasive alien species; nuclear waste; ocean acidification and sea level rise; vulnerability of small island developing States; and biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction. She also noted the need to address coordination and cooperation of ocean-related agencies and organizations in the future discussions on an institutional framework for sustainable development. She also recalled that the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation had also called for strengthening the ability of IOC/UNESCO, FAO and other relevant international and regional and subregional organizations to build national and local capacity in marine science and the sustainable management of oceans and their resources.",
"(b) Plenary and panel discussions",
"74. Several delegations expressed the view that for the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development to be a success, it should deliver a strong outcome for oceans, fisheries and biodiversity. The view was expressed that Governments should consider taking bold actions at Rio+20, including the need to reaffirm existing commitments and develop new initiatives. In the light of the various inputs to be made to the 2012 Conference, a coordinated approach with regard to oceans issues was needed in order to avoid a fragmentation of the law of the sea.",
"75. Many delegations called for linking the “blue economy” to the “green economy”, within the context of eradication of poverty and sustainable development. Ocean priorities could be raised to a higher level of international attention and awareness with a view to achieving sustainable development objectives. In the light of the fact that many of the commitments which had been agreed in Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation had not yet been implemented, the need for setting realistic targets and goals that would be fully implemented instead of more ambitious targets was also pointed out. The view was expressed that renewed efforts should be directed towards implementation and enforcement of existing measures. It was stressed that the ability of developing countries to attain those targets required continued assistance at the international, regional, national and local levels.",
"76. A suggestion was made to focus on specific issues, such as food security, ocean acidification and effective conservation and management of marine ecosystems. Several other delegations called for the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development to place an emphasis on the particular vulnerability and needs of small island developing States. The need to give serious consideration to issues related to sustainable production and consumption, in particular sustainable seafood consumption, was also highlighted. The role of renewable and alternative sources of energy was identified as crucial for the fulfilment of the three pillars of sustainable development and the accomplishment of a “green economy”, with the importance of a precautionary approach noted (see also para. 59). The general view was expressed that the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development should assist the international community in its consideration of effective conservation and management measures for the oceans, including through adequate frameworks, policies and mechanisms.",
"77. It was noted that the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development would provide an opportunity to consider the best policy tools for countries to move forward towards a “green economy” while avoiding new “green” barriers to trade. In that regard, the Conference should focus on reform and removal of existing disincentives to “green” growth such as harmful fossil fuel and fisheries subsidies. The proposals for special and differentiated treatment for developing countries, with respect to fisheries subsidies in the context of negotiations within the World Trade Organization were recalled.",
"78. With particular reference to fisheries, the view was expressed that the outcome of the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development should ensure that global fisheries were fair, sustainable and accountable. In that regard, the important responsibility entrusted to regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to conserve and manage global fish stocks was recalled. However, the need to improve the mandate of such organizations was underlined, as was the necessity to apply ecosystem approaches to fisheries. A proposal was made that the General Assembly exercise an oversight role over the performance of the regional fisheries management organizations.",
"79. With regard to marine biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction, the need for a specific legal regime under the Convention was stressed by many delegations. The role of the International Seabed Authority with regard to the protection and preservation of the marine environment in the area, including marine biodiversity, as evidenced by the regulations adopted by its Assembly, was pointed out.",
"80. With respect to area-based management tools, a view was expressed that the 2012 Conference should recognize the need to improve the effectiveness of existing and future marine protected areas to increase marine resilience to climate change and ocean acidification.",
"81. The need to evaluate the impacts of human activities on the environment to inform policy planning was highlighted. In that regard, the view was expressed that the Conference on Sustainable Development would contribute to raising awareness about the need for impact assessments. A proposal was made that the Conference promote the development of assessment processes, including for cumulative impact assessments of human activities on the marine environment.",
"82. The role of marine technology transfer in building capacity and in contributing to sustainable development was underscored. It was noted that the cooperation called for under Part XIV of the Convention in relation to the transfer of marine technology could be envisaged in both a North-South and South-South context. It was also observed that the transfer of marine technology required enabling environments that would attract investments.",
"83. With regard to the institutional framework, it was proposed that a focus be placed on pragmatic reforms of existing institutions rather than larger scale institutional change. The need to enhance cooperation and coordination among the agencies of the United Nations in accelerating the achievement of the goals and targets set in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation was stressed. A concern was expressed, however, that the establishment of new structures could lead to fragmentation of the law of the sea.",
"84. The essential role of regional and national institutions was also recognized. The need for institutional frameworks, including at the international level, allowing for integration across the three pillars of sustainable development was highlighted. Closer cooperation among fisheries, environmental and other ocean bodies was considered crucial for an integrated approach to managing ocean issues and addressing cumulative impacts of various human activities.",
"85. Several delegations proposed that the Informal Consultative Process should agree on specific elements to be forwarded to the Conference on Sustainable Development. These could include: the close link among the three pillars of sustainable development, including seas and oceans, in particular for small island developing States; the need for sustainable development to take into consideration environmental, economic, social and human aspects; the importance of restoring the health of ocean ecosystems as a priority for realizing sustainable development, food security, poverty eradication and the establishment of a sustainable blue economy; the fact that many of the goals on oceans and sustainable development agreed upon at previous summits had not been achieved, in particular those included in chapter 17 of Agenda 21 and in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation; reconfirming and, where necessary, updating such commitments; taking concrete steps to achieve an integrated and ecosystem-based approach for the management of human activities having an effect on marine ecosystems; tackling emerging issues, such as marine debris, underwater noise, invasive species and their cumulative impacts on biodiversity, including beyond areas of national jurisdiction; enhancing resilience of marine ecosystems in the face of ocean acidification; linking an ecosystem approach and commitments for the regular assessment of the state of the marine environment as a basis for informed decision-making; further integrating the value of ecosystem services, including the cost of degradation, in decision-making processes, including through market-based mechanisms; the importance of management of fisheries resources in a manner that guarantees their long-term sustainability, including by ensuring that fishing capacity is commensurate with fishing possibilities, through the elimination of harmful subsidies and the application of an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management; renewing commitments for all economic sectors having an impact on the marine environment, including shipping, offshore energy and land-based impacts; capacity-building and technology transfer; confirming commitments made at other processes, in particular at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity on marine biodiversity; the importance of marine biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction for the integrity of marine ecosystems, and their related goods and services as an essential element for sustainable development, including for developing countries. The specific legal regime for biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction under the Convention was noted as an element for consideration. They considered that these matters could be brought before the Conference on Sustainable Development for the endorsement of a way forward.",
"Agenda item 4 Inter-agency cooperation and coordination",
"86. Andrew Hudson, Principal Technical Advisor, International Waters, United Nations Development Programme, and UN-Oceans Coordinator, reported on the most recent work of UN-Oceans and of the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection.",
"87. He informed the meeting about the main outcomes of the ninth meeting of UN‑Oceans, held in New York on 17 June 2011, at which participating agencies discussed the possibility of conducting a review of UN-Oceans aimed at identifying its strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for improvement.",
"88. Mr. Hudson also briefed the meeting about the initiatives taken by member agencies to ensure the visibility of ocean-related topics at the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development, as well as in the planning and preparation for the Expo 2012, to be held in Yeosu, Republic of Korea, on the theme “The living ocean and coast — diversity of resources and sustainable activities”.",
"89. He provided updates about the various activities of UN-Oceans task forces and informed the meeting about the decision to establish a new Task Force on Marine Debris, co-led by UNEP and IMO, with strong links to the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection. Mr. Hudson also described ongoing upgrades to the United Nations Atlas of the Oceans, welcomed $45,000 of new funding, and expressed the hope that such financial support would continue on an annual basis. Responding to questions, Mr. Hudson observed that the establishment of new task forces had been made pursuant to one of the core mandates of UN-Oceans on the identification of emerging issues and the establishment of task teams to deal with them, as appropriate.",
"90. A view was expressed that UN-Oceans should be strengthened and that its transparency, visibility and relevance increased in view of the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development in accordance with the mandate contained in General Assembly resolution 57/141 and that participation of member States in the work of UN-Oceans should be given consideration. The suggestion was made that a review of UN-Oceans may also benefit from lessons learned from other inter-agency coordination mechanisms, such as UN-Water and UN-Energy.",
"91. With regard to how UN-Oceans could coordinate the scheduling of ocean-related meetings to avoid overlaps, Mr. Hudson suggested that the circulation of a calendar of existing ocean-related events could assist UN-Oceans members in planning future events. It was further noted that such a task is expected to be done by the secretariats, which are part of UN-Oceans.",
"92. Mr. Hudson recalled the scientific contribution of the Joint Group of Experts towards the advancement of chapter 17 of Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, and drew attention to its work, including on ballast waters, atmospheric emissions from ships and coastal pollution sources, and ocean acidification in areas of heavy shipping traffic. In the light of the harmful effects of invasive species on marine ecosystems, States were called upon to ratify the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments.",
"93. Mr. Hudson also underscored the continuing availability of the Joint Group of Experts to contribute to the Regular Process, if requested, and recalled the partnership with the Global Environment Facility Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme. He further highlighted the work of the Joint Group of Experts on emerging issues, such as microplastics, and the availability of the Joint Group of Experts to provide its scientific contributions to States and international organizations.",
"94. The role of the Joint Group of Experts as an inter-agency scientific committee was noted, and reference was made to the difficulties the Joint Group of Experts continued to face in its work because of a lack of funding.",
"Agenda item 5 Process for the selection of topics and panellists so as to facilitate the work of the General Assembly",
"95. With regard to the topics to be discussed at upcoming meetings of the Informal Consultative Process, several delegations recalled the conclusion reached at the tenth meeting that the Informal Consultative Process should address issues related to the three pillars of sustainable development. The view was expressed that conservation and development were interlinked and therefore could not be examined independently from each other.",
"96. Several delegations reiterated the need for concept papers to be preferably circulated no later than the first round of informal consultations of the General Assembly on the resolution on oceans and the law of the sea, to allow delegations sufficient time to study them. The practice of choosing topics for at least two consecutive years was considered productive, although caution was raised at this suggestion, as adequate examination of proposed topics is needed.",
"97. The difficulty of organizing panels was recognized and several delegations noted the need to allow the Co-Chairs some degree of flexibility. The important role of the Co-Chairs in identifying and inviting competent individuals to participate as panellists and in maintaining the appropriate regional balance was also stressed.",
"98. Some delegations stressed the usefulness of the preparatory meeting and in this connection welcomed the efforts of the Co-Chairs to consult Member States.",
"99. The Co-Chairs reiterated their appeal to contribute to the voluntary trust fund established under General Assembly resolution 55/7 to assist the representatives of developing States, in particular least developed States, small island developing States and landlocked developing States, to attend the meetings of the Consultative Process as an essential means to ensure participation of both experts and attendees from developing countries. The Secretariat provided an update on the status of the Trust Fund.",
"Agenda item 6 Issues that could benefit from attention in the future work of the General Assembly on oceans and the law of the sea",
"100. The attention of the meeting was drawn to the composite streamlined list prepared by the Co-Chairs of issues that could benefit from attention in the future work of the General Assembly on oceans and the law of the sea.[3] An intergovernmental organization highlighted the issue of climate change and, in particular ocean acidification, as directly linked to all three pillars of sustainable development. It noted, in this regard, that the increase of ocean acidification was directly linked to shifts in concentration of fish, negative impacts on corals and to the transmission of ocean noise. Another source of concern was the harmful effect of acidification on coral reefs that serve as vital fish habitats that protect food and employment and also coastal communities from storm surges.",
"[1] * A/66/150.",
"[2] The summary is intended for reference purposes only and not as a record of the discussions.",
"[3] Available from http://www.un.org/depts/los/consultative_process/consultative_process_ info.htm#-List%20of%20issues."
] | A_66_186 | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"Item 76 (a) of the provisional agenda*",
"Oceans and the law of the sea",
"Report on the work of the twelfth meeting of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea",
"Letter dated 22 July 2011 from the Co-Chairs of the Consultative Process addressed to the President of the General Assembly",
"By General Assembly resolution 65/37 A of 7 December 2010, we were appointed Co-Chairs of the twelfth meeting of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea.",
"* A/66/150.",
"We have the honour to transmit herewith the report on the work of the twelfth meeting of the Consultative Process, held at United Nations Headquarters from 20 to 24 June 2011. The outcome of the meeting is our summary of the issues and ideas discussed. In accordance with past practice, we ask you to have the present letter and the report of the Consultative Process circulated as a document of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly under the agenda item entitled “Oceans and the law of the sea”.",
"In addition, please note that the meeting has mandated us to bring the outcome of the twelfth meeting to the attention of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2012. We would therefore be grateful if the attached document, which included issues that would be appropriate for consideration under the Conference, could also be transmitted to the Co-Chairs of the Bureau for the preparatory process for the Conference.",
"(Signed) Milan Jaya Nyamrajsingh Meetarbhan (Signed) Don MacKay Co-Chairs",
"Twelfth meeting of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea",
"(20-24 June 2011)",
"Summary of discussions prepared by the Co-Chairs[1]",
"1. The twelfth meeting of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea was held from 20 to 24 June 2011 and, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/37 A, focused its discussions on the item entitled “Mode of contributing to the assessment, in the context of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, of the progress achieved so far and the remaining gaps in the implementation of sustainable development.",
"2. The meeting was attended by representatives of 88 States, 17 intergovernmental organizations and other agencies and 12 non-governmental organizations.",
"3. The participants had at their disposal the following supporting documentation: (a) Addendum to the report of the Secretary-General on oceans and the law of the sea (A/66/70/Add.1), and (b) Annotated provisional agenda and format of the meeting (A/AC.259/L. 12).",
"4. The meeting also had before it proposals by the European Union (A/AC.259/20) and the Pacific small island developing States (A/AC.259/21).",
"Agenda items 1 and 2 Opening of the meeting and adoption of the agenda",
"5. The two Co-Chairs, Don MacKay (New Zealand) and Milan Jaya Meetarbhan (Mauritius) stressed in their opening statements the importance of oceans and seas for sustainable development, particularly for developing coastal States and small island developing States, taking into account their dependence on coastal and marine ecosystems for their livelihoods. It was necessary for the oceans to play a prominent role in the agenda of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.",
"6. On behalf of the Secretary-General, Patricia O’Brien, Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs and Legal Counsel, stressed the importance of oceans, seas, islands and coastal areas for global food security and to sustain the economic prosperity and well-being of many nations. He noted that, while progress had been made with regard to an institutional framework for the oceans, including the establishment of the informal consultative process, much remained to be done.",
"7. Sha Zukang, Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs, emphasized that billions of people worldwide depended on oceans and their resources for their livelihoods. However, oceans were among the most threatened ecosystems, including the loss of marine biodiversity, pollution, global warming, acidification, coral bleaching and declining fish stocks. These challenges highlighted the urgency of taking steps to ensure the management and sustainable use of marine resources for current and future generations.",
"8. The meeting adopted the format and provisional annotated agenda, as well as the proposed organization of work.",
"Agenda item 3 General exchange of views",
"9. Discussions on the central theme in plenary meetings and discussion groups are reflected in paragraphs 11 to 85 below.",
"10. Delegations expressed their appreciation for the addendum to the report of the Secretary-General on oceans and the law of the sea (A/66/70/Add.1). Several delegations highlighted the difficulties and new issues identified in the report, and noted their conclusion that, while progress had been made, in order to achieve fully many of the goals and objectives for the sustainable development of the oceans and seas, further efforts by States, intergovernmental organizations and other relevant actors were required.",
"Central theme: Way of contributing to the assessment, in the context of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, of the progress achieved so far and the gaps that still persist in the implementation of the outcomes of the major sustainable development summits and addressing emerging challenges",
"11. In accordance with the annotated agenda, discussions in the panels were structured around four segments: (a) Sustainable development, oceans and the law of the sea; (b) Overview of progress so far and gaps that still persist in the implementation of the outcomes of the major sustainable development summits; (c) Further challenges to sustainable development and the use of oceans and seas) The road to Rio+20 and the later period. The segments were opened by presentations by members of the groups, followed by discussions.",
"12. Delegations highlighted the opportunity and significance of the central theme, bearing in mind that oceans and seas, given their economic, social and environmental importance, should be prominent in the deliberations and outcomes of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012. Special emphasis was placed on the importance of the central theme for developing countries.",
"13. With reference to one of the themes of the Conference, namely “The Green Economy (‘green’) in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication”, some delegations noted that, in many countries, a “green economy” was a “blue economy”.",
"1. Sustainable development, oceans and the law of the sea",
"(a) Oral exhibitions",
"14. Brice Lalonde, one of the Executive Coordinators of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, made a presentation on the challenges posed by the implementation of legal instruments relating to oceans and the need to address multiple threats to oceans. In particular, Mr. Lalonde highlighted the important role of regional organizations, in particular in the collection of scientific knowledge through cooperation and coordination. He emphasized the need for scientific-based measures and the importance of ecosystem-based approaches, integrated coastal management and environmental impact assessments. Cherdsak Virapat, Executive Director of the International Ocean Institute, reviewed the relationship between oceans and the three pillars of sustainable development. He emphasized the link between oceans and coastal areas and the increasing pressure on ocean ecosystems due to human activities, despite the efforts of the international community to establish a global and comprehensive governance regime for the oceans. Mr. Virapat stressed the need for human society to change its behaviour to achieve the objectives of sustainable interaction with the environment and oceans.",
"(b) Deliberations of the plenary and the panels",
"15. The role of the oceans in achieving the three pillars of sustainable development was highlighted. It was noted that oceans, including coastal areas, were critical to the life, food security and prosperity of mankind. Ocean health and resource management were directly related to development opportunities for many peoples, particularly in small island developing States. The importance of ocean health for the provision of ecosystem services, as part of the Earth ' s ecological cycles, was also stressed through carbon absorption and oxygen supply. In particular, the importance of the contribution of fisheries to the social pillar was stressed, as well-managed fisheries provided food security and employment. Fisheries were also essential for the exchange and trade of many coastal States that depended heavily on these resources, in particular small island developing States.",
"16. Several delegations recalled a fundamental principle of sustainable development, namely, intergenerational equity, which emphasized the pursuit of development with a rational and sustainable use of natural resources, so that future generations could also enjoy the benefits of current development. Reference was also made to intragenerational equity. Many delegations noted the need to balance and strengthen the links between the economic, social and environmental pillars of sustainable development. Some delegations stressed that the three elements should be regarded as an integrated whole, not as separate pillars. The view was expressed that this approach implied considering economic, ecological and social aspects at the local, national, regional and global levels, and that there was no single solution for all.",
"17. Several delegations felt that, in order to achieve sustainable development, fragmentation of the law of the sea should be avoided. They recalled that activities in the oceans were governed by the law of the sea, as contained in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, whose integrity should be preserved. In this regard, it was recalled that the most important step a State could take towards sustainable development was to ratify the Convention. It was also noted that the convening of the Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 would coincide with the thirtieth anniversary of the adoption of the Convention.",
"18. With reference to the role of regional organizations in the sustainable development of the oceans and the law of the sea, some delegations expressed concern at a proposal by a member of the group to expand the mandates of regional fisheries management organizations and mechanisms to serve as regional ocean management organizations. It was stressed that such organizations and mechanisms were already facing difficulties in fulfilling their current mandates, and they were unlikely to have the capacity or mandate to address issues such as marine protected areas. Other delegations highlighted the current legal framework established by the Convention and its implementation agreements and tools already available to address these challenges.",
"19. The central role of the General Assembly as a decision-making body was underlined, especially in the areas of sustainable development of oceans and seas.",
"20. With regard to cooperation and coordination, some delegations noted the large number of international conventions, conferences and legal frameworks dealing with marine issues, and stressed the need to harmonize the vision of the international community and develop synergies to promote sustainable ocean management. The importance of intersectoral cooperation among agencies mandated to regulate different activities, particularly at the regional level, was noted. Emphasis was also placed on the need for integrated management and sustainable development of coastal areas, as well as the adoption of ecosystem-based approaches.",
"21. In this context, it was recalled that the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation recommended that an effective, transparent and regular inter-agency coordination mechanism be established within the United Nations system on ocean and coastal issues, leading to the creation of UN-Oceans. The view was expressed that there was a need to re-evaluate the role of UN-Oceans (see also paras. 87-91) to enhance coherence and support for Member States in implementing ocean-related policies.",
"22. The attention of the meeting was drawn to the importance of a precautionary approach, as called for in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration and as reiterated by the Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, in its advisory opinion on the responsibilities and obligations of States sponsoring individuals and entities with respect to activities in the area. Several delegations supported the implementation of an ecosystem-based approach to the management of human activities in the oceans, including through the use of tools, in accordance with international law, such as marine protected and coastal areas and marine space planning. Reference was also made to Principle 2 of the Rio Declaration, according to which States had the responsibility to ensure that activities under their jurisdiction did not damage the environment of other States or areas beyond national jurisdiction. Many delegations recalled the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities.",
"2. Summary of progress and gaps in the implementation of the outcomes of major summits on sustainable development",
"(a) Oral exhibitions",
"23. Luis Valdés, Director of Ocean Sciences of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (IOC/UNESCO) noted deficiencies in marine scientific research, fragmentation of ocean governance at the United Nations and insufficient use of UN-Oceans. It cited geoengineering, high seas vulnerable ecosystems and marine plastics as the new most significant themes. Kriangsak Kittichaisaree, Ambassador of Thailand to Australia, provided an overview of the remaining gaps and challenges in capacity-building and transfer of marine technology, including in the area of energy-related research, marine biotechnology, strengthening management structures, protection of the marine environment, disaster preparedness, sustainable development of fisheries, sea level rise, waste management and adverse impacts of climate change. Sebastian Mathew, Executive Secretary of the International Collective for Supporting Artisanal Fisheries highlighted the differences between the outcomes of the Summit, national legislation and policies for the sustainable development of catch fishing and implementation at the national and local levels. It attributed these differences mainly to lack of capacity, insufficient scientific knowledge, lack of political commitment and inadequate governance. Phil Weaver, Research Coordinator on Biodiversity Spots on the margins of the European seas, noted the destructive impacts of fishing on the seabed on marine species and seabed. He emphasized the importance of impact assessments, the implementation of a precautionary approach and the need for monitoring fishing vessels. Alo Babajide, professor at the University of Lagos, identified gaps, challenges and priorities in the protection of the marine environment from marine pollution that were necessary to achieve the three pillars of sustainable development, and highlighted the costs of lack of action. He referred to implementation mechanisms and noted the contribution of large marine ecosystem projects in support of the ecosystem approach and integrated management.",
"(b) Deliberations of the plenary and the panels",
"24. Delegations recalled the positive commitments made at the major summits on sustainable development. Many delegations also referred to the Oceans Command Declaration and the outcome of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. However, many delegations noted with concern the gap between the commitments made and their implementation. Several delegations noted that while significant political efforts had been made to fulfil those commitments, including through the development of the normative framework, there were still gaps in ocean implementation.",
"25. A number of delegations indicated that many of the commitments made at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development and endorsed in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation and the Millennium Development Goals, especially with regard to coastal developing States and small island developing States, had not been fulfilled.",
"26. Several delegations emphasized the need for greater efforts in the implementation of the agreements and the implementation of existing commitments, in particular at the national level, to advance the sustainable development agenda. In this regard, a key message of Agenda 21, “think globally and act locally,” was recalled. It was indicated that the package of measures at the national level would translate into action at the international level. The need to develop policies at the local level, for example, with small-scale fishing communities, was highlighted.",
"27. Some delegations stressed the importance of flag State responsibility and the need for States, to be responsible fishing nations, to adhere to important international instruments, such as the 1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement and the Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing, adopted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Fisheries Committee. It was noted that States may be responsible fishing nations without being a party to such agreements and that their actions should be assessed on the basis of their actions.",
"28. Noting the importance of scientific knowledge for the management and sound conservation of the oceans, some delegations expressed the need for greater efforts to strengthen the capacity of IOC/UNESCO and regional organizations in capacity-building in the marine sciences. Reference was also made to the International Seabed Authority as a possible model for the promotion of cooperation and coordination of capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology.",
"29. The view was expressed that good governance was essential to poverty eradication and sustainable development, but that issue still posed a significant challenge to the United Nations system. In particular, the reference to good governance contained in the Monterrey Consensus of the 2002 International Conference on Financing for Development and the goals of ocean governance identified at the World Summit on Sustainable Development were highlighted. In that regard, it was still necessary to identify to what extent those objectives had been achieved. The lack of clarity on the institutional and policy mechanisms needed to achieve the 10 per cent protection target for oceans by 2020 was also noted. Concern was expressed about the institutional and budgetary weakening of international entities responsible for reviewing the implementation of maritime protection standards.",
"30. The European Union Framework Directive on Marine Strategy, which would, inter alia, apply an ecosystem-based approach to human activities management. In this context, as of 2012, member States of the European Union would have to calculate, through periodic assessments, the cost of the deterioration of the marine environment.",
"31. The central role of the Convention was noted in the context of the recommendations adopted at the major summits on sustainable development. It was indicated that the 1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement had provided the basis for a robust international fisheries policy regime and codified modern fisheries conservation and management principles. The topic of transparency was also highlighted, with particular reference to the need for States to report adequately to regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements on their fishing activities.",
"32. It was also noted that the 1995 Agreement had included in Part VII the creation of a Assistance Fund, which often had insufficient resources, and thus frustrated the expectations of developing States. An appeal was made to contribute to the Assistance Fund.",
"33. Several delegations felt that the main remaining gaps in the implementation of Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation on sustainable fisheries related to overfishing and excess fishing capacity, as well as fisheries subsidies. In this regard, noting that the elimination of harmful subsidies would result in economic, environmental and development benefits, it was felt that consideration of the subject of subsidies in the preparation of the 2012 Conference would be welcomed (see also para. 66).",
"34. Other delegations noted that the lack of monitoring, control and monitoring capacity affected the ability of some States to regulate activities in their exclusive economic zone. Delegations stressed the need to address illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, destructive fishing practices, by-catch and discards, single-kind management, data reporting and ineffective fisheries management. Concern was also expressed about the persistence of the practice of cutting fins to sharks.",
"35. With regard to bottom trawling, emphasis was placed on the next organized workshop to review the implementation of the relevant paragraphs of General Assembly resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 on the effects of bottom fisheries on vulnerable marine ecosystems and the long-term sustainability of high seas fish stocks, which was considered the most appropriate forum to address the technical aspects of bottom fisheries.",
"36. The view was expressed that the economic benefits of high seas fisheries were insignificant in absolute and disproportionately small terms compared to the negative effects on the marine environment.",
"37. Several delegations stressed the need for more effective implementation of modern conservation and management principles, such as the precautionary approach and ecosystem-based approaches, to fisheries management. In this regard, many delegations expressed concern that a number of the goals set at the summits on sustainable development had not been met, in particular the implementation of the ecosystem approach by 2010, the achievement in 2010 of a significant reduction in the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national levels, and the establishment of representative networks of marine protected areas by 2012.",
"38. Reference was also made to the alarming statistics contained in the report The global state of fisheries and aquaculture 2008 of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, stressing the need to strengthen the regulatory regime of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements, with a view to making them more accountable, transparent and open. In that regard, attention was drawn to the recommendations of the Review Conference of the Fish Stocks Agreement, with regard to the need to modernize the mandate of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements and to undertake regular assessments of their performance. Attention was also drawn to the Nauru Agreement on Cooperation in the Management of Fisheries of Common Interest of 1982. In this regard, the importance of the sustainability of tuna fishing for the economy of small island developing States was highlighted and reference was made to the 2010 Koror Declaration, which introduced innovative measures such as expanded and selective closures of high seas fisheries. Some delegations suggested that the General Assembly exercise oversight of the performance of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements. However, it was determined that the North-East Atlantic was an area in which those competent organizations had successfully addressed illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, including through the use of blacklists.",
"39. Some delegations stressed the importance and vulnerability of migratory cetaceans, which constituted a source of livelihood for coastal communities engaged in the exploitation of commercial whale and dolphin observation. They noted the environmental services provided by cetaceans; for example, mysticeta whales recycle organic iron and make it iron ore. It was noted that the current legal and policy frameworks covered only one fifth of the cetaceans. The level of fragmentation of whale protection, for example, constituted an important obstacle to the just and sustainable development of the oceans. It was noted that greater international cooperation on this subject was needed in order to adopt a collective policy, in accordance with applicable international law, including the Convention, to ensure the protection of cetaceans on the high seas. Other delegations emphasized in that regard the fundamental principle that renewable resources should be used in a sustainable manner. They expressed their readiness to continue to cooperate within the existing competent forums, namely, the International Whaling Commission and the North Atlantic Sea Mammal Commission.",
"40. With regard to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity, many delegations stressed that at the fourth meeting of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to Review Matters relating to the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction, held from 31 May to 3 June 2011, a step had been taken towards overcoming an important gap in the implementation of the Convention. The Working Group had recommended that the General Assembly initiate a process to ensure that the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction effectively addressed those issues through identifying gaps and future measures, including through the implementation of existing instruments and the possible development of a multilateral agreement under the Convention. This process could address the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction, in particular, together and as a whole, marine genetic resources, such as benefit-sharing issues, measures such as area-based management tools, including marine protected areas, and environmental impact assessments, capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology.",
"41. Some delegations noted that marine protected areas had been recognized as an important management tool, including to mitigate and cushion some of the impacts on oceans caused by coastal and sea development, overfishing, climate change, natural phenomena, and other stress factors. Some delegations noted the slow progress towards achieving the target of the establishment of marine protected areas by 2012, in accordance with international law and on the basis of the best available scientific information, including representative networks. Several delegations stressed the need to establish marine areas beyond national jurisdiction. With reference to the work of the Working Group (see para. 40), other delegations stressed the need to address issues of jurisdiction and to establish institutional structures for areas beyond national jurisdiction representing the interests of the international community as a whole.",
"42. Some delegations also noted the absence of a global mechanism for the designation of marine protected areas in locations outside national jurisdiction. Reference was made to the relevant outcomes of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, with emphasis on the adoption of a new Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, which included the targets on sustainable fisheries and coastal and marine protected areas, as well as the process set out in decision X/29 of the Conference of the Parties to identify ecologically or biologically significant areas.",
"43. In order to ensure the sustainable use of marine goods and services, a number of delegations noted the need to properly assess and understand the state and functioning of the oceans to support an integrated and ecosystem-based approach to the management of human activities that produced impacts on the marine environment. In this regard, reference was made to the importance of a regular operational process for global reporting and assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects.",
"44. An ecosystem-based approach to managing all users and uses, including tourism, the merchant marine, mining and fishing, was estimated to be needed. In this regard, reference was made to the importance of establishing regional marine science and technology centres in small island developing States.",
"45. With regard to marine pollution, the need to continue to work on reducing impacts on the oceans of marine debris, underwater noise and ground-based activities was stressed. Marine debris constituted a cross-border issue, which required regional cooperation and coordination. The phenomenon of invasive species was also highlighted as a threat to biodiversity and an important factor in its decline. The work of the International Maritime Organization in the treatment of ballast water was underlined (see also para. 92). It was noted that a decline in biodiversity also affected fisheries, tourism and trade. Attention was also drawn to the lack of a legal regime on liability and compensation for damage caused by pollution from marine exploration and exploitation activities off the coast.",
"46. The view was expressed that cross-border pollution of offshore oil extraction platforms was a concern to be addressed, and the ongoing work in this regard was noted. Some delegations discussed the possibility of developing new tools to address the problems that had arisen in relation to activities such as the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons at sea off the coast. Other delegations stressed that the issue was adequately covered by obligations under international law to protect the marine environment, including the Convention, and emphasized the need for its full implementation.",
"47. Several delegations were of the view that pollution research projects should address these new threats to the marine environment. It was also necessary to investigate the effects of climate change on the oceans.",
"48. Some delegations also expressed concern about the risks associated with the transport of hazardous and radioactive wastes across the Caribbean Sea",
"49. The general view was expressed that capacity-building was critical to achieving sustainable development of oceans and seas. It was also noted that changes in technology have expanded access to the Global Observing System data, which served as an important resource for scientists, coastal and ocean resource managers, emergency services, legislators, educators, and oceans for recreation and subsistence.",
"50. Attention was drawn to the criteria and guidelines for the transfer of marine technology approved by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and the need to apply them. It was suggested that the role of IOC in technology transfer should be further studied. With regard to activities in the Area, the competence of the International Seabed Authority for such technology transfer was underlined.",
"51. Reference was made to the need to balance the requirements of developing States with property rights related to technology transfer.",
"52. The need for a coordinated approach to capacity-building and technology transfer was noted. In this regard, it was considered necessary to identify gaps in capacity, which could hinder effective participation in the sustainable development of the oceans, and to identify solutions for these deficiencies. Some delegations noted that such solutions could include the establishment of an exchange mechanism between suppliers and recipients.",
"53. Several delegations also recognized that capacity-building was an important aspect of research. Reference was made to examples of effective capacity-building programmes, such as the Nansen Programme, which aimed at capacity-building through research and fisheries management and institutional strengthening. Examples of South-South cooperation were also mentioned, in particular with regard to marine and coastal fish breeding and the development of alternative and renewable energies.",
"Briefing",
"54. The Co-Chairs invited Professor Alex Rogers of the University of Oxford Department of Zoology to present to delegations a recent report on an international expert workshop on the tensions and impacts to which the oceans are exposed. Professor Rogers highlighted a wide range of impacts on oceans due to human activities, which had a significant impact on the role and resilience of marine ecosystems. It expressed particular concern at the unprecedented speed of climate change and the need to take action to protect ecosystems. It recommended that urgent action be taken to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, a coherent ecosystem restoration strategy and effective high seas management.",
"3. New challenges that are emerging for sustainable development and the use of oceans and seas",
"(a) Oral exhibitions",
"55. Mr. Yoshinobu Takei, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law at Utrecht University, discussed the challenges and opportunities to achieve the goal of sustainable development through integrated ocean and seas management. It analysed the management of coral reefs as an example of how States could achieve integrated management, and of the difficulties associated with that approach. Ussif Rashid Sumaila, professor at the University of British Columbia, highlighted some of the effects of global warming on the sustainable use of ocean fisheries resources, such as changes in fishing productivity, the area of species distribution, migration models, the increase of coral bleaching, ocean acidification, and changes in ecosystem composition, as well as economic impacts through changes in captures and values. He noted, for example, that the value of fisheries resources in West Africa could decrease by up to 50 per cent. Tullio Scovazzi, Professor of International Law, University of Milan-Bicocca, offered a legal perspective for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity within and outside national jurisdiction, while stressing the need to consider how the Convention could evolve to address new issues, such as a regime for marine genetic resources and the establishment of a network of marine protected areas, as well as environmental impact assessments, capacity-building and transfer. Jacqueline Alder, Chief of the Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems Branch of the Environmental Policy Implementation Division of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), highlighted the scope and nature of the important global issues related to ocean governance, pollution and industrialization.",
"(b) Deliberations of the plenary and the panels",
"56. It was stressed that attention was needed to a wide range of new and emerging challenges for the development and sustainable use of oceans and seas. In particular, delegations expressed concern about the loss of biodiversity and related services, the impact on vulnerable marine ecosystems, including corals, over-exploitation of resources, harmful subsidies, marine and microplastic wastes, invasive exotic species, underwater noise, and the accumulation of chemicals and excess nutrients in the oceans.",
"57. Several delegations noted that the problems affecting sustainable development were interrelated and could not be treated in isolation. These delegations also stressed that interaction between such issues could generate problems that were not addressed in current policies. It was noted, for example, that research on climate change generally focused on individual impacts, and that cumulative impacts could have unknown consequences.",
"58. Many delegations also highlighted the environmental vulnerability and isolation of small island developing States, whose culture, livelihoods and economies were threatened by unsustainable uses of marine resources and climate change. In this regard, a number of delegations expressed concern about the impact of climate change on the oceans, including rising sea levels and ocean acidification. Many delegations agreed on the need to address climate change in the context of the principles set out in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In particular, reference was made to the impact of climate change on water supply and food security.",
"59. It was noted that information and technology, as well as institutional capacity, should be considered in developing States to address, in particular, climate change. Other delegations called for increased international cooperation and exchange of information on observations and research to better understand and foresee the effects of ocean acidification on the marine environment. Several delegations also noted the role of renewable energy in sustainable development, including to minimize the risks of climate change and reduce poverty. The importance of a precautionary approach to the development of renewable energy for environmental impact management was noted.",
"60. Several delegations also highlighted the impact of climate change on fish stocks, including the redistribution of fish stocks.",
"61. Some delegations stressed that changes in population distribution could lead to the collapse of existing agreements in regional fisheries management organizations, where allocations were based on the location of these resources. Some delegations indicated that an international instrument on the allocation of fisheries resources was needed, as this item was not covered by the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement.",
"62. With regard to ocean acidification, concern was expressed about the lack of capacity to monitor the effects of acidification, particularly in developing countries.",
"63. Regarding the fertilization of the oceans, concern was expressed about the potential impact on the marine environment.",
"64. Several delegations noted that despite the fact that marine debris were not a new problem, their impact on marine ecosystems was becoming increasingly evident, particularly because of the omnipresence of microplastics. They indicated that this issue deserved special attention at the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development. One participant noted that UNEP had established a comprehensive waste management programme.",
"65. With regard to underwater noise, several delegations stressed that there had been a sharp increase in noise events in the marine environment, particularly in the areas of maritime transport and energy and military activities. One member of the group stressed that noise could seriously affect marine species, including mammals, and cause a drastic reduction in fish catch rates. Several delegations called for immediate action on this item.",
"66. With regard to overfishing, it was felt that there was a need to eliminate harmful subsidies. Although short-term attractive, long-term such subsidies could undermine the resource base. Several delegations stressed that the appropriate forum for dealing with the problem was the World Trade Organization Doha Round. Some delegations stated that it was important not to address all subsidies in the same way, as some could be used to finance adaptation measures, such as the diversification of local economies. It was indicated that the 2012 Conference process could provide a new important opportunity to address issues related to subsidies.",
"67. Some delegations stressed the need to recognize the important contribution of artisanal and small-scale fishing communities to sustainable development. In this regard, it was recalled that Agenda 21 had reflected and recognized the importance of small-scale and artisanal fisheries for sustainable development. Some delegations noted that the 2012 Conference should reaffirm the importance of those issues.",
"68. Reference was made to the use of industrial floating aquaculture farms. National and international efforts were needed to address aquaculture, including through data collection, best practices and certification guidelines.",
"69. Several delegations expressed their views on possible solutions to the wide range of challenges to the development and sustainable use of oceans and seas, emphasizing that ecosystems were at the centre of management efforts. These delegations also stressed the need to preserve the integrity of ecosystems and to operationally implement the ecosystem approach. The potential contribution of the Regular Process was highlighted.",
"70. Many delegations noted that the outcome of the fourth meeting of the Working Group was a significant step forward and a result based on careful balance (see also para. 40).",
"71. Many delegations stressed the need to address the issue of the legal regime for marine genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction. These delegations expressed their support for the possible development of an implementation agreement to address the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction. Some delegations supported the inclusion of a text in that regard in the outcome document of the 2012 Conference.",
"72. Other delegations felt that the solution for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity should be sought through the full implementation of existing instruments. With reference to the outcome of the fourth meeting of the Working Group, those delegations emphasized that the implementation of existing instruments and identification of gaps in implementation were an equally important part of the process.",
"4. The road to Rio+20 and the subsequent period",
"(a) Oral exhibitions",
"73. Biliana Cicin-Sain, President of the World Forum on Oceans, Coasts and Islands and Director of the Gerard J. Mangone Center for Marine Policy at the University of Delaware, reflected on the oceans and the Rio process, what had been achieved and what had to be done, and focused on two issues, namely, integrated governance based on the ocean ecosystem and climate change. He also presented some elements of a possible “set of action for the oceans” at the Conference, under the main themes of that event. Maria Teresa Mesquita Pessôa, Minister Plenipotentiary of the Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations, and an ex officio member of the Bureau for the preparatory process for the 2012 Conference, described the commitments made regarding sustainable development and oceans. He noted that the following persistent challenges should be addressed: non-sustainable fisheries, capacity-building for sustainable fisheries, habitat loss, including coral reefs and mangroves, environmental impact assessments, invasive exotic species; nuclear waste; ocean acidification and sea-level rise, vulnerability of small island developing States and national biodiversity in areas beyond. It also noted the need to address the coordination and cooperation of ocean-related agencies and organizations in future discussions on an institutional framework for sustainable development. He also recalled that the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation had also called for strengthening the capacity of IOC/UNESCO, FAO and other international and regional and subregional organizations to build national and local capacities in marine sciences and sustainable management of oceans and their resources.",
"(b) Deliberations of the plenary and the panels",
"74. Several delegations felt that, in order for the 2012 Conference to be successful, it should provide conclusive results on oceans, fisheries and biodiversity. The view was expressed that Governments should consider taking decisive action at Rio+20, including the need to reaffirm existing commitments and develop new initiatives. In the light of the various inputs to be made to the 2012 Conference, a coordinated approach to ocean issues was needed in order to avoid fragmentation of the law of the sea.",
"75. Many delegations called for a link between “blue economy” and “green economy”, in the context of poverty eradication and sustainable development. The issue of the ocean could be given a higher level of priority in international attention and awareness, with a view to achieving sustainable development goals. Given that many of the commitments that had been agreed upon in Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation had not yet been fulfilled, it was felt that realistic goals and targets could be fully achieved, rather than more ambitious targets. It was felt that renewed efforts should be directed towards the implementation and implementation of existing measures. It was emphasized that continued assistance at the international, regional, national and local levels was required for developing countries to achieve those goals.",
"76. An approach focused on specific topics, such as food security, ocean acidification and the conservation and effective management of marine ecosystems, was suggested. Several other delegations called for emphasis at the 2012 Conference on the particular vulnerability and needs of small island developing States. The need to give serious consideration to issues related to sustainable production and consumption, including sustainable consumption of seafood, was also highlighted. The role of renewable sources and energy alternatives was identified as crucial for achieving the three pillars of sustainable development and the realization of a “green economy”, and the importance of a precautionary approach was also noted (see para. 59). The general view was expressed that the 2012 Conference should assist the international community in the review of effective ocean conservation and management measures, including through appropriate frameworks, policies and mechanisms.",
"77. It was noted that the 2012 Conference would provide an opportunity to consider the best policy tools for countries to move towards a “green economy”, while avoiding new “ecological” barriers to trade. In this regard, the Conference should focus on reforming and removing existing barriers to green growth, such as harmful subsidies to fossil fuels and fisheries. Proposals for special and differential treatment for developing countries were recalled with respect to fisheries subsidies in the context of negotiations at the World Trade Organization.",
"78. With particular reference to fisheries, it was felt that, as a result, the 2012 Conference should ensure that global fisheries were fair, sustainable and responsible. In this regard, the responsibility given to regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements for the conservation and management of global fish stocks was recalled. However, the need to improve the mandate of these organizations and to apply ecosystem-based approaches to fisheries was stressed. It was proposed that the General Assembly exercise a monitoring role on the performance of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements.",
"79. With regard to marine biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction, many delegations stressed the need for a specific legal regime under the Convention. The role of the International Seabed Authority in relation to the protection and preservation of the marine environment in the area, including marine biodiversity, was noted as reflected in the regulations adopted by its Assembly.",
"80. With regard to area-based management tools, the view was expressed that the 2012 Conference should recognize the need to improve the effectiveness of existing and future marine protected areas in order to enhance the resilience of the sea to climate change and ocean acidification.",
"81. The need to assess the impacts of human activities on the environment as basic information for policy planning was highlighted. In this regard, it was felt that the Conference would contribute to raising awareness of the need for impact assessments. It was proposed that the Conference promote the development of the assessment processes, including the cumulative impact assessments of human activities on the marine environment.",
"82. The role of the transfer of marine technology in capacity-building and as a contribution to sustainable development was stressed. It was noted that the cooperation requested in Part XIV of the Convention on the transfer of marine technology could be contemplated in the North-South and South-South context. It was also noted that the transfer of marine technology required an enabling environment that attracted investment.",
"83. With regard to the institutional framework, it was proposed to guide the approach to pragmatic reforms of existing institutions, rather than to greater institutional change. Emphasis was placed on the need to enhance cooperation and coordination among United Nations agencies to accelerate the achievement of the goals and targets set out in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation. Concern was expressed, however, that the establishment of new structures could favour the fragmentation of the law of the sea.",
"84. The essential role of regional and national institutions was also recognized. The need for institutional frameworks, including at the international level, was highlighted to enable the integration of the three pillars of sustainable development. Closer cooperation between fisheries, environmental agencies and other ocean bodies was considered essential for an integrated approach to the management of ocean affairs and the treatment of the cumulative impacts of the various human activities.",
"85. Several delegations suggested that the Open-ended Informal Consultative Process agree on the specific elements to be referred to the Conference. the development of marine ecosystems, including marine ecosystems, The specific legal regime for biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction under the Convention was identified as an element for consideration. In his view, those issues could be submitted to the Conference to adopt future measures.",
"Agenda item 4 Inter-agency cooperation and coordination",
"86. Andrew Hudson, Senior Technical Adviser, International Waters, United Nations Development Programme and UN-Oceans Coordinator, reported on the latest work of UN-Oceans and the Joint Expert Group on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environment Protection.",
"87. He informed the attendees about the main results of the ninth UN-Oceans meeting, held in New York on 17 June 2011, in which the participating agencies discussed the possibility of conducting a UN-Oceans review, to identify their strengths and weaknesses and opportunities to improve.",
"88. Mr. Hudson also briefed the meeting on initiatives taken by member agencies to ensure the visibility of sea-related issues at the 2012 Conference, as well as in the planning and preparation of Expo 2012, to be held in Yeosu, Republic of Korea, on the theme “The ocean and the coast have life – Diversity of resources and sustainable activities”.",
"89. It provided updated information on the various activities of the UN-Oceans working groups, and informed the meeting on the decision to establish a new Working Group on Marine Debris, jointly led by UNEP and IMO, with strong links to the Joint Expert Group on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environment Protection. Mr. Hudson also described the ongoing efforts to improve the United Nations Atlas on the Oceans, appreciated the new funding of $45,000, and expressed the hope that such financial support would continue on an annual basis. Answering some questions, Mr. Hudson noted that the establishment of new working groups had been carried out in accordance with one of the key mandates of UN-Oceans on the identification of emerging issues and the creation of working groups to address them, as appropriate.",
"90. The view was expressed that UN-Oceans should be strengthened and their transparency, visibility and relevance increased in view of the 2012 Conference, in accordance with the mandate contained in General Assembly resolution 57/141, and that the participation of Member States in the work of UN-Oceans should be considered. It was suggested that the UN-Oceans review might also be useful to learn from other inter-agency coordination mechanisms such as UN-Water and UN-Energy.",
"91. With regard to how UN-Oceans could coordinate the programming of sea-related meetings to avoid overlap, Mr. Hudson indicated that the distribution of a calendar of current ocean-related events could be useful for UN-Oceans in planning future events. It was also noted that the secretariats, which are part of UN-Oceans, were expected to take up this task.",
"92. Mr. Hudson recalled the scientific contribution of the Joint Expert Group for the advancement of chapter 17 of Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, and drew attention to its work, in particular on ballast waters, atmospheric emissions of ships and sources of coastal pollution, and ocean acidification in areas of intense maritime traffic. In view of the harmful effects of invasive species on marine ecosystems, States were called upon to ratify the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships ' Ballast Water and Sediments.",
"93. Mr. Hudson also stressed that the Joint Expert Group was always ready to contribute to the Regular Process, if requested, and recalled collaboration with the Global Environment Facility transboundary water assessment programme. It also highlighted the work of the Group of Experts on emerging issues, such as microplastics, and the availability of that Group to contribute its scientific contributions to States and international organizations.",
"94. The role of the Joint Expert Group as an inter-agency scientific committee was noted and reference was made to the difficulties that the Group had in working, owing to the lack of funding.",
"Agenda item 5 Procedure for selecting items and experts to facilitate the work of the General Assembly",
"95. With regard to the topics to be discussed at the forthcoming meetings of the Open-ended Informal Consultative Process, several delegations recalled the conclusion reached at the tenth meeting that the Informal Consultative Process should address issues related to the three pillars of sustainable development. The view was expressed that conservation and development were interrelated and therefore those issues could not be considered independently.",
"96. Several delegations stressed the need for preferential conceptual documents to be circulated no later than the first round of informal consultations of the General Assembly on the resolution on oceans and the law of the sea, so that delegations would have sufficient time to study them. The practice of choosing topics for at least two consecutive years was considered productive, although caution was advised against this proposal, as appropriate consideration of the proposed topics was required.",
"97. The difficulty of organizing expert groups was recognized, and several delegations noted the need for the Co-Chairs to have some flexibility. The important role of the Co-Chairs was highlighted in identifying and inviting relevant individuals to participate as experts and maintain appropriate regional balance.",
"98. Some delegations stressed the usefulness of the preparatory meeting and in this regard welcomed the Co-Chairs ' efforts to consult with Member States.",
"99. The Committee ' s Co-Chairs reiterated their call for contributions to the voluntary trust fund established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 55/7 to assist representatives of developing States, in particular the least developed States, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, to attend the consultative process meetings as an essential means of ensuring the participation of experts and attendees from developing countries. The Secretariat provided an update on the status of the Trust Fund.",
"Agenda item 6 Issues to be considered by the General Assembly in its future work on oceans and the law of the sea",
"100. The attention of the meeting was drawn to the simplified composite list prepared by the Co-Chairs of issues to be considered by the General Assembly in its future work on oceans and the law of the sea[2]. An intergovernmental organization highlighted climate change and, in particular, ocean acidification as a matter directly linked to the three pillars of sustainable development. He noted, in this regard, that the increase in ocean acidification was directly linked to changes in fish concentration, negative impacts on corals and ocean noise transmission. Another source of concern was the harmful effect of acidification on coral reefs, which serve as vital habitat for fish that contributes to food and employment, and also protects coastal communities from storms.",
"[1] The present summary has been prepared exclusively for reference purposes and not as a record of the proceedings.",
"[2] Available at http://www.un.org/depts/los/consultative_process/consultative_process_info.htm#-List%20of%20issues."
] |
[
"Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido",
"en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa",
"a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia",
"Nota verbal de fecha 17 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente de Liechtenstein ante las Naciones Unidas",
"La Misión Permanente del Principado de Liechtenstein ante las Naciones Unidas saluda atentamente al Presidente del Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia y tiene el honor de referirse a una nota verbal de fecha 25 de marzo de 2011 en la que se pide a todos los Estados que informen al Comité de las medidas adoptadas para aplicar los párrafos 9, 10, 15 y 17 de la resolución 1970 (2011).",
"Liechtenstein se compromete plenamente a aplicar las disposiciones, incluidas las que instan a los Estados a imponer el embargo de armas, la prohibición de viajar y la congelación de activos. Las medidas a las que hacen referencia los párrafos 9, 10, 15 y 17 de la resolución 1970 (2011) se incorporaron a la legislación nacional en marzo de 2011 mediante la Orden del Gobierno sobre medidas relativas a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia (Diario Oficial de Liechtenstein 2011, núm. 81), así como sus enmiendas (Diario Oficial de Liechtenstein 2011, núms. 82, 92, 115, 120, 133, 143, 195 y 225). Además, Liechtenstein incorporó las medidas restrictivas adicionales de la Unión Europea. En virtud de su unión aduanera con Suiza, se aplican las leyes y medidas coercitivas suizas pertinentes con respecto a la circulación de mercancías y personas a través de la frontera de Liechtenstein."
] | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Note verbale dated 17 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Liechtenstein to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"The Permanent Mission of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to refer to the note of 25 March 2011, requesting all States to report to the Committee on their implementation of paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011).",
"Liechtenstein is fully committed to the implementation of the measures, including those calling upon States to impose the arms embargo, the travel ban and the assets freeze. The measures referred to in paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) were incorporated into national law in March 2011 through the Government Ordinance on Measures concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Liechtenstein Legal Gazette 2011, No. 81) and further amendments thereto (Liechtenstein Legal Gazette 2011, Nos. 82, 92, 115, 120, 133, 143, 195 and 225). Liechtenstein furthermore incorporated the additional restrictive measures of the European Union. By virtue of its Customs Union with Switzerland, the relevant Swiss laws and enforcement measures are applied with respect to the movements of goods and persons across Liechtenstein’s borders."
] | S_AC.52_2011_14 | [
"Security Council Committee established",
"resolution 1970 (2011) concerning",
"Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Note verbale dated 17 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Liechtenstein to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"The Permanent Mission of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to refer to a note verbale dated 25 March 2011 requesting all States to report to the Committee on measures taken to implement paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011).",
"Liechtenstein is fully committed to implementing the provisions, including those that urge States to impose the arms embargo, the travel ban and the assets freeze. The measures referred to in paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) were incorporated into national legislation in March 2011 by the Order of the Government on Measures Relating to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Official Journal of Liechtenstein 2011, No. 81), as well as its amendments (Official Journal of Liechtenstein 2011, No. 82, 92, 115, 120, 133, 143, 195 and 225). In addition, Liechtenstein incorporated the additional restrictive measures of the European Union. By virtue of its customs union with Switzerland, the relevant Swiss laws and coercive measures apply with respect to the movement of goods and persons across the Liechtenstein border."
] |
[
"Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones",
"Tema 21 del programa provisional*",
"Cultura y desarrollo",
"Nota del Secretario General",
"El Secretario General transmite por la presente el informe elaborado por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura de conformidad con la resolución 65/166 de la Asamblea General.",
"* A/66/150.",
"Cultura y desarrollo",
"Informe de la Directora General de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura",
"Resumen",
"En el presente informe, elaborado por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO), se expone el progreso realizado en la aplicación de la resolución 65/166 de la Asamblea General, titulada “Cultura y desarrollo”, y se hace una estimación del valor y la conveniencia de organizar una conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre la cultura y el desarrollo. En ese sentido, en el informe se describe la labor llevada a cabo por 18 entidades de las Naciones Unidas que pone de manifiesto las contribuciones de la cultura al desarrollo. Además, se evalúa la conveniencia de convocar dicha conferencia, y se consideran sus objetivos, nivel, formato, fechas y consecuencias presupuestarias. También se incluyen recomendaciones para avanzar hacia una mayor integración de la cultura en las políticas y las medidas para el desarrollo.",
"Índice",
"Página\nI.Introducción 3\nII.Antecedentes 3III.Relación 4 entre cultura y \ndesarrollo IV. Marcha 6 de la aplicación en el sistema de las Naciones \nUnidas V.Evaluación 21 de las modalidades de una conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre la cultura y el \ndesarrollo \nVI.Conclusiones 23",
"I. Introducción",
"1. Este informe se presenta de conformidad con la resolución 65/166 de la Asamblea General, titulada “Cultura y desarrollo”, en la que la Asamblea solicita al Secretario General que, en consulta con la Directora General de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura y los órganos de las Naciones Unidas e instituciones de desarrollo multilaterales competentes, le presente, en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, un informe sobre la marcha de la aplicación de la resolución, y que incluya en él una estimación del valor y la conveniencia de organizar una conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre la cultura y el desarrollo, que comprenda sus objetivos, nivel, formato y fechas y también sus consecuencias presupuestarias.",
"2. El último informe sobre el tema de la cultura y el desarrollo (A/59/202) se refería a la aplicación de la resolución 57/249 de la Asamblea General.",
"II. Antecedentes",
"3. La evolución del concepto de desarrollo a partir de un modelo y una visión únicos y universales a un concepto más amplio que abarca vías múltiples y diversas ha tenido como resultado un enfoque para el desarrollo centrado en el ser humano. Esta ampliación del paradigma del desarrollo ha allanado gradualmente el camino para reconocer el papel indispensable de la cultura en el desarrollo sostenible. En consecuencia, ha surgido una visión de desarrollo sostenible que refleja mejor las complejidades de las sociedades y las implicaciones contextuales. El informe de 1996 de la Comisión Mundial de Cultura y Desarrollo, titulado Nuestra diversidad creativa, contribuyó a fomentar la evolución conceptual destacando la dimensión cultural fundamental de un modelo de desarrollo centrado en los seres humanos, y propuso que se diera prioridad a la cultura en las políticas de desarrollo. Se encomendó a la UNESCO la gestión del Decenio Mundial para el Desarrollo Cultural entre 1988 y 1997. El decenio culminó con la Conferencia Intergubernamental sobre Políticas Culturales para el Desarrollo de Estocolmo, en la que se abogó por un enfoque cultural para el desarrollo humano y se destacó la política cultural como uno de los elementos fundamentales de la estrategia de desarrollo.",
"4. Pese al importante progreso obtenido desde la Conferencia de Estocolmo, el vínculo entre la cultura y el desarrollo aún no se refleja adecuadamente en las políticas de desarrollo internacionales y la cultura sigue desempeñando un papel secundario en la ecuación del desarrollo tal como se define en los distintos objetivos y medidas de desarrollo. No obstante, en distintas partes del mundo, algunos cambios recientes han puesto de manifiesto una tendencia positiva hacia la integración sistemática de la cultura en las estrategias y los programas de desarrollo. De los ocho mecanismos temáticos creados para favorecer la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, el mecanismo de cultura y desarrollo del Fondo para el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, financiado por España, ofrece una oportunidad sin precedentes para documentar el vínculo entre la cultura y el desarrollo. Además, en el documento final de la Reunión plenaria de alto nivel de la Asamblea General sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio celebrada durante su sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones (resolución 65/1 de la Asamblea General) se pusieron de relieve la importancia de la cultura para el desarrollo y su contribución al logro de los Objetivos. Asimismo, se alentó la cooperación internacional en la esfera de la cultura con miras a lograr los objetivos de desarrollo. Esto se reafirmó en la resolución 65/166 de la Asamblea General, en la que se recomendó que la cultura se integrara en las políticas de desarrollo a los niveles mundial y nacional. Además, el Consejo Económico y Social decidió recientemente que el tema “Ciencia, tecnología e innovación y el potencial de la cultura para promover el desarrollo sostenible y la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio” será el tema del examen ministerial anual que se celebrará durante su período de sesiones sustantivo de 2013. Los preparativos para la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible (Conferencia Río+20), que se celebrará en 2012, ofrecen una oportunidad para analizar exhaustivamente la inclusión de la dimensión cultural en el desarrollo.",
"III. Relación entre cultura y desarrollo",
"5. La relación entre la cultura y el desarrollo es polifacética. Al valor intrínseco de la cultura hay que añadir su contribución tanto al proceso como a los resultados del desarrollo. La cultura tiene una repercusión intersectorial en la consecución de los objetivos de desarrollo y es en sí misma un vector de desarrollo. Las iniciativas y los enfoques de desarrollo que dan prioridad a la cultura probablemente generarán un desarrollo inclusivo y adaptado al contexto que devengará resultados equitativos y aumentará la implicación de los beneficiarios a los que está destinado. Así, el desarrollo debe estar enraizado en las culturas y conocimientos locales y adaptarse a las circunstancias locales para poder aumentar la implicación de todos, de conformidad con la Declaración de París sobre la Eficacia de la Ayuda al Desarrollo. En consecuencia, la inclusión de la dimensión cultural en la concepción, el examen y la práctica del desarrollo resulta fundamental para alcanzar y mantener los objetivos de desarrollo.",
"6. El sector de la cultura, que abarca el patrimonio cultural, las industrias creativas y culturales, el turismo cultural y la infraestructura cultural, genera importantes beneficios económicos, como la creación de empleo. Pese a la falta de datos fiables y consolidados sobre la contribución socioeconómica de la cultura, las industrias culturales aportaron más del 3,4% del producto interno bruto mundial, con una cuota de mercado mundial de aproximadamente 1,6 billones de dólares de los Estados Unidos en 2007, lo que equivale a casi el doble del nivel estimado de los ingresos en concepto de turismo internacional para el mismo año, según un informe preparado por PricewaterhouseCoopers en 2008. Como se señala en el mismo informe, las industrias culturales y creativas representan uno de los sectores en más rápida expansión de la economía mundial, con una tasa de crecimiento de 17,6% en el Oriente Medio, 13,9% en África, 11,9% en América del Sur, 9,7% en Asia, 6,9% en Oceanía y 4,3% en América del Norte y Centroamérica. El informe también refleja el crecimiento sostenido del sector de la cultura en la década de 1980 y su crecimiento cada vez más acelerado en la década de 1990, cuando las economías creativas de los países miembros de la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos crecieron a un ritmo anual que duplicó al de las industrias de servicios y cuadruplicó al de la industria manufacturera.",
"7. Las economías nacionales obtienen grandes beneficios del sector cultural. Por ejemplo, IBF International Consulting informó en 2007 de que el sector de la cultura de Malí representó el 5,8% del empleo en 2004 y el 2,38% del producto interno bruto en 2006, y se estima que Tailandia cuenta con 2 millones de artesanos, de los cuales casi la mitad trabajan a tiempo completo en el sector de la artesanía. Del mismo modo, el sector creativo del Brasil aportó un 6,7% del producto interno bruto en 1998, según los datos de la UNESCO incluidos en The Power of Culture for Development. La promoción y el desarrollo continuo del sector de la cultura como sector económico potente generan empleo y fomentan la innovación.",
"8. El sector del turismo se ha diversificado para convertirse en uno de los sectores económicos de crecimiento más rápido, especialmente en los países en desarrollo. Los ingresos brutos en concepto de turismo en todo el mundo aumentaron a un promedio del 7% entre 1998 y 2008; según las cifras publicadas en junio de 2011 por la Organización Mundial del Turismo (OMT), la tasa de aumento en los países menos adelantados para el mismo período fue del 12%. En 2010, el turismo internacional generó 919.000 millones de dólares en ingresos por exportaciones. Los países emergentes y los países en desarrollo concentraron el 47% del total mundial de las llegadas de turistas internacionales y el 36,9% de los ingresos mundiales en concepto de turismo internacional en 2010. El turismo cultural representa en la actualidad el 40% de los ingresos por turismo a nivel mundial. Los sitios del patrimonio cultural en general, y en particular los que figuran en la Lista del Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO, generan importantes ingresos y puestos de trabajo gracias al turismo. Se puede decir lo mismo del patrimonio cultural inmaterial, que apoya las expresiones culturales vivas y los conocimientos especializados tradicionales, así como las artes interpretativas. Los museos y otras instituciones culturales también contribuyen en gran medida a las inversiones y los beneficios económicos. Por lo tanto, la identificación del turismo como un subsector para la inversión alentaría las inversiones en infraestructura y estimularía el desarrollo a nivel local.",
"9. Si bien es una cuestión intrínsicamente compleja y difícil de cuantificar, la inversión en el diálogo intercultural puede ayudar a prevenir conflictos, consolidar la paz y proteger los derechos de los grupos marginados, para crear así condiciones favorables para alcanzar los objetivos de desarrollo. Promoviendo la comprensión y la reconciliación, el diálogo intercultural supera las barreras entre culturas y dentro de ellas y sirve de instrumento valioso para combatir la ignorancia, el prejuicio y la exclusión. Además de fomentar la cohesión social, la cultura es un componente fundamental del desarrollo humano, ya que inspira un sentimiento de identidad y es fuente de creatividad para las personas y para la sociedad. Habida cuenta de que la globalización y los avances tecnológicos ofrecen oportunidades, pero también riesgos, los enfoques que tienen en cuenta la cultura ayudan a proteger a las comunidades vulnerables de la presión de la homogeneización y enriquecen a todas las sociedades.",
"10. Los sistemas de conocimientos y las prácticas de gestión del medio ambiente locales e indígenas ofrecen orientación y medios eficaces para afrontar los desafíos ecológicos, evitar la pérdida de biodiversidad, reducir la degradación de las tierras y mitigar los efectos del cambio climático. Habida cuenta de las repercusiones profundas del cambio climático para el desarrollo, aprovechar las prácticas positivas enraizadas en las culturas tradicionales, que valoran el equilibrio entre el mundo natural y el humano, puede ayudar a alcanzar los objetivos de desarrollo. La búsqueda de sinergias entre las prácticas medioambientales tradicionales y modernas y el fortalecimiento de la participación de la comunidad en las iniciativas de conservación son aspectos fundamentales de la sostenibilidad del medio ambiente.",
"11. Si bien no hay ninguna referencia explícita al respecto en los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, la cultura tiene consecuencias directas e indirectas para su consecución. La dimensión cultural del desarrollo refuerza la participación nacional en las iniciativas de desarrollo y asegura que se apliquen políticas de desarrollo sensibles y adecuadas a cada contexto, coherentes con las prioridades nacionales de desarrollo. Las perspectivas económicas del sector de la cultura cobran una especial importancia para los países en desarrollo, habida cuenta de su rico patrimonio cultural y su fuerza de trabajo numerosa. El turismo sostenible y las industrias culturales y creativas son recursos estratégicos para la generación de ingresos y la reducción de la pobreza. Las industrias culturales requieren una inversión de capital limitada y no hay que cumplir requisitos muy estrictos para trabajar en ellas. No es fácil contratar en el exterior las actividades económicas relacionadas con la cultura, lo que las hace atractivas para los inversores. La promoción efectiva de las industrias culturales puede tener efectos directos para las poblaciones vulnerables, debido a la gran dependencia de la economía de la cultura del sector no estructurado, donde a menudo encuentran empleo los grupos pobres y marginados, incluidas las mujeres, y, por lo tanto, puede estimular la integración social al tiempo que maximiza las oportunidades laborales y comerciales. Las experiencias en la esfera del desarrollo indican que el empoderamiento económico de la mujer a menudo tiene un efecto multiplicador, con beneficios para la comunidad y crecimiento económico. Además de empoderar a las comunidades marginadas, las industrias culturales alientan la innovación, apoyan el desarrollo de habilidades y generan capital empresarial en las comunidades locales.",
"IV. Marcha de la aplicación en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas",
"Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura",
"12. Como único organismo de las Naciones Unidas con un mandato específico en la esfera de la cultura, los programas estratégicos de la UNESCO son variados y su objetivo es fomentar la diversidad cultural, el diálogo intercultural y una cultura de paz, así como demostrar el vínculo fundamental entre la cultura y el desarrollo sostenible. Para la UNESCO, la dimensión cultural del desarrollo implica promover y proteger la diversidad cultural en todas sus manifestaciones, entre otras cosas salvaguardando el patrimonio cultural material e inmaterial, conservando la diversidad de las expresiones culturales, incorporando los enfoques culturales en la prevención del VIH/SIDA y la salud, así como promoviendo las políticas y las actividades que tengan en cuenta consideraciones culturales.",
"13. A lo largo del año pasado, la UNESCO consolidó la inclusión de la cultura en el desarrollo mediante una gama de iniciativas e instrumentos analíticos, normativos, técnicos y operacionales. Entre otros resultados positivos, estas iniciativas promovieron las metas de la resolución. Son varios los donantes que apoyan los proyectos operacionales de la UNESCO relacionados con la cultura que promueven el desarrollo local.",
"14. La labor de la UNESCO en relación con la cultura se rige por ocho instrumentos normativos, de los cuales siete son convenciones. Se trata de la Convención Universal sobre Derecho de Autor; la Convención para la Protección de los Bienes Culturales en caso de Conflicto Armado; la Convención sobre las medidas que deben adoptarse para prohibir e impedir la importación, la exportación y la transferencia de propiedad ilícitas de bienes culturales; el Convenio sobre la protección del patrimonio mundial, cultural y natural; la Declaración Universal de la UNESCO sobre la Diversidad Cultural; la Convención sobre la Protección del Patrimonio Cultural Subacuático; la Convención para la Salvaguardia del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial y la Convención sobre la Protección y Promoción de la Diversidad de las Expresiones Culturales. Basándose en esos instrumentos, la UNESCO ha desarrollado varios instrumentos y actividades de creación de capacidad con el fin de ejecutar el plan de acción mundial sobre la cultura y el desarrollo.",
"15. Con respecto a la Convención sobre la Protección y Promoción de la Diversidad de las Expresiones Culturales, en particular sus disposiciones sobre la promoción de las industrias y las expresiones culturales, las iniciativas de creación de capacidad incluyen un programa de servicios de expertos (por un total de 1 millón de euros financiado por la Unión Europea), cuyo objetivo es reforzar el sistema de gobernanza para la cultura con misiones de asistencia técnica. Además, la UNESCO ha producido una serie de instrumentos innovadores sobre políticas, investigación y educación, como una guía de políticas para el desarrollo de industrias culturales y creativas y el centro de recursos en línea, “Industrias culturales y creativas en el mundo”. También en el marco de esa Convención, la UNESCO alienta las alianzas entre el sector público y el privado por conducto de su Alianza Global para la Diversidad Cultural, un mecanismo que promueve acuerdos de colaboración para fortalecer las industrias culturales en los países en desarrollo. Con fondos que superan los 4 millones de dólares, el Fondo Internacional para la Diversidad Cultural presta su apoyo en la actualidad a 31 proyectos de 24 países en desarrollo. Con esos proyectos se aportará información a una base de datos mundial sobre las prácticas más idóneas para los proyectos de cultura y desarrollo.",
"16. En cuanto a la Convención para la Salvaguardia del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial, se ha puesto en marcha un programa de creación de capacidad a gran escala que promueve su ratificación y su aplicación efectiva. Un grupo de 60 expertos, incluidos 20 procedentes de África, ha recibido capacitación y continúa participando en más de 30 actividades de creación de capacidad en todo el mundo. La estrategia mundial de creación de capacidad cuenta con el apoyo del Fondo para la Salvaguardia del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial y de contribuciones extrapresupuestarias, que suman aproximadamente 10 millones de dólares para un período de dos años.",
"17. De conformidad con la Declaración Universal sobre la Diversidad Cultural, la UNESCO creó la “lente de diversidad cultural”, un instrumento que permite a los responsables de formular políticas y a los profesionales evaluar las políticas y los programas de desarrollo desde la perspectiva de la diversidad cultural. La UNESCO utilizó este recurso para dictar cursos prácticos en que se examinaron 12 documentos y documentos finales del Marco de Asistencia de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, 8 programas conjuntos de las Naciones Unidas y 50 documentos de proyectos. Además, se revisaron las políticas culturales de nueve países para que tuvieran en cuenta los principios de la diversidad cultural y se capacitó a 11 equipos de las Naciones Unidas en los países para que tuvieran en cuenta la cultura en el diseño de programas y estrategias.",
"18. Para informar a los encargados de formular políticas sobre la necesidad de proteger de los saqueos al patrimonio cultural subacuático, la UNESCO, en colaboración con diversos asociados, organizó siete conferencias regionales dedicadas a la Convención sobre la Protección del Patrimonio Cultural Subacuático. Esas reuniones se centraron en la mejora de la protección jurídica, la concienciación respecto a la conservación del patrimonio subacuático y la creación de capacidad en arqueología subacuática y gestión del patrimonio.",
"19. En el marco de los preparativos de la recientemente aprobada estrategia para la creación de capacidad del patrimonio mundial, 2.864 personas participaron en 32 proyectos de capacitación sobre creación de capacidad llevados a cabo en cinco regiones, en los que el 37% de los participantes fueron mujeres. En 2012, el tema para conmemorar el cuadragésimo aniversario del Convenio sobre la protección del patrimonio mundial, cultural y natural será “Patrimonio mundial y desarrollo sostenible: el papel de las comunidades locales en la gestión de los sitios del Patrimonio Mundial”. La UNESCO sigue haciendo estudios de casos, en el marco de otras convenciones, que demuestran el papel fundamental de las comunidades locales en el desarrollo socioeconómico de los sitios del Patrimonio Mundial, al tiempo que mantienen su valor universal excepcional y su integridad. En abril de 2011 se celebró una reunión de coordinación con las secretarías de otras convenciones relacionadas con la biodiversidad.",
"20. Respecto a la Convención sobre las medidas que deben adoptarse para prohibir e impedir la importación, la exportación y la transferencia de propiedad ilícitas de bienes culturales, la UNESCO lucha contra el tráfico ilícito de bienes culturales estableciendo alianzas estratégicas, difundiendo información y creando capacidad. Se han desarrollado varios instrumentos jurídicos, prácticos y de concienciación, como la Base de datos sobre las leyes nacionales del patrimonio cultural. Las actividades de capacitación organizadas por la UNESCO a los niveles nacional y regional en 2011 incluyen seminarios en Egipto, Filipinas, Mongolia y Namibia.",
"21. Además, la UNESCO ha tomado medidas para responder al aumento de la demanda de datos y apoyar la integración estratégica de la cultura en las políticas de desarrollo. Para evaluar mejor el impacto y la utilidad de las políticas y las iniciativas culturales, el Instituto de Estadística de la UNESCO desarrolló el marco de estadísticas culturales de la UNESCO, un instrumento que define la cultura para fines estadísticos y permite producir datos comparables a nivel internacional. El Instituto también está aumentando rápidamente la producción de datos acerca del empleo en el sector de la cultura. Sobre la base de los datos generados recientemente y la experiencia adquirida en la ejecución de proyectos de desarrollo relacionados con la cultura en todo el mundo, la serie de indicadores de la cultura para el desarrollo, una iniciativa innovadora, contribuye a la toma de decisiones proporcionando indicadores cualitativos y cuantitativos que abarcan siete esferas de desarrollo.",
"22. Para responder a la epidemia mundial de VIH/SIDA, el programa de la UNESCO para la cultura, el VIH y el SIDA promueve las políticas y los planes que tengan en cuenta la cuestión del género y estén basados en los derechos humanos y en un análisis a fondo de las características socioculturales específicas de las comunidades interesadas. Los “enfoques culturalmente apropiados” hacen hincapié en la necesidad de llevar a cabo intervenciones múltiples biomédicas, de comportamiento y estructurales específicas para cada contexto. La UNESCO ha elaborado una colección de materiales que sirven de directrices para el diseño de los enfoques culturales para la prevención y la atención del VIH/SIDA, entre otras cosas una herramienta interactiva de aprendizaje electrónico para los oficiales de proyectos. Otras actividades de los programas incluyen el fomento de “entornos propicios” para adoptar políticas adecuadas desde el punto de vista cultural sobre el VIH y el SIDA y fortalecer la investigación a nivel local.",
"23. La contribución de las industrias culturales y creativas al desarrollo sostenible se refuerza mediante el mecanismo temático de cultura y desarrollo del Fondo para el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, cuya presidencia desempeña la UNESCO. Con un presupuesto de 95 millones de dólares, se financian 18 programas conjuntos en todo el mundo con esta iniciativa interinstitucional, que se basa en la cultura como factor de desarrollo socioeconómico e instrumento para alcanzar la cohesión social y la paz. Las dimensiones culturales que abarcan los programas van desde el patrimonio cultural hasta la industria y el turismo culturales y el diálogo intercultural. La conducción nacional con actividades a nivel de la comunidad es uno de los numerosos puntos fuertes de los programas conjuntos, que incluyen la coordinación con los ministerios de economía y finanzas, cultura, turismo y medio ambiente. Los programas conjuntos sobre cultura y desarrollo han arrojado resultados concretos en esferas como el turismo, la promoción y conservación del patrimonio, las artesanías y las industrias creativas y el diálogo intercultural. Como laboratorios reales de “Unidos en la acción”, los programas conjuntos han generado una cantidad considerable de innovaciones y conocimientos sobre la cooperación y la programación interinstitucionales y han contribuido a impulsar la reforma de las Naciones Unidas a nivel de los países, aprovechando las ventajas comparativas de cada entidad.",
"24. Con un proyecto bienal sobre un sistema de gestión de conocimientos sobre la cultura y el desarrollo se trata de aprovechar la experiencia de los 18 programas conjuntos sobre la cultura y el desarrollo financiados por el Fondo para el logro de los ODM, así como recopilar, codificar, traducir y difundir conocimientos con miras a impartir capacitación, difundir información y orientar las políticas y la programación en la esfera del desarrollo. El proyecto permitirá continuar evaluando los vínculos entre la cultura y el desarrollo, entre ellos la influencia de la cultura en la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.",
"25. El 1 de julio de 2011, la UNESCO y el Banco Mundial firmaron un memorando de entendimiento en el que formalizaron la cooperación en curso sobre la cultura y el desarrollo, con un marco para la cooperación técnica en los ámbitos de la protección y rehabilitación de ciudades históricas, la conservación de los sitios del patrimonio natural, los indicadores culturales, la economía del patrimonio cultural y la promoción de la diversidad cultural. La UNESCO está estudiando la posibilidad de buscar nuevos asociados para fortalecer los vínculos entre la cultura y el desarrollo.",
"26. La UNESCO apoya muchas medidas para aprovechar los conocimientos indígenas. Coordinó la elaboración de un documento de reflexión conjunto del Grupo de Apoyo Interinstitucional sobre Cuestiones Indígenas sobre el tema de los pueblos indígenas y la función que desempeñan su cultura y su identidad en el desarrollo, de conformidad con la Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas, como una contribución al noveno período de sesiones del Foro Permanente para las Cuestiones Indígenas. Además, la UNESCO siguió consolidando su apoyo a los enfoques culturales para la gestión de los recursos naturales, incluidas la preservación y la aplicación de los conocimientos locales indígenas para la sostenibilidad del medio ambiente, mediante un programa conjunto con la secretaría del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica. Para fortalecer los vínculos entre la cultura y la biodiversidad, en el programa conjunto se utiliza un enfoque holístico compatible con los valores culturales, los sistemas de conocimientos y los modos de vida que contribuye a la conservación y al uso sostenible y equitativo de la biodiversidad.",
"27. Con el objetivo de aprovechar al máximo la contribución de la cultura al desarrollo sostenible, las oficinas locales han aplicado la resolución 65/166 de la Asamblea General organizando actividades de creación de capacidad, concienciación, intercambio de conocimientos, incorporación de la cultura, movilización de fondos y apoyo para el fortalecimiento de los marcos jurídicos y de política nacionales.",
"28. En respuesta a la solicitud de la Asamblea General, la Directora General de la UNESCO invitó a todos los organismos pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas a presentar sus contribuciones relativas a la aplicación de la resolución desde su aprobación el 20 de diciembre de 2010. Respondieron las 17 organizaciones que se citan a continuación.",
"Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo",
"29. La principal aportación del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) en la esfera de la cultura y el desarrollo se realiza por conducto del mecanismo temático de cultura y desarrollo del Fondo para el logro de los ODM. Junto con otras entidades de las Naciones Unidas, el PNUD participa en la ejecución de los 18 programas conjuntos sobre cultura y desarrollo. El PNUD administra el Fondo en nombre del sistema de las Naciones Unidas.",
"30. El PNUD lleva a cabo otras iniciativas coherentes con la resolución 65/166 de la Asamblea General, como el Premio Ecuatorial, distinción bienal que reconoce los esfuerzos para reducir la pobreza mediante el uso sostenible de la biodiversidad y promueve el desarrollo sostenible que respeta los derechos de los pueblos indígenas, por conducto del Programa de pequeños subsidios del Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial. En virtud de la “Estrategia de Progreso Rápido”, primer pilar de sus Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, el PNUD sigue aplicando el marco para acelerar el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en 14 países del mundo. Este instrumento, desarrollado por el PNUD y aprobado por el Grupo de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, ayuda a los Gobiernos y a los asociados para el desarrollo a examinar las cuestiones de la participación, la discriminación y la exclusión cultural, de conformidad con la resolución 65/166, en su relación con los obstáculos que impiden el progreso de las intervenciones basadas en los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. La evaluación de esos obstáculos en el contexto del marco incluye cuestiones relativas a la reducción de las barreras lingüísticas y el respeto de las prácticas de los pueblos indígenas en los servicios públicos como la salud y la educación.",
"31. El 20 de mayo de 2011, el PNUD, la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, la Organización Internacional del Trabajo y el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia pusieron en marcha la primera iniciativa interinstitucional global de las Naciones Unidas para promover los derechos de los pueblos indígenas, la Alianza de las Naciones Unidas para los Pueblos Indígenas. Además, en el Informe sobre el Desarrollo Humano, así como en otras publicaciones del PNUD, se hace hincapié en que la cultura es parte integrante del desarrollo sostenible y de la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Igualmente, la Administradora Auxiliar del PNUD puso en circulación un nuevo informe en colaboración con la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD), titulado “Creative Economy Report 2010: A Feasible Development Option”, que examina la situación del mercado para las industrias creativas y las posibilidades que las industrias culturales ofrecen para los países en desarrollo que están tratando de diversificar sus economías y progresar en uno de los sectores más activos de la economía mundial.",
"Oficina de Coordinación de Operaciones para el Desarrollo",
"32. De acuerdo con el párrafo 6 de la resolución, la Oficina de Coordinación de Operaciones para el Desarrollo transmitió a todos los coordinadores residentes el texto de una resolución y los invitó a seguir integrando e incorporando la cultura a sus programas dentro del Marco de Asistencia de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo. En la actualidad, alrededor del 60% de los programas con arreglo al Marco (en 112 países) hacen referencia a la cultura o incluyen un componente cultural en sus actividades.",
"Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial",
"33. En su estrategia para el desarrollo de las industrias creativas, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial (ONUDI) trata de poner medios al alcance de las mujeres empresarias, los jóvenes, los grupos rurales y las comunidades periféricas para que respondan a las oportunidades del mercado utilizando el rico patrimonio cultural creativo y los distintos conocimientos creativos a fin de producir bienes y servicios innovadores. En ese sentido, se está creando un entorno especial de medidas de apoyo a las políticas, microcréditos y mecanismos de apoyo para los fondos de riesgo y las empresas. Con respecto al potencial económico de los conocimientos creativos para la producción de materiales multimedia y audiovisuales, la ONUDI ayudó a ocho Estados insulares del Caribe a promover la iniciativa empresarial, elaborar marcos y aumentar la capacidad institucional en materia de servicios de desarrollo empresarial para las industrias creativas. Gracias a la cooperación Sur-Sur, con el proyecto se desarrolló la capacidad de los homólogos nacionales y regionales, utilizando las metodologías de la ONUDI para fomentar el espíritu empresarial y los servicios de desarrollo empresarial.",
"34. La ONUDI apoya políticas y medidas de promoción específicas para corregir la exclusión de las comunidades indígenas de los beneficios de las actividades relacionadas con las industrias creativas. Por ejemplo, con el proyecto para el fomento de la capacidad empresarial de las industrias creativas en China, ejecutado de conformidad con el programa “Resultado 1” del Marco de Asistencia de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo 2008-2011, se trata de desarrollar políticas sociales y económicas para favorecer un crecimiento centrado en el ser humano, sostenible y equitativo.",
"35. Habida cuenta de la situación actual de competitividad mundial y de interés por usar recursos que no causen daño al medio ambiente, se considera que las industrias creativas son un sector clave para aplicar nuevas perspectivas y tecnologías, mediante estrategias de desarrollo nacional e industrial sostenible para la reducción de la pobreza. La ONUDI ha publicado dos documentos sustantivos sobre el desarrollo de las industrias creativas. En respuesta al aumento de solicitudes recibidas de los Estados Miembros, la ONUDI intensificó su asistencia técnica para promover el desarrollo de bienes culturales con las industrias creativas. Para ello se ha prestado atención a las normas de calidad deficientes, la insuficiente capacidad de suministro, los vínculos débiles con el mercado y la limitada comercialización de las industrias creativas. Además, la ONUDI ha establecido importantes vínculos con otros sectores, como la agroindustria, con el fin de sacar partido de las posibilidades de creación de empleos y desarrollo humano, sobre la base del patrimonio tradicional y cultural.",
"Organización Mundial del Turismo",
"36. La Organización Mundial del Turismo (OMT) considera que el turismo sostenible es un instrumento importante de desarrollo y diversidad cultural y contribuye decisivamente a las economías locales en todo el mundo. La promoción del turismo sostenible, de manera que se logre un equilibrio entre los aspectos medioambientales, económicos y socioculturales del desarrollo del turismo, es un tema fundamental en los programas de la OMT. El Código Ético Mundial para el Turismo, el principal documento de orientación normativa de la OMT, afirma inequívocamente la importancia de la cultura para el desarrollo sostenible, el crecimiento económico, el enriquecimiento humano y la erradicación de la pobreza. El Código promueve la diversidad cultural y aboga por el turismo cultural como componente esencial de la sostenibilidad.",
"37. En el marco de sus actividades de creación de capacidad, la OMT ha elaborado un programa de gestión del turismo en los sitios del patrimonio mundial para facilitar la formulación de políticas y directrices operacionales para eliminar la aglomeración de turistas en los sitios del patrimonio cultural y natural y mejorar la capacidad del sector turístico para desarrollar y dar a conocer destinos y sitios del patrimonio de manera más amplia.",
"38. La OMT reconoce que la vinculación del turismo con el patrimonio cultural favorece a las economías locales. Si se gestiona bien, el turismo cultural protege los tesoros naturales y culturales de la nación y mejora la calidad de la vida de residentes y visitantes. La publicación de un manual para el sector del turismo sobre la forma de dar a conocer el patrimonio contribuirá a las actividades de creación de capacidad sobre el turismo cultural y consolidará el sector creativo. El primer estudio de la OMT sobre el turismo y el patrimonio cultural inmaterial, cuya publicación está prevista para 2011, presenta una investigación detallada y modalidades innovadoras de elaboración de políticas mediante el análisis de estudios de casos de los cinco continentes sobre los vínculos entre el desarrollo del turismo y el patrimonio cultural inmaterial. La OMT es miembro del grupo directivo del programa de la UNESCO sobre el patrimonio mundial y el turismo sostenible.",
"39. El Departamento de Cooperación y Servicios Técnicos de la OMT ejecuta muchos proyectos de cooperación centrados en la cultura. El plan maestro para el desarrollo del turismo del estado de Punjab en la India incluye el desarrollo sostenible del turismo cultural en algunos de los lugares más importantes del estado, donde el turismo cultural creará nuevas oportunidades de desarrollo socioeconómico de las comunidades locales gracias a la creación de empleo y la generación de ingresos, en particular para los jóvenes y las mujeres. En el marco del Fondo para el logro de los ODM, la OMT, junto con otras entidades de las Naciones Unidas, está ejecutando el programa conjunto de movilización del sitio del Patrimonio Mundial de Dahshur para el desarrollo comunitario en Egipto.",
"40. En 2002, se puso en marcha la iniciativa “Turismo sostenible – Eliminación de la pobreza” para reducir los niveles de pobreza promoviendo formas sostenibles de turismo. Hasta la fecha, se han organizado 24 talleres de capacitación regionales y nacionales sobre el turismo y la reducción de la pobreza para capacitar a funcionarios públicos, organizaciones no gubernamentales, el sector privado y las comunidades en los países en desarrollo, con una participación total de más de 2.000 funcionarios. Con el apoyo de una amplia gama de organizaciones públicas y privadas, ya se están ejecutando 97 proyectos, de los que se benefician 33 países en desarrollo. Los proyectos incluyen desde la capacitación de guías y empleados de hotel locales hasta la ayuda para la participación de los residentes locales en el desarrollo del turismo en los alrededores de los sitios del patrimonio natural y cultural y el establecimiento de vínculos comerciales entre los productores pobres y las empresas turísticas. Se pueden encontrar ejemplos importantes de esos proyectos con un componente claro de patrimonio cultural en varios países como Etiopía, la República Democrática Popular Lao y la República Unida de Tanzanía. Por último, la OMT ha publicado cinco informes que demuestran el impacto del turismo en la reducción de los niveles de pobreza y que incluyen recomendaciones sobre cómo aprovechar al máximo ese impacto.",
"Banco Mundial",
"41. Las políticas del Banco Mundial apoyan la cultura como componente clave del paradigma de desarrollo, con consecuencias importantes para la cohesión social, oportunidades de crecimiento económico y sinergias positivas con las estrategias de reducción de la pobreza. Se han tenido en cuenta consideraciones culturales y objetivos de desarrollo cultural en un número cada vez mayor de proyectos, referentes principalmente a las siguientes áreas: a) desarrollo urbano, que promueve la rehabilitación de ciudades y lugares de interés histórico, su accesibilidad, conservación y presentación; b) desarrollo económico local, en lo relacionado con las actividades de las empresas pequeñas y medianas, especialmente del sector no estructurado, que son esenciales para la producción y el comercio de artesanías; c) desarrollo social, que promueve la diversidad cultural a fin de garantizar la cohesión social entre distintos grupos sociales y la integración de los pueblos indígenas, las minorías y los migrantes al tejido social; y d) desarrollo de un turismo sostenible, que promueve las inversiones económicas principalmente en el sector hostelero y en los servicios relacionados con los atractivos naturales y culturales. El volumen total de las inversiones del Banco Mundial en proyectos de desarrollo con una dimensión cultural ha aumentado de 1.300 millones de dólares entre 1990 y 1999 a 4.000 millones de dólares entre 2000 y 2009; la mayor parte de las inversiones corresponden a desarrollo urbano.",
"42. La asistencia que presta el Banco Mundial a los gobiernos de los países en desarrollo y las economías emergentes incluye el trabajo analítico y la asistencia técnica para evaluar los marcos institucionales y mejorar la eficacia de los organismos nacionales y locales encargados de la gestión de los bienes culturales. El Banco Mundial también lleva a cabo investigaciones sobre temas de políticas, como la economía cultural y las amenazas para el patrimonio cultural ocasionadas por los crecientes peligros naturales y el impacto del cambio climático.",
"Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo Agrícola",
"43. Como parte de las actividades del Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo Agrícola (FIDA) de apoyo a los pueblos indígenas, en 2011 se llevaron a cabo las siguientes actividades destinadas a sensibilizar a la opinión pública sobre la diversidad cultural de los pueblos indígenas. En mayo, en la reunión del Foro de la Cumbre Mundial sobre la Sociedad de la Información celebrada en Ginebra, el FIDA realizó una presentación sobre la promoción de la educación de los pueblos indígenas y el compromiso del FIDA con ellos, en la que se puso de relieve la relación del desarrollo con la cultura y la identidad. En junio, el FIDA patrocinó el primer foro de Terra Madre Indígena, un acto centrado en fortalecer las culturas alimentarias de los pueblos indígenas y en crear espacios para que los indígenas participen en el debate abierto sobre la alimentación y el clima.",
"44. Actualmente el FIDA está aplicando su política de apoyo a los pueblos indígenas, que abarca principios de actuación relacionados con “el patrimonio cultural y la identidad como activos”, con los cuales el FIDA aprovechará los rasgos culturales distintivos de los pueblos indígenas y prestará asistencia a las comunidades para que aprovechen plenamente sus conocimientos tradicionales, su cultura, sus sistemas de gobierno y sus recursos naturales. El Fondo de Apoyo a los Pueblos Indígenas del FIDA financia proyectos formulados y ejecutados por comunidades de pueblos indígenas y uno de los criterios de selección para recibir financiación es el “desarrollo con cultura e identidad”. En un taller del FIDA celebrado en febrero de 2011 se inició el proceso de constitución de un foro de los pueblos indígenas dentro del FIDA. Entre los objetivos del foro se incluye la consolidación de asociaciones entre el FIDA y los pueblos indígenas, con el fin de hacer frente a la pobreza y el desarrollo sostenible respetando la cultura y la identidad.",
"45. El FIDA concedió una subvención a Oxfam Italia para un proyecto destinado a abordar la marginación de los campesinos pobres y los migrantes del Ecuador, Marruecos y el Senegal mediante el establecimiento de vínculos con los mercados y el fomento de la diversidad. El proyecto empodera a las comunidades rurales pobres y potencia sus oportunidades de generación de ingresos rescatando y conservando determinadas especies vegetales y los conocimientos indígenas en la materia; mejorando las prácticas de cultivo; desarrollando la comercialización y las ventas; y sensibilizando a la opinión pública sobre el valor que las especies escogidas tienen para la seguridad nutricional, la salud y la generación de ingresos. Un elemento importante del programa es garantizar la continuidad cultural.",
"46. El Fondo de Apoyo a los Pueblos Indígenas del FIDA ha financiado microproyectos muy diversos, centrados en los conocimientos tradicionales indígenas y las prácticas comunitarias de gestión ambiental. Con algunos de estos proyectos se revitalizaron los sistemas agrícolas tradicionales y las técnicas de artesanía, mientras que otros estaban destinados a valorar y reforzar las identidades de las comunidades indígenas, sus costumbres tradicionales y sus idiomas.",
"Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual",
"47. De acuerdo con el énfasis que hace la Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual (OMPI) en la relación existente entre la propiedad intelectual y la preservación del dominio público, la OMPI llevó a cabo una serie de iniciativas, como el segundo estudio sobre los sistemas de registro y depósito voluntario (sobre los depósitos del patrimonio cultural e histórico); el estudio exploratorio de los derechos de autor y derechos conexos y el dominio público (una comparación de las legislaciones nacionales que definen directa o indirectamente el dominio público); y la encuesta de los sistemas y prácticas privados de documentación sobre los derechos de autor. En octubre de 2011, la OMPI organizará una conferencia sobre la documentación y las infraestructuras de los derechos de autor para dar a conocer los resultados.",
"48. Más de 35 países han usado la Guía de la OMPI para determinar la contribución económica de las industrias relacionadas con el derecho de autor, que incluye las industrias consideradas de gran valor cultural. La contribución económica incide en el desarrollo nacional medido según las estadísticas sobre el producto interno bruto, el empleo y el comercio. Varios países utilizan los informes y estudios de resultados como base para seguir estudiando y desarrollando su política en materia de industrias creativas y culturales. Además, la OMPI ayuda a los Estados miembros a desarrollar estrategias nacionales sobre las industrias creativas. La División de Industrias Creativas de la OMPI ha elaborado varias publicaciones sobre industrias creativas específicas. Se está preparando una guía para evaluar el impacto económico, social y cultural de las industrias creativas. Este proyecto en que participan múltiples interesados, incluye aportaciones de la UNESCO y Eurostat, entre otros, y está diseñado para que los países puedan afrontar los problemas que se plantean en las políticas de cultura y desarrollo.",
"49. Si se solicita, la OMPI lleva a cabo actividades de creación de capacidad. En 2011, la División de Servicios de Desarrollo del Derecho de Autor organizó 20 actividades: 7 programas de formación nacionales, 7 regionales y 2 interregionales, y 4 misiones de expertos para países en desarrollo. Además, la División de Conocimientos Tradicionales de la OMPI organizó, en colaboración con el Gobierno de Omán, un simposio técnico internacional sobre la propiedad intelectual y el desarrollo sostenible y la catalogación y registro de conocimientos tradicionales y expresiones culturales tradicionales, que se celebró en junio de 2011. En mayo de 2011, la OMPI y el Consejo Internacional de Museos firmaron un memorando de entendimiento por el que se comprometieron a colaborar y cooperar en lo relativo a las cuestiones de propiedad intelectual de interés para los museos. La OMPI participó en varias actividades de cooperación técnica y de sensibilización en numerosos países. Hay que destacar que la OMPI participó en el trabajo de la Experta independiente en la esfera de los derechos culturales de acceso al patrimonio cultural. Por último, la OMPI produjo una película de la Televisión de las Naciones Unidas sobre la digitalización de la cultura tradicional en Kenya.",
"Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura",
"50. En 2011, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) y la UNESCO organizarán conjuntamente un taller sobre la calidad de los alimentos y los productos agrícolas. Para preparar el taller, la FAO inició un estudio del potencial de productos con orígenes relacionados para preservar y promover el Programa sobre el Hombre y la Biosfera de la UNESCO, los sitios del Patrimonio Mundial, los Sistemas de patrimonio agrícola de interés mundial de la FAO y otras áreas de interés natural y cultural. En el taller se identificarán áreas en las que la FAO y la UNESCO puedan seguir colaborando para preservar y promover el patrimonio natural y cultural.",
"Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente",
"51. El Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA) destaca la importancia de adoptar un enfoque holístico para asegurar la protección medioambiental y el desarrollo sostenible, que tenga en cuenta las interrelaciones entre los cambios medioambientales mundiales y los efectos adversos en los planos social, cultural y económico. En vista de la decisión adoptada por el Consejo de Administración del PNUMA, en su 16º período de sesiones, de centrarse en el medio ambiente y la diversidad cultural, las actividades de protección medioambiental del PNUMA abarcan la biodiversidad, los conocimientos tradicionales, los idiomas y las prácticas indígenas, la diversidad cultural y la biodiversidad y conductas culturales. El PNUMA, en el quinto informe de su serie Perspectivas del Medio Ambiente Mundial, examinará las interrelaciones entre los conocimientos y las prácticas de las comunidades indígenas, y los objetivos de conservación y uso sostenible; este análisis se presentará como aportación al proceso de preparación para la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible.",
"52. Algunas iniciativas clave son la elaboración de materiales de sensibilización para la celebración anual del Día Internacional de los Pueblos Indígenas y para varias publicaciones del PNUMA, como la edición especial de la revista juvenil Tunza, sobre los conocimientos indígenas y el medio ambiente, y artículos sobre conocimientos indígenas en The Environment Times, publicación de la Base de Datos sobre Recursos Mundiales del PNUMA en Noruega (GRID-Arendal).",
"53. Utilizando del marco de los acuerdos multilaterales sobre el medio ambiente, el PNUMA se centra en identificar los derechos culturales y comunitarios sobre la gestión de la biodiversidad, incluidos la conservación, el uso sostenible y el acceso a los recursos genéticos y la participación en los beneficios. Vinculando los conceptos de acceso compartido y de beneficios compartidos y los conocimientos tradicionales, el PNUMA trabajó con los interesados pertinentes, entre ellos la UNESCO, para elaborar un conjunto de protocolos comunitarios bioculturales que ayuden a incorporar la cultura, la gestión de la biodiversidad y los conocimientos tradicionales en la protección de los medios de vida, el bienestar económico y el desarrollo sostenible. En 2010, el PNUMA inauguró un sitio web desarrollado conjuntamente con la UNESCO con motivo del Año Internacional de la Diversidad Biológica para dar a conocer el trabajo realizado en los protocolos comunitarios bioculturales. En la décima reunión de la Conferencia de las Partes en el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica, celebrada en Nagoya (Japón) en octubre de 2010, se distribuyó una nota de política sobre las comunidades y el bienestar, elaborada por el PNUMA y otros asociados, sobre los enfoques basados en los derechos, el desarrollo y los servicios de conocimientos comunitarios.",
"54. El PNUMA es una de las cinco entidades de las Naciones Unidas que participan en un programa conjunto en Namibia financiado por el Fondo para el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. El programa se sirve del patrimonio cultural y natural como base para desarrollar el turismo cultural y se dirige a grupos de minorías étnicas. El PNUMA se encarga de incorporar las consideraciones medioambientales al turismo cultural ayudando al Gobierno de Namibia a integrar y aplicar de forma más eficaz los principios de la diversidad cultural y natural a las políticas y actividades de desarrollo sostenible.",
"55. En 2010, el PNUMA apoyó un proyecto sobre la participación de organizaciones no gubernamentales africanas en el proceso de acceso compartido y beneficios compartidos. Se estudió la función de esas organizaciones en la protección de los conocimientos tradicionales, la sensibilización y la creación de capacidad en comunidades locales en el contexto de la relación de los conocimientos tradicionales con la legislación acerca del acceso compartido y los beneficios compartidos en algunos países africanos. Además, el PNUMA, en colaboración con varias organizaciones, como el Centro de Control de las Sequías del Centro de Predicciones Climatológicas y Aplicaciones de la Autoridad Intergubernamental para el Desarrollo (IGAD), llevó a cabo un proyecto para aprovechar y aplicar los conocimientos indígenas sobre conservación de la naturaleza y gestión de desastres naturales en África. Conforme a las tradiciones africanas, estos conocimientos se han transmitido oralmente de generación en generación y de ahí la necesidad apremiante de documentarlos. En 2010, la Dependencia de publicaciones de la Universidad de las Naciones Unidas, con el apoyo del PNUMA, publicó el libro Traditional Knowledge in Policy and Practice: Approaches to Development and Human Well-being. En el marco de los artículos del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica relativos al acceso compartido y los beneficios compartidos y los conocimientos tradicionales, el PNUMA ayudó a las Partes en el Convenio a finalizar los programas de trabajo relacionados con los conocimientos tradicionales y a concluir las negociaciones del Protocolo de Nagoya sobre acceso a los recursos genéticos y participación justa y equitativa en los beneficios que se deriven de su utilización al Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica.",
"Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo",
"56. Desde 2000, el mandato de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD) ha cubierto la realización de investigaciones orientadas a las políticas para ayudar a los países en desarrollo a estudiar posibles políticas innovadoras para optimizar las aportaciones económicas de las industrias creativas, con el fin de potenciar las ventajas del comercio y el desarrollo para alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. El Programa de economía creativa de la UNCTAD se ocupa de las dimensiones de desarrollo de las industrias creativas. Entre las aportaciones clave de la UNCTAD figuran sus informes conjuntos con el PNUD sobre economía creativa de 2008 y 2010, así como la base de datos global de la UNCTAD sobre el mismo tema. Las noticias electrónicas del Programa de economía creativa de la UNCTAD ponen de relieve la importancia de la cultura y las crecientes aportaciones de la economía creativa a la promoción de un desarrollo sostenible e inclusivo, facilitan la formación de redes de contacto y asociaciones y fomentan la sinergia entre los principales interesados.",
"57. En 2010, la UNCTAD preparó perfiles de países y una guía de usuario para la base de datos global de la UNCTAD sobre la economía creativa. La creación de capacidad impulsada por la demanda sigue ayudando a los usuarios finales de todos los países a evaluar el éxito comercial de sus productos creativos en el mercado mundial. La herramienta se utiliza en el diseño de políticas para dar forma a medidas concretas de promoción de la economía creativa. La UNCTAD ayuda a los países en desarrollo a potenciar su capacidad de producción creativa y los mecanismos institucionales, normativos y de financiación apropiados para impulsar la formación de mercados nacionales de bienes y servicios culturales y creativos.",
"58. La UNCTAD llevó a cabo investigaciones sobre los vínculos entre la economía creativa y la economía ecológica en las que se hace eco de los debates sobre cómo la creatividad y la biodiversidad pueden ser una solución para promover el desarrollo sostenible y la recuperación económica que beneficie a todos. En el contexto del año internacional de la diversidad biológica, celebrado en 2010, la UNCTAD llevó a cabo la iniciativa “ecochic” para que la comunidad internacional conozca mejor las prácticas respetuosas de las consideraciones ecológicas y sociales en el uso de la biodiversidad.",
"59. A través del Programa de economía creativa, la UNCTAD ayuda a los países en desarrollo a poner en práctica políticas multidisciplinarias concertadas y acciones interministeriales en las áreas de la cultura, el turismo, el comercio, el trabajo, la tecnología y el desarrollo empresarial. Ejemplos de ello son los estudios de países, sobre Mozambique y Zambia, publicados en junio de 2011.",
"60. La iniciativa África Creativa, puesta en marcha en 2008, es una de las actividades concretas cuyo propósito es optimizar las contribuciones al desarrollo de la cultura y de las industrias creativas. Muestra la riqueza de las culturas africanas y el talento creativo de los africanos para promover un desarrollo inclusivo que tiene su origen en la economía creativa. Posteriormente, el Primer Ministro de Nigeria creó la sección nacional de la iniciativa para dar apoyo a la industria del cine nigeriano. En Ghana, Malí y el Senegal, la economía creativa ahora forma parte de la estrategia nacional para la reducción de la pobreza. En 2011, la UNCTAD, en colaboración con la Organización Meteorológica Mundial, creó el proyecto “Puppet Planet” (planeta marioneta) para fomentar actividades que hacen frente a los desafíos del clima y a la degradación medioambiental a la vez que promueven el desarrollo sostenible y la economía cultural y creativa en los países en desarrollo.",
"Instituto de las Naciones Unidas para Formación Profesional e Investigaciones",
"61. La serie del Instituto de las Naciones Unidas para Formación Profesional e Investigaciones (UNITAR) sobre la gestión y conservación de los sitios del Patrimonio Mundial trata de optimizar el impacto de las convenciones de la UNESCO sobre el patrimonio natural y cultural centrándose en la formulación de políticas nacionales conexas, las mejores prácticas y el intercambio de conocimientos de estudios de casos. Con la organización de siete talleres se ha desarrollado un enfoque de gestión basada en valores que da sentido a la conservación del patrimonio. La serie también se centró en la función innovadora que el patrimonio natural y cultural puede desempeñar en la consolidación de la paz usando el ejemplo de Hiroshima para destacar la resonancia y la relevancia de sus políticas para otros sitios del mundo.",
"Oficina de las Naciones Unidas de Servicios para Proyectos",
"62. La Oficina de las Naciones Unidas de Servicios para Proyectos (UNOPS) contribuye a la promoción de la cultura para el desarrollo sostenible mediante la restauración del patrimonio cultural y de edificios históricos, la mejora del acceso a los mercados locales y a sitios históricos y la gestión de la concesión de pequeños subsidios para ayudar a las comunidades locales a resolver los problemas medioambientales. La labor de la UNOPS de creación de capacidad para desarrollar un sector cultural y creativo dinámico, incluye proyectos en la Argentina y Guatemala, donde apoya a los Gobiernos facilitándoles servicios de gestión de recursos humanos y equipos de tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones, además de cooperar en la conservación de edificios históricos. Para contribuir a mejorar el acceso a los mercados, productos y servicios, incluidos los bienes culturales y los sitios de turismo cultural, la UNOPS mantiene y construye grandes redes de carreteras en África y Asia y presta servicios de desminado.",
"Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/SIDA",
"63. El Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/SIDA (ONUSIDA) apoyas las respuestas al VIH basadas en datos empíricos y en derechos, a fin de avanzar hacia el objetivo de eliminar totalmente las nuevas infecciones por el VIH, la discriminación y las muertes relacionadas con el SIDA. El ONUSIDA reconoce la función central de la cultura como base de la sociedad y trata de aprovechar al máximo las aportaciones positivas de los líderes culturales a respuestas que: a) alcancen los objetivos de salud pública a través de la aplicación de enfoques con fundamento empírico; b) respeten la dignidad y los derechos de las personas, especialmente en lo relativo a la no discriminación, la salud, la seguridad individual, la privacidad y la protección contra la violencia; y c) incluyan enfoques pragmáticos que respondan a las conductas y necesidades de las personas.",
"64. SEl ONUSIDA fomenta un diálogo inclusivo sobre todos los aspectos de la respuesta al VIH, reconociendo que las conductas y los factores de riesgo conocidos para la infección por VIH pueden ser tema de controversias y delicados de tratar desde el punto de vista cultural.",
"Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados",
"56. La Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR) tiene el firme compromiso de garantizar que los refugiados, los apátridas y los desplazados internos y otras personas cuya situación es competencia de la Oficina tengan igualdad de acceso en cuanto a derechos, protección, servicios y recursos, y que puedan participar efectivamente en la adopción de las decisiones que los afectan. Para ello, el ACNUR está decidido a adoptar un enfoque que incorpore la edad, el género y la diversidad a sus operaciones en todo el mundo. Los elementos de diversidad del enfoque se refieren a las diferencias de valores, actitudes, perspectivas culturales, creencias, origen étnico, nacionalidad, orientación sexual, identidad de género, capacidad, salud, condición social, aptitudes y otras características personales específicas. Analizando estas dimensiones como características personales relacionadas entre sí, el ACNUR puede comprender mejor los riesgos complejos y los medios de protección de las personas y las comunidades, para tenerlos en cuenta y prestar apoyo de manera más eficaz. Promoviendo el respeto de las diferencias como un elemento enriquecedor para cualquier comunidad, el ACNUR fomenta la igualdad plena. Las minorías nacionales o étnicas, religiosas y lingüísticas o los grupos indígenas a menudo experimentan discriminación y marginalización, factores que se agravan en situaciones de desplazamiento forzoso. El ACNUR trabaja para identificar los riesgos y también las estrategias para mitigarlos.",
"Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos",
"57. El Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos (ONU-Hábitat) presta asistencia técnica y una amplia orientación a los encargados de formular las políticas y a los líderes locales en la elaboración de políticas públicas y en los procesos participativos de toma de decisiones, con vistas a contribuir a la mejora de las condiciones de vida de los pueblos indígenas en las zonas urbanas. En 2011, ONU-Hábitat elaboró una guía de políticas para garantizar los derechos sobre la tierra de los pueblos indígenas en las ciudades, en colaboración con la Red mundial de instrumentos relacionados con la tierra. En 2010 y 2011, ONU-Hábitat se centró en algunos de los desafíos específicos que afrontan los pueblos indígenas en las ciudades, sobre todo los relacionados con la salud y los efectos negativos del cambio climático en los asentamientos urbanos vulnerables, pero también en las aportaciones de los pueblos indígenas al desarrollo urbano sostenible y a la economía ecológica.",
"Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas",
"67. El Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas (UNFPA) desarrolló en 2001 una “perspectiva cultural” para integrar la dinámica cultural en toda la programación basada en los derechos humanos sobre salud sexual y reproductiva, igualdad entre los géneros y población y desarrollo. Un elemento clave de esta perspectiva es el énfasis en los jóvenes como promotores extraordinarios de la lucha contra la pobreza y como impulsores culturales y políticos del desarrollo. El UNFPA sigue apoyando los procesos nacionales diseñados con los jóvenes y en su beneficio, en el marco más amplio de sus esfuerzos en pro de la maternidad y la planificación familiar seguras.",
"68. El 11 de julio de 2011, coincidiendo con el Día Mundial de la Población, el Director Ejecutivo del UNFPA inauguró la campaña “Un mundo de 7 mil millones”, que está destinada a los agentes culturales del cambio y cuyo fin es crear conciencia y aprovechar las oportunidades y superar las dificultades de un mundo donde viven 7.000 millones de personas. Las oficinas del UNFPA en todo el mundo están trabajando con las organizaciones no gubernamentales religiosas y con los líderes religiosos que forman parte de su Red mundial interreligiosa sobre población y desarrollo en vista de la función clave que desempeñan en el acceso a la cultura. El objetivo de la Red, que tiene más de 500 miembros, es fomentar la participación en los planes y procesos de desarrollo nacional; crear capacidad para prestar servicios de planificación familiar, maternidad segura, urbanización e inmigración; y realizar esfuerzos coordinados de socorro humanitario que tengan en cuenta las necesidades específicas de las niñas y las mujeres en materia de salud reproductiva.",
"69. El UNFPA preside el equipo de tareas interinstitucional que promueve la participación de las organizaciones religiosas en la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. En el marco de ese mecanismo, el UNFPA copatrocina un intercambio de conocimientos estratégicos para altos funcionarios de las Naciones Unidas que trata los temas de la fe, la cultura y el desarrollo. Este curso se ofrece cada año con la ayuda de la Escuela Superior del Personal del Sistema de las Naciones Unidas de Turín (Italia) e incluye a organizaciones no gubernamentales religiosas mundiales como recursos para el intercambio de información sobre políticas y programas acerca de la cultura y el desarrollo.",
"Programa de Voluntarios de las Naciones Unidas",
"70. El Programa de Voluntarios de las Naciones Unidas (VNU), en colaboración con distintos asociados, organizó múltiples actividades acordes con la resolución, como talleres sobre la promoción del patrimonio cultural y la facilitación de la creación de capacidad para las industrias culturales y creativas. Por ejemplo, el VNU y otras entidades de las Naciones Unidas, asociados nacionales y la comunidad local promocionaron todas las formas de arte haitiano para contribuir a crear medios de vida sostenibles, especialmente en las comunidades más devastadas por el terremoto que sacudió Haití en 2010. Además, el PNUD y el VNU se cuentan entre las entidades de las Naciones Unidas que participan en un programa conjunto sobre la creatividad y la identidad cultural para el desarrollo local en Honduras.",
"V. Evaluación de las modalidades de una conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre la cultura y el desarrollo",
"71. Las contribuciones de las entidades de las Naciones Unidas que se resumen en este informe contienen información sobre los programas múltiples y diversos y los distintos enfoques con que se aborda el desarrollo sostenible. Demuestran que los enfoques en que se tienen en cuenta consideraciones culturales inspiran las actividades en áreas tan variadas como la agricultura, la seguridad alimentaria, la mitigación de la pobreza, la salud, la sostenibilidad medioambiental, la urbanización, la protección de los refugiados, la migración, la cohesión social, los derechos humanos y la igualdad entre los géneros. Además, las contribuciones incluyen la asistencia técnica, tanto a nivel de políticas como a nivel operacional, y se centran en crear capacidad (para instituciones y particulares); sensibilizar; incorporar la cultura a las políticas y programas de desarrollo; conservar y aprovechar el patrimonio cultural, incluidos los conocimientos indígenas como recurso para el desarrollo; generar conocimientos con investigaciones orientadas a las políticas; acumular experiencia mediante actividades de ejecución; y recopilar datos para hacer el seguimiento y la evaluación del impacto de la cultura en el desarrollo. Otros temas recurrentes son los esfuerzos conjuntos que aprovechan las ventajas comparativas de las entidades de las Naciones Unidas y los enfoques orientados a las comunidades.",
"72. Los esfuerzos mundiales que se están realizando para resolver las carencias que impiden alcanzar el desarrollo sostenible y trazar el camino hacia los objetivos y enfoques de desarrollo futuros, como la Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados, celebrada en Estambul (Turquía) en mayo de 2011, los preparativos para la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible de 2012 y para la Cumbre de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio de 2015, todavía no incorporan en medida suficiente el impacto de la cultura sobre el desarrollo, incluida su contribución a la consecución de los objetivos de desarrollo convenidos internacionalmente. Aunque en el futuro habrá oportunidades para examinar las posibles contribuciones de la cultura al logro del desarrollo sostenible, como el examen ministerial anual del período de sesiones sustantivo del Consejo Económico y Social de 2013, esos ámbitos ofrecen posibilidades bastante limitadas y en ellos no se dispone, entre otros recursos, de los conocimientos especializados adecuados para abordar de manera satisfactoria el nexo entre la cultura y los tres pilares del desarrollo. Es necesario disponer de datos cuantitativos adicionales y celebrar debates detenidos acerca de los vínculos entre la cultura y el desarrollo.",
"73. Los enfoques y las prácticas que tienen en cuenta la cultura no están consolidados ni se evalúan completamente dentro de las políticas y las prácticas compartidas de las Naciones Unidas ni, sobre todo, en su visión. La formación de consenso y una mayor articulación de una visión y directrices comunes, junto con un mejor intercambio de experiencias, asegurarían que las entidades de las Naciones Unidas respondieran de manera más eficaz a la creciente demanda de asistencia en este sector y se sumarían a los esfuerzos en curso por incorporar la cultura a los respectivos mandatos de las entidades de las Naciones Unidas. Asimismo, se facilitaría una mayor colaboración en los trabajos de programación conjuntos a nivel de los países y se influiría en las decisiones de los agentes del desarrollo.",
"74. En una conferencia de alto nivel sobre la cultura y el desarrollo se examinaría la influencia de la cultura sobre el desarrollo sostenible, tanto en términos cuantitativos como cualitativos, a fin de orientar mejor las actividades de desarrollo para alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.",
"75. El año 2011 marca el 13° aniversario de la Conferencia Intergubernamental de Estocolmo sobre Políticas Culturales para el Desarrollo, que hizo hincapié en “el poder de la cultura”. Es un momento oportuno para que la comunidad internacional aproveche el impulso, haga un balance y estudie cuál es la forma más adecuada de integrar la dimensión cultural en las actividades de desarrollo hasta 2015 y en adelante.",
"76. La conferencia de dos días propuesta se podría organizar en sesiones plenarias y mesas redondas. Se invitaría a unos 500 participantes que serían representantes de alto nivel de los gobiernos, jefes de entidades de las Naciones Unidas, representantes de bancos de desarrollo, organizaciones no gubernamentales, fundaciones, la sociedad civil y el sector privado.",
"77. En relación con la solicitud que la Asamblea General formuló en su resolución 65/166 de que se le presentara un proyecto de presupuesto para la organización de la conferencia propuesta, se prevé que, si la conferencia se celebrara en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas, en Nueva York, el cálculo mínimo sería de 400.000 dólares, incluyendo el uso de las salas, los servicios de interpretación y traducción y los gastos de seguridad, pero excluyendo los gastos de viaje y alojamiento de los participantes.",
"78. Otra opción sería que un Estado Miembro fuera anfitrión de la conferencia.",
"VI. Conclusiones",
"79. La resolución 65/166 de la Asamblea General fue decisiva para revitalizar el debate sobre la influencia de la cultura en el desarrollo sostenible en un momento en el que los agentes internacionales del desarrollo están evaluando las lagunas en la consecución de los objetivos de desarrollo con miras a la próxima Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible y la cumbre sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio de 2015.",
"80. El presente informe es la primera oportunidad de hacer un balance de las medidas adoptadas por las entidades de las Naciones Unidas que integran la cultura, presentando los enfoques de desarrollo de todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas que tienen en cuenta la cultura y demostrando el impacto del sector cultural sobre el desarrollo en general y, en particular, sobre la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.",
"81. En la resolución se recomendó que se recogieran datos, hechos, cifras y mejores prácticas sobre los vínculos entre la cultura y el desarrollo, para demostrar el impacto de la cultura en el bienestar económico y social de los pueblos y las sociedades y orientar así las políticas nacionales e internacionales de desarrollo.",
"82. Asimismo, en la resolución se propugnó una mayor incorporación de la cultura al Marco de Asistencia de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo y se promovieron las asociaciones internacionales en el ámbito de la cultura y el desarrollo, como el memorando de entendimiento firmado recientemente por la UNESCO y el Banco Mundial.",
"83. Con las siguientes medidas se podrían afianzar los logros de 2011 y reforzar la aplicación de la resolución 65/166 de la Asamblea General:",
"a) Apoyar los esfuerzos sostenidos de todas las entidades de las Naciones Unidas destinados a entender mejor el vínculo entre la cultura y el desarrollo sostenible proporcionando indicadores, estadísticas y mejores prácticas, con el fin de orientar las políticas de desarrollo. Se podría invitar a la Comisión de Estadística a que trate este asunto y contribuya a recoger un conjunto de datos sobre la utilidad de las inversiones en el sector de la cultura;",
"b) Fomentar estudios que documenten el impacto cualitativo de la cultura en el bienestar de la sociedad y demuestren el potencial de los enfoques culturales basados en los derechos humanos para promover la paz duradera. En este sentido, se podría alentar al PNUD a que, en su Informe sobre el Desarrollo Humano, considere el impacto cualitativo de la cultura en el desarrollo humano e integre los datos relacionados con la cultura en el índice de desarrollo humano;",
"c) Llevar a cabo más esfuerzos para dar carácter operacional al enfoque de la cultura y el desarrollo que se empezó a aplicar en los proyectos financiados por el Fondo para el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, demostrando la pertinencia de la cultura para alcanzar los objetivos de desarrollo, incluidos los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio;",
"d) Invitar a la UNESCO a que considere organizar la conferencia propuesta y a que busque posibles modalidades, en estrecha colaboración con todas las entidades interesadas de las Naciones Unidas, para entender mejor las aportaciones cuantitativas y cualitativas de la cultura a un desarrollo inclusivo, equitativo y sostenible. La conferencia podría mantener el impulso generado por la resolución de la Asamblea General sobre la cultura y el desarrollo y ofrecer una oportunidad para formular un enfoque consolidado sobre la cultura y el desarrollo en todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas, incluso mediante un documento final sustantivo que comprenda nuevos elementos y compromisos de la comunidad internacional."
] | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"* A/66/150.",
"Item 21 of the provisional agenda*",
"Culture and development",
"Note by the Secretary-General",
"The Secretary-General hereby transmits the report prepared by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/166.",
"Culture and development",
"Report of the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization",
"Summary",
"The present report, prepared by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), presents progress made in the implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/166, entitled “Culture and development”, and includes an assessment of the value and desirability of organizing a United Nations conference on culture and development. To this end, the report outlines the work undertaken by 18 United Nations entities, demonstrating the contributions of culture to development. In addition, it presents the value of convening such a conference, assessing the aim, level, format, timing and the budgetary implications. It also includes recommendations for enhancing progress towards further integration of culture into development policies and practice.",
"Contents",
"Page\nI.Introduction 3\nII. Background 3III. Interface 4 between culture and \ndevelopment IV.Progress 6 of implementation in the United Nations \nsystem V.Assessment 19 of modalities for a United Nations conference on culture and \ndevelopment \nVI.Conclusions 20",
"I. Introduction",
"1. The present report is submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/166, entitled “Culture and development”, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General, in consultation with the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and relevant United Nations bodies and multilateral development institutions, to submit to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a progress report on the implementation of the resolution and to include therein an assessment of the value and desirability of organizing a United Nations conference on culture and development, including its aim, level, format and timing, as well as budgetary implications.",
"2. The most recent report on the topic of culture and development (A/59/202) concerned the implementation of General Assembly resolution 57/249.",
"II. Background",
"3. The evolution of the concept of development from a singular universal model and vision to a broader concept that entails multiple and diverse paths has resulted in a human-centred approach to development. This broadening of the development paradigm has gradually paved the way for acknowledging the indispensable role of culture in sustainable development. Consequently, a vision of sustainable development that better reflects the complexities of societies and the contextual implications has emerged. The 1996 report of the World Commission on Culture and Development, entitled Our Creative Diversity, contributed to the conceptual advancement highlighting the fundamental cultural dimension of a human-centred development model, and proposed that culture be prioritized in development policies. UNESCO was entrusted to lead the World Decade for Cultural Development from 1988 to 1997. The decade culminated in the Stockholm Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Policies for Development, which called for a cultural approach to human development and marked cultural policy as one of the key elements of development strategy.",
"4. Despite significant progress since the Stockholm Conference, the nexus between culture and development is still inadequately reflected in international development policies and culture remains ancillary in the development equation as defined by the different development objectives and measures. However, recent global developments signal a welcome trend towards the systematic integration of culture into development strategies and programmes. Among the eight thematic windows established to sustain the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, the culture and development window of the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund, financed by Spain, has provided an unprecedented opportunity to document the link between culture and development. Furthermore, the outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals at its sixty-fifth session (General Assembly resolution 65/1) emphasized the importance of culture for development and its contribution to the achievement of the Goals. It also encouraged international cooperation in the cultural field, aimed at achieving development objectives. This was reaffirmed by Assembly resolution 65/166, which called for the integration of culture into global and national development policies. Moreover, the Economic and Social Council recently adopted “Science, technology and innovation, and the potential of culture, for promoting sustainable development and achieving the Millennium Development Goals” as the theme for the annual ministerial review, to be held at its substantive session of 2013. The preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20 Conference), scheduled to take place in 2012, provide an opportunity to genuinely assess the integration of the cultural dimension in development.",
"III. Interface between culture and development",
"5. The relationship between culture and development is multifaceted. In addition to its intrinsic value, culture contributes to both the process and outcome of development. It has a cross-cutting role in achieving development goals and is a driver of development in its own right. Development initiatives and approaches that prioritize culture are likely to result in inclusive and context-sensitive development that yields equitable outcomes and enhances ownership by target beneficiaries. As such, development must be rooted in local cultures and knowledge and tailored to local circumstances in order for overall ownership to be enhanced, in line with the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. Consequently, the inclusion of the cultural dimension in the conception, measurement and practice of development is key to attaining and sustaining development objectives.",
"6. The culture sector, encompassing cultural heritage, creative and cultural industries, cultural tourism and cultural infrastructure, generates substantial economic benefits, including job creation. Despite the lack of reliable and consolidated data on the socio-economic contribution of culture, cultural industries account for more than 3.4 per cent of the global gross domestic product, with a global market share of approximately 1.6 trillion United States dollars in 2007, which represents almost double the amount estimated for international tourism receipts for the same year, according to a report carried out by PricewaterhouseCoopers in 2008. As outlined in the same report, cultural and creative industries represent one of the most rapidly expanding sectors in the global economy, with a growth rate of 17.6 per cent in the Middle East, 13.9 per cent in Africa, 11.9 per cent in South America, 9.7 per cent in Asia, 6.9 per cent in Oceania, and 4.3 per cent in North and Central America. The report also records how the culture sector grew steadily in the 1980s and exponentially in the 1990s, when the creative economies in the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development grew at an annual rate twice that of service industries and four times that of manufacturing.",
"7. National economies significantly benefit from the cultural sector. For instance, IBF International Consulting reported in 2007 that Mali’s culture sector accounted for 5.8 per cent of employment in 2004 and 2.38 per cent of the gross domestic product in 2006, while Thailand has an estimated two million craft workers, of whom almost half work full time in the craft trade. Similarly, the creative sector in Brazil contributed 6.7 per cent of the gross domestic product in 1998, according to UNESCO data in “The power of culture for development”. Promoting and further developing the culture sector as a powerful economic sector generates employment and provides outlets for innovation.",
"8. The tourism sector has diversified to become one of the fastest growing economic sectors, especially in developing countries. Gross worldwide tourism receipts grew at an average rate of 7 per cent from 1998 to 2008; according to figures released in June 2011 by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the rate of growth in the least developed countries, for the same period, was 12 per cent. In 2010, international tourism generated 919 billion dollars in export earnings. Emerging and developing countries accounted for 47 per cent of world international tourism arrivals and 36.9 per cent of world international tourism receipts in 2010. Cultural tourism presently accounts for 40 per cent of world tourism revenues. Cultural heritage sites in general, and in particular, those inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, generate substantial revenues and employment from tourism. The same applies to intangible cultural heritage, which sustains living cultural expressions and traditional know-how, as well as performing arts. Museums and other cultural institutions also significantly contribute to economic investments and benefits. Therefore, identifying tourism as a subsector for investment would encourage investment in infrastructure and stimulate local development.",
"9. Though inherently complex and difficult to quantify, investing in intercultural dialogue can help prevent conflicts, build peace and protect the rights of marginalized groups, thus creating conditions for achieving development goals. By promoting understanding and reconciliation, intercultural dialogue transcends barriers between and within cultures, serving as a valuable lever to counter ignorance, prejudice and exclusion. In addition to fostering social cohesion, culture is an essential component of human development, as it provides a sense of identity and is a source of creativity at both individual and societal levels. With globalization and technological advances presenting opportunities as well as threats, culture-sensitive approaches help to protect vulnerable communities from the pressure of homogenization, to the enrichment of all societies.",
"10. Local and indigenous knowledge systems and environmental management practices provide valuable insight and tools for tackling ecological challenges, preventing the loss of biodiversity, reducing land degradation and mitigating the effects of climate change. With the profound development implications of climate change, capitalizing on the positive practices embedded in traditional cultures that value the balance between the natural and human worlds can contribute towards achieving development objectives. Seeking synergies between traditional and modern environmental practices and strengthening community participation in conservation initiatives are central aspects of environmental sustainability.",
"11. Although there is no explicit reference to culture in the Millennium Development Goals, culture bears direct and indirect effects on their attainment. The cultural dimension in development reinforces national ownership of development initiatives by ensuring responsive and context-appropriate development policies, aligned with national development priorities. The economic prospects of the culture sector are particularly relevant for developing countries, given their rich cultural heritage and substantial labour force. Sustainable tourism and the culture and creative industries are strategic outlets for income generation and poverty reduction. Cultural industries require limited capital investment and have low entry barriers. Culture-related economic opportunities are not easily outsourced, making them attractive to investors. Effective promotion of the cultural industries is likely to have direct impact on vulnerable populations, owing to the significant reliance of the culture economy on the informal sector, where poor and marginalized populations, including women, often find employment, and can thereby stimulate social inclusion while maximizing jobs and trade opportunities. Development experiences indicate that the economic empowerment of women frequently results in a multiplier effect, with community gains and economic growth. Besides empowering marginalized communities, the cultural industries encourage innovation, support skill development and generate entrepreneurial capital within local communities.",
"IV. Progress of implementation in the United Nations system",
"United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization",
"12. As the only United Nations agency with a specific mandate in the field of culture, UNESCO strategic programmes are diverse and seek to foster cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and a culture of peace, as well as to demonstrate the fundamental linkage between culture and sustainable development. For UNESCO, the cultural dimension of development entails protecting and promoting cultural diversity in all its manifestations, including safeguarding tangible and intangible cultural heritage, preserving the diversity of cultural expressions, mainstreaming cultural approaches to the prevention of HIV/AIDS and to material health, as well as advancing culturally sensitive policies and actions.",
"13. During the past year, UNESCO has consolidated the repositioning of culture in development through a range of analytical, normative, technical and operational initiatives and tools. Among other benefits, these initiatives advanced the aims of the resolution. Multiple donors support UNESCO culture-related operational projects that promote local development.",
"14. Eight normative instruments, including seven conventions, guide UNESCO engagement in the field of culture. These are: the Universal Copyright Convention; the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict; the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property; the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage; the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity; the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage; the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage; and the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. Drawing on these instruments, UNESCO has developed several tools and capacity-building activities to pursue the global culture and development agenda.",
"15. With regard to the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, in particular its provisions for the promotion of cultural industries and expressions, capacity-building initiatives include an expert facility programme (totalling 1 million euros and funded by the European Union) that seeks to strengthen the system of governance for culture through technical assistance missions. In addition, UNESCO has produced a series of innovative policy, research and educational tools, such as the policy guide for developing cultural and creative industries and the online resource hub, “Culture and creative industries around the world”. Also in the framework of that Convention, UNESCO encourages public-private partnerships through its Global Alliance for Cultural Diversity, a mechanism that promotes collaborative arrangements to strengthen cultural industries in developing countries. With funds in excess of 4 million dollars, the International Fund for Cultural Diversity currently supports 31 projects from 24 developing countries. These projects will contribute to a global database on best practice for culture and development projects.",
"16. In relation to the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, a large-scale capacity-building programme supporting ratification and effective implementation has been launched. A group of 60 experts, including 20 from Africa, received training and continue to participate in more than 30 capacity-building activities worldwide. The global capacity-building strategy is supported by the Fund for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage and by extrabudgetary contributions, amounting to approximately 10 million dollars for a two-year period.",
"17. In line with the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, UNESCO developed the “Cultural Diversity Lens”, a tool that enables policymakers and practitioners to assess development policies and programmes from a cultural diversity perspective. Employing this lens, UNESCO conducted workshops that led to the review of 12 United Nations Development Assistance Framework documents and outcomes, of 8 joint programmes of the United Nations and of 50 project documents. Furthermore, the cultural policies of nine countries were reviewed to reflect cultural diversity principles and 11 United Nations country teams were trained to take culture into account when designing programmes and strategies.",
"18. To inform national policymakers of the need to protect underwater cultural heritage from looting, UNESCO, in collaboration with different partners, organized seven regional conferences on the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. These meetings focused on improving legal protection, raising awareness of underwater heritage conservation and capacity-building in the field of underwater archaeology and heritage management.",
"19. In the framework of the preparations for the recently adopted global World Heritage Capacity-Building Strategy, 2,864 individuals participated in 32 capacity-building trainings conducted in 5 regions, with women representing 37 per cent of participants. In 2012, the theme of the commemoration of the fortieth anniversary of the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage will be “World Heritage and sustainable development: the role of local communities in the management of World Heritage Sites”. UNESCO continues to work on case studies, in the framework of other conventions, that demonstrate the crucial role of local communities in the socio-economic development of World Heritage sites, while maintaining their outstanding universal value and integrity. A coordination meeting with the secretariats of other biodiversity-related conventions took place in April 2011.",
"20. Regarding the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, UNESCO combats illicit trafficking of cultural objects through strategic partnerships, awareness-raising and capacity-building. Several legal, practical and awareness-raising tools, such as the Database of National Cultural Heritage Laws, have been developed. National and regional trainings organized by UNESCO in 2011 include workshops in Egypt, Mongolia, Namibia and the Philippines.",
"21. In addition, UNESCO has undertaken measures to respond to the increased demand for data and to support the strategic integration of culture in development policies. To better measure the impact and relevance of cultural policies and initiatives, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics developed the UNESCO Framework for Cultural Statistics, a tool that defines culture for statistical purposes and allows for the production of internationally comparable data. The Institute is also advancing rapidly on the production of data on employment in the culture sector. Building on recently generated data and experiences gained from implementing culture-related development projects worldwide, the innovative culture for development indicator suite informs decision-making by providing qualitative and quantitative indicators covering seven development areas.",
"22. To respond to the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, the UNESCO culture, HIV and AIDS programme supports policy and planning that is gender-responsive, human rights-based and built on a thorough analysis of the sociocultural specificities of the communities concerned. Culturally appropriate approaches stress the need for multiple, context-specific biomedical, behavioural and structural interventions. UNESCO developed a series of guideline materials for the design of cultural approaches to HIV/AIDS prevention and care, including an interactive e-learning tool for project officers. Other programme activities include nurturing “enabling environments” for culturally appropriate HIV and AIDS policies, and strengthening local research.",
"23. The contribution of the culture and creative industries to sustainable development is strengthened through the culture and development window of the Achievement Fund, of which UNESCO has been designated Convenor. With a budget of 95 million dollars, 18 joint programmes are supported worldwide under this inter-agency initiative, which builds on culture as an asset for socio-economic development and a factor for social cohesion and peace. The cultural dimensions covered by the programmes range from cultural heritage to cultural industries and cultural tourism to intercultural dialogue. National ownership with community-based action is one of numerous strengths of the joint programmes, which involve coordination with economy and finance, culture, tourism and environment ministries. The joint programmes on culture and development have produced a number of tangible results in areas such as tourism, heritage promotion and conservation, craft and creative industries and intercultural dialogue. As living laboratories for “Delivering as one”, the joint programmes have generated considerable innovation and knowledge in terms of inter-agency cooperation and programming and have contributed to advancing United Nations reform at the country level, building on the comparative advantage of each entity.",
"24. A two-year knowledge management system project on culture and development aims to capitalize on the experience of the 18 joint programmes on culture and development funded by the Achievement Fund, and to capture, codify, translate and disseminate knowledge with a view to learning, raising awareness and informing future development policy and programming. The project will enable the further assessment of the linkages between culture and development, including the impact of culture on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.",
"25. On 1 July 2011, UNESCO and the World Bank signed a memorandum of understanding formalizing ongoing cooperation on culture and development, with a framework for technical work in the areas of preservation and rehabilitation of historic cities, conservation of natural heritage sites, cultural indicators, the economics of culture and the promotion of cultural diversity. UNESCO is exploring other potential partnerships to strengthen culture and development linkages.",
"26. UNESCO supports multiple efforts geared at harnessing indigenous knowledge. It coordinated the elaboration of a joint reflection paper by the Inter‑Agency Support Group on Indigenous People’s Issues, on the theme of indigenous people and the role of their culture and identity in development, in the light of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, as a contribution to the ninth session of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. In addition, UNESCO further consolidated its support for cultural approaches to natural resources management, including the preservation and application of local and indigenous knowledge for environmental sustainability, through a joint programme with the secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Strengthening the linkages between culture and biodiversity, the joint programme employs a holistic approach consistent with cultural values, knowledge systems and livelihoods that contributes to conservation as well as the sustainable and equitable use of biodiversity.",
"27. With the aim of optimizing the contribution of culture to sustainable development, field offices have implemented General Assembly resolution 65/166 through capacity-building, awareness-raising, knowledge exchanges, culture mainstreaming, fund mobilization and support for the strengthening of national legal and policy frameworks.",
"28. In response to the General Assembly’s request, the Director-General of UNESCO invited all relevant United Nations bodies to provide contributions on the implementation of the resolution, since its adoption on 20 December 2010. The following 17 organizations responded.",
"United Nations Development Programme",
"29. The primary engagement of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in the area of culture and development is through the culture and development window of the Achievement Fund. Alongside other United Nations entities, UNDP participates in the implementation of the 18 joint programmes on culture and development. UNDP administers the Fund on behalf of the United Nations system.",
"30. UNDP implements other initiatives aligned with General Assembly resolution 65/166, including the biennial Equator Prize that supports efforts to reduce poverty through the sustainable use of biodiversity, and promotes sustainable development that respects the rights of indigenous people through the Global Environment Facility Small Grants Programme. Under the first pillar of its Millennium Development Goals “Breakthrough Strategy”, UNDP continues to implement the Millennium Development Goals acceleration framework for 14 countries across the globe. The tool, developed by UNDP and endorsed by the United Nations Development Group, aids Governments and development partners in examining issues of participation, discrimination and cultural exclusion, in line with resolution 65/166, as they relate to bottlenecks hampering the progress of interventions based on the Millennium Development Goals. The bottleneck assessment under the framework includes questions concerning reducing language barriers and respecting indigenous peoples’ practices in public services such as health and education.",
"31. On 20 May 2011, UNDP, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the International Labour Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund launched the first global United Nations inter-agency initiative to advance the rights of indigenous peoples, the United Nations Indigenous Peoples’ Partnership. Furthermore, the Human Development Report, together with other UNDP publications, underscores culture as an integral part of sustainable development and achieving the Millennium Development Goals. In addition, the Assistant Administrator of UNDP launched a new report, in collaboration with the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), entitled Creative Economy Report 2010: a Feasible Development Option, which reviews the market situation for creative industries and the potential of cultural industries for developing countries that seek to diversify their economies and progress in one of the most vibrant sectors of the world economy.",
"Development Operations Coordination Office",
"32. Pursuant to paragraph 6 of the resolution, the Development Operations Coordination Office communicated the text of the resolution to all resident coordinators, inviting them to further integrate and mainstream culture into their programmes within the United Nations Development Assistance Framework. Currently, some 60 per cent of the programmes under the Framework (in 112 countries) reference culture and/or include a cultural component in their activities.",
"United Nations Industrial Development Organization",
"33. In its strategy for the development of creative industries, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) seeks to empower entrepreneurial women, youth, rural groups and peripheral communities to respond to market opportunities utilizing the rich creative cultural heritage and diverse creative knowledge to produce innovative goods and services. To this end, a targeted environment of policy support measures, microcredit as well as venture funds and business support mechanisms are put in place. In relation to the economic potential of creative knowledge for multimedia and audio-visual production, UNIDO assisted eight island States in the Caribbean to promote entrepreneurship, develop frameworks and enhance institutional capacities for business development services for the creative industries. Through South-South Cooperation, the project built the capacities of national as well as regional counterparts, using UNIDO methodologies for entrepreneurship development and business development services.",
"34. UNIDO supports specific policies and advocacy measures to redress exclusion of indigenous communities from the benefits of activities related to creative industries. For example, the “Entrepreneurship for Creative Industries” project in China, implemented within the United Nations Development Assistance Framework “Outcome One” programme for 2008-2011, seeks to develop social and economic policies for human-centred, sustainable and equitable growth.",
"35. Under the prevailing conditions of global competition and concerns for harnessing environment-friendly resources, creative industries are considered to be a key sector for operationalizing new perspectives and technologies, through sustainable national and industrial development strategies for poverty reduction. UNIDO has produced two substantial documents on creative industry development. In response to increasing requests from Member States, UNIDO intensified its technical assistance to promote the development of cultural assets through the creative industries. That includes addressing insufficient quality standards, inadequate supply capacity, insufficient market linkages and limited commercialization of creative industries. Furthermore, UNIDO developed relevant linkages with other sectors, including agribusiness, in order to enhance the potential for job creation and human development, based on traditional and cultural heritage.",
"World Tourism Organization",
"36. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) recognizes sustainable tourism as a powerful tool for development and cultural diversity and as a key contributor to local economies worldwide. The advancement of sustainable tourism, in a manner that establishes a balance between environmental, economic and sociocultural aspects of tourism development, lies at the heart of UNWTO programmes. The Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, the guiding policy document of UNWTO, unequivocally affirms the importance of culture for sustainable development, economic growth, human enrichment and poverty eradication. The Code promotes cultural diversity and advocates for cultural tourism as an essential component of sustainability.",
"37. Within the framework of its capacity-building activities, UNWTO developed a tourism management programme at heritage sites to facilitate the development of policy and operational guidelines for addressing tourist congestion at cultural and natural heritage sites, and for enhancing the tourism sector’s ability to develop and present destinations and heritage sites in a more comprehensive manner.",
"38. UNWTO acknowledges that linking tourism with cultural heritage better serves local economies. When managed well, cultural tourism protects a nation’s natural and cultural treasures and improves the quality of life for residents and visitors. A handbook for the tourism sector on communicating heritage will further contribute to capacity-building activities on cultural tourism and consolidate the creative sector. The first UNWTO study on tourism and intangible cultural heritage, which is expected to be published in 2011, provides comprehensive research and innovative forms of policymaking through case study analysis, drawn from across five continents, on the links between tourism development and intangible cultural heritage. UNWTO is a member of the steering group for the UNESCO programme on World Heritage and sustainable tourism.",
"39. The Technical Cooperation and Services Department of UNWTO implements many cooperation projects where culture is the major focus. The tourism development master plan for the State of Punjab in India includes sustainable development of cultural tourism at some of the prime locations in the State, where cultural tourism will open up new avenues for socio-economic development of the local communities through job creation and income generation, particularly for youth and women. Within the framework of the Achievement Fund, UNWTO, together with other United Nations entities, is implementing the joint programme for the mobilization of the Dahshur World Heritage Site for community development in Egypt.",
"40. In 2002, the UNWTO “Sustainable Tourism Eliminating Poverty” initiative was launched to reduce poverty levels by promoting sustainable forms of tourism. To date, 24 regional and national trainings on tourism and poverty reduction have been organized to build capacities among public officials, non-governmental organizations, the private sector and communities in developing countries, with a total participation of over 2,000 officials. With the support of a wide range of public and private sector organizations, 97 projects are already being implemented, benefiting 33 developing countries. Projects range from the training of local guides and hotel employees to facilitating the involvement of local residents in tourism development around natural and cultural heritage sites and establishing business linkages between poor producers and tourism enterprises. Relevant examples of such projects with a clear cultural heritage component can be found in several countries, including Ethiopia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and the United Republic of Tanzania. Finally, UNWTO has published five reports providing evidence of the impact of tourism in reducing poverty levels, as well as recommendations on how to maximize these impacts.",
"World Bank",
"41. The World Bank’s policies support culture as a key component of the development paradigm, with significant implications for social cohesion, opportunities for economic growth and positive synergies with poverty reduction strategies. Cultural considerations and cultural development objectives have been set for an increasing number of projects that are primarily generated in the following areas: (a) urban development, which promotes the rehabilitation of historic cities and sites, their accessibility, conservation and presentation; (b) local economic development, as it relates to the activities of small and medium enterprises, especially of the informal sector, which lie at the core of handicrafts production and commerce; (c) social development, which promotes cultural diversity in order to ensure social cohesion among diverse social groups and the integration of indigenous peoples, minorities and migrants into the social fabric; and (d) sustainable tourism development, which promotes economic investments primarily in the hospitality business and services related to natural and cultural landscapes. The total volume of the World Bank’s investments in development projects with a cultural dimension has increased from 1.3 billion dollars, between 1990 and 1999, to 4 billion dollars between 2000 and 2009, with a majority of the investments generated under urban development.",
"42. The World Bank’s assistance to the Governments of developing countries and emerging economies extends to analytical work and technical assistance to assess institutional frameworks and improve the effectiveness of national and local agencies responsible for the management of cultural assets. The World Bank also conducts research work on policy topics such as cultural economics and the threats to cultural heritage caused by increasing natural hazards and the impact of climate change.",
"International Fund for Agricultural Development",
"43. As part of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) engagement with indigenous peoples, the following activities were carried out in 2011, in order to raise public awareness of indigenous peoples’ cultural diversity. In May, at the meeting of the World Summit on the Information Society Forum in Geneva, IFAD delivered a presentation entitled “Promoting indigenous peoples’ education — IFAD engagement with indigenous peoples”, which highlighted development with culture and identity. In June, IFAD sponsored the first “Indigenous Terra Madre” forum, an event focused on strengthening the food cultures of indigenous peoples and creating spaces for the expression of indigenous voices in the ongoing food and climate debate.",
"44. IFAD is currently implementing its policy on engagement with indigenous peoples, which includes principles of engagement relating to “cultural heritage and identity as assets”, through which IFAD will build upon indigenous peoples’ cultural distinctiveness and assist communities in taking full advantage of their traditional knowledge, culture, governance systems and natural resources. The IFAD Indigenous Peoples Assistance Facility finances projects designed and implemented by indigenous peoples’ communities and includes “development with culture and identity” as one of the selection criteria for financing. At an IFAD workshop in February 2011, the process of establishing an indigenous peoples’ forum at IFAD was initiated. The forum’s objectives would include the strengthening of partnerships between IFAD and indigenous peoples, in order to address poverty and sustainable development with culture and identity.",
"45. IFAD funded a grant to Oxfam Italy for a project addressing the marginalization of poor farmers and migrants from Ecuador, Morocco and Senegal through market linkages and the promotion of diversity. The project empowers poor rural communities and enhances their income generation opportunities by rescuing and conserving target plant species and their associated indigenous knowledge; enhancing cultivating practices; developing commercialization and marketing; and raising public awareness on the value of target species in nutritional security, health and income generation. An important dimension of the programme was to ensure cultural continuity.",
"46. The IFAD Indigenous Peoples Assistance Facility has supported a wide variety of microprojects focusing on indigenous traditional knowledge and community practices of environmental management. Several such projects revitalized traditional agricultural systems and handicraft techniques, while others aimed at valuing and strengthening indigenous peoples’ communities’ identities, traditional customs and languages.",
"World Intellectual Property Organization",
"47. Consistent with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) focus on the linkage between intellectual property and the preservation of the public domain, WIPO undertook a series of initiatives, including the second survey on voluntary registration and deposit systems (on repositories of cultural and historical heritage); the scoping study on copyright and related rights and the Public Domain (a comparison of national legislations that directly or indirectly define the public domain); and the survey of private copyright documentation systems and practices. In October 2011, WIPO will organize a conference on copyright documentation and infrastructure to showcase the findings.",
"48. More than 35 countries have used the WIPO Guide on Surveying the Economic Contribution of the Copyright-based Industries, which includes industries considered to be of great cultural value. This informs national development as measured through gross domestic product, employment and trade statistics. Several countries use the outcome reports and studies as a basis to further study and develop their creative and cultural industries-related policy. Furthermore, WIPO assists member States in developing national strategies on the creative industries. The Creative Industries Division of WIPO has developed several publications on specific creative industries. A guide to assessing the economic, social and cultural impact of the creative industries is being developed. The multi-stakeholder project includes inputs from UNESCO and Eurostat, among others, and is designed to enable countries to address cultural and developmental policy issues.",
"49. Upon request, WIPO conducts capacity-building activities. In 2011, the Copyright Development Services Division organized 20 activities, including 7 national, 7 regional and 2 interregional training programmes, and 4 expert missions for developing countries. Moreover, the Traditional Knowledge Division of WIPO, in collaboration with the Government of Oman, organized an international technical symposium entitled “Intellectual property and sustainable development: documentation and registration of traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions”, held in June 2011. In May 2011, WIPO and the International Council of Museums signed a memorandum of understanding pledging collaboration and cooperation on intellectual property issues of interest to museums. WIPO participated in several awareness-raising and technical cooperation activities in numerous countries. Notably, WIPO participated in the work of the independent expert in the field of cultural rights on access to cultural heritage. Lastly, WIPO produced a United Nations Television and Video film entitled “Digitizing traditional culture in Kenya”.",
"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations",
"50. In 2011, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and UNESCO will jointly organize a workshop on the quality of food and agricultural products. To prepare for the workshop, FAO initiated a study on the potential of origin-linked products to preserve and promote the UNESCO Programme on Man and the Biosphere, World Heritage sites, the FAO Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems and other areas of natural and cultural interests. The workshop will identify areas in which FAO and UNESCO can further collaborate in the preservation and promotion of natural and cultural heritage.",
"United Nations Environment Programme",
"51. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach to achieving environmental protection and sustainable development, including the interlinkages between global environmental changes and adverse social, cultural and economic effects. In the light of the decision by the Governing Council of UNEP, at its sixteenth session, to focus on environment and cultural diversity, UNEP environmental protection activities include biodiversity, traditional knowledge, indigenous languages and practices, cultural diversity and biodiversity and cultural behaviours. UNEP, in the fifth report of its Global Environment Outlook series, will consider the interlinkages between knowledge and practices of indigenous communities, and the goals of conservation and sustainable use; the analysis will be submitted as a contribution to the preparation process for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.",
"52. Key initiatives include the production of awareness-raising materials for the annual celebration of the International Day of the World’s Indigenous People and for several UNEP publications, such as the special issue of the youth magazine “TUNZA” on indigenous knowledge and the environment and articles on indigenous knowledge in “The Environment Times”, a publication of the UNEP Global Resource Information Database in Norway (GRID-Arendal).",
"53. Using the framework of multilateral environment agreements, UNEP focuses on identifying cultural and community rights to biodiversity management, including conservation, sustainable use and access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing. Linking the concepts of access- and benefit-sharing and traditional knowledge, UNEP worked with relevant stakeholders, including UNESCO, to develop a set of biocultural community protocols to help mainstream culture, biodiversity management and traditional knowledge into livelihood securities, economic well‑being and sustainable development. In 2010, a website developed jointly with UNESCO was launched by UNEP, as part of the International Year of Biodiversity, to showcase work on biocultural community protocols. A policy brief on communities and well-being, developed by UNEP and other partners and addressing rights-based approaches, development and community knowledge services, was distributed at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, held in Nagoya, Japan, in October 2010.",
"54. UNEP is one of five United Nations entities participating in a joint programme in Namibia, funded by the Achievement Fund. The project builds on cultural and natural heritage as a basis for the development of cultural tourism and targets ethnic minority groups. UNEP is responsible for mainstreaming environment into cultural tourism by supporting the Government of Namibia in more effectively integrating and implementing the principles of cultural and natural diversity into sustainable development policies and activities.",
"55. In 2010, UNEP supported a project on the involvement of African non‑governmental organizations in the access- and benefit-sharing process. It explored the role of such organizations in the protection of traditional knowledge, awareness-raising and capacity-building in local communities in the context of traditional knowledge as it relates to access- and benefit-sharing legislation in some African countries. Furthermore, UNEP, in partnership with several organizations, including the Drought Monitoring Centre of the Climate Prediction and Applications Centre of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) concluded a project on harnessing and application of indigenous knowledge in nature conservation and natural disaster management in Africa. This knowledge, in line with African traditions, has been handed down orally from generation to generation, hence the compelling need to document it. In 2010, a book entitled Traditional Knowledge in Policy and Practice: Approaches to Development and Human Well‑being was published by the United Nations University Press, with support from UNEP. Within the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity articles on access- and benefit-sharing and traditional knowledge, UNEP assisted Parties to the Convention to finalize traditional knowledge-related work programmes and complete negotiations under the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity.",
"United Nations Conference on Trade and Development",
"56. Since 2000, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) mandate has included conducting policy-oriented research to assist developing countries in identifying innovative policy options for optimizing the economic contributions of the creative industries, in order to foster trade and development gains towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. The UNCTAD Creative Economy Programme works on the development dimensions of creative industries. Key contributions of UNCTAD include the joint UNCTAD and UNDP “Creative Economy” reports of 2008 and 2010, as well as the UNCTAD global database on the creative economy. UNCTAD Creative Economy Programme e-news raises awareness of the importance of culture and the growing contributions of the creative economy to fostering sustainable and inclusive development, facilitates networking and partnerships, and enhances synergy between key stakeholders.",
"57. In 2010, UNCTAD prepared country profiles and a user guide for the UNCTAD Global Database on the Creative Economy. Demand-driven capacity-building continues to assist end-users from all countries to assess the trade performance of their creative products in the global market. The tool is used in policy design to shape concrete actions for nurturing the creative economy. UNCTAD supports developing countries in enhancing their creative productive capacities and the appropriate institutional, regulatory and financing mechanisms to facilitate the emergence of domestic markets for culture and creative goods, as well as services.",
"58. UNCTAD conducted research on the linkages between the creative economy and the green economy, capturing ongoing policy debates on how creativity and biodiversity can be a win-win solution for promoting sustainable development and economic recovery. In the context of the International Year of Biodiversity, celebrated in 2010, UNCTAD launched the “eco-chic” initiative to increase awareness within the international community of environmentally and socially sensitive practices in the use of biodiversity.",
"59. Through its Creative Economy Programme, UNCTAD assists developing countries to put in place concerted multidisciplinary policies and inter-ministerial actions involving the areas of culture, tourism, trade, labour, technology and enterprise development. Examples include national country studies, released in June 2011, for Mozambique and Zambia.",
"60. Concrete initiatives to optimize the contributions of culture and the creative industries for development include the “Creative Africa Initiative” launched in 2008. It showcases the richness of African cultures and the creative talent of Africans to promote inclusive development rooted in the creative economy. Subsequently, the Prime Minister of Nigeria created the Nigerian chapter of the initiative to support the Nigerian film industry. In Ghana, Mali and Senegal, the creative economy is now part of the national strategy for poverty reduction. In 2011, UNCTAD, in collaboration with the World Meteorological Organization, launched the “Puppet Planet Project” to encourage action that addresses climate challenges and environmental degradation while promoting sustainable development and the culture/creative economy in developing countries.",
"United Nations Institute for Training and Research",
"61. The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) series on the management and conservation of World Heritage seeks to optimize the impact of UNESCO conventions on natural and cultural heritage by focusing on related national policy formulation, best practices and case studies knowledge exchange. A values-based management approach, which makes the conservation of heritage meaningful, has been developed over the course of seven workshops. The series has also focused on the innovative role that natural and cultural heritage can play in peacebuilding, using the example of Hiroshima by highlighting the resonance and relevance of its policies for other sites around the world.",
"United Nations Office for Project Services",
"62. The United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) contributes to the promotion of culture for sustainable development through the restoration of cultural heritage and historic buildings, the improvement of access to local markets and historical sites, and the management of small grants to help local communities address environmental challenges. UNOPS capacity-building for the development of a dynamic cultural and creative sector includes projects in Argentina and Guatemala, where UNOPS supports the respective Governments through the provision of human resource management services and information and communications technology equipment, and assists in the conservation of historical buildings. To contribute to improved access to markets, products and services, including cultural goods and cultural tourism sites, UNOPS maintains and builds large road networks throughout Africa and Asia and provides demining services.",
"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS",
"63. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) supports evidence and rights-based responses to HIV, in order to move towards zero new infections, zero discrimination and zero AIDS-related deaths. UNAIDS recognizes the central role of culture as a foundation of society, and seeks to maximize the positive contributions of cultural leaders towards responses that: (a) achieve public health goals through the implementation of evidence-supported approaches; (b) respect the dignity and rights of individuals, particularly with regard to non‑discrimination, health, security of the person, privacy and freedom from violence; and (c) include pragmatic approaches that respond to peoples’ behaviours and needs.",
"64. UNAIDS promotes inclusive dialogue in all aspects of the HIV response, acknowledging that the behaviours and known risk factors for HIV infection can be controversial and culturally sensitive.",
"Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees",
"65. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is deeply committed to ensuring that refugees, stateless and internally displaced persons and other persons of concern have equal access to their rights, protection, services and resources, and are able to participate as active partners in the decisions that affect them. To this end, UNHCR has committed to mainstreaming an age, gender and diversity approach in its operations worldwide. The diversity element of the approach refers to differences in values, attitudes, cultural perspectives, beliefs, ethnic background, nationality, sexual orientation, gender identity, ability, health, social status, skills and other specific personal characteristics. By analysing these dimensions as interlinked personal characteristics, UNHCR can better understand the multifaceted protection risks and capacities of individuals and communities, and address and support these more effectively. By promoting respect for difference as an enriching element of any community, UNHCR fosters full equality. National or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities or indigenous groups often experience discrimination and marginalization, factors that are compounded in forced displacement situations. UNHCR works to identify the risks, as well as the strategies to mitigate them.",
"United Nations Human Settlements Programme",
"66. The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) provides technical assistance and extensive guidance for policymakers and local leaders to assist in the development of public policies and participatory decision-making processes, with a view to contributing to the improvement of the living conditions of indigenous peoples in urban areas. In 2011, UN-Habitat produced a policy guide to secure land rights for indigenous peoples in cities, in partnership with the Global Land Tool Network. In 2010 and 2011, UN-Habitat focused on some of the specific challenges indigenous peoples are facing in cities, in particular with regards to health and the negative impacts of climate change on vulnerable urban settlements, but also to indigenous peoples’ contributions to a sustainable urban development and a green economy.",
"United Nations Population Fund",
"67. The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) developed a “culture lens” in 2001 to integrate cultural dynamics into all its human rights-based programming on sexual and reproductive health, gender equality and population and development. Critical to this “lens”, is a focus on young people as powerful enablers of the struggle against poverty and as the cultural and political drivers of development. UNFPA continues to support processes, at the national level, designed with and for youth constituencies, as part of its broader engagement for safe motherhood and family planning.",
"68. The Executive Director of UNFPA launched a campaign initiative, “7 Billion Actions”, on World Population Day, 11 July 2011, targeting broad cultural agents of change, to work on building awareness and to magnify the opportunities and challenges of a world of seven billion people. UNFPA offices around the world are also working with faith-based non-governmental organizations and religious leaders as critical gatekeepers of culture, who form part of its Global Interfaith Network on Population and Development. The aim of the network, which has more than 500 members, is to encourage participation in national development plans and processes; build service capacities around family planning, safe motherhood, urbanization and immigration; and provide coordinated humanitarian relief efforts that take into account the specific reproductive health needs of girls and women.",
"69. UNFPA chairs the inter-agency task force on engaging faith-based organizations for the Millennium Development Goals. Under the aegis of that mechanism, UNFPA co-sponsors a strategic learning exchange for senior United Nations staff, based around the themes of faith, culture and development. The course is offered through the United Nations System Staff College in Turin, Italy, each year, and includes global faith-based non-governmental organizations as resources for the mutual policy and programmatic learning on culture and development.",
"United Nations Volunteers programme",
"70. The United Nations Volunteers programme (UNV), in collaboration with different partners, organized multiple activities in line with the resolution, including workshops promoting cultural heritage and facilitating capacity-building for the cultural and creative industries. For instance, UNV, along with other United Nations entities, national partners and the local community, promoted Haitian art in all its forms to contribute to sustainable livelihoods, especially in the communities most devastated by the earthquake that struck Haiti in 2010. Moreover, UNDP and UNV are among several United Nations entities participating in a joint programme on creativity and cultural identity for local development, in Honduras.",
"V. Assessment of modalities for a United Nations conference on culture and development",
"71. The contributions of the United Nations entities summarized in this report showcase multiple and diverse programmes and different approaches to sustainable development. They demonstrate that culture-sensitive approaches underline mandates in areas as diverse as agriculture, food security, poverty alleviation, health, environmental sustainability, urbanization, refugee protection, migration, social cohesion, human rights and gender equality. Furthermore, the contributions entail technical assistance at both a policy and an operational level, with support focusing on: capacity-building (both for institutions and individuals); awareness-raising; mainstreaming culture in development policies and programmes; conserving and leveraging cultural heritage, including indigenous knowledge as an asset for development; generating knowledge though policy-oriented research; lessons learned through implementation; and data collection for monitoring and evaluating the impact of culture on development. Collaborative efforts building on the comparative advantages of the United Nations entities and community-oriented approaches are also recurring themes.",
"72. The current global efforts that address gaps in achieving sustainable development and mapping the way for future development goals and approaches, including the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul, Turkey, in May 2011, the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 and for a summit on the Millennium Development Goals in 2015, remain insufficiently informed by the impact of culture on development, including its contribution to the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals. While future opportunities exist for examining the potential contributions of culture to achieving sustainable development, such as the annual ministerial review at the substantive session of the Economic and Social Council of 2013, they afford rather limited potential and lack appropriate expertise, among other resources, to satisfactorily address the nexus between culture and the three pillars of development. There is a need for additional quantitative data and substantial debates on the linkages between culture and development.",
"73. Culture-sensitive approaches and practices are neither consolidated nor fully assessed within United Nations shared policies, practices and, most importantly, vision. Consensus-building and a better articulation of a shared vision and guidelines, together with an enhanced exchange of experiences, would ensure that United Nations entities more effectively respond to the increasing demand for assistance in this sector, and would contribute to the ongoing efforts to mainstream culture into the distinctive mandates of United Nations entities. Moreover, it would facilitate further collaboration in joint programming exercises at the country level and inform the decisions of development actors.",
"74. A high-level culture and development conference would address the impact of culture on sustainable development, both in quantitative and qualitative terms, in order to better inform the development agenda towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals.",
"75. The year 2011 marks the thirteenth anniversary of the Stockholm Intergovernmental Conference on Culture Policies for Development, with its focus on “the power of culture”. It provides a timely opportunity for the international community to build on the momentum, take stock and consider the appropriate manner in which to integrate the cultural dimension into the development agenda towards 2015 and beyond.",
"76. The proposed two-day conference could be organized in plenary sessions and round tables. Conference invitations would be extended to some 500 participants comprising of high-level Government representatives, heads of United Nations entities, representatives of development banks, non-governmental organizations, foundations, civil society and the private sector.",
"77. In response to the General Assembly’s request, in its resolution 65/166, for a budget estimate for convening the proposed conference, it is expected that, should the conference be held at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, the minimum estimate would be 400,000 dollars, including the use of the venue, interpretation and translation services and security expenses, but excluding travel and accommodation of participants.",
"78. Alternatively, the conference could be hosted by a Member State.",
"VI. Conclusions",
"79. General Assembly resolution 65/166 was instrumental in revitalizing the debate on the impact of culture on sustainable development, at a time when international development actors are assessing gaps in achieving development objectives in view of the upcoming United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and a summit on the Millennium Development Goals in 2015.",
"80. The present report presents the first opportunity to take stock of actions by United Nations entities that integrate culture, showcasing the culture-sensitive approaches to development across the United Nations system and demonstrating the impact of the culture sector on development at large, and in particular, on the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals.",
"81. The resolution encouraged the compilation of data, facts, figures and best practices on the linkages between culture and development, in order to demonstrate the impact of culture on the social and economic well-being of peoples and societies, thus informing national and international development policies.",
"82. Furthermore, the resolution facilitated greater mainstreaming of culture into United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks and fostered international partnerships in the field of culture and development, such as the memorandum of understanding recently signed by UNESCO and the World Bank.",
"83. The following actions could build on the achievements of 2011 and reinforce implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/166:",
"(a) Support sustained efforts by all United Nations entities directed at enhancing understanding of the nexus between culture and sustainable development through the development of indicators, statistics and best practices to inform development policies. The Statistical Commission could be invited to address this subject and contribute to building a body of data on the relevance of investing in the culture sector;",
"(b) Encourage studies that document the qualitative impact of culture on the well-being of society and showcase the potential of human rights-based cultural approaches to foster sustainable peace. In this regard, UNDP, in its Human Development Report, could be encouraged to reflect on the qualitative impact of culture on human development and integrate culture-based data into the human development index;",
"(c) Pursue further efforts for the operationalization of the culture and development approach initiated under the projects funded by the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund, demonstrating the relevance of culture for the achievement of development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals;",
"(d) Invite UNESCO to consider organizing the proposed conference and to look for possible modalities, in close collaboration with all concerned United Nations entities, in order to enhance understanding of the quantitative and qualitative contributions of culture for inclusive, equitable and sustainable development. The conference could sustain the momentum generated by the General Assembly resolution on culture and development and provide an opportunity to formulate a consolidated approach to culture and development throughout the United Nations system, including through a substantial outcome document with new elements and commitments by the international community."
] | A_66_187 | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"Item 21 of the provisional agenda*",
"Culture and development",
"Note by the Secretary-General",
"The Secretary-General hereby transmits the report prepared by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/166.",
"* A/66/150.",
"Culture and development",
"Report of the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization",
"Summary",
"The present report, prepared by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), outlines the progress made in the implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/166, entitled “Culture and development”, and provides an estimate of the value and convenience of organizing a United Nations conference on culture and development. In this regard, the report describes the work of 18 United Nations entities that demonstrates the contribution of culture to development. In addition, the desirability of convening such a conference is assessed and its objectives, level, format, dates and budgetary implications are considered. Recommendations are also included to move towards greater integration of culture into development policies and measures.",
"Contents",
"Page I. Introduction 3 II. Background 3III.Relation 4 between culture and development IV. March 6 of the implementation in the United Nations system V.Evaluation 21 of the modalities of a United Nations conference on culture and development VI.Conclusions 23",
"I. Introduction",
"1. The present report is submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/166, entitled “Culture and development”, in which the Assembly requests the Secretary-General, in consultation with the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and relevant United Nations bodies and multilateral development institutions, to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a progress report on the implementation of the resolution, including the format and value of the resolution.",
"2. The latest report on culture and development (A/59/202) referred to the implementation of General Assembly resolution 57/249.",
"II. Background",
"3. The evolution of the concept of development from a unique and universal model and vision to a broader concept that encompasses multiple and diverse pathways has resulted in a human-centred approach to development. This expansion of the development paradigm has gradually paved the way for recognizing the indispensable role of culture in sustainable development. Consequently, a sustainable development vision has emerged that better reflects the complexities of societies and contextual implications. The 1996 report of the World Commission on Culture and Development, entitled Our Creative Diversity, contributed to fostering conceptual evolution by highlighting the fundamental cultural dimension of a human-centred development model, and proposed that culture be given priority in development policies. UNESCO was entrusted with the management of the World Decade for Cultural Development between 1988 and 1997. The decade culminated in the Stockholm Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Policies for Development, which advocated a cultural approach to human development and highlighted cultural policy as one of the key elements of the development strategy.",
"4. Despite the significant progress achieved since the Stockholm Conference, the link between culture and development is not yet adequately reflected in international development policies and culture continues to play a secondary role in the development equation as defined in the various development goals and measures. However, in different parts of the world, some recent changes have shown a positive trend towards the systematic integration of culture into development strategies and programmes. Of the eight thematic mechanisms created to promote the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, the culture and development mechanism of the Fund for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, funded by Spain, provides an unprecedented opportunity to document the link between culture and development. In addition, the outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals held at its sixty-fifth session (General Assembly resolution 65/1) highlighted the importance of culture for development and its contribution to the achievement of the Goals. International cooperation in the field of culture was also encouraged with a view to achieving development goals. This was reaffirmed in General Assembly resolution 65/166, which recommended that culture be integrated into development policies at the global and national levels. In addition, the Economic and Social Council recently decided that the theme " Science, technology and innovation and the potential of culture to promote sustainable development and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals " will be the theme of the annual ministerial review to be held during its substantive session of 2013. Preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20 Conference), to be held in 2012, provide an opportunity to comprehensively analyse the inclusion of the cultural dimension in development.",
"III. Relationship between culture and development",
"5. The relationship between culture and development is multifaceted. The intrinsic value of culture must be added to both the process and the results of development. Culture has a cross-cutting impact on the achievement of development goals and is itself a development vector. Development initiatives and approaches that prioritize culture will likely generate inclusive and context-sensitive development that will achieve equitable results and increase the involvement of target beneficiaries. Thus, development must be rooted in local cultures and knowledge and adapt to local circumstances in order to increase the involvement of all, in accordance with the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. Consequently, the inclusion of the cultural dimension in the design, review and practice of development is critical to achieving and sustaining development goals.",
"6. The cultural sector, which covers cultural heritage, creative and cultural industries, cultural tourism and cultural infrastructure, generates important economic benefits, such as job creation. Despite the lack of reliable and consolidated data on the socio-economic contribution of culture, cultural industries contributed more than 3.4 per cent of the global gross domestic product, with a global market share of approximately 1.6 billion United States dollars in 2007, which is almost twice the estimated level of international tourism income for the same year, according to a report prepared by PricewaterhouseCoopers in 2008. As noted in the same report, cultural and creative industries represent one of the fastest-growing sectors of the world economy, with a growth rate of 17.6 per cent in the Middle East, 13.9 per cent in Africa, 11.9 per cent in South America, 9.7 per cent in Asia, 6.9 per cent in Oceania and 4.3 per cent in North and Central America. The report also reflects the sustained growth of the culture sector in the 1980s and its growing growth in the 1990s, when the creative economies of the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development grew at an annual rate that doubled to that of the service industries and quadrupled to that of manufacturing.",
"7. National economies benefit from the cultural sector. For example, IBF International Consulting reported in 2007 that the Malian culture sector accounted for 5.8 per cent of employment in 2004 and 2.3 per cent of gross domestic product in 2006, and Thailand is estimated to have 2 million artisans, of whom almost half work full-time in the handicrafts sector. Similarly, Brazil's creative sector contributed 6.7% of the gross domestic product in 1998, according to UNESCO's data included in The Power of Culture for Development. The promotion and continuous development of the culture sector as a powerful economic sector generate employment and foster innovation.",
"8. The tourism sector has diversified to become one of the fastest-growing economic sectors, especially in developing countries. Gross tourism income worldwide increased to an average of 7 per cent between 1998 and 2008; according to figures published in June 2011 by the World Tourism Organization (WTO), the rate of increase in least developed countries for the same period was 12 per cent. In 2010, international tourism generated $91.9 billion in export earnings. Emerging countries and developing countries concentrated 47 per cent of the world ' s total arrivals of international tourists and 36.9 per cent of global income for international tourism in 2010. Cultural tourism currently accounts for 40 per cent of global tourism revenues. Cultural heritage sites in general, and in particular those on the UNESCO World Heritage List, generate significant income and jobs through tourism. The same can be said of the immaterial cultural heritage, which supports living cultural expressions and traditional knowledge, as well as interpretive arts. Museums and other cultural institutions also contribute greatly to investment and economic benefits. Thus, the identification of tourism as a subsector for investment would encourage investment in infrastructure and stimulate development at the local level.",
"9. While it is an intrinsically complex and challenging issue, investment in intercultural dialogue can help prevent conflicts, consolidate peace and protect the rights of marginalized groups, thereby creating favourable conditions for achieving development goals. Promoting understanding and reconciliation, intercultural dialogue overcomes barriers between and within cultures and serves as a valuable tool for combating ignorance, prejudice and exclusion. In addition to fostering social cohesion, culture is a fundamental component of human development, as it inspires a sense of identity and is a source of creativity for people and society. Given that globalization and technological advances offer opportunities, but also risks, approaches that take culture into account help protect vulnerable communities from the pressure of homogenization and enrich all societies.",
"10. Local and indigenous knowledge systems and environmental management practices provide effective guidance and means to address ecological challenges, prevent biodiversity loss, reduce land degradation and mitigate the effects of climate change. Given the profound impact of climate change on development, taking advantage of the positive practices rooted in traditional cultures, which value the balance between the natural and human world, can help achieve development goals. The pursuit of synergies between traditional and modern environmental practices and the strengthening of community participation in conservation initiatives are key aspects of environmental sustainability.",
"11. While there is no explicit reference to the Millennium Development Goals, culture has direct and indirect consequences for its achievement. The cultural dimension of development reinforces national participation in development initiatives and ensures that context-sensitive development policies are implemented consistent with national development priorities. The economic prospects of the culture sector are of particular importance to developing countries, given their rich cultural heritage and their large workforce. Sustainable tourism and cultural and creative industries are strategic resources for income generation and poverty reduction. Cultural industries require limited capital investment, and very strict requirements must not be met to work on them. It is not easy to engage on the outside economic activities related to culture, making them attractive to investors. The effective promotion of cultural industries may have a direct impact on vulnerable populations, owing to the large dependence on the informal sector culture economy, where poor and marginalized groups, including women, often find employment, and can therefore stimulate social integration while maximizing labour and trade opportunities. Development experiences indicate that women ' s economic empowerment often has a multiplier effect, with community benefits and economic growth. In addition to empowering marginalized communities, cultural industries encourage innovation, support skills development and generate business capital in local communities.",
"IV. Progress of implementation in the United Nations system",
"United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization",
"12. As the only United Nations agency with a specific mandate in the field of culture, UNESCO ' s strategic programmes are varied and its objective is to promote cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and a culture of peace, as well as to demonstrate the fundamental link between culture and sustainable development. For UNESCO, the cultural dimension of development implies promoting and protecting cultural diversity in all its manifestations, including safeguarding material and immaterial cultural heritage, preserving the diversity of cultural expressions, incorporating cultural approaches in the prevention of HIV/AIDS and health, as well as promoting policies and activities that take into account cultural considerations.",
"13. Over the past year, UNESCO consolidated the inclusion of culture in development through a range of analytical, policy, technical and operational initiatives and tools. Among other positive results, these initiatives promoted the goals of the resolution. Several donors support UNESCO ' s cultural-related operational projects that promote local development.",
"14. UNESCO ' s work on culture is governed by eight policy instruments, of which seven are conventions. It is the Universal Convention on Copyright; the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict; the Convention on the Measures to Ban and Prevent the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property; the Convention on the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage; the Universal Declaration of UNESCO on Cultural Diversity; the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage; the Convention on the Protection of Cultural and the Safeguarding of Cultural Heritage. Building on these instruments, UNESCO has developed several tools and capacity-building activities to implement the global action plan on culture and development.",
"15. With regard to the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, in particular its provisions on the promotion of industries and cultural expressions, capacity-building initiatives include an expert services programme (for a total of 1 million euros funded by the European Union), which aims to strengthen the governance system for culture with technical assistance missions. In addition, UNESCO has produced a series of innovative tools on policies, research and education, such as a policy guide for the development of cultural and creative industries and the online resource centre, “Cultural and creative industries in the world”. Also under the Convention, UNESCO encourages public-private partnerships through its Global Alliance for Cultural Diversity, a mechanism that promotes collaborative agreements to strengthen cultural industries in developing countries. With funds exceeding $4 million, the International Fund for Cultural Diversity is currently supporting 31 projects from 24 developing countries. These projects will provide information to a global database on best practices for culture and development projects.",
"16. As for the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, a large-scale capacity-building programme has been launched to promote its ratification and effective implementation. A group of 60 experts, including 20 from Africa, has received training and continues to participate in more than 30 capacity-building activities worldwide. The global capacity-building strategy is supported by the Fund for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage and extrabudgetary contributions, which amount to approximately $10 million for a two-year period.",
"17. In accordance with the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, UNESCO created the “cultural diversity lens”, an instrument that allows policymakers and practitioners to evaluate development policies and programmes from the perspective of cultural diversity. UNESCO used this resource to conduct workshops reviewing 12 United Nations Development Assistance Framework documents and final documents, 8 joint United Nations programmes and 50 project documents. In addition, the cultural policies of nine countries were revised to take into account the principles of cultural diversity and 11 United Nations country teams were trained to take culture into account in the design of programmes and strategies.",
"18. To inform policymakers about the need to protect the underwater cultural heritage from looting, UNESCO, in collaboration with various partners, organized seven regional conferences dedicated to the Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage. These meetings focused on improving legal protection, raising awareness of the conservation of underwater heritage and building capacity in underwater archaeology and heritage management.",
"19. In preparations for the recently adopted global heritage capacity-building strategy, 2,864 people participated in 32 capacity-building training projects in five regions, where 37 per cent of participants were women. In 2012, the theme to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of the Convention on the Protection of Global, Cultural and Natural Heritage will be “World Heritage and Sustainable Development: the Role of Local Communities in the Management of World Heritage Sites”. UNESCO continues to conduct case studies, under other conventions, which demonstrate the fundamental role of local communities in the socio-economic development of World Heritage sites, while maintaining their exceptional universal value and integrity. A coordination meeting with the secretariats of other biodiversity-related conventions was held in April 2011.",
"20. With regard to the Convention on Measures to Ban and Prevent the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, UNESCO combats illicit trafficking in cultural property by establishing strategic alliances, disseminating information and building capacity. A number of legal, practical and awareness-raising instruments have been developed, such as the National Cultural Heritage Law Database. Training activities organized by UNESCO at the national and regional levels in 2011 include seminars in Egypt, the Philippines, Mongolia and Namibia.",
"21. In addition, UNESCO has taken steps to respond to increased data demand and to support the strategic integration of culture into development policies. To better assess the impact and usefulness of cultural policies and initiatives, the UNESCO Institute of Statistics developed the UNESCO cultural statistics framework, an instrument that defines culture for statistical purposes and allows to produce comparable data internationally. The Institute is also rapidly increasing data production on employment in the culture sector. Based on the recent data generated and lessons learned in the implementation of cultural-related development projects worldwide, the series of culture indicators for development, an innovative initiative, contributes to decision-making by providing qualitative and quantitative indicators covering seven development areas.",
"22. To respond to the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, UNESCO ' s programme for culture, HIV and AIDS promotes gender-sensitive and human rights-based policies and plans and in an in-depth analysis of the specific sociocultural characteristics of the communities concerned. The “culturally appropriate approaches” emphasize the need for multiple biomedical, behavioural and structural interventions specific to each context. UNESCO has developed a collection of materials that serve as guidelines for the design of cultural approaches for HIV/AIDS prevention and care, including an interactive electronic learning tool for project officers. Other programme activities include the promotion of " enabling " to adopt culturally appropriate policies on HIV and AIDS and to strengthen research at the local level.",
"23. The contribution of cultural and creative industries to sustainable development is strengthened through the thematic mechanism for culture and development of the Millennium Development Goals Fund, which is chaired by UNESCO. With a budget of $95 million, 18 joint programmes worldwide are funded through this inter-agency initiative, which is based on culture as a socio-economic development factor and a tool for achieving social cohesion and peace. The cultural dimensions of the programmes range from cultural heritage to industry and cultural tourism and intercultural dialogue. National leadership with community-level activities is one of the many strengths of joint programmes, including coordination with ministries of economy and finance, culture, tourism and the environment. Joint programmes on culture and development have yielded concrete results in areas such as tourism, promotion and conservation of heritage, crafts and creative industries and intercultural dialogue. As the “One in Action” real laboratories, joint programmes have generated a considerable amount of innovations and knowledge on inter-agency cooperation and programming and have helped to boost United Nations reform at the country level, taking advantage of the comparative advantages of each entity.",
"24. A biennial project on a knowledge management system on culture and development seeks to build on the experience of the 18 joint programmes on culture and development funded by the MDG Fund, as well as to collect, codify, translate and disseminate knowledge with a view to providing training, disseminating information and guiding development policies and programming. The project will continue to assess the links between culture and development, including the influence of culture in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.",
"25. On 1 July 2011, UNESCO and the World Bank signed a memorandum of understanding formalizing ongoing cooperation on culture and development, with a framework for technical cooperation in the areas of the protection and rehabilitation of historical cities, the conservation of natural heritage sites, cultural indicators, the economy of cultural heritage and the promotion of cultural diversity. UNESCO is exploring the possibility of seeking new partners to strengthen the links between culture and development.",
"26. UNESCO supports many measures to harness indigenous knowledge. It coordinated the development of a joint reflection paper of the Inter-Agency Support Group on Indigenous Issues on the theme of indigenous peoples and the role of their culture and identity in development, in accordance with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, as a contribution to the ninth session of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. In addition, UNESCO continued to strengthen its support for cultural approaches to natural resource management, including the preservation and implementation of indigenous local knowledge for environmental sustainability, through a joint programme with the secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. To strengthen the linkages between culture and biodiversity, the joint programme uses a holistic approach compatible with cultural values, knowledge systems and livelihoods that contribute to the conservation and sustainable and equitable use of biodiversity.",
"27. In order to maximize the contribution of culture to sustainable development, the local offices have implemented General Assembly resolution 65/166 by organizing capacity-building, awareness-raising, knowledge-sharing, cultural mainstreaming, resource mobilization and support for the strengthening of national legal and policy frameworks.",
"28. In response to the request of the General Assembly, the Director-General of UNESCO invited all relevant United Nations agencies to submit their contributions regarding the implementation of the resolution since its adoption on 20 December 2010. The following 17 organizations responded.",
"United Nations Development Programme",
"29. The main contribution of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in the field of culture and development is made through the thematic mechanism of culture and development of the MDG Fund. Together with other United Nations entities, UNDP participates in the implementation of the 18 joint programmes on culture and development. UNDP manages the Fund on behalf of the United Nations system.",
"30. UNDP undertakes other initiatives consistent with General Assembly resolution 65/166, such as the Equator Award, a biennial distinction that recognizes efforts to reduce poverty through the sustainable use of biodiversity and promotes sustainable development that respects the rights of indigenous peoples through the Global Environment Facility Small Grants Programme. Under the " Rapid Progress Strategy " , the first pillar of its Millennium Development Goals, UNDP continues to implement the framework to accelerate the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in 14 countries of the world. This instrument, developed by UNDP and approved by the United Nations Development Group, assists Governments and development partners to discuss issues of participation, discrimination and cultural exclusion, in accordance with resolution 65/166, in their relation to obstacles to the progress of MDG-based interventions. The assessment of these obstacles in the context of the framework includes issues related to reducing linguistic barriers and respecting indigenous peoples ' practices in public services such as health and education.",
"31. On 20 May 2011, UNDP, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the International Labour Organization and the United Nations Children ' s Fund launched the first global inter-agency initiative of the United Nations to promote the rights of indigenous peoples, the United Nations Alliance for Indigenous Peoples. Furthermore, the Human Development Report, as well as other UNDP publications, emphasizes that culture is an integral part of sustainable development and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Similarly, the UNDP Assistant Administrator launched a new report in collaboration with the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), entitled “Creative Economy Report 2010: A Feasible Development Option”, which examines the market situation for creative industries and the possibilities offered by cultural industries for developing countries that are trying to diversify their economies and progress in one of the most active sectors of the world economy.",
"Office for Coordination of Development Operations",
"32. In accordance with paragraph 6 of the resolution, the Office for the Coordination of Development Operations transmitted to all resident coordinators the text of a resolution and invited them to continue integrating and incorporating culture into their programmes within the United Nations Development Assistance Framework. At present, about 60 per cent of the programmes under the Framework (in 112 countries) refer to culture or include a cultural component in their activities.",
"United Nations Industrial Development Organization",
"33. In its strategy for the development of creative industries, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) seeks to put available means for women entrepreneurs, youth, rural groups and peripheral communities to respond to market opportunities by using rich creative cultural heritage and different creative knowledge to produce innovative goods and services. In that regard, a special environment for policy support, microcredit and support mechanisms for risk funds and enterprises is being created. With regard to the economic potential of creative knowledge for the production of multimedia and audio-visual materials, UNIDO helped eight Caribbean island States to promote entrepreneurship, develop frameworks and build institutional capacity for enterprise development services for creative industries. Through South-South cooperation, the project developed the capacity of national and regional counterparts, using UNIDO methodologies to promote entrepreneurship and business development services.",
"34. UNIDO supports specific advocacy policies and measures to address the exclusion of indigenous communities from the benefits of creative industries activities. For example, the project for enterprise capacity-building in creative industries in China, implemented in accordance with the United Nations Development Assistance Framework Programme (UNDAF) 2008-2011, seeks to develop social and economic policies to promote human-centred, sustainable and equitable growth.",
"35. Given the current situation of global competitiveness and interest in using resources that do not cause harm to the environment, creative industries are considered to be a key sector for applying new perspectives and technologies, through sustainable national and industrial development strategies for poverty reduction. UNIDO has issued two substantive documents on the development of creative industries. In response to increased requests from Member States, UNIDO intensified its technical assistance to promote the development of cultural property with creative industries. This has paid attention to poor quality standards, inadequate supply capacity, weak market linkages and limited marketing of creative industries. In addition, UNIDO had established important links with other sectors, such as agro-industry, in order to take advantage of job creation and human development possibilities, based on traditional and cultural heritage.",
"World Tourism Organization",
"36. The World Tourism Organization (WTO) believes that sustainable tourism is an important instrument of development and cultural diversity and contributes decisively to local economies around the world. The promotion of sustainable tourism, so as to strike a balance between the environmental, economic and sociocultural aspects of tourism development, is a key theme in the WTO programmes. The World Code of Ethics for Tourism, the main policy guidance document of the WTO, unequivocally affirms the importance of culture for sustainable development, economic growth, human enrichment and poverty eradication. The Code promotes cultural diversity and advocates cultural tourism as an essential component of sustainability.",
"37. Within the framework of its capacity-building activities, WTO has developed a tourism management programme on global heritage sites to facilitate the development of operational policies and guidelines to eliminate the agglomeration of tourists on cultural and natural heritage sites and to enhance the capacity of the tourism sector to develop and publicize destinations and heritage sites more broadly.",
"38. The WTO recognizes that the linkage of tourism with cultural heritage favours local economies. If managed well, cultural tourism protects the nation's natural and cultural treasures and improves the quality of life of residents and visitors. The publication of a manual for the tourism sector on how to publicize heritage will contribute to capacity-building activities on cultural tourism and consolidate the creative sector. The first UNWTO study on tourism and immaterial cultural heritage, which is scheduled to be published in 2011, presents detailed research and innovative policy-making modalities through the analysis of case studies on the linkages between tourism development and immaterial cultural heritage on the five continents. UNWTO is a member of the UNESCO Global Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Programme Steering Group.",
"39. The ITTO Department of Cooperation and Technical Services implements many cultural-centred cooperation projects. The master plan for the development of Punjab State tourism in India includes the sustainable development of cultural tourism in some of the most important places in the state, where cultural tourism will create new opportunities for the socio-economic development of local communities through job creation and income generation, particularly for young people and women. Within the framework of the MDG Fund, WTO, together with other United Nations entities, is implementing the joint programme of mobilizing the Dahshur World Heritage site for community development in Egypt.",
"40. In 2002, the initiative “Sustainable tourism – poverty eradication” was launched to reduce poverty levels by promoting sustainable forms of tourism. To date, 24 regional and national training workshops on tourism and poverty reduction have been organized to train public officials, non-governmental organizations, the private sector and communities in developing countries, with a total participation of over 2,000 staff. With the support of a wide range of public and private organizations, 97 projects are already being implemented, benefiting 33 developing countries. Projects include from the training of local hotel guides and employees to help local residents participate in tourism development around natural and cultural heritage sites and the establishment of commercial links between poor producers and tourist companies. Important examples of such projects can be found with a clear component of cultural heritage in several countries such as Ethiopia, the Lao People ' s Democratic Republic and the United Republic of Tanzania. Finally, the WTO has published five reports that demonstrate the impact of tourism on reducing poverty levels and include recommendations on how to maximize this impact.",
"World Bank",
"41. The World Bank ' s policies support culture as a key component of the development paradigm, with significant implications for social cohesion, economic growth opportunities and positive synergies with poverty reduction strategies. Cultural considerations and cultural development objectives have been taken into account in an increasing number of projects, mainly related to the following areas: (a) urban development, which promotes the rehabilitation of cities and places of historical interest, their accessibility, conservation and presentation; (b) local economic development, in relation to the activities of small and medium-sized enterprises, especially the informal sector, which are essential to the production and trade of natural crafts; (c) social development, which promotes diversity The total volume of World Bank investments in cultural development projects has increased from $1.3 billion between 1990 and 1999 to $4 billion between 2000 and 2009; most investments are urban development.",
"42. The World Bank ' s assistance to Governments of developing countries and emerging economies includes analytical work and technical assistance to assess institutional frameworks and improve the effectiveness of national and local cultural property management agencies. The World Bank also conducts research on policy issues such as the cultural economy and threats to cultural heritage caused by the growing natural hazards and the impact of climate change.",
"International Fund for Agricultural Development",
"43. As part of the activities of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) to support indigenous peoples, the following activities were carried out in 2011 to raise public awareness of the cultural diversity of indigenous peoples. In May, at the meeting of the World Summit Forum on the Information Society in Geneva, IFAD made a presentation on the promotion of indigenous peoples ' education and IFAD ' s commitment to them, highlighting the development relationship with culture and identity. In June, IFAD sponsored the first forum of Terra Madre Indígena, an event focused on strengthening the food cultures of indigenous peoples and creating spaces for indigenous people to participate in the open debate on food and climate.",
"44. IFAD is currently implementing its policy of support to indigenous peoples, which encompasses principles of action related to “cultural heritage and identity as assets”, with which IFAD will take advantage of the distinctive cultural traits of indigenous peoples and assist communities in taking full advantage of their traditional knowledge, culture, governance systems and natural resources. IFAD’s Indigenous Peoples Support Fund finances projects formulated and implemented by indigenous communities and one of the selection criteria for funding is “development with culture and identity”. A IFAD workshop in February 2011 initiated the process of establishing a forum for indigenous peoples within IFAD. The objectives of the forum include the consolidation of partnerships between IFAD and indigenous peoples in order to address poverty and sustainable development while respecting culture and identity.",
"45. IFAD granted a subsidy to Oxfam Italy for a project aimed at addressing the marginalization of poor peasants and migrants from Ecuador, Morocco and Senegal by establishing links with markets and promoting diversity. The project empowers poor rural communities and enhances their income-generating opportunities by rescuing and conserving certain plant species and indigenous knowledge in the field; improving crop practices; developing marketing and sales; and sensitizing public opinion on the value chosen species have for nutritional security, health and income generation. An important element of the programme is to ensure cultural continuity.",
"46. The IFAD Indigenous Peoples Support Fund has funded very diverse microprojects focusing on indigenous traditional knowledge and community environmental management practices. Some of these projects revitalized traditional agricultural systems and handicraft techniques, while others were aimed at assessing and strengthening the identities of indigenous communities, their traditional customs and languages.",
"World Intellectual Property Organization",
"47. In accordance with the emphasis of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) on the relationship between intellectual property and the preservation of public domain, WIPO carried out a number of initiatives, such as the second study on voluntary registration and deposit systems (on deposits of cultural and historical heritage); the exploratory study of copyright and related rights and public domain (a comparison of national laws that define private and indirect systems); In October 2011, WIPO will organize a conference on copyright documentation and infrastructure to publicize the results.",
"48. More than 35 countries have used the WIPO Guide to determine the economic contribution of copyright-related industries, which includes industries considered to be of great cultural value. The economic contribution affects national development as measured by statistics on gross domestic product, employment and trade. Several countries use results reports and studies as a basis for further study and development of their policy on creative and cultural industries. In addition, WIPO helps member States develop national strategies on creative industries. The Creative Industries Division of WIPO has produced several publications on specific creative industries. A guide is being prepared to assess the economic, social and cultural impact of creative industries. This multi-stakeholder project includes inputs from UNESCO and Eurostat, among others, and is designed to enable countries to address the challenges of culture and development policies.",
"49. If requested, WIPO undertakes capacity-building activities. In 2011, the Copyright Division organized 20 activities: 7 national, 7 regional and 2 interregional training programmes and 4 expert missions for developing countries. In addition, the WIPO Traditional Knowledge Division organized, in collaboration with the Government of Oman, an international technical symposium on intellectual property and sustainable development and the cataloguing and recording of traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions, held in June 2011. In May 2011, WIPO and the International Council of Museums signed a memorandum of understanding committing to collaborate and cooperate on intellectual property issues of interest to museums. WIPO participated in a number of technical cooperation and awareness-raising activities in many countries. It should be noted that WIPO participated in the work of the independent expert on cultural rights of access to cultural heritage. Finally, WIPO produced a United Nations Television Film on the Digitalization of Traditional Culture in Kenya.",
"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations",
"50. In 2011, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and UNESCO will jointly organize a workshop on food quality and agricultural products. In preparation for the workshop, FAO initiated a study on the potential of products with related origins to preserve and promote the UNESCO Programme on Man and Biosphere, World Heritage Sites, FAO Global Agricultural Heritage Systems and other areas of natural and cultural interest. The workshop will identify areas where FAO and UNESCO can continue to collaborate to preserve and promote natural and cultural heritage.",
"United Nations Environment Programme",
"51. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) stresses the importance of adopting a holistic approach to ensuring environmental protection and sustainable development, taking into account the interrelationships between global environmental changes and the adverse social, cultural and economic impacts. In view of the decision taken by the UNEP Governing Council at its sixteenth session to focus on environment and cultural diversity, UNEP ' s environmental protection activities cover biodiversity, traditional knowledge, indigenous languages and practices, cultural diversity and biodiversity and cultural behaviour. UNEP, in the fifth report of its Global Environment Outlook series, will review the interrelationships between indigenous communities ' knowledge and practices and conservation and sustainable use objectives; this analysis will be presented as input to the preparatory process for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.",
"52. Key initiatives include the development of awareness-raising materials for the annual observance of the International Day of Indigenous Peoples and several UNEP publications, such as the special edition of the Tunza youth magazine, on indigenous knowledge and the environment, and articles on indigenous knowledge in The Environment Times, publication of the UNEP Global Resources Database in Norway (GRID-Arendal).",
"53. Using the framework of multilateral environmental agreements, UNEP focuses on identifying cultural and community rights on biodiversity management, including conservation, sustainable use and access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing. Linking the concepts of shared access and shared benefits and traditional knowledge, UNEP worked with relevant stakeholders, including UNESCO, to develop a set of community-based biocultural protocols to help incorporate culture, biodiversity management and traditional knowledge in the protection of livelihoods, economic well-being and sustainable development. In 2010, UNEP opened a website developed jointly with UNESCO on the occasion of the International Year of Biodiversity to publicize the work done in the biocultural community protocols. At the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, held in Nagoya, Japan, in October 2010, a policy note on communities and well-being, prepared by UNEP and other partners, on rights-based approaches, development and community knowledge services, was circulated.",
"54. UNEP is one of the five United Nations entities participating in a joint programme in Namibia funded by the Millennium Development Goals Fund. The programme serves cultural and natural heritage as a basis for developing cultural tourism and targets ethnic minority groups. UNEP is responsible for mainstreaming environmental considerations into cultural tourism by helping the Government of Namibia to more effectively integrate and apply the principles of cultural and natural diversity to sustainable development policies and activities.",
"55. In 2010, UNEP supported a project on the involvement of African non-governmental organizations in the sharing and sharing process. The role of such organizations in protecting traditional knowledge, sensitization and capacity-building in local communities was discussed in the context of the relationship of traditional knowledge with legislation on shared access and shared benefits in some African countries. In addition, UNEP, in collaboration with several organizations, such as the Drought Control Centre of the Climate Predictions and Applications Centre of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), carried out a project to leverage and implement indigenous knowledge on nature conservation and management of natural disasters in Africa. According to African traditions, these knowledge has been orally transmitted from generation to generation and hence the urgent need to document them. In 2010, the United Nations University Publications Unit, supported by UNEP, published the book Traditional Knowledge in Policy and Practice: Approaches to Development and Human Well-being. Within the framework of the articles of the Convention on Biological Diversity on shared access and shared benefits and traditional knowledge, UNEP helped Parties to the Convention to finalize traditional knowledge-related work programmes and to finalize the Nagoya Protocol negotiations on access to genetic resources and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use of the Convention on Biological Diversity.",
"United Nations Conference on Trade and Development",
"56. Since 2000, the mandate of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) has covered policy-oriented research to assist developing countries in exploring innovative potential policies to optimize the economic inputs of creative industries, in order to enhance the benefits of trade and development to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. The UNCTAD Creative Economy Programme deals with the development dimensions of creative industries. UNCTAD ' s key inputs include its joint reports with UNDP on the creative economy of 2008 and 2010, as well as the UNCTAD global database on the same subject. The e-news of the UNCTAD Creative Economy Programme highlight the importance of culture and the growing contribution of the creative economy to the promotion of sustainable and inclusive development, facilitate networking and partnerships and foster synergy among key stakeholders.",
"57. In 2010, UNCTAD developed country profiles and a user guide for the UNCTAD global database on the creative economy. Demand-driven capacity-building continues to help end-users in all countries assess the commercial success of their creative products on the global market. The tool is used in policy design to shape specific measures to promote the creative economy. UNCTAD assists developing countries in enhancing their creative production capacity and appropriate institutional, policy and funding mechanisms to promote the formation of national markets for cultural and creative goods and services.",
"58. UNCTAD conducted research on the linkages between the creative economy and the green economy, reflecting discussions on how creativity and biodiversity can be a solution for promoting sustainable development and economic recovery that benefits all. In the context of the International Year of Biodiversity, held in 2010, UNCTAD carried out the “ecochic” initiative to make the international community better aware of the respectful practices of ecological and social considerations in the use of biodiversity.",
"59. Through the Creative Economy Programme, UNCTAD assists developing countries in implementing concerted multidisciplinary policies and inter-ministerial actions in the areas of culture, tourism, trade, labour, technology and business development. Examples of this are country studies on Mozambique and Zambia, published in June 2011.",
"60. The Creative Africa initiative, launched in 2008, is one of the concrete activities aimed at optimizing contributions to the development of culture and creative industries. It shows the wealth of African cultures and the creative talent of Africans to promote inclusive development that has its origin in the creative economy. Subsequently, the Prime Minister of Nigeria established the national section of the initiative to support the Nigerian film industry. In Ghana, Mali and Senegal, the creative economy is now part of the national poverty reduction strategy. In 2011, UNCTAD, in collaboration with the World Meteorological Organization, created the Puppet Planet project to promote activities that address climate challenges and environmental degradation while promoting sustainable development and the cultural and creative economy in developing countries.",
"United Nations Institute for Training and Research",
"61. The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) series on the management and conservation of World Heritage sites seeks to optimize the impact of UNESCO conventions on natural and cultural heritage by focusing on the formulation of related national policies, best practices and knowledge-sharing of case studies. The organization of seven workshops has developed a value-based management approach that makes sense for the conservation of heritage. The series also focused on the innovative role that natural and cultural heritage can play in peacebuilding using Hiroshima's example to highlight the resonance and relevance of its policies to other parts of the world.",
"United Nations Office for Project Services",
"62. The United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) contributes to the promotion of culture for sustainable development by restoring cultural heritage and historic buildings, improving access to local markets and historic sites and managing small grants to help local communities solve environmental problems. UNOPS capacity-building efforts to develop a dynamic cultural and creative sector include projects in Argentina and Guatemala, where it supports Governments by providing human resources management services and information and communication technology equipment, as well as cooperating in the conservation of historic buildings. To help improve market access, products and services, including cultural goods and cultural tourism sites, UNOPS maintains and builds large road networks in Africa and Asia and provides demining services.",
"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS",
"63. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) supports HIV responses based on evidence and rights in order to advance towards the goal of total elimination of new HIV infections, discrimination and AIDS-related deaths. UNAIDS recognizes the central role of culture as a basis for society and seeks to maximize the positive contributions of cultural leaders to responses that: (a) achieve public health goals through empirical-based approaches; (b) respect the dignity and rights of individuals, especially with regard to non-discrimination, health, individual security, privacy and protection against violence; and (c) include pragmatic approaches to people.",
"64. UNAIDS promotes inclusive dialogue on all aspects of HIV response, recognizing that known behaviours and risk factors for HIV infection can be a subject of culturally sensitive and controversies.",
"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees",
"56. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is committed to ensuring that refugees, stateless persons and internally displaced persons and other persons whose status is vested in the Office have equal access to rights, protection, services and resources and that they can participate effectively in the adoption of decisions affecting them. To this end, UNHCR is committed to adopting an approach that incorporates age, gender and diversity into its operations worldwide. The diversity elements of the approach relate to differences in values, attitudes, cultural perspectives, beliefs, ethnic origin, nationality, sexual orientation, gender identity, capacity, health, social status, skills and other specific personal characteristics. Analysing these dimensions as related personal characteristics, UNHCR can better understand the complex risks and means of protecting individuals and communities, to take them into account and provide more effective support. Promoting respect for differences as an enriching element for any community, UNHCR promotes full equality. National or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities or indigenous groups often experience discrimination and marginalization, which are exacerbated in situations of forced displacement. UNHCR works to identify risks and also strategies to mitigate them.",
"United Nations Human Settlements Programme",
"57. The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) provides technical assistance and broad guidance to policymakers and local leaders in the development of public policies and participatory decision-making processes, with a view to contributing to the improvement of the living conditions of indigenous peoples in urban areas. In 2011, UN-Habitat developed a policy guide to guarantee indigenous peoples ' land rights in cities, in collaboration with the Global Land Tool Network. In 2010 and 2011, UN-Habitat focused on some of the specific challenges facing indigenous peoples in cities, particularly those related to health and the negative impact of climate change on vulnerable urban settlements, but also on indigenous peoples ' contributions to sustainable urban development and the green economy.",
"United Nations Population Fund",
"67. The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) developed a “cultural perspective” in 2001 to integrate cultural dynamics into all human rights-based programming on sexual and reproductive health, gender equality and population and development. A key element of this perspective is the emphasis on young people as extraordinary promoters of the fight against poverty and as cultural and political drivers of development. UNFPA continues to support national processes designed with and for the benefit of youth, within the broader framework of its efforts for safe motherhood and family planning.",
"68. On 11 July 2011, coinciding with World Population Day, the UNFPA Executive Director opened the campaign “A World of 7 billion”, which is aimed at the cultural agents of change and whose purpose is to raise awareness and take advantage of opportunities and overcome the difficulties of a world where 7,000 million people live. UNFPA offices around the world are working with religious non-governmental organizations and religious leaders who are part of their inter-religious global network on population and development in view of the key role they play in accessing culture. The aim of the Network, which has more than 500 members, is to promote participation in national development plans and processes; to build capacity for family planning, safe motherhood, urbanization and immigration; and to undertake coordinated humanitarian relief efforts that take into account the specific needs of girls and women in reproductive health.",
"69. UNFPA chairs the inter-agency task force that promotes the participation of religious organizations in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Under this mechanism, UNFPA co-sponsors a strategic knowledge exchange for senior United Nations officials on faith, culture and development issues. This course is offered every year with the help of the United Nations System Staff College in Turin, Italy, and includes global religious non-governmental organizations as resources for the exchange of information on policies and programmes on culture and development.",
"United Nations Volunteers",
"70. The United Nations Volunteers Programme (UNV), in collaboration with various partners, organized multiple activities in line with the resolution, such as workshops on the promotion of cultural heritage and the facilitation of capacity-building for cultural and creative industries. For example, UNV and other United Nations entities, national partners and the local community promoted all forms of Haitian art to contribute to creating sustainable livelihoods, especially in the communities most devastated by the earthquake that struck Haiti in 2010. In addition, UNDP and UNV are among United Nations entities participating in a joint programme on creativity and cultural identity for local development in Honduras.",
"V. Assessment of modalities for a United Nations conference on culture and development",
"71. The contributions of United Nations entities summarized in this report contain information on multiple and diverse programmes and the different approaches to sustainable development. They demonstrate that cultural approaches inspire activities in areas as varied as agriculture, food security, poverty alleviation, health, environmental sustainability, urbanization, refugee protection, migration, social cohesion, human rights and gender equality. In addition, contributions include technical assistance, both at the policy level and at the operational level, and focus on building capacity (for institutions and individuals); sensitizing; mainstreaming culture into development policies and programmes; preserving and harnessing cultural heritage, including indigenous knowledge as a resource for development; generating knowledge with policy-oriented research; accruing experience through implementation activities; and collecting data to track and assess the impact of culture on development. Other recurring themes are joint efforts that take advantage of the comparative advantages of United Nations entities and community-oriented approaches.",
"72. Global efforts being made to address gaps in achieving sustainable development and to lay the way for future development goals and approaches, such as the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul, Turkey, in May 2011, preparations for the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and the 2015 Millennium Development Goals Summit, still do not adequately incorporate the agreed culture of development. While there will be opportunities in the future to examine potential contributions of culture to achieving sustainable development, such as the annual ministerial review of the 2013 substantive session of the Economic and Social Council, these areas offer fairly limited possibilities and do not, among other resources, provide adequate expertise to address the link between culture and the three pillars of development satisfactorily. Additional quantitative data need to be available and detained discussions on the links between culture and development need to be held.",
"73. Culture-sensitive approaches and practices are neither consolidated nor fully assessed within United Nations shared policies and practices nor, above all, in their vision. The formation of consensus and a greater articulation of a common vision and guidelines, together with a better exchange of experiences, would ensure that United Nations entities respond more effectively to the growing demand for assistance in this sector and would join the ongoing efforts to incorporate culture into the respective mandates of United Nations entities. It would also facilitate greater collaboration in joint country-level programming and influence development actors ' decisions.",
"74. A high-level conference on culture and development would examine the influence of culture on sustainable development, both in quantitative and qualitative terms, in order to better guide development efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.",
"75. The year 2011 marks the 13th anniversary of the Stockholm Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Policies for Development, which emphasized “the power of culture”. It is an appropriate time for the international community to take advantage of the momentum, to take stock and to consider the most appropriate way of integrating the cultural dimension into development activities until 2015 and beyond.",
"76. The proposed two-day conference could be organized in plenary meetings and round tables. Some 500 participants would be invited to be high-level representatives of Governments, heads of United Nations entities, representatives of development banks, non-governmental organizations, foundations, civil society and the private sector.",
"77. With regard to the request made by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/166 for the submission of a proposed budget for the organization of the proposed conference, it is anticipated that, should the conference be held at United Nations Headquarters in New York, the minimum estimate would be $400,000, including the use of rooms, interpretation and translation services and security costs, but excluding travel and accommodation costs for participants.",
"78. Another option would be for a Member State to host the conference.",
"VI. Conclusions",
"79. General Assembly resolution 65/166 was instrumental in revitalizing the debate on the influence of culture on sustainable development at a time when international development actors are assessing gaps in achieving the development goals for the next United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and the 2015 Millennium Development Goals Summit.",
"80. The present report is the first opportunity to take stock of the actions taken by United Nations entities that integrate culture, presenting the development approaches of the entire United Nations system that take into account culture and demonstrating the impact of the cultural sector on development in general and, in particular, on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.",
"81. The resolution recommended that data, facts, figures and best practices be collected on the linkages between culture and development, to demonstrate the impact of culture on the economic and social well-being of peoples and societies and to guide national and international development policies.",
"82. In addition, the resolution advocated greater integration of culture into the United Nations Development Assistance Framework and promoted international partnerships in the area of culture and development, such as the recently signed memorandum of understanding by UNESCO and the World Bank.",
"83. The following measures could strengthen the achievements of 2011 and strengthen the implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/166:",
"(a) Support the sustained efforts of all United Nations entities to better understand the link between culture and sustainable development by providing indicators, statistics and best practices, in order to guide development policies. The Statistical Commission could be invited to address this issue and help to collect a set of data on the usefulness of investments in the culture sector;",
"(b) Promote studies that document the qualitative impact of culture on the well-being of society and demonstrate the potential of human rights-based cultural approaches to promote durable peace. In this regard, UNDP could be encouraged, in its Human Development Report, to consider the qualitative impact of culture on human development and to integrate culture-related data into the human development index;",
"(c) To make further efforts to operationalize the culture and development approach that was being implemented in projects funded by the Millennium Development Goals Fund, demonstrating the relevance of culture to achieving the development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals;",
"(d) To invite UNESCO to consider organizing the proposed conference and to seek possible modalities, in close cooperation with all United Nations stakeholders, to better understand the quantitative and qualitative inputs of culture to inclusive, equitable and sustainable development. The conference could maintain the momentum generated by the General Assembly resolution on culture and development and provide an opportunity to formulate a consolidated approach to culture and development throughout the United Nations system, including through a substantive outcome document that includes new elements and commitments from the international community."
] |
[
"Presidente:\tSr. Berger\t(Alemania) \nMiembros:\tBosnia y Herzegovina\tSra. Hodžić\n Brasil Sr. Rizzo \n China Sr. Yang Zhiyu \n Colombia Sra. Escorcia \n Estados Unidos de América Sra. Germain \n Federación de Rusia Sr. Zhdanov \n Francia Sr. Beaumont \n Gabón Sr. Lembouma \n India Sr. Raguttahalli \n Líbano Sr. Ramadan \n Nigeria Sra. Aguwa \n\tPortugal\tSra. TeixeiraCoelho\n\tReino Unido de Gran Bretaña eIrlanda del Norte\tSr. Day\n Sudáfrica Sr. Laher",
"Orden del día",
"La situación en el Oriente Medio, incluida la cuestión de Palestina",
"Se reanuda la sesión a las 15.05 horas.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): De conformidad con el artículo 37 del reglamento provisional del Consejo, invito al representante de la República Islámica del Irán a participar en esta sesión.",
"Deseo recordar a los oradores que deberán limitar sus declaraciones a una duración máxima de cuatro minutos a fin de que el Consejo pueda realizar su labor con rapidez.",
"Tiene la palabra el representante de Kirguistán.",
"Sr. Kydyrov (Kirguistán) (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Deseo darle las gracias por haber convocado este importante debate en este momento crucial, cuando siguen teniendo lugar en la región protestas populares e importantes cambios políticos. Además, no vemos progresos tangibles en el proceso político israelo-palestino.",
"El Oriente Medio sigue siendo el centro de la atención mundial debido a los bien conocidos disturbios revolucionarios, que han tenido lugar recientemente. A pesar de algunas diferencias innegables, estos acontecimientos tienen mucho en común. Sus causas son la incapacidad del Gobierno para adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones del desarrollo social y llevar a cabo reformas eficaces. Los pueblos y gobiernos de la región no sólo enfrentan retos sociales y políticos enormes, sino también nuevas oportunidades y perspectivas. Condenamos firmemente el uso de la fuerza contra las manifestaciones pacíficas e instamos a todas las partes a que actúen con la máxima moderación. Kirguistán, que ha atravesado cambios revolucionarios recientemente, considera que la única manera de abordar esos problemas es mediante el diálogo y las reformas.",
"Kirguistán insta enérgicamente a la reanudación de las negociaciones israelo-palestinas lo antes posible. En este sentido, apoyamos la declaración del Cuarteto del Oriente Medio de 20 de mayo de 2011, con un llamamiento a las partes para superar los obstáculos actuales y reanudar las negociaciones bilaterales directas sin dilación. No obstante, lamentamos que la reunión más reciente del Cuarteto, celebrada el 11 de julio en Washington, D.C., finalizó sin llegar a un acuerdo sustantivo. Es fundamental celebrar una nueva reunión lo antes posible para adoptar medidas activas que permitan promover el proceso de negociación. Consideramos importante que este proceso continúe a fin de lograr una solución a largo plazo de la situación y concertar un acuerdo de paz en el que se prevea la coexistencia de los dos Estados en paz y seguridad, de conformidad con los parámetros definidos y aceptados anteriormente. Kirguistán alberga la esperanza de que el Cuarteto desempeñe un papel activo con respecto a encontrar una solución aceptable para todas las partes interesadas.",
"Kirguistán es partidario de llegar a una solución del conflicto israelo-palestino a través de medios diplomáticos, sobre la base de las resoluciones pertinentes del Consejo de Seguridad, la Iniciativa de Paz Árabe y la hoja de ruta del Cuarteto para el Oriente Medio. Quisiera señalar que se está acercando rápidamente el momento de examinar la admisión de Palestina como Miembro de las Naciones Unidas, ya que hemos examinado esa cuestión en detalle tanto oficial como oficiosamente. A ese respecto, Kirguistán estima que es sumamente importante lograr progresos rápidos en el proceso de paz y superar el preocupante estancamiento actual. Asimismo, instamos a las partes a que demuestren una voluntad firme y un compromiso inquebrantable en favor de la paz y a que eliminen todos los obstáculos que impiden la reanudación de las conversaciones directas.",
"A nuestro juicio, es evidente que la construcción continua de asentamientos israelíes en la Ribera Occidental y en Jerusalén Oriental, y los anuncios periódicos de su ampliación, no contribuirán a una pronta solución del problema. Más bien, al contrario —al menos, según hemos visto en acontecimientos recientes— eso causa aún mayores disturbios, una escalada de la violencia y muertes de civiles. Kirguistán apoya la aplicación de todas las resoluciones pertinentes del Consejo de Seguridad relativas a Jerusalén y exige que se ponga fin a la construcción de asentamientos israelíes.",
"Para concluir, permítaseme insistir en que los pueblos del Oriente Medio han sufrido durante varios decenios a causa de conflictos y enfrentamientos. Ha llegado el momento de alcanzar un arreglo final y amplio que resuelva el conflicto israelo-palestino. Estimamos que el mantenimiento de la actual situación es totalmente inaceptable.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el representante de Turquía.",
"Sr. Çorman (Turquía) (habla en inglés): Al celebrar el Consejo de Seguridad otro debate público sobre la situación en el Oriente Medio, claramente está teniendo lugar una gran transformación en la región. Ideas universales como la libertad, la igualdad, la dignidad, los derechos humanos y el estado de derecho se han convertido en lemas que congregan a millones de personas, que demandan, con toda razón, un futuro más prometedor para sí mismos y para sus conciudadanos. Si bien el logro de cambios significativos podría llevar cierto tiempo y es probable que el proceso no esté libre de contratiempos, ese proceso de restauración histórica no puede invertirse, socavarse ni corromperse.",
"Entretanto, mientras ese levantamiento importante sigue su curso, la cuestión de Palestina continúa en el limbo. Ya sea en Gaza, en la Ribera Occidental o en los campamentos de refugiados de toda la región, millones de palestinos siguen sufriendo un destino desdichado que no se puede achacar a ellos. Eso constituye una anomalía y debe tratarse como asunto de máxima urgencia.",
"La verdad es que el conflicto israelo-palestino forma parte fundamental de las numerosas controversias de la región y de más allá de ella. La comunidad internacional no puede esperar que se mantenga el impulso hacia un cambio positivo en el Oriente Medio y el África septentrional mientras la ocupación y el sojuzgamiento sean una realidad cotidiana para la población palestina.",
"Acontecimientos recientes y pasados son pruebas de cómo la difícil situación del pueblo palestino tiene repercusiones mucho más allá de su propio ámbito geográfico. A fin de ganarnos los corazones y las mentes de los pueblos árabes y apoyarlos para que logren sus aspiraciones, debemos ser capaces de mostrarles nuestra determinación colectiva de alcanzar una paz justa y viable en la región, determinación que inspire a todos. Por esa razón, es crucial que la búsqueda de una solución duradera y amplia no se deje de lado en favor de otras iniciativas en la región. Por el contrario, una vez más debe ser la prioridad.",
"Por el momento, no hay paz ni un proceso de paz en la región. En vez de ello, existe un estancamiento que no es ni tranquilizador ni prometedor para israelíes o palestinos. Aparentemente, las partes siguen yendo en direcciones opuestas. El Consejo de Seguridad y el Cuarteto aún no han sido capaces de pronunciarse de manera efectiva ni de inspirar una auténtica participación.",
"Los ciudadanos quieren soluciones de sus dirigentes, no una retórica vacía. En términos generales, existe el sentimiento dominante de abandono e incertidumbre, que acrecienta la frustración de todos, especialmente de los más desfavorecidos. Se trata de un panorama preocupante, que hace pensar en un polvorín.",
"Turquía rechaza la violencia procedente de cualquier parte, sea cual fuere su forma o manifestación, y la considera inaceptable e injustificable. Asimismo, estimamos que no existe una verdadera alternativa a una solución negociada. Sin embargo, una participación significativa que inspire confianza en ambas partes no puede tener lugar mientras continúen las actividades de asentamiento, incluso en la Jerusalén Oriental ocupada.",
"La posición más reciente de Israel respecto de la construcción de más de 300 nuevas unidades de asentamiento es otro ejemplo de sus actividades ilícitas en los territorios ocupados. Como tal, es inaceptable y suscita mayores dudas acerca de la sinceridad de Israel con respecto al proceso de paz.",
"Una vez más, instamos a Israel a que, sobre la base de sus compromisos derivados de la hoja de ruta, ponga fin a toda actividad relacionada con los asentamientos y reanude negociaciones directas con la parte palestina. Eso no es pedir mucho, y actualmente es la única manera de allanar el camino hacia el logro de una solución de dos Estados, basada en los principios bien establecidos con arreglo a los cuales Israel y Palestina vivirán siempre uno junto al otro en paz y con seguridad.",
"Los palestinos han trabajado denodadamente durante los últimos dos años para establecer el fundamento institucional de su futuro Estado. Gracias a sus acciones, la Autoridad Palestina ha demostrado, más allá de cualquier duda, que está preparada para asumir todos los derechos y obligaciones de un Estado reconocido internacionalmente, aunque Palestina siga hallándose bajo la ocupación y, por lo tanto, necesite el apoyo internacional.",
"Turquía estima que es hora de que se reconozca a Palestina como Estado Miembro de pleno derecho en el seno de la comunidad internacional, sobre la base de las fronteras de 1967. El propio concepto de una solución de dos Estados, que se remonta a 1947, es la base firme y clara para ello. La comunidad internacional no debe pasar por alto el llamamiento legítimo de Palestina de ser reconocida en pie de igualdad y, en última instancia, de ser admitida en las Naciones Unidas como Miembro de pleno derecho. Turquía colaborará con Palestina para alcanzar esos objetivos fundamentales. En última instancia, a falta de un proceso de paz que tenga sentido, no se puede esperar que los palestinos sigan siendo por siempre prisioneros de la voluntad de Israel.",
"La situación en la Franja de Gaza sigue siendo un motivo de grave preocupación. La difícil situación de los palestinos que viven en Gaza debe mitigarse con urgencia, y las necesidades de reconstrucción y rehabilitación de la población deben abordarse de inmediato. La resolución 1860 (2009) debe aplicarse en su integridad. Las actuales condiciones humanitarias y de derechos humanos de la población civil de Gaza son insostenibles e inaceptables y, en última instancia, no redundan en interés de ninguna de las partes interesadas. La escalada periódica de tensiones entre las partes demuestra claramente que la situación es, cuando menos, frágil. Los enfoques minimalistas de la diplomacia pública no funcionarán. Israel debe levantar de inmediato su bloqueo ilícito e inhumano de Gaza.",
"Entretanto, Turquía acoge con agrado el acuerdo de unidad alcanzado entre los palestinos. Es un acontecimiento sumamente importante, que tiene lugar en un momento en que toda la región ha emprendido una transformación democrática. Se trata de una medida en la buena dirección. Esperamos que el proceso de reconciliación nacional pueda concluirse pronto con la formación de un gobierno inclusivo y democráticamente representativo, que permita a la nación palestina celebrar unas elecciones libres y justas.",
"Turquía insta a los grupos palestinos a que asuman el proceso de reconciliación de una vez por todas y a que participen en la creación de un Estado palestino que viva al lado de Israel en paz y con seguridad. Paralelamente a la búsqueda de la armonía entre los palestinos, la comunidad internacional debe desempeñar también un papel positivo apoyando el proceso y no prejuzgando su resultado.",
"Ha transcurrido ya más de un año desde el ataque mortal de Israel contra el convoy internacional humanitario que navegaba hacia Gaza. Las fuerzas israelíes asesinaron despiadadamente a nueve civiles y muchos otros resultaron heridos. Los pasajeros fueron objeto de todas las formas de maltrato hasta que se marcharon de Israel. El Grupo de investigación establecido por el Secretario General de conformidad con la Declaración de la Presidencia S/PRST/2010/9 de 1 de junio de 2010 ha concluido su labor. El Presidente y el Copresidente elaboraron su informe, que está ya sellado y se espera que sea presentado al Secretario General.",
"Hemos facilitado a Israel una salida de esta situación. Debe disculparse y pagar una indemnización. No habrá normalización de relaciones entre Turquía e Israel a menos que los israelíes hagan lo que se espera de ellos. Turquía seguirá de cerca de manera decidida esa cuestión hasta que se haga justicia.",
"Para concluir, permítaseme reiterar una vez más el firme apoyo de Turquía al establecimiento de una paz amplia, justa y duradera en la región basada en la solución de dos Estados, así como nuestra decisión de ayudar a nuestros hermanos palestinos a alcanzar el objetivo tan dilatado de un Estado de Palestina viable, pacífico y próspero.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Tiene la palabra el representante del Japón.",
"Sr. Nishida (Japón) (habla en inglés): Deseo dar las gracias al Presidente por habernos dado la oportunidad de abordar la situación en el Oriente Medio. Doy las gracias al Sr. Serry por su amplia exposición informativa. Deseo también dar las gracias al Embajador Mansour y al Embajador Prosor por sus declaraciones.",
"El Japón respalda firmemente una solución de dos Estados, mediante la cual Israel y el Estado de Palestina vivirían uno al lado del otro en condiciones de paz, seguridad y reconocimiento mutuo. El Japón respalda la visión de que las fronteras en una solución de dos Estado deberían definirse mediante negociaciones y sobre la base de las fronteras de 1967, con intercambios de territorios mutuamente acordados, de manera que se logre la coexistencia pacífica entre un Estado de Palestina viable e Israel con fronteras seguras y reconocidas. Mediante esa solución de dos Estados, los palestinos ejercerían sus derechos a establecer un Estado independiente, Israel disfrutaría de un entorno de seguridad mucho mejor, y ambas partes podrían establecer una plena cooperación para la prosperidad mutua.",
"La solución de dos Estados puede alcanzarse únicamente mediante negociaciones sinceras. El Japón ha venido exhortando a ambas partes a que reanuden negociaciones directas en cooperación con la comunidad internacional. El Japón respalda firmemente el discurso pronunciado por el Presidente Obama en mayo que sentó la base para la reanudación de negociaciones. Pedimos a ambas partes que colaboren con los Estados Unidos y la comunidad internacional y adopten medidas que propicien un entorno para reanudar las negociaciones directas.",
"El Japón no reconocerá ninguna medida unilateral que perjudique el resultado de las negociaciones sobre el estatuto definitivo. Las dos partes deben cumplir sus obligaciones en virtud de los acuerdos anteriores, principalmente la hoja de ruta. Pedimos de nuevo a Israel que congele sus actividades de asentamiento en la Ribera Occidental, incluida Jerusalén Oriental. Al mismo tiempo, pedimos a la Autoridad Palestina que prosiga sus esfuerzos por mejorar la seguridad y cumplir sus compromisos de detener la violencia y luchar contra la incitación a la violencia. El Japón ha respaldado firmemente los esfuerzos de la Autoridad Palestina por crear el Estado, y seguirá brindando asistencia en ese sentido.",
"El Japón sigue preocupado por la situación humanitaria en la Franja de Gaza. Seguimos exhortando a que se aplique plenamente la resolución 1860 (2009). El Japón sigue de cerca los esfuerzos palestinos por establecer un Gobierno unificado que procure verdaderamente una solución de dos Estados.",
"Para concluir, quisiera reiterar nuestro llamamiento a las partes para que realicen todos los esfuerzos posibles para reanudar las negociaciones directas. El Japón, junto con la comunidad internacional, seguirá realizando esfuerzos por contribuir a que se logre una paz amplia y justa en la región.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Tiene la palabra el representante de Jordania.",
"Sr. Omaish (Jordania) (habla en árabe): El pueblo palestino ha aspirado durante decenios a disfrutar de los mismos derechos políticos, económicos y sociales que goza el resto del mundo, entre ellos principalmente el derecho a la soberanía sobre su propio territorio nacional, a la libertad y a la dignidad. Tiene el derecho básico reconocido universalmente de crear un Estado independiente, con Jerusalén Oriental como su capital, que viva al lado de Israel dentro de las fronteras del 4 de junio de 1967.",
"Jordania advierte de las consecuencias del estallido de conflictos, guerra y anarquía por la intransigencia de Israel para hacer frente a la cuestión de Palestina. Israel sigue aplazando y desperdiciando las oportunidades de establecer la paz. Debe volver a una visión pragmática, práctica e iluminada sin paradojas ideológicas que solo pueden repercutir de manera negativa en la situación y tener consecuencias adversas para la paz y la seguridad internacionales. Se necesita tener valentía para adoptar decisiones difíciles. Por consiguiente, Jordania pide que se reanuden rápidamente las negociaciones directas para lograr una solución definitiva para la cuestión de Palestina.",
"Sin embargo, Jordania considera que las negociaciones serán en vano mientras continúen construyéndose asentamientos. Israel debe también definir una posición clara y precisa frente al proceso de paz. A Jordania le preocupan profundamente las constantes violaciones de Israel en los territorios árabes ocupados y sus intentos por judaizarlos, lo que tendrá un efecto negativo en los lugares sagrados de Jerusalén Oriental. Sobre la base de nuestra función activa en el mantenimiento de los lugares sagrados cristianos e islámicos en los territorios ocupados, pedimos la intervención internacional para poner fin a esas violaciones y al proceso de judaización. Pedimos también que se ponga fin al sufrimiento constante de los presos y detenidos palestinos que languidecen en cárceles israelíes.",
"Celebramos la reciente firma del acuerdo de reconciliación nacional palestino. Se trata de una medida en la dirección correcta por el camino hacia la reunificación palestina, y cumplirá las esperanzas del pueblo palestino de contar con dirigentes unidos, responsables que pueden satisfacer las aspiraciones del pueblo palestino de establecer su Estado independiente. Jordania exhorta a la comunidad internacional a que luche por el levantamiento del embargo y el bloqueo ilegales de la Franja de Gaza. Una comunidad internacional que insista en el disfrute de los derechos humanos, la libertad y la dignidad no puede permanecer en silencio ante el castigo colectivo de toda una nación.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Tiene la palabra la representante de Malasia.",
"Sra. Zainul Abidin (Malasia) (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Ante todo, permítame felicitarlo porque su delegación ha asumido la Presidencia del Consejo. Deseo señalar que mi delegación se adhiere a las declaraciones formuladas por Egipto, en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, y por Kazajstán, en nombre de la Organización de Cooperación Islámica.",
"En las Naciones Unidas estamos habituados a vivir y a recordar los logros alcanzados. La creación de las propias Naciones Unidas señaló el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y el comienzo de la paz mundial; el primero de los numerosos hitos. Sin embargo, algunos de esos acontecimientos históricos son hechos lamentables en nuestra civilización. El mes pasado, señalamos una ocasión de esa índole: la ocupación militar extranjera más larga, porque en junio de 2011 se cumplieron 44 años de ocupación de los territorios palestinos por parte de Israel.",
"Cuarenta y cuatro años es mucho tiempo para languidecer bajo la presión de otro, en especial en esta era. Lotes de terreno que eran de Palestina ahora han sido confiscados y sus habitantes han sido desalojados. La construcción y la expansión de asentamientos y del muro de separación, la demolición de viviendas e infraestructura palestinas y la revocación de los derechos de residencia de palestinos en Jerusalén Oriental forman parte de las políticas y prácticas ilícitas que aplica Israel con el propósito de reemplazar a los habitantes y borrar la historia. Esas medidas no solo son ilegales sino que también dificultan más que nunca el logro de la solución de dos Estados.",
"El mes pasado se cumplió también el cuarto año del bloqueo inhumano de Gaza por parte de Israel. Las condiciones de vida que afrontan 1,6 millones de habitantes de Gaza siguen siendo un motivo de preocupación. Dependientes de la asistencia internacional, y debido al bloqueo, los residentes de Gaza se ven despojados de su derecho a vivir en condiciones dignas. El 31 de mayo de 2010, también fuimos testigos de la muerte de nueve personas que se sumaron a las más de 1.400 personas que perdieron la vida como consecuencia de la agresión militar de Israel desde fines de 2008. Esas nueve personas eran activistas humanitarios que fueron muertos en aguas internacionales, mensajeros de esfuerzos de socorro destinados a mitigar la difícil situación de la población de Gaza. En este sentido, instamos a Israel a que cumpla plenamente la resolución 1860 (2009) y a que levante por completo el bloqueo ilegal, que es una forma de castigo colectivo prohibida por el derecho internacional.",
"Resulta más que imprescindible que se logre una solución justa para esta cuestión. Las partes interesadas deben ponerse a la altura que les corresponde como partes honestas en este proceso de paz para que no continuemos en este estado insostenible en que nos encontramos. Al respecto, la creación de un Estado de Palestina independiente, sobre la base de las fronteras previas a 1967, con Jerusalén Oriental como su capital, que coexista con Israel en condiciones de paz y seguridad, de conformidad con los parámetros establecidos y definidos en las resoluciones 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003), 1850 (2008), en el mandato de Madrid, incluido el principio de territorio por paz, en la Iniciativa de Paz Árabe y en la hoja de ruta, es extremadamente crucial para abordar la cuestión de Palestina, que ha sido el meollo del conflicto entre árabes e israelíes durante más de 60 años.",
"De conformidad con su mandato, el Consejo de Seguridad tiene el deber de adoptar las medidas necesarias para garantizar el cumplimiento de sus propias resoluciones. Tenemos que asegurarnos de que todas las partes reanuden las negociaciones de paz. Aceptar algo menos sería una burla de la misma Organización que tratamos de defender.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Tiene la palabra el representante de Uganda.",
"Sr. Kafeero (Uganda) (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Le agradezco que haya organizado este debate público. También doy las gracias al Coordinador Especial y Representante Personal del Secretario General, Sr. Robert Serry, por su exposición informativa.",
"Hoy las partes israelí y palestina, así como la comunidad internacional, están en un momento crítico. Es lamentable que, a pesar de los esfuerzos que realizan las partes con el apoyo de interlocutores regionales e internacionales, no se hayan logrado avances tangibles y que el proceso de paz siga estancado. Mi delegación esperaba que las recientes reuniones del Cuarteto y de la Liga de los Estados Árabes celebradas este mes podrían resultar en la reanudación de las negociaciones directas, que están estancadas, lo cual permitiría el logro de un marco acordado.",
"Este es un momento decisivo. Es una prueba para la capacidad política de los dirigentes israelíes y palestinos. Si bien el apoyo de la comunidad internacional es esencial, la responsabilidad primordial de la negociación y de la consecución de una paz amplia y duradera incumbe a las partes israelí y palestina. Uganda reitera su llamamiento a ambas partes para que reanuden las negociaciones con urgencia y tengan el coraje necesario para adoptar decisiones valientes, teniendo en cuenta que las aspiraciones legítimas de los palestinos a tener un Estado no pueden demorarse mucho más y que las preocupaciones legítimas de Israel en materia de seguridad deben ser abordadas.",
"Mi delegación sigue profundamente preocupada por la reciente aprobación por parte de Israel de la construcción de nuevas viviendas en los asentamientos e insta una vez más a que se paralicen por completo todas las actividades de asentamiento.",
"Encomiamos a los dirigentes palestinos por los esfuerzos que realizan para construir su Estado y por el cumplimiento de sus obligaciones en el marco de la hoja de ruta, particularmente en los sectores de la seguridad y del desarrollo económico. También elogiamos sus esfuerzos destinados a forjar la unidad y la reconciliación.",
"Seguimos preocupados por la situación humanitaria imperante en Gaza y por los obstáculos constantes a la circulación de personas y bienes desde Gaza y hacia Gaza. Exhortamos a Israel a que levante el bloqueo contra Gaza y reiteramos nuestro llamamiento a todas las partes para que cumplan plenamente con la resolución 1860 (2009).",
"Para concluir, mi delegación desea subrayar que la situación actual es insostenible. Alentamos a las partes israelí y palestina a que, con el apoyo de la comunidad internacional y en particular del Consejo de Seguridad, superen el estancamiento actual y trabajen en favor de la concreción de una solución de dos Estados en beneficio de la paz, la seguridad y la prosperidad de sus pueblos.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Tiene la palabra la representante de Islandia.",
"Sra. Gunnarsdóttir (Islandia) (habla en inglés): Islandia apoya firmemente una solución pacífica del conflicto israelo-palestino y la solución de dos Estados. Desde que se inició el proceso de Oslo, hace casi dos decenios, hemos estado seguros de que el proceso de paz produciría ese resultado, el cual permitiría el logro de una paz amplia y viable en la región, como se ha previsto en la Iniciativa de Paz Árabe.",
"Sin embargo, actualmente el proceso de paz está totalmente estancado. Si bien Islandia insta a las partes a que regresen a la mesa de negociaciones, consideramos que ha llegado el momento de que la comunidad internacional participe de manera más directa. Las Naciones Unidas tuvieron un papel histórico en la creación del Estado de Israel y quizá nos acercamos al momento en que resultaría pertinente que la Asamblea General y el Consejo de Seguridad se comprometieran nuevamente con el fin de solucionar la cuestión de Palestina.",
"Si los palestinos deciden presentar la cuestión de manera más directa ante la Asamblea General, Islandia está dispuesta a respaldarlos. El Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores de Islandia señaló esto claramente cuando se reunió con el Presidente Abbas y con el Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores, Sr. Al-Malki, durante el viaje que efectuó a Ramallah este mes. En esa ocasión, nuestro Ministro señaló que Islandia apoyaría una resolución relativa a la condición de Estado de Palestina, sobre la base de las fronteras de 1967, con Jerusalén Oriental como su capital, así como una resolución sobre la condición de miembro de pleno derecho de Palestina en las Naciones Unidas, si los palestinos decidieran presentar dichas resoluciones en el otoño.",
"La posición de Islandia es que la búsqueda del reconocimiento de un Estado palestino no contradice el deseo de una solución negociada del conflicto. Muy por el contrario, podría considerarse como un medio para estimular la celebración de negociaciones con seriedad. Es necesario abordar la simetría de poder entre las dos partes. Eso solo podrá lograrse mediante una participación más enérgica de la comunidad internacional, incluso haciendo hincapié en el derecho internacional aplicable a la ocupación.",
"A falta de una solución política, es necesario mejorar la situación sobre el terreno. Ante todo, nos hacemos eco de quienes en todo el mundo instan al Gobierno de Israel a que levante de inmediato el bloqueo de Gaza. Debería abrirse un número suficiente de cruces fronterizos y canales legítimos que actualmente están cerrados para la circulación de bienes en Gaza y fuera de Gaza y para lograr la capacidad de importación y exportación que existía antes del bloqueo. Las autoridades israelíes deberían liberar especialmente los mercados de barras de acero y de cemento.",
"La decisión del Gobierno de Israel de continuar con sus actividades de asentamiento en los territorios palestinos ocupados, incluso en Jerusalén Oriental, no solo es incompatible con sus obligaciones en virtud del derecho internacional sino también con la hoja de ruta. Observamos que esta actividad ilícita continúa y que el empleo de la violencia, las demoliciones de viviendas y los desalojos forzosos en los territorios palestinos ocupados, incluso en Jerusalén Oriental, siguen siendo motivo de gran preocupación. La comunidad internacional debe tener cuidado de no enviar mensajes que puedan ser entendidos como una avenencia respecto de las actividades ilícitas de asentamiento. La creación de hechos consumados sobre el terreno que sean contrarios al derecho internacional y que constituyan un obstáculo para la consecución de una solución de dos Estados no debería ser recompensada. Los asentamientos son reversibles.",
"Islandia también desea expresar su preocupación por la intensificación de la violencia que ejercen los colonos contra los palestinos, incluida su denominada política del “precio”. Este es un acontecimiento muy preocupante, e Israel tiene la obligación de hacer todo lo posible para prevenir esa violencia y, cuando suceda, asegurarse de responsabilizar a los perpetradores.",
"Por último, Islandia acoge con satisfacción el acuerdo de reconciliación entre Fatah y Hamas y su intención de formar un Gobierno interino para preparar las elecciones presidenciales y parlamentarias en Palestina. Exhortamos a las partes palestinas a prestar atención al pedido de su propio pueblo, esforzarse por lograr un acuerdo y unirse en la búsqueda de una solución pacífica al conflicto.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra al representante de Kuwait.",
"Sr. Alotaibi (Kuwait) (habla en árabe): Tengo el honor de formular esta declaración ante el Consejo de Seguridad en nombre de los Estados miembros del Grupo de los Estados Árabes. Sin embargo, en primer lugar permítaseme expresar nuestro apoyo a la declaración formulada en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados por el representante de Egipto, así como a la declaración formulada por la representante de Kazajstán en nombre de la Organización de Cooperación Islámica.",
"La reunión es una demostración de la importancia que la comunidad internacional asigna a los legítimos derechos del pueblo palestino, que ha sufrido durante más de 60 años bajo la ocupación y las prácticas de Israel y su negativa a cumplir sus compromisos internacionales y su desprecio por todas las resoluciones internacionales.",
"Los pueblos y los Estados de la región cifran grandes esperanzas en que la comunidad internacional tenga la capacidad de asumir su responsabilidad política, jurídica y moral ante la posibilidad de la devolución de los territorios árabes ocupados, poniendo fin a la intransigencia y la arrogancia israelí y obligando a Israel a cumplir y aplicar plenamente las resoluciones de legitimidad internacional, en particular las resoluciones pertinentes del Consejo de Seguridad. Israel persiste en ignorar esas resoluciones y continúa aplicando medidas y prácticas ilegales y agresivas en los territorios palestinos ocupados, en particular en la Jerusalén Oriental y sus alrededores, con el fin de alterar su situación, sus características y su composición demográfica. Eso se suma a las constantes violaciones por parte de Israel, la Potencia ocupante, del derecho internacional y las reglas y reglamentos relativos a los derechos humanos.",
"Estas prácticas hacen que toda mención de la existencia de un asociado israelí que tenga sinceras intenciones de lograr la paz sea una mera fantasía. También demuestran más allá de toda duda que, a través de sus prácticas y políticas y de las declaraciones de sus funcionarios, Israel está trabajando lo más arduamente posible para socavar todos los esfuerzos internacionales encaminados a reanudar las conversaciones de paz sobre la base de la solución de dos Estados en el marco de las fronteras de 4 de junio de 1967.",
"Además, todas las prácticas tales como las campañas continuas e intensificadas de Israel para construir con rapidez miles de unidades de asentamiento y su constante demolición de las propiedades y edificios palestinos afirman sus intenciones expansionistas y contradicen las afirmaciones del Gobierno de Israel relativas a su deseo de reanudar el proceso de paz y avanzar hacia una solución de dos Estados.",
"La situación actual en la Franja de Gaza representa una nueva manifestación de las violaciones de Israel con respecto a la resolución 1860 (2009) y su falta de respeto por el Cuarto Convenio de Ginebra de 1949. Al entrar el opresivo bloqueo israelí en su quinto año, los civiles palestinos continúan siendo objeto de castigos colectivos, dando lugar a un aumento de la pobreza en Gaza y a un grave deterioro de la situación económica, social y humanitaria.",
"No es de extrañar, por lo tanto, que el bloqueo haya producido estadísticas aterradoras, por ejemplo, un aumento de un 65% en la tasa de desempleo. Además, los ataques aéreos que la fuerza aérea israelí lleva a cabo de vez en cuando, en violación de las reglas más elementales del derecho internacional que prohíben ese tipo de ataques en zonas pobladas por civiles, equivalen a ataques terroristas contra el pueblo palestino desarmado.",
"La comunidad internacional tiene que enviar a Israel el mensaje claro e inequívoco de que debe levantar el bloqueo y abrir los pasos fronterizos de manera inmediata, permanente y sin condiciones con el fin de permitir el acceso a la asistencia humanitaria, los materiales y bienes para la construcción y el movimiento de personas. Israel también debe ser castigado por seguir violando de manera persistente el derecho internacional, incluido el derecho internacional humanitario y las normas internacionales de derechos humanos. Debe rendir cuentas por los crímenes de guerra que ha cometido hasta ahora, por su práctica del terrorismo de Estado y por las violaciones sistemáticas de los derechos humanos que ha cometido contra los palestinos desarmados, cuyos perpetradores deben ser procesados.",
"El Grupo de los Estados Árabes pide al Consejo de Seguridad que adopte todas las medidas necesarias para forzar a Israel a poner en práctica la resolución 497 (1981), que pide la retirada de Israel del Golán sirio ocupado hasta las líneas del 4 de junio de 1967. Reafirma también que las medidas adoptadas por Israel con el fin de modificar la situación jurídica, física y demográfica se consideran nulas, sin validez y sin base legal, y que violan el derecho internacional y la Carta de las Naciones Unidas.",
"El Grupo de los Estados Árabes también exige que Israel cese sus constantes violaciones a la soberanía libanesa y contra los territorios, el espacio aéreo y las aguas territoriales del Líbano. El Grupo también exige la retirada completa de Israel de la parte norte de la ciudad de Al-Ghajar, las granjas de Shebaa y las colinas de Kfar Shouba.",
"Una solución amplia del conflicto árabe-israelí, a saber, una solución justa, amplia y duradera sólo puede lograrse a través de la aplicación de las resoluciones pertinentes de legitimidad internacional, en particular las resoluciones 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003) y 1850 (2008) del Consejo de Seguridad. También se debe basar en los principios de la Conferencia de Paz de Madrid, incluido el principio de tierra por paz, la Iniciativa de Paz Árabe y la hoja de ruta aprobada por el Cuarteto.",
"El Grupo de los Estados Árabes reafirma su pleno apoyo a los esfuerzos de la Autoridad Palestina por obtener la condición de miembro de las Naciones Unidas en el curso del próximo periodo de sesiones de la Asamblea General, de acuerdo con lo que ya se ha confirmado en la reunión del Comité Ministerial de la Iniciativa de Paz Árabe, celebrada en Doha el 14 de julio.",
"Durante más de seis decenios Israel ha persistido en desafiar a la comunidad internacional. Ha ido demasiado lejos en la aplicación de sus políticas ilegales y unilaterales, mientras que el pueblo palestino ha aplazado sus sueños y aspiraciones año tras año, durante más de seis decenios, aguardando con la esperanza de construir un hogar nacional que abarque a todos.",
"Durante seis decenios, las demandas del pueblo palestino y nuestras demandas han sido muy claras. Lo que más necesitamos es que se apliquen las resoluciones de las Naciones Unidas, incluidas las del Consejo de Seguridad, y que los palestinos ejerzan su derecho a la libre determinación y a vivir una vida libre, independiente y digna dentro de un Estado independiente y soberano, con Jerusalén Oriental como su capital.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el representante de Nicaragua.",
"Sr. Rosales Díaz (Nicaragua): Nicaragua, como miembro del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, se asocia plenamente a lo expresado por el Representante Permanente de Egipto en su capacidad de Presidente de nuestro Movimiento.",
"Una vez más, Nicaragua reitera su más profunda condena a la ocupación ilegal por Israel de todos los territorios palestinos, sirios y libaneses y exige su retiro inmediato de dichos territorios. Condenamos las políticas y prácticas israelíes de construcción y no desmantelamiento de asentamientos, así como el inhumano bloqueo de Gaza, la política de despedazamiento de la Ribera Occidental y otros territorios palestinos.",
"Este Consejo de Seguridad se reúne en vísperas de un momento histórico que tiene que llevarnos a convertir en una realidad innegable la existencia de un Estado palestino reconocido y plenamente acogido en el seno de esta Organización, implementándose por fin todas las disposiciones de la resolución 181 (II), que precisamente llama a la creación de dos Estados en tierra palestina, uno árabe y otro judío.",
"En efecto, ya no se puede permitir que se siga con la lógica de la negación de la existencia misma del Estado palestino. Desde el triunfo de la revolución en 1979, Nicaragua ha sido un testigo privilegiado de la lucha del pueblo palestino y de las sustanciales concesiones por él realizadas y que fueron vergonzosamente correspondidas por Israel con más asentamientos ilegales, más humillaciones, más muertes, más asesinatos sistemáticos de dirigentes palestinos, más destrucciones de hogares y más despojos, incluido el de la Jerusalén Oriental.",
"En fin y en pocas palabras, hemos asistido a una política de verdadero acorralamiento del pueblo palestino que está sustentada por una determinación no confesa de negar a cada uno de los ciudadanos palestinos su mera condición de ser humano.",
"Por todo ello, Nicaragua reitera la necesidad de poner fin de inmediato a la insoportable impunidad de la que goza Israel y que le ha sido garantizada irresponsablemente por este Consejo de Seguridad y, en particular, por el uso indiscriminado del veto de quien se ha convertido en el mayor cómplice de Israel.",
"Ya es hora de que el Consejo de Seguridad termine de asumir sus responsabilidades y exija de Israel que se comprometa por la paz. Es hora de que se abandonen las amenazas de veto y que la comunidad internacional sustituya a la retórica acciones concretas.",
"A tales efectos, Nicaragua hace un llamado al reconocimiento del Estado palestino, en sus fronteras de 1967, por este Consejo de Seguridad y la Asamblea General. Sólo así se impondrá una paz firme y duradera que permita a ambos pueblos el goce efectivo de todos sus derechos, poniendo de tal manera un punto final a un inaceptable e inexplicable injusticia.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el representante del Pakistán.",
"Sr. Raza Bashir Tarar (Pakistán) (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Quisiera ante todo darle las gracias por haber convocado el debate de hoy. Permítame expresar, en nombre del pueblo y del Gobierno del Pakistán, nuestras más profundas condolencias y pesar al pueblo y al Gobierno de Noruega por las atrocidades terroristas cometidas el viernes. Estos actos despreciables no hacen más que fortalecer nuestra determinación de luchar contra el terrorismo en todas sus formas y manifestaciones.",
"Nos asociamos a la declaración formulada por el Representante Permanente de Egipto en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, así como a la declaración que formulará la Representante Permanente de Kazajstán en nombre de la Organización de Cooperación Islámica.",
"El Pakistán considera que ha llegado el momento de alcanzar una solución duradera al conflicto israelo-palestino, que se base en dos Estados independientes y soberanos que coexistan contiguamente en paz.",
"Los avances realizados por la Autoridad Palestina en la creación de instituciones estatales son un augurio favorable para la paz. Numerosas fuentes independientes han confirmado que la condición estatal de Palestina podrá ser alcanzada en septiembre de 2011. Esto ha sido reconocido en informes de muchos organismos internacionales y señalado en declaraciones anteriores del Cuarteto del Oriente Medio. La reciente reducción relativa de la violencia en la región también ha permitido fortalecer las condiciones necesarias para una paz duradera. Es de nuestro común interés celebrar y reforzar los logros de Palestina por cuanto constituyen una valiosa oportunidad para una paz duradera en la región.",
"Los positivos avances en Palestina sólo se podrán mantener con una participación activa de la comunidad internacional. Para lograr una paz duradera en el Oriente Medio, le corresponde al Consejo de Seguridad y al Cuarteto del Oriente Medio cumplir con sus compromisos de larga data en favor de una solución definitiva y trabajar de manera conjunta para lograr ese objetivo. Los conocidos parámetros del proceso de paz en el Oriente Medio deben orientar el camino hacia la paz en el Oriente Medio. A pesar de la claridad de nuestro objetivo común y de la casi unanimidad que suscitan los parámetros, el Consejo de Seguridad y el Cuarteto del Oriente Medio parecen cada vez más ser incapaces de actuar. Esto no es un buen augurio para la región. Su falta de acción podría hacer que se pierda la actual oportunidad para la paz y condenar una vez más a la región a caer en ciclos de violencia y desconfianza.",
"Los retos que afronta la paz en el Medio Oriente no se deben sólo de la inacción de la comunidad internacional, sino que están arraigados en la política expansionista de Israel, que se caracteriza por la planificación y construcción de nuevas zonas de asentamiento. La reciente aprobación de nuevas zonas de construcción en la Jerusalén Ocupada, en Belén y Naplusa son motivo de gran preocupación. La demolición de viviendas e infraestructuras palestinas en la Jerusalén Oriental y el valle del Jordán han provocado el desplazamiento de numerosas familias palestinas.",
"La actividad de asentamientos es una clara violación del derecho internacional y debe ser tratada como tal. Cada uno de esos asentamientos constituye un obstáculo considerable en el camino hacia la paz. Israel debe detener la construcción de nuevos asentamientos y dejar de usar la actividad de asentamientos como una herramienta política en el proceso de paz. Las actividades de asentamiento y el proceso de paz no pueden avanzar juntos.",
"La continuación del bloqueo israelí de Gaza no es ni razonable ni sostenible. Instamos a que se aplique plenamente la resolución 1860 (2009) del Consejo de Seguridad. La vida en Gaza no podrá volver a la normalidad sin una libre circulación de personas y bienes, incluidos los materiales esenciales para la reconstrucción. Confiamos en que Israel facilite la finalización de los proyectos de reconstrucción, incluidos los iniciados por el Organismo de Obras Públicas y Socorro de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados de Palestina en el Cercano Oriente.",
"El Pakistán apoya la consecución de una paz duradera para todos los habitantes de Oriente Medio, independientemente de su religión, etnia o nacionalidad. El marco para la paz en el Oriente Medio está detalladamente establecido en las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003) y 1850 (2008), en los términos de referencia de Madrid, en la Iniciativa de Paz Árabe y en la hoja de ruta del Cuarteto. Se impone reunir y conservar la voluntad política necesaria para aplicar ese marco.",
"Esperamos que el Consejo de Seguridad y el Cuarteto del Oriente Medio trabajen de manera significativa con los protagonistas involucrados para concretar el objetivo colectivo de la comunidad internacional: un Estado de Palestina independiente, soberano y viable, con Al-Quds Al-Sharif como capital y que coexista en paz con todos sus vecinos. El Pakistán comparte y respalda este objetivo.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el representante de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela.",
"Sr. Valero Briceño (República Bolivariana de Venezuela): La República Bolivariana de Venezuela agradece el informe presentado por el Sr. Robert Serry, Coordinador Especial de las Naciones Unidas para el Proceso de Paz del Oriente Medio, y Representante Personal del Secretario General para la Organización de Liberación de Palestina y la Autoridad Palestina.",
"Asimismo, suscribe la declaración formulada por el Embajador Maged Abdelaziz, Representante Permanente de la República Árabe de Egipto, en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados.",
"Tal como lo ha advertido recientemente el Sr. Maxwell Gaylard, Coordinador de las Naciones Unidas para las Actividades Humanitarias y de Desarrollo en el territorio palestino ocupado, miles de beduinos se verán afectados por las demoliciones que el Gobierno de Israel lleva a cabo, en Jerusalén, para ampliar los asentamientos ilegales de ciudadanos israelíes. Según el Sr. Gaylard, en lo que va de este año, se han demolido más viviendas que en todo 2009 ó 2010, dejando sin hogar a refugiados que han vivido en esa área desde 1948.",
"Esta grave situación coloca en riesgo de desplazamiento al 80% de los beduinos que habitan en esa zona. Agreguemos que miles de familias palestinas están siendo forzadas a desplazarse de sus áreas de residencia. Condenables son el crecimiento de los asentamientos ilegales israelíes, las demoliciones de viviendas y la prohibición de nuevas construcciones palestinas. Ejemplos evidentes del apartheid impuesto por el Gobierno de Israel, estos actos ilegales e inhumanos practicados impunemente por la Potencia ocupante, ponen en evidencia la falta de acción de este Consejo.",
"En concordancia con el derecho a la autodeterminación de los pueblos, está planteado un inmediato reconocimiento del Estado palestino y su incorporación como Miembro pleno de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas. Mi delegación desea reafirmar el derecho que tienen los pueblos de decidir en forma soberana su propio destino. Venezuela reitera su llamado a que el Gobierno de Israel respete plenamente las disposiciones del Cuarto Convenio de Ginebra relativo a la protección de personas civiles en tiempo de guerra, en el territorio palestino, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, y en los demás territorios árabes ocupados.",
"El editor jefe del diario israelí Haaretz, Bradley Burston, ha señalado que:",
"“No hay nada que deslegitimice más eficazmente a Israel, y que permita que sea considerado como insensible, que el asedio a Gaza.”",
"Ciertamente, es deplorable la delicada situación humanitaria que sufren los palestinos en la Franja de Gaza. El bloqueo impuesto en esa zona es inhumano e ilegal, como inhumano e ilegal es el muro construido por Israel en el territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental y sus alrededores.",
"Es inaceptable la actuación compulsiva de la Potencia ocupante en contra de ciudadanos palestinos que sufren las más descaradas violaciones de sus derechos humanos. La República Bolivariana de Venezuela exige categóricamente, y una vez más, el levantamiento irrestricto e inmediato de esas medidas inhumanas, ilegales y unilaterales.",
"Venezuela, expresa su preocupación por los graves acontecimientos acaecidos en el Golán sirio ocupado, el 15 de mayo y el 5 de junio, de este año, en los que fueron masacrados por soldados israelíes numerosos ciudadanos palestinos, que protestaban pacíficamente en contra de la ocupación. Venezuela pide nuevamente el retiro de Israel de ese territorio, en cumplimiento de las resoluciones pertinentes del Consejo de Seguridad. Asimismo, hace un nuevo llamado a que el Estado de Israel respete la soberanía del Líbano, y evite más conflictos como el que tuvo lugar en julio del año 2006.",
"Mi país reivindica los valores de la libertad, la independencia y la soberanía, que siempre es necesario fortalecer para alcanzar la paz entre los pueblos. Repitámoslo nuevamente: sin justicia no hay paz.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Tiene la palabra el representante de la República Popular Democrática de Corea.",
"Sr. Kim Yong Song (República Popular Democrática de Corea) (habla en inglés): Ante todo, mi delegación desea dar las gracias al Sr. Robert Serry por su detallada exposición informativa de esta mañana. Mi delegación también se adhiere a la declaración formulada por el Representante Permanente de la República de Egipto en nombre de los Estados miembros del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados.",
"La solución de la cuestión de Palestina en el Oriente Medio es una de las mayores prioridades entre los esfuerzos encaminados a garantizar la paz y la seguridad en la región. Por ese motivo, la comunidad internacional sigue prestando atención a la cuestión de Palestina y haciendo todo lo posible con miras a su solución.",
"Quisiera hacer especial hincapié en un hecho positivo, que podría influir en la solución de la cuestión de Palestina, con el firme apoyo de la comunidad internacional. Cabe destacar que la lucha del pueblo palestino por un Estado independiente y soberano está cobrando ahora un impulso sin precedente. El elemento fundamental para alcanzar la victoria en esta lucha debe estar en manos del pueblo palestino, ya que, sin duda, la clave es la unidad del propio pueblo palestino. La aprobación el pasado mes de mayo de un acuerdo definitivo de reconciliación entre las fuerzas políticas palestinas ciertamente contribuirá a fortalecer la unidad del pueblo palestino y alentará con firmeza su lucha por un Estado independiente y soberano.",
"No obstante los acontecimientos positivos, aún persisten los obstáculos y los retos con relación al proceso de paz del Oriente Medio. Israel no se ha retirado de los territorios palestinos y árabes ocupados, a pesar de las crecientes denuncias de la comunidad internacional. Israel ha seguido ampliando sus asentamientos en Jerusalén Oriental y en los territorios árabes, desafiando directamente las demandas internacionales. La construcción de asentamientos es parte de un ambicioso esfuerzo de Israel con miras a la expansión territorial. Sus efectos están teniendo ahora graves consecuencias. Precisamente debido a la ampliación de los asentamientos israelíes las conversaciones palestino-israelíes, concertadas tras un arduo proceso de vicisitudes, se han estancado.",
"El apoyo a la creación de un Estado de Palestina independiente y soberano se está convirtiendo en una tendencia de la sociedad internacional, que nadie se atreve a detener. Muchos países reconocen a Palestina como un Estado independiente y soberano, y la cifra ya ha llegado a más de 120. La lucha del pueblo palestino por recuperar su territorio ocupado y establecer un Estado independiente y soberano es más que justificable; por consiguiente; la victoria está garantizada.",
"Mi delegación quisiera aprovechar esta oportunidad para expresar nuestro pleno apoyo a la justificada lucha del pueblo palestino por restituir sus derechos legítimos soberanos, incluida la fundación de un Estado independiente y soberano, así como nuestra solidaridad con esta causa.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Tiene la palabra el representante de Bangladesh.",
"Sr. Mahmood (Bangladesh) (habla en inglés): Doy las gracias a Alemania por haber programado este debate público tan importante sobre la situación imperante en el Oriente Medio. Permítaseme expresar nuestra gratitud al Ministro de Estado de la Oficina Federal de Relaciones Exteriores de Alemania por presidir este debate. También transmito nuestro agradecimiento al Coordinador Especial y Representante Personal del Secretario General, Sr. Robert Serry, por su amplia exposición informativa de esta mañana.",
"La delegación de Bangladesh se adhiere a las declaraciones formuladas por los representantes de Egipto y de Kazajstán en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados y de la Organización de Cooperación Islámica, respectivamente. Además, deseo formular brevemente algunas observaciones que Bangladesh considera de importancia.",
"Lograr una solución duradera y sostenible del conflicto árabe-israelí, incluida la cuestión de Palestina, que es el núcleo de esa crisis tan prolongada, debe ser nuestro objetivo estratégico colectivo. Todos los Estados Miembros deben comprometerse plenamente con ese objetivo y dar su pleno apoyo moral, diplomático, político y económico para su pronta realización.",
"Se está negando al pueblo palestino sus derechos fundamentales a la libre determinación y a vivir libremente en su propia tierra, y a los palestinos desplazados se les ha negado su derecho a regresar a sus hogares y a vivir con dignidad y seguridad. Lamentablemente, parece que es un fracaso colectivo de la comunidad internacional y, especialmente, del pueblo de Israel, que, habiendo sufrido él mismo privaciones, sin embargo no ha podido aprovechar la ocasión y garantizar al pueblo de Palestina sus derechos fundamentales a la libre determinación y a vivir en un Estado soberano propio, al lado de Israel. A fin de lograr una solución duradera en el Oriente Medio, es muy importante abordar el problema fundamental: la ocupación prolongada e ilícita de los territorios árabes por Israel.",
"Expresamos nuestra preocupación por la enorme destrucción de propiedades, viviendas, instituciones económicas, tierras agrícolas y huertos que lleva a cabo la Potencia ocupante; por su construcción del muro; por su confiscación de territorios y por su continua imposición de puestos de control, en contravención del derecho internacional, en el territorio palestino ocupado, inclusive en Jerusalén Oriental y sus alrededores, que ha obstaculizado gravemente la ya de por sí terrible situación económica que afronta la población palestina.",
"Encomiamos el liderazgo del Presidente Mahmoud Abbas de la Autoridad Palestina y los constantes esfuerzos palestinos por la construcción de un Estado palestino, especialmente en los ámbitos de la gobernanza, el estado de derecho y los derechos humanos, las condiciones de vida de los sectores productivos, la educación y la cultura, la salud, la protección social y el agua.",
"Sin embargo, estamos preocupados por las operaciones militares israelíes y la continua política israelí de cierres y severas restricciones a la circulación de personas y mercancías, incluido el personal de asistencia humanitaria, así como los alimentos, las medicinas, combustible y otros suministros esenciales en la Franja de Gaza, lo que está provocando víctimas civiles. Por consiguiente, pedimos la máxima moderación y respeto por el derecho internacional humanitario. En ese sentido, es muy lamentable que un barco civil francés, que navegaba para facilitar apoyo humanitario, haya sido capturado recientemente.",
"Mi delegación estima que el Cuarto Convenio de Ginebra, las resoluciones pertinentes de la Asamblea General, las resoluciones 242 (1967) 338 (1973) y 425 (1978) del Consejo de Seguridad, el principio de territorio por paz, y los mandatos de la Conferencia de Madrid, que garantizan la retirada de Israel de todos los territorios árabes y palestinos ocupados a las fronteras del 4 de junio de 1967, la hoja de ruta y la Iniciativa de Paz Árabe son las mejores guías para lograr una solución de dos Estados.",
"El apoyo de principio al derecho del pueblo palestino a la libre determinación, proveniente de los cuatro rincones del planeta, tanto a nivel bilateral como multilateral, ha sido un pilar fundamental de la resistencia palestina durante decenios. En ese sentido, mi delegación acoge con agrado el plan de la Autoridad Palestina titulado “Palestina: Fin de la ocupación y creación del Estado”, un plan para construir las instituciones de un Estado palestino para septiembre de 2011.",
"Permítaseme pasar a la situación en el Líbano y en el Golán sirio ocupado. Es lamentable que el Estado ocupante esté vulnerando la soberanía libanesa y violando reiteradamente las disposiciones de la resolución 1701 (2006) del Consejo de Seguridad. Asimismo, es motivo de preocupación la adopción de diversas medidas y acciones para cambiar el estatuto jurídico, físico y demográfico del Golán sirio ocupado.",
"Para concluir, permítaseme reiterar la posición de larga data de Bangladesh en el sentido de que la ilícita ocupación permanente de Palestina en los últimos seis decenios es la causa principal de la violencia, los disturbios y la desestabilización de la región. Permítaseme igualmente reiterar nuestro pleno respaldo a una paz duradera para todos los habitantes de la región, tanto árabes como israelíes, y nuestro firme compromiso en favor de la realización de un Estado de Palestina independiente, soberano y viable, con Al-Quds Al-Sharif como su capital, que coexista con todos sus vecinos y en condiciones de paz.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el representante de Marruecos.",
"Sr. Loulichki (Marruecos) (habla en árabe): Sr. Presidente: Ante todo, permítame expresarle nuestra profunda gratitud por haber organizado este debate público. Asimismo, agradezco al Sr. Robert Serry su exhaustiva exposición informativa sobre los últimos acontecimientos que han tenido lugar en el Oriente Medio. Como es habitual, mi delegación apoya las declaraciones formuladas por los representantes de Egipto, Kazajstán y Kuwait, en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, la Organización de Cooperación Islámica y la Liga de los Estados Árabes, respectivamente.",
"Ante todo, quisiera expresar nuestra profunda preocupación por el estancamiento prolongado de los esfuerzos internacionales y regionales por reactivar las conversaciones entre los palestinos y los israelíes, especialmente en vista de las aspiraciones jurídicas de los palestinos en lo tocante a septiembre de 2011. No puede haber duda alguna de que a nivel internacional existe un acuerdo unánime en relación con la solución de dos Estados y la necesidad de un amplio acuerdo en el Oriente Medio, respetando la legitimidad internacional. En consecuencia, la comunidad internacional debe ser estricta y efectiva en lo que atañe a crear un entorno propicio a las negociaciones, exento de medidas provocativas, ilícitas y unilaterales de Israel, con el fin de llevar la paz y la prosperidad de la región.",
"Nos preocupan profundamente los obstáculos que impiden la celebración de conversaciones directas entre las dos partes. Al mismo tiempo, estamos convencidos de que el proceso de paz es una opción necesaria que debe llevar a una paz amplia, justa y legitima para todos los pueblos de la región.",
"En ese contexto, Marruecos sigue de cerca y con optimismo las diversas iniciativas —de los Estados Unidos, del Cuarteto, de la Unión Europea y de otros agentes regionales e internacionales— para promover el retorno a las conversaciones indirectas. Nuestra esperanza es que esos esfuerzos promuevan la realización de negociaciones serias de buena fe, de conformidad con el derecho internacional, la Iniciativa de Paz Árabe, la hoja de ruta y los acuerdos previamente alcanzados entre las partes.",
"Marruecos celebró calurosamente el compromiso contraído por el Presidente Obama de los Estados Unidos en su discurso de 19 de mayo de 2011 con una paz amplia justa entre palestinos e israelíes y la creación de un Estado palestino independiente, dentro de las fronteras de 1967, que coexista con Israel en condiciones de paz.",
"Expresamos la esperanza de que esa posición, compartida por toda la comunidad internacional, permita al pueblo palestino reclamar sus derechos legítimos y crear un Estado independiente, con su capital en Al-Quds Al-Sharif.",
"En ese contexto, Marruecos, cuyo rey, Mohammed VI, preside la Comisión sobre Israel, desea expresar su preocupación al Consejo y condenar las medidas adoptadas por Israel en Jerusalén Oriental con el propósito de modificar su demografía, su estatuto jurídico y su perfil religioso, así como la expulsión por Israel de palestinos con el fin de construir carreteras y asentamientos y judaizar la zona. Todos esos actos obstaculizan una solución final y, dada la importancia crucial de Al-Quds Al-Sharif para cualquier arreglo de la cuestión israelo-palestina, instamos a la comunidad internacional y al Consejo de Seguridad en particular, a que asuma plenamente sus responsabilidades a fin de garantizar que Israel ponga fin a esas prácticas ilícitas, respete los esfuerzos internacionales por celebrar conversaciones con prontitud y a que coopere con las partes.",
"En estas circunstancias históricas delicadas, los ojos del mundo están puestos más que nunca en las Naciones Unidas y en las fuerzas internacionales y regionales que se esfuerzan por cumplir sus obligaciones políticas y morales con el pueblo palestino y por lograr que se reanuden las negociaciones directas. Esto podría imprimir un nuevo impulso y optimismo al proceso para lograr la paz que todos aspiramos.",
"La Autoridad Palestina, fortalecida por su reconciliación nacional, sigue actuando como la asociada verdadera y eficaz en el proceso de paz que siempre ha sido, y demostrando su compromiso con el logro de una solución duradera. Los Estados árabes, mediante la Iniciativa de Paz Árabe, han expresado su sincero deseo de que se logre una paz justa y duradera.",
"Marruecos sitúa la cuestión de Palestina en el centro mismo de sus intereses regionales e internacionales, y seguirá adelante con sus esfuerzos por resolver esta cuestión mediante negociaciones directas. Esto sucederá únicamente después que Israel se retire de todos los territorios árabes y palestinos ocupados desde junio de 1967, y mediante la creación de un Estado palestino independiente, con Jerusalén como su capital, y el respeto de los derechos jurídicos del hermano pueblo de Palestina.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Tiene la palabra la representante de Kazajstán.",
"Sra. Aitimova (Kazajstán) (habla en inglés): Tengo el honor de formular la siguiente declaración en nombre de los Estados miembros de la Organización de Cooperación Islámica (OCI). Deseo destacar una vez más que, el 1 de julio, el nombre de la organización cambió y ahora se llama Organización de Cooperación Islámica. Hablo en la capacidad de mi país como Presidente de la OCI.",
"Agradecemos a Alemania la convocación de la sesión de hoy dedicada a la situación en el Oriente Medio, incluida la cuestión de Palestina. La continuación del conflicto israelo-palestino y del conflicto árabe-israelí en general sigue amenazando la paz y la seguridad internacionales. Esa cuestión es el centro de los problemas y desafíos en materia de seguridad, cuyas consecuencias negativas no se limitan a esa región, sino que se sienten mucho más allá de ella y en todo el mundo.",
"Es muy lamentable que los esfuerzos del Consejo de Seguridad por hacer frente a este conflicto hayan fracasado en reiteradas ocasiones debido a la negativa de Israel, la Potencia ocupante, a cumplir con el derecho internacional y las resoluciones pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas, así como a la falta de voluntad política entre los Estados miembros de aplicar las resoluciones del Consejo. Ese es un hecho lamentable, a pesar de las exigencias inequívocas del Consejo desde un comienzo con respecto a la retirada de Israel, la Potencia ocupante, del territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, de conformidad con el principio de la inadmisibilidad de la adquisición de territorio por la fuerza. El Consejo ha aprobado constantemente resoluciones en las que se pide el fin de la ocupación israelí y el logro de la solución de dos Estados sobre la base de las fronteras que existían antes de 1967 como garantía de la paz y la seguridad entre los dos pueblos.",
"Estamos consternados y sumamente inquietos ante la escalada de las prácticas ilegales de Israel en el territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental. Israel, la Potencia ocupante, ha aumentado sus operaciones militares en toda la Ribera Occidental, invadiendo incluso un campamento de verano de niños y obligando a esos niños a someterse a duros interrogatorios. Las fuerzas ocupantes siguen infundiendo el miedo entre la población civil palestina, incluidos mujeres y niños, y siguen llevando a cabo operaciones de detenciones, aumentando el número de palestinos encarcelados y detenidos ilegalmente por Israel.",
"Al mismo tiempo, Israel sigue intensificando su campaña de asentamientos ilegal y destructora en el territorio palestino ocupado, principalmente dentro de la Jerusalén Oriental ocupada y sus alrededores. Condenamos la violación del derecho internacional por parte de Israel y pedimos de manera unánime la cesación completa de esos actos ilegales. La ola de actividades de asentamiento y la demolición de viviendas han alcanzado un nivel sin precedentes recientemente en un intento claro de seguir colonizando el territorio palestino ocupado y de crear incluso más alteraciones ilegales de los monumentos históricos y religiosos, de la composición demográfica, de las características y del estatuto del territorio.",
"El grupo de la OCI está sumamente preocupado por los ataques no sólo contra los civiles palestinos, sino también contra los activistas y voluntarios de la paz de organizaciones no gubernamentales internacionales. El grupo de la OCI reitera que está indignado por el hecho de que, durante los cuatro años transcurridos, alrededor de 1,5 millones de palestinos han venido sufriendo condiciones sumamente graves en la Franja de Gaza sitiada como resultado del bloqueo ilegal e inhumano de Israel, una forma condenable de castigo colectivo. Reiteramos el llamamiento para que se levante de inmediato el bloqueo y para que Israel cumpla con todas sus obligaciones jurídicas en virtud del derecho internacional humanitario.",
"La OCI está profundamente preocupada por el estancamiento de las negociaciones entre Israel y Palestina, y el reciente fracaso del Cuarteto durante su reunión celebrada en Washington, D.C., por lograr resultados que permitirían la reanudación de las negociaciones. En su 38º periodo de sesiones, celebrado el mes pasado en Astana, el Consejo de Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores de la OCI reiteró la necesidad de que se logre una pronta solución a la cuestión de Palestina y expresó el pleno apoyo a la Iniciativa de Paz Árabe, que tiene por objetivo lograr una solución amplia, justa y duradera al conflicto árabe-israelí.",
"Los Estados miembros de la OCI han celebrado también los importantes esfuerzos realizados por la Autoridad Nacional Palestina para crear las instituciones, y pidieron a la comunidad internacional que reconozca el progreso alcanzado y el Estado soberano independiente de Palestina sobre la base de las fronteras del 4 de junio de 1967. La OCI también se suma a la comunidad internacional para reafirmar que todas las medidas adoptadas, o por adoptar, por Israel, la Potencia ocupante, para alterar el estatuto jurídico, físico y demográfico del Golán sirio ocupado y sus estructuras institucionales, así como para imponer allí su jurisdicción y administración, no tienen validez ni efecto jurídico.",
"La comunidad internacional, incluido el Consejo de Seguridad, no puede permitirse perder más tiempo. Debe cumplir su responsabilidad y adoptar la medida inmediata y decisiva de hacer que Israel cumpla con el derecho internacional, incluidas sus obligaciones en virtud del Cuarto Convenio de Ginebra, las resoluciones pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas, el mandato de Madrid, incluido el principio de territorio por paz, la Iniciativa de Paz Árabe y la hoja de ruta del Cuarteto. Ese es el paso más apremiante para salvar la solución de dos Estados con miras a establecer un Estado de Palestina independiente, soberano y viable, que viva al lado de Israel en condiciones de paz.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Tiene la palabra el representante de la República Árabe Siria.",
"Sr. Falouh (República Árabe Siria) (habla en árabe): El Consejo de Seguridad se reúne una vez más para examinar el deterioro de la situación en los territorios árabes ocupados en relación con el tema del programa “La situación en el Oriente Medio, incluida la cuestión de Palestina”. Este tema se centra exclusivamente en el conflicto árabe-israelí, la cuestión de Palestina y la manera de obligar a Israel a que ponga fin a su ocupación del territorio árabe en cumplimiento de las resoluciones de legalidad internacional, incluidas las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad. No guarda relación con ninguna otra cuestión que la definición histórica del tema no abarque.",
"Sin embargo, algunos, en lugar de centrarse en el contenido de este tema del programa, lamentablemente tratan de lograr que el Consejo se ocupe de otras cuestiones a fin de diluir la esencia del tema, con arreglo al cual el Consejo de Seguridad trata de revitalizar precisamente el proceso de paz, poner fin a la ocupación israelí de los territorios árabes ocupados y establecer un Estado palestino sobre la base de las fronteras de 1967. Sin embargo, la realidad imperante sobre el terreno confirma que existe un modelo sistemático de comportamiento por parte de Israel que algunos no quieren someter a la rendición de cuentas internacional que le corresponde. Este modelo contradice las disposiciones fundamentales del derecho internacional y del derecho internacional humanitario y demuestra que Israel hace caso omiso de la legitimidad internacional.",
"Entre las prácticas principales figuran la mayor apropiación colonialista de territorios en su historia de asentamientos, incluidas la confiscación de tierras, la demolición de viviendas, la expulsión de ciudadanos de sus hogares y su reemplazo por colonos extranjeros, la construcción de un muro de separación racial, la judaización de la Jerusalén Ocupada, el apoyo a prácticas racistas opresivas y extremistas que aplican los colonos contra palestinos inermes bajo la protección de las fuerzas de ocupación y la imposición injusta del bloqueo contra Gaza.",
"Los días 15 de mayo y 5 de junio, en el aniversario de la ocupación por parte de Israel de sus territorios, Israel lanzó disparos de munición activa contra manifestantes inermes, lo cual cobró la vida de muchos mártires y causó muchos heridos. Esa es la naturaleza agresiva subyacente del terrorismo de Estado que practica Israel. Israel sigue negándose a devolver el Golán sirio ocupado a su país originario, Siria, y a cumplir las resoluciones de la comunidad internacional, en particular la resolución 497 (1981), por la cual se declaró que la anexión del Golán sirio ocupado es nula e írrita y carece de efectos jurídicos internacionales.",
"Israel sigue aplicando su política de intimidación y opresión contra ciudadanos sirios en el Golán. Continúa confiscando tierras, expandiendo asentamientos y saqueando las riquezas y los recursos del Golán, distorsionando su historia y apropiándose de sus monumentos históricos. Sigue sembrando minas en el territorio.",
"Una paz amplia y justa sólo se podrá lograr mediante la retirada completa de Israel de todos los territorios árabes hasta las fronteras del 4 de julio de 1967 y el establecimiento de un Estado palestino independiente, que tenga a Al-Quds Al-Sharif como su capital. Se insta al Consejo de Seguridad a que se comprometa de manera sincera y eficaz con la búsqueda de una solución para el conflicto árabe-israelí sin demoras o soluciones parciales. El Consejo de Seguridad tiene una importante oportunidad para demostrar que está en condiciones de cumplir la función que le encomienda la Carta respaldando la solicitud justa de Palestina, que cuenta con apoyo internacional, de establecer un Estado independiente en su territorio, con Al-Quds Al-Sharif como su capital. Eso podría lograrse aceptando a Palestina como Miembro de pleno derecho de las Naciones Unidas, de conformidad con las resoluciones de legitimidad internacional.",
"En ese sentido, recordamos la resolución 273 (III) de la Asamblea General, de 1949, en la que se establecieron las condiciones para admitir a Israel como Miembro de pleno derecho de las Naciones Unidas: su compromiso con los principios de la Carta y el respeto de los derechos del pueblo palestino a establecer su Estado independiente y del derecho de los refugiados palestinos de regresar a sus viviendas de las que habían sido desalojados por la fuerza.",
"Sin embargo, en sus declaraciones algunos oradores han utilizado una terminología exagerada y poco objetiva para describir acontecimientos nacionales ocurridos recientemente. Han tratado de lograr que el Consejo se ocupe de asuntos internos mediante pretextos débiles e infundados que no tienen ninguna relación con la función y las responsabilidades del Consejo. Por eso deseo recalcar que el objetivo y el contenido de este tema del programa son claros. Quisiera formular las siguientes observaciones.",
"El Presidente de Siria, Sr. Bashar Al-Assad, ha esbozado un programa de reforma amplio que el Gobierno ha comenzado a ejecutar para promover la reconciliación democrática nacional e intensificar la participación de todos los ciudadanos en el proceso político y económico, así como también para consagrar la unidad nacional y garantizar el orden público para todos los ciudadanos. Hemos enviado una carta al Secretario General, que se publicó con la signatura S/2011/353, en la que señalamos nuestra posición respecto de los acontecimientos ocurridos recientemente en Siria.",
"Siria ha celebrado consultas sobre nuevas leyes relativas al pluralismo y a la participación de los partidos políticos en Siria. En las consultas se recomendó la creación de un consejo supremo de derechos humanos y de un comité político para revisar la Constitución a fin de garantizar el pluralismo y promover los derechos humanos, la justicia social, el estado de derecho y los derechos de las mujeres y los niños.",
"Deseo hacer algunas observaciones sobre las declaraciones que formularon algunos representantes cuando un grupo de jóvenes efectuó manifestaciones fuera de las embajadas de Francia y de los Estados Unidos para expresar sus opiniones sobre la injerencia de esas embajadas en nuestros asuntos internos. Hacemos hincapié en que las autoridades de Siria están decididas a proteger la seguridad de esas dos embajadas. Recordamos que las embajadas de Siria en algunos países se han visto sometidas a ataques y que los países donde ocurrieron esos ataques no se esforzaron mucho por protegerlas.",
"Es evidente que toda reforma interna que efectúe un Miembro de las Naciones Unidas debería cumplir con las disposiciones de la Carta y tendría que ser respetada. Los que abogan en favor de la reforma desde fuera del país no deben hacer caso omiso en forma deliberada de las estrictas medidas de reforma o socavar el modelo de Siria de tolerancia y coexistencia entre todos los ciudadanos. No deberían extraer conclusiones de sus análisis sobre información falsa e infundada ni basarse en ella. No deberían tampoco soslayar nuestros esfuerzos de reforma, el sabotaje ni los delitos que están cometiendo grupos terroristas organizados.",
"Abrigábamos la esperanza de oír en esas declaraciones al menos una palabra que condenara el hecho de que Israel disparó con armas de fuego contra manifestantes civiles indefensos el 15 de mayo y el 5 de junio. Ese comportamiento es el meollo de este problema y se ajusta a la competencia del Consejo de Seguridad, de conformidad con las resoluciones pertinentes.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Doy la palabra al representante de la República Islámica de Irán.",
"Sr. Al Habib (República Islámica del Irán) (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Ante todo, deseo expresarle nuestro agradecimiento por celebrar este importante debate público en estos momentos cruciales para el Oriente Medio. Esta reunión seguramente nos proporcionará una visión general de la situación actual en la región y el camino a seguir para establecer la paz en el Oriente Medio.",
"La cuestión de Palestina, desde el momento de su ocupación hasta el día de hoy, sigue siendo uno de los problemas más difíciles que afronta el mundo. Esta ocupación constituye la tragedia más dolorosa y más grande de la humanidad en la historia moderna. Más de seis decenios de masacres, demolición de casas, imposición de embargos, secuestros y encarcelamiento de personas, ataques contra vecinos y otros, y violaciones del derecho internacional y del derecho internacional humanitario, todos estos hechos se han producido después de esta ocupación.",
"El régimen israelí continúa haciendo caso omiso del derecho internacional al imponer un bloqueo ilícito e inhumano contra los palestinos, en particular en la Franja de Gaza, un bloqueo que ha entrado en su quinto año. En el reciente informe del Organismo de Obras Públicas y Socorro de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados de Palestina en el Cercano Oriente se señala que la elevada tasa de desempleo en Gaza en la segunda mitad de 2010 llegó al nivel sin precedentes del 45,2%, una de las tasas más elevadas del mundo. La captura de otro buque civil, el Dignité-El Karama, a manos del régimen israelí es otra violación del derecho internacional. Este bloqueo inhumano es motivo de profunda preocupación para los pueblos del mundo entero, que han expresado su apoyo a medidas humanitarias tales como la flotilla de la libertad y el Dignité-El Karama e instaron al levantamiento inmediato del bloqueo contra Gaza.",
"Los Estados que respaldan al régimen israelí se han expuesto a la vergüenza porque, por una parte, dicen que promueven los derechos humanos, el derecho internacional y el derecho internacional humanitario, y al mismo tiempo respaldan la ocupación, los asentamientos ilegales y todas las violaciones cometidas contra el derecho internacional por el brutal régimen que ocupa Palestina. En la historia del régimen israelí no hay sino crímenes, asesinatos de hombres, mujeres y niños, uso de armas prohibidas y almacenamiento de armas nucleares, asesinatos a mansalva, ataques contra civiles y convoyes de asistencia en aguas internacionales y crímenes de guerra ocurridos en el Líbano y Palestina. Todos estos actos inhumanos han pasado a ser actos rutinarios para el régimen ocupante. No cabe duda de que el apoyo a este régimen equivale al apoyo a la ocupación, la matanza, el asesinato y la violación de los derechos humanos.",
"La consecución de un arreglo justo y pacífico de la cuestión de Palestina es imprescindible para la concreción de una paz amplia y duradera y para la consecución de la estabilidad en el Oriente Medio y más allá de esa región. A nuestro juicio, una paz duradera en Palestina y en la región solo será posible a través de la justicia y poniendo fin a las políticas discriminatorias y racistas y a la ocupación de Palestina y otros territorios ocupados. Hoy somos testigos de que un número cada vez mayor de Estados se suma a las filas de quienes ya han reconocido a Palestina como Estado independiente. Esto constituye un claro indicio de que la causa de Palestina está cobrando un nuevo impulso.",
"En cuanto a Siria, hay intentos destinados a crear una susceptibilidad sectaria y tensiones y divisiones por motivos religiosos, una táctica conocida de los regímenes hegemónicos. Estos malévolos intentos carecen de validez, son vanos y no tendrán efectos para la estabilidad del país. Los enemigos de la humanidad no han querido ni quieren que el pueblo de Siria siga unido, independiente y desarrollado. Pero el pueblo de Siria sabe que la clave para su independencia y para su dignidad es la unidad y la resistencia contra estos intentos malévolos y subversivos.",
"El régimen israelí continúa con sus políticas agresivas hacia el Líbano al violar de manera constante su espacio terrestre, marítimo y aéreo y al negarse a retirarse de las aldeas libanesas ocupadas. Estas ocupaciones y estos actos de agresión deben terminar de inmediato.",
"Antes de concluir, quisiera responder a la alusión que formuló respecto de mi país el representante del régimen israelí esta mañana en este Salón. No sorprende que al hacer acusaciones sin fundamento contra el programa nuclear iraní el régimen sionista ha tratado de desviar de manera ridícula la atención de su prolongado y oscuro catálogo de delitos y atrocidades, tales como la ocupación, la agresión, el militarismo, el terrorismo de Estado y los crímenes de lesa humanidad. Es un hecho ampliamente reconocido que el desarrollo clandestino y la posesión ilícita de armas nucleares en manos del régimen israelí son una amenaza singularmente grave para la paz y la seguridad regionales e internacionales. El régimen israelí ha desafiado claramente las demandas de la inmensa mayoría de los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas que han instado una y otra vez a este régimen a que renuncie a las armas nucleares y se adhiera al Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares (TNP).",
"Lamentablemente, la inacción de los órganos pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas a la hora de hacer frente a estas políticas y prácticas israelíes ha fortalecido a este peligroso régimen. Cabe esperar que el Consejo condene al régimen israelí por la posesión de armas nucleares, que le obligue a renunciar a las armas nucleares, lo inste a adherirse sin demora al TNP, y exige que coloque sin demora sus instalaciones nucleares bajo las salvaguardias totales del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica. En verdad, la paz y la estabilidad no se podrán lograr en el Oriente Medio mientras los masivos arsenales nucleares israelíes continúen amenazando a la región y a las zonas que están fuera de ella.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): No hay más oradores inscritos en mi lista. El Consejo de Seguridad ha concluido así la etapa actual del examen del tema que figura en el orden del día.",
"Se levanta la sesión a las 16.50 horas."
] | [
"President:\tMr. Berger\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMs. Hodžić\n Brazil Mr. Rizzo \n China Mr. Yang Zhiyu \n Colombia Mrs. Escorcia \n France Mr. Beaumont \n Gabon Mr. Lembouma \n India Mr. Raguttahalli \n Lebanon Mr. Ramadan \n Nigeria Mrs. Aguwa \n Portugal Ms. Teixeira Coelho\n Russian Federation Mr. Zhdanov \n South Africa Mr. Laher \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tMr. Day\n United States of America Ms. Germain",
"Agenda",
"The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question",
"The meeting resumed at 3.05 p.m.",
"The President: Under rule 37 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to participate in this meeting.",
"I wish to remind speakers to limit their statements to no more than four minutes in order to enable the Council to carry out its work expeditiously.",
"I give the floor to the representative of Kyrgyzstan.",
"Mr. Kydyrov (Kyrgyzstan): Thank you, Sir, for convening this important debate at such a crucial time, when popular protests and major political changes are continuing in the Middle East. In addition, we do not see any tangible progress in the Israeli-Palestinian political process.",
"The Middle East remains at the centre of the world’s attention due to the recent well-known revolutionary upheavals. Despite some undeniable differences, these events have a great deal in common. The causes behind them are based on Governments’ inability to adapt to new conditions of social development and to carry out effective reforms. The peoples and Governments of the region face not only tremendous social and political challenges, but also new opportunities and perspectives. We strongly condemn the use of force against peaceful demonstrations and urge all parties to show utmost restraint. Kyrgyzstan, which has gone through similar revolutionary changes recently, believes that the only way to address these problems is through dialogue and reforms.",
"Kyrgyzstan strongly calls for the resumption of Israeli-Palestinian negotiations as soon as possible. In this regard, we support the statement of the Middle East Quartet of 20 May 2011 with an appeal to overcome the current obstacles and resume direct bilateral negotiations without delay. But we regret that the most recent meeting of the Quartet, held on 11 July in Washington, D.C., ended without substantive agreement. It is essential that a new meeting be held as soon as possible to take active measures to promote the negotiation process. We consider it important that this process continue in order to find ways to achieve a long-term settlement of the situation and to reach a peace agreement providing for the coexistence of two States in peace and security, in accordance with previously defined and accepted parameters. Kyrgyzstan hopes that the Quartet will play an active role in finding a solution acceptable to all parties concerned.",
"Kyrgyzstan favours the settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through political diplomatic means on the basis of the relevant Security Council resolutions, the Arab Peace Initiative and the Road Map of the Middle East Quartet. I would like to note that the time to consider the accession of Palestine to membership in the United Nations is rapidly approaching, as we have discussed that issue at length both informally and formally. In that regard, Kyrgyzstan considers it extremely important to achieve rapid progress in the peace process and to overcome the current worrisome impasse. We also urge the parties to demonstrate their strong will and unwavering commitment to peace and to eliminate all obstacles impeding the resumption of direct talks.",
"For us, it is quite obvious that the continuing construction of Israeli settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, and those regular announcements of its expansion, will not contribute to an early solution of the problem. Quite the contrary — at least as we have seen from recent events — it leads to even greater disturbances, escalating violence and civilian deaths. Kyrgyzstan supports the implementation of all relevant Security Council resolutions concerning Jerusalem and calls for a stop to the building of Israeli settlements.",
"In conclusion, let me emphasize that the peoples of the Middle East have been suffering from conflict and confrontation for several decades. The time has come to reach a final and comprehensive settlement that would resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. We believe that maintaining the current situation is totally unacceptable.",
"The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Turkey.",
"Mr. Çorman (Turkey): As the Security Council holds another open debate on the situation in the Middle East, a great transformation in the region is firmly under way. Universal notions such as freedom, equality, dignity, human rights and the rule of law have all become rallying cries for millions who rightfully demand a more just and promising future for themselves and their fellow citizens. While achieving meaningful change may take some time and may not necessarily always be smooth sailing, that process of historic restoration cannot be reversed, undermined or corrupted.",
"Meanwhile, as that major upheaval runs its course, the Palestinian question still remains in limbo. Palestinians in their millions, whether in Gaza, the West Bank or refugee camps across the region, continue to suffer an unfortunate fate not of their own making. That is an anomaly and must be addressed as a matter of utmost urgency.",
"The truth is that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict lies at the heart of the many disputes in the region and beyond. The international community cannot expect the momentum towards positive change to be maintained in the Middle East and North Africa while occupation and subjugation are a day-to-day reality for the Palestinian people.",
"Recent and past events stand as testament to how the plight of the Palestinian people has repercussions far beyond its own geographical scope. If we are to win the hearts and minds of the Arab people and to support them in meeting their aspirations, we must be able to show them our collective determination to reach a just and viable peace in the region to which everyone can relate. That is why it is crucial that the search for a lasting and comprehensive settlement not take a back seat to other developments in the region. On the contrary, it must once again be the priority.",
"At the moment, there is neither peace nor a process in the region. Instead, there is an impasse that is neither reassuring nor promising for Israelis or Palestinians. The parties seem to be drifting further apart. The Security Council and the Quartet have been unable to pronounce themselves in an effective manner and to inspire genuine engagement.",
"The people want solutions from their leaders, not empty rhetoric. Overall, there is a prevailing sense of abandonment and uncertainty, which fuels mass frustration, especially among the most disenfranchised. That is a troubling picture, reminiscent of a tinderbox.",
"Turkey rejects violence in any shape or form by any party as unacceptable and unjustifiable. We also believe that that there is no genuine alternative to a negotiated settlement. However, meaningful engagement that inspires confidence on both sides cannot happen while settlement activity continues, including in occupied East Jerusalem.",
"Israel’s latest position on the construction of more than 300 new settlement units is another example of its illegal activities in the occupied territories. As such, it is unacceptable and cause for deeper doubt about Israel’s sincerity towards furthering the peace process.",
"Once again, we call on Israel, based on its Road Map commitments, to cease all settlement activity and to return to direct negotiations with the Palestinian side. That is not much to ask, and it is currently the only way to pave the way towards the realization of a two-State solution based on the well-established principles by which Israel and Palestine will forever live side by side in peace and security.",
"The Palestinians have been working hard for the past two years to lay the institutional groundwork of their future State. Through its deeds, the Palestinian Authority has proven beyond any doubt that it is ready to assume all the rights and obligations of an internationally recognized State, even though Palestine continues to be under occupation and therefore in need of international support.",
"Turkey believes that it is high time for Palestine to be recognized as a fully fledged Member State within the international community, based on the 1967 borders. The very notion of a two-State solution, going as far back as 1947, is the firm and clear basis for that. The international community must not turn a blind eye to the legitimate appeal of Palestine to be recognized as nothing less than an equal and, ultimately, to be admitted to the United Nations as a full Member. Turkey will work with Palestine to realize those critical goals. Ultimately, in the absence of a meaningful peace process, the Palestinians cannot be expected to remain a prisoner of Israel’s will forever.",
"The situation in the Gaza Strip continues to be a cause for serious concern. The plight of the Palestinians in Gaza must urgently be alleviated, and the reconstruction and rehabilitation requirements of the people should immediately be addressed. Resolution 1860 (2009) must be implemented as a whole. The current humanitarian and human rights conditions of the civilian population in Gaza are unsustainable and unacceptable and, ultimately, are not in the interests of any of those concerned. The periodic escalation of tension among the parties clearly proves that the situation is tenuous at best. Minimalist approaches aimed at public diplomacy will not work. Israel must lift its unlawful and inhuman blockade of Gaza immediately.",
"Meanwhile, Turkey welcomes the unity agreement reached among the Palestinians. That very important development comes at a time when the whole region has begun a democratic transformation. Thus it is a step in the right direction. We hope that that process of national reconciliation can be concluded soon with the formation of an inclusive and democratically representative Government that will take the Palestinian nation to free and fair elections.",
"Turkey calls on the Palestinian groups to embrace the reconciliation process once and for all and to partake in the creation of a Palestinian State that will exist side by side with Israel in peace and security. As Palestinians seek harmony among their ranks, the international community should also play a positive role by supporting the process and not prejudging its outcome.",
"It has been more than a year since the deadly attack by Israel on the international humanitarian convoy sailing to Gaza. Israeli forces ruthlessly killed nine civilians and wounded many. The passengers were subjected to all forms of maltreatment until they left Israel. The Panel of Inquiry established by the Secretary-General in accordance with presidential statement S/PRST/2010/9 of 1 June 2010 has concluded its work. The Chair and Co-Chair produced their report, which is now sealed and waiting for submission to the Secretary-General.",
"We have provided an exit to Israel out of this situation. It must apologize and pay compensation. There will be no normalization of relations between Turkey and Israel unless the Israelis deliver what is expected of them. Turkey will resolutely pursue the matter until justice is done.",
"In conclusion, let me reiterate once more Turkey’s strong support for the establishment of a just, lasting and comprehensive peace in the region based on the two-State solution, as well as our determination to assist our Palestinian brothers and sisters in attaining their long-delayed goal of a viable, peaceful and prosperous State of Palestine.",
"The President: I give the floor to the representative of Japan.",
"Mr. Nishida (Japan): I would like to thank the President for giving us the opportunity to address the situation in the Middle East. I thank Mr. Serry for his comprehensive briefing. I would also like to thank Ambassador Mansour and Ambassador Prosor for their statements.",
"Japan strongly supports a two-State solution, under which Israel and a Palestinian State would live side by side in peace, security and mutual recognition. Japan supports the vision that the borders under a two-State solution should be defined through negotiations and based on the 1967 lines, with mutually agreed swaps, in a way that would achieve peaceful coexistence between a viable Palestinian state and Israel with secure and recognized borders. Through such a two-State solution, the Palestinians would exercise their rights to establish an independent State, Israel would enjoy a greatly enhanced security environment, and both parties would be able to launch full-fledged cooperation for mutual prosperity.",
"A two-State solution can be achieved only through sincere negotiations. Japan has been encouraging both sides to resume direct negotiations in cooperation with the international community. Japan strongly supports the speech made by President Obama in May, which laid out a foundation for resuming negotiations. We call on both sides to engage with the United States and the international community and to take steps that would create an environment conducive to restarting direct negotiations.",
"Japan will not recognize any unilateral measures that prejudge the outcome of the final status negotiations. The two parties must abide by their obligations under previous agreements, most importantly the Road Map. We call on Israel again to freeze its settlement activities in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. At the same time, we call upon the Palestinian Authority to continue its efforts to improve security and fulfil its commitments to ceasing violence and working against incitement. Japan has strongly supported the State-building efforts of the Palestinian Authority, and will continue to provide assistance in that regard.",
"Japan remains concerned about the humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip. We continue to call for the full implementation of resolution 1860 (2009). Japan is keenly monitoring the Palestinian efforts to establish a unified Government that will genuinely seek a two-State solution.",
"In conclusion, I would like to reiterate our call on the parties to make the utmost effort to resume direct negotiations. Japan, along with the international community, will continue to make efforts to help realize a just and comprehensive peace in the region.",
"The President: I give the floor to the representative of Jordan.",
"Mr. Omaish (Jordan) (spoke in Arabic): The Palestinian people has aspired for decades to enjoy the same political, economic and social rights enjoyed by the rest of the world, foremost among which is the right to sovereignty over their own national territory, freedom and dignity. They have a basic, universally recognized right to an independent State, with East Jerusalem as its capital, living side by side with Israel within the borders of 4 June 1967.",
"Jordan warns against the outbreak of conflict, war and anarchy due to Israeli intransigence in addressing the Palestinian question. Israel continues to procrastinate and to squander opportunities to establish peace. It must return to a pragmatic, practical and enlightened vision free from ideological paradoxes that can only negatively impact the situation and have adverse repercussions on international peace and security. It takes courage to make difficult decisions. Jordan therefore calls for a swift return to direct negotiations towards a final solution to the Palestinian question.",
"However, Jordan believes that negotiations will be in vain so long as settlements continue to be built. Israel must also define a clear and precise position vis-à-vis the peace process. Jordan is deeply concerned over Israel’s ongoing violations in the occupied Arab territories and its attempts to Judaize them, which will have a negative impact on the holy places of East Jerusalem. On the basis of our active role in the maintenance of the holy Christian and Islamic places in the occupied territories, we call for international intervention to put an end to these violations and the Judaization process. We also call for an end to the ongoing suffering of Palestinian prisoners and detainees languishing in Israeli prisons.",
"We welcome the recent signing of the Palestinian national reconciliation agreement. It is a step in the right direction on the path towards Palestinian reunification, and will fulfil the hopes of the Palestinian people for unified, responsible leadership that can meet the aspirations of the Palestinian people to establish their independent State. Jordan calls on the international community to work towards the lifting of the illegal embargo and blockade of the Gaza Strip. An international community that insists on the enjoyment of human rights, freedom and dignity cannot remain silent about the collective punishment of an entire nation.",
"The President: I give the floor to the representative of Malaysia.",
"Ms. Zainul Abidin (Malaysia): Let me first congratulate you, Mr. President, on your delegation’s presidency of the Council. I align my delegation with the statements by Egypt, on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, and by Kazakhstan, on behalf of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.",
"Here at the United Nations, we are used to experiencing and marking milestones. The creation of the United Nations itself marked the end of World War II and the beginning of global peace — the first of its many milestones. But some of those historic events are sad marks in our civilization. Last month, we marked another such occasion: the longest foreign military occupation — for June 2011 marked the forty-fourth year of occupation of the Palestinian territories by Israel.",
"Forty-four years is a long time to languish under the thumb of another, especially in this day and age. Chunks of land that were once Palestine have now been appropriated and their inhabitants squeezed out. The construction and expansion of settlements and the separation wall, the demolition of Palestinians’ homes and infrastructure, and the revocation of Palestinian residency rights in East Jerusalem are all part of Israel’s illegitimate policies and practices designed to supplant inhabitants and erase history. These actions are not only illegal but also render the two-State solution more elusive than ever.",
"Last month also marked the fourth year of the inhumane blockade of Gaza by Israel. The living conditions facing 1.6 million Gaza inhabitants continue to be a matter of concern. Dependent on international aid, Gaza residents are robbed by the blockade of their right to live in dignity. On 31 May 2010, we also saw nine deaths added to the more than 1,400 people who were killed as a result of Israeli military aggression since the end of 2008. Those nine were the humanitarian activists killed in international waters, messengers of relief efforts to alleviate the plight of the people of Gaza. In this regard, we urge Israel to fully implement resolution 1860 (2009) and to lift completely the illegal blockade, which is a form of collective punishment forbidden by international law.",
"It is now more than imperative that a just solution be found on this issue. The parties concerned must step up to their mark as honest parties to this peace process, lest we continue to remain in the untenable state we are in. On this note, the establishment of an independent State of Palestine, on the basis of pre-1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital, living side by side with Israel in peace and security, in accordance with the established parameters as defined by resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003), 1850 (2008), the Madrid terms of reference, including the land-for-peace principle, the Arab Peace Initiative and the Road Map, is extremely crucial in addressing the Palestinian question, which has been the crux of the Arab-Israeli conflict for more than 60 years.",
"The Security Council is duty-bound, under its mandate, to do whatever is necessary to ensure the implementation of its own resolutions. We need to ensure that all parties resume peace negotiations. Anything less would make a mockery of the very Organization we seek to uphold.",
"The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Uganda.",
"Mr. Kafeero (Uganda): Thank you, Mr. President, for organizing this open debate. I also thank Special Coordinator and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General, Mr. Robert Serry, for his briefing.",
"Today the Israeli and Palestinian parties, as well as the international community, are at a critical juncture. It is regrettable that, despite efforts by the parties and the support from regional and international actors, no tangible progress has been achieved and the peace process remains deadlocked. It was the expectation of my delegation that the recent meetings this month of the Quartet and the Arab League would result in the resumption of the stalled direct negotiations, leading to an agreed framework.",
"This is a defining moment. It is a test of statesmanship on the part of the Israeli and Palestinian leaders. While the support of the international community is vital, the primary responsibility for negotiating and reaching a comprehensive and lasting peace lies with the Israeli and Palestinian parties. Uganda reiterates its call upon both parties to urgently resume negotiations and summon the necessary courage to take bold decisions, bearing in mind that the legitimate aspirations of the Palestinians for statehood cannot be delayed much longer and that the legitimate security concerns of Israel must be addressed.",
"My delegation remains deeply concerned about recent approvals for the construction of new settlement units by Israel and once again calls for a complete freeze on all settlement activity.",
"We commend the Palestinian leadership for their State-building efforts and for fulfilling their obligations under the Road Map, particularly in the sectors of security and economic development. We also commend their efforts at forging unity and reconciliation.",
"We remain concerned about the humanitarian situation in Gaza and the continued obstacles to the movement of goods and persons to and from Gaza. We call on Israel to lift the blockade on Gaza, and we reiterate our call on all parties to fully implement resolution 1860 (2009).",
"In conclusion, my delegation wishes to underscore that the current situation is unsustainable. We encourage the Israeli and Palestinian parties, with the support of the international community and the Security Council in particular, to overcome the current stalemate and work towards the realization of a two-State solution, in the interest of peace, security and prosperity for their people.",
"The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Iceland.",
"Ms. Gunnarsdóttir (Iceland): Iceland firmly supports a peaceful resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the two-State solution. Since the Oslo process was launched, almost two decades ago, we have been betting on the peace process to lead to such a result, which would make a comprehensive peace achievable in the region as a whole, as foreseen in the Arab Peace Initiative.",
"Now, however, the peace process is at a complete standstill. While Iceland urges the parties to return to the negotiating table, we feel that the time has come for the international community to become more directly involved. The United Nations had a historic role in the creation of the State of Israel and the time might be approaching when it would be appropriate for the General Assembly and the Security Council to re‑engage themselves for the purposes of solving the Palestinian question.",
"If the Palestinians decide to bring the issue directly to the General Assembly, Iceland stands ready to support them. This was clearly stated by the Icelandic Minister for Foreign Affairs when he met with President Abbas and Foreign Minister Al-Malki during his to trip to Ramallah earlier this month. At that time, our Minister stated that Iceland would support a resolution on Palestinian statehood, based on the 1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital, as well as a resolution on the full membership of Palestine in the United Nations, should the Palestinians decide to seek such resolutions in the autumn.",
"Iceland’s position is that the pursuit of recognition of a Palestinian State does not contradict the wish for a negotiated settlement of the conflict. It might, quite to the contrary, be seen as the means to stimulate serious negotiations. There is a need to address the asymmetry of power between the two parties. That can only be done through a more forceful participation by the international community, including through emphasizing the international law applicable to the occupation.",
"In the absence of a political solution the situation on the ground needs to be improved. First of all, we echo those worldwide who urge the Israeli Government to lift the blockade of Gaza immediately. Enough of the currently closed legitimate crossings and established channels for goods in and out of Gaza should be opened to be able to reach the pre-blockade capacity for imports and exports. The markets in steel bars and cement should especially be liberalized by the Israeli authorities.",
"The decision of the Israeli Government to continue with its settlement activities in the occupied Palestinian territories, including in East Jerusalem, is incompatible not only with its obligations under international law but also with the Road Map. We note that this illegal activity continues and that the use of violence, house demolitions and forceful evictions in the occupied Palestinian territories, including in East Jerusalem, remains a serious concern. The international community should be careful not to send messages that can be perceived as accommodating existing illegal settlement activities. Creating facts on the ground that are contrary to international law and constitute an obstacle to achieving a two-State solution should not be rewarded. The settlements are reversible.",
"Iceland would also like to voice concern over increased settler violence against the Palestinians, including their so-called price-tag policy. This is a very worrying development, and Israel is under the obligation to do its utmost to prevent such violence and, when it does occur, to ensure that those involved are held accountable.",
"Finally, Iceland welcomes the reconciliation agreement between Fatah and Hamas and their intention to form an interim Government in preparation for presidential and parliamentary elections in Palestine. We urge the Palestinian parties to heed the calls of their own people to work towards realization of the agreement and to become united in their pursuit of a peaceful resolution to the conflict.",
"The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Kuwait.",
"Mr. Alotaibi (Kuwait) (spoke in Arabic): I have the honour to deliver this statement to the Security Council on behalf of the States members of the Arab Group. First, however, let me express our support for the statement delivered on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement by the representative of Egypt, as well as for the statement to be made by the representative of Kazakhstan on behalf of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.",
"The meeting is a demonstration of the importance that the international community attaches to the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people, who have suffered for more than 60 years under the occupation and practices of Israel and its refusal to abide by its international commitments and its flouting of all international resolutions.",
"The peoples and States of the region place great hopes in the ability of the international community to assume its political, legal and moral responsibility vis-à-vis the return of occupied Arab territories, putting an end to Israeli intransigence and arrogance and compelling Israel to comply with and fully implement the resolutions of international legitimacy, particularly the relevant Security Council resolutions. Israel persists in ignoring those resolutions as it continues to pursue illegal and aggressive measures and practices in the occupied Palestinian territories, particularly East Jerusalem and its environs, with a view to altering their demographic status, character and composition. That is in addition to continuing violations by Israel, the occupying Power, of international law and the rules and regulations relating to human rights.",
"Such practices make a mere fantasy of any talk of the existence of an Israeli partner having sincere intentions about achieving peace. They also demonstrate beyond any doubt that, through its practices and policies and the declarations of its officials, Israel is working as hard as it can to undermine every international effort to resume peace talks based on the solution of two States within the framework of the borders of 4 June 1967.",
"Furthermore, all practices such as Israel’s continued and intensified campaigns to rapidly construct thousands of settlement units and its persistent demolition of Palestinian properties and buildings affirm its expansionist intentions and contradict the claims of the Israeli Government that it wishes to resume the peace process and move towards a two-State solution.",
"The existing situation in the Gaza Strip represents yet another manifestation of Israel’s violations of resolution 1860 (2009) and its disregard of the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949. As the oppressive Israeli blockade enters its fifth year, Palestinian civilians continue to be subjected to collective punishment, leading to increased poverty in Gaza and to severe deterioration of the economic, social and humanitarian situation there.",
"It is not strange, therefore, that the blockade has resulted in terrifying statistics — for example, a rise in the unemployment rate to 65 per cent. Also, the air raids that the Israeli air force conducts from time to time — despite the fact that such raids contravene the most basic rules of international law, which prohibit such attacks on areas populated by civilians — are tantamount to terrorist actions against unarmed Palestinian people.",
"The international community must send a clear, unequivocal message to Israel that it must lift the blockade and open the crossing points immediately, permanently and without conditions, in order to allow access for humanitarian assistance, construction materials and goods, and the movement of people. Israel must also be punished for its persistence in violating international law, including international humanitarian and human rights law. It must be held accountable for the war crimes it has committed so far, for its practice of State terrorism, and for the systematic violations of human rights it has committed against unarmed Palestinians, the perpetrators of which must be prosecuted.",
"The Arab Group demands that the Security Council take all measures to pressure Israel to implement Council resolution 497 (1981), which calls for Israel’s withdrawal from the occupied Syrian Golan to the lines of 4 June 1967. It also reaffirms that the measures taken by Israel aimed at changing the legal, physical and demographic situation there are considered null and void and having no legal basis, as well as violating international law and the Charter of the United Nations.",
"The Arab Group also demands that Israel cease its continued violations of Lebanese sovereignty and infringement on Lebanon’s territories, air space and territorial waters. The Group also demands Israel’s complete withdrawal from the northern part of the town of Al-Ghajar, the Shebaa farms and the hills of Kfar Shouba.",
"A comprehensive settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict — a just, comprehensive and lasting solution — can be reached only by implementing the relevant resolutions of international legitimacy, particularly Council resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003) and 1850 (2008). It must also be based on the principles of the Madrid Peace Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative, and the Road Map as endorsed by the Quartet.",
"The Arab Group affirms its full support for the efforts by the Palestinian Authority to obtain membership in the United Nations at the upcoming session of the General Assembly, in accordance with what has already been confirmed at the meeting of the Ministerial Committee of the Arab Peace Initiative held in Doha on 14 July.",
"More than six decades have passed while Israel has persisted in defying the international community. It has gone too far in carrying out its illegal and unilateral policies, while the Palestinian people have deferred their dreams and aspirations year after year, for more than six decades, waiting and hoping to build a national home that will embrace them all.",
"For six decades the demands of the Palestinian people, and our demands, have been very clear. What we need most is implementation of United Nations resolutions, including those of the Security Council, and the exercise by the Palestinians of their right to self determination and to live a free, independent and dignified life within an independent, sovereign State with East Jerusalem as its capital.",
"The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Nicaragua.",
"Mr. Rosales Díaz (Nicaragua) (spoke in Spanish): As a member of the Movement of Non‑Aligned Countries, Nicaragua fully associates itself with the statement made by the Permanent Representative of Egypt in his capacity as Chair of our Movement.",
"Nicaragua reiterates once again its most profound condemnation of Israel’s illegal occupation of all the Palestinian, Syrian and Lebanese territories and demands its immediate withdrawal from them. We condemn the Israeli policies and practices of construction and non-dismantling of settlements, as well as the inhumane blockade of Gaza, the policy of severing the West Bank and other Palestinian territories.",
"The Security Council is meeting on the eve of a historic moment, which must lead us to make an incontrovertible reality of a Palestinian State that is recognized and fully welcomed into the fold of this Organization, thereby finally implementing all the provisions of General Assembly resolution 181 (II), which calls specifically for the creation of two States in Palestinian land — one Arab, the other Jewish.",
"Indeed, it is no longer possible to allow the logic of the denial of the very existence of a Palestinian State to continue. Since the triumph of the revolution of 1979, Nicaragua has been in a privileged position to witness the struggle of the Palestinian people and the substantial concessions made by Palestine, which have been shamelessly met by Israel with more illegal settlements, more humiliations, more deaths, more systematic assassinations of Palestinian leaders, more destruction of homes and more plundering, including of East Jerusalem.",
"In short, we have been witnesses to a policy that is truly aimed at cornering the Palestinian people — a policy that is supported by an unspoken determination on the part of the Israelis to deny all Palestinian citizens their very humanity.",
"For all of these reasons, Nicaragua reiterates the need to put an immediate end to the insufferable impunity that Israel has been enjoying, which has been ensured, irresponsibly, by the Security Council, and more specifically by the indiscriminate use of the veto by those who have become the major accomplices of Israel.",
"The time has come for the Security Council to assume its responsibilities and demand that Israel commit to peace. Threats of the use of veto must end, and the international community must cast aside rhetoric in favour of concrete action.",
"To that end, Nicaragua calls on the Security Council and the General Assembly to recognize the State of Palestine on the basis of its 1967 borders. That is the only way to bring about a stable and lasting peace that would enable both peoples to effectively enjoy all of their rights, thereby putting a definitive end to an unacceptable and inexplicable injustice.",
"Mr. Raza Bashir Tarar (Pakistan): Mr. President, I should like at the outset to thank you for convening today’s debate. Allow me to express, on behalf of the people and the Government of Pakistan, our deepest condolences and commiseration to the people and the Government of Norway in connection with Friday’s terrorist atrocities. Such dastardly acts only harden our resolve to combat terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.",
"We align ourselves with the statement delivered by the Permanent Representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, as well as with the statement to be delivered by the Permanent Representative of Kazakhstan on behalf of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.",
"Pakistan believes that the time is ripe for a lasting solution to the Israeli-Palestine conflict, based on two independent and sovereign States living side by side and at peace with each other.",
"The Palestinian Authority’s progress in establishing State institutions is an auspicious augury for peace. Numerous independent sources have confirmed that Palestinian statehood by September 2011 is well within reach. This has been acknowledged in the reports of many international bodies and mentioned in past statements of the Middle East Quartet. The relative reduction of violence in the region recently has also helped strengthen the conditions necessary for lasting peace. It is in our common interest to embrace and strengthen the achievements of Palestine as an invaluable opportunity for lasting peace in the region.",
"The positive developments in Palestine can be sustained only with an active engagement on the part of the international community. In order for a durable peace in the Middle East to be achieved, it is incumbent upon the Security Council and the Middle East Quartet to honour their long-standing commitments to a final settlement and to work in tandem to achieve this goal. The well-known terms of reference of the Middle East peace process provide a navigational guide for the road to peace in the Middle East. Despite the clarity of our common goal and near-unanimity on the rules of engagement, the Security Council and the Middle East Quartet increasingly appear unable to act. This does not augur well for the region. Their inaction may cause the present opportunity for peace to be lost and lock the region once again in cycles of violence and mistrust.",
"The challenges to peace in the Middle East are not due only to the international community’s inaction, but are rooted also in Israel’s expansionist policy, characterized by the planning and building of new settlement areas. The recent approval of new construction areas in occupied Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Nablus are cause for serious concern. The demolition of Palestinian homes and structures in East Jerusalem and the Jordan Valley has resulted in the displacement of many Palestinian families.",
"Settlement activity is a clear violation of international law and should be treated as such. Each block of these settlements constitutes a major roadblock in this journey to peace. Israel must stop building new settlements and using settlement activity as a political tool in the peace process. Settlement activity and the peace process cannot move ahead together.",
"Israel’s continuing blockade of Gaza is neither conscionable nor tenable. We call for the full implementation of Security Council resolution 1860 (2009). Life in Gaza cannot return to normal without the free movement of persons and goods, including essential reconstruction material. We hope that Israel will facilitate the completion of reconstruction projects, including those undertaken by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East.",
"Pakistan is supportive of lasting peace for all the inhabitants of the Middle East, irrespective of religion, ethnicity or nationality. The framework for peace in the Middle East is laid down elaborately in Security Council resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003) and 1850 (2008); the Madrid terms of reference; the Arab Peace Initiative; and the Quartet road map. Mustering and sustaining the political will to implement the framework is imperative.",
"We hope that the Security Council and the Middle East Quartet will engage meaningfully with the protagonists concerned to realize the collective objective of the international community: an independent, sovereign and viable State of Palestine, with Al-Quds Al-Sharif as its capital, living side by side and in peace with all of its neighbours. Pakistan shares and supports this objective.",
"The President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.",
"Mr. Valero Briceño (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) (spoke in Spanish): The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela welcomes the briefing by Mr. Robert Serry, United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General to the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian Authority.",
"We endorse the statement made by Ambassador Maged Abdelaziz, Permanent Representative of the Arab Republic of Egypt, on behalf of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries.",
"Mr. Maxwell Gaylard, United Nations Coordinator for Humanitarian and Development Activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, warned recently that thousands of Bedouins would be affected by the demolitions that are being carried out by the Government of Israel in Jerusalem with a view to expanding illegal settlements of Israeli citizens. According to Mr. Gaylard, this year more homes have been demolished than in all of 2009 or 2010, leaving homeless refugees who have been living in that area since 1948.",
"This serious situation threatens to displace 80 per cent of the Bedouins who inhabit the region. In addition, thousands of Palestinian families have been forcibly displaced from their residential areas. The increased illegal Israeli settlements, home demolitions and the prohibition on new Palestinian construction must all be condemned. All of those illegal and inhuman acts are obvious examples of the apartheid system imposed by the Israeli Government and are carried out with total impunity by the occupying Power, highlighting the Council’s inaction.",
"Pursuant to the right to self-determination, the immediate recognition of the State of Palestine and its incorporation as a full member of the General Assembly have been proposed. My delegation reaffirms the sovereign right of peoples to choose their own destiny. Venezuela reiterates its call on the Government of Israel to fully respect the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Times of War within the Palestinian territories, including Eastern Jerusalem and the other occupied Arab territories.",
"Bradley Burston, senior editor at the Israeli newspaper Haaretz, has pointed out that",
"“[t]here is nearly nothing which more effectively delegitimizes Israel — and makes Israel look more like an uncaring blockhead state — than does the siege of Gaza”.",
"There is no doubt that the fragile humanitarian situation of Palestinians in the Gaza Strip is deplorable. The blockade imposed in that region is inhuman and illegal, as is the wall built by Israel in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem and its surroundings.",
"The unacceptable and relentless actions of the occupying Power against suffering Palestinian citizens have resulted in the most shameless violations of their human rights. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela firmly demands once again an unrestricted and immediate end to those inhuman, illegal and unilateral measures.",
"Venezuela expresses its concern over the serious events that took place in the occupied Syrian Golan on 15 May and 5 June, when Israeli soldiers massacred numerous Palestinian citizens who were peacefully protesting against the occupation. Venezuela once again calls on Israel to withdraw from that territory, in compliance with the relevant resolutions of the Security Council. We also again request the State of Israel to respect the sovereignty of the State of Lebanon in order to avoid a conflict such as that which took place in July 2006.",
"My country proclaims the values of freedom, independence and sovereignty, which must continue to be strengthened in order to achieve peace between peoples. Again, without justice there can be no peace.",
"The President: I give the floor to the representative of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.",
"Mr. Kim Yong Song (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea): My delegation would first like to thank Mr. Robert Serry for his detailed briefing this morning. My delegation also aligns itself with the statement made by the Permanent Representative of the Republic of Egypt on behalf of the States members of the Non-Aligned Movement.",
"The resolution of the Palestinian issue in the Middle East is a top priority among efforts to ensure peace and safety in the region. For that reason, the international community continues to devote its attention to the Palestinian question and to make every effort towards its resolution.",
"I would like to particularly underline a positive development that may decisively affect the resolution of the Palestinian question, with the strong support of the international community. It is noteworthy that the Palestinian people’s struggle for an independent, sovereign State is gaining momentum now more than ever before. The key to victory in this struggle should be in the hands of the Palestinian people, as it is certain that key is the unity of the Palestinian people themselves. The adoption of a final reconciliation agreement between Palestinian political forces in May will surely serve to strengthen the unity of the Palestinian people and firmly encourage their struggle for an independent, sovereign State.",
"Notwithstanding the positive developments, obstacles and challenges to the Middle East peace process still lie ahead. Israel has not withdrawn from the occupied Palestinian and Arab territories, in spite of increased denouncements by the international community. Israel has continued to further expand its settlements in East Jerusalem and the Arab territories, directly challenging international demands. Settlement-building is part of Israel’s ambitious effort at territorial expansion, and its impact is now having serious consequences. It is because of the expansion of the Israeli settlements that the Palestine-Israel talks, arranged after a laborious process of twists and turns, are now deadlocked.",
"Support for the founding of an independent, sovereign State of Palestine is becoming a trend of international society that no one dares to stop. Many countries recognize Palestine as an independent, sovereign State, and their number has now reached more than 120. The Palestinian people’s struggle to regain its occupied territory and set up an independent, sovereign State is more than justifiable; its victory is ensured.",
"My delegation would like to take this opportunity to express our full support to and solidarity with the justified struggle of the Palestinian people to recover their legitimate sovereign rights, including the founding of an independent, sovereign State.",
"The President: I give the floor to the representative of Bangladesh.",
"Mr. Mahmood (Bangladesh): I thank Germany for scheduling this very important open debate on the situation in the Middle East. Allow me to express our appreciation to the Minister of State of the Federal Foreign Office of Germany for chairing this debate. I also convey our thanks to Mr. Robert Serry, Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General, for his comprehensive briefing this morning.",
"The Bangladeshi delegation aligns itself with the statements delivered by the representatives of Egypt and Kazakhstan on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, respectively. In addition, I wish to briefly make certain points that Bangladesh believes to be of importance.",
"A durable and sustainable resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict, including the issue of Palestine, which is the core of the long-lasting crisis, must be our collective strategic objective. All Member States should pledge complete commitment to this objective and throw their full moral, diplomatic, political and economic support behind its early realization.",
"The people of Palestine are being denied their fundamental rights to self-determination and to live freely in their own land, and displaced Palestinians have been denied their rights to return home and live in dignity and safety. Unfortunately, it appears to be a collective failure on the part of the international community, and especially the people of Israel, who themselves having suffered deprivation failed nevertheless to rise to the occasion and guarantee the people of Palestine their fundamental rights to self-determination and to live in a sovereign State of their own, side by side with Israel. In order to achieve a lasting solution in the Middle East, it is very important to address the key issue, which is the prolonged and illegal occupation of the Arab territories by Israel.",
"We express our concern at the occupying Power’s extensive destruction of property, homes, economic institutions, agricultural lands and orchards; the construction of the wall; the confiscation of land; and the continued imposition of checkpoints, contrary to international law, in the occupied Palestinian territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, which have seriously hampered the already dire socio-economic situation facing the Palestinian population.",
"We commend President Mahmoud Abbas’ leadership of the Palestinian Authority and continued Palestinian State-building efforts, especially in the areas of governance, rule of law and human rights, livelihoods and productive sectors, education and culture, health, social protection and water.",
"But we are worried owing to the Israeli military operations and the continuing Israeli policy of closures and severe restrictions on the movement of persons and goods, including humanitarian personnel, as well as food, medical, fuel and other essential supplies, in the Gaza Strip, which are causing civilian casualties. We therefore call for maximum restraint and respect for international humanitarian law. In this regard, it is very unfortunate that a French civilian boat, which was sailing to provide humanitarian support, was recently seized.",
"My delegation believes that the Fourth Geneva Convention, the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly, Security Council resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973) and 425 (1978), the land-for-peace principle, and the Madrid Conference terms of reference, which guarantee Israel’s withdrawal from all occupied Arab and Palestinian territories to the lines of 4 June 1967, the Road Map, and the Arab Peace Initiative are the best guides for achieving a two-State solution.",
"The principled support for the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination that has come from all corners of the globe, both bilateral and multilateral, has been an essential pillar of Palestinian resilience over the decades. My delegation welcomes in this regard the Palestinian Authority’s plan, “Palestine: Ending the Occupation, Establishing the State”, a plan for constructing the institutions of a Palestinian State by September 2011.",
"Let us turn to the situations in Lebanon and the occupied Syrian Golan. It is sad that the occupying State is violating Lebanese sovereignty and repeatedly breaching Security Council resolution 1701 (2006). It is also of concern that there have been various measures and actions to alter the legal, physical and demographic status of the occupied Syrian Golan.",
"In conclusion, let me reiterate Bangladesh’s long-standing position that the continued illegal occupation of Palestine over the past six decades is the root cause of violence, unrest and destabilization in the region. Let me also reiterate our full support for a lasting peace for all inhabitants of the region, both Arabs and Israelis, and our strong commitment to the realization of an independent, sovereign and viable State of Palestine with Al-Quds Al-Sharif as its capital, living side by side and in peace with all its neighbours.",
"The President: I give the floor to the representative of Morocco.",
"Mr. Loulichki (Morocco) (spoke in Arabic): At the outset, let me express our profound gratitude to you for having convened this open debate. I also thank Mr. Robert Serry for his thorough briefing on the latest developments in the Middle East. As is customary, my delegation endorses the statements delivered by the representatives of Egypt, Kazakhstan and Kuwait on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and the Arab League, respectively.",
"At the outset, I would like to express our profound concern at the protracted deadlock facing international and regional efforts to reinvigorate the talks between the Palestinians and the Israelis, particularly in the light of the legal aspirations of the Palestinians with regard to September 2011. There can be no doubt that there is unanimous agreement at the international level when it comes to the two-State solution and the need for a comprehensive settlement in the Middle East, in keeping with international legitimacy. Consequently, the international community must be strict and effective in order to create an environment conducive to negotiations, free from provocative, illegal, unilateral measures by Israel, so as to bring peace and prosperity to the region.",
"We are deeply concerned at the obstacles impeding direct talks between the two sides. At the same time, we are convinced that the peace process is a necessary choice that must lead to a comprehensive, just and legitimate peace for all peoples in the region.",
"In this context, Morocco is closely and optimistically following the several initiatives — by the United States, the Quartet, the European Union and other regional and international actors — to promote a return to direct negotiations. Our hope is that these efforts will bring about a resumption of serious negotiations in good faith, in keeping with international law, the Arab Peace Initiative, the Road Map and the previously achieved agreements between the sides.",
"Morocco warmly welcomed the commitment made by President Obama of the United States remarks his speech on 19 May 2011 on a comprehensive and just peace between the Palestinians and the Israelis and creation of an independent Palestinian State, within the 1967 borders and living side by side in peace with Israel.",
"We express the hope that this position, which is shared by the entire international community, will enable the Palestinian people to reclaim their legitimate rights and establish an independent State with its capital at Al-Quds Al-Sharif.",
"In this context, Morocco, whose King, Mohammed VI, is presiding over the Jerusalem Commission, would like to state its concerns to the Council and to condemn the measures taken by Israel in East Jerusalem with a view to changing its demographics, legal status and religious profile and Israel’s expulsion of Palestinians in order to build roads and settlements and Judaize the area. All of these actions impede a final settlement, and, given the crucial importance of Al-Quds Al-Sharif in any comprehensive settlement to the Israeli-Palestinian question, we call on the international community, and the Security Council in particular, to assume their full responsibilities to ensure that Israel end these illegal practices, respect the international efforts aimed at bringing about early talks and to cooperate with them.",
"In these sensitive historical circumstances, the eyes of the world are focused more than ever on the United Nations and the international and regional forces working to uphold their political and moral responsibilities towards the Palestinian people and to restart direct negotiations. This could give new momentum and optimism to the process to achieve the peace to which we all aspire.",
"The Palestinian Authority, strengthened by its national reconciliation, continues to show itself to be the genuine and effective partner in the peace process that it has always been, and to demonstrate its commitment to achieving a lasting solution. The Arab States, through the Arab Peace Initiative, have expressed their sincere desire for lasting and just peace.",
"Morocco places the issue of Palestine at the very centre of its regional and international interests, and will continue its efforts to resolve this matter through direct negotiations. This will happen only after Israel withdraws from all Arab and Palestinian territories occupied since June 1967, and through the creation of an independent Palestinian State, with Jerusalem as its capital, and respect for the legal rights of the brotherly people of Palestine.",
"The President: I give the floor to the representative of Kazakhstan.",
"Mrs. Aitimova (Kazakhstan): I have the honour to make the following statement on behalf of the States members of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). I would like to emphasize again that, on 1 July, the name of that Organization changed and is now the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. I speak in my country’s capacity as Chair of the OIC.",
"We are grateful to Germany for convening today’s meeting devoted to the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question. The continuation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the Arab-Israeli conflict as a whole continues to threaten international peace and security. This issue is at the centre of security problems and challenges, the negative implications of which are not confined to that region, but are felt well beyond and across the globe.",
"It is most unfortunate that the Security Council’s efforts to address this conflict have repeatedly failed due to the refusal by Israel, the occupying Power, to comply with international law and relevant United Nations resolutions, as well as the lack of political will among Member States to implement the Council’s resolutions. This is a regrettable fact, despite the Council’s unequivocal demands from the outset for the withdrawal of Israel, the occupying Power, from the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, in accordance with the principle of the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by force. The Council has consistently adopted resolutions calling for an end to the Israeli occupation and the realization of the two-State solution on the basis of the pre-1967 borders as the guarantor of peace and security between the two peoples.",
"We are shocked and extremely disturbed by the escalation of Israel’s illegal practices in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem. Israel, the occupying Power, has increased its military operations throughout the West Bank, even raiding a summer camp for children and forcing these children to endure harsh interrogations. The occupying forces continue to spread fear among the civilian Palestinian population, including women and children, and continue to carry out arrest operations, increasing the number of Palestinians illegally imprisoned and detained by Israel.",
"At the same time, Israel continues to intensify its illegal and destructive settlement campaign in the occupied Palestinian territory, especially in and around occupied East Jerusalem. We condemn Israel’s flouting of international law and of the unanimous calls for a complete cessation of such illegal actions. The spate of settlement activities and the demolition of homes have reached an unprecedented level recently in a clear attempt to further colonize the occupied Palestinian territory and to create even more illegal alterations to the historical and religious landmarks, demographic composition, characteristics and status of the territory.",
"The OIC group is highly perturbed by the attacks not only on Palestinian civilians, but also on peace activists and volunteers from international non‑governmental organizations. The OIC group reiterates that it is disturbed by the fact that, for the past four years, about 1.5 million Palestinians have been suffering in immeasurably grave conditions in the besieged Gaza Strip as a result of Israel’s illegal and inhumane blockade, a most condemnable form of collective punishment. We reiterate the call for the immediate lifting of the blockade and for Israel’s compliance with all of its legal obligations under international humanitarian law.",
"The OIC is deeply concerned over the stalemate in the negotiations between Israel and Palestine, and the recent failure of the Quartet during its meeting in Washington, D.C., to deliver results that would enable the resumption of negotiations. At its thirty-eighth session, held last month in Astana, the OIC Council of Foreign Ministers reiterated the need for an early settlement of the Palestinian issue and expressed full support for the Arab Peace Initiative, which is aimed at reaching a lasting, comprehensive and just resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict.",
"The OIC member States have also applauded the significant institution-building efforts of the Palestinian National Authority, and called on the international community to acknowledge the progress achieved and to recognize the independent, sovereign State of Palestine on the basis of the borders of 4 June 1967. The OIC also joins the international community in reaffirming that all measures and actions taken or to be taken by Israel, the occupying Power, to alter the legal, physical and demographic status of the occupied Syrian Golan and its institutional structure, as well as to impose jurisdiction and administration there, are null and void and have no legal effect.",
"The international community, including the Security Council, cannot afford to lose any more time. It should uphold its responsibility and take immediate and decisive action to bring Israel into compliance with international law, including its obligations under the Fourth Geneva Convention, relevant United Nations resolutions, the Madrid terms of reference, including land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative and the Quartet Road Map. This is the most urgent step to salvage the two-State solution for an independent, sovereign and viable State of Palestine, living side by side and in peace with Israel.",
"The President: I give the floor to the representative of the Syrian Arab Republic.",
"Mr. Falouh (Syrian Arab Republic) (spoke in Arabic): The Security Council is meeting yet again to discuss the deteriorating situation in the occupied Arab territories under the agenda item “The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question”. This item is centred exclusively on the Arab-Israeli conflict, the Palestinian question and how to compel Israel to end its occupation of Arab land in implementation of resolutions of international legality, including resolutions of the Security Council. It does not refer to any other issues that are not covered by the historical definition of the item.",
"However, instead of focusing on the substance of this agenda item, some unfortunately attempt to engage the Council on other issues in order to dilute the essence of the item, under which the Security Council seeks to effectively engage in reviving the peace process, ending Israeli occupation of occupied Arab land and establishing a Palestinian State on the basis of the 1967 borders. However, the reality on the ground reaffirms that there is a systematic Israeli pattern of behaviour that some do not want to hold to international accountability. This pattern contradicts the core provisions of international law and international humanitarian law and demonstrates Israel’s disregard for international legality.",
"Among Israel’s most egregious practices are its great colonialist theft of territory through its history of settlement, including land confiscation, the demolition of homes, the expulsion of citizens from their homes and replacing them with foreign settlers, the construction of the racist separation wall, the Judaization of occupied Jerusalem, support for settlers’ oppressive and extremist racist practices against unarmed Palestinians, under the protection of the occupying forces, and the unjust imposition of the blockade against Gaza.",
"On 15 May and 5 June, on the anniversary of Israel’s occupation of their land, Israel fired live bullets at unarmed demonstrators, claiming the lives of many martyrs and wounding a great number of people. That is the underlying aggressive nature of the State terrorism practiced by Israel. Israel continues to refuse to return the occupied Syrian Golan to its motherland, Syria, and to implement resolutions of the international community, in particular resolution 497 (1981), which declared the annexation of the occupied Syrian Golan null and void and without international legal effect.",
"Israel pursues its policy of intimidating and oppressing Syrian citizens in the Golan. It continues to confiscate land, expand settlements and plunder the riches and resources of the Golan, distorting its history and robbing its historic monuments. It continues to plant mines on the territory.",
"Comprehensive and fair peace will be achieved only through complete Israeli withdrawal from all Arab territories to the 4 July 1967 lines, and the establishment of an independent Palestinian State, with Al-Quds Al-Sharif as its capital. The Security Council is called on to sincerely and effectively commit to finding a solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict without delay or partial solutions. The Security Council has an important opportunity to prove its ability to play its Charter role by supporting the internationally backed and fair Palestinian request to establish an independent State on its territory, with Al-Quds Al-Sharif as its capital. That would be achieved by accepting Palestine as a full Member of the United Nations, pursuant to the resolutions of international legality.",
"In that regard, we recall General Assembly resolution 273 (III) of 1949, which established the conditions for Israel’s admission as a full Member of the United Nations: its commitment to the principles of the Charter and respect for the rights of the Palestinian people to establish its independent State and of Palestinian refugees to return to the homes from which they had been forcibly expelled.",
"However, some speakers have used non-objective and exaggerated language in their statements to describe recent domestic events. They have sought to engage the Council in internal affairs on fragile and unfounded pretexts that have nothing to do with the Council’s role or responsibilities. That is why I wish to underscore that the goal and substance of this agenda item are clear. I would like to make the following points.",
"Syrian President Bashar Al-Assad has declared a comprehensive reform programme that the Government has begun to implement to promote democratic national reconciliation and to increase the participation of all citizens in the political and economic process, as well as to sanctify national unity and to ensure law and order for all citizens. We sent a letter to the Secretary-General, issued under the symbol S/2011/353, in which we stated our position vis-à-vis recent developments in Syria.",
"Syria has held consultations on new bills concerning pluralism and the participation of political parties in Syria. The consultations recommended the establishment of a supreme human rights council and a political committee to revise the Constitution to ensure pluralism and to promote human rights, social justice, the rule of law and the rights of women and children.",
"I wish to comment on the statements made by certain representatives when a group of young people demonstrated outside the French and United States embassies to voice their views on interference by those embassies in our internal affairs. We stress that the Syrian authorities are committed to protecting the security of those two embassies. We recall that the Syrian embassies in certain countries have been attacked and that the countries where those attacks took place did little to protect them.",
"It is clear that any internal reform undertaken by a Member of the United Nations should comply with the United Nations Charter and should be respected. Those outside the country advocating reform should not deliberately ignore serious reform measures or undermine the Syrian model of tolerance and coexistence among all citizens. They should not draw conclusions from or base their analysis on fabricated and false information. They should ignore neither our reform efforts nor the sabotage and crimes being committed by organized terrorist groups in Syria.",
"We would have hoped to hear in those statements even a single word of condemnation of Israel’s use of live fire against unarmed civilian demonstrators on 15 May and 5 June. That is the behaviour at the heart of this issue and falls within the purview of the Security Council’s mandate, pursuant to relevant resolutions.",
"The President: I give the floor to the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran.",
"Mr. Al Habib (Islamic Republic of Iran): At the outset, I wish to express our appreciation to you, Sir, for convening this important open debate at this critical juncture in developments in the Middle East. This meeting will surly provide us with an overview of the current state of affairs in the region and the path forward to bring peace to the Middle East.",
"The question of Palestine, from its occupation until today, has remained one of the biggest challenges and problems of the world. The occupation represents the most painful and biggest tragedy of humankind in modern history. More than six decades of massacres, home demolitions, embargos, the abduction and imprisonment of people, attacks on neighbours and others, and violations of international law and international humanitarian law have followed this occupation.",
"The Israeli regime continues to defy international law in its pursuit of an unlawful and inhuman blockade of the Palestinians, particularly in the Gaza Strip, which has entered its fifth year. A recent report of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East indicates that broad unemployment in Gaza in the second half of 2010 reached an unprecedented 45.2 per cent, one of the highest rates in the world. The seizure of another civilian boat, the Dignité-El Karama, by the Israeli regime was yet another violation of international law. The inhumane blocked is a source of grave concern to people all over the world, who have expressed their support for such humanitarian gestures as the freedom flotilla and the Dignité-Al Karama and called for the immediate lifting of the Gaza blockade.",
"States supporting the Israeli regime have brought shame on themselves because, on the one hand, they claim to advocate human rights and international law and international humanitarian law, while at the same time they support the occupation, illegal settlements and all violations of international law by the brutal regime occupying Palestine. The history of the Israeli regime is nothing but crime, the killing of men, women and children, the use of banned weapons and the stockpiling of nuclear weapons, blind assassinations, attacks on civilians and aid convoys in international waters, and war crimes in Lebanon and Palestine. All these inhumane acts have become the routine doings of the occupying regime. There is no doubt that support for this regime is tantamount to support for occupation, massacre, assassination and the violation of human rights.",
"Attaining a peaceful and just settlement of the question of Palestine is imperative to the realization of comprehensive and lasting peace and stability in the Middle East and beyond. In our view, achieving lasting peace in Palestine and the region will be possible only by ensuring justice, putting an end to discriminatory and racist policies, and ending the occupation of Palestine and other occupied territories. Today, we are seeing more and more States joining the ranks of those that have already recognized Palestine as an independent State. This is a very clear indication that the cause of Palestine is gaining new momentum.",
"On Syria, there have evidently been attempts to incite sectarian sensitivities and denominational tensions and divisions, a known tactic of hegemonic regimes. Such mischievous attempts are worthless and vain and will have no effect on the stability of the country. The enemies of humankind do not want and have never wanted the people of Syria to remain united, independent and developed. But the people of Syria know that the key to their independence and dignity is unity and resistance to mischievous and subversive attempts.",
"The Israeli regime has persisted in its aggressive policies towards Lebanon by constantly violating its land, sea and air space and refusing to withdraw from occupied Lebanese villages. These occupations and acts of aggression should stop immediately.",
"Before concluding, I would like to react to the reference made to my country by the representative of the Israeli regime in this Chamber this morning. It is no surprise that, in levelling baseless allegations against Iran’s nuclear programme, the Zionist regime has preposterously attempted to deflect attentions from its long and dark catalogue of crimes and atrocities, such as occupation, aggression, militarism, State-terrorism, and crimes against humanity. It is a widely recognized fact that the Israeli regime’s clandestine development and unlawful possession of nuclear weapons poses a uniquely grave threat to regional and international peace and security. The Israeli regime has clearly defied the demands of the overwhelming majority of the United Nations Member States that have time and again called on it to renounce nuclear weapons and accede to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT).",
"Regrettably, the inaction of the relevant United Nations organs in the face of such Israeli policies and practices has emboldened this dangerous regime. The Council is expected to condemn the Israeli regime for the possession of nuclear weapons, compel it to abandon nuclear weapons, urge it to accede to the NPT without delay, and demand that it promptly place all its nuclear facilities under the full-scope safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Indeed, peace and stability cannot be achieved in the Middle East so long as the massive Israeli nuclear arsenals continue to threaten the region and beyond.",
"The President: There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda.",
"The meeting rose at 4.50 p.m."
] | S_PV.6590(RESUMPTION1) | [
"Chairman: Mr. Berger (Germany) Members: Bosnia and Herzegovina Ms. Hodžić Brasil Sr. Rizzo China Mr. Yang Zhiyu Colombia Sra. United States of America Ms. Escorcia Mr. Germain Russian Federation Zhdanov France Mr. Beaumont Gabon Mr. Lembouma India Mr. Raguttahalli Lebanon Mr. Ramadan Nigeria Ms. Aguwa Portugal Sra. TeixeiraCoelho United Kingdom of Great Britain Northern Ireland Mr. Day South Africa Mr. Laher",
"Agenda",
"The situation in the Middle East, including the question of Palestine",
"The meeting resumed at 3.05 p.m.",
"The President: In accordance with rule 37 of the Council ' s provisional rules of procedure, I invite the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to participate in this meeting.",
"I would like to remind speakers that they should limit their statements to a maximum of four minutes in order to enable the Council to carry out its work expeditiously.",
"I give the floor to the representative of Kyrgyzstan.",
"Mr. Kydyrov: Mr. President: I would like to thank you for convening this important debate at this crucial moment, when popular protests and major political changes continue to take place in the region. Furthermore, we see no tangible progress in the Israeli-Palestinian political process.",
"The Middle East remains the centre of global attention due to the well-known revolutionary riots that have taken place recently. Despite some undeniable differences, these events have a lot in common. Its causes are the Government ' s inability to adapt to the new conditions of social development and to carry out effective reforms. The peoples and governments of the region not only face enormous social and political challenges, but also new opportunities and perspectives. We strongly condemn the use of force against peaceful demonstrations and urge all parties to act with maximum restraint. Kyrgyzstan, which had undergone recent revolutionary changes, believed that the only way to address those problems was through dialogue and reforms.",
"Kyrgyzstan strongly urges the resumption of Israeli-Palestinian negotiations as soon as possible. In this regard, we support the statement of the Middle East Quartet of 20 May 2011, with an appeal to the parties to overcome current obstacles and resume direct bilateral negotiations without delay. However, we regret that the most recent meeting of the Quartet, held on 11 July in Washington, D.C., ended without reaching a substantive agreement. It is essential to hold a new meeting as soon as possible to take active measures to promote the negotiating process. We consider it important that this process continue in order to achieve a long-term solution to the situation and to conclude a peace agreement providing for the coexistence of the two States in peace and security, in accordance with the parameters defined and accepted above. Kyrgyzstan hopes that the Quartet will play an active role in finding a solution acceptable to all stakeholders.",
"Kyrgyzstan is in favour of reaching a solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through diplomatic means, based on relevant Security Council resolutions, the Arab Peace Initiative and the Quartet road map for the Middle East. I would like to point out that the time for the consideration of the admission of Palestine as a Member of the United Nations is rapidly approaching, as we have discussed this issue in detail both formally and informally. In that regard, Kyrgyzstan believed that it was extremely important to achieve rapid progress in the peace process and to overcome the current worrying stalemate. We also urge the parties to demonstrate a firm will and unwavering commitment to peace and to remove all obstacles to the resumption of direct talks.",
"In our view, it is clear that the continued construction of Israeli settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, and the regular announcements of their expansion, will not contribute to an early resolution of the problem. Rather, on the contrary—at least, as we have seen in recent events—that causes even greater disturbances, an escalation of violence and deaths of civilians. Kyrgyzstan supports the implementation of all relevant Security Council resolutions on Jerusalem and calls for an end to the construction of Israeli settlements.",
"In conclusion, let me stress that the peoples of the Middle East have suffered for several decades because of conflict and confrontation. The time has come for a final and comprehensive settlement to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. We believe that the maintenance of the current situation is totally unacceptable.",
"The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Turkey.",
"Mr. Çorman (Turkey): By holding the Security Council another public debate on the situation in the Middle East, a major transformation is clearly taking place in the region. Universal ideas such as freedom, equality, dignity, human rights and the rule of law have become slogans that bring together millions of people, who demand a more promising future for themselves and for their fellow citizens. While the achievement of significant changes could take some time and it is likely that the process is not free from setbacks, that process of historical restoration cannot be reversed, undermined or corrupted.",
"In the meantime, while that important uprising continues its course, the question of Palestine remains in limbo. Whether in Gaza, in the West Bank or in the refugee camps throughout the region, millions of Palestinians continue to suffer from a disdained fate that cannot be blamed. This is an anomaly and should be treated as a matter of utmost urgency.",
"The truth is that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a fundamental part of the many disputes in the region and beyond. The international community cannot expect the momentum towards a positive change in the Middle East and North Africa as long as occupation and sojudgation are a daily reality for the Palestinian population.",
"Recent and past developments are evidence of how the plight of the Palestinian people has implications far beyond their own geographical area. In order to gain the hearts and minds of the Arab peoples and to support them to achieve their aspirations, we must be able to show them our collective determination to achieve a just and viable peace in the region, a determination that inspires all. For that reason, it was crucial that the search for a durable and comprehensive solution should not be ignored in favour of other initiatives in the region. On the contrary, once again it must be the priority.",
"At the moment, there is no peace or peace process in the region. Instead, there is a stagnation that is neither reassuring nor promising for Israelis or Palestinians. Apparently, the parties are still going in opposite directions. The Security Council and the Quartet have not yet been able to effectively deliver or inspire genuine participation.",
"Citizens want solutions from their leaders, not an empty rhetoric. In general, there is the dominant feeling of abandonment and uncertainty, which increases the frustration of all, especially the most disadvantaged. This is a worrying panorama, which makes us think of a dustbin.",
"Turkey rejects violence from anywhere, whatever form or manifestation, and considers it unacceptable and unjustifiable. We also believe that there is no real alternative to a negotiated solution. However, meaningful engagement that inspires confidence on both sides cannot take place as long as settlement activities continue, including in occupied East Jerusalem.",
"Israel ' s most recent position on the construction of more than 300 new settlement units is another example of its illicit activities in the occupied territories. As such, it is unacceptable and raises greater doubts about Israel ' s sincerity with regard to the peace process.",
"Once again, we urge Israel, on the basis of its commitments under the road map, to end all settlement-related activities and resume direct negotiations with the Palestinian side. That is not much to ask, and it is currently the only way to pave the way for a two-State solution, based on well-established principles under which Israel and Palestine will always live side by side in peace and security.",
"The Palestinians have worked hard over the past two years to establish the institutional basis for their future State. Thanks to its actions, the Palestinian Authority has shown, beyond any doubt, that it is prepared to assume all the rights and obligations of an internationally recognized State, even if Palestine remains under occupation and therefore needs international support.",
"Turkey believes that it is time for Palestine to be recognized as a full Member State within the international community on the basis of the 1967 borders. The very concept of a two-State solution, dating back to 1947, is the firm and clear basis for that. The international community should not ignore the legitimate call of Palestine to be recognized on an equal footing and, ultimately, to be admitted to the United Nations as a full-fledged Member. Turkey will work with Palestine to achieve those fundamental objectives. Ultimately, in the absence of a meaningful peace process, it cannot be expected that the Palestinians will remain forever prisoners of the will of Israel.",
"The situation in the Gaza Strip remains a major concern. The plight of Palestinians living in Gaza must be alleviated urgently, and the reconstruction and rehabilitation needs of the population must be addressed immediately. Resolution 1860 (2009) should be implemented in full. The current humanitarian and human rights conditions of the civilian population in Gaza are unsustainable and unacceptable and ultimately are not in the interest of any of the parties concerned. The periodic escalation of tensions between the parties clearly demonstrates that the situation is at least fragile. Minimal approaches to public diplomacy will not work. Israel must immediately lift its illegal and inhuman blockade of Gaza.",
"Meanwhile, Turkey welcomes the unity agreement reached among the Palestinians. It is a very important event, taking place at a time when the entire region has undertaken a democratic transformation. This is a measure in the right direction. We hope that the process of national reconciliation will soon be concluded with the formation of an inclusive and democratically representative government that will enable the Palestinian nation to hold free and fair elections.",
"Turkey urges the Palestinian groups to take up the reconciliation process once and for all and to participate in the establishment of a Palestinian State living alongside Israel in peace and security. In parallel with the search for harmony among Palestinians, the international community must also play a positive role in supporting the process and not prejudging its outcome.",
"More than a year has passed since Israel ' s fatal attack on the international humanitarian convoy that sailed to Gaza. The Israeli forces ruthlessly killed nine civilians and many others were injured. Passengers were subjected to all forms of ill-treatment until they left Israel. The Panel of Inquiry established by the Secretary-General in accordance with the presidential statement S/PRST/2010/9 of 1 June 2010 has completed its work. The President and the Co-Chair prepared their report, which is already sealed and is expected to be submitted to the Secretary-General.",
"We have provided Israel with a way out of this situation. You must apologize and pay compensation. There will be no normalization of relations between Turkey and Israel unless the Israelis do what is expected of them. Turkey will follow this issue resolutely until justice is done.",
"In conclusion, let me reiterate once again Turkey ' s strong support for the establishment of a comprehensive, just and lasting peace in the region based on the settlement of two States, as well as our decision to help our Palestinian brothers achieve the dilated goal of a viable, peaceful and prosperous State of Palestine.",
"The President: I give the floor to the representative of Japan.",
"Mr. Nishida (Japan): I wish to thank the President for giving us the opportunity to address the situation in the Middle East. I thank Mr. Serry for his extensive briefing. I would also like to thank Ambassador Mansour and Ambassador Prosor for their statements.",
"Japan strongly supports a two-State solution through which Israel and the State of Palestine would live side by side in peace, security and mutual recognition. Japan supports the view that borders in a two-State solution should be defined through negotiations and on the basis of the 1967 borders, with exchanges of mutually agreed territories, so as to achieve peaceful coexistence between a viable State of Palestine and Israel with secure and recognized borders. Through that two-State solution, the Palestinians would exercise their rights to establish an independent State, Israel would enjoy a much better security environment, and both sides could establish full cooperation for mutual prosperity.",
"The two-State solution can be achieved only through sincere negotiations. Japan has been urging both parties to resume direct negotiations in cooperation with the international community. Japan strongly supports President Obama ' s speech in May that laid the basis for the resumption of negotiations. We call on both parties to cooperate with the United States and the international community and to take measures that will foster an environment for the resumption of direct negotiations.",
"Japan will not recognize any unilateral measures that prejudice the outcome of the final status negotiations. The two parties must fulfil their obligations under previous agreements, mainly the road map. We again call on Israel to freeze its settlement activities in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. At the same time, we call on the Palestinian Authority to continue its efforts to improve security and fulfil its commitments to stop violence and combat incitement to violence. Japan has strongly supported the efforts of the Palestinian Authority to create the State and will continue to provide assistance in this regard.",
"Japan remains concerned about the humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip. We continue to call for full implementation of resolution 1860 (2009). Japan closely monitors Palestinian efforts to establish a unified Government that truly seeks a two-State solution.",
"In conclusion, I would like to reiterate our call on the parties to make every effort to resume direct negotiations. Japan, together with the international community, will continue its efforts to contribute to the achievement of a comprehensive and just peace in the region.",
"The President: I give the floor to the representative of Jordan.",
"Mr. Omaish (Jordan) (spoke in Arabic): The Palestinian people have for decades sought to enjoy the same political, economic and social rights enjoyed by the rest of the world, including primarily the right to sovereignty over their own national territory, liberty and dignity. It has the universally recognized basic right to create an independent State, with East Jerusalem as its capital, living alongside Israel within the borders of 4 June 1967.",
"Jordan warns of the consequences of the outbreak of conflicts, war and anarchy by the intransigence of Israel to deal with the question of Palestine. Israel continues to defer and waste opportunities for peace. It must return to a pragmatic, practical and enlightened vision without ideological paradoxes that can only negatively affect the situation and have adverse consequences for international peace and security. It takes courage to make tough decisions. Jordan therefore called for the speedy resumption of direct negotiations for a final solution to the question of Palestine.",
"However, Jordan believes that negotiations will be in vain as settlements continue to be built. Israel must also define a clear and precise position in the face of the peace process. Jordan is deeply concerned about Israel ' s continued violations of the occupied Arab territories and its attempts to bring them together, which will have a negative impact on the sacred sites of East Jerusalem. On the basis of our active role in the maintenance of Christian and Islamic sacred places in the occupied territories, we call for international intervention to end such violations and the process of judaization. We also call for an end to the continuing suffering of Palestinian prisoners and detainees who languish in Israeli prisons.",
"We welcome the recent signing of the Palestinian national reconciliation agreement. This is a step in the right direction on the road to Palestinian reunification, and it will fulfil the hopes of the Palestinian people to have united, accountable leaders who can meet the aspirations of the Palestinian people to establish their independent State. Jordan calls on the international community to fight for the lifting of the embargo and the illegal blockade of the Gaza Strip. An international community that insists on the enjoyment of human rights, freedom and dignity cannot remain silent on the collective punishment of a whole nation.",
"The President: I give the floor to the representative of Malaysia.",
"Mrs. Zainul Abidin: Mr. President, first of all, allow me to congratulate you on your assumption of the presidency of the Council. I should like to point out that my delegation associates itself with the statements made by Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and by Kazakhstan on behalf of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.",
"At the United Nations we are accustomed to living and remembering the achievements made. The creation of the United Nations itself marked the end of the Second World War and the beginning of world peace; the first of the many milestones. However, some of those historic events are unfortunate in our civilization. Last month, we noted such an occasion: the longest foreign military occupation, because in June 2011 Israel ' s occupation of the Palestinian territories was 44 years.",
"Forty-four years is a long time to languish under the pressure of another, especially in this age. Lots of land from Palestine have now been confiscated and its inhabitants have been evicted. The construction and expansion of settlements and the separation wall, the demolition of Palestinian homes and infrastructure and the revocation of Palestinian residence rights in East Jerusalem are part of Israel ' s illegal policies and practices to replace the inhabitants and erase history. Such measures were not only illegal but also made it more difficult to achieve the two-State solution.",
"Last month, the fourth year of Israel ' s inhuman blockade of Gaza was also completed. The living conditions facing 1.6 million Gazans remain a matter of concern. Dependant on international assistance, and due to the blockade, the residents of Gaza are deprived of their right to live in decent conditions. On 31 May 2010, we also witnessed the death of nine people who joined more than 1,400 people who lost their lives as a result of Israel ' s military aggression since the end of 2008. These nine people were humanitarian activists who were killed in international waters, messengers of relief efforts aimed at mitigating the plight of the Gazan population. In this regard, we urge Israel to comply fully with resolution 1860 (2009) and to completely lift the illegal blockade, which is a form of collective punishment prohibited by international law.",
"It is more than imperative that a just solution be made to this issue. The parties concerned must rise to the level that corresponds to them as honest parties to this peace process so that we do not continue in this unsustainable state in which we are. In this regard, the establishment of an independent State of Palestine, on the basis of the pre-1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital, which coexists with Israel in conditions of peace and security, in accordance with the parameters established and defined in resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003), 1850 (2008), in the Israeli mandate, including the principle of land for peace, in the Arab Peace Initiative, and in the most crucial leaf.",
"In accordance with its mandate, the Security Council has the duty to take the necessary measures to ensure compliance with its own resolutions. We need to ensure that all parties resume peace negotiations. Accepting something less would be a mockery of the same Organization we tried to defend.",
"The President: I give the floor to the representative of Uganda.",
"Mr. Kafeero: Mr. Chairman: I thank you for organizing this public debate. I also thank the Special Coordinator and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General, Mr. Robert Serry, for his briefing.",
"Today the Israeli and Palestinian parties, as well as the international community, are at a critical moment. It was regrettable that, despite the efforts of the parties with the support of regional and international actors, no tangible progress had been made and that the peace process remained stagnant. My delegation hoped that the recent meetings of the Quartet and the League of Arab States this month could result in the resumption of direct negotiations, which were stagnant, which would allow the achievement of an agreed framework.",
"This is a decisive moment. It is a testament to the political capacity of Israeli and Palestinian leaders. While the support of the international community is essential, the primary responsibility for negotiation and the achievement of a comprehensive and lasting peace rests with the Israeli and Palestinian sides. Uganda reiterates its call on both parties to resume negotiations urgently and to have the courage to take courageous decisions, bearing in mind that the legitimate aspirations of Palestinians to have a State cannot be delayed much longer and that Israel ' s legitimate security concerns must be addressed.",
"My delegation remains deeply concerned about Israel ' s recent approval of the construction of new housing in the settlements and calls once again for the full cessation of all settlement activities.",
"We commend the Palestinian leaders for their efforts to build their State and for the fulfilment of their obligations under the road map, particularly in the security and economic development sectors. We also commend their efforts to forge unity and reconciliation.",
"We remain concerned about the humanitarian situation in Gaza and the continuing obstacles to the movement of people and goods from Gaza and Gaza. We call on Israel to lift the blockade against Gaza and reiterate our call on all parties to comply fully with resolution 1860 (2009).",
"In conclusion, my delegation wishes to emphasize that the current situation is unsustainable. We encourage the Israeli and Palestinian parties, with the support of the international community and in particular the Security Council, to overcome the current impasse and to work towards the realization of a two-State solution for the benefit of the peace, security and prosperity of their peoples.",
"The President: I give the floor to the representative of Iceland.",
"Mrs. Gunnarsdóttir (Iceland): Iceland strongly supports a peaceful solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the two-State solution. Since the beginning of the Oslo process, almost two decades ago, we have been confident that the peace process would result in a comprehensive and viable peace in the region, as envisaged in the Arab Peace Initiative.",
"However, the peace process is now completely stagnant. While Iceland urges the parties to return to the negotiating table, we believe that the time has come for the international community to participate more directly. The United Nations had a historic role in the creation of the State of Israel, and perhaps we approached the time when it would be relevant for the General Assembly and the Security Council to recommit themselves again in order to resolve the question of Palestine.",
"If the Palestinians decided to present the matter more directly to the General Assembly, Iceland was prepared to support them. The Minister for Foreign Affairs of Iceland made this clear when he met with President Abbas and the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Al-Malki, during the trip to Ramallah this month. On that occasion, our Minister noted that Iceland would support a resolution on the status of the State of Palestine, on the basis of the 1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital, as well as a resolution on the status of a full member of Palestine in the United Nations, if the Palestinians decided to submit those resolutions in the autumn.",
"Iceland ' s position is that the search for recognition of a Palestinian State does not contradict the desire for a negotiated settlement of the conflict. On the contrary, it could be considered as a means of encouraging serious negotiations. The symmetry of power between the two sides must be addressed. This can only be achieved through stronger participation by the international community, including by emphasizing international law applicable to occupation.",
"In the absence of a political solution, there is a need to improve the situation on the ground. First of all, we echo those around the world urging the Government of Israel to immediately lift the blockade of Gaza. A sufficient number of border crossings and legitimate channels currently closed for the movement of goods in Gaza and outside Gaza should be opened and the import and export capacity that existed prior to the blockade should be achieved. The Israeli authorities should especially free the markets of steel and cement bars.",
"The decision of the Government of Israel to continue its settlement activities in the occupied Palestinian territories, including in East Jerusalem, is not only incompatible with its obligations under international law but also with the road map. We note that this illegal activity continues and that the use of violence, housing demolitions and forced evictions in the occupied Palestinian territories, including in East Jerusalem, remains a matter of great concern. The international community should be careful not to send messages that might be understood as an compromise on illicit settlement activities. The creation of consummated facts on the ground that are contrary to international law and which constitute an obstacle to the achievement of a two-State solution should not be rewarded. Settlements are reversible.",
"Iceland also wishes to express its concern at the intensification of settler violence against Palestinians, including its so-called “price” policy. This is a very worrying event, and Israel has an obligation to make every effort to prevent such violence and, when it happens, to ensure accountability to the perpetrators.",
"Finally, Iceland welcomes the reconciliation agreement between Fatah and Hamas and its intention to form an interim Government to prepare for the presidential and parliamentary elections in Palestine. We call upon the Palestinian parties to pay attention to the request of their own people, to strive for agreement and to unite in the search for a peaceful solution to the conflict.",
"The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Kuwait.",
"Mr. Alotaibi (Kuwait) (spoke in Arabic): I have the honour to make this statement to the Security Council on behalf of the States members of the Arab Group. Let me first, however, express our support for the statement made on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement by the representative of Egypt, as well as the statement made by the representative of Kazakhstan on behalf of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.",
"The meeting is a demonstration of the importance that the international community attaches to the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people, which it has suffered for more than 60 years under the occupation and practices of Israel and its refusal to fulfil its international commitments and its contempt for all international resolutions.",
"The peoples and States of the region are hopeful that the international community will have the capacity to assume its political, legal and moral responsibility for the possibility of the return of the occupied Arab territories, putting an end to Israeli intransigence and arrogance and forcing Israel to comply and fully implement the resolutions of international legitimacy, in particular the relevant Security Council resolutions. Israel persists in ignoring those resolutions and continues to implement illegal and aggressive measures and practices in the occupied Palestinian territories, in particular in and around East Jerusalem, in order to alter their situation, characteristics and demographic composition. This adds to the continuing violations by Israel, the occupying Power, of international law and human rights rules and regulations.",
"These practices make any mention of the existence of an Israeli partner who has sincere intentions to achieve peace a mere fantasy. They also demonstrate beyond any doubt that, through its practices and policies and the statements of its officials, Israel is working as hard as possible to undermine all international efforts to resume peace talks on the basis of the two-State solution within the framework of the 4 June 1967 borders.",
"In addition, all practices such as Israel ' s continued and intensified campaigns to rapidly build thousands of settlement units and their continued demolition of Palestinian properties and buildings affirm their expansionist intentions and contradict the Israeli Government ' s claims regarding its desire to resume the peace process and move towards a two-State solution.",
"The current situation in the Gaza Strip represents a new manifestation of Israel ' s violations of resolution 1860 (2009) and its lack of respect for the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949. By entering the oppressive Israeli blockade in its fifth year, Palestinian civilians continue to be subjected to collective punishment, resulting in an increase in poverty in Gaza and a serious deterioration in the economic, social and humanitarian situation.",
"It is not surprising, therefore, that the blockade has produced terrifying statistics, for example, an increase of 65 per cent in the unemployment rate. Moreover, the air strikes by the Israeli air force from time to time, in violation of the most elementary rules of international law prohibiting such attacks in areas populated by civilians, amount to terrorist attacks against the unarmed Palestinian people.",
"The international community must send to Israel the clear and unequivocal message that it must lift the blockade and open the border crossings immediately, permanently and without conditions in order to allow access to humanitarian assistance, materials and goods for the construction and movement of persons. Israel should also be punished for continuing to violate international law, including international humanitarian law and international human rights law. It must be held accountable for the war crimes it has committed so far, for its practice of State terrorism and for the systematic human rights violations it has committed against unarmed Palestinians, whose perpetrators must be prosecuted.",
"The Arab Group requested the Security Council to take all necessary measures to force Israel to implement resolution 497 (1981), which called for the withdrawal of Israel from the occupied Syrian Golan to the lines of 4 June 1967. It also reaffirms that the measures taken by Israel in order to change the legal, physical and demographic situation are considered null and void and without a legal basis, and that violate international law and the Charter of the United Nations.",
"The Arab Group also demands that Israel cease its continued violations of Lebanese sovereignty and the territories, airspace and territorial waters of Lebanon. The Group also demands the complete withdrawal of Israel from the northern part of the city of Al-Ghajar, the Shab`a farms and the hills of Kfar Shouba.",
"A comprehensive solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict, namely, a just, comprehensive and lasting solution can be achieved only through the implementation of the relevant resolutions of international legitimacy, in particular Security Council resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003) and 1850 (2008). It should also be based on the principles of the Madrid Peace Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative and the road map adopted by the Quartet.",
"The Arab Group reaffirms its full support for the efforts of the Palestinian Authority to become a member of the United Nations during the next session of the General Assembly, in accordance with what has already been confirmed at the meeting of the Ministerial Committee of the Arab Peace Initiative, held in Doha on 14 July.",
"For more than six decades Israel has persisted in challenging the international community. It has gone too far in the implementation of its illegal and unilateral policies, while the Palestinian people have deferred their dreams and aspirations year after year, for more than six decades, waiting in the hope of building a national home that covers all.",
"For six decades, the demands of the Palestinian people and our demands have been very clear. What we most need is the implementation of United Nations resolutions, including those of the Security Council, and the exercise by the Palestinians of their right to self-determination and to live a free, independent and dignified life within an independent and sovereign State, with East Jerusalem as its capital.",
"The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Nicaragua.",
"Mr. Rosales Díaz (Nicaragua): Nicaragua, as a member of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, is fully associated with what the Permanent Representative of Egypt has expressed in his capacity as Chairman of our Movement.",
"Once again, Nicaragua reiterates its deepest condemnation of Israel ' s illegal occupation of all Palestinian, Syrian and Lebanese territories and demands its immediate withdrawal from those territories. We condemn Israeli policies and practices for the construction and non-dismantling of settlements, as well as the inhuman blockade of Gaza, the policy of dismantling the West Bank and other Palestinian territories.",
"This Security Council meets on the eve of a historic moment that has to lead us to an undeniable reality the existence of a fully recognized Palestinian State within this Organization, finally implementing all the provisions of resolution 181 (II), which precisely calls for the creation of two States on Palestinian land, one Arab and one Jewish.",
"Indeed, the logic of the denial of the very existence of the Palestinian State cannot be allowed to continue. Since the triumph of the revolution in 1979, Nicaragua has been a privileged witness of the struggle of the Palestinian people and of the substantial concessions made by it and which were shamefully corresponded by Israel with more illegal settlements, more humiliations, more deaths, more systematic killings of Palestinian leaders, more destruction of homes and more dispossessions, including that of East Jerusalem.",
"In short, we have witnessed a policy of real corralation of the Palestinian people, which is underpinned by an undefeated determination to deny each of the Palestinian citizens their mere status as a human being.",
"Nicaragua therefore reiterates the need to put an immediate end to Israel ' s unbearable impunity and that it has been irresponsibly guaranteed by this Security Council and, in particular, by the indiscriminate use of the veto of those who have become Israel ' s greatest accomplice.",
"It is time for the Security Council to complete its responsibilities and require Israel to commit itself to peace. It is time for veto threats to be abandoned and for the international community to replace the rhetoric with concrete actions.",
"To this end, Nicaragua calls for the recognition of the Palestinian State on its 1967 borders by this Security Council and the General Assembly. Only in this way will a firm and lasting peace be imposed that will enable both peoples to enjoy all their rights effectively, thereby putting an end to an unacceptable and inexplicable injustice.",
"The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Pakistan.",
"Mr. Raza Bashir Tarar: Mr. President: I should like first of all to thank you for convening today ' s debate. Allow me, on behalf of the people and Government of Pakistan, to express our deepest condolences and regrets to the people and Government of Norway for the terrorist atrocities committed on Friday. These despicable acts only strengthen our determination to combat terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.",
"We associate ourselves with the statement made by the Permanent Representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and the statement to be made by the Permanent Representative of Kazakhstan on behalf of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.",
"Pakistan believes that the time has come to achieve a lasting solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which is based on two independent and sovereign States that coexist contiguously in peace.",
"The progress made by the Palestinian Authority in the establishment of State institutions is a favourable augur for peace. Numerous independent sources have confirmed that the state status of Palestine may be reached in September 2011. This has been recognized in reports of many international agencies and noted in previous statements by the Middle East Quartet. The recent relative reduction in violence in the region has also allowed for the strengthening of the conditions for lasting peace. It is our common interest to celebrate and strengthen the achievements of Palestine as they constitute a valuable opportunity for lasting peace in the region.",
"The positive developments in Palestine can only be maintained with the active participation of the international community. In order to achieve lasting peace in the Middle East, it is up to the Security Council and the Middle East Quartet to fulfil their long-standing commitments for a final settlement and to work together to achieve that goal. The well-known parameters of the Middle East peace process must guide the path to peace in the Middle East. Despite the clarity of our common goal and the almost unanimity of the parameters, the Security Council and the Middle East Quartet seem increasingly unable to act. This is not a good omen for the region. Their lack of action could cause the current opportunity for peace to be lost and once again condemn the region to fall into cycles of violence and distrust.",
"The challenges facing peace in the Middle East are not only due to the inaction of the international community, but are rooted in Israel ' s expansionist policy, which is characterized by the planning and construction of new settlement areas. The recent adoption of new construction areas in Occupied Jerusalem, in Bethlehem and Nablus is of great concern. The demolition of Palestinian homes and infrastructures in East Jerusalem and the Jordan Valley have led to the displacement of many Palestinian families.",
"Settlement activity is a clear violation of international law and must be treated as such. Each of these settlements is a significant obstacle on the road to peace. Israel must stop the construction of new settlements and stop using settlements as a political tool in the peace process. Settlement activities and the peace process cannot advance together.",
"The continuation of the Israeli blockade of Gaza is neither reasonable nor sustainable. We urge the full implementation of Security Council resolution 1860 (2009). Life in Gaza will not be able to return to normal without a free movement of persons and goods, including materials essential for reconstruction. We trust that Israel will facilitate the completion of reconstruction projects, including those initiated by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East.",
"Pakistan supports the achievement of lasting peace for all the inhabitants of the Middle East, regardless of their religion, ethnicity or nationality. The framework for peace in the Middle East is detailed in Security Council resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003) and 1850 (2008), in the terms of reference of Madrid, the Arab Peace Initiative and the Quartet road map. The necessary political will to implement such a framework is required.",
"We hope that the Security Council and the Quartet of the Middle East will work significantly with the actors involved to realize the collective objective of the international community: an independent, sovereign and viable State of Palestine, with Al-Quds Al-Sharif as capital and coexisting in peace with all its neighbours. Pakistan shares and supports this goal.",
"The President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.",
"Mr. Valero Briceño (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela): The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela appreciates the report submitted by Mr. Robert Serry, United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General for the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian Authority.",
"He also endorsed the statement made by Ambassador Maged Abdelaziz, Permanent Representative of the Arab Republic of Egypt, on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.",
"As Mr. recently warned. Maxwell Gaylard, United Nations Coordinator for Humanitarian and Development Activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, thousands of Bedouins will be affected by the demolitions of the Israeli Government in Jerusalem to expand the illegal settlements of Israeli citizens. According to Mr. Gaylard, in what goes this year, has demolished more homes than in all 2009 or 2010, leaving homeless refugees who have lived in that area since 1948.",
"This serious situation puts 80 per cent of Bedouins living in that area at risk of displacement. Let us add that thousands of Palestinian families are being forced to move from their areas of residence. Condemning are the growth of illegal Israeli settlements, housing demolitions and the prohibition of new Palestinian buildings. Clear examples of apartheid imposed by the Government of Israel, these illegal and inhuman acts practiced by the occupying Power, highlight the lack of action by this Council.",
"In accordance with the right to self-determination of peoples, there is an immediate recognition of the Palestinian State and its membership as a full Member of the United Nations General Assembly. My delegation wishes to reaffirm the right of peoples to sovereignly decide their own destiny. Venezuela reiterates its call that the Government of Israel fully respect the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, in the Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in the other occupied Arab territories.",
"The editor-in-chief of the Israeli newspaper Haaretz, Bradley Burston, said:",
"“There is nothing that more effectively delegitimizes Israel, and allows it to be regarded as insensitive than siege to Gaza. ”",
"Certainly, the delicate humanitarian situation of the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip is deplorable. The blockade imposed in that area is inhuman and illegal, as inhuman and illegal, is the wall built by Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem and its environs.",
"The compulsive action of the occupying Power against Palestinian citizens suffering the most shameless violations of their human rights was unacceptable. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela categorically demands, and once again, the unrestricted and immediate lifting of such inhuman, illegal and unilateral measures.",
"Venezuela expresses its concern at the serious developments in the occupied Syrian Golan on 15 May and 5 June this year, in which numerous Palestinian citizens were massacred by Israeli soldiers, who peacefully protested against the occupation. Venezuela again calls for the withdrawal of Israel from that territory, in compliance with the relevant Security Council resolutions. It also calls for the State of Israel to respect Lebanon ' s sovereignty and to avoid further conflicts such as that in July 2006.",
"My country vindicates the values of freedom, independence and sovereignty, which is always necessary to strengthen in order to achieve peace among peoples. Let us repeat it again: without justice there is no peace.",
"The President: I give the floor to the representative of the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea.",
"Mr. Kim Yong Song (Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea): First of all, my delegation wishes to thank Mr. Robert Serry for his detailed briefing this morning. My delegation also associates itself with the statement made by the Permanent Representative of the Republic of Egypt on behalf of the States members of the Non-Aligned Movement.",
"The resolution of the question of Palestine in the Middle East is one of the highest priorities among efforts to ensure peace and security in the region. For that reason, the international community continued to pay attention to the question of Palestine and to make every effort to resolve it.",
"I would like to place special emphasis on a positive development, which could influence the solution of the question of Palestine, with the strong support of the international community. It should be noted that the struggle of the Palestinian people for an independent and sovereign State is now gaining unprecedented momentum. The fundamental element of achieving victory in this struggle must be in the hands of the Palestinian people, since the key is the unity of the Palestinian people itself. The adoption last May of a final reconciliation agreement between the Palestinian political forces will certainly contribute to strengthening the unity of the Palestinian people and will strongly encourage their struggle for an independent and sovereign State.",
"Despite positive developments, obstacles and challenges to the Middle East peace process remain. Israel has not withdrawn from the occupied Palestinian and Arab territories, despite the growing allegations of the international community. Israel has continued to expand its settlements in East Jerusalem and the Arab territories, directly challenging international demands. Settlement construction is part of an ambitious Israeli effort towards territorial expansion. Their effects are now having serious consequences. Precisely because of the expansion of Israeli settlements, the Israeli-Palestinian talks, which were concluded after a difficult process of vicissitude, have stagnated.",
"Support for the creation of an independent and sovereign State of Palestine is becoming a trend of international society, which no one dares to stop. Many countries recognize Palestine as an independent and sovereign State, and the figure has already reached more than 120. The struggle of the Palestinian people to regain its occupied territory and establish an independent and sovereign State is more than justifiable; therefore, victory is guaranteed.",
"My delegation would like to take this opportunity to express our full support for the justified struggle of the Palestinian people to restore their legitimate sovereign rights, including the foundation of an independent and sovereign State, as well as our solidarity with this cause.",
"The President: I give the floor to the representative of Bangladesh.",
"Mr. Mahmood (Bangladesh): I thank Germany for programming this important public debate on the situation in the Middle East. Allow me to express our gratitude to the Minister of State of the Federal Office for Foreign Affairs of Germany for chairing this debate. I also convey our appreciation to the Special Coordinator and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General, Mr. Robert Serry, for his extensive briefing this morning.",
"His delegation associated itself with the statements made by the representatives of Egypt and Kazakhstan on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, respectively. In addition, I would like to briefly make some comments that Bangladesh considers important.",
"Achieving a lasting and sustainable solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict, including the question of Palestine, which is at the core of that protracted crisis, must be our collective strategic objective. All Member States must commit themselves fully to this goal and give their full moral, diplomatic, political and economic support for their early realization.",
"The Palestinian people are being denied their fundamental rights to self-determination and to live freely in their own land, and the displaced Palestinians have been denied their right to return to their homes and to live with dignity and security. Unfortunately, it seems that it is a collective failure of the international community and, in particular, of the people of Israel, who, having suffered the same hardships, has not been able to take advantage of the occasion and guarantee the people of Palestine their fundamental rights to self-determination and to live in a sovereign State of their own, next to Israel. In order to achieve a durable solution in the Middle East, it is very important to address the fundamental problem: the prolonged and illicit occupation of the Arab territories by Israel.",
"We express our concern at the enormous destruction of property, housing, economic institutions, agricultural land and orchards by the occupying Power; its construction of the wall; its confiscation of territories and its continued imposition of checkpoints, in contravention of international law, in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, which has severely hampered the already dire economic situation facing the Palestinian population.",
"We commend the leadership of President Mahmoud Abbas of the Palestinian Authority and the continued Palestinian efforts to build a Palestinian State, especially in the areas of governance, the rule of law and human rights, the living conditions of the productive sectors, education and culture, health, social protection and water.",
"However, we are concerned about Israeli military operations and the continued Israeli policy of closures and severe restrictions on the movement of persons and goods, including humanitarian personnel, as well as food, medicine, fuel and other essential supplies in the Gaza Strip, which is causing civilian casualties. We therefore call for maximum restraint and respect for international humanitarian law. In that regard, it was very regrettable that a French civil ship, which sailed to facilitate humanitarian support, had recently been captured.",
"My delegation believes that the Fourth Geneva Convention, the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly, resolutions 242 (1967) 338 (1973) and 425 (1978) of the Security Council, the principle of land for peace, and the mandates of the Madrid Conference, which guarantee the withdrawal of Israel from all occupied Arab and Palestinian territories to the borders of 4 June 1967, the road map and the Arab Peace Initiative are the best guides for achieving a two-State solution.",
"The principled support for the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination, coming from the four corners of the planet, both bilaterally and multilaterally, has been a fundamental pillar of Palestinian resistance for decades. In that regard, my delegation welcomes the plan of the Palestinian Authority entitled “Palestine: End of the occupation and creation of the State”, a plan to build the institutions of a Palestinian State by September 2011.",
"Let me move to the situation in Lebanon and the occupied Syrian Golan. It was regrettable that the occupying State was violating Lebanese sovereignty and repeatedly violating the provisions of Security Council resolution 1701 (2006). The adoption of various measures and actions to change the legal, physical and demographic status of the occupied Syrian Golan is also a matter of concern.",
"In conclusion, let me reiterate Bangladesh ' s long-standing position that the illicit permanent occupation of Palestine over the past six decades is the main cause of violence, riots and destabilization in the region. Allow me also to reiterate our full support for a lasting peace for all the inhabitants of the region, both Arab and Israeli, and our firm commitment to the realization of an independent, sovereign and viable State of Palestine, with Al-Quds Al-Sharif as its capital, which coexists with all its neighbours and in peace.",
"The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Morocco.",
"Mr. Loulichki (Morocco): Mr. President: First of all, let me express our deep gratitude for organizing this public debate. I also thank Mr. Robert Serry's comprehensive briefing on the latest developments in the Middle East. As usual, my delegation supports the statements made by the representatives of Egypt, Kazakhstan and Kuwait on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and the League of Arab States, respectively.",
"First of all, I would like to express our deep concern at the prolonged stagnation of international and regional efforts to revive the talks between the Palestinians and the Israelis, especially in view of the legal aspirations of the Palestinians in September 2011. There can be no doubt that at the international level there is a unanimous agreement regarding the two-State solution and the need for a comprehensive agreement in the Middle East, respecting international legitimacy. The international community must therefore be strict and effective in creating an enabling environment for negotiations, free of provocative, illicit and unilateral measures by Israel, in order to bring peace and prosperity in the region.",
"We are deeply concerned about the obstacles to direct discussions between the two sides. At the same time, we are convinced that the peace process is a necessary option that must lead to a comprehensive, just and legitimate peace for all the peoples of the region.",
"In this context, Morocco closely and with optimism follows the various initiatives—from the United States, the Quartet, the European Union and other regional and international actors—to promote the return to indirect talks. Our hope is that these efforts will promote serious negotiations in good faith, in accordance with international law, the Arab Peace Initiative, the road map and the agreements previously reached between the parties.",
"Morocco warmly welcomed the commitment made by President Obama of the United States in his speech of 19 May 2011 to a just and comprehensive peace between Palestinians and Israelis and the creation of an independent Palestinian State, within the 1967 borders, which coexists with Israel in peace.",
"We hope that this position, shared by the entire international community, will enable the Palestinian people to claim their legitimate rights and to create an independent State, with its capital in Al-Quds Al-Sharif.",
"In that context, Morocco, whose king, Mohammed VI, chairs the Commission on Israel, wishes to express its concern to the Council and condemn the measures taken by Israel in East Jerusalem with the aim of modifying its demographics, its legal status and its religious profile, as well as the expulsion by Israel of Palestinians in order to build roads and settlements and judaize the area. All of these acts impede a final solution and, given the crucial importance of Al-Quds Al-Sharif for any settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian question, we urge the international community and the Security Council in particular to take full account of their responsibilities in order to ensure that Israel put an end to such illicit practices, respects international efforts to conduct talks promptly and cooperate with the parties.",
"In these sensitive historical circumstances, the world ' s eyes are more than ever placed in the United Nations and in the international and regional forces that strive to fulfil their political and moral obligations to the Palestinian people and to bring about the resumption of direct negotiations. This could give a new impetus and optimism to the process to achieve the peace we all aspire to.",
"The Palestinian Authority, strengthened by its national reconciliation, continues to act as the true and effective partner in the peace process that has always been, and to demonstrate its commitment to achieving a lasting solution. The Arab States, through the Arab Peace Initiative, have expressed their sincere desire for a just and lasting peace.",
"Morocco places the question of Palestine at the very centre of its regional and international interests, and will continue its efforts to resolve this issue through direct negotiations. This will happen only after Israel withdraws from all the Arab and Palestinian territories occupied since June 1967, and through the creation of an independent Palestinian State, with Jerusalem as its capital, and respect for the legal rights of the brotherly people of Palestine.",
"The President: I give the floor to the representative of Kazakhstan.",
"Mrs. Aitimova (Kazakhstan): I have the honour to make the following statement on behalf of the States members of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). I would like to emphasize once again that, on 1 July, the name of the organization changed and is now called the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. I speak in my country's capacity as President of the OIC.",
"We thank Germany for convening today ' s meeting on the situation in the Middle East, including the question of Palestine. The continuation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the Arab-Israeli conflict in general continues to threaten international peace and security. This issue is at the heart of security challenges and challenges, the negative consequences of which are not limited to that region, but are far beyond it and around the world.",
"It is very regrettable that the efforts of the Security Council to address this conflict have repeatedly failed because of the refusal of Israel, the occupying Power, to comply with international law and relevant United Nations resolutions, as well as the lack of political will among member States to implement the resolutions of the Council. This is a regrettable fact, despite the unequivocal demands of the Council from the outset regarding the withdrawal of Israel, the occupying Power, from the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, in accordance with the principle of the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by force. The Council has consistently adopted resolutions calling for the end of the Israeli occupation and the achievement of the two-State solution on the basis of the borders that existed before 1967 as a guarantee of peace and security between the two peoples.",
"We are dismayed and deeply concerned at the escalation of Israel ' s illegal practices in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem. Israel, the occupying Power, has increased its military operations throughout the West Bank, invading even a summer camp of children and forcing such children to undergo harsh interrogations. The occupying forces continue to infuse fear among the Palestinian civilian population, including women and children, and continue to carry out detention operations, increasing the number of Palestinians illegally imprisoned and detained by Israel.",
"At the same time, Israel continues to intensify its illegal and destructive settlement campaign in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, mainly within and around occupied East Jerusalem. We condemn the violation of international law by Israel and unanimously call for the complete cessation of such illegal acts. The wave of settlement activities and the demolition of houses have recently reached an unprecedented level in a clear attempt to further colonize the occupied Palestinian territory and to create even more illegal alterations of historical and religious monuments, demographic composition, characteristics and status of the territory.",
"The OIC group is deeply concerned at attacks not only against Palestinian civilians, but also against peace activists and volunteers from international non-governmental organizations. The OIC group reiterates that it is outraged by the fact that, over the past four years, about 1.5 million Palestinians have been suffering extremely serious conditions in the Gaza Strip as a result of Israel ' s illegal and inhuman blockade, a condemnable form of collective punishment. We reiterate the call for the immediate lifting of the blockade and for Israel to comply with all its legal obligations under international humanitarian law.",
"The OIC is deeply concerned at the stalemate in the negotiations between Israel and Palestine, and the recent failure of the Quartet during its meeting in Washington, D.C., to achieve results that would allow the resumption of the negotiations. At its thirty-eighth session, held last month in Astana, the OIC Council of Foreign Ministers reiterated the need for an early solution to the question of Palestine and expressed full support for the Arab Peace Initiative, which aims to achieve a comprehensive, just and lasting solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict.",
"OIC member States have also welcomed the important efforts made by the Palestinian National Authority to establish institutions, and called upon the international community to recognize the progress achieved and the independent sovereign State of Palestine on the basis of the borders of 4 June 1967. The OIC also joins the international community in reaffirming that all measures taken, or by Israel, the occupying Power, to alter the legal, physical and demographic status of the occupied Syrian Golan and its institutional structures, as well as to impose its jurisdiction and administration there, are neither valid nor legal effect.",
"The international community, including the Security Council, cannot afford to waste any longer. It must fulfil its responsibility and take the immediate and decisive action to bring Israel into compliance with international law, including its obligations under the Fourth Geneva Convention, relevant United Nations resolutions, the Madrid mandate, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative and the Quartet road map. That is the most pressing step in saving the two-State solution with a view to establishing an independent, sovereign and viable State of Palestine living alongside Israel in peace.",
"The President: I give the floor to the representative of the Syrian Arab Republic.",
"Mr. Falouh (Syrian Arab Republic) (spoke in Arabic): The Security Council meets again to discuss the deteriorating situation in the occupied Arab territories under the agenda item “The situation in the Middle East, including the question of Palestine”. This issue focuses exclusively on the Arab-Israeli conflict, the question of Palestine and how to compel Israel to put an end to its occupation of Arab territory in compliance with resolutions of international legality, including Security Council resolutions. It is not related to any other matter that the historical definition of the topic does not cover.",
"However, some, rather than focusing on the content of this agenda item, regrettably seek to ensure that the Council deals with other issues in order to dilute the essence of the item, under which the Security Council seeks to revitalize precisely the peace process, end the Israeli occupation of the occupied Arab territories and establish a Palestinian State on the basis of the 1967 borders. However, the reality on the ground confirms that there is a systematic pattern of behaviour on the part of Israel that some do not want to subject to the international accountability that corresponds to it. This model contradicts the fundamental provisions of international law and international humanitarian law and demonstrates that Israel ignores international legitimacy.",
"Major practices include the greatest colonialist appropriation of territories in its history of settlements, including the confiscation of land, the demolition of homes, the expulsion of citizens from their homes and their replacement by foreign settlers, the construction of a wall of racial separation, the Judaization of Occupied Jerusalem, the support of racist oppressive and extremist practices by settlers against unarmed Palestinians under the protection of the occupying forces and the unfair imposition of blockade.",
"On 15 May and 5 June, on the anniversary of Israel ' s occupation of its territories, Israel fired active ammunition shots at unarmed demonstrators, bringing the lives of many martyrs and causing many injuries. That is the aggressive underlying nature of Israel ' s State terrorism. Israel continues to refuse to return the occupied Syrian Golan to its original country, Syria, and to comply with the resolutions of the international community, in particular resolution 497 (1981), which stated that the annexation of the occupied Syrian Golan is null and void and has no international legal effect.",
"Israel continues to pursue its policy of intimidation and oppression against Syrian citizens in the Golan. It continues to confiscate land, expand settlements and plunder the wealth and resources of the Golan, distorting its history and approving its historical monuments. It continues to sow mines in the territory.",
"A comprehensive and just peace can be achieved only through the complete withdrawal of Israel from all Arab territories to the borders of 4 July 1967 and the establishment of an independent Palestinian State, which has Al-Quds Al-Sharif as its capital. The Security Council is urged to make a sincere and effective commitment to a solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict without delay or partial solutions. The Security Council has an important opportunity to demonstrate that it is in a position to fulfil the role entrusted to it by the Charter by supporting the just request of Palestine, which has international support, to establish an independent State on its territory, with Al-Quds Al-Sharif as its capital. That could be achieved by accepting Palestine as a full-fledged Member of the United Nations, in accordance with resolutions of international legitimacy.",
"In that regard, we recall General Assembly resolution 273 (III) of 1949, which established the conditions for admitting Israel as a full Member of the United Nations: its commitment to the principles of the Charter and respect for the rights of the Palestinian people to establish their independent State and the right of Palestinian refugees to return to their homes from which they had been forcibly evicted.",
"However, in their statements, some speakers have used an overstated and unobjected terminology to describe recent national developments. They have sought to ensure that the Council deals with internal affairs through weak and unfounded pretexts that have no bearing on the role and responsibilities of the Council. That is why I wish to emphasize that the objective and content of this agenda item are clear. I would like to make the following remarks.",
"The President of Syria, sir. Bashar Al-Assad has outlined a comprehensive reform programme that the Government has begun to implement to promote national democratic reconciliation and to enhance the participation of all citizens in the political and economic process, as well as to consecrate national unity and ensure public order for all citizens. We have sent a letter to the Secretary-General, which was issued as S/2011/353, in which we note our position on recent developments in Syria.",
"Syria has held consultations on new laws concerning pluralism and the participation of political parties in Syria. The consultations recommended the establishment of a supreme human rights council and a political committee to review the Constitution in order to ensure pluralism and promote human rights, social justice, the rule of law and the rights of women and children.",
"I would like to comment on the statements made by some representatives when a group of young people held demonstrations outside the embassies of France and the United States to express their views on the interference of those embassies in our internal affairs. We emphasize that the Syrian authorities are determined to protect the security of those two embassies. We recall that the embassies of Syria in some countries have been subjected to attacks and that the countries where such attacks occurred did not make much effort to protect them.",
"It is clear that any internal reform undertaken by a Member of the United Nations should comply with the provisions of the Charter and should be respected. Those who advocate for reform from outside the country should not deliberately ignore the strict reform measures or undermine the Syrian model of tolerance and coexistence among all citizens. They should not draw conclusions from their analysis of false and unfounded information or rely on it. Nor should they spare our reform efforts, sabotage or crimes being committed by organized terrorist groups.",
"We hoped to hear in those statements at least one word condemning Israel ' s shooting of defenceless civilians on 15 May and 5 June. Such behaviour is at the heart of this problem and is in conformity with the competence of the Security Council, in accordance with the relevant resolutions.",
"The President: I give the floor to the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran.",
"Mr. Al Habib (Islamic Republic of Iran): Mr. President: First of all, I would like to express our appreciation for holding this important public debate at this crucial time for the Middle East. This meeting will surely provide an overview of the current situation in the region and the way forward to establish peace in the Middle East.",
"The question of Palestine, from the moment of its occupation to today, remains one of the most difficult problems facing the world. This occupation constitutes the most painful and greatest tragedy of humanity in modern history. More than six decades of massacres, house demolition, imposition of embargoes, abductions and imprisonment of persons, attacks against neighbours and others, and violations of international law and international humanitarian law, all of these events have occurred after this occupation.",
"The Israeli regime continues to disregard international law by imposing an illegal and inhuman blockade against the Palestinians, particularly in the Gaza Strip, which has entered its fifth year. The recent report of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East indicates that the high unemployment rate in Gaza in the second half of 2010 reached the unprecedented level of 45.2 per cent, one of the highest rates in the world. The capture of another civilian vessel, Dignité-El Karama, at the hands of the Israeli regime is another violation of international law. This inhumane blockade is a matter of deep concern to the peoples of the world, who have expressed their support for humanitarian measures such as the flotilla of freedom and the Dignité-El Karama and urged the immediate lifting of the blockade against Gaza.",
"States that support the Israeli regime have been exposed to shame because, on the one hand, they say they promote human rights, international law and international humanitarian law, while at the same time supporting the occupation, illegal settlements and all violations committed against international law by the brutal regime occupied by Palestine. In the history of the Israeli regime there are only crimes, killings of men, women and children, the use of prohibited weapons and the storage of nuclear weapons, mansave killings, attacks on civilians and convoys of international water assistance and war crimes in Lebanon and Palestine. All these inhumane acts have become routine acts for the occupying regime. There is no doubt that support for this regime is tantamount to support for occupation, killing, murder and human rights violations.",
"The achievement of a just and peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine is essential for the realization of a comprehensive and lasting peace and for the achievement of stability in the Middle East and beyond that region. In our view, lasting peace in Palestine and the region will be possible only through justice and ending discriminatory and racist policies and the occupation of Palestine and other occupied territories. Today we are witnessing that an increasing number of States join the ranks of those who have already recognized Palestine as an independent State. This is a clear indication that the cause of Palestine is gaining new momentum.",
"As for Syria, there are attempts to create sectarian susceptibility and religious tensions and divisions, a known tactic of hegemonic regimes. These evil attempts lack validity, are vain and will have no effect on the stability of the country. The enemies of humanity have neither wanted nor want the people of Syria to remain united, independent and developed. But the people of Syria know that the key to their independence and dignity is unity and resistance against these evil and subversive attempts.",
"The Israeli regime continues its aggressive policies towards Lebanon by constantly violating its land, sea and air space and by refusing to withdraw from occupied Lebanese villages. These occupations and these acts of aggression must cease immediately.",
"Before concluding, I would like to respond to the reference made by the representative of the Israeli regime in this Hall on my country. It is not surprising that by making unfounded accusations against the Iranian nuclear programme the Zionist regime has tried to ridicule the attention of its long and dark catalogue of crimes and atrocities, such as occupation, aggression, militarism, State terrorism and crimes against humanity. It is a widely recognized fact that clandestine development and illicit possession of nuclear weapons in the hands of the Israeli regime are a uniquely serious threat to regional and international peace and security. The Israeli regime has clearly challenged the demands of the vast majority of United Nations Member States that have called on this regime to renounce nuclear weapons and accede to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT).",
"Unfortunately, the inaction of the relevant United Nations bodies in addressing these Israeli policies and practices has strengthened this dangerous regime. It was to be hoped that the Council would condemn the Israeli regime for the possession of nuclear weapons, which forced it to renounce nuclear weapons, urged it to accede to the NPT without delay, and required it to place its nuclear facilities without delay under the full safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Indeed, peace and stability cannot be achieved in the Middle East while the massive Israeli nuclear arsenals continue to threaten the region and beyond.",
"The President: There are no more speakers on my list. The Security Council has thus concluded its current stage of its consideration of the item on the agenda.",
"The meeting rose at 4.50 p.m."
] |
[
"Orden del día provisional de la 6590ª sesión del Consejo de Seguridad",
"Que se celebrará el martes 26 de julio de 2011, a las 10.00 horas",
"1. Aprobación del orden del día.",
"2. La situación en el Oriente Medio, incluida la cuestión palestina."
] | [
"Provisional agenda for the 6590th meeting of the Security Council",
"To be held on Tuesday, 26 July 2011, at 10 a.m.",
"1. Adoption of the agenda.",
"2. The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question."
] | S_AGENDA_6590 | [
"Provisional agenda for the 6590th meeting of the Security Council",
"To be held on Tuesday, 26 July 2011, at 10 a.m.",
"1. Adoption of the agenda.",
"2. The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question."
] |
[
"Asamblea General Consejo de Seguridad Sexagésimo quinto período desesiones Sexagésimo sexto año Temas 34, 39, 64, 66 y 75 Los conflictos prolongados en lazona del GrupoGUAM y sus repercusiones en la paz,la seguridady el desarrollo internacionales La situación en los territoriosocupadosde Azerbaiyán Promoción y protección de losderechos del niño Eliminación del racismo, ladiscriminación racial,la xenofobia y las formas conexas deintolerancia \nResponsabilidad del Estado porhechosinternacionalmente ilícitos",
"Carta de fecha 25 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Representante Permanente de Azerbaiyán ante las Naciones Unidas",
"Siguiendo las instrucciones recibidas del Gobierno de la República de Azerbaiyán, cumplo con informarle de que el 14 de julio de 2011, a consecuencia de la explosión de un dispositivo colocado en un juguete, murió Aygun Shahmaliyeva, una niña azerbaiyana de 13 años, y resultó gravemente herida Elnara Shahmaliyeva, su madre de 32 años de edad. Ese terrible accidente ocurrió en la aldea de Alibayli del distrito de Tovuz de Azerbaiyán, en la frontera con la República de Armenia.",
"El juguete con el dispositivo explosivo fue encontrado por la víctima en el río Tovuz, que nace en el territorio de Armenia y cruza la aldea de Alibayli. Según las conclusiones de la investigación preliminar, el juguete explosivo, que se fabricó en Armenia y se dejó caer intencionalmente en el río, estaba destinado a los niños de los asentamientos azerbaiyanos vecinos.",
"Como le informé anteriormente, pese a la cesación oficial del fuego, en los últimos meses ha aumentado la frecuencia y violencia de ataques deliberados por las fuerzas armadas de Armenia contra civiles y objetivos civiles de Azerbaiyán, en contravención del derecho internacional aplicable, cuyo resultado ha sido la matanza y mutilación de muchos habitantes que residen cerca de la frontera (A/65/780-S/2011/132, A/65/821-S/2011/251 y A/65/872-S/2011/379). El 8 de marzo de 2011 un niño azerbaiyano de 9 años murió víctima de un francotirador armenio. El 26 de mayo de 2011 la población civil de la aldea de Chiragli del distrito de Agdam de Azerbaiyán fue objeto de ráfagas de fuego constantes de las fuerzas armadas de Armenia. El 3 de junio de 2011 militares armenios mataron a un residente del distrito de Aghjabadi de Azerbaiyán en la aldea de Chemenli del distrito de Agdam de Azerbaiyán.",
"Los intentos de la República de Armenia de negar su responsabilidad en relación con esos delitos resultan inútiles y deben rechazarse por completo.",
"Los hechos arriba mencionados no son los únicos casos de ataques deliberados contra los civiles azerbaiyanos perpetrados por las fuerzas armadas, bandas de terroristas y grupos mercenarios de Armenia como parte de la agresión de ese país contra Azerbaiyán.",
"Así pues, la deportación forzada de unos 230.000 azerbaiyanos de sus hogares en Armenia a final del decenio de 1980 estuvo acompañada en toda Armenia por matanzas, tortura, desapariciones forzadas y otros crímenes, de los que no se salvaron ni los niños.",
"Además, de resultas de los actos terroristas perpetrados por armenios en el territorio de Azerbaiyán desde finales del decenio de 1980 contra objetivos civiles, entre ellos instalaciones industriales y medios de transporte aéreo, marítimo y terrestre, murieron más de 2.000 nacionales de Azerbaiyán, la mayoría de ellos niños, mujeres y ancianos.",
"A finales de 1991 y principios de 1992, Armenia inició operaciones de combate en el territorio de Azerbaiyán. Ese período y los años siguientes hasta el establecimiento de la cesación del fuego en 1994 se caracterizaron por un incremento de la magnitud, intensidad y persistencia de los ataques contra civiles azerbaiyanos. En febrero de 1992 se invadió abiertamente el pueblo de Khojaly en la región de Daghlyq Garabagh (Nagorno Karabaj) de Azerbaiyán, y su población civil fue objeto de una masacre sin precedentes. El ataque y la captura del pueblo comprendió la exterminación de cientos de azerbaiyanos, incluidos niños, mujeres y ancianos; mientras se arrasaba totalmente el pueblo, miles de civiles quedaron heridos, fueron tomados como rehenes y en muchos casos siguen desaparecidos.",
"En sus resoluciones aprobadas en 1993 en respuesta a la ocupación de territorios de Azerbaiyán, el Consejo de Seguridad se refirió concretamente a violaciones del derecho internacional humanitario, incluidos ataques contra civiles y bombardeos de zonas habitadas. Posteriormente, el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos llegó a una importante conclusión al calificar los agravios perpetrados por las fuerzas militares armenias de invasión contra los civiles azerbaiyanos como actos de particular gravedad que podían considerarse crímenes de guerra o crímenes de lesa humanidad.",
"El examen general de las causas y consecuencias trágicas de la guerra desencadenada por Armenia contra Azerbaiyán revela claramente que los ataques recientes contra civiles de Azerbaiyán, incluida la matanza de niños, no han sido actos aislados ni esporádicos sino pruebas ilustrativas de la política y práctica de atrocidades, generalizada y sistemática, de Armenia.",
"La República de Azerbaiyán condena enérgicamente los actos de provocación de la parte armenia, que no pueden contribuir en absoluto al establecimiento de la confianza entre las partes ni a la solución de su prolongado conflicto. Con la matanza intencional de civiles de Azerbaiyán, la República de Armenia ha demostrado una vez más que no está dispuesta a obedecer los principios morales y éticos de aceptación general ni a cumplir la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y el derecho internacional.",
"La República de Azerbaiyán exhorta a los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas a que convenzan a la República de Armenia a cesar de inmediato su política de ignorar y despreciar la dignidad, los derechos y las libertades del ser humano, entre otras cosas, con la adopción de medidas destinadas a poner fin a la impunidad ante los atroces delitos cometidos por la parte armenia durante su agresión contra Azerbaiyán.",
"Le agradecería que se sirviera hacer distribuir la presente carta como documento de la Asamblea General, en relación con los temas 34, 39, 64, 66 y 75, y del Consejo de Seguridad.",
"(Firmado) Agshin Mehdiyev Embajador Representante Permanente"
] | [
"General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda items 34, 39, 64, 66 and 75 Protracted conflicts in the GUAM areaand their implications forinternational peace, securityand development The situation in the occupiedterritories of Azerbaijan Promotion and protection of therights of children Elimination of racism, racialdiscrimination, xenophobia andrelated intolerance \nResponsibility of States forinternationally wrongful acts",
"Letter dated 25 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Azerbaijan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General",
"In accordance with instructions received from the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan, I have the honour to inform you that on 14 July 2011, as a result of the blast of an explosive device built in a toy, a 13-year-old Azerbaijani girl, Aygun Shahmaliyeva, was killed and her 32-year-old mother, Elnara Shahmaliyeva, was seriously wounded. This terrible accident took place in the Alibayli village of the Tovuz district of Azerbaijan, bordering with the Republic of Armenia.",
"The toy stuffed with an explosive device was found by the victim in the Tovuz River, springing from the territory of Armenia and flowing through the village of Alibayli. According to the conclusions of the preliminary investigation, the booby trap toy was made in Armenia, was dropped to the river intentionally, and its target were children of the neighbouring Azerbaijani settlements.",
"As I informed you earlier, in spite of a formal ceasefire, deliberate attacks by the armed forces of Armenia against Azerbaijani civilians and civilian objects, in contravention of applicable international law, have become more frequent and violent over recent months, resulting in the killing and maiming of many inhabitants residing near the front line (A/65/780-S/2011/132, A/65/821-S/2011/251, A/65/872-S/2011/379). Thus, on 8 March 2011, a nine-year-old Azerbaijani child was shot dead by an Armenian sniper. On 26 May 2011, the civilian population of the Chiragli village of the Agdam district of Azerbaijan was subjected to continuous fire by the armed forces of Armenia. On 3 June 2011, a resident of the Aghjabadi district of Azerbaijan was killed by Armenian militaries in the Chemenli village of the Agdam district of Azerbaijan.",
"Attempts of the Republic of Armenia to deny its responsibility for these crimes are groundless and must be rejected from the outset.",
"The above-mentioned facts are not the only instances of deliberate attacks on Azerbaijani civilians committed by the Armenian armed forces, terrorist bands and mercenary units during the aggression of Armenia against Azerbaijan.",
"Thus, the forcible deportation of about 230,000 Azerbaijanis from their homes in Armenia at the end of the 1980s was accompanied by killings, torture, enforced disappearances and other crimes throughout Armenia, and even children were not spared.",
"Moreover, as a result of terrorist acts perpetrated by the Armenian terrorists on the territory of Azerbaijan since the late 1980s, targeting civilian objects, including industrial units and means of air, sea and land transport, over 2,000 citizens of Azerbaijan were killed, the majority of them children, women and the elderly.",
"At the end of 1991 and the beginning of 1992, Armenia initiated combat operations on the territory of Azerbaijan. That period and the following years until the establishment of the ceasefire in 1994 were marked by an increase in the magnitude, intensity and consistency of the attacks on Azerbaijani civilians. In February 1992, the town of Khojaly in the Daghlyq Garabagh (Nagorno Karabakh) region of Azerbaijan was notoriously overrun and its civilian population was subjected to an unprecedented massacre. The attack and capture of the town involved the extermination of hundreds of Azerbaijanis, including children, women and the elderly; thousands of civilians were wounded and taken hostage, many of whom remain missing, while the town was razed to the ground.",
"In its resolutions adopted in 1993 in response to the occupation of Azerbaijani territories, the Security Council referred specifically to violations of international humanitarian law, including attacks on civilians and bombardments of inhabited areas. The European Court of Human Rights later arrived at an important conclusion qualifying the offences of the invading Armenian military forces against Azerbaijani civilians as acts of particular gravity that could amount to war crimes or crimes against humanity.",
"The overall assessment of the causes and tragic consequences of the war unleashed by Armenia against Azerbaijan makes it clear that the recent attacks on Azerbaijani civilians, including the killing of children, were not isolated or sporadic acts, but were the illustrative evidence of Armenia’s widespread and systematic policy and practice of atrocities.",
"The Republic of Azerbaijan strongly condemns the provocative actions of the Armenian side, which can in no way contribute to the establishment of confidence between the parties and to the resolution of their long-lasting conflict. By the intentional killing of Azerbaijani civilians, the Republic of Armenia has demonstrated once again its unwillingness to obey the generally accepted moral and ethical principles and to comply with the Charter of the United Nations and international law.",
"The Republic of Azerbaijan calls upon the States Members of the United Nations to convince the Republic of Armenia to put a prompt end to its policy of disregard and contempt for human dignity, rights and freedoms, including, inter alia, through measures aimed at ending impunity for egregious crimes committed by the Armenian side in the course of its aggression against Azerbaijan.",
"I should be grateful if you would have the present letter circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda items 34, 39, 64, 66 and 75, and of the Security Council.",
"(Signed) Agshin Mehdiyev Ambassador Permanent Representative"
] | A_65_915 | [
"General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Items 34, 39, 64, 66 and 75 Protracted conflicts in the WAMO Group area and their implications for international peace, security and development The situation in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan Promotion and protection of the rights of the child Elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related forms of intolerance Responsibility of the internationally illicit State",
"Letter dated 25 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Azerbaijan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General",
"On instructions from the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan, I am pleased to inform you that on 14 July 2011, as a result of the explosion of a device placed in a toy, Aygun Shahmaliyeva, a 13-year-old Azerbaijani girl, died, and Elnara Shahmaliyeva, her 32-year-old mother, was seriously injured. This terrible accident occurred in the village of Alibayli in the Tovuz district of Azerbaijan on the border with the Republic of Armenia.",
"The toy with the explosive device was found by the victim in the Tovuz River, which is born in the territory of Armenia and crosses the village of Alibayli. According to the findings of the preliminary investigation, the explosive toy, which was manufactured in Armenia and intentionally dropped into the river, was intended for children from neighbouring Azerbaijani settlements.",
"As I informed you earlier, despite the formal ceasefire, in recent months the frequency and violence of deliberate attacks by the Armenian armed forces against civilians and civilian targets in Azerbaijan has increased, in contravention of applicable international law, the result of which has been the killing and maiming of many people residing near the border (A/65/780-S/2011/132, A/65/821-S/2011/251 and A/65/872-S/2011/379). On 8 March 2011, a 9-year-old Azerbaijani child was killed by an Armenian sniper. On 26 May 2011, the civilian population of the village of Chiragli in the Agdam district of Azerbaijan was subjected to constant fire bursts of the Armenian armed forces. On 3 June 2011, Armenian military personnel killed a resident of the Aghjabadi district of Azerbaijan in the village of Chemenli in the Agdam district of Azerbaijan.",
"The attempts of the Republic of Armenia to deny its responsibility for such crimes were useless and must be completely rejected.",
"The above-mentioned facts are not the only cases of deliberate attacks against Azerbaijani civilians perpetrated by the armed forces, terrorist gangs and mercenaries in Armenia as part of the aggression of that country against Azerbaijan.",
"Thus, the forced deportation of some 230,000 Azerbaijanis from their homes in Armenia at the end of the 1980s was accompanied throughout Armenia by massacres, torture, enforced disappearances and other crimes, of which neither children were saved.",
"Moreover, as a result of the terrorist acts perpetrated by Armenians in the territory of Azerbaijan since the end of the 1980s against civilian targets, including industrial facilities and air, sea and land transportation, more than 2,000 Azerbaijani nationals, most of them children, women and the elderly, were killed.",
"At the end of 1991 and early 1992, Armenia launched combat operations in the territory of Azerbaijan. This period and the following years until the establishment of the ceasefire in 1994 were characterized by an increase in the magnitude, intensity and persistence of attacks against Azerbaijani civilians. In February 1992, the people of Khojaly were openly invaded in the Daghlyq Garabagh region (Nagorno Karabakh) of Azerbaijan, and their civilian population was subjected to an unprecedented massacre. The attack and capture of the people included the extermination of hundreds of Azerbaijanis, including children, women and the elderly; while the people were completely destroyed, thousands of civilians were injured, taken hostage and in many cases still disappeared.",
"In its resolutions adopted in 1993 in response to the occupation of Azerbaijani territories, the Security Council specifically referred to violations of international humanitarian law, including attacks on civilians and shelling of inhabited areas. Subsequently, the European Court of Human Rights reached an important conclusion by qualifying the grievances perpetrated by the Armenian military forces of invasion against Azerbaijani civilians as acts of particular gravity that could be considered war crimes or crimes against humanity.",
"The general review of the causes and tragic consequences of the Armenian war against Azerbaijan clearly reveals that recent attacks on civilians in Azerbaijan, including the killing of children, have not been isolated or sporadic acts, but rather illustrative evidence of the policy and practice of atrocities, widespread and systematic, in Armenia.",
"The Republic of Azerbaijan strongly condemns the acts of provocation by the Armenian side, which cannot contribute at all to the establishment of confidence between the parties or to the resolution of their prolonged conflict. With the intentional killing of civilians in Azerbaijan, the Republic of Armenia has once again demonstrated that it is unwilling to obey the moral and ethical principles of general acceptance or to comply with the Charter of the United Nations and international law.",
"The Republic of Azerbaijan calls upon the States Members of the United Nations to persuade the Republic of Armenia to immediately cease its policy of ignoring and despising the dignity, rights and freedoms of the human being, inter alia, with measures aimed at ending impunity for the atrocious crimes committed by the Armenian side during its aggression against Azerbaijan.",
"I should be grateful if the present letter could be circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under items 34, 39, 64, 66 and 75, and of the Security Council.",
"(Signed) Agshin Mehdiyev Ambassador Permanent Representative"
] |
[
"Carta de fecha 26 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Encargado de Negocios interino de la Misión Permanente de Serbia ante las Naciones Unidas",
"Siguiendo instrucciones de mi Gobierno, tengo el honor de solicitar una reunión urgente del Consejo de Seguridad el jueves 28 de julio de 2011 a fin de examinar el grave deterioro de la situación de la seguridad en la parte septentrional de Kosovo, después de los violentos intentos de las fuerzas especiales de la policía de Kosovo de cambiar la situación sobre el terreno. Los intentos de apoderarse de los puestos fronterizos administrativos de Brnjak y Jarinje constituyen una grave amenaza para el diálogo en curso entre Belgrado y Pristina y pueden llegar a empeorar aún más la situación.",
"Tengo también el honor de solicitar que, de conformidad con las disposiciones pertinentes de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y del artículo 37 del reglamento provisional del Consejo de Seguridad, se permita a un representante del Gobierno de Serbia participar en la reunión y formular una declaración.",
"(Firmado) Milan Milanovic Embajador Representante Permanente Adjunto"
] | [
"Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Serbia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council",
"Upon the instruction of my Government, I have the honour to request an urgent meeting of the Security Council for Thursday, 28 July 2011, devoted to the serious deterioration of the security situation in the northern part of Kosovo, following violent attempts by the special forces of the Kosovo police to change the situation on the ground. The attempts to take over the administrative border points Brnjak and Jarinje pose a serious threat to the ongoing dialogue between Belgrade and Pristina and threaten an even worse escalation of the situation.",
"I have also the honour to request that, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations and rule 37 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, a representative of the Government of Serbia be allowed to participate in the meeting and to make a statement.",
"(Signed) Milan Milanovic Ambassador Deputy Permanent Representative"
] | S_2011_456 | [
"Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the Chargé d ' affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Serbia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council",
"On instructions from my Government, I have the honour to request an urgent meeting of the Security Council on Thursday, 28 July 2011 to review the serious deterioration of the security situation in northern Kosovo, following the violent efforts of the Kosovo police special forces to change the situation on the ground. Efforts to seize the Brnjak and Jarinje administrative border posts constitute a serious threat to the ongoing dialogue between Belgrade and Pristina and may further worsen the situation.",
"I also have the honour to request that, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations and rule 37 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, a representative of the Government of Serbia be allowed to participate in the meeting and make a statement.",
"(Signed) Milan Milanovic Ambassador Deputy Permanent Representative"
] |
[
"17º período de sesiones",
"Kingston (Jamaica)",
"11 a 22 de julio de 2011",
"Declaración del Presidente de la Asamblea de la Autoridad Internacional de los Fondos Marinos sobre la labor realizada por la Asamblea en el 17º período de sesiones",
"1. El 17º período de sesiones de la Asamblea de la Autoridad Internacional de los Fondos Marinos se celebró en Kingston del 11 al 22 de julio de 2011. La Asamblea celebró sus sesiones 131ª a 134ª.",
"I. Aprobación del programa",
"2. En su 131ª sesión, celebrada el 12 de julio de 2011, la Asamblea aprobó el programa del 17º período de sesiones (ISBA/17/A/1).",
"II. Elección del Presidente y los Vicepresidentes de la Asamblea",
"3. En la 131ª sesión, el Sr. Peter Thomson (Fiji) fue elegido Presidente de la Asamblea durante el 17º período de sesiones. Tras las consultas celebradas por los grupos regionales fueron elegidos Vicepresidentes los representantes de Ghana (Grupo de los Estados de África), Chile (Grupo de los Estados de América Latina y el Caribe), la Federación de Rusia (Grupo de los Estados de Europa Oriental) y Bélgica (Grupo de los Estados de Europa Occidental y otros Estados).",
"III. Elección para llenar una vacante en el Comité de Finanzas",
"4. En la 131^(a) sesión, la Asamblea eligió al Sr. David Wilkens (Alemania) miembro del Comité de Finanzas durante el resto del mandato del Sr. Michael Hackethal (Alemania).",
"IV. Solicitud de la condición de observador en la Asamblea presentada por el Center for Oceans Law and Policy de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Virginia",
"5. En la 131ª sesión, la Asamblea examinó la solicitud de la condición de observador presentada por el Center for Oceans Law and Policy de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Virginia, y decidió invitar al centro a participar en sus sesiones como observador, de conformidad con el artículo 82 1) d) del reglamento de la Asamblea.",
"V. Informe anual del Secretario General",
"6. En la 132ª sesión, celebrada el 18 de julio de 2011, el Secretario General presentó su informe anual a la Asamblea (ISBA/17/A/2), con arreglo al artículo 166, párrafo 4, de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar. El Secretario General informó de la labor realizada por la Autoridad desde el 16º período de sesiones e indicó los progresos que se había hecho para ejecutar el programa de trabajo correspondiente al período 2011-2013.",
"7. Advirtió que la Asamblea estaba considerando un proyecto para hacer un estudio preliminar de algunas de las cuestiones relacionadas con la elaboración de un código de explotación, tras el cual se celebraría un taller o un seminario en el segundo trimestre de 2012.",
"8. Indicó que la secretaría se proponía preparar una guía para el usuario del régimen regulador de la extracción de minerales de los fondos marinos, que describiría el sistema de prospección, exploración y explotación con referencia a la Convención, el Acuerdo relativo a la aplicación de la Parte XI de la Convención y los reglamentos de la Autoridad.",
"9. En el informe también se trataron cuestiones administrativas, el presupuesto de la Autoridad, el Fondo Fiduciario de Contribuciones Voluntarias y el Fondo de Dotación para la Investigación Científica Marina en la Zona. Al 31 de mayo de 2011, los miembros de la Autoridad eran 162 (161 Estados y la Unión Europea) y las partes en el Acuerdo eran 141. Desde el último período de sesiones, Malawi y Tailandia se han hecho partes en la Convención y el Acuerdo (28 de septiembre de 2010 y 15 de mayo de 2011 respectivamente) y Angola parte en el Acuerdo (7 de septiembre de 2010).",
"10. El Secretario General señaló que el interés del sector privado en el potencial de la extracción de minerales de los fondos marinos había aumentado en el último año, como demostraban las solicitudes de Nauru Ocean Resources Inc., patrocinada por Nauru, y Tonga Offshore Mining Limited, patrocinada por Tonga, de reinstaurar la petición de que se aprobaran sus planes de trabajo para la exploración de nódulos polimetálicos, y como muestran las numerosas consultas sobre las posibles aplicaciones de los contratos para la exploración en la Zona. Además, observó que las empresas de tecnología béntica demostraban más interés en participar en los seminarios y talleres organizados por la Autoridad, ya que la economía mundial seguía recuperándose. Con el mayor interés comercial por los fondos marinos, se ejercía cada vez más presión sobre la Autoridad para que asegurara un grado suficiente de protección ambiental de la Zona Clarion-Clipperton. Al respecto, se estaban estudiando con urgencia las propuestas de elaborar un plan de ordenación ambiental de la zona Clarion-Clipperton y de los ambientes quimiosintéticos en los océanos.",
"11. El Secretario General dijo que cuando se completara un código de exploración completo que abarcara los tres principales tipos de recursos minerales de los fondos marinos, es decir, los nódulos polimetálicos, los sulfuros polimetálicos y las costras de ferromanganeso ricas en cobalto, se conseguiría un hito importante en la evolución de la Autoridad.",
"12. Después de la presentación del Secretario General, la Ministra de Estado del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Comercio Exterior de Jamaica, Sra. Marlene Forte Malahoo, hizo una declaración en nombre del Gobierno de Jamaica, país anfitrión de la Autoridad. La Ministra dijo que la Dirección Nacional de Tierras, que administraba el edificio de la secretaría había mantenido un estrecho diálogo con la Autoridad acerca de las preocupaciones planteadas por el Secretario General en su informe sobre el mantenimiento de las instalaciones.",
"13. La Ministra dijo que durante el período de sesiones, Jamaica presentaría un proyecto de resolución para alentar la conmemoración del trigésimo aniversario de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar en 2012, y que también presentaría un proyecto de resolución similar en las Naciones Unidas, en Nueva York, en el que pediría que la Organización convocara una reunión conmemorativa el 10 de diciembre de 2012. La Ministra alentó a los demás Estados Miembros a que organizaran actos para dar a conocer la Convención, que se abrió a la firma en Montego Bay (Jamaica) el 10 de diciembre de 1982.",
"14. Con respecto al informe anual del Secretario General, también formularon declaraciones las delegaciones de la Argentina, Bangladesh, el Brasil, Burkina Faso, el Camerún, el Canadá (en nombre del Canadá, Australia y Nueva Zelandia), Chile, China, Cuba, la Federación de Rusia, Francia, Ghana, el Japón, México, Nigeria, Noruega, los Países Bajos, el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, la República de Corea, el Senegal, Sudáfrica, Trinidad y Tabago, Túnez y Uganda. La delegación observadora de la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas también formuló una declaración.",
"15. Los miembros expresaron su satisfacción general por el informe detallado y apoyaron la labor realizada por la Autoridad durante el período abarcado por el informe dentro de su programa de trabajo para el período 2011-2013.",
"16. Con respecto a la labor normativa de la Autoridad, las delegaciones instaron a la Autoridad a seguir finalizando los reglamentos para la prospección y exploración de costras de ferromanganeso ricas en cobalto que se producen en los montes marinos de los fondos oceánicos. La Comisión Jurídica y Técnica terminó de redactar el proyecto de reglamento en 2009 y recomendó al Consejo que lo aprobara. Las delegaciones también ven con agrado que la Autoridad haya adoptado la postura dinámica de encargar, dentro de su programa de actividades para el período 2011-2013, un estudio preliminar de algunas de las cuestiones relacionadas con la elaboración de un código de explotación y organizar un seminario.",
"17. Las delegaciones apoyaron los esfuerzos realizados por la Secretaría para aplicar en un futuro próximo el artículo 82 4) de la Convención con respecto a la distribución por la Autoridad de los pagos o contribuciones derivados de la posible inminente explotación de los recursos no vivos de la plataforma continental más allá de las 200 millas marinas contadas a partir de las líneas de base del mar territorial, en vista del número de recomendaciones ya emitidas por la Comisión de Límites de la Plataforma Continental. Por esa razón, las delegaciones expresaron su interés en participar en una reunión de expertos para preparar un proyecto de recomendaciones al Consejo y a la Asamblea, como se propone en el informe anual del Secretario General.",
"18. Acogiendo con beneplácito la cooperación entre la Autoridad y la Comisión para la Protección del Medio Marino del Atlántico Nordeste (Comisión OSPAR), las delegaciones alentaron a la Autoridad a intensificar la cooperación con las instituciones que se ocupan de actividades en los océanos con el fin de asegurar un enfoque coherente, así como la protección integral del medio ambiente marino dentro y fuera de la jurisdicción nacional. También se destacó que las responsabilidades de la Autoridad debían considerarse en el contexto más amplio de la actualidad del derecho del mar y, en particular, en el contexto del Grupo de Trabajo especial oficioso de composición abierta encargado de estudiar las cuestiones relativas a la conservación y el uso sostenible de la diversidad biológica marina fuera de las zonas de jurisdicción nacional.",
"19. Las delegaciones observaron con preocupación el retraso con el que los contratistas presentaban los datos ambientales, lo cual impedía que la Autoridad desempeñara las funciones encomendadas en la Convención y el Acuerdo con respecto al desarrollo sostenible de los recursos minerales. A fin de remediar esta situación, las delegaciones alentaron a los contratistas a compartir las mejores prácticas ambientales y a facilitar el acceso a sus bases de datos ambientales con miras a mejorar las normas de presentación de informes ambientales y ampliar la base de datos de la Autoridad.",
"20. Las delegaciones reconocieron la utilidad del Fondo Fiduciario de Contribuciones Voluntarias y señalaron que había ayudado a asegurar la participación de miembros de países en desarrollo en las reuniones de la Comisión Jurídica y Técnica y el Comité de Finanzas, y alentaron a que se hicieran contribuciones para evitar que el Fondo se agotara.",
"21. En la 133ª sesión de la Asamblea, el Japón anunció una contribución de 100.000 dólares de los Estados Unidos al Fondo de Dotación e indicó que el aumento de la experiencia de los científicos de Estados en desarrollo fomentaría la expansión de la investigación marina, lo cual sólo podía ser un beneficio para la humanidad. Posteriormente, México anunció una contribución de 2.500 dólares y Nigeria anunció una contribución de 10.000 dólares para el Fondo de Dotación y otra para el Fondo Fiduciario de Contribuciones Voluntarias.",
"VI. Informe y recomendaciones del Comité de Finanzas",
"22. En su 134ª sesión, celebrada el 22 de julio de 2011, la Asamblea examinó el informe del Comité de Finanzas (ISBA/17/A/3-ISBA/17/C/3).",
"23. Teniendo en cuenta las recomendaciones formuladas por el Consejo en el documento ISBA/17/C/18, la Asamblea adoptó la decisión que figura en el documento ISBA/17/A/5.",
"24. El Presidente de la Asamblea dio las gracias en nombre de esta al Presidente saliente del Comité de Finanzas, Sr. Hasjim Djalal (Indonesia) por su contribución a la labor de la Autoridad.",
"VII. Elección de los miembros del Comité de Finanzas",
"25. En la 134ª sesión, la Asamblea eligió por consenso a 15 miembros del Comité de Finanzas para el período comprendido entre el 1 de enero de 2012 y el 31 de diciembre de 2016:",
"Aung, Zaw Minn (Myanmar)",
"Armas-Pfirter, Frida María (Argentina)",
"Bakanov, Aleksey P. (Federación de Rusia)",
"Choudhary, Pradip K. (India)",
"Elliot, Trecia (Jamaica)",
"Graziani, Francesca (Italia)",
"Kavina, Pavel (República Checa)",
"Laki, Duncan M. (Uganda)",
"Myklebust, Olav (Noruega)",
"Ségura, Serge (Francia)",
"Storani, Reinaldo (Brasil)",
"Whomersley, Chris (Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte)",
"Wilkens, David C.M. (Alemania)",
"Yamanaka, Shinichi (Japón)",
"Yao, Jinsong (China).",
"VIII. Nombramiento e informe de la Comisión de Verificación de Poderes",
"26. En su 131ª sesión, celebrada el 12 de julio de 2011, la Asamblea eligió la Comisión de Verificación de Poderes, de conformidad con el artículo 24 de su reglamento. Fueron elegidos miembros de la Comisión de Verificación de Poderes los países siguientes: Alemania, Arabia Saudita, Argentina, Brasil, Federación de Rusia, Kenya, Namibia, Nueva Zelandia y República de Corea. Posteriormente, la Comisión eligió Presidenta a la Sra. Jaqueline Moseti (Kenya).",
"27. La Comisión celebró una sesión el 19 de julio de 2011, durante la cual examinó las credenciales de los representantes que participan en el 17º período de sesiones de la Asamblea. La Comisión tuvo ante sí un memorando de la secretaría de fecha 19 de julio de 2011 sobre el estado de las credenciales. El informe de la Comisión figura en el documento ISBA/17/A/6.",
"28. En la 134ª sesión, celebrada el 22 de julio de 2011, la Asamblea aprobó el informe de la Comisión. La decisión de la Asamblea relativa a las credenciales figura en el documento ISBA/17/A/7.",
"IX. Otros asuntos",
"29. En la 134ª sesión, celebrada el 22 de julio de 2011, el Grupo de los 77 y China presentaron una propuesta para conmemorar el trigésimo aniversario de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar de 1982.",
"30. La propuesta recordó la importancia histórica de la Convención y reafirmó la importancia de la codificación y la designación por la Convención de los fondos marinos y oceánicos y su subsuelo fuera de los límites de la jurisdicción nacional, así como los recursos de la Zona, como patrimonio común de la humanidad. Además de apoyar la convocatoria de una reunión conmemorativa de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas el lunes 10 de diciembre de 2012 para celebrar el trigésimo aniversario de la Convención, la propuesta pedía que se celebrara una reunión especial durante la reunión de la Autoridad con el mismo fin.",
"31. La Asamblea aprobó, con una enmienda, la propuesta que figura en su decisión ISBA/17/A/8, en el entendimiento de que los costos se sufragarían con el presupuesto de la Autoridad para 2012.",
"32. También en la 134ª sesión, Ghana, Nigeria, los Países Bajos y Sudáfrica presentaron una propuesta en relación con la opinión consultiva emitida el 1 de febrero de 2011 por la Sala de Controversias del Tribunal Internacional del Derecho del Mar sobre las responsabilidades y obligaciones de los Estados que patrocinan a personas y entidades en el marco de las actividades que se llevan a cabo en la Zona.",
"33. Después de las deliberaciones y de estudiar las enmiendas de la propuesta, la Asamblea aprobó la decisión que figura en el documento ISBA/17/A/9.",
"X. Fechas del próximo período de sesiones de la Asamblea",
"34. El próximo período de sesiones de la Asamblea se celebrará del 16 al 27 de julio de 2012. El Grupo de los Estados de África deberá designar un candidato a la presidencia de la Asamblea en 2012."
] | [
"Seventeenth session",
"Kingston, Jamaica",
"11-22 July 2011",
"Statement of the President on the work of the Assembly of the International Seabed Authority at its seventeenth session",
"1. The seventeenth session of the Assembly of the International Seabed Authority was held at Kingston, from 11 to 22 July 2011. The Assembly held its 131st to 134th meetings.",
"I. Adoption of the agenda",
"2. At its 131st meeting, on 12 July 2011, the Assembly adopted its agenda for the seventeenth session (ISBA/17/A/1).",
"II. Election of the President and Vice-Presidents of the Assembly",
"3. At the 131st meeting, Peter Thomson (Fiji) was elected President of the Assembly for the seventeenth session. Following consultations in the regional groups, the representatives of Ghana (Group of African States), Chile (Group of Latin American and Caribbean States), Russian Federation (Group of Eastern European and Other States) and Belgium (Group of Western European and Other States) were elected Vice-Presidents.",
"III. Election to fill a vacancy on the Finance Committee",
"4. At its 131st meeting, the Assembly elected David Wilkens (Germany) as member of the Finance Committee for the remainder of the term of Michael Hackethal (Germany).",
"IV. Request by the Center for Oceans Law and Policy, University of Virginia School of Law, for observer status in the Assembly",
"5. At its 131st meeting, the Assembly considered a request for observer status by the Center for Oceans Law and Policy, University of Virginia School of Law, and decided to invite the Center to participate as an observer in its meetings, pursuant to rule 82 (1) (d) of the rules of procedure of the Assembly.",
"V. Annual report of the Secretary-General",
"6. At the 132nd meeting, on 18 July 2011, the Secretary-General introduced his annual report to the Assembly (ISBA/17/A/2), as required by article 166, paragraph 4, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The Secretary-General reviewed the Authority’s work since the sixteenth session and outlined the progress that had been made in the implementation of its work programme for the period 2011-2013.",
"7. He advised the Assembly that a project under consideration was a preliminary study of some of the issues associated with the development of an exploitation code, to be followed by a workshop or seminar in the second quarter of 2012.",
"8. He indicated that the Secretariat intended to produce a user’s guide to the regulatory regime for deep seabed mining, which will describe the system for prospecting, exploration and exploitation, with reference to the Convention, the Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the Convention and the Regulations of the Authority.",
"9. The report also covered administrative matters, the Authority’s budget as well as the Voluntary Trust Fund, and the Endowment Fund for Marine Scientific Research. As at 31 May 2011, there were 162 members of the Authority (161 States and the European Union), and 141 parties to the Agreement. Since the last session, Malawi and Thailand have become parties to the Convention and the Agreement (28 September 2010, 15 May 2011, respectively) and Angola has become party to the Agreement (7 September 2010).",
"10. He pointed out that private sector interest in the potential for deep seabed mining had increased over the past year, as evidenced by the requests from Nauru Ocean Resources Inc., sponsored by Nauru, and Tonga Offshore Mining Limited, sponsored by Tonga, to reinstate their applications for approval of their plan of work for exploration for polymetallic nodules; and as shown by numerous enquiries about possible applications for contracts for exploration in the Area. In addition, he observed that there had been increased interest on the part of deep ocean technology companies in participating in workshops organized by the Authority, as the global economy continues to recover. With the increased level of commercial interest in seabed mining, the Authority was also under pressure to deliver an appropriate level of environmental protection for the Area. In this regard, the proposals for an environmental management plan for the Clarion-Clipperton Zone and for the management of chemosynthetic environments in the global oceans were measures under urgent consideration.",
"11. The Secretary-General stated that the completion of a comprehensive exploration code covering the three main types of seabed mineral resources — polymetallic nodules, polymetallic sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts — would mark an important milestone in the evolution of the Authority.",
"12. Following the presentation by the Secretary-General, the Minister of State, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Jamaica, Marlene Malahoo Forte, made a statement on behalf of the Government of Jamaica, the host country of the Authority. The Minister said that the National Land Agency, which managed the secretariat building, had been in close dialogue with the Authority on the concerns raised by the Secretary-General in his report concerning the maintenance of the facilities.",
"13. She stated that Jamaica would introduce a draft resolution during the session to encourage the commemoration of the thirtieth anniversary of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 2012 and that it would also submit a similar draft resolution at the United Nations in New York that would seek to have the Organization convene a commemorative meeting on 10 December 2012. The Minister encouraged other Member States to mark the occasion to raise awareness about the Convention, which was opened for signature in Montego Bay, Jamaica, on 10 December 1982.",
"14. With regard to the annual report of the Secretary-General, statements were also made by the delegations of Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Canada (on behalf of Canada, Australia and New Zealand), Chile, China, Cuba, France, Ghana, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Senegal, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The observer delegation of the United Nations Secretariat also made a statement.",
"15. Members expressed their general satisfaction with the detailed report and indicated their support for the work that had been undertaken during the reporting period by the Authority as part of its programme of work for the period 2011-2013.",
"16. With regard to the regulatory work of the Authority, delegations urged the Authority to continue work at finalizing regulations for prospecting and exploration for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts that occur on seamounts in the deep oceans. The draft regulations were completed by the Legal and Technical Commission in 2009 and recommended to the Council for adoption. Delegations also welcome the proactive position adopted by the Authority to include in its programme of activities for the period 2011-2013 the commissioning of a preliminary study of some of the issues relating to the development of an exploitation code through the hosting of a seminar.",
"17. Delegations supported the efforts by the secretariat towards the implementation in the near future of article 82 (4) of the Convention with respect to the distribution by the Authority of payments or contributions derived from the possibly imminent exploitation of non-living resources from the continental shelf beyond 200 miles, in view of the number of recommendations already issued by the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. For that reason, delegations expressed their interest in participating in an expert group meeting to prepare draft recommendations to the Council and the Assembly as proposed in the annual report of the Secretary-General.",
"18. Welcoming the cooperation between the Authority and OSPAR, delegations encouraged the Authority to pursue further cooperation with relevant institutions having a mandate over activities in the oceans so as to ensure a consistency of approach as well as comprehensive protection of the marine environment within and beyond the national jurisdiction. It was also emphasized that the responsibilities of the Authority should be considered in the broader context of developments within the law of the sea and in particular, within the context of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction.",
"19. Delegations noted with concern the tardiness of the submission by contractors of their environmental data, which hampers the Authority to discharge the responsibilities entrusted to it by the Convention and the Agreement with respect to the development of mineral resources in a sustainable manner. In order to remediate to that situation, delegations encouraged contractors to share best environmental practices and access to their environmental databases in view of raising environmental reporting standards and of expanding the database of the Authority.",
"20. With regard to the Voluntary Trust Fund, delegations expressed their appreciation for it, noting that it had helped to ensure the participation of members from developing countries in meetings of the Legal and Technical Commission and the Finance Committee and encouraged contributions in order to avoid the depletion of the Fund.",
"21. At the 133rd meeting of the Assembly, Japan announced a contribution of $100,000 to the Endowment Fund stating that building the expertise of scientists from developing States would encourage the expansion of marine research, which could only be to the benefit of mankind. Subsequently, Mexico announced a contribution of $2,500 and Nigeria announced a contribution of $10,000 each to the Endowment Fund and the Voluntary Trust Fund.",
"VI. Report and recommendations of the Finance Committee",
"22. At its 134th meeting, on 22 July 2011, the Assembly considered the report of the Finance Committee (ISBA/17/A/3-ISBA/17/C/3).",
"23. On the basis of the recommendations of the Council contained in document ISBA/17/C/18, the Assembly adopted the decision contained in document ISBA/17/A/5.",
"24. The President of the Assembly also extended appreciation on behalf of the Assembly to the outgoing Chairman of the Finance Committee, Hasjim Djalal (Indonesia) for his contribution to the work of the Authority.",
"VII. Election of members of the Finance Committee",
"25. At its 134th meeting, the Assembly elected, by consensus, 15 members of the Finance Committee for the period from 1 January 2012 until 31 December 2016:",
"Aung, Zaw Minn (Myanmar) Armas-Pfirter, Frida María (Argentina) Bakanov, Aleksey P. (Russian Federation) Choudhary, Pradip K. (India) Elliott, Trecia (Jamaica) Graziani, Francesca (Italy) Kavina, Pavel (Czech Republic) Laki, Duncan M. (Uganda) Myklebust, Olav (Norway) Ségura, Serge (France) Storani, Reinaldo (Brazil) Whomersley, Chris (United Kingdom) Wilkens, David C. M. (Germany) Yamanaka, Shinichi (Japan) Yao, Jinsong (China)",
"VIII. Appointment and report of the Credentials Committee",
"26. At its 131st meeting, on 12 July 2011, the Assembly appointed its Credentials Committee in accordance with rule 24 of its rules of procedure. The following were elected members of the Credentials Committee: Argentina, Brazil, Germany, Kenya, Namibia, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation and Saudi Arabia. Subsequently, Jaqueline Moseti (Kenya) was elected by the Committee as its Chairman.",
"27. The Committee held one meeting, on 19 July 2011, during which it examined the credentials of representatives participating in the seventeenth session of the Assembly. The Committee had before it a memorandum by the secretariat dated 19 July 2011 on the status of those credentials. The report of the Committee is contained in document ISBA/17/A/6.",
"28. At its 134th meeting, on 22 July 2011, the Assembly adopted the report of the Committee. The decision of the Assembly relating to credentials is contained in document ISBA/17/A/7.",
"IX. Other matters",
"29. At its 134th meeting, on 22 July, the Group of 77 and China introduced a proposal to commemorate the thirtieth anniversary of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.",
"30. The proposal recalled the historic significance of the Convention and reaffirmed the importance of the codification and designation by the Convention of the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil beyond the limits of national jurisdiction as well as the resources of the Areas, as the common heritage of mankind. In addition to supporting the convening of a commemorative meeting of the United Nations General Assembly on Monday, 10 December 2012 to mark the thirtieth anniversary of the Convention, the proposal called for a special meeting during the eighteenth session of the Authority for the same purpose.",
"31. The Assembly adopted, with an amendment, the proposal contained in its decision contained in document ISBA/17/A/8, with the understanding that related costs remain within the budget of the Authority for 2012.",
"32. Also at its 134th meeting, Ghana, the Netherlands, Nigeria and South Africa introduced a proposal referring to the Advisory Opinion of 1 February 2011 delivered by the Seabed Disputes Chamber on the Responsibilities and Obligations of States sponsoring persons and entities with respect to activities in the Area.",
"33. After discussion and with amendments to the proposal, the Assembly adopted the decision contained in document ISBA/17/A/9.",
"X. Dates of the next session of the Assembly",
"34. The next session of the Assembly will be held from 16 to 27 July 2012. It will be the turn of the African Group to nominate a candidate for the presidency of the Assembly in 2012."
] | ISBA_17_A_10 | [
"Seventeenth session",
"Kingston, Jamaica",
"11-22 July 2011",
"Statement by the President of the Assembly of the International Seabed Authority on the work of the Assembly at its seventeenth session",
"1. The seventeenth session of the Assembly of the International Seabed Authority was held in Kingston from 11 to 22 July 2011. The Assembly held its 131st to 134th meetings.",
"I. Adoption of the agenda",
"2. At its 131st meeting, on 12 July 2011, the Assembly adopted the agenda of the seventeenth session (ISBA/17/A/1).",
"II. Election of the President and Vice-Presidents of the Assembly",
"3. At the 131st meeting, Mr. Peter Thomson (Fiji) was elected President of the Assembly during the seventeenth session. Following consultations of the regional groups, the representatives of Ghana (Group of African States), Chile (Group of Latin American and Caribbean States), the Russian Federation (Group of Eastern European States) and Belgium (Group of Western European and Other States) were elected Vice-Presidents.",
"III. Election to fill a vacancy on the Finance Committee",
"4. At the 131^(a) meeting, the Assembly elected Mr. David Wilkens (Germany) member of the Finance Committee for the remainder of Mr. Michael Hackethal, Germany.",
"IV. Application for observer status in the Assembly submitted by the Center for Oceans Law and Policy of the University of Virginia Law School",
"5. At the 131st meeting, the Assembly considered the request for observer status submitted by the Center for Oceans Law and Policy of the Faculty of Law of the University of Virginia, and decided to invite the Centre to participate in its meetings as an observer, in accordance with rule 82(1)(d) of the rules of procedure of the Assembly.",
"V. Annual report of the Secretary-General",
"6. At the 132nd meeting, on 18 July 2011, the Secretary-General submitted his annual report to the Assembly (ISBA/17/A/2), pursuant to article 166, paragraph 4, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The Secretary-General reported on the work of the Authority since the sixteenth session and indicated the progress made in implementing the programme of work for the period 2011-2013.",
"7. He cautioned that the Assembly was considering a project to conduct a preliminary study of some of the issues related to the development of an operating code, after which a workshop or seminar would be held in the second quarter of 2012.",
"8. He indicated that the secretariat intended to prepare a guide for the user of the seabed mineral mining regulatory regime, which would describe the prospecting, exploration and exploitation system with reference to the Convention, the Agreement on the Implementation of Part XI of the Convention and the Regulations of the Authority.",
"9. The report also addressed administrative issues, the budget of the Authority, the Voluntary Trust Fund and the Marine Scientific Research Endowment Fund in the Area. As at 31 May 2011, the members of the Authority were 162 (161 States and the European Union) and the parties to the Agreement were 141. Since the last session, Malawi and Thailand have become parties to the Convention and the Agreement (28 September 2010 and 15 May 2011 respectively) and Angola is party to the Agreement (7 September 2010).",
"10. The Secretary-General noted that the private sector ' s interest in the mineral mining potential of the seabed had increased in the past year, as demonstrated by the applications of Nauru Ocean Resources Inc., sponsored by Nauru, and Tonga Offshore Mining Limited, to reinstate the request for approval of its plans of work for exploration of polymetallic nodules, and as shown by numerous consultations on potential applications for exploration. In addition, he noted that the Béntica technology companies showed greater interest in participating in the seminars and workshops organized by the Authority, as the global economy continued to recover. With the greatest commercial interest in the seabed, there was growing pressure on the Authority to ensure sufficient environmental protection for the Clarion-Clipperton Zone. In this regard, the proposals for the development of an environmental management plan in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone and the chemistinetic environments in the oceans were urgently being considered.",
"11. The Secretary-General said that when a full exploration code covering the three main types of mineral resources of the seabed was completed, that is, polymetallic nodules, polymetallic sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts, an important milestone would be achieved in the evolution of the Authority.",
"12. Following the presentation of the Secretary-General, the Minister of State of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Jamaica, Ms. Marlene Forte Malahoo made a statement on behalf of the Government of Jamaica, host country of the Authority. The Minister said that the National Land Directorate, which managed the secretariat building, had engaged in a close dialogue with the Authority on the concerns raised by the Secretary-General in his report on the maintenance of facilities.",
"13. The Minister said that during the session, Jamaica would present a draft resolution to encourage the commemoration of the thirtieth anniversary of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 2012, and that it would also present a similar draft resolution at the United Nations in New York, requesting that the Organization convene a commemorative meeting on 10 December 2012. The Minister encouraged other Member States to organize events to publicize the Convention, which was opened for signature at Montego Bay, Jamaica, on 10 December 1982.",
"14. With regard to the Secretary-General ' s annual report, statements were also made by the delegations of Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Canada (on behalf of Canada, Australia and New Zealand), Chile, China, Cuba, France, Ghana, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Netherlands, Norway, the Republic of Korea, Senegal, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia and Uganda. The observer delegation of the United Nations Secretariat also made a statement.",
"15. Members expressed their general satisfaction with the detailed report and supported the work of the Authority during the reporting period within its programme of work for the period 2011-2013.",
"16. With regard to the normative work of the Authority, delegations urged the Authority to continue to finalize the regulations for the exploration and exploration of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts produced on the seamounts of the ocean floor. The Legal and Technical Commission completed the draft rules of procedure in 2009 and recommended that the Council adopt it. Delegations are also pleased that the Authority has taken the dynamic position of commissioning, within its programme of activities for the period 2011-2013, a preliminary study of some of the issues related to the development of a code of exploitation and the organization of a seminar.",
"17. Delegations supported the efforts made by the Secretariat to implement in the near future article 82 (4) of the Convention with regard to the distribution by the Authority of payments or contributions resulting from the possible imminent exploitation of the non-living resources of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines of the territorial sea, in view of the number of recommendations already issued by the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. For that reason, delegations expressed their interest in participating in an expert meeting to prepare a draft recommendations to the Council and the Assembly, as proposed in the annual report of the Secretary-General.",
"18. Welcoming the cooperation between the Authority and the North-East Atlantic Marine Protection Commission (OSPAR Commission), delegations encouraged the Authority to enhance cooperation with ocean-based institutions to ensure a coherent approach, as well as the comprehensive protection of the marine environment within and outside national jurisdiction. It was also stressed that the responsibilities of the Authority should be considered in the broader context of the present day of the law of the sea and, in particular, in the context of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to consider issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction.",
"19. Delegations noted with concern the delay with which contractors presented environmental data, which prevented the Authority from performing the functions mandated by the Convention and the Agreement with respect to the sustainable development of mineral resources. In order to remedy this situation, delegations encouraged contractors to share best environmental practices and facilitate access to their environmental databases with a view to improving environmental reporting standards and broadening the Authority ' s database.",
"20. Delegations recognized the usefulness of the Voluntary Trust Fund and noted that it had helped to ensure the participation of members of developing countries in the meetings of the Legal and Technical Commission and the Finance Committee, and encouraged contributions to prevent the Fund from being exhausted.",
"21. At the 133rd meeting of the Assembly, Japan announced a US$ 100,000 contribution to the Endowment Fund and indicated that the increased experience of scientists in developing States would foster the expansion of marine research, which could only be a benefit to humanity. Subsequently, Mexico announced a contribution of $2,500 and Nigeria announced a contribution of $10,000 for the Endowment Fund and another for the Voluntary Trust Fund.",
"VI. Report and recommendations of the Finance Committee",
"22. At its 134th meeting, on 22 July 2011, the Assembly considered the report of the Finance Committee (ISBA/17/A/3-ISBA/17/C/3).",
"23. Taking into account the recommendations made by the Council in document ISBA/17/C/18, the Assembly adopted the decision contained in document ISBA/17/A/5.",
"24. The President of the Assembly thanked the outgoing Chairman of the Finance Committee on behalf of the Assembly, Mr. Hasjim Djalal (Indonesia) for his contribution to the work of the Authority.",
"VII. Election of members of the Finance Committee",
"25. At the 134th meeting, the Assembly elected by consensus 15 members of the Finance Committee for the period from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2016:",
"Aung, Zaw Minn (Myanmar)",
"Arms-Pfirter, Frida María (Argentina)",
"Bakanov, Aleksey P. (Russian Federation)",
"Choudhary, Pradip K. (India)",
"Elliot, Trecia (Jamaica)",
"Graziani, Francesca (Italy)",
"Kavina, Pavel, Czech Republic",
"Laki, Duncan M. (Uganda)",
"Myklebust, Olav, Norway",
"Segura, Serge (France)",
"Storani, Reinaldo, Brazil",
"Whomersley, Chris (United Kingdom)",
"Wilkens, David C.M. (Germany)",
"Yamanaka, Shinichi (Japan)",
"Yao, Jinsong (China).",
"VIII. Appointment and report of the Credentials Committee",
"26. At its 131st meeting, on 12 July 2011, the Assembly elected the Credentials Committee, in accordance with rule 24 of its rules of procedure. The following countries were elected members of the Credentials Committee: Argentina, Brazil, Kenya, Namibia, New Zealand, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea. Subsequently, the Committee elected Ms. Jaqueline Moseti (Kenya).",
"27. The Committee held a meeting on 19 July 2011, during which it considered the credentials of representatives participating in the seventeenth session of the Assembly. The Committee had before it a memorandum by the secretariat dated 19 July 2011 on the status of credentials. The report of the Commission is contained in document ISBA/17/A/6.",
"28. At the 134th meeting, on 22 July 2011, the Assembly adopted the report of the Committee. The decision of the Assembly concerning credentials is contained in document ISBA/17/A/7.",
"IX. Other matters",
"29. At the 134th meeting, on 22 July 2011, the Group of 77 and China presented a proposal to commemorate the thirtieth anniversary of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.",
"30. The proposal recalled the historical importance of the Convention and reaffirmed the importance of the codification and designation by the Convention of the seabed and ocean floor and its subsoil beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, as well as the resources of the Area, as the common heritage of mankind. In addition to supporting the convening of a commemorative meeting of the United Nations General Assembly on Monday, 10 December 2012 to mark the thirtieth anniversary of the Convention, the proposal called for a special meeting during the meeting of the Authority for the same purpose.",
"31. The Assembly approved, with an amendment, the proposal contained in its decision ISBA/17/A/8, on the understanding that the costs would be met from the budget of the Authority for 2012.",
"32. 6. Also at the 134th meeting, Ghana, Nigeria, the Netherlands and South Africa submitted a proposal in connection with the advisory opinion rendered on 1 February 2011 by the Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea on the responsibilities and obligations of States sponsoring individuals and entities within the framework of activities in the Area.",
"33. Following the discussion and consideration of the amendments to the proposal, the Assembly adopted the decision contained in document ISBA/17/A/9.",
"X. Dates of the next session of the Assembly",
"34. The next session of the Assembly will be held from 16 to 27 July 2012. The African Group should designate a candidate for the presidency of the Assembly in 2012."
] |
[
"Período de sesiones sustantivo de 2011",
"Ginebra, 4 a 29 de julio de 2011",
"Tema 13 k) del programa",
"Cuestiones económicas y ambientales: cartografía",
"Proyecto de decisión presentado por el Vicepresidente del Consejo, Sr. Miloš Koterec (Eslovaquia)",
"Fechas y lugar de celebración del 19º período de sesiones de la Conferencia Cartográfica Regional de las Naciones Unidas para Asia y el Pacífico",
"El Consejo Económico y Social, recordando su decisión 2010/241 de 21 julio de 2010, en la que tomó nota, entre otras cosas, del informe de la Decimoctava Conferencia Cartográfica Regional de las Naciones Unidas para Asia y el Pacífico[1], decide celebrar la Decimonovena Conferencia Cartográfica Regional de las Naciones Unidas para Asia y el Pacífico en Bangkok del 29 de octubre al 2 de noviembre de 2012.",
"[1] E/CONF.100/9."
] | [
"Substantive session of 2011",
"Geneva, 4-29 July 2011",
"Agenda item 13 (k)",
"Economic and environmental questions: cartography",
"Draft decision submitted by the Vice-President of the Council, Miloš Koterec (Slovakia)",
"Dates and venue for the nineteenth session of the United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific",
"The Economic and Social Council, recalling its decision 2010/241 of 21 July 2010, in which it took note of, inter alia, the report of the Eighteenth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific,[1] decides to hold the Nineteenth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific in Bangkok from 29 October to 2 November 2012.",
"[1] E/CONF.100/9."
] | E_2011_L.55 | [
"Substantive session of 2011",
"Geneva, 4-29 July 2011",
"Agenda item 13 (k)",
"Economic and environmental questions: mapping",
"Draft decision submitted by the Vice-President of the Council, Mr. Miloš Koterec (Slovakia)",
"Dates and venue of the nineteenth session of the United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific",
"The Economic and Social Council, recalling its decision 2010/241 of 21 July 2010, in which it took note, inter alia, of the report of the eighteenth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific[1], decides to hold the nineteenth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific in Bangkok from 29 October to 2 November 2012.",
"[1] E/CONF.100/9."
] |
[
"Resolución aprobada por la Asamblea General el 26 de julio de 2011",
"[sin remisión previa a una Comisión Principal (A/65/L.87)]",
"65/312. Documento final de la Reunión de Alto Nivel de la Asamblea General sobre la Juventud: Diálogo y Comprensión Mutua",
"La Asamblea General,",
"Recordando su resolución 64/134, de 18 de diciembre de 2009, en particular el párrafo 3, y su resolución 65/267, de 15 de marzo de 2011, en particular el párrafo 1,",
"Aprueba el siguiente documento final de la Reunión de Alto Nivel de la Asamblea General sobre la Juventud: Diálogo y Comprensión Mutua:",
"Documento final de la Reunión de Alto Nivel de la Asamblea General sobre la Juventud: Diálogo y Comprensión Mutua",
"Nosotros, los Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno, Ministros y representantes de Estados Miembros congregados en una reunión de alto nivel que se ha celebrado en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas en Nueva York los días 25 y 26 de julio de 2011 para tratar del tema “La juventud: diálogo y comprensión mutua”,",
"1. Destacamos la necesidad de difundir y promover entre los jóvenes los ideales de la paz, la libertad, la justicia, la tolerancia, el respeto de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales, la solidaridad y la entrega a los objetivos del progreso y el desarrollo, así como de educarlos al respecto;",
"2. Recordamos la resolución 64/134, de 18 de diciembre de 2009, en que la Asamblea General proclamó el año que comenzaría el 12 de agosto de 2010 Año Internacional de la Juventud: diálogo y comprensión mutua, y reconocemos la importancia de la Reunión de Alto Nivel en cuanto acto más destacado del Año Internacional de la Juventud;",
"3. Reafirmamos el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes, incluidas sus 15 esferas prioritarias interrelacionadas, y exhortamos a los Estados Miembros a que sigan ejecutándolo en los planos local, nacional, regional e internacional;",
"4. Alentamos a los Estados Miembros a que elaboren políticas y planes de acción amplios que se centren en el interés superior de los jóvenes, particularmente de los pobres y marginados, e incluyan todos los aspectos del desarrollo de los jóvenes, y alentamos también a la comunidad internacional y al sistema de las Naciones Unidas a que presten apoyo a los programas nacionales sobre la juventud y sigan desarrollando y mejorando el marco internacional existente relativo a la juventud, incluido el Programa Mundial de Acción para los Jóvenes, con el fin de encarar plenamente todos los retos que afectan a la juventud en la actualidad;",
"5. Alentamos también a los Estados Miembros a que promuevan la igualdad entre los géneros y el empoderamiento de las mujeres en todos los aspectos del desarrollo de los jóvenes, reconociendo la vulnerabilidad de las niñas y de las jóvenes y la importante función que desempeñan los niños y los jóvenes para asegurar la igualdad entre los géneros;",
"6. Observamos con aprecio las actividades, los actos especiales, las contribuciones y las aportaciones realizadas por los Estados Miembros y todas las partes interesadas, incluidas las organizaciones dirigidas por jóvenes, el sector privado, la sociedad civil y los medios de difusión, así como las entidades de las Naciones Unidas, y tenemos en cuenta las aportaciones de las organizaciones dirigidas por jóvenes al documento final de la Reunión de Alto Nivel;",
"7. Reconocemos que los modos en que los jóvenes puedan satisfacer sus aspiraciones, hacer frente a los retos y convertir en realidad su potencial influirán en las condiciones sociales y económicas actuales y el bienestar y los medios de vida de las generaciones futuras, y destacamos la necesidad de que se siga trabajando para promover los intereses de la juventud, incluido el pleno disfrute de sus derechos humanos, prestándoles apoyo en la realización de su potencial, el desarrollo de sus aptitudes y la superación de los obstáculos a que se enfrentan, entre otros medios;",
"8. Recordamos el compromiso de cumplir los objetivos de desarrollo convenidos internacionalmente, incluidos los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, y de llevar a la práctica los resultados de las conferencias y cumbres mundiales y los programas pertinentes;",
"9. Destacamos la importante función que desempeñan las políticas nacionales sectoriales e intersectoriales eficaces sobre la juventud, que reflejan a los jóvenes en toda su diversidad, así como la cooperación internacional, en la promoción del cumplimiento de los objetivos de desarrollo convenidos internacionalmente, incluidos los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio;",
"10. Invitamos a los Estados Miembros a que examinen y evalúen el cumplimiento de sus compromisos relativos a los objetivos de desarrollo pertinentes convenidos internacionalmente, incluidos los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, y los resultados y programas de acción pertinentes, incluido el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes, y solicitamos a las comisiones regionales de las Naciones Unidas que ayuden a los Estados Miembros a intercambiar información sobre las experiencias, enseñanzas y buenas prácticas nacionales a ese respecto;",
"11. Alentamos a los Estados Miembros a que sigan elaborando políticas nacionales eficaces sobre la juventud, así como aplicando, vigilando y evaluando las existentes, teniendo en cuenta su contexto cultural respecto del desarrollo de los jóvenes, así como a que promuevan los programas regionales pertinentes sobre la juventud;",
"12. Reafirmamos nuestra determinación de prestar una atención prioritaria a la promoción de los jóvenes y sus intereses y de hacer frente a los retos que obstaculizan su desarrollo, en particular por medio de la erradicación de la pobreza, la promoción del crecimiento económico sostenido, el desarrollo sostenible, el empleo pleno y productivo y el trabajo decente para todos, y pedimos que aumente la participación de los jóvenes y de las organizaciones dirigidas por jóvenes en la formulación de las estrategias y políticas de desarrollo locales, nacionales, regionales e internacionales, según proceda;",
"13. Reafirmamos la necesidad de que los jóvenes estén protegidos frente a todas las formas de violencia, incluida la violencia por razón de género, la trata de personas, el acoso de sus compañeros y el ciberacoso, así como frente a la implicación en actividades criminales como los delitos relacionados con drogas y la manipulación conexa, y reconocemos la necesidad de que se establezcan mecanismos de asesoramiento, queja y denuncia seguros y apropiados para los jóvenes con el fin de que puedan obtener reparación por las vulneraciones de sus derechos;",
"14. Reafirmamos que el fortalecimiento de la cooperación internacional respecto de la juventud, inclusive por medio del cumplimiento de todos los compromisos relativos a la asistencia oficial para el desarrollo, la transferencia de tecnología apropiada, la creación de capacidad, la mejora del diálogo, la comprensión mutua y la participación activa de los jóvenes son elementos cruciales de la labor encaminada a lograr la erradicación de la pobreza, el pleno empleo y la integración social;",
"15. Acogemos con beneplácito la labor que están realizando los Estados Miembros para atender sus promesas de cumplir los objetivos de desarrollo convenidos internacionalmente, incluidos los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, y reconocemos las contribuciones de los Estados Miembros, las entidades de las Naciones Unidas, las organizaciones de la sociedad civil, incluidas las organizaciones dirigidas por jóvenes, y el sector privado a la mejora de la situación de los jóvenes, pero observamos con preocupación que, pese a esos esfuerzos, un número sustancial de jóvenes reside en zonas donde la pobreza constituye un gran reto y el acceso a los servicios sociales básicos es limitado, especialmente para las niñas y las jóvenes, y que el desarrollo de los jóvenes sigue viéndose obstaculizado por la crisis económica y financiera, así como por los retos generados por la crisis alimentaria y la persistente inseguridad alimentaria, la crisis energética y el cambio climático, y observamos con preocupación también que el progreso general hacia el cumplimiento de los objetivos de desarrollo convenidos internacionalmente, incluidos los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, en particular respecto de las cuestiones pertinentes para la juventud, ha sido desigual;",
"16. Reconocemos que la mayoría de los jóvenes del mundo viven en países en desarrollo y que los obstáculos para el desarrollo entrañan retos adicionales para la juventud debido a su limitado acceso a los recursos, la educación y la capacitación, la atención de la salud, el empleo y las oportunidades de desarrollo socioeconómico en sentido amplio, y, por lo tanto, solicitamos a las entidades de las Naciones Unidas que tengan en cuenta estos obstáculos para el desarrollo al concebir y ejecutar sus programas relativos a la juventud con el fin de asegurar que los beneficios lleguen en la misma medida a los jóvenes que viven en países en desarrollo;",
"17. Condenamos el reclutamiento y la utilización de jóvenes en los conflictos armados, que contraviene el derecho internacional aplicable, deploramos las consecuencias negativas que ello acarrea para los jóvenes implicados y exhortamos a los Estados Miembros a que, en cooperación con las entidades de las Naciones Unidas, adopten medidas concretas y sigan prestando apoyo a los programas encaminados a asegurar la reintegración y rehabilitación social y económica efectivas de los jóvenes desmovilizados;",
"18. Reconocemos la importancia de que se prevenga la delincuencia juvenil, incluida la relacionada con las drogas, y sus efectos en los jóvenes y el desarrollo sostenible de la sociedad y se les haga frente, así como de que se proteja a las víctimas y los testigos jóvenes y se apoye la rehabilitación, reintegración e inclusión de los infractores jóvenes en la sociedad con miras a que asuman funciones constructivas;",
"19. Invitamos a los Estados Miembros a que, después de la celebración del Año Internacional de la Juventud, sigan prestando la mayor atención, en los planos nacional, regional e internacional, a las actividades dedicadas a la promoción, por medios como la educación y el aprendizaje sobre los derechos humanos, de una cultura de diálogo y comprensión mutua entre los jóvenes y con ellos, en cuanto agentes de desarrollo, inclusión social, tolerancia y paz, y amplíen sus actividades al respecto;",
"20. Reiteramos que la participación plena y efectiva de los jóvenes y las organizaciones dirigidas por jóvenes en los procesos pertinentes de adopción de decisiones por los cauces adecuados es clave para, entre otras cosas, cumplir los objetivos de desarrollo convenidos internacionalmente, incluidos los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, y llevar a la práctica los resultados de las conferencias y cumbres mundiales, así como el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes;",
"21. Reconocemos la positiva contribución que realizan los representantes de la juventud a la Asamblea General y otras entidades de las Naciones Unidas y su función al actuar como cauce importante de comunicación entre los jóvenes y las Naciones Unidas, y, a este respecto, solicitamos al Secretario General que preste un apoyo suficiente a los instrumentos existentes para que puedan seguir facilitando su participación efectiva en las reuniones;",
"22. Alentamos a los Estados Miembros a que, en cooperación con los agentes pertinentes, promuevan el diálogo y la comprensión mutua para ocuparse mejor de las cuestiones relacionadas con la juventud, particularmente en lo que se refiere a la participación activa de los jóvenes, el trabajo juvenil, la igualdad entre los géneros y el empoderamiento de las mujeres, la integración social, el pleno empleo y el trabajo decente para todos, el acceso a una educación de calidad, el desarrollo de la capacidad científica e innovadora, las becas y la formación, el acceso a la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones y su utilización segura, en particular en interés de la protección de los niños y los jóvenes, el acceso a la atención de la salud, la eliminación de la discriminación, la protección frente a todas las formas de violencia, la solidaridad entre generaciones y los efectos de las crisis financiera, económica y de otra índole;",
"23. Solicitamos a los organismos de las Naciones Unidas que promuevan el programa de desarrollo de los jóvenes en sentido amplio y que fortalezcan la cooperación internacional y el intercambio de buenas prácticas con el fin de prestar apoyo a los Estados Miembros en la labor encaminada a avanzar en esa esfera, e invitamos a la comunidad internacional y a la sociedad civil, así como al sector privado, a que hagan lo propio, teniendo en cuenta que la responsabilidad primordial de asegurar el desarrollo de los jóvenes recae en los Estados;",
"24. Instamos a las entidades de las Naciones Unidas, incluidos los organismos especializados, los fondos y los programas, a que, de conformidad con sus mandatos, apoyen, previa solicitud, el fortalecimiento de la capacidad nacional y la labor de elaboración y aplicación de planes, políticas y programas nacionales que aceleren el cumplimiento de los objetivos de desarrollo convenidos internacionalmente, incluidos los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, y la puesta en práctica de los resultados y programas de acción pertinentes, incluido el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes;",
"25. Solicitamos a las entidades de las Naciones Unidas que mejoren su coordinación e intensifiquen la labor encaminada a aplicar un enfoque más coherente, amplio e integrado al desarrollo de los jóvenes por medios como la Red Interinstitucional para el Desarrollo de la Juventud, exhortamos a las entidades de las Naciones Unidas y a los asociados pertinentes a que elaboren nuevas medidas en apoyo de la labor nacional, regional e internacional destinada a hacer frente a los retos que obstaculizan el desarrollo de los jóvenes, y, a ese respecto, alentamos a que colaboren estrechamente con los Estados Miembros, así como con otras partes interesadas pertinentes, incluida la sociedad civil;",
"26. Solicitamos al Secretario General que presente un informe, teniendo debidamente en cuenta las obligaciones existentes en materia de presentación de informes, a la Comisión de Desarrollo Social en su 51° período de sesiones sobre las experiencias, enseñanzas y buenas prácticas nacionales en relación con el modo de hacer frente a los problemas que afectan a la juventud, en el cual también se evalúen los logros y las deficiencias de los programas de las Naciones Unidas relativos a la juventud en marcha y se formulen recomendaciones concretas sobre el modo de hacer frente de manera más eficaz a los retos que obstaculizan el desarrollo y la participación de los jóvenes, incluso por medio de actividades de voluntariado, el modo de mejorar los programas y estructuras de las Naciones Unidas relacionados con la juventud, incluida su coherencia, el modo de promover mejor el diálogo y la comprensión mutua entre los jóvenes de todo el mundo y el modo de evaluar el progreso en estos ámbitos, y que dicho informe se prepare en consulta con los Estados Miembros, así como con los organismos especializados, fondos y programas competentes, y con las comisiones regionales, teniendo en cuenta la labor realizada por el sistema de las Naciones Unidas, y solicita también a la Secretaría que consulte, según proceda, con las organizaciones dirigidas por jóvenes y centradas en los jóvenes para asegurar que las diversas aportaciones de estos se transmitan debidamente a la Comisión de Desarrollo Social durante sus deliberaciones;",
"27. Reiteramos la solicitud que formulamos al Secretario General de que propusiera un conjunto de posibles indicadores relacionados con el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes y las metas y objetivos propuestos, con el fin de ayudar a los Estados Miembros a evaluar la situación de los jóvenes, y lo alentamos a que mantenga consultas continuas con los Estados Miembros;",
"28. Renovamos nuestra determinación de cumplir los compromisos de promover el desarrollo, el diálogo y la comprensión mutua de los jóvenes, prestando la atención debida a los objetivos de desarrollo pertinentes convenidos internacionalmente, incluidos los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, y los resultados y programas de acción pertinentes, incluido el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes. Por lo tanto, nos comprometemos a adoptar las medidas siguientes:",
"a) Exhortar a la comunidad internacional a que siga prestando apoyo a la labor que realizan los Estados Miembros, junto con la sociedad civil, incluidas las organizaciones dirigidas por jóvenes, el sector privado y otras partes de la sociedad, para prever y contrarrestar las consecuencias sociales y económicas negativas de la globalización, y tratar de obtener los máximos beneficios para los jóvenes;",
"b) Exhortar también a los donantes, incluidos los Estados Miembros y las organizaciones intergubernamentales y no gubernamentales, a que presten apoyo a la labor que realicen los Estados Miembros con el fin de llevar a la práctica este documento final, así como de ejecutar el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes;",
"c) Hacer frente a las elevadas tasas de desempleo, subempleo, empleo vulnerable y empleo en el sector no estructurado entre los jóvenes elaborando y aplicando políticas nacionales de empleo juvenil con objetivos bien definidos e integradas para fomentar la creación de puestos de trabajo abiertos para todos, la mejora de la aptitud para el empleo, el desarrollo de las aptitudes y la formación profesional al objeto de atender las necesidades específicas de los jóvenes relacionadas con el mercado de trabajo, incluidas las de los jóvenes migrantes, y el aumento de las iniciativas empresariales, incluida la creación de redes de jóvenes empresarios en los planos local, nacional, regional y mundial que promuevan entre los jóvenes el conocimiento de sus derechos y responsabilidades en la sociedad, y, a ese respecto, solicitar a los donantes, las entidades especializadas de las Naciones Unidas y el sector privado que sigan prestando asistencia, incluido apoyo técnico y financiero, según sea necesario;",
"d) Instar a los Estados Miembros a que hagan frente al reto mundial del desempleo juvenil elaborando y aplicando estrategias que den a los jóvenes de todo el mundo una oportunidad real de encontrar trabajo decente y productivo, y, en este contexto, consideren la posibilidad de emprender la labor conducente a elaborar una estrategia mundial sobre el empleo juvenil que se centre en el desempleo entre los jóvenes, y alentar a los Estados Miembros, las organizaciones de empleadores, los sindicatos, el sector privado, las instituciones educacionales de todos los niveles, las organizaciones de jóvenes y la sociedad civil a que, con el apoyo de la comunidad internacional, todas las partes interesadas pertinentes, incluidas las instituciones financieras, y el sistema de las Naciones Unidas, según proceda, establezcan asociaciones a ese respecto para fomentar las oportunidades de empleo inclusivas en el mercado de trabajo, por medios como la promoción del espíritu empresarial de los jóvenes, teniendo en cuenta las particularidades regionales y nacionales;",
"e) Emprender medidas apropiadas, en cooperación con la sociedad civil, incluidas las organizaciones dirigidas por jóvenes, las instituciones educacionales y el sector privado, para fortalecer las asociaciones internacionales, regionales y nacionales con el fin de fomentar el respeto mutuo, la tolerancia y la comprensión entre los jóvenes de orígenes raciales, culturales y religiosos distintos;",
"f) Aumentar los esfuerzos para mejorar la calidad de la educación y promover el acceso universal a ella, en particular de las jóvenes, los jóvenes no escolarizados, los jóvenes con discapacidad, los jóvenes indígenas, los jóvenes de las zonas rurales, los jóvenes migrantes y los jóvenes que viven con el VIH y que están afectados por el SIDA, sin discriminación de ningún tipo, a fin de asegurar que puedan adquirir los conocimientos, la capacidad, las aptitudes y los valores éticos necesarios, incluso mediante un acceso apropiado a becas y otros programas de movilidad estudiantil, a la educación no académica y a la educación y la formación técnica y profesional, con miras a que intervengan en el establecimiento del proceso de desarrollo social, económico y político y participen plenamente en él, puesto que el conocimiento y la educación son factores clave de la participación, el diálogo y la comprensión mutua de los jóvenes;",
"g) Promover y posibilitar la educación y el aprendizaje de los jóvenes en materia de derechos humanos, teniendo en cuenta particularmente a las jóvenes, y formular iniciativas a ese respecto, con el fin de fomentar el diálogo y la comprensión mutua, la tolerancia y la amistad entre los jóvenes de todas las naciones;",
"h) Instar a los Estados Miembros a que adopten medidas eficaces que sean conformes al derecho internacional para proteger a los jóvenes afectados por el terrorismo y la incitación a este o explotados en ese contexto;",
"i) Aprobar leyes apropiadas y elaborar estrategias para prevenir y eliminar todas las formas de violencia contra los jóvenes, en todas las situaciones, y asegurar la ejecución de políticas y programas con financiación suficiente destinados a acabar con la violencia contra los jóvenes, incluidas las iniciativas de apoyo a las acciones de los jóvenes con tal fin por medio de las organizaciones y redes dirigidas por ellos;",
"j) Fortalecer el uso de la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones para mejorar la calidad de vida de los jóvenes y, con el apoyo del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, los donantes, el sector privado y la sociedad civil, promover el acceso universal, no discriminatorio, equitativo, seguro y asequible a la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones, especialmente en las escuelas y los lugares públicos, y eliminar las barreras para superar la brecha digital, incluso mediante la transferencia de tecnología y la cooperación internacional, así como promover la elaboración de contenido de interés a nivel local y aplicar medidas destinadas a que los jóvenes adquieran los conocimientos y las aptitudes necesarios para usar de manera adecuada y segura la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones;",
"k) Asegurar que los jóvenes disfruten del máximo nivel posible de salud física y mental proporcionándoles acceso sin discriminación a sistemas de salud y servicios sociales sostenibles y prestando especial atención a la nutrición, incluidos los trastornos alimentarios y la obesidad, los efectos de las enfermedades transmisibles y no transmisibles y la salud sexual y reproductiva, así como a las medidas para prevenir las enfermedades de transmisión sexual, en particular el VIH y el SIDA, y fomentando la conciencia al respecto;",
"l) Promover la participación de los jóvenes en la capacitación y la creación de capacidad en cuestiones ambientales, incluida la adaptación al cambio climático y su mitigación, la lucha contra la desertificación y otros retos, en particular de los jóvenes que se dedican a la producción agrícola y desempeñan una función vital en la seguridad alimentaria, que está amenazada por el cambio climático;",
"m) Promover y proteger efectivamente los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales de todos los migrantes, en especial los de los jóvenes, independientemente de su situación migratoria, ocuparnos de la migración internacional por medio de la cooperación y el diálogo a nivel internacional, regional o bilateral y un enfoque amplio y equilibrado, reconociendo las funciones y responsabilidades de los países de origen, de tránsito y de destino en la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos de todos los migrantes, especialmente de los jóvenes, y hacer frente a las causas profundas de la migración juvenil, evitando al mismo tiempo los enfoques que puedan agravar su vulnerabilidad;",
"n) Instar a los Estados Miembros a que adopten medidas concertadas que sean conformes al derecho internacional con el fin de eliminar los obstáculos para el pleno ejercicio de los derechos de los jóvenes que viven bajo ocupación extranjera y de ese modo promover el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio;",
"o) Alentar a los Estados Miembros, la comunidad internacional, el sistema de las Naciones Unidas y el sector privado a que presten apoyo a las organizaciones dirigidas por jóvenes para lograr la apertura y la inclusión, y fortalezcan su capacidad de participar en las actividades nacionales e internacionales de desarrollo;",
"p) Alentar a los Estados Miembros a que fortalezcan los mecanismos de asociación con la sociedad civil, incluidas las organizaciones dirigidas por jóvenes, en cuanto contribuciones al desarrollo de los jóvenes, y creen cauces eficaces de cooperación, diálogo e intercambio de información entre los jóvenes, incluidos los de las zonas rurales y urbanas, los gobiernos de sus países y otras instancias decisorias pertinentes, según proceda;",
"q) Exhortar a los donantes, incluidos los Estados Miembros y las organizaciones intergubernamentales y no gubernamentales, a que contribuyan activamente al Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Juventud con el fin de prestar apoyo a las actividades catalizadoras e innovadoras en el ámbito de la juventud y facilitar la participación de los representantes de los jóvenes de países en desarrollo en las actividades del Programa de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Juventud, teniendo en cuenta la necesidad de que haya un mayor equilibrio geográfico en la representación de los jóvenes, y, a este respecto, solicitar al Secretario General que adopte las medidas apropiadas para alentar a que se hagan contribuciones al Fondo, así como para propiciar la sinergia con otros fondos de las entidades de las Naciones Unidas relacionados con la juventud.",
"111ª sesión plenaria 26 de julio de 2011"
] | [
"Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 26 July 2011",
"[without reference to a Main Committee (A/65/L.87)]",
"65/312. Outcome document of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding",
"The General Assembly,",
"Recalling its resolution 64/134 of 18 December 2009, in particular paragraph 3 thereof, and its resolution 65/267 of 15 March 2011, in particular paragraph 1 thereof,",
"Adopts the following outcome document of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding:",
"Outcome document of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding",
"We, Heads of State and Government, Ministers and representatives of Member States, gathered at a high-level meeting at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 25 and 26 July 2011 on the theme “Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding”,",
"1. Stress the need to disseminate and foster among young people and educate them about the ideals of peace, freedom, justice, tolerance, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, solidarity and dedication to the objectives of progress and development;",
"2. Recall resolution 64/134 of 18 December 2009, by which the General Assembly proclaimed the year commencing on 12 August 2010 the International Year of Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding, and acknowledge the significance of the High-level Meeting as the highlight of the International Year of Youth;",
"3. Reaffirm the World Programme of Action for Youth, including its fifteen interrelated priority areas, and call upon Member States to continue its implementation at the local, national, regional and international levels;",
"4. Encourage Member States to develop comprehensive policies and action plans that focus on the best interests of youth, particularly the poor and marginalized, and address all aspects of youth development, and also encourage the international community and the United Nations system to support national youth programmes and further develop and improve the existing international framework on youth, including the World Programme of Action for Youth, in order to fully address all current challenges affecting youth;",
"5. Also encourage Member States to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women in all aspects of youth development, recognizing the vulnerability of girls and young women, and the important role of boys and young men in ensuring gender equality;",
"6. Note with appreciation the activities, special events, contributions and inputs of Member States and all stakeholders, including youth-led organizations, the private sector, civil society and the media, as well as United Nations entities, and take into account the input from youth-led organizations to the outcome document of the High-level Meeting;",
"7. Recognize that the ways in which young people are able to address their aspirations and challenges and fulfil their potential will influence current social and economic conditions and the well-being and livelihood of future generations, and stress the need for further efforts to promote the interests of youth, including the full enjoyment of their human rights, inter alia, by supporting young people in developing their potential and talents and tackling obstacles facing youth;",
"8. Recall the commitment to achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and to implementing the outcomes of global conferences and summits and relevant programmes;",
"9. Stress the important role of effective sectoral and cross-sectoral national youth policies, reflecting youth in all its diversity, as well as of international cooperation in promoting the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals;",
"10. Invite Member States to review and evaluate the implementation of their commitments to relevant internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and the relevant outcomes and programmes of action, including the World Programme of Action for Youth, and request the United Nations regional commissions to assist Member States in sharing information on national experiences, lessons learned and good practices in that regard;",
"11. Encourage Member States to continue developing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating effective national youth policies, taking into account their cultural context regarding youth development, as well as to promote relevant regional programmes on youth;",
"12. Reaffirm our determination to give priority attention to the promotion of youth and their interests and to address the challenges that hinder youth development, in particular through poverty eradication, the promotion of sustained economic growth, sustainable development and full and productive employment and decent work for all, and call for increased participation of youth and youth-led organizations in the formulation of, as appropriate, local, national, regional and international development strategies and policies;",
"13. Reaffirm the need for young people to be protected from all forms of violence, including gender-based violence, trafficking in persons, bullying and cyberbullying, as well as from involvement and manipulation in criminal activities such as drug-related crimes, and recognize the need for the development of safe and youth-friendly counselling and complaint and reporting mechanisms for the redress of violations of their rights;",
"14. Reaffirm that the strengthening of international cooperation regarding youth, including through the fulfilment of all official development assistance commitments, the transfer of appropriate technology, capacity-building, the enhancement of dialogue, mutual understanding and the active participation of youth, are crucial elements of efforts towards achieving the eradication of poverty, full employment and social integration;",
"15. Welcome the ongoing efforts by Member States to implement their pledges to achieve the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and acknowledge the contributions of Member States, the United Nations entities, civil society organizations, including youth-led organizations, and the private sector to improve the situation of young people; note with concern, however, that, despite these efforts, substantial numbers of young people reside in areas where poverty constitutes a major challenge and access to basic social services is limited, especially for girls and young women, and that youth development remains hindered by the economic and financial crisis, as well as by challenges brought about by the food crisis and continued food insecurity, the energy crisis and climate change; and also note with concern that the overall progress towards achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, in particular on issues relevant to youth, has been uneven;",
"16. Recognize that the majority of the world’s youth live in developing countries and that development constraints pose additional challenges to youth owing to their limited access to resources, education and training, health care, employment and broader socio-economic development opportunities, and therefore request United Nations entities to take into account these development constraints when designing and implementing their programmes on youth in order to ensure that benefits reach young people living in developing countries equally;",
"17. Condemn the recruitment and use of youth in armed conflict, in contravention of applicable international law, deplore the negative consequences it has on the youth involved, and call upon Member States, in cooperation with the United Nations entities, to take concrete measures and continue to support programmes to ensure the effective social and economic reintegration and rehabilitation of demobilized young people;",
"18. Recognize the importance of preventing and addressing youth crime, including drug-related crime, and its impact on youth and the socio-economic development of societies, as well as of protecting young victims and witnesses and supporting the rehabilitation, reintegration and inclusion of young offenders in society with a view to them assuming constructive roles;",
"19. Invite Member States, following the celebration of the International Year of Youth, to continue to place greater emphasis on, and expand their activities at the national, regional and international levels in promoting, including through human rights education and learning, a culture of dialogue and mutual understanding among and with youth, as agents of development, social inclusion, tolerance and peace;",
"20. Reiterate that the full and effective participation of young people and youth-led organizations in relevant decision-making processes through appropriate channels is key to, inter alia, achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and to implementing the outcomes of global conferences and summits, as well as the World Programme of Action for Youth;",
"21. Recognize the positive contribution that youth representatives make to the General Assembly and other United Nations entities and their role in serving as an important channel of communication between young people and the United Nations, and in this regard request the Secretary-General to adequately support existing instruments so that they can continue to facilitate their effective participation in meetings;",
"22. Encourage Member States, in cooperation with relevant actors, to promote dialogue and mutual understanding to better address youth-related issues, particularly as regards active youth participation, youth work, gender equality and the empowerment of women, social integration, full employment and decent work for all, access to quality education, the development of scientific and innovative capacities, scholarships and training, access to and safe use of information and communications technology, in particular in the interest of the protection of children and young people, access to health care, the elimination of discrimination, protection from all forms of violence, intergenerational solidarity, and the impacts of financial, economic and other crises;",
"23. Request the United Nations agencies, and invite the international community and civil society, as well as the private sector, to promote the broader youth development agenda and to strengthen international cooperation and the exchange of good practices in order to support Member States in their efforts to achieve such progress, taking into account the fact that the primary responsibility for ensuring youth development lies with States;",
"24. Urge the United Nations entities, including specialized agencies, funds and programmes, in accordance with their mandates, to support, upon request, the strengthening of national capacities and efforts in the development and implementation of national plans, policies and programmes that can accelerate the achievement of internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and the relevant outcomes and programmes of action, including the World Programme of Action for Youth;",
"25. Request the United Nations entities to enhance their coordination and intensify efforts towards a more coherent, comprehensive and integrated approach to youth development through, inter alia, the Inter-Agency Network on Youth Development, call upon the United Nations entities and relevant partners to develop additional measures to support national, regional and international efforts in addressing challenges hindering youth development, and in this regard encourage close collaboration with Member States as well as other relevant stakeholders, including civil society;",
"26. Request the Secretary-General to submit a report, with due regard to existing reporting obligations, to the Commission for Social Development at its fifty-first session, on national experiences, lessons learned and good practices on how to address problems affecting youth, which report shall also evaluate the achievements and shortcomings of ongoing United Nations programmes related to youth and put forward concrete recommendations on how to more effectively address the challenges hindering the development and participation of youth, including through volunteer activities; how to improve the United Nations programmes and structures related to youth, including their coherence; how to better foster dialogue and mutual understanding among youth worldwide; and how to assess progress in these fields, and should be prepared in consultation with Member States, as well as the relevant specialized agencies, funds and programmes, and regional commissions, taking into account the work done by the United Nations system; and also request the Secretariat to consult, as appropriate, with youth-led and youth-focused organizations to ensure that various youth inputs are duly shared with the Commission for Social Development during its deliberations;",
"27. Reiterate our request to the Secretary-General to propose a set of possible indicators linked to the World Programme of Action for Youth and the proposed goals and targets, in order to assist Member States in assessing the situation of youth, encouraging continued consultations with Member States;",
"28. Renew our resolve to fulfil our commitments to promote youth development, dialogue and mutual understanding, paying due attention to the relevant internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and relevant outcomes and programmes of action, including the World Programme of Action for Youth. Therefore, we pledge to commit to the following actions:",
"(a) Call upon the international community to continue to support the efforts of Member States, together with civil society, including youth-led organizations, the private sector and other parts of society, to anticipate and offset the negative social and economic consequences of globalization and to maximize its benefits for young people;",
"(b) Also call upon donors, including Member States and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, to support the efforts of Member States in the implementation of this outcome document as well as the World Programme of Action for Youth;",
"(c) Address the high rates of youth unemployment, underemployment, vulnerable employment and informal employment by developing and implementing targeted and integrated national youth employment policies for inclusive job creation; improved employability; skill development and vocational training to meet specific labour market needs of youth, including young migrants; and increased entrepreneurship, including the development of networks of young entrepreneurs at the local, national, regional and global levels, which foster knowledge among young people about their rights and responsibilities in society; and in this regard request donors, specialized United Nations entities and the private sector to continue to provide assistance, including technical and funding support, as required;",
"(d) Urge Member States to address the global challenge of youth unemployment by developing and implementing strategies that give young people everywhere a real chance to find decent and productive work, and, in this context, consider undertaking efforts towards the development of a global strategy on youth employment with a focus on youth unemployment, and encourage Member States, employers’ organizations, trade unions, the private sector, institutions of education at all levels, youth organizations and civil society, with the support of the international community, all relevant stakeholders, including financial institutions, and the United Nations system, as appropriate, to develop partnerships in this regard to foster inclusive employment opportunities in the labour market, including through the promotion of youth entrepreneurship, taking into account regional and national particularities;",
"(e) Undertake appropriate measures, in cooperation with civil society, including youth-led organizations, educational institutions and the private sector, in order to strengthen international, regional and national partnerships to foster mutual respect, tolerance and understanding among young people with different racial, cultural and religious backgrounds;",
"(f) Increase efforts to improve the quality of education and promote universal access to education, particularly for young women, out-of-school youth, youth with disabilities, indigenous youth, youth in rural areas, young migrants, and youth living with HIV and affected by AIDS, without discrimination on any basis, to ensure that they can acquire the knowledge, capacities, skills and ethical values needed, including by appropriate access to scholarships and other mobility programmes, non-formal education, as well as technical and vocational education and training, to develop and to participate fully in the process of social, economic and political development, since knowledge and education are key factors for youth participation, dialogue and mutual understanding;",
"(g) Promote and provide human rights education and learning for youth, taking particular account of young women, and develop initiatives in that regard, in order to promote dialogue and mutual understanding, tolerance and friendship among youth of all nations;",
"(h) Urge Member States to take effective measures in conformity with international law to protect young people affected or exploited by terrorism and incitement;",
"(i) Adopt appropriate laws and develop strategies for the prevention and elimination of all forms of violence against youth, in all settings, and to ensure the implementation of policies and adequately resourced programmes on ending violence against youth, including initiatives to support youth action to end violence through youth-led organizations and networks;",
"(j) Strengthen the use of information and communications technology to improve the quality of life of young people, and, with the support of the United Nations system, donors, the private sector and civil society, promote universal, non‑discriminatory, equitable, safe and affordable access to information and communications technology, especially in schools and public places, and remove the barriers to bridging the digital divide, including through transfer of technology and international cooperation, as well as promote the development of locally relevant content and implement measures to equip young people with the knowledge and skills needed to use information and communications technology appropriately and safely;",
"(k) Ensure that young people enjoy the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health by providing youth with access to sustainable health systems and social services without discrimination and by paying special attention to, and raising awareness regarding, nutrition, including eating disorders and obesity, the effects of non-communicable and communicable diseases and sexual and reproductive health, as well as measures to prevent sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV and AIDS;",
"(l) Promote youth participation in training and capacity-building for environmental issues, including climate change adaptation and mitigation, tackling desertification and other challenges, particularly for those who are engaged in agricultural production and play a vital role in providing food security, which is threatened by climate change;",
"(m) Promote and protect effectively the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all migrants, especially young people, regardless of their migration status, address international migration through international, regional or bilateral cooperation and dialogue and through a comprehensive and balanced approach, recognizing the roles and responsibilities of countries of origin, transit and destination in promoting and protecting the human rights of all migrants, especially young people, and address the root causes of youth migration, while avoiding approaches that might aggravate their vulnerability;",
"(n) Urge Member States to take concerted actions in conformity with international law to remove the obstacles to the full realization of the rights of young people living under foreign occupation to promote the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals;",
"(o) Encourage Member States, the international community, the United Nations system and the private sector to support youth-led organizations in achieving openness and inclusiveness and to strengthen their capacity to participate in national and international development activities;",
"(p) Encourage Member States to strengthen mechanisms for partnerships with civil society, including youth-led organizations, as contributions to youth development, and create effective channels of cooperation, dialogue and information exchange among young people, including rural and urban youth, their national Governments and other relevant decision makers, as appropriate;",
"(q) Call upon donors, including Member States and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, to actively contribute to the United Nations Youth Fund in order to support catalytic and innovative actions in the field of youth and to facilitate the participation of youth representatives from developing countries in the activities of the United Nations Programme on Youth, taking into account the need for a greater geographic balance of youth representation, and, in this regard, request the Secretary-General to take appropriate action to encourage contributions to the Fund as well as synergy with other youth-related funds of United Nations entities.",
"111th plenary meeting 26 July 2011"
] | A_RES_65_312 | [
"Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 26 July 2011",
"[without reference to a Main Committee (A/65/L.87)]",
"65/312. Outcome document of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on Youth: Mutual Dialogue and Understanding",
"The General Assembly,",
"Recalling its resolution 64/134 of 18 December 2009, in particular paragraph 3, and its resolution 65/267 of 15 March 2011, in particular paragraph 1,",
"Adopts the following outcome document of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on Youth: Mutual Dialogue and Understanding:",
"Outcome document of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on Youth: Mutual Dialogue and Understanding",
"We, Heads of State and Government, Ministers and representatives of Member States gathered at a high-level meeting held at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 25 and 26 July 2011 to discuss the theme " Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding " ,",
"1. We stress the need to disseminate and promote among young people the ideals of peace, freedom, justice, tolerance, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, solidarity and dedication to the goals of progress and development, and to educate them in this regard;",
"2. We recall resolution 64/134 of 18 December 2009, in which the General Assembly proclaimed the year beginning on 12 August 2010 as the International Year of Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding, and we recognize the importance of the High-level Meeting as the most outstanding event of the International Year of Youth;",
"3. We reaffirm the World Programme of Action for Youth, including its 15 interrelated priority areas, and call upon Member States to continue to implement it at the local, national, regional and international levels;",
"4. We encourage Member States to develop comprehensive policies and action plans focusing on the best interests of young people, particularly the poor and marginalized, and to include all aspects of youth development, and also encourage the international community and the United Nations system to support national youth programmes and to further develop and improve the existing international youth framework, including the World Programme of Action for Youth,",
"5. We also encourage Member States to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women in all aspects of youth development, recognizing the vulnerability of girls and young women and the important role of children and young people in ensuring gender equality;",
"6. We note with appreciation the activities, special events, contributions and inputs made by Member States and all stakeholders, including youth-led organizations, the private sector, civil society and the media, as well as United Nations entities, and take into account the contributions of youth-led organizations to the outcome document of the High-level Meeting;",
"7. We recognize that the ways in which young people can meet their aspirations, meet the challenges and realize their potential will influence the current social and economic conditions and the well-being and livelihoods of future generations, and stress the need for continued efforts to promote the interests of youth, including the full enjoyment of their human rights, supporting them in realizing their potential, developing their skills and overcoming obstacles;",
"8. We recall the commitment to meeting the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and to implement the outcomes of the global conferences and summits and relevant programmes;",
"9. We emphasize the important role played by effective sectoral and cross-sectoral national youth policies, which reflect youth in all their diversity, as well as international cooperation, in promoting the implementation of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals;",
"10. We invite Member States to review and evaluate the implementation of their commitments to the relevant internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and relevant outcomes and programmes of action, including the World Programme of Action for Youth, and request the United Nations regional commissions to assist Member States in sharing information on national experiences, lessons and good practices in this regard;",
"11. We encourage Member States to continue to develop effective national youth policies, as well as implementing, monitoring and evaluating existing ones, taking into account their cultural context with regard to youth development, as well as to promote relevant regional youth programmes;",
"12. " We reaffirm our determination to give priority attention to the promotion of youth and their interests and to address the challenges impeding their development, in particular through poverty eradication, the promotion of sustained economic growth, sustainable development, full and productive employment and decent work for all, and call for increased participation of youth and youth-led organizations in the formulation of local, national, regional and international development strategies and policies;",
"13. " We reaffirm the need for youth to be protected from all forms of violence, including gender-based violence, trafficking in persons, harassment of their peers and cyberbullying, as well as involvement in criminal activities such as drug-related crimes and related manipulation, and recognize the need for the establishment of safe and appropriate counselling, complaint and complaint mechanisms for young people so that they can obtain redress for their rights;",
"14. " We reaffirm that the strengthening of international cooperation with regard to youth, including through the implementation of all commitments relating to official development assistance, the transfer of appropriate technology, capacity-building, the enhancement of dialogue, mutual understanding and the active participation of youth are crucial elements of efforts to achieve poverty eradication, full employment and social integration;",
"15. We welcome the efforts of Member States to meet their commitments to the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and recognize the contributions of Member States, United Nations entities, civil society organizations, including youth-led organizations, and the private sector to the improvement of the situation of young women, but note with concern that, despite these efforts, a substantial number of youths are in place",
"16. We recognize that most young people in the world live in developing countries and that development barriers pose additional challenges to youth because of their limited access to resources, education and training, health care, employment and opportunities for socio-economic development in the broad sense, and therefore we request United Nations entities to take into account these obstacles to development by designing and implementing their youth-related programmes to the same extent;",
"17. We condemn the recruitment and use of young people in armed conflict, which contravenes applicable international law, deplore the negative consequences of this for the youth involved and call upon Member States, in cooperation with United Nations entities, to take concrete measures and to continue to support programmes aimed at ensuring the effective reintegration and social and economic rehabilitation of demobilized youth;",
"18. " We recognize the importance of preventing and addressing juvenile delinquency, including drug-related crime, and its impact on young people and the sustainable development of society, as well as protecting young victims and witnesses and supporting the rehabilitation, reintegration and inclusion of young offenders in society with a view to their constructive role;",
"19. We invite Member States, following the International Year of Youth, to continue to give the greatest attention, at the national, regional and international levels, to activities dedicated to the promotion, through such means as human rights education and learning, of a culture of dialogue and mutual understanding among and with young people, as development actors, social inclusion, tolerance and peace, and to expand their activities in this regard;",
"20. We reiterate that the full and effective participation of youth and youth-led organizations in relevant decision-making processes by appropriate channels is key to, inter alia, meeting the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and implementing the outcomes of global conferences and summits, as well as the World Programme of Action for Youth;",
"21. We recognize the positive contribution of youth representatives to the General Assembly and other United Nations entities and their role in acting as a major channel of communication between youth and the United Nations, and in this regard we request the Secretary-General to provide adequate support to existing instruments so that they can continue to facilitate their effective participation in the meetings;",
"22. We encourage Member States, in cooperation with relevant actors, to promote dialogue and mutual understanding in order to better address youth issues, in particular with regard to the active participation of youth, youth work, gender equality and the empowerment of women, social integration, full employment and decent work for all, access to quality education, the development of scientific and innovative capacities,",
"23. We call upon United Nations agencies to promote the comprehensive youth development agenda and to strengthen international cooperation and the exchange of good practices in order to support Member States in their efforts to move forward in this area, and invite the international community and civil society, as well as the private sector, to do likewise, bearing in mind that the primary responsibility for ensuring the development of young people rests with States;",
"24. We urge United Nations entities, including the specialized agencies, funds and programmes, to support, in accordance with their mandates, the strengthening of national capacities and the development and implementation of national plans, policies and programmes that accelerate the implementation of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and the implementation of the relevant outcomes and programmes of action, including the World Programme of Action for Youth;",
"25. We call on United Nations entities to improve their coordination and intensify efforts to implement a more coherent, comprehensive and integrated approach to youth development through such means as the Inter-Agency Network for Youth Development, we call on United Nations entities and relevant partners to develop further measures in support of national, regional and international efforts to address the challenges of youth development, and, in this regard, to work closely with relevant actors",
"26. We request the Secretary-General to submit a report, with due regard to existing reporting obligations, to the Commission for Social Development at its fifty-first session on national experiences, lessons and good practices in addressing the challenges of youth, in which the achievements and weaknesses of the programmes of the United Nations are also evaluated",
"27. We reiterate our request to the Secretary-General to propose a set of possible indicators related to the World Programme of Action for Youth and the proposed goals and objectives, in order to assist Member States in assessing the situation of young people, and encourage continued consultations with Member States;",
"28. We renew our determination to fulfil the commitments to promote youth development, dialogue and mutual understanding, with due attention to the relevant internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and relevant outcomes and programmes of action, including the World Programme of Action for Youth. We therefore undertake to take the following measures:",
"(a) Call upon the international community to continue to support the efforts of Member States, together with civil society, including youth-led organizations, the private sector and other parts of society, to anticipate and counter the negative social and economic consequences of globalization, and to seek the maximum benefits for young people;",
"(b) Also call upon donors, including Member States and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, to support the efforts of Member States to implement this outcome document and to implement the World Programme of Action for Youth;",
"(c) Addressing the high rates of unemployment, underemployment, vulnerable employment and informal employment among young people by developing and implementing national youth employment policies with well-defined and integrated objectives to promote the creation of open jobs for all, improving the skills for employment, developing skills and vocational training to address the specific needs of young people related to the labour market, including those of young migrants,",
"(d) To urge Member States to address the global challenge of youth unemployment by developing and implementing strategies that give young people around the world a real opportunity to find decent and productive work, and, in this context, to consider undertaking work leading to the development of a global youth employment strategy that focuses on youth unemployment, and to encourage Member States, employers ' organizations, trade unions, the private sector, educational institutions",
"(e) Undertake appropriate measures, in cooperation with civil society, including youth-led organizations, educational institutions and the private sector, to strengthen international, regional and national partnerships to promote mutual respect, tolerance and understanding among young people of different racial, cultural and religious backgrounds;",
"f) Increasing efforts to improve the quality of education and to promote universal access to it, in particular to young women, unschooled youth, youth with disabilities, indigenous youth, youth in rural areas, young migrants and youth living with HIV and affected by AIDS, without discrimination of any kind, in order to ensure that they can acquire the necessary knowledge, capacity, skills and ethical values, including through appropriate access to education",
"(g) To promote and enable youth education and learning in the field of human rights, taking into account particularly young women, and to develop initiatives in this regard, with a view to fostering dialogue and mutual understanding, tolerance and friendship among young people of all nations;",
"(h) To urge Member States to take effective measures in conformity with international law to protect and incite young people affected by terrorism;",
"(i) Adopt appropriate laws and develop strategies to prevent and eliminate all forms of violence against youth, in all situations, and ensure the implementation of policies and programmes with sufficient funding to end violence against young people, including initiatives to support young people ' s actions to that end through youth-led organizations and networks;",
"(j) Strengthen the use of information and communications technology to improve the quality of life of young people and, with the support of the United Nations system, donors, the private sector and civil society, promote universal, non-discriminatory, equitable, safe and affordable access to information and communications technology, especially in schools and public places, and eliminate barriers to bridging the digital divide, including through the transfer of technology and international cooperation,",
"(k) Ensure that young people enjoy the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health by providing them with non-discriminatory access to sustainable health systems and social services, with special attention to nutrition, including eating disorders and obesity, the effects of communicable and non-communicable diseases and sexual and reproductive health, as well as measures to prevent sexually transmitted diseases, in particular HIV and AIDS, and by raising awareness of sexual and reproductive health",
"(l) Promoting youth participation in training and capacity-building on environmental issues, including adaptation to and mitigation of climate change, combating desertification and other challenges, in particular youth engaged in agricultural production and playing a vital role in food security, which is threatened by climate change;",
"(m) To promote and effectively protect the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all migrants, especially those of young people, regardless of their migration status, to address international migration through international, regional or bilateral cooperation and dialogue and a comprehensive and balanced approach, recognizing the roles and responsibilities of countries of origin, transit and destination in the promotion and protection of the human rights of all migrants, especially young people, while avoiding the root causes of migration,",
"(n) To urge Member States to take concerted action in conformity with international law in order to remove obstacles to the full realization of the rights of young people living under foreign occupation and thereby promote the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals;",
"(o) Encourage Member States, the international community, the United Nations system and the private sector to support youth-led organizations to achieve openness and inclusion, and strengthen their capacity to participate in national and international development activities;",
"(p) Encourage Member States to strengthen partnerships with civil society, including youth-led organizations, in terms of contributions to youth development, and to create effective channels of cooperation, dialogue and exchange of information among young people, including those in rural and urban areas, the Governments of their countries and other relevant decision-making bodies, as appropriate;",
"(q) Call upon donors, including Member States and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, to contribute actively to the United Nations Youth Fund in support of catalytic and innovative youth activities and to facilitate the participation of youth representatives in the activities of the United Nations Youth Programme, taking into account the need for greater geographical balance in the representation of youth, and thus to encourage the United Nations Youth Programme,",
"111th plenary meeting 26 July 2011"
] |
[
"Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia",
"Nota verbal de fecha 20 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente de Suiza ante las Naciones Unidas",
"La Misión Permanente de Suiza ante las Naciones Unidas saluda atentamente al Presidente del Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia y tiene el honor de trasmitirle el informe elaborado por Suiza en cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en las resoluciones 1970 (2011) y 1973 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad (véase el anexo).",
"Anexo de la Nota verbal de fecha 20 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente de Suiza ante las Naciones Unidas",
"Informe elaborado por Suiza en cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en las resoluciones 1970 (2011) y 1973 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad",
"De conformidad con lo dispuesto en el párrafo 25 de la resolución 1970 (2011), de 26 de febrero de 2011, Suiza tiene el honor de presentar al Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) la siguiente información sobre las medidas adoptadas en cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en los párrafos 9, 10, 15 y 17 de dicha resolución.",
"El 30 de marzo de 2011, el Consejo Federal de Suiza (el Gobierno) aprobó la Ordenanza por la que se establecen medidas contra Libia (en lo sucesivo la ordenanza)* a fin de aplicar las sanciones dispuestas en las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas 1970 (2011) y 1973 (2011). Dicha ordenanza tiene por fundamento jurídico la Ley federal de 22 de marzo de 2002 sobre la aplicación de sanciones internacionales (ley de embargos).",
"* Los anexos pueden consultarse en los archivos de la Secretaría.",
"Párrafos 9 y 10 de la resolución 1970 (2011): embargo de armas",
"La ordenanza aplica lo dispuesto en esos párrafos.",
"El artículo 1, párrafo 1, de la ordenanza prohíbe la venta, el suministro o la exportación a Libia o el tránsito por Suiza con destino a Libia o para ser utilizado en Libia de equipo militar de todo tipo.",
"El artículo 1, párrafo 3, prohíbe la prestación de servicios de todo tipo, incluidos servicios financieros, de intermediación o de formación técnica en relación con equipo militar, así como el suministro de mercenarios armados.",
"Por último, el artículo 1, párrafo 4, prohíbe la compra, la importación, el tránsito o el transporte de equipo militar procedente de Libia o la intermediación al respecto.",
"Párrafo 15 de la resolución 1970 (2011): prohibición de viajar",
"El artículo 4 de la ordenanza aplica lo dispuesto en ese párrafo.",
"El artículo 4, párrafo 1, prohíbe la entrada en Suiza o el tránsito por ella de las personas naturales citadas en los anexos 4 y 5 de la ordenanza. En el anexo 4 figura la lista de personas naturales sujetas a sanciones, de conformidad con el anexo I de las resoluciones 1970 (2011) y 1973 (2011).",
"Párrafo 17 de la resolución 1970 (2011): congelación de activos",
"El artículo 2 de la ordenanza aplica lo dispuesto en ese párrafo.",
"Con arreglo al artículo 2, párrafo 1, se congelan los activos y recursos económicos que sean propiedad o estén bajo el control de las personas naturales o jurídicas citadas en los anexos 2 y 3 de la ordenanza. En el anexo 2 figura la lista de personas naturales y jurídicas sujetas a sanciones financieras de conformidad con el anexo II de las resoluciones 1970 (2011) y 1973 (2011).",
"El artículo 2, párrafo 2, prohíbe suministrar activos a personas naturales o jurídicas sujetas a la congelación de activos o poner a su disposición, directa o indirectamente, activos o recursos económicos.",
"Por último, el artículo 8 de la ordenanza establece la obligación de declarar a las autoridades competentes de Suiza los bienes patrimoniales sujetos a congelación de activos.",
"Otras medidas",
"La prohibición de vuelos contenida en el párrafo 17 de la resolución 1973 (2011) se aplica en virtud de lo dispuesto en el artículo 5 de la ordenanza.",
"Además de las medidas antes descritas, Suiza ha impuesto medidas coercitivas adicionales contra Libia. Por una parte, se prohíbe la venta, el suministro o la exportación a Libia o el tránsito por Suiza con destino a Libia de bienes susceptibles de ser utilizados con fines de represión interna (artículo 1, párrafo 2, y anexo 1 de la ordenanza), y, por la otra, se prohíbe viajar y se imponen sanciones financieras a las personas naturales y jurídicas mencionadas en los anexos 3 y 5 de la ordenanza. Estas medidas coercitivas adicionales son idénticas a las adoptadas por la Unión Europea.",
"A comienzos de junio de 2011, los activos libios congelados en Suiza ascendían a alrededor de 650 millones de francos suizos."
] | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Note verbale dated 20 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"The Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit to him herewith the report of Switzerland under Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) (see annex).",
"Annex to the note verbale dated 20 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"Report of Switzerland under Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011)",
"Pursuant to paragraph 25 of resolution 1970 (2011) of 26 February 2011, Switzerland has the honour to provide the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) with the following information on implementation of the measures set out in paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 thereof.",
"* Annexes are on file with the Secretariat and are available for consultation.",
"On 30 March 2011, the Swiss Federal Council (the Government) adopted the Ordinance instituting measures against Libya (hereinafter “the Ordinance”)* with a view to application of the United Nations sanctions established in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). The legal basis for the Ordinance is the Federal Act of 22 March 2002 concerning the application of international sanctions (the Embargo Act).",
"Paragraphs 9 and 10 of resolution 1970 (2011): Arms embargo",
"These paragraphs are implemented by article 1 of the Ordinance.",
"Article 1 (1) prohibits the sale, supply, export or transit of military equipment of all types to Libya or for use in Libya.",
"Article 1 (3) prohibits the provision of services of any kind, including financial services, brokerage services and technical training related to military equipment, as well as the provision of armed mercenaries.",
"Lastly, article 1 (4) prohibits the purchase, import, transit, transport and brokerage of military equipment from Libya.",
"Paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (2011): Travel ban",
"This paragraph is implemented by article 4 of the Ordinance.",
"Article 4 (1) prohibits the entry into or transit through Switzerland of the individuals listed in annexes 4 and 5 of the Ordinance. Annex 4 contains the list of individuals subject to sanctions under annex I of resolution 1970 (2011) and annex I of resolution 1973 (2011).",
"Paragraph 17 of resolution 1970 (2011): Asset freeze",
"This paragraph is implemented by article 2 of the Ordinance.",
"Article 2 (1) provides that funds and economic resources owned or controlled by the individuals, enterprises and entities listed in annexes 2 and 3 of the Ordinance shall be frozen. Annex 2 contains the list of individuals and entities subject to financial sanctions under annex II of resolution 1970 (2011) and annex II of resolution 1973 (2011).",
"Article 2 (2) prohibits the provision of funds to individuals, enterprises and entities subject to the asset freeze and stipulates that funds and economic resources shall not be made directly or indirectly available to them.",
"Lastly, article 8 of the Ordinance establishes the obligation to declare frozen assets to the competent Swiss authorities.",
"Other measures",
"The flight ban established in paragraph 17 of resolution 1973 (2011) is implemented by article 5 of the Ordinance.",
"In addition to the measures described above, Switzerland has taken further coercive measures against Libya. The sale, supply, export and transit of goods which might be used for internal repression have been prohibited (article 1 (2) and annex 1 of the Ordinance). In addition, the travel ban and financial sanctions have been applied to the additional individuals and entities mentioned in annexes 3 and 5 of the Ordinance. These further coercive measures are identical to those taken by the European Union.",
"As at 1 June 2011, Libyan assets valued at approximately 650 million Swiss francs were frozen in Switzerland."
] | S_AC.52_2011_15 | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Note verbale dated 20 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"The Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit to it the report prepared by Switzerland pursuant to Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) (see annex).",
"Annex to the Note verbale dated 20 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"Report prepared by Switzerland pursuant to Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011)",
"In accordance with paragraph 25 of resolution 1970 (2011) of 26 February 2011, Switzerland has the honour to submit to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) the following information on measures taken pursuant to paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of that resolution.",
"On 30 March 2011, the Swiss Federal Council (the Government) approved the Ordinance establishing measures against Libya (hereinafter the ordinance)* to implement the sanctions set out in United Nations Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). This ordinance is legally based on the Federal Act of 22 March 2002 on the application of international sanctions (law of embargoes).",
"♪ The annexes are available in the archives of the Secretariat.",
"Paragraphs 9 and 10 of resolution 1970 (2011): arms embargo",
"The ordinance applies the provisions of those paragraphs.",
"Article 1, paragraph 1, of the ordinance prohibits the sale, supply or export to Libya or transit through Switzerland for Libya or for use in Libya of military equipment of all kinds.",
"Article 1, paragraph 3, prohibits the provision of all types of services, including financial, brokering or technical training in connection with military equipment, as well as the provision of armed mercenaries.",
"Lastly, article 1, paragraph 4, prohibits the purchase, import, transit or transport of military equipment from Libya or the brokering thereof.",
"Paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (2011): travel ban",
"Article 4 of the ordinance applies the provisions of that paragraph.",
"Article 4, paragraph 1, prohibits entry into or transit through Switzerland of natural persons referred to in annexes 4 and 5 of the ordinance. Annex 4 contains the list of natural persons subject to sanctions, in accordance with annex I to resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011).",
"Paragraph 17 of resolution 1970 (2011): asset freeze",
"Article 2 of the ordinance applies the provisions of that paragraph.",
"Under article 2, paragraph 1, assets and economic resources that are owned or controlled by natural or legal persons referred to in annexes 2 and 3 of the ordinance are frozen. Annex 2 contains the list of natural and legal persons subject to financial sanctions in accordance with annex II to resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011).",
"Article 2, paragraph 2, prohibits the provision of assets to natural or legal persons subject to the freezing of assets or to make available, directly or indirectly, assets or economic resources.",
"Finally, article 8 of the ordinance establishes the obligation to declare to the competent authorities of Switzerland the property assets subject to asset freeze.",
"Other measures",
"The ban on flights contained in paragraph 17 of resolution 1973 (2011) applies under article 5 of the ordinance.",
"In addition to the measures described above, Switzerland has imposed additional coercive measures against Libya. On the one hand, it prohibits the sale, supply or export to Libya or transit through Switzerland for Libya of goods that are likely to be used for the purpose of internal repression (art. 1, para. 2, and annex 1 of the ordinance), and on the other, it is prohibited to travel and impose financial sanctions on the natural and legal persons mentioned in annexes 3 and 5 of the ordinance. These additional coercive measures are identical to those adopted by the European Union.",
"In early June 2011, Libyan assets frozen in Switzerland amounted to approximately SwF 650 million."
] |
[
"Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia",
"Nota verbal de fecha 21 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente del Gabón ante las Naciones Unidas",
"La Misión Permanente de la República Gabonesa ante las Naciones Unidas tiene el honor de transmitir el informe del Gobierno del Gabón presentado de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el párrafo 25 de la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad (véase el anexo).",
"Anexo de la nota verbal de fecha 21 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente del Gabón ante las Naciones Unidas",
"Informe del Gobierno de la República Gabonesa presentado de conformidad con la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad, de 26 de febrero de 2011, relativa a la situación en la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia",
"Por medio del presente informe, el Gabón da cumplimiento al párrafo 25 de la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad.",
"Embargo de armas",
"Párrafo 9 de la resolución",
"No se tiene noticia de que en el territorio del Gabón se haya llevado a cabo ninguna de las actividades mencionadas en el párrafo 9 de la resolución con destino a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia.",
"En el curso de sus diferentes misiones de inspección y control de las fronteras marítimas, terrestres y aéreas, los servicios de policía, aduanas, transporte y defensa nacional no han registrado ninguna información relativa al suministro, la venta o la transferencia directos o indirectos de armamento o material conexo realizados desde el territorio del Gabón por personas nacionales o extranjeras utilizando cualesquiera medios de transporte.",
"Además, el Gabón no presta asistencia técnica ni ningún tipo de asistencia financiera a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia. Tampoco le proporciona capacitación ni le suministra personal mercenario.",
"Por otra parte, las excepciones indicadas en los incisos a, b y c del párrafo 9 de la resolución no se aplican al Gabón.",
"Pese a ello, con miras a la aplicación de la resolución, las autoridades del Gabón han adoptado medidas encaminadas a reforzar los controles en las fronteras marítimas, terrestres y aéreas.",
"Párrafo 10 de la resolución",
"El Gabón no importa armamento ni material conexo procedente de la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia.",
"No obstante, las autoridades del Gabón han puesto en práctica medidas de control en las fronteras marítimas, terrestres y aéreas con el objeto de impedir la adquisición de estos artículos por personas nacionales o extranjeras.",
"Prohibición de viajar",
"Párrafo 15 de la resolución",
"El Gabón no ha registrado la entrada a su territorio ni el tránsito por él de las personas indicadas en el anexo I de la resolución.",
"En relación con este asunto, las autoridades del Gabón han puesto en marcha, por conducto de los servicios competentes, un mecanismo operacional fiable destinado a reforzar los controles en las distintas fronteras del territorio, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en la resolución 1970 (2011).",
"Congelación de activos",
"Párrafo 17 de la resolución",
"En relación con el párrafo 17, las instituciones financieras del Gabón no tienen constancia de que entre sus clientes figure ninguna de las personas o entidades incluidas en el anexo II de la resolución, ni de que se hayan producido movimientos de fondos en los que hayan participado esas personas o entidades.",
"Las instituciones financieras y monetarias situadas en el territorio del Gabón, en colaboración con las instituciones subregionales, han adoptado medidas con el fin de asegurar que se cumplan estrictamente las disposiciones del párrafo 17 de la resolución.",
"Al terminarse de redactar este informe nacional, el Gabón sigue dispuesto a participar en cualquier intercambio de información respecto de la aplicación de la resolución."
] | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Note verbale dated 21 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Gabon to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee",
"The Permanent Mission of the Gabonese Republic to the United Nations has the honour to transmit the report of the Gabonese Government submitted pursuant to paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).",
"Annex to the note verbale dated 21 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Gabon to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee",
"Report of the Government of the Gabonese Republic submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) of 26 February 2011 on the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Gabon is submitting the present report in compliance with paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011).",
"Arms embargo",
"Paragraph 9 of the resolution",
"None of the activities referred to in paragraph 9 of the resolution and directed towards the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya have been detected in Gabonese territory.",
"In discharging their various mandates for the inspection and control of maritime, land and air borders, the police, customs, transport and defence services have found no information concerning the direct or indirect supply, sale or transfer of arms and related materiel from Gabonese territory by Gabonese or foreign nationals using any form of transport.",
"In addition, Gabon does not provide any technical assistance, training or financial assistance to Libya, nor does it provide mercenaries to that country.",
"Gabon is likewise not involved in the provision of the items listed as exceptions in paragraph 9 (a), (b) and (c) of the resolution.",
"Nonetheless, the Gabonese authorities, for the purpose of implementing the resolution, have taken measures to strengthen the control of maritime, land and air borders.",
"Paragraph 10 of the resolution",
"Gabon does not import arms or related materiel from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.",
"However, the Gabonese authorities have instituted maritime, land and air border control measures to prohibit the procurement of such items by Gabonese and foreign nationals.",
"Travel ban",
"Paragraph 15 of the resolution",
"Gabon has no record of the entry into or transit through its territory of any of the individuals listed in annex I of the resolution.",
"Concerning this issue, the Gabonese authorities have also introduced, through the competent services, reliable operational arrangements for strengthening border controls pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011).",
"Asset freeze",
"Paragraph 17 of the resolution",
"With respect to paragraph 17, the customer records of financial institutions in Gabon do not include the names of any of the individuals and entities listed in annex II of the resolution, nor do such institutions have any record of movements of funds involving such individuals or entities.",
"Financial and monetary institutions in Gabonese territory, in cooperation with subregional institutions, have taken measures to ensure strict compliance with the provisions of paragraph 17 of the resolution.",
"Having prepared this national report, Gabon remains willing to engage in any exchange of information for the purpose of implementing the resolution."
] | S_AC.52_2011_12 | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Note verbale dated 21 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Gabon to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"The Permanent Mission of the Gabonese Republic to the United Nations has the honour to transmit the report of the Government of Gabon submitted pursuant to paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).",
"Annex to the note verbale dated 21 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Gabon to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"Report of the Government of the Gabonese Republic pursuant to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) of 26 February 2011 on the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Through the present report, Gabon complies with paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011).",
"Arms embargo",
"Paragraph 9 of the resolution",
"It is unclear whether any of the activities referred to in paragraph 9 of the resolution for the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya have been carried out in the territory of Gabon.",
"In the course of their different missions to inspect and control maritime, land and air borders, police, customs, transport and national defence services have not recorded any information regarding the direct or indirect supply, sale or transfer of arms or related materiel from Gabonese territory by national or foreign persons using any means of transport.",
"Furthermore, Gabon does not provide technical assistance or any financial assistance to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Nor does it provide training or supply mercenary personnel.",
"Moreover, the exceptions set out in paragraph 9 (a, b and c) of the resolution do not apply to Gabon.",
"Nevertheless, with a view to implementing the resolution, the Gabonese authorities have taken steps to strengthen controls on maritime, land and air borders.",
"Paragraph 10 of the resolution",
"Gabon does not import arms or related materiel from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.",
"However, the Gabonese authorities have implemented control measures on maritime, land and air borders to prevent the acquisition of these items by national or foreign persons.",
"Travel ban",
"Paragraph 15 of the resolution",
"Gabon has not recorded the entry into or transit through its territory of the persons listed in annex I to the resolution.",
"In this connection, the Gabonese authorities have launched, through the relevant services, a reliable operational mechanism to strengthen controls at the various borders of the territory, in accordance with resolution 1970 (2011).",
"Asset freeze",
"Paragraph 17 of the resolution",
"In connection with paragraph 17, Gabon ' s financial institutions do not have any record of any of the individuals or entities included in annex II to the resolution, nor of any movements of funds involving such persons or entities.",
"The financial and monetary institutions located in the territory of Gabon, in collaboration with the subregional institutions, have taken measures to ensure that the provisions of paragraph 17 of the resolution are strictly enforced.",
"At the end of writing this national report, Gabon remains prepared to participate in any exchange of information regarding the implementation of the resolution."
] |
[
"Presidente:\tSr. Wittig\t(Alemania) \nMiembros:\tBosnia y Herzegovina\tSr. Barbalić\n Brasil Sra. Viotti \n China Sr. Wang Min \n Colombia Sr. Alzate \n Estados Unidos de América Sra. DiCarlo \n Federación de Rusia Sr. Zhukov \n Francia Sr. Bonne \n Gabón Sr. Messone \n\tIndia\tSr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Líbano Sr. Jaber \n Nigeria Sra. Ogwu \n Portugal Sr. Vaz Patto \n\tReino Unido de Gran Bretaña eIrlanda del Norte\tSr. Tatham\n Sudáfrica Sr. Sangqu",
"Orden del día",
"La situación en Côte d’Ivoire",
"Vigésimo octavo informe del Secretario General sobre la Operación de las Naciones Unidas en Côte d’Ivoire (S/2011/387)",
"Se abre la sesión a las 10.50 horas.",
"Aprobación del orden del día",
"Queda aprobado el orden del día.",
"La situación en Côte d’Ivoire",
"Vigésimo octavo informe del Secretario General sobre la Operación de las Naciones Unidas en Côte d’Ivoire (S/2011/387)",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): De conformidad con el artículo 37 del reglamento provisional del Consejo de Seguridad, invito al representante de Côte d’Ivoire a participar en esta sesión.",
"El Consejo de Seguridad comenzará ahora el examen del tema que figura en el orden del día.",
"Los miembros del Consejo tienen ante sí el documento S/2011/458, que contiene el texto de un proyecto de resolución presentado por Francia y los Estados Unidos de América.",
"Deseo señalar a la atención de los miembros del Consejo el documento S/2011/387, que contiene el vigésimo octavo informe del Secretario General sobre la Operación de las Naciones Unidas en Côte d’Ivoire.",
"Entiendo que el Consejo está dispuesto a proceder a la votación del proyecto de resolución que tiene ante sí. Someteré ahora a votación e proyecto de resolución.",
"Se procede a votación ordinaria.",
"Votos a favor:",
"Bosnia y Herzegovina, Brasil, China, Colombia, Francia, Gabón, Alemania, India, Líbano, Nigeria, Portugal, Federación de Rusia, Sudáfrica, Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte y Estados Unidos de América.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Se han emitido 15 votos a favor. Por consiguiente, el proyecto de resolución ha sido aprobado por unanimidad como resolución 2000 (2011).",
"Quisiera aprovechar esta oportunidad para recordar que la resolución 1000 (1995) fue aprobada el 23 de junio de 1995. Es una mera coincidencia que la resolución 1000 (1995), relativa a la Fuerza de las Naciones Unidas para el Mantenimiento de la Paz en Chipre, fuera aprobada bajo la presidencia de Alemania, al igual que la resolución 2000 (2011). Estoy seguro de que hablo en nombre de todos los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad para rendir homenaje a todas las delegaciones que han formado parte del Consejo a lo largo de los 65 años transcurridos desde la aprobación de la resolución 1, el 25 de enero de 1946.",
"Tiene ahora la palabra el representante de Côte d’Ivoire.",
"Sr. Bamba (Côte d’Ivoire) (habla en francés): Como saben los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad, Côte d’Ivoire está saliendo de una violenta crisis posterior a las elecciones, que ocasionó la muerte de 3.000 personas y el desplazamiento interno de 1 millón de personas y llevó a 300.000 refugiados a emigrar a países vecinos. Ello también redundó en el deterioro de gran parte de la infraestructura económica e institucional, en particular las prisiones y los tribunales.",
"El Gobierno de Côte d’Ivoire ha estado esforzándose durante unos dos meses para restablecer la normalidad con rapidez a fin de crear condiciones propicias para aplicar de manera efectiva el programa del Presidente Ouattara, gracias al cual el pueblo de Côte d’Ivoire votó por el Presidente de manera abrumadora, en las elecciones más imparciales, transparentes y libres que hayan tenido lugar en mi país.",
"En este contexto, mi delegación acoge con beneplácito la aprobación unánime por el Consejo de Seguridad de la resolución 2000 (2011), en virtud de la cual se prorroga el mandato de la Operación de las Naciones Unidas en Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) y la Operación Licorne por un período de 12 meses, hasta el 31 de julio de 2012. Al hacerlo, el Consejo de Seguridad ha demostrado su apoyo a la democracia en Côte d’Ivoire y ha puesto de manifiesto el compromiso de la comunidad internacional de apoyar a Côte d’Ivoire en su recuperación y estabilización tras la crisis.",
"Quedan muchos desafíos por delante, sobre todo el de la seguridad, y todos son apremiantes. Al mismo tiempo, se ha avanzado mucho. Por ello, nos congratulamos de la oportuna aprobación de la resolución 2000 (2011), que nos ayudará a acelerar el proceso de normalización en curso.",
"La resolución que hemos aprobado hoy es histórica porque consagra el triunfo de la voluntad del pueblo de Côte d’Ivoire. Sr. Presidente: Como usted señaló, se trata de una resolución simbólica. No es coincidencia que el Consejo haya aprobado las resoluciones 1000 (1995) y 2000 (2011) bajo la Presidencia de Alemania. Es un número redondo, que simboliza un nuevo comienzo, lleno de promesas sobre un futuro radiante de paz y prosperidad para Côte d’Ivoire.",
"Más concretamente, en la resolución 2000 (2011) se aborda el progreso que han logrado las autoridades de Côte d’Ivoire sobre el terreno. En esta resolución se encomian las iniciativas del Presidente de Côte d’Ivoire para estabilizar el país en las esferas de la seguridad, la asistencia a los desplazados internos, la promoción de la reconciliación y la rehabilitación de la infraestructura. Se toma nota del establecimiento de las Forces républicaines de Côte d’Ivoire, en sustitución de las ex Forces de défense et de sécurité de Côte d’Ivoire. Se subraya la importancia de las futuras elecciones legislativas y del pleno restablecimiento del orden constitucional. En esta resolución se apoya la sólida fuerza disuasiva de la Operación de las Naciones Unidas en Côte d’Ivoire, con un límite máximo de 9.792 efectivos sobre el terreno, así como refuerzos.",
"Es importante señalar que en esta resolución se defiende la certificación de las elecciones legislativas, tomando en cuenta los ajustes necesarios. Se encomia el establecimiento de la Comisión de Diálogo, Verdad y Reconciliación, y se atribuye especial importancia a la protección de los civiles y al respeto de los derechos humanos en Côte d’Ivoire. Se reafirma el liderazgo del Gobierno de Côte d’Ivoire para llevar a cabo la reforma del sector de la seguridad, y se aborda la necesidad de un nuevo programa de desarme, desmovilización y reintegración adaptado a las nuevas circunstancias, haciendo hincapié tanto en los criterios objetivos como personales.",
"En la resolución se abordan las recomendaciones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos de Ginebra y se menciona la Corte Penal Internacional, como solicitó el Presidente Ouattara, quien se encuentra en estos momentos en la Sede las Naciones Unidas en Nueva York. Acaba de tener una reunión muy importante y fructífera con el Secretario General, así como una reunión de trabajo con el Presidente de la Asamblea General, en la que aprovechó la oportunidad para reiterar el compromiso de Côte d’Ivoire de abrazar los nobles ideales de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas.",
"El restablecimiento de la paz en Côte d’Ivoire es una realidad visible en la vida cotidiana de la población de Côte d’Ivoire. Esa paz debe fortalecerse y consolidarse para que el país pueda recuperar su prosperidad anterior y su lugar natural como nexo entre la estabilidad económica y el crecimiento económico en la subregión del África occidental. Para ello, hay que seguir ampliando y acelerando el progreso. Mi delegación considera que la reanudación de los mandatos de la UNOCIT y de la Operación Licorne contribuirá de manera decisiva a ese fin.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): No hay más oradores inscritos en mi lista. El Consejo de Seguridad ha concluido así la presente etapa del examen del tema que figura en el orden del día. El Consejo de Seguridad seguirá ocupándose de la cuestión.",
"Se levanta la sesión a las 11.00 horas."
] | [
"President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Barbalić\n Brazil Mrs. Viotti \n China Mr. Wang Min \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Bonne \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n\tIndia\tMr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Lebanon Mr. Jaber \n Nigeria Mrs. Ogwu \n Portugal Mr. Vaz Patto \n Russian Federation Mr. Zhukov \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tMr. Tatham\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo",
"Agenda",
"The situation in Côte d’Ivoire",
"Twenty-eighth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (S/2011/387)",
"The meeting was called to order at 10.50 a.m.",
"Adoption of the agenda",
"The agenda was adopted.",
"The situation in Côte d’Ivoire",
"Twenty-eighth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (S/2011/387)",
"The President: In accordance with rule 37 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite the representative of Côte d’Ivoire to participate in this meeting.",
"The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.",
"Members of the Council have before them document S/2011/458, which contains the text of a draft resolution submitted by France and the United States of America.",
"I wish to draw the attention of Council members to document S/2011/387, containing the twenty-eighth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire.",
"It is my understanding that the Council is ready to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it. I shall put the draft resolution to the vote now.",
"A vote was taken by show of hands.",
"In favour:",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, China, Colombia, France, Gabon, Germany, India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, Russian Federation, South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America.",
"The President: There were 15 votes in favour. The draft resolution has been adopted unanimously as resolution 2000 (2011).",
"I would like to take this opportunity to recall that resolution 1000 (1995) was adopted on 23 June 1995. It is mere coincidence that resolution 1000 (1995), concerning the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus, was, like resolution 2000 (2011), adopted under the presidency of Germany. I am sure that I speak for all members of the Security Council in paying tribute to all delegations that have served on the Council over the 65 years since resolution 1 of 25 January 1946 was adopted.",
"I now give the floor to the representative of Côte d’Ivoire.",
"Mr. Bamba (Côte d’Ivoire) (spoke in French): As the members of the Security Council are aware, Côte d’Ivoire is emerging from a violent post-electoral crisis that killed 3,000 people, displaced 1 million people internally, and led 300,000 refugees to flee to neighbouring countries. It also led to the deterioration of much economic and institutional infrastructure, in particular prisons and courts.",
"The Government of Côte d’Ivoire has been striving for some two months for a swift return to normalcy so as to create conditions conducive to the effective implementation of President Ouattara’s programme, on the basis of which the people of Côte d’Ivoire voted for him overwhelmingly in the most fair, transparent and free democratic election ever held in my country.",
"It is in that context that my delegation welcomes the unanimous adoption by the Security Council of resolution 2000 (2011), extending the mandate of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) and Operation Licorne for 12 months, until 31 July 2012. In so doing, the Security Council has demonstrated its support for democracy in Côte d’Ivoire and made manifest the commitment of the international community to supporting Côte d’Ivoire in its recovery and stabilization following the crisis.",
"There are many challenges ahead, including above all the issue of security, and they are all pressing. At the same time, much progress has been made. We therefore welcome the timely adoption of resolution 2000 (2011), which will help us to accelerate the normalization process under way.",
"The resolution adopted today is historic because it enshrines the victory of the will of the people of Côte d’Ivoire. As you noted, Sir, it is a symbolic resolution. It is not by chance that the Council adopted both resolutions 1000 (1995) and 2000 (2011) under a German presidency. It is a round number, symbolizing a new beginning filled with promise for a radiant future of peace and prosperity for Côte d’Ivoire.",
"More specifically, resolution 2000 (2011) addresses the progress made on the ground by the Ivorian authorities. It commends the initiatives of the President of Côte d’Ivoire to stabilize the country in the areas of security, assistance to internally displaced persons, the promotion of reconciliation and the rehabilitation of infrastructure. It takes note of the establishment of the Forces républicaines de Côte d’Ivoire, replacing the former Forces de sécurité et de defense de Côte d’Ivoire. It stresses the importance of future legislative elections and the full restoration of constitutional order. The resolution maintains the robust deterrent force of UNOCI, with a troop ceiling of 9,792 personnel on the ground, as well as reinforcements.",
"It is important to note that the resolution upholds the certification of the legislative elections, taking the necessary adaptations into account. It commends the establishment of the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and attaches particular importance to the protection of civilians and respect for human rights in Côte d’Ivoire. It reaffirms the leadership of the Government of Côte d’Ivoire in the implementation of security sector reform, and addresses the need for a new disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme tailored to the new circumstances, highlighting both objective and personal criteria.",
"The resolution addresses the recommendations of the Human Rights Council in Geneva and refers to the International Criminal Court, as sought by President Ouattara, who is here at United Nations Headquarters in New York. He has just had a very important and fruitful meeting with the Secretary-General and a working meeting with the President of the General Assembly, at which he took the opportunity to reiterate Côte d’Ivoire’s commitment to adhering to the noble ideals of the United Nations Charter.",
"The return of peace to Côte d’Ivoire is a vibrant reality in the daily lives of the people of Côte d’Ivoire. That peace should be strengthened and consolidated so that the country can recover its former prosperity and its natural place as a nexus of political stability and economic growth in the West African subregion. To that end, progress must be further extended and accelerated. My delegation believes that the renewal of the UNOCI and Operation Licorne mandates will contribute decisively to that end.",
"The President: There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda. The Security Council will remain seized of the matter.",
"The meeting rose at 11 a.m."
] | S_PV.6591 | [
"Chairman: Mr. Wittig (Germany) Members: Bosnia and Herzegovina Mr. Barbalić Brasil Sra. Viotti China Mr. Wang Min Colombia Mr. Alzate United States of America Ms. DiCarlo Russian Federation Mr. Zhukov France Mr. Bonne Gabon Mr. Messone India Sr. Manjeev SinghPuri Lebanon Mr. Jaber Nigeria Ms. Ogwu Portugal Mr. Vaz Patto United Kingdom of Great Britain Northern Ireland Mr. Tatham South Africa Sangqu",
"Agenda",
"The situation in Côte d’Ivoire",
"Twenty-eighth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire (S/2011/387)",
"The meeting was called to order at 10.50 a.m.",
"Adoption of the agenda",
"The agenda was adopted.",
"The situation in Côte d’Ivoire",
"Twenty-eighth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire (S/2011/387)",
"The President: In accordance with rule 37 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, I invite the representative of Côte d’Ivoire to participate in this meeting.",
"The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on the agenda.",
"The members of the Council have before them document S/2011/458, which contains the text of a draft resolution submitted by France and the United States of America.",
"I should like to draw the attention of the members of the Council to document S/2011/387, which contains the twenty-eighth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire.",
"I understand that the Council is prepared to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it. I shall now put to the vote and draft resolution.",
"A regular vote was taken.",
"In favour:",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, China, Colombia, France, Gabon, Germany, India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America.",
"The President: 15 votes have been cast in favour. The draft resolution has therefore been adopted unanimously as resolution 2000 (2011).",
"I would like to take this opportunity to recall that resolution 1000 (1995) was adopted on 23 June 1995. It is a mere coincidence that resolution 1000 (1995) on the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus was adopted under the presidency of Germany, as was resolution 2000 (2011). I am sure that I speak on behalf of all members of the Security Council to pay tribute to all delegations that have been members of the Council over the 65 years since the adoption of resolution 1, on 25 January 1946.",
"I now give the floor to the representative of Côte d’Ivoire.",
"Mr. Bamba (Côte d’Ivoire) (spoke in French): As members of the Security Council know, Côte d’Ivoire is emerging from a violent post-electoral crisis, which led to the death of 3,000 people and the internal displacement of 1 million people and led to 300,000 refugees migrating to neighbouring countries. This also resulted in the deterioration of much of the economic and institutional infrastructure, particularly prisons and courts.",
"The Government of Côte d’Ivoire has been working for about two months to restore normal rapidly in order to create conditions conducive to the effective implementation of President Ouattara ' s agenda, thanks to which the people of Côte d’Ivoire voted overwhelmingly for the most impartial, transparent and free elections in my country.",
"In this context, my delegation welcomes the unanimous adoption by the Security Council of resolution 2000 (2011), by which the mandate of the United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire (UNOCI) and Operation Licorne is extended for a period of 12 months, until 31 July 2012. In doing so, the Security Council has demonstrated its support for democracy in Côte d’Ivoire and has demonstrated the commitment of the international community to support Côte d’Ivoire in its recovery and stabilization following the crisis.",
"There are many challenges ahead, especially that of security, and they are all pressing. At the same time, much progress has been made. We therefore welcome the timely adoption of resolution 2000 (2011), which will help us accelerate the current standardization process.",
"The resolution we have adopted today is historic because it consecrates the triumph of the will of the people of Côte d’Ivoire. Mr. President: As you pointed out, this is a symbolic resolution. It was no coincidence that the Council had adopted resolutions 1000 (1995) and 2000 (2011) under the presidency of Germany. It is a round issue, which symbolizes a new beginning, full of promises about a radiant future of peace and prosperity for Côte d’Ivoire.",
"More specifically, resolution 2000 (2011) addresses the progress made by the Ivorian authorities on the ground. This resolution commends the efforts of the President of Côte d’Ivoire to stabilize the country in the areas of security, assistance to internally displaced persons, promotion of reconciliation and rehabilitation of infrastructure. It notes the establishment of the Forces républicaines de Côte d’Ivoire, replacing the former Forces de défense et de sécurité de Côte d’Ivoire. The importance of future legislative elections and the full restoration of constitutional order is underlined. This resolution supports the strong deterrent force of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire, with a ceiling of 9,792 troops on the ground, as well as reinforcements.",
"It is important to note that this resolution defends the certification of legislative elections, taking into account the necessary adjustments. The establishment of the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission was commended, and special importance was attached to the protection of civilians and respect for human rights in Côte d’Ivoire. The leadership of the Government of Côte d’Ivoire to carry out security sector reform is reaffirmed, and the need for a new disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme adapted to new circumstances is addressed, emphasizing both objective and personal criteria.",
"The resolution addresses the recommendations of the Geneva Human Rights Council and mentions the International Criminal Court, as requested by President Ouattara, who is currently at United Nations Headquarters in New York. He had just had a very important and fruitful meeting with the Secretary-General, as well as a working meeting with the President of the General Assembly, in which he took the opportunity to reiterate the commitment of Côte d’Ivoire to embrace the noble ideals of the Charter of the United Nations.",
"The restoration of peace in Côte d’Ivoire is a visible reality in the daily lives of the people of Côte d’Ivoire. Such peace must be strengthened and consolidated so that the country can regain its former prosperity and natural place as a link between economic stability and economic growth in the West African subregion. To that end, progress must be further expanded and accelerated. My delegation believes that the resumption of the mandates of UNOCIT and Operation Licorne will contribute decisively to that end.",
"The President: There are no more speakers on my list. The Security Council has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of the item on the agenda. The Security Council will remain seized of the matter.",
"The meeting rose at 11 a.m."
] |
[
"Presidente:\tSr. Wittig\t(Alemania) \nMiembros:\tBosnia y Herzegovina\tSr. Barbalić\n Brasil Sra. Viotti \n China Sr. Wang Min \n Colombia Sr. Alzate \n Estados Unidos de América Sra. DiCarlo \n Federación de Rusia Sr. Pankin \n Francia Sr. Bonne \n\tGabón\tSr. MoungaraMoussotsi\n\tIndia\tSr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Líbano Sra. Ziade \n Nigeria Sra. Ogwu \n Portugal Sr. Moraes Cabral \n\tReino Unido de Gran Bretaña eIrlanda del Norte\tSr. Tatham\n Sudáfrica Sr. Sangqu",
"Orden del día",
"Operaciones de las Naciones Unidas para el mantenimiento de la paz",
"Se abre la sesión a las 11.15 horas.",
"Aprobación del orden del día",
"Queda aprobado el orden del día.",
"Operaciones de las Naciones Unidas para el mantenimiento de la paz",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): De conformidad con el artículo 39 del reglamento provisional del Consejo, invito al Secretario General Adjunto de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz de las Naciones Unidas, Sr. Alain Le Roy, al Comandante de la Fuerza de la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur, Teniente General Patrick Nyamvumba, al Comandante de la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en la República Democrática del Congo, Teniente General Chander Prakash, al Comandante de la Fuerza y Jefe de la Fuerza Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en el Líbano, General de División Alberto Asarta Cuevas, y al Comandante de la Fuerza de la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Liberia, General de División Muhammad Khalid, a participar en esta sesión.",
"Quisiera igualmente dar una cordial bienvenida a los demás comandantes de las fuerzas y jefes de observadores militares que se hallan presentes con nosotros hoy.",
"El Consejo de Seguridad iniciará ahora el examen del tema del orden del día.",
"Tiene la palabra el Sr. Le Roy.",
"Sr. Le Roy (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Le agradecemos que haya dado a todos nuestros jefes de las misiones la oportunidad de comparecer ante el Consejo. Cuatro de ellos intervendrán. El primero, el Teniente General Nyamvumba, hablará sobre la cuestión de la protección de los civiles en entornos poco propicios. El Teniente General Prakash, de la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en la República Democrática del Congo, hablará sobre la repercusión de la política de condicionalidad en la operación. El General de División Asarta Cuevas, de la Fuerza Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en el Líbano, hablará sobre las preocupaciones en materia de seguridad en el Líbano meridional y su repercusión en las operaciones diarias. El General de División Khalid, de la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Liberia, hablará sobre el papel de los componentes militares en la primera etapa de la consolidación de la paz.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el Teniente General Patrick Nyamvumba.",
"El Teniente General Nyamvumba (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Deseo darle las gracias por haberme permitido dirigirme al Consejo de Seguridad sobre la protección de los civiles en un entorno poco propicio. Hoy examinaré cuestiones del entorno operacional, la experiencia y el enfoque estratégico y los esfuerzos realizados por la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur (UNAMID) para cumplir su mandato relativo a la protección de los civiles. En primer lugar, hablaré brevemente sobre el entorno poco propicio en Darfur y la estrategia de protección de los civiles de la UNAMID. Luego analizaré los esfuerzos que ha realizado la UNAMID para brindar protección a los civiles y, por último, hablaré sobre los desafíos que supone la cuestión que se examina.",
"Para comenzar, permítaseme referirme al entorno operacional de Darfur. Baste decir que el entorno en todo Darfur es efectivamente poco propicio. Es una zona grande, con difíciles condiciones climáticas, carece de carreteras e infraestructura suficientes y tiene recursos locales limitados. Darfur es grande y en casi todos los casos carece de instalaciones básicas de infraestructura, lo que crea considerables barreras para llegar a los sectores de la población que corren riesgos y necesitadas. Las malas condiciones de las carreteras suelen demorar la circulación y restringir las actividades operacionales, principalmente durante la temporada de lluvias, de junio a octubre.",
"Además, el entorno poco propicio para la protección de los civiles en Darfur es también resultado de los enfrentamientos armados localizados entre el Gobierno del Sudán y grupos beligerantes, así como de los conflictos y enfrentamientos tribales localizados, por lo general por los recursos naturales. Entre otros factores figuran el bandidaje organizado, la disponibilidad generalizada de armas pequeñas, la violencia sexual y el reclutamiento de niños, así como las detenciones arbitrarias.",
"En algunas zonas hemos visto que, debido a los enfrentamientos localizados entre el Gobierno del Sudán y los grupos armados, la circulación de la UNAMID, tanto por tierra como por aire, se ha visto en ocasiones limitada por las facciones beligerantes que impiden, sin lugar a dudas, nuestros esfuerzos por proteger a los civiles. Además, a falta de un acuerdo de paz definitivo o de una cesación del fuego entre todos los beligerantes en Darfur, continúa el conflicto, dando lugar a que el Gobierno del Sudán y los grupos armados restrinjan de nuevo el acceso a esas zonas; entorno inseguro para los componentes humanitarios y un mayor sufrimiento de los habitantes. Habida cuenta de la presencia de diversos grupos de interés y partes interesadas, la situación de seguridad sigue siendo volátil, y los conflictos entre facciones o tribus siguen produciéndose entre todas esas partes beligerantes.",
"En última instancia, la protección de los habitantes de Darfur depende de la disposición y capacidad del Gobierno del Sudán de cumplir con su responsabilidad soberana de proteger a sus ciudadanos. Por consiguiente, en la estrategia de protección de la UNAMID, entre otras cosas, se identifican los objetivos y las tareas concretas para colaborar con el Gobierno del Sudán y ayudarlo a cumplir sus responsabilidades de protección de conformidad con las normas internacionales de derechos humanos. Nuestra estrategia de protección en la UNAMID se basa en el mandato relativo a la protección de los civiles de la UNAMID, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en las resoluciones 1769 (2007), 1828 (2008) y 1935 (2010), y el comunicado de la 79ª reunión del Consejo de Paz y Seguridad de la Unión Africana. Las tareas establecidas en el mandato son proteger a los civiles en Darfur y garantizar el acceso humanitario oportuno, sin trabas y en condiciones de seguridad; la protección y seguridad del personal humanitario y la protección de los convoyes humanitarios.",
"La estrategia de protección de los civiles de la UNAMID se preparó en estrechas consultas con el equipo de las Naciones Unidas en el país. Se basa en el marco estratégico integrado del equipo y la UNAMID y ayuda a orientarlo, así como en el plan de trabajo humanitario de las Naciones Unidas para el Sudán; la directiva de la UNAMID para la misión sobre la protección de los civiles; la directiva del Comandante de la Fuerza de la UNAMID y el concepto operacional sobre la protección de los civiles en las operaciones de las Naciones Unidas para el mantenimiento de la paz del Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz y del Departamento de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre el Terreno. De conformidad con sus funciones y responsabilidades estratégicas, la UNAMID ha creado un sistema de conocimiento de la situación y de alerta temprana. Además, observa y evalúa los incidentes que se producen e informa al respecto, se ocupa de la planificación y ejecución, coordinación, comunicaciones e información pública operacionales.",
"En vista de su mandato, y a partir del análisis del entorno de protección en Darfur, en la estrategia de la UNAMID se esbozan los cuatro objetivos principales, que son, en primer lugar, garantizar que el Gobierno y los grupos armados y otros agentes no estatales cumplan con su responsabilidad de proteger a los civiles, de conformidad con los derechos humanos y el derecho internacional humanitario; en segundo lugar, proteger a los civiles de los actos de violencia física; en tercer lugar, garantizar la libertad de acceso a los sectores de la población que estén en situación de riesgo y, por último, impedir las violaciones de los derechos humanos y garantizar una respuesta eficaz, principalmente en cuanto a las mujeres y los niños.",
"Me referiré ahora de manera más concreta a nuestras actividades relativas a la protección de los civiles. A pesar de los numerosos obstáculos en nuestro entorno operacional, la UNAMID ha venido realizando esfuerzos incansables por adoptar algunas iniciativas encaminadas a mejorar la protección que brinda a los civiles. Hemos mantenido una presencia más amplia en todo Darfur, principalmente en las zonas en las que los enfrentamientos han afectado a las comunidades civiles. Hemos mejorado el mecanismo de alerta temprana y de respuesta temprana de la Misión publicando informes semanales analíticos sobre la protección de los civiles, además de celebrar reuniones semanales de coordinación entre civiles y militares.",
"Hemos aumentado considerablemente nuestras actividades de patrullaje para incluir un mayor patrullaje en las distintas aldeas, tanto de día como de noche; proteger los campamentos de desplazados internos; proteger los mercados; colaborar en los programas de desarme, desmovilización y reintegración; y brindar escolta humanitaria, logística y administrativa. El componente militar de la UNAMID, junto con otros componentes de la Misión, ya ha dejado una amplia huella en Darfur. En 2010, el componente militar de la UNAMID realizó un total de 33.963 patrullas; en comparación, en los primeros seis meses de 2011 el número ya ha llegado a 23.554. Esa es evidentemente una marcada mejora, que muestra el aumento de nuestros esfuerzos por proteger a civiles inocentes. La UNAMID ha podido ayudar a estabilizar las bases de operaciones en los campamentos de Shangil Tobaya, Khor Abeche, Hamidiya, Hassa Hissa y Kalma.",
"La UNAMID ha facilitado el acceso a los agentes humanitarios para que brinden asistencia en Jebel Marra y Jebel Moon. En el caso de Jebel Marra, procuramos activamente establecer una base provisional de operaciones en Feina como centro humanitario para llegar a otras localidades de la zona. En todas esas zonas ha habido una considerable mejora de la situación de seguridad y, como resultado de ello, un gran número de desplazados internos —aproximadamente 1.500 por mes desde enero— ha comenzado a regresar a sus hogares. Hemos colaborado en el movimiento de familias dentro del sector septentrional y el reasentamiento de los que regresan del Chad en el sector occidental. La Misión ha venido participando en la solución de controversias por las granjas y el agua entre los nómadas, así como de los enfrentamientos tribales.",
"En mayo y junio, la UNAMID, en colaboración con el equipo humanitario en el país, comenzó a realizar esfuerzos para llegar y brindar asistencia de socorro a las zonas a las que no había tenido acceso antes.",
"Los proyectos de efecto rápido también han proporcionado dividendos al satisfacer diversas necesidades de las poblaciones. El ejercicio que lleva el nombre de Operación cesta de primavera ha sido conceptualizado en el marco de la estrategia de la UNAMID sobre la protección de los civiles como un medio para mejorar la prestación de socorro humanitario a través de la ampliación del acceso a zonas difíciles de alcanzar y para llegar a un mayor número de personas necesitadas.",
"Tras las negociaciones celebradas con el Gobierno del Sudán y los movimientos armados, la Operación cesta de primavera se inició el 1 de mayo con un total de nueve misiones de evaluación, que se completaron durante los meses de mayo y junio de 2011. Las misiones han podido proporcionar un suministro limitado de vacunas para mujeres y niños, así como materiales de educación y de vivienda para una escuela de niñas en Darfur septentrional.",
"La protección es, sin lugar a dudas, un esfuerzo conjunto de la UNAMID y de la comunidad humanitaria. Sin embargo, esa comunidad es culturalmente independiente y tiene su propio programa y sus prioridades y, algunas veces, no se siente cómoda prestando asistencia con participación militar. En el plano organizativo, si bien la Oficina de Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios se ocupa de la coordinación, no tiene autoridad, incentivos ni castigos que permitan aumentar la participación del sistema de las Naciones Unidas o de organizaciones no gubernamentales.",
"La UNAMID ha proporcionado escoltas y corredores para la prestación de servicios humanitarios, incluidos los relacionados con la alimentación, el agua, la higiene, la vacunación y el cobijo. Algunas de esas actividades han logrado reducir la mortalidad materna y disminuir la tasa de mortalidad infantil. La Dependencia de VIH/SIDA también está trabajando con los componentes militar, policial y civil de la UNAMID para consolidar la capacidad del personal de la misión en cuestiones relacionadas con la integración del VIH/SIDA en sus diversas actividades. Desde enero de 2011, la Dependencia de VIH/SIDA de la UNAMID ha prestado valiosos servicios a más de 1.000 excombatientes desmovilizados en distintas partes de Darfur. Se espera que la tercera etapa, prevista para julio y agosto de 2011, continúe centrándose de manera más firme y amplia en la prestación de socorro humanitario.",
"Nuestros esfuerzos destinados a proteger a los civiles también encaran diferentes retos. El más importante es que si no se produce una cesación del fuego amplia, incluyente y legítima por parte de todos los movimientos armados, la seguridad de los civiles seguirá siendo motivo de gran preocupación. Cabe señalar que en muchas ocasiones a la UNAMID se le ha impedido el acceso a algunas zonas debido a los combates, lo cual sigue creando dificultades para la protección de los civiles. Entre otros retos se incluye el hecho de que los efectivos de mantenimiento de la paz también han sido blanco de ataques, y siete de ellos perdieron la vida en 2010 y 2011.",
"Por último, la falta de capacitación y de equipos adecuados por parte de los países que aportan contingentes constituye uno de los principales problemas que afecta la eficiencia en la protección de los civiles en Darfur. Si duda es lamentable que, a pesar de órdenes deliberadas, algunos países que aportan contingentes no hayan actuado de conformidad con los requisitos de capacitación que exige el mandato de la Misión.",
"He querido proporcionar una idea de las estrategias para proteger a los civiles y de las directrices de la UNAMID, y he esbozado la realidad que existe sobre el terreno. Contra ese telón de fondo, he subrayado los esfuerzos y actividades que realizamos para mejorar la vida humana. Indudablemente, la protección de los civiles en Darfur es una tarea ardua y exigente. No obstante, proseguiremos con nuestra determinación y nuestros esfuerzos. Continuaremos esforzándonos constantemente para superar los desafíos con todos los medios de que dispongamos, y seguiremos contando con el apoyo del Consejo de Seguridad.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Doy las gracias al Teniente General Nyamvumba por su exposición informativa.",
"Tiene la palabra el Teniente General Chander Prakash.",
"El Teniente General Prakash (habla en inglés): Como Comandante de la Fuerza de una de las misiones de las Naciones Unidas para el mantenimiento de la paz más grandes —la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en la República Democrática del Congo (MONUSCO)— es un honor para mí que se me haya brindado la oportunidad de dirigirme al Consejo esta mañana sobre la política de condicionalidad y sus repercusiones en las operaciones.",
"La política se ha estado aplicando en la MONUSCO desde hace 18 meses, y ahora tenemos una idea bastante clara de lo que puede lograr y de las cuestiones conexas. Posteriormente entraré en detalles sobre este tema pero, antes de hacerlo, quizá sea útil que comience refiriéndome a lo que implica la política y la forma en que la MONUSCO la está aplicando.",
"La protección de los civiles que se realiza para apoyar al Gobierno de la República Democrática del Congo sigue siendo el objetivo principal de nuestra labor. Entre las otras tareas de la Misión, se nos ha encomendado apoyar los esfuerzos del Gobierno destinados a concluir las operaciones militares desplegadas para luchar contra las Fuerzas Democráticas de Liberación de Rwanda (FDLR), el Ejército de Resistencia del Señor (LRA) y otros grupos armados, especialmente respaldando a las Fuerzas Armadas de la República Democrática del Congo (FARDC) a través de operaciones conjuntas. Sin embargo, como se establece en la resolución 1925 (2010) y como se ha ejecutado en su mandato actual —la resolución 1991 (2011)— el apoyo de la MONUSCO a las FARDC está estrictamente condicionado al cumplimiento por parte de las Fuerzas con las disposiciones del derecho internacional humanitario y las normas relativas a los derechos humanos, así como con el derecho de los refugiados. Esta advertencia es lo que se denomina política de condicionalidad, e indica la forma en que la Misión aborda la tarea de apoyar a las FARDC y a otras autoridades congoleñas.",
"La política se ha traducido en un procedimiento operativo normalizado y detallado de la misión, en el que se establecen una serie de requisitos muy claros que deben cumplirse para prestar apoyo a las FARDC. El apoyo consiste principalmente en combustible, raciones, transporte, apoyo al fuego, asesoramiento especializado y evacuación de víctimas. Algunas acciones de las FARDC contra los grupos armados, como la operación Amani Leo y la operación Piedra de Hierro, entre otras, se llevan a cabo con un apoyo considerable de la MONUSCO. Ese apoyo está condicionado a que las operaciones se hayan planificado conjuntamente en forma suficiente, en particular en lo que respecta a la protección de los civiles. El apoyo se limita a unidades y a comandantes que tengan un historial aceptable en materia de derechos humanos. De manera implícita también se incluye el requisito de una selección de personal clave y la visibilidad de las acciones de las FARDC en el terreno. Se niega apoyo en la etapa de planificación a las unidades o a los comandantes que se considera que han cometido graves violaciones de los derechos humanos, incluso violaciones masivas y empleo de niños soldados.",
"En este sentido, se ha establecido un proceso de selección muy completo. Incluso después de haber prestado el apoyo, si en alguna etapa se revela que se ha incumplido la política de condicionalidad, se puede retirar el apoyo tras notificar debidamente a las autoridades de la República Democrática del Congo, y si ellas no adoptan las medidas apropiadas, como fue el caso cuando uno de los batallones cometió recientemente violaciones graves de derechos humanos. El procedimiento operativo normalizado sigue siendo objeto de corrección.",
"Periódicamente, el grupo superior de gestión, en consulta con representantes de la comunidad humanitaria, incluida la Oficina de Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios, supervisa la aplicación de la política de condicionalidad. Los efectos de la política de condicionalidad son ahora patentes.",
"Sin duda, hay algunos aspectos positivos. En algunas zonas la política ha tenido un efecto positivo en las operaciones que llevan a cabo las FARDC. Ha servido para acercar más a la Fuerza de la MONUSCO y a las FARDC a fin de planificar operaciones conjuntas y desarrollar conceptos operativos aplicables a las singulares condiciones que imperan en la República Democrática del Congo. Ambas partes han aprendido mutuamente, y, como consecuencia, las operaciones han llegado a ser más sofisticadas en su diseño y ejecución. Lo importante es que la protección de los civiles se ha tenido en consideración desde el inicio del proceso de planificación, ya que se trata de lograr aportaciones de un gran número de interesados, incluida la Oficina Conjunta de Derechos Humanos en la Misión. Los esfuerzos de la Misión y los de las FARDC ahora están mucho mejor coordinados, lo que aporta obvios beneficios respecto de lo que se puede lograr sobre el terreno. Lo que se requiere de la MONUSCO es un examen detenido de la distribución del apoyo logístico, lo cual tiene beneficios operativos evidentes. Ha contribuido a garantizar que nuestro apoyo llegue a las tropas desplegadas sobre el terreno como se ha previsto, a fin de asegurar que estén alimentadas y mantenidas en forma adecuada, lo que contribuirá así al estado de ánimo individual y a la motivación.",
"La existencia misma de la política de condicionalidad, así como la política de “tolerancia cero” del Presidente Kabila, ha servido para recordar a los comandantes las responsabilidades personales que les incumben al ejercer un mando y un control efectivos de sus propias tropas en las operaciones. Por su propio bien y por el de la unidad, han tenido que prestar más atención a lo que hacen los contingentes en su nombre.",
"En términos generales, la conducta reciente de las unidades de las FARDC con el apoyo de la MONUSCO ha sido satisfactoria y la conducción de la mayoría de las operaciones conjuntas no ha recibido una publicidad negativa. En un ejército integrado por profesionales, ex rebeldes y Mayi-Mayi, que ha provocado críticas por acosar a la población local, hemos comenzado ahora a ver señales alentadoras de mejoras en la esfera de la disciplina personal y los valores humanos.",
"Existen algunos problemas. Pese a ciertos beneficios obvios, la política plantea ciertas cuestiones y problemas a la Misión. Los limitados recursos de que dispone la Misión con el objeto de aplicar la política de condicionalidad, además de cumplir otros compromisos, implica que existe una restricción en el número de unidades de las FARDC que puede sostener. En un momento nos quedamos sin observadores y contingentes militares para cumplir las funciones de supervisión. Nos quedamos también sin personal civil para realizar las verificaciones necesarias. Además, la experiencia ha revelado que hay muchos comandantes que no cumplen con los criterios previstos. Por lo tanto, una de las consecuencias de nuestra política de condicionalidad es que nuestra capacidad para ponernos en contacto con todas las partes del orden de batalla de las FARDC e influir en ellas no es tan importante como hubiésemos deseado.",
"Sin embargo, aun cuando contáramos con los recursos necesarios, seguiríamos ante la situación de que las FARDC ya no muestran gran interés en realizar operaciones conjuntas, sobre todo en los Kivus. Ellos sostienen, con cierta justificación, que la sorpresa y la seguridad se pierden debido a los prolongados preparativos y las amplias consultas. Por lo tanto, la tendencia es alejarse de las operaciones conjuntas hacia las operaciones unilaterales de las FARDC, respecto de las cuales la Misión tiene poca supervisión o influencia.",
"Es evidente que hemos abierto un nuevo camino con la introducción de una política de condicionalidad. No teníamos nada en que basarnos en cuanto a una orientación ensayada y probada para la ejecución de la política. Solo con el paso del tiempo logramos adquirir más confianza en cuanto a las mejores formas de ejecutar la política. Se han producido presiones y tensiones a lo largo del camino, incluso con nuestros asociados de las FARDC, que se quejaron de la falta de consultas y participación, sobre todo en los primeros tiempos en que se examinaba el retiro del apoyo a las unidades involucradas. Los pedidos de cambios de comandantes provocaron sentimientos de injerencia en ámbitos relacionados con la soberanía nacional.",
"Nuestras propias tropas enfrentaron también el dilema de determinar cuál era la prioridad: ¿supervisar a las FARDC que eran objeto de apoyo o enfrentar a las fuerzas antigubernamentales? Ello no fue fácil, sobre todo para los comandantes sobre el terreno de menor experiencia que están más entrenados para la claridad que para la ambigüedad. ¿Quién está en cada parte? ¿Cuándo deben actuar y de qué forma? Sin duda la condicionalidad ha aumentado aún más la presión de esos oficiales y ha confundido y complicado la situación operacional.",
"Deseo formular algunas recomendaciones. Tras haber descrito algunas de las formas en que la política de condicionalidad puede afectar a las operaciones, deseo ahora formular algunas sugerencias sobre la forma en que puede ampliarse en las futuras misiones. En primer lugar, la política de condicionalidad por sí misma no puede obtener beneficios a largo plazo. Debe hacerse al mismo tiempo un seguimiento de esa política y ésta debe ir acompañada de reformas militares más amplias, como la integración adecuada y la reforma del sector de la seguridad.",
"En segundo lugar, si bien es conveniente que el sistema de verificación sea amplio y profundo, además de requerir amplios recursos, se tiende a reducir el número de comandantes y unidades disponibles para las operaciones que pueden recibir el apoyo de la MONUSCO. El alcance de esa tarea debe examinarse nuevamente. Debemos encontrar un equilibrio entre lo que es conveniente y lo que es viable, con el objeto de que la política no sea invasiva ni entre en conflicto con el cumplimiento de nuestro mandato general.",
"En tercer lugar, cuando fuere posible, debemos tratar de introducir esa política en el comienzo mismo de la misión y no más adelante. Resulta más fácil de aplicar cuando todo lo demás es nuevo y el efecto podría ser mucho mayor.",
"Para concluir, la política de condicionalidad ha tenido tanto efectos positivos como negativos en las operaciones. Están en juego ciertas cuestiones y valores humanos más amplios. En mi opinión, esa política no desaparecerá, pero puede desarrollarse y perfeccionase. Resultaría de gran ayuda que nuestros asociados nacionales la consideraran una política adoptada de manera conjunta. Seguiría siendo un instrumento para salvaguardar la imagen y la reputación de las Naciones Unidas, y a la vez podría crear también una oportunidad para que la nación anfitriona tenga influencia y pueda adoptar decisiones bien fundamentadas respecto de qué se apoya y a quién se apoya.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Doy las gracias al Teniente General Prakash por su exposición informativa.",
"Doy ahora la palabra General de División Alberto Asarta Cuevas. Permítame aprovechar esta oportunidad para reiterar la firme condena del Consejo a los ataques realizados ayer en Saida contra la Fuerza Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en el Líbano y transmitir por su conducto nuestras condolencias a los heridos y sus familias.",
"El General de División Asarta Cuevas (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Le agradezco mucho sus amables palabras y el darme la oportunidad de dirigirme hoy al Consejo.",
"La semana anterior, el Consejo se reunió para debatir el último informe del Secretario General sobre la aplicación de la resolución 1701 (2006)) (S/2011/406). Sé que el Consejo recibió una exposición informativa del Coordinador Especial Williams y del Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz.",
"Hoy quiero aprovechar esta oportunidad para resaltar una de mis principales preocupaciones en el sur de Líbano: la cuestión de la seguridad y su efecto en las operaciones de la Fuerza Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en el Líbano (FPNUL). Luego me referiré también al tema más amplio del estado en que se encuentra la aplicación de la resolución 1701 (2006) y en qué deberemos centrarnos en el próximo período para procurar nuevos avances en su aplicación general.",
"En términos generales, el Líbano meridional y el norte de Israel han gozado de los cinco años más silenciosos y tranquilos en muchos decenios. La situación en la zona de operaciones de la FPNUL también se mantuvo relativamente estable durante el primer semestre de 2011, cuando la situación política del país se encontraba estancada. Sin embargo, en los últimos meses, la FPNUL ha experimentado una serie de acontecimientos que reflejan el número de amenazas a que está expuesta la Misión y que afectan a la situación de la seguridad.",
"Ayer, alrededor de las 18.00, hora local, se produjo una explosión dirigida contra un convoy de la FPNUL a lo largo de la carretera costera cerca de la ciudad de Saida, que está fuera de la zona de operaciones de la FPNUL. De acuerdo con la información preliminar, en el ataque resultaron heridos seis efectivos de mantenimiento de la paz de la FPNUL. Tres de ellos fueron trasladados con lesiones leves al hospital para recibir tratamiento, donde se dice que su condición es estable. Hoy serán repatriados a Francia. Los expertos forenses de la FPNUL trabajan en estrecha colaboración con las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas para determinar las circunstancias que rodearon el incidente. Este fue el quinto ataque contra la FPNUL desde la aprobación de la resolución 1701 (2006).",
"Los miembros del Consejo también tienen noticias del ataque contra un convoy de la FPNUL que tuvo lugar el 27 de mayo en la autopista que lleva a Beirut, cuando una bomba a control remoto explotó e hirió a seis efectivos de mantenimiento de la paz italianos. Dos resultaron gravemente heridos, mientras que cuatro sufrieron heridas leves a moderadas. Además, dos civiles libaneses sufrieron heridas leves. Este fue el primer ataque en más de tres años. Nadie se ha atribuido la responsabilidad del ataque.",
"Las autoridades libanesas y la FPNUL iniciaron inmediatamente una investigación, al igual que las autoridades italianas. Estas investigaciones están aún en curso. El ataque fue condenado por todos los altos dirigentes políticos de todo el espectro político. La cooperación con las autoridades libanesas en la investigación y en la adopción de medidas adicionales para mitigar los riesgos, tales como las escoltas del Ejército libanés, ha sido buena. (41) Por otro lado, yo mismo, como oficial encargado de la seguridad en el sur del Líbano, me he comprometido a reducir el riesgo de un ataque similar mediante la adopción de medidas adicionales de protección, que se refieren también a los convoyes militares y otros movimientos dentro y fuera de la zona de operaciones de la FPNUL, así como con una mayor protección de los contingentes. No obstante, es imposible evitar completamente este tipo de ataques terroristas.",
"El 15 de mayo —y a esto también se refiere el informe del Secretario General— tuvo lugar una gran manifestación con motivo de la conmemoración por los palestinos del llamado Día de la Nakba. No voy a repetir en detalle la secuencia de los trágicos acontecimientos que, según la información proporcionada a la FPNUL por las autoridades libanesas, causaron la muerte de 7 personas y heridas a otras 100. Hemos hablado con las partes sobre nuestras investigaciones preliminares de los hechos y, después de haberles remitido el informe sobre la investigación de la FPNUL, lo volveremos a hacer de manera más pormenorizada en la próxima reunión tripartita, prevista para agosto.",
"La FPNUL también ha transmitido a las partes sus recomendaciones para evitar este tipo de incidentes en el futuro. En concreto, las autoridades libanesas debían llevar a cabo una evaluación completa de todos los riesgos que puedan afectar a la situación de seguridad y de cualquier otra posible violación de la resolución 1701 (2006), así como de las medidas necesarias para mantener el orden público antes de autorizar cualquier manifestación en las proximidades de la Línea Azul. El ejército libanés no autorizó las manifestaciones en las cercanías de la Línea Azul durante el período de la Nakba, a principios de junio, para evitar la repetición de este tipo de violencia. Estas medidas han demostrado ser eficaces y ponen de manifiesto una vez más la decisión y determinación de las Fuerzas Armadas del Líbano y de la población del sur del Líbano de trabajar en pos de una paz y una estabilidad duraderas en el sur.",
"Finalmente, a lo largo del mes de junio, la Misión ha sufrido una serie de incidentes suscitados por el comportamiento hostil de personas o grupos de personas hacia las patrullas de la FPNUL, lo cual restringió la libertad de circulación de la FPNUL. Estos incidentes son para mí motivo de verdadera preocupación.",
"En muchos casos, la parte libanesa aduce, para explicar el comportamiento hostil hacia nuestros efectivos, que los contingentes de la FPNUL estarían atentando contra la privacidad de las personas o de las comunidades locales al tomar fotos o entrar, sin querer, en propiedades privadas. Sin embargo, no todas estas situaciones pueden explicarse aduciendo esta razón, y no podemos descartar la posibilidad de que también se estén dando casos en los que se esté incitando a la población a actuar de esa manera con el propósito de desalentar a la FPNUL en el cumplimiento de sus actividades y, por lo tanto, de su mandato en toda la zona de operaciones.",
"¿Cómo ha reaccionado la FPNUL ante estos acontecimientos? Hemos aumentado la protección de la fuerza y las medidas de reducción de riesgos, lo cual supone aumentar el número de efectivos necesario para llevar a cabo las mismas actividades. También realizamos más actividades operacionales conjuntamente con las Fuerzas Armadas del Líbano, en la medida en que lo permite la capacidad del ejército libanés, pero sin limitar la efectividad de la FPNUL en el desempeño de sus actividades, especialmente aquellas que consideramos esenciales. El Consejo puede estar seguro de que ni los ataques terroristas ni los encuentros poco amistosos con la población disuadirán a la FPNUL de cumplir su mandato. Seguimos haciéndolo con la determinación de siempre.",
"A esta altura, quisiera también transmitir al Consejo lo mucho que la Misión se ha beneficiado del apoyo incondicional que ha recibido en los últimos años del Consejo, claramente expresado en la resolución 1773 (2007). Conforme a esta resolución, la FPNUL recuerda periódicamente a las partes su obligación de respetar escrupulosamente la seguridad del personal de las Naciones Unidas y la libertad de circulación de la FPNUL y reitera a sus interlocutores libaneses el llamamiento del Consejo para que exista una cooperación más estrecha entre la FPNUL y el ejército libanés.",
"A pesar de los problemas de seguridad que he mencionado, la situación de seguridad en el sur, como he dicho antes, se mantiene en términos generales relativamente estable, y el sur del Líbano ha conocido el lustro más tranquilo en muchos decenios. Esto se debe a la estrecha cooperación entre la FPNUL y el ejército libanés, que ha permitido crear un nuevo contexto estratégico en el Líbano meridional.",
"Casi cinco años después de la aprobación de la resolución 1701 (2006), este es un momento oportuno para evaluar nuevamente los principales objetivos de la resolución y la manera de actuar para alcanzarlos.",
"En la resolución 1701 (2006) se exhortaba a la cesación completa de las hostilidades. También se exhortaba a que Israel y el Líbano apoyaran una cesación del fuego permanente y una solución duradera del conflicto, basada, entre otras cosas, en el pleno respeto por ambas partes de la Línea Azul y en medidas de seguridad que evitaran la reanudación de las hostilidades, incluido el establecimiento, entre la Línea Azul y el río Litani, de una zona sin otro personal armado, equipos militares y armas que no fueran del Gobierno del Líbano y de la FPNUL.",
"Además de cumplir con sus actividades operacionales militares, la FPNUL estableció un foro tripartito, en el que analiza con altos representantes de las Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel y de las Fuerzas Armadas del Líbano las violaciones de la resolución 1701 (2006), así como cuestiones relativas a las operaciones militares y medidas de fomento de la confianza entre ambas partes. El foro tripartito se ha convertido en un mecanismo clave de enlace y coordinación entre las partes, y ambas partes se han comprometido a participar en el mismo y usarlo de manera activa. El foro sigue desempeñando un papel fundamental en el proceso de demarcación de la Línea Azul y en la búsqueda de soluciones prácticas para las cuestiones controvertidas, contribuyendo así a reducir las tensiones y evitar la escalada de incidentes en las zonas adyacentes a la Línea Azul.",
"Las Fuerzas Armadas del Líbano son un asociado estratégico de la FPNUL para el mantenimiento del nuevo contexto estratégico en el sur del Líbano y la aplicación de la resolución 1701 (2006). En este sentido, en el examen técnico conjunto del Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz y la FPNUL que se llevó a cabo a principios de 2010, se recomendó establecer un mecanismo permanente para el diálogo estratégico entre la FPNUL y las Fuerzas Armadas del Líbano. Las autoridades libanesas —el Gobierno y el ejército— valoraron positivamente esta recomendación y dicho mecanismo ha sido establecido y ya está funcionando.",
"Este proceso ayudará a las Fuerzas Armadas del Líbano a generar las capacidades operativas necesarias para llevar a cabo las tareas encomendadas en la resolución 1701 (2006) y, en última instancia, facilitar el traspaso gradual de responsabilidades a las Fuerzas Armadas del Líbano. El mecanismo de diálogo estratégico trabajará partiendo de la evaluación de los recursos con que cuentan la FPNUL y las fuerzas terrestres y navales libanesas, y establecerá una serie de pautas que reflejen la correlación entre las capacidades y las responsabilidades de la FPNUL y las de las Fuerzas Armadas del Líbano.",
"Con el foro tripartito y el mecanismo de diálogo estratégico, la FPNUL está en condiciones de desarrollar las operaciones militares que se le encomiendan en la resolución 1701 (2006). Cabe esperar que la aplicación satisfactoria de estos procesos permita que la situación en el sur del Líbano y a lo largo de la Línea Azul se mantenga en calma y se respete la cesación de las hostilidades entre las partes.",
"En definitiva, esto habrá de permitir mantener el statu quo de calma relativa, pero en un contexto frágil y precario. Sin embargo, considero que las Naciones Unidas, la FPNUL, el Consejo de Seguridad y la comunidad internacional no deberían contentarse con el mantenimiento de este statu quo. Por el contrario, la calma y la estabilidad relativas —que la FPNUL junto con las Fuerzas Armadas del Líbano y las Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel han establecido y mantienen a lo largo de la Línea Azul— deben ser una oportunidad para iniciar un proceso político que resuelva los problemas, lo cual va más allá del ámbito de una misión de mantenimiento de la paz como la FPNUL. La FPNUL puede favorecer ese proceso político, preservando una situación de seguridad propicia, pero no puede sustituir el proceso político y diplomático.",
"Por lo tanto, considero necesario reorientar todos nuestros esfuerzos en aras de lograr los objetivos principales de la resolución 1701 (2006), es decir, una cesación del fuego permanente y una solución duradera del conflicto.",
"Para concluir, la FPNUL cuenta con el apoyo de la población del sur, y el consenso nacional en el Líbano sobre la resolución 1701 (2006) se mantiene. En la declaración ministerial del nuevo Gobierno se reitera el firme compromiso del Líbano con la resolución 1701 (2006) y con el mandato de la FPNUL. En la reunión tripartita más reciente, celebrada el 13 de julio, el jefe de la delegación libanesa confirmó que no ha habido cambios en las órdenes impartidas a las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas con respecto a la aplicación de la resolución 1701 (2006) y a la cooperación con la FPNUL.",
"Si bien el nuevo Gobierno lleva poco tiempo en el poder, la FPNUL ha observado que el Gobierno y el ejército están actuando de esa manera. Ello fue confirmado por el Primer Ministro Mikati en su primera vista al sur del Líbano, el 16 de julio, que incluyó una visita simbólica al cuartel general de la FPNUL, lo que constituye una declaración firme de apoyo a nuestra Misión.",
"El Gobierno de Israel también mantiene su compromiso con la aplicación de la resolución 1701 (2006). Desde que se aprobó la resolución, la FPNUL ha contado con el apoyo unánime del Consejo de Seguridad para sus operaciones en el sur del Líbano. Ese apoyo sigue siendo de vital importancia para que la FPNUL pueda estar en condiciones de seguir cumpliendo su mandato.",
"Estos son los factores clave para seguir cumpliendo con éxito el mandato de la FPNUL. Al mismo tiempo, no obstante, cuando en el futuro la FPNUL logre realizar el traspaso de responsabilidades al ejército libanés y reducir su número de efectivos, ello dependerá, en última instancia, de un proceso político encaminado a resolver las cuestiones subyacentes del conflicto. La FPNUL está ofreciendo una oportunidad que debería aprovecharse para avanzar hacia la consecución de los principales objetivos de la resolución 1701 (2006) que, reitero, son el establecimiento de una cesación del fuego permanente y la solución a largo plazo del conflicto.",
"Dentro de poco, el Consejo debatirá la prórroga del mandato de la FPNUL. En mi calidad de Jefe de la Misión y Comandante de la FPNUL, mucho agradecería el apoyo permanente del Consejo de Seguridad y, sobre todo, su apoyo expreso a la seguridad y la libertad de circulación del personal de la FPNUL, así como a los objetivos del proceso de diálogo estratégico.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Doy las gracias al General de División Asarta Cuevas por su exposición informativa.",
"Tiene ahora la palabra el General de División Muhammad Khalid.",
"El General de División Khalid (habla en inglés): En mi calidad de Comandante de la Fuerza de la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Liberia (UNMIL), me siento honrado de que se me haya encomendado compartir en este foro mis reflexiones y experiencias sobre la función del componente militar en la etapa inicial de la consolidación de la paz. Para abordar el tema, en primer lugar, haré hincapié en el proceso de consolidación de la paz a fin de determinar el espacio disponible para aplicar el instrumento militar. Después, me referiré a su papel en la etapa inicial de la consolidación de la paz y a la manera en que puede lograrse. Al final, subrayaré algunos ámbitos que, a mi juicio, necesitarían atención antes de que se ordene el despliegue del componente militar.",
"Las sociedades que han sufrido conflictos se caracterizan por la inexistencia o la existencia precaria de mecanismos de seguridad, a saber, ejércitos destruidos, la desorganización de las fuerzas paramilitares con escaso o nulo control, la posesión privada y gubernamental de grandes cantidades de armas y municiones y la falta de confianza en el control del Gobierno sobre las fuerzas policiales y militares y en su legitimidad. En ese contexto, las tropas de mantenimiento de la paz tratan de respaldar la transición de las tareas de seguridad de tiempo de guerra y el sistema político y económico proporcionando un entorno pacífico y seguro para un proceso de paz sostenible y duradero.",
"Desde la era de la guerra fría, el concepto de mantenimiento de la paz se ha transformado por completo. Ahora, el componente militar, además de proporcionar un entorno seguro y de supervisar la cesación del fuego entre las partes en conflicto, lleva a cabo muchas actividades de otra índole que corresponden al ámbito de la consolidación de la paz. Ello conlleva todas las medidas para determinar y respaldar las estructuras que puedan fortalecer la paz a fin de evitar una reanudación del conflicto.",
"Permítaseme agregar que el proceso de consolidación de la paz es un proceso multidimensional, complejo y especializado. No compete necesariamente al componente militar, sino más bien es una tarea especializada de expertos en este ámbito. Incluye el proceso y las actividades necesarios para resolver conflictos violentos y establecer una paz sostenible y las actividades a ese respecto. Se centra en el fomento de la capacidad en el plano nacional, que tiene lugar en colaboración con los frentes político, operacional y táctico a nivel nacional y subnacional.",
"Por lo general, el componente militar es el primero en desplegarse en cualquier zona asolada por un conflicto, ya que el establecimiento de otros componentes requiere más tiempo debido a ciertas demoras procesales y a la existencia de un entorno no propicio.",
"El componente militar, por su sólida organización, puede absorber y facilitar otros componentes, además de desempeñar una diversidad de funciones destinadas a reducir al mínimo el sufrimiento de los habitantes de una zona de conflicto. También facilita el inicio del proceso de consolidación de la paz antes de que otros organismos de las Naciones Unidas y organizaciones no gubernamentales puedan llegar y establecerse.",
"Las posibles funciones del componente militar en la etapa inicial de la consolidación de la paz puede incluir la creación de un entorno seguro, la lucha contra la delincuencia organizada, la vigilancia policial y el apoyo a la policía en casos de disturbios masivos, las labores de ingeniería para restablecer la infraestructura con el fin de facilitar los esfuerzos de socorro humanitario y la iniciación de algunos proyectos de efecto rápido, la divulgación médica y el control de epidemias, la gestión de la situación de los refugiados, la asistencia a la reforma del sector de la seguridad y al fomento de la capacidad de las fuerzas armadas y la policía nacionales, así como un amplio espectro de apoyo logístico y de otra índole a los organismos de las Naciones Unidas y a otros asociados que participan en las actividades de consolidación de la paz, lo que incluye el transporte, el transporte aéreo y las comunicaciones. En la mayoría de las etapas, el componente militar puede proporcionar un entorno seguro y propicio para reanudar el proceso político mediante las elecciones o los referendos, o quizá ambos.",
"Para poder llevar a cabo un proceso tan amplio, hay que crear un entorno propicio. Es aquí donde puede desarrollarse plenamente la función del componente militar, como facilitador en las etapas iniciales del proceso de consolidación de la paz.",
"Proporcionar un entorno de seguridad a los distintos organismos y funcionarios del órgano internacional es la función más importante del componente militar. Eso se logra mediante las misiones de observación para aplicar y hacer cumplir los acuerdos de paz con miras a ayudar a fomentar la confianza en la fase inicial, a través de los buenos oficios y la supervisión imparcial de los compromisos contraídos por las partes. Entre esos compromisos cabe citar la cesación del fuego, los arreglos fronterizos, las divisiones acordadas del poder o de los activos, las negociaciones de paz, el cumplimiento de la paz o la cesación del fuego y el restablecimiento del orden civil. También cabe citar el desarme, la desmovilización y la reintegración sobre la base de condiciones convenidas, las actividades de remoción de minas, la eliminación de artefactos explosivos sin detonar, la eliminación de explosivos y armas trampa para garantizar la seguridad del personal de mantenimiento de la paz, de la población local y de otros organismos de las Naciones Unidas, y los servicios de escolta, el patrullaje y las tareas de seguridad, facilitando así la libertad de circulación y las operaciones del personal de consolidación de la paz.",
"Este es en breve el contexto y el rol que, a mi juicio, corresponden al componente militar. Sin embargo, si se prevé una intervención militar, reviste suma importancia contar con una estrategia posterior a la intervención. El objetivo de esta estrategia debe ser ayudar a garantizar que las condiciones que dieron lugar a la intervención militar no se repitan o que, sencillamente, no reaparezcan.",
"Antes de utilizar los instrumentos militares para resolver los problemas en la etapa posterior al conflicto, hay que tener en cuenta ciertos aspectos esenciales para poder lograr los dividendos deseados.",
"En primer lugar, un enfoque integral es la única manera de que las intervenciones militares como elementos de la consolidación de la paz pueden alcanzar el éxito. No debe utilizarse el componente militar en sustitución del compromiso político en el contexto de un problema relativo a la consolidación de la paz.",
"En segundo lugar, la correlación entre los fines y los medios es sumamente importante. Si ha de desplegarse el componente militar, esto debe hacerse con un número suficiente de efectivos en la etapa inicial, que debe reducirse posteriormente, y no a la inversa.",
"Por último, pero igualmente importante, la presencia militar tiende a generar una cultura de dependencia entre la población de acogida, lo que puede obstaculizar la reconstrucción nacional y el desarrollo de los recursos humanos. Hay que evitar esas tendencias, y el fomento de capacidades en el país anfitrión debe seguir siendo una prioridad.",
"Para concluir, quisiera decir que el papel de los componentes militares en las etapas tempranas del proceso de consolidación de la paz es indispensable y crucial. Los componentes militares desempeñan dos funciones principales en el proceso temprano de consolidación de la paz.",
"En primer lugar, el componente militar proporciona un entorno seguro para que operen otros agentes internos y externos. En segundo lugar, el componente militar ofrece los recursos disponibles para el logro del objetivo general de la misión, más allá de sus funciones de seguridad, durante las etapas de estabilización, transición y consolidación del proceso de consolidación de la paz. Tratándose del primer componente que debe desplegarse, el componente militar inicia la consolidación de la paz, de manera directa o indirecta, desde el primer día, y proporciona una plataforma a partir de la cual otras fuerzas de consolidación de la paz se activan para la iniciación sistemática de un amplio proceso.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Paso ahora a los miembros del Consejo. Recuerdo a los representantes que deben tener en cuenta lo tardío de la hora cuando intervengan.",
"Sra. Ogwu (Nigeria) (habla en inglés): Debo comenzar expresando mi reconocimiento al Secretario General Adjunto Le Roy por la orientación que presta a este debate, especialmente al organizar a los comandantes de las fuerzas. Deseo dar una calurosa bienvenida a la presencia de los comandantes de las fuerzas en el Consejo. La claridad y penetración de sus perspectivas sobre las cuestiones examinadas se caracterizan por la sabiduría e importancia de esa interacción, con la que se pretende favorecer una mayor sinergia entre el terreno y el Consejo de Seguridad. Permítaseme encomiar los especialmente por los sacrificios inconmensurables que han realizado al dirigir las diferentes misiones de paz.",
"Desde nuestra última participación con los comandantes de las fuerzas, en agosto de 2010 (6370^(a) sesión), han tenido lugar diversos acontecimientos importantes en todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas destinados a aumentar la eficacia de nuestros esfuerzos de mantenimiento de la paz. Hemos visto que se aplican con mayor concreción los acuerdos de paz y el mantenimiento de la cesación del fuego. Hemos establecido dos misiones de mantenimiento de la paz, a saber, la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en el Sudán (UNMIS) y, después del cierre de la UNMIS, la Fuerza Provisional de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas para Abyei (UNISFA).",
"Sin embargo, se sigue enfrentando retos importantes en ámbitos críticos como proteger a los civiles, colmar la brecha en las capacidades de sus recursos humanos y materiales y limitar las bajas de los efectivos. En consecuencia, los temas examinados esta mañana son apropiados y responden a las tendencias del discurso contemporáneo del mantenimiento de la paz.",
"Esta mañana mi punto de partida será la cuestión clave de la política de condicionalidad de la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en la República Democrática del Congo (MONUSCO), examinada por el General Prakash.",
"Compartimos su valoración y puntos de vista, y seguimos convencidos de que, a primera vista, para la MONUSCO es contraproducente facilitar apoyo o llevar a cabo operaciones conjuntas con las Fuerzas Armadas de la República Democrática del Congo (FARDC), cuando se sabe que estas últimas tienen a violadores conocidos de los derechos humanos en posiciones estratégicas y de mando. En efecto, el Representante Especial del Secretario General, Roger Meece, señaló en una ocasión que “la política de condicionalidad ha tenido como resultado la supresión de algunos de los comandantes de las FARDC que participan en la perpetración de crímenes contra los civiles en las regiones en las que la MONUSCO tiene una fuerte presencia”.",
"Para fomentar esas evaluaciones positivas, la política de condicionalidad debe complementarse adecuadamente con esfuerzos sostenidos para construir la capacidad de la República Democrática del Congo de mantener la seguridad interna mediante el desarme, la desmovilización, la repatriación, el reasentamiento y la reinserción, y, desde luego, la reforma del sector de la seguridad. Con una fragmentación estructural, la ausencia de un mando y control claros, debilidades operacionales y una disciplina inadecuada, las FARDC son a menudo incapaces de proporcionar protección eficaz a los civiles. Por consiguiente, al debatir la política de condicionalidad, mi delegación prefiere una alianza estratégica entre la MONUSCO y las FARDC que complemente la capacidad de las FARDC, retenga el relativo control de la MONUSCO y, en último término, impulse la eficacia operacional de la Fuerza.",
"La primera expectativa de los civiles de las comunidades en que el personal de mantenimiento de la paz está desplegado es que se les conceda una protección apropiada. La protección de los civiles está, por lo tanto, en el centro del mandato de la mayoría de las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas, incluida la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur (UNAMID).",
"Con informes de ataques aéreos, disparos de artillería y combates pesados entre las fuerzas armadas sudanesas y los movimientos armados, especialmente en las zonas de Shangil Tobaya en Darfur septentrional y Djebil Mara en Darfur occidental, impedir ataques contra los civiles sigue siendo un reto inmenso en Darfur. Pese a que la responsabilidad primordial de proteger a los civiles depende de las autoridades sudanesas, una mayor cooperación entre el Gobierno del Sudán y la UNAMID garantizará sin duda alguna una mejor protección de los civiles.",
"Mi delegación encomia a la UNAMID por su firme posición en relación con la protección de los civiles y la actividad cada vez mayor de sus patrullas en Darfur occidental. En particular, acogemos con agrado que preste un mayor apoyo logístico a las organizaciones humanitarias y un amplio respaldo al programa de integración de protección de los niños.",
"Desde la aprobación de la resolución 1701 (2006) del Consejo y el despliegue de efectivos de la Fuerza Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en el Líbano (FPNUL), el Líbano meridional ha avanzado paulatinamente hacia la estabilidad. Los progresos pueden atribuirse parcialmente a la estrecha coordinación de la FPNUL con las fuerzas armadas libanesas y las Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel. Sin embargo, la situación en materia de seguridad sigue siendo sumamente frágil. El incidente fatídico ocurrido el 15 de mayo a lo largo de la Línea Azul y los ataques terroristas ocurridos el 27 mayo contra seis miembros del personal de mantenimiento de la paz de la FPNUL exige que se siga reflexionando sobre el asunto. Ayer se produjo otro ataque contra cinco miembros del personal de mantenimiento de la paz en Sidón.",
"Mi delegación condena con firmeza esos ataques. Instamos a las partes —las fuerzas armadas libanesas y las Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel— a que cumplan sus obligaciones en virtud de la resolución 1701 (2006) con el fin de garantizar la seguridad del personal de la FPNUL. En efecto, las partes deben aprovechar las reuniones tripartitas periódicas organizadas por el Comandante de la Fuerza para fortalecer la confianza e insuflar nueva esperanza en las fuerzas de la FPNUL.",
"El mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas se encuentra en una coyuntura crítica. Satisfacer las demandas de las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz ha obligado a ampliar la capacidad de la Organización hasta sus límites, ejerciendo una gran presión y un estrés enorme en la eficiencia del mantenimiento de la paz. Nuestras operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz son cada vez más multidimensionales, requieren una mayor coordinación y cooperación entre los diversos constituyentes, incluidos el componente militar, la policía civil y regional y otras organizaciones oficiosas. Los desafíos han sido diferentes, y van desde la prevención de la aparición de conflictos a la restauración de la paz cuando los conflictos finalmente aparecen.",
"El despliegue de efectivos con el entrenamiento, el equipo y el apoyo logístico necesarios para emprender la tarea potencialmente peligrosa y compleja que afronta al personal de mantenimiento de la paz sigue siendo un determinante clave para el éxito de una operación. A ese respecto, mi delegación reitera que se debe poner un énfasis apropiado en el despliegue de efectivos con la capacidad de responder adecuadamente a los matices culturales de los puestos sobre el terreno. A nuestro juicio, eso también debe ser una prioridad cuando se examina la cooperación entre las misiones, como recientemente se vio en la Operación de las Naciones Unidas en Côte d’Ivoire (ONUCI).",
"Una resolución temprana de la paz en muchas de nuestras misiones depende cada vez más de que la labor de los expertos civiles en ámbitos clave como el estado de derecho, los derechos humanos y la protección de los niños. La reciente evolución en la UNAMID y la ONUCI presta su mayor crédito a la importancia de fomentar capacidades nacionales sostenibles en esos ámbitos. A ese respecto, alentamos a la Oficina de Fomento del Estado de Derecho y de las Instituciones a que coordine sus actividades con los agentes pertinentes dentro y fuera las Naciones Unidas, incluidas las organizaciones no gubernamentales, que poseen la capacidad inherente de permanecer sobre el terreno mucho después de que haya finalizado una misión de mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas.",
"Al continuar haciendo frente a los diversos desafíos al mantenimiento de la paz, debemos aprovechar las lecciones aprendidas de las experiencias anteriores. Podemos comenzar identificando las cuestiones que a menudo han impedido que las misiones desplieguen todas sus capacidades. Un sistema de alerta temprana eficaz puede anticipar los conflictos, y limitar las amenazas a la paz y la seguridad internacionales. Los Estados Miembros y los órganos regionales deben procurar estrategias más eficaces para identificar y abordar las causas subyacentes de los conflictos en sus países y regiones. Ello a la larga contribuirá a garantizar que cuando se logre la paz, sea una paz sostenible y profundamente arraigada.",
"Deseo reafirmar que Nigeria sigue plenamente comprometida con la seguridad colectiva, tal como se consagra en la Carta de las Naciones Unidas. Al rendir homenaje a los que han pagado el precio más elevado en la línea del deber para que otros puedan vivir en condiciones de paz, aprovechemos esta oportunidad para reiterar nuestra decisión como miembros de las operaciones para el mantenimiento de la paz de respetar y preservar los principios de las operaciones de las Naciones Unidas para el mantenimiento de la paz.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Permítaseme recordar a los miembros del Consejo que tienen la oportunidad de formular aquí preguntas y comentarios no solo a nuestros expositores, sino también a todos los comandantes de las fuerzas que se encuentran presentes en el Salón.",
"Sra. Viotti (Brasil) (habla en inglés): Deseo comenzar rindiendo especial homenaje al Sr. Alain Le Roy, que ante tareas exigentes y difíciles ha realizado una labor extraordinaria. El Brasil agradece mucho su labor en general, pero deseo hacer referencia particular a su interacción constante y sumamente fructífera con los países que aportan contingentes, así como la puesta en práctica, junto con la Sra. Malcorra, de la iniciativa “Nuevo Horizonte”. Mi Gobierno le da las gracias por sus servicios y le desea éxito en su futura labor.",
"Deseo sumarme a los demás oradores que han dado la bienvenida al Consejo a los jefes de los componentes militares y expresar el sincero agradecimiento de mi país por la excelente labor que realizan en circunstancias sumamente difíciles. Doy las gracias a los jefes de la Fuerza Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en el Líbano, de la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur, de la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en la República Democrática del Congo y de la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Liberia, por las reflexiones que han compartido hoy con nosotros. Al tener efectivos y observadores en la mayoría de esas misiones, el Brasil conoce de manera directa la alta calidad de sus dirigentes y sus compromisos.",
"Las exposiciones informativas que hemos escuchado hoy nos ayudan a comprender mejor la manera en que las decisiones que adoptamos afectan la situación sobre el terreno. Aquí en Nueva York, debemos esforzarnos por garantizar que le demos al personal de mantenimiento de la paz la orientación y el apoyo políticos que necesita para cumplir sus mandatos. Sin embargo, debemos también evitar microgestionarlos o reducir el espacio del pensamiento creador de los dirigentes de misiones, que son del mismo modo fundamentales para el éxito.",
"Deseo centrar mis comentarios en el enfoque basado en la capacidad en el mantenimiento de la paz que se propone en la iniciativa “Nuevo Horizonte”. Hacemos bien en exigir resultados a los dirigentes de misiones, pero también hay que darles los instrumentos necesarios para que hagan su trabajo. En términos generales, si bien se ha alcanzado un importante progreso, debemos seguir esforzándonos por adquirir los conocimientos y la capacidad que necesitamos sobre el terreno.",
"El componente militar por lo general es el componente más grande de las misiones. Para la población local, suele ser el rostro de la Misión. Por consiguiente, es importante garantizar que reciban la capacitación necesaria en ámbitos como la cooperación entre militares y civiles, áreas sensibles desde el punto de vista cultural, la conducta y la disciplina. El personal de mantenimiento de la paz será más eficaz si es capaz de relacionarse con la población local.",
"En el ámbito civil del mantenimiento de la paz, la armonización de las condiciones de servicio tendrá un importante efecto a largo plazo en la capacidad de la misión de atraer y retener al personal civil de mayor calibre. El examen de la capacidad civil fue una importante contribución a nuestro criterio sobre el tema. Los debates sobre la aplicación de las recomendaciones deberían comenzar cuanto antes.",
"Para lograr una paz sostenible, el Consejo, la Secretaría, los países que aportan contingentes y fuerzas de policía y otros interesados deben trabajar de consuno para brindar a los comandantes sobre el terreno el apoyo que necesitan. Deseo asegurar a todos los comandantes de las fuerzas presentes aquí hoy que el Brasil seguirá comprometido con ese objetivo.",
"Sr. Alzate (Colombia): Nuestra delegación, en primer término, desea agradecer a la Presidencia del Consejo por organizar la presente reunión con la asistencia de los comandantes de las fuerzas a quienes rendimos especial tributo. De la misma manera, queremos agradecer muy especialmente al Secretario General Adjunto de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz, Sr. Le Roy, por su participación y gestión para el éxito de este debate.",
"Mi delegación valora la importante labor que adelantan el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz, los comandantes de las fuerzas y su personal y el Grupo de Trabajo sobre Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz, liderado por la Embajadora Ogwu de Nigeria, quienes han hecho valiosos aportes en este campo.",
"Uno de los retos que son objeto de permanente interés es la mejoría en las sinergias entre la Secretaría, el Consejo de Seguridad, y los países que aportan contingentes. Hemos avanzado al respecto, pero al mismo tiempo ello nos estimula a sugerir al Consejo seguir profundizando esta interacción que consideramos fundamental. De la misma manera, resaltamos los avances concernientes a los desarrollos de doctrinas y mejoras sobre las operaciones y misiones de las Naciones Unidas para el mantenimiento de la paz, con lo cual se perfecciona la dinámica de las operaciones en el campo, así como la capacidad logística de las Naciones Unidas en cuanto a las condiciones de seguridad y bienestar del personal que se encuentra desplegado en el terreno.",
"Con respecto a la Iniciativa de la Costa de África Occidental con el fin de enfrentar el crimen internacional organizado en esa región, Colombia la considera muy importante. Dada nuestra experiencia en este campo, se están desplazando unidades de la policía nacional para cooperar con Guinea-Bissau y Sierra Leona. Otro tanto podemos decir de la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en Haití donde tenemos activa presencia.",
"Uno de los desafíos que tenemos es mejorar la capacidad de movilidad de las tropas de las Naciones Unidas en referencia al uso y doctrina de empleo de las aeronaves de ala rotatoria, helicópteros y aviones de ala fija. Al respecto, sugerimos profundizar el análisis de las capacidades logísticas, humanas y tecnológicas a efectos de optimizar sus resultados. Se debe procurar adquirir equipo de alta tecnología para las operaciones de paz, especialmente en comunicaciones, inteligencia y observación sobre el terreno para alertas tempranas y prederechos de violencia.",
"Finalmente, coincidimos en la necesidad de priorizar la protección de la defensa de los civiles por parte de las fuerzas de las Naciones Unidas, así como también lo hacen en el cumplimiento de los principios y los mandatos contenidos en la Carta de la Organización. Solo así, se profundizarán las relaciones entre las Naciones Unidas y las fuerzas que nos representan con las poblaciones en el terreno.",
"Sr. Moungara Moussotsi (Gabón) (habla en francés): Las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz, que son una de las principales funciones de nuestra Organización, han demostrado en los últimos años su utilidad y eficacia para el mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad internacionales. En ese sentido, ante todo, deseo dar las gracias al Sr. Le Roy y a los comandantes de las fuerzas por sus exposiciones informativas.",
"El Gabón reitera su gran agradecimiento a los comandantes de las fuerzas y a los demás miembros de las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz que realizan una labor difícil, a menudo en un entorno sumamente hostil y en ocasiones con limitados recursos, por su compromiso y profesionalidad. Las esclarecedoras exposiciones informativas que hemos acabado de escuchar reflejan las realidades cotidianas de todas las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz representadas aquí y son indicadores viables de las verdaderas dificultades que afrontan las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz. Mi delegación también valora que se le proporcione esa información, que permite al Consejo estar en mejores condiciones para adoptar las decisiones necesarias y adaptarse a la evolución de la situación sobre el terreno.",
"Encomiamos el hecho de que en los mandatos de las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz se incorporen nuevos enfoques multidisciplinarios, como la protección de los civiles, el fortalecimiento del estado de derecho, la aplicación de mecanismos para impedir la reaparición de conflictos y la consolidación de la paz después de los conflictos. Por consiguiente, reiteramos la necesidad de que el Consejo proporcione a las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz mandatos convincentes y viables, concebidos para lograr los objetivos y resultados previstos, así como los recursos necesarios para llevar a cabo todas las tareas que se les ha asignado.",
"En lo que respecta a la consolidación de la paz, acojo con beneplácito los avances alcanzados en el República Democrática del Congo y en Liberia. A fines de 2011 esos países celebrarán elecciones decisivas, que serán una prueba de fuego para las misiones desplegadas allí. Su éxito determinará la probable configuración de la retirada de la República Democrática del Congo y de Liberia y contribuirá así a que elaboremos estrategias para el traspaso de las funciones de seguridad a los gobiernos respectivos. En ese sentido, el Consejo debe seguir atentamente las situaciones que enfrenten esas dos operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz a fin de que podamos incorporar los cambios adecuados en sus mandatos, particularmente en materia de capacidad logística y operacional.",
"Quisiera formular una pregunta al Comandante de la Fuerza de la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en la República Democrática del Congo. ¿Cuál es su evaluación de la amenaza planteada por el Ejército de Resistencia del Señor (LRA)? ¿Cómo se percibe la cooperación entre todas las misiones de las Naciones Unidas desplegadas en la región, en particular en la lucha contra el LRA?",
"Para concluir, mi país seguirá respaldando las operaciones de las Naciones Unidas para el mantenimiento de la paz. Acogemos con beneplácito la celebración de sesiones interactivas como la celebrada hoy con los comandantes de las fuerzas para mantener informado al Consejo sobre la evolución de la situación en sus misiones sobre el terreno y para que nos informen sobre las dificultades que enfrentan.",
"Sr. Manjeev Singh Puri (India) (habla en inglés): Quisiera dar las gracias al Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz y al Secretario General Adjunto, Sr. Le Roy, por haber presentado a los comandantes de las fuerzas y por habernos brindado esta oportunidad de informarnos mediante las personas que se encuentra en el terreno. Considero que esto es particularmente importante porque el mantenimiento de la paz es verdaderamente el principal instrumento del que dispone el Consejo de Seguridad, insume el mayor porcentaje del presupuesto de las Naciones Unidas y es indudablemente la actividad especial que ocupa la mayor cantidad de tiempo del Consejo.",
"La India ha aportado más tropas y efectivos policiales a operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz que ningún otro país. Con más de 100.000 efectivos en más de 40 operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz, estamos muy familiarizados con todo lo que esto entraña, con lo que es posible y con lo que pueden hacer las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz. También hemos participado en el ámbito normativo de este debate particular, tanto en el Consejo como en la Asamblea General. Recientemente se celebró un seminario en Nueva Delhi en la mejor usanza de esa participación constructiva. Abrió un nuevo camino desde la experiencia práctica de los efectivos de mantenimiento de la paz hacia la evolución ulterior del programa de mantenimiento de la paz.",
"El mantenimiento de la paz ha logrado madurez. Actualmente, más del 80% de los recursos del mantenimiento de la paz se dedica a operaciones que tienen más de cinco años. Como iniciamos dos nuevas misiones —las primeras nuevas operaciones en varios años— necesitamos evaluar la situación. Quisiera destacar los siguientes aspectos.",
"El primero es la falta de recursos y la cuestión de tratar simplemente de decir a la gente que haga más con los recursos existentes o con menos recursos. Entiendo que se debe aumentar la eficiencia; entiendo que es necesario economizar más; pero considero que se debe comprender claramente que operar con presupuestos mínimos y con mandatos cada vez más amplios ya no es posible ni eficaz.",
"Además, los mandatos deben ser claros. El Comandante de la Fuerza de mi país, la India, señalaba la ambigüedad en los mandatos y la forma en que esa ambigüedad se traduce en el hecho de que las personas que están en los rangos inferiores de la cadena de mando verdaderamente no saben qué se espera de ellas. En el Consejo consideramos que nos debemos a nosotros mismos y a las fuerzas que desplegamos sobre el terreno que haya claridad al respecto y entender que los mandatos y los recursos deben estar adecuadamente armonizados y en sinergia. En ese contexto, es especialmente importante que el proceso de interacción con los países que aportan contingentes, que ya se ha iniciado, se lleve a cabo de manera mucho más intensiva para que tengamos una mayor claridad sobre lo que verdaderamente se puede lograr y hacer con el tipo de recursos que se colocan a disposición de la fuerza que estamos creando.",
"Quisiera también destacar otro elemento muy importante: la disposición a trabajar conjuntamente. Al respecto, permítaseme señalar a la atención de los miembros a África. Dos tercios de las sesiones y resultados del Consejo están relacionados con África. Es fundamental para las operaciones de las Naciones Unidas para el mantenimiento de la paz. La India respalda con firmeza el desarrollo de una mayor capacidad de la Unión Africana en el mantenimiento de la paz. En este sentido, quisiera citar el discurso que pronunció nuestro Primer Ministro en la segunda cumbre del Foro India-África que se celebró en Addis Abeba en mayo. El Primer Ministro dijo:",
"“La India siempre ha apoyado el desarrollo de la capacidad de África. En señal de nuestro compromiso con el apoyo a los esfuerzos de África destinados a buscar soluciones africanas, me complace anunciar que la India contribuirá 2 millones de dólares a la Misión de la Unión Africana en Somalia.”",
"Es necesario que otros Estados Miembros presten una asistencia semejante a fin de consolidar la capacidad de la Unión Africana en materia de mantenimiento de la paz. La India también está comprometida con la pronta puesta en marcha de la Fuerza Africana de Reserva a través de arreglos especiales de capacitación.",
"Sabemos que los débiles son los que más sufren en los conflictos. Las mujeres y los niños han sufrido y siguen sufriendo terriblemente en los conflictos en todo el mundo. La comunidad internacional tiene no solo la responsabilidad sino también la obligación de hacer todo lo posible por garantizar la seguridad de las mujeres y los niños, particularmente en situaciones de conflicto y en la etapa posterior a los conflictos. Las tropas y los efectivos policiales de la India, que incluyen las primeras unidades totalmente femeninas desplegadas bajo el pabellón de las Naciones Unidas, harán todo lo que esté a su alcance para proteger a los vulnerables en sus zonas de operación.",
"Para concluir, quisiera dar las gracias a los comandantes de las fuerzas y a los hombres y mujeres que están bajo su mando. Ellos son los que traducen las palabras del Consejo en hechos. Desearía también rendir homenaje a los efectivos de mantenimiento de la paz que han realizado el sacrificio supremo al servicio de las Naciones Unidas al llevar a cabo sus esfuerzos tendientes a crear un mundo mejor y más seguro.",
"Sra. DiCarlo (Estados Unidos de América) (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Doy las gracias a usted y al Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz por haber organizado esta sesión del Consejo. También quisiera expresar mi agradecimiento al Secretario General Adjunto, Sr. Le Roy, por su excelente dirección al mando del Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz durante un período muy difícil y complejo. Le deseamos lo mejor en sus emprendimientos futuros.",
"Quisiera dar las gracias a los comandantes de las fuerzas por las declaraciones que han formulado hoy. Valoramos mucho el papel que desempeñan todos los días en las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz. Quiero aprovechar esta oportunidad para expresar al General de División Asarta Cuevas y a mis colegas de Francia el pesar de los Estados Unidos por las heridas que sufrieron ayer las tropas de Francia para el mantenimiento de la paz que forman parte de la Fuerza Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en el Líbano (FPNUL) y nuestra esperanza en su recuperación plena y rápida. Sin duda, este es un ejemplo muy claro de los riesgos que los valientes efectivos de mantenimiento de la paz enfrentan diariamente al desempeñar sus funciones.",
"Solo quiero decir a los comandantes de las fuerzas, que acogemos con sumo beneplácito esta oportunidad de recibir en forma directa su información sobre las dificultades y los riesgos que enfrentan al cumplir los mandatos de las misiones de las Naciones Unidas. El Consejo trata de armonizar los mandatos de las misiones con el liderazgo y la capacidad necesarios para que se cumplan con éxito.",
"Estamos muy interesados en comprender las cuestiones operacionales, logísticas y de liderazgo que enfrentan los comandantes de las fuerzas. El elemento fundamental de toda operación de mantenimiento de la paz es su personal y su capacidad de apoyar las iniciativas encaminadas a crear una paz más estable. Estamos interesados en conocer las medidas operacionales que se están adoptando con el objeto de elaborar estrategias para todas las misiones encaminadas a proteger a los civiles, entre otras cosas, de la violencia sexual y la función del personal uniformado de las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz como parte de la misión. Acogemos con especial satisfacción el debate sobre medidas innovadoras, tales como las patrullas de protección de los recolectores de leña, la asistencia de enlace con la comunidad, la entrega de teléfonos celulares a los líderes comunitarios y los equipos de respuesta e investigación que incluyen una combinación de experiencia civil, policial y militar.",
"Igualmente importantes son las lagunas que enfrentan los comandantes, los factores que amplían o limitan la eficacia logística o de liderazgo en el cumplimiento de sus mandatos. Los siguientes elementos pueden constituir instrumentos de apoyo a las misiones: capacitación en materia de doctrina, previa al despliegue o durante la misión; instrumentos que contribuyan a que las misiones funcionen eficientemente, tales como la capacidad de alerta temprana, inteligencia y un análisis oportuno o instrumentos para facilitar la movilidad, tales como capacidad en materia de aviación y cuestiones presupuestarias y administrativas.",
"Quiero formular algunas preguntas a los generales.",
"Quisiera que el General Asarta Cuevas hablara acerca del arsenal militar de Hizbullah. En el informe del Secretario General de 1 de julio (S/2011/406) se señala que Hizbullah sigue manteniendo su propio arsenal militar considerable, creciente y desestabilizador. Me pregunto qué medidas está adoptando la Fuerza Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en el Líbano (FPNUL) con el fin de asistir a las fuerzas armadas libanesas a eliminar esas armas ilícitas y alejar los grupos armados ilícitos al sur del río Litani.",
"He apreciado mucho que en sus observaciones, el General Nyamvumba se haya centrado en la robusta presencia de la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur (UNAMID). Expresamos la esperanza de que la experiencia que ha adquirido la UNAMID en el establecimiento de esa presencia robusta pueda compartirse con otras misiones. Me gustaría que formulara alguna observación al respecto.",
"Seguimos muy preocupados por la grave deficiencia de capacidad en materia de recursos de aviación que enfrenta la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en la República Democrática del Congo y quiero preguntar al General Prakash si esa deficiencia está afectando —o más bien de qué manera está afectando— la capacidad de la Misión de cumplir su mandato con arreglo a la resolución 1991 (2011). ¿De qué forma se ven afectadas las tareas de la Misión y qué es lo que la misión ya no puede hacer?",
"Por último, quisiera que el General Khalid formulara observaciones sobre la cooperación entre las misiones. Ha habido una buena cooperación entre misiones entre la Operación de las Naciones Unidas en Côte d’Ivoire y la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Liberia, y me pregunto qué experiencia se ha adquirido de esa cooperación y si considera que se puede utilizar la cooperación entre las misiones en otras partes.",
"Sr. Wang Min (China) (habla en chino): Doy las gracias al Secretario General Adjunto Le Roy por su presencia en la sesión de hoy. He escuchado atentamente las declaraciones formuladas por los cuatro comandantes de las fuerzas de las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas. Deseo expresar mi cálida bienvenida a todos los comandantes de las fuerzas presentes aquí en la sesión de hoy. Están trabajando en condiciones extremadamente difíciles en todo el mundo, cumpliendo los mandatos del Consejo y haciendo contribuciones a la paz y seguridad mundiales. La delegación de China les rinde homenaje a ellos y a todos los efectivos de mantenimiento de la paz en todo el mundo.",
"Durante más de 60 años las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas han realizado importantes contribuciones al mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad mundiales. En los últimos años, debido al entorno cambiante, las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz también han enfrentado una serie de nuevos retos.",
"No tengo preguntas que formular en este momento, pero he escuchado las declaraciones de los comandantes de las fuerzas y deseo formular algunas observaciones sobre cuestiones de principio. Deseo hacer hincapié en los siguientes cuatro temas.",
"En primer lugar, debemos fortalecer la coordinación entre el mantenimiento de la paz y el establecimiento de la paz. Por más importante que sea el mantenimiento de la paz, no es una panacea. Para establecer una paz duradera es fundamental promover el diálogo político y la reconciliación. A ese respecto, el Secretario General y sus Representantes Especiales pueden desempeñar una función más importante en la mediación.",
"En segundo lugar, es importante fortalecer la coordinación y la coherencia entre el mantenimiento de la paz y la consolidación de la paz. Las partes interesadas deben prestar atención a las causas de los conflictos y abordarlas, en particular el desarrollo económico y social. Debe adoptarse un enfoque integrado al examinar la relación entre el mantenimiento de la paz y la consolidación de la paz y debe definirse con claridad la división de tareas entre el mantenimiento de la paz y la consolidación de la paz. La formulación oportuna y la mejora gradual de una estrategia de salida son muy importantes.",
"En tercer lugar, debemos cumplir eficazmente el mandato de proteger a los civiles. Los países anfitriones deben asumir la responsabilidad principal de proteger a los civiles. Las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz, a la vez que cumplen el mandato de proteger a los civiles deben respetar estrictamente las resoluciones del Consejo y adoptar el principio de imparcialidad, con el fin de no pasar a ser partes en los conflictos. Al mismo tiempo, deben respetar la soberanía del país anfitrión a fin de contribuir más activamente a promover la reconciliación política y nacional.",
"En cuarto lugar, debemos fortalecer también la función de creación de capacidad de las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz. Esperamos que los países que cuentan con los recursos y la capacidad técnica necesarios aumenten sus aportaciones con el fin de proporcionar los recursos y las garantías técnicas que requieren las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz. Apoyamos los esfuerzos de las Naciones Unidas para mejorar la velocidad y la eficiencia del despliegue de las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz y hacerlas más selectivas y flexibles a fin de fortalecer la coordinación y la asociación con los países anfitriones y las organizaciones regionales.",
"Sra. Ziade (Líbano) (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Ante todo, deseo expresarle nuestro reconocimiento por haber organizado este importante debate. Damos las gracias también al Secretario General Adjunto Le Roy por su encomiable labor al frente del Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz y a los Comandantes de las Fuerzas de la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en la República Democrática del Congo (MONUSCO), la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur (UNAMID), la Fuerza Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en el Líbano (FPNUL) y la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Liberia (UNMIL) por sus muy completas presentaciones.",
"El Líbano estima que las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas requieren una asociación entre el Consejo de Seguridad, la Secretaría, los países que aportan contingentes y los países anfitriones. Tras escuchar atentamente las presentaciones de los comandantes de las fuerzas, deseamos encomiar su dedicación y servicio en favor de la paz. Esta interacción directa nos ofrece la oportunidad de comprender las urgentes necesidades en el terreno y a su vez ayuda al Consejo a responder mejor a esas necesidades.",
"Tengo dos preguntas. La primera es semejante a la formulada por la delegación de los Estados Unidos respecto de la cooperación entre la MONUSCO y la UNAMID. Quizás el General Nyamvumba pueda señalarnos cuáles son los principales retos logísticos que enfrenta la UNAMID.",
"En nuestra región, el Oriente Medio, el final de la ocupación israelí en Palestina, Siria y las partes restantes del Líbano —la causa básica del conflicto— constituye un requisito indispensable para toda solución amplia y toda salida con éxito de las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas.",
"Todos se han referido a lo que ocurrió ayer en el sur del Líbano. Cuando se pone a prueba una misión de mantenimiento de la paz y se ataca a los efectivos de mantenimiento de la paz, la solidaridad y la determinación siguen siendo fundamentales para poner fin a todo tipo de repetición. En ese contexto, el Líbano expresó su inequívoca condena al ataque. Basta mencionar aquí que el Presidente de la República del Líbano, el General Michel Sleiman, formuló una declaración en la que condenó el ataque e instó a las autoridades a que “multipliquen los esfuerzos para descubrir a los autores y castigarlos”.",
"Esa declaración la formuló en Beirut, y aquí en Nueva York mi delegación se asoció a la declaración de prensa publicada por el Consejo de Seguridad para condenar el ataque (SC/10341). Mi delegación expresa su sincera solidaridad con los efectivos de mantenimiento de la paz heridos y sus familias y confiamos en que el General Asarta Cuevas transmita nuestro profundo reconocimiento a los hombres y mujeres que trabajan en la FPNUL.",
"Casi cinco años después de la aprobación de la resolución 1701 (2006), el Gobierno del Líbano está firmemente empeñado en aplicar esa resolución en su totalidad. Pedimos a la comunidad internacional que ponga fin a las violaciones israelíes de nuestra soberanía por tierra, aire y mar. En su último informe (S/2011/406), el Secretario General hace referencia a estas violaciones y pide que cesen de inmediato, ya que no sólo socavan la aplicación de la resolución 1701 (2006), sino que atentan contra el trabajo y la credibilidad de la FPNUL y la autoridad de las Fuerzas Armadas del Líbano.",
"Sólo dos días después del voto de confianza del nuevo Gobierno, el Primer Ministro del Líbano visitó el sur del Líbano y la sede de la FPNUL. Durante esta visita reconoció el importante papel que desempeña la FPNUL en la aplicación de la resolución 1701 (2006). En ese sentido, enviamos una carta hace dos días solicitando la renovación del mandato de la FPNUL, sin ningún tipo de enmienda.",
"Al referirse el General Asarta al diálogo estratégico y a la cooperación, mencionó las consultas celebradas la semana pasada. Permítaseme reiterar ante el Consejo la posición de mi delegación al respecto. El ejército libanés está plenamente comprometido con el diálogo estratégico con la FPNUL. El Líbano elogia los esfuerzos y sacrificios de las fuerzas de la FPNUL que operan en el Líbano meridional, y expresa su agradecimiento a todos los países que aportan contingentes. Concedemos gran importancia al fortalecimiento de la coordinación y cooperación con la FPNUL, conforme a las normas de despliegue acordadas, con el fin de garantizar la correcta ejecución de la misión que se le ha encomendado. La asistencia en la generación de capacidades en las Fuerzas Armadas del Líbano es necesaria; un ejército libanés más fuerte permitirá al Gobierno del Líbano seguir extendiendo su autoridad sobre todo su territorio.",
"Si se me permite hacer una pregunta al General Asarta: ¿cuál sería, a su entender, la mejor manera de prevenir el uso desproporcionado de la fuerza por parte de Israel a lo largo de la Línea Azul, como lo que sucedió el 15 de mayo, cuando se disparó contra manifestantes civiles, que, sin embargo, no habían cruzado la Línea Azul?",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Propongo suspender momentáneamente la lista de oradores y dar la palabra a los Comandantes de la Fuerza. Tiene la palabra, el Teniente General Prakash.",
"El Teniente General Prakash (habla en inglés): De las dos preguntas que se me han hecho, en la primera, el representante del Gabón me pide una evaluación de la amenaza que representa en la región el Ejército de Resistencia del Señor (LRA), y también qué tipo de cooperación puede darse entre las misiones en la región para neutralizar la amenaza del LRA.",
"La amenaza del LRA en la República Democrática del Congo es real. Aunque sus efectivos no son numerosos, la amenaza no puede ignorarse. En término medio, tenemos noticia de entre 15 y 20 incidentes debidos a actividades del LRA cada mes. Desde hace un tiempo, ha disminuido la brutalidad de los ataques; el número de asesinatos se ha reducido así como, en mayor medida, el de civiles secuestrados. Esta menor actividad del LRA puede, en gran parte, atribuirse a una serie de iniciativas operacionales que la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en la República Democrática del Congo (MONUSCO) ha desplegado en la zona.",
"Dicho esto, quiero reiterar que la amenaza es real y no puede ignorarse. Lo cierto es que se trata de un terreno muy accidentado, sus efectivos son escasos, las zonas donde opera son inaccesibles y las fronteras son porosas. Hemos establecido un centro conjunto de operaciones de inteligencia en Dungu que empezó a funcionar este año y que supone un paso más hacia el intercambio de información entre los asociados —es decir, las Fuerzas de Defensa del pueblo de Uganda, las Fuerzas Armadas de la República Democrática del Congo y nuestra misión, la MONUSCO. Asimismo, en mayo, celebramos una conferencia de los comandantes de las fuerzas en Entebbe, donde compartimos información sobre el LRA. No obstante, esto no es suficiente, y aún podemos intercambiar más información y realizar operaciones más efectivas contra el LRA, siempre que dispongamos de los recursos adecuados.",
"La segunda pregunta se refería a las deficiencias en nuestra capacidad aérea y cómo esto afecta a la Misión. La no disponibilidad de activos aéreos —ya sean helicópteros de transporte o de combate— es motivo de gran preocupación para la Misión. Con el paso de los años, la actividad negativa se ha desplazado hacia el oeste, alejándose de la parte oriental de la República Democrática del Congo y acercándose más a la jungla, a zonas accesibles sólo en helicóptero. Como el Consejo sabe, no existe una infraestructura vial en la República Democrática del Congo. Hoy en día, de las 93 bases que tenemos en el país, 31 deben contar con apoyo aéreo; es decir, un tercio de las bases operacionales temporarias y de las bases de compañías está ubicado en áreas donde el apoyo logístico sólo puede suministrarse por aire. Sin los medios aéreos necesarios para proporcionar apoyo a esas bases, no sólo no estaremos en condiciones de establecer las nuevas bases que se necesitan en áreas inaccesibles, sino que incluso nos resultará difícil mantener el apoyo a las 31 bases existentes.",
"El hecho de que desde el 4 de julio hayamos dejado de tener helicópteros de combate ha disminuido notablemente nuestra capacidad de disuasión ante las Fuerzas Democráticas de Liberación de Rwanda en los Kivus. No tenemos capacidad para llevar a cabo ningún tipo de iniciativa militar contra los grupos armados en los Kivus. Ante la inminencia de las elecciones, también estimamos que las futuras necesidades de recursos aéreos aumentarán considerablemente. La requerida protección de los civiles entrará en conflicto con el transporte de material electoral. Cuando llegue ese momento, estaremos desbordados, y me temo que nuestra capacidad para realizar nuestra tarea fundamental, la protección de los civiles, también se verá muy limitada.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Quiero recordar al Consejo lo avanzado de la hora. Sé que los militares tienen fama de concisos y precisos; aunque no sé si cabe decir lo mismo de los diplomáticos. Pido al Consejo que haga el mejor uso del tiempo de que disponemos, y limitemos todas nuestras declaraciones. Quedan aún siete miembros del Consejo por hablar, por lo que debemos limitar nuestras intervenciones a lo estrictamente necesario, considerando el tiempo que nos queda.",
"Doy ahora la palabra al General Asarta Cuevas.",
"El General de División Asarta Cuevas: Si me permiten, voy a dar respuesta a las preguntas en mi idioma, el castellano, con lo cual seré más preciso en todas mis respuestas.",
"Referente al llamado arsenal de Hizbullah, en el mandato de la resolución 1701 (2006), la principal responsabilidad referente a que no haya ningún tipo de armas otras que no sean de las Fuerzas Armadas libanesas y de la FPNUL en el área de operaciones de las FPNUL recae en el Gobierno del Líbano y en las Fuerzas Armadas libanesas.",
"En el mandato de la resolución 1701 (2006), la principal responsabilidad referente a que no haya ningún tipo de arma, otra que no sean las de las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas y de la FPNUL en el área de operaciones de la FPNUL recae en el Gobierno del Líbano y en las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas.",
"En nuestro mandato, la FPNUL no puede entrar en las casas privadas o en las propiedades privadas, a no ser que haya una evidencia creíble y que sea una amenaza inmediata o una violación de la resolución 1701 (2006).",
"Nuestras tropas desplegadas en el sur del Líbano, entre el río Litani y la Línea Azul, son aproximadamente 12.500 soldados y más de 1.000 civiles. Estos soldados, de 35 países distintos, realizan entre 10.000 y 12.000 actividades operativas por mes. Durante estas actividades operativas, se han descubierto en los cinco años desde que se implementó la resolución 1701 (2006) algunos depósitos de municiones, algunos búnkeres, algún armamento, pero todo ello hasta la fecha anterior al conflicto, a la guerra de 2006. Hasta ahora también, y teniendo en cuenta que no podemos entrar en las propiedades privadas ni buscar dentro de las casas, sino que es una obligación del Gobierno libanés y de las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas, no hay ninguna prueba o evidencia de tráfico ilegal de armas. Quiero decir con ello que ni yo personalmente ni mis soldados hemos visto esos arsenales de los que se habla. Nos gustaría verlos y saber si realmente existen o no.",
"Quiero decir también que el último lanzamiento de cohetes que hubo desde nuestra área de operaciones contra Israel fue en octubre de 2009. Llevamos ya prácticamente dos años en que, gracias al esfuerzo realizado entre la población del sur, las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas y la FPNUL, se ha mantenido el cese de hostilidades y no ha habido ningún lanzamiento de cohetes contra Israel.",
"Referente a la segunda pregunta, que fue formulada por la representante del Líbano, voy a referirme a las recomendaciones que la FPNUL hizo a las partes después de los trágicos incidentes del Día de la Nakba, el 15 de mayo de este año. Entre estas recomendaciones, son las autoridades libanesas las que tienen la responsabilidad de la ley y el orden dentro del Líbano, y las que deben adoptar las medidas necesarias para evitar que incidentes a lo largo de la Línea Azul, que, como bien saben los miembros, es una zona muy sensible y donde se producen la mayor parte de los incidentes y es la línea de repliegue de las fuerzas israelíes después de la guerra de 2000. Para evitar ese tipo incidentes, tiene que haber un control exhaustivo de esa población.",
"También en nuestras recomendaciones, y lo voy a leer textualmente, las fuerzas israelíes deberían reprimirse o evitar responder en estas situaciones, excepto cuando claramente lo requiera su defensa inmediata, teniendo en cuenta que cada país, tanto el Líbano como Israel, tiene su derecho a la defensa propia. Pero hay una necesidad de que las Fuerzas de Defensa Israelíes no utilicen excesivamente la fuerza y siempre actúen proporcionalmente a la ofensa, para lo cual deberían incluir equipo, unidades y expertos en control de manifestantes y de masas.",
"Decíamos también que ambos países, tanto Israel como el Líbano, deberían asegurarse de que en estas situaciones empleasen tropas debidamente entrenadas y equipadas para evitar esta clase de situaciones. Yo, normalmente en los tripartitos y en las reuniones que tengo con las dos partes, siempre digo lo mismo:",
"(continúa en inglés)",
"Don’t give, don’t take.",
"(continúa en español)",
"No provoques y no tomes ninguna provocación. Es la mejor manera de evitar los incidentes a lo largo de la Línea Azul.",
"Creo que he contestado la pregunta. Si hay alguna aclaración, pues la puedo hacer también.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el Teniente General Nyamvumba, a quien también se le hicieron dos preguntas.",
"El Teniente General Nyamvumba (habla en inglés): Me han hecho dos preguntas, una por la representante de los Estados Unidos y la otra por la representante del Líbano.",
"Los Estados Unidos me pidieron que compartiera nuestra experiencia con otras misiones. De hecho, es algo muy pertinente, y parte del propósito de nuestra reunión aquí en Nueva York es, entre otras cosas, compartir experiencias de diferentes misiones. Además de eso, también tenemos un foro, que denominamos específicamente cooperación entre misiones. Quiero expresar mi agradecimiento al General Prakash, quien fue anfitrión de nuestra reunión regional de Comandantes de la Fuerza, celebrada en Entebbe en mayo. Tomaremos nota de ello y seguiremos compartiendo nuestras experiencias con otras misiones, en particular con las que incluyen un mandato para la protección de civiles. También acogemos con beneplácito otras experiencias de otras misiones.",
"Con respecto a la cuestión de los principales retos logísticos que afronta la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur (UNAMIT), señalé algunos de ellos, pero, para ser más concreto, uno de ellos se refiere a las líneas de suministro. Todos los presentes saben que el principal puerto está en Port Sudan, a unos 2.000 kilómetros de Darfur, con escasa infraestructura o ninguna. En cuanto a nuestras operaciones, el reto principal es la falta de infraestructura sobre el terreno. Durante la temporada de lluvias, como ya dije, nuestras patrullas y nuestras actividades se reducen drásticamente debido a que hay zonas inaccesibles. En estos momentos, las hemos reducido de 160 a 100 patrullas diarias debido a que hay rutas intransitables.",
"Por último, está la cuestión de la capacidad de la aviación. Sigue habiendo una disparidad muy grande con respecto a los helicópteros de uso general. Aprovecharé esta oportunidad para instar a quienes disponen de los medios para hacerlo a que brinden su respaldo a la misión para que pueda contar con algunas de esas capacidades, ya que, de hecho, ello contribuiría en gran medida a potenciar las capacidades de la Misión.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el General de División Khalid.",
"El General de División Khalid (habla en inglés): Formularon preguntas la representante de los Estados Unidos y la representante del Líbano. Creo que la cooperación entre misiones reviste primordial importancia. Digo así porque el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz no tiene reserva, y con el número de misiones que hay en todo el mundo, no tiene fuerzas suficientes para abordar cualquier situación imprevista.",
"Quisiera decir a los presentes que mañana hablaré ante el Comité Especial de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz (C-34) sobre el mismo tema, que me ha asignado el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz, y explicaré en detalle esta cuestión en mi intervención de mañana.",
"No obstante, para responder brevemente la pregunta sobre las lecciones aprendidas, debo decir que, en noviembre, enviamos un batallón de infantería y helicópteros MI-8 a la Operación de las Naciones Unidas en Côte d’Ivoire. El batallón de infantería regresó en enero; los helicópteros de uso general regresaron en julio; los helicópteros de combate fueron enviados en marzo y aún no han regresado. Me complace decir que tanto la ONUCI como la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Liberia están aprovechando estos helicópteros de combate MI-24 para tareas conjuntas y el patrullaje conjunto de fronteras.",
"En cuanto a las lecciones aprendidas, corresponden, efectivamente a cuatro asuntos o motivos de profunda preocupación: legalidad, logística, capacidad militar y coordinación. Voy a tratar cada uno de ellos muy brevemente.",
"Por legalidad, quiero decir ahorrar pérdidas de tiempo causadas en el último minuto por las aprehensiones de los países que aportan contingentes. Eso debe formar parte de los memorandos de entendimiento.",
"Respecto a la logística, las misiones deben tratar de satisfacer, coordinar y tal vez incluso a veces abordar la reducción de raciones o de combustible antes de la puesta en marcha de las misiones para que los efectivos que se incorporen no afronten ningún problema. A nivel del Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas, deben aplicar una estrategia global —y estoy seguro de que este es el caso. Deben examinarse periódicamente, en consulta con todas las misiones encargadas con la cooperación entre las misiones. No puede haber una frontera muy grande en todos los casos de cooperación entre las misiones, y las condiciones de las carreteras podrían no ser buenas o podría no haber carreteras en absoluto, así que esos servicios deben prestarse por tierra, aire o mar para evitar los retrasos innecesarios en el último minuto, que, por lo general, constituyen una etapa crítica. Hay que definir claramente la logística.",
"Para lograr una mejor coordinación todas esas misiones deben contar con células de coordinación entre las misiones, que deben mantener el contacto con el fin de lograr una mejor coordinación y mantenerse informadas sobre la evolución más reciente de la situación.",
"Finalmente, pero no menos importante, en los casos en que en las misiones y los países afectados se hable en diferentes idiomas, un equipo de intérpretes debe estar presente para garantizar que las fuerzas no tengan problemas a su llegada y que son aprovechadas eficazmente.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Daré ahora la palabra a los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad.",
"Sr. Sangqu (Sudáfrica) (habla en inglés): Doy las gracias al Secretario General Adjunto de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz, Sr. Alain Le Roy, el Jefe de la Oficina de Asuntos Militares, Teniente General Babacar Gaye, y los comandantes de las fuerzas por sus exposiciones informativas.",
"Damos la bienvenida a los comandantes de las fuerzas que se nos han unido hoy en el Consejo. En efecto, Nueva York está muy distante del campo de batalla, por lo que la oportunidad de escuchar de primera mano el testimonio de la dirección militar sobre el terreno es realmente valiosa. Consideramos que es muy beneficioso organizar este tipo de actos participativos de manera periódica, y agradecemos a la delegación alemana esta iniciativa.",
"El Consejo de Seguridad ha indicado claramente en el pasado —y Sudáfrica apoya plenamente ese punto de vista— que las operaciones de las Naciones Unidas para el mantenimiento de la paz solo se despliegan como acompañamiento y no como alternativa a las estrategias políticas para la solución de conflictos.",
"Con los años, el mantenimiento de la paz se ha convertido en una empresa compleja y multifacética debido a la naturaleza cambiante de los conflictos. Somos conscientes de los múltiples efectos y retos que existen en la época de los conflictos intraestatales. En la mayoría de los casos, las partes beligerantes tienen cada vez mejores recursos y equipos y a menudo ejercen gran influencia y no respetan las reglas para entrar en combate. Las zonas afectadas por el conflicto ya no son solamente Estados en quiebra; poseen fuertes capacidades militares y un sólido liderazgo político.",
"En respuesta a esos retos, las Naciones Unidas tienen que actuar con el dinamismo y la agilidad necesarios. Por consiguiente, para nosotros es crítico, en el Consejo y las Naciones Unidas, disponer de un liderazgo político y militar sobre el terreno con el fin de ser capaces de movilizar y mantener en todo momento el apoyo político de todas las partes interesadas, especialmente los países en los que el Consejo establece mandatos de misiones de mantenimiento de la paz, y de respetar la soberanía de todos los Estados.",
"Además, el Consejo tiene un papel particularmente importante a lo largo de toda la vida de una misión en apoyar los esfuerzos desplegados por mejorar la cooperación y la coordinación con las organizaciones regionales y subregionales y otros asociados. La respuesta del Consejo de Seguridad a las crisis vividas en el continente africano nos recuerda constantemente la necesidad de una mayor cooperación y coordinación con las organizaciones regionales, especialmente la Unión Africana. Nada puede sustituir el liderazgo y las soluciones africanas para los problemas africanos.",
"Hoy debemos reflexionar, entre otras cosas, sobre nuestra capacidad de aprovechar al máximo el mecanismo de seguridad que ofrecen las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz sobre el terreno y de hallar soluciones políticas a los conflictos. El Consejo debe adoptar estrategias coherentes y amplias que conviertan claramente los mandatos de las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz en resultados claros, dignos de crédito y factibles. Debemos tener presente la necesidad de que las operaciones se vean suficientemente dotadas de recursos apropiados y que estén adecuadamente preparadas y se desplieguen oportunamente al nivel deseado de la fuerza y la capacidad operacionales. Debemos asegurarnos de que los mecanismos de supervisión y evaluación para las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz sean adecuados y que el Consejo sea suficientemente consciente de las repercusiones de sus decisiones para los recursos y el apoyo sobre el terreno.",
"Esas son solamente algunas de las cuestiones importantes que podrían ayudarnos en nuestros esfuerzos por comprender los retos que abordamos a nivel militar en todo el espectro de las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz. Estimamos que si abordamos colectivamente esas cuestiones haremos una importante contribución para mejorar el rendimiento general de las operaciones de las Naciones Unidas para el mantenimiento de la paz.",
"Es importantísimo proteger la vida de los civiles de a pie, que, con demasiada frecuencia, son víctimas inocentes de la inestabilidad y los combates que se viven en las zonas de conflicto. En derecho internacional se prevé que la responsabilidad primordial de proteger a los civiles compete a los Estados. Por su naturaleza, la protección de los civiles es sumamente sensitiva desde un punto de vista político y, sin embargo, se trata de una tarea crítica y vital encomendada por un mandato. Dada la naturaleza de los conflictos recientes, la protección de los civiles está convirtiéndose en una necesidad, y el papel de las organizaciones regionales y la comunidad internacional es, si cabe, más importante.",
"Nos alientan los esfuerzos en curso para abordar la escasez de efectivos militares, como los helicópteros. No podemos permitirnos el lujo de desplegar efectivos en territorios extranjeros y esperar luego estar en todos los sitios al mismo tiempo sin disponer de los recursos necesarios o, en algunos casos, sin funcionar plenamente. Debemos garantizar a nuestros efectivos sobre el terreno que reciben el nivel de apoyo deseado.",
"Sin embargo, debemos seguir haciendo hincapié en la importancia de que las operaciones de las Naciones Unidas para el mantenimiento de la paz se realicen de conformidad con los principios de imparcialidad consagrados en la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, y con el derecho internacional y las normas relativas a los derechos humanos.",
"Para concluir, mi delegación rinde homenaje a todos los hombres y mujeres en uniforme que han servido y siguen sirviendo en las operaciones de las Naciones Unidas para el mantenimiento de la paz y encomiamos su dedicación y valentía. Rendimos un homenaje especial a todos los que han pagado el más alto precio en aras de la paz y de la humanidad.",
"Sr. Bonne (Francia) (habla en francés): Sr. Presidente: Yo deseo también darle las gracias por haber organizado esta importante sesión, que se ha convertido en una cuestión habitual, ya que brinda una rara pero valiosa oportunidad para intercambiar ideas con los comandantes de las fuerzas y escuchar los puntos de vista desde el terreno.",
"Doy las gracias al Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz y a los comandantes de la fuerza de la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en la República Democrática del Congo (MONUSCO), a la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur (UNAMID), a la Fuerza Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en el Líbano (FPNUL) y a la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Liberia (UNMIL) por sus exposiciones informativas.",
"En primer lugar, quisiera recordar el compromiso de Francia con el mantenimiento de la paz, que es una de las actividades más importantes y, ciertamente, de mayor relevancia simbólica de las Naciones Unidas. A ese respecto quisiera, en primer lugar, encomiar la excepcional labor llevada a cabo por los cascos azules sobre el terreno, en condiciones a menudo difíciles y peligrosas, donde no va nadie más, con el fin de aplicar mandatos cuya complejidad refleja la de las crisis que nuestra Organización pretende abordar.",
"Francia desea seguir participando en los esfuerzos por mejorar el funcionamiento de las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz. Desde su creación, esas operaciones se han convertido en el instrumento mediante el cual el Consejo ejerce su responsabilidad primordial de mantener la paz y la seguridad internacionales. Mejorar la eficacia de esas operaciones es, por lo tanto, un asunto de importancia estratégica.",
"Al realizar el seguimiento de la iniciativa de 2009 de Francia y del Reino Unido, nuestro objetivo sigue siendo mejorar el control político y militar de las operaciones por el Consejo de Seguridad, para garantizar una mayor eficacia en la gestión logística y financiera de las operaciones, aclarar la doctrina con relación a una serie de cuestiones complejas como la protección de civiles y, cuando sea necesario, aclarar y racionalizar también los mandatos en la mayor medida posible. Ese es el objetivo de las consultas periódicas que el Consejo celebra actualmente sobre cuestiones intersectoriales relativas al mantenimiento de la paz. Consideramos que deberían continuar.",
"Respecto de todas las cuestiones que acabo de plantear, consideramos que hemos progresado. Acogemos con satisfacción en particular la ejecución de la estrategia mundial de apoyo a las actividades sobre el terreno. Deseamos también celebrar el informe del Grupo Consultivo Superior sobre el fortalecimiento de la capacidad civil después de los conflictos (S/2011/85). Consideramos que permitirá modificar la manera en que las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz operan en relación con cuestiones tan importantes como la repercusión económica de las operaciones en el desarrollo nacional y el papel de la mujer en el mantenimiento de la paz.",
"Por consiguiente, proseguiremos nuestra labor, sobre todo en los ámbitos del fortalecimiento de la cadena de mando en las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz, el aumento de la cooperación con los países que aportan contingentes y la realización de un seguimiento más riguroso en el ámbito financiero en apoyo al mantenimiento de la paz. Observo que el presupuesto para las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz ha aumentado en los últimos años. Es cierto que las necesidades desempeñaron un papel importante al respecto, pero también es cierto que en un clima presupuestario restringido para los contribuyentes financieros resulta indispensable que contemos con los medios para gestionar el presupuesto de manera responsable y controlada.",
"Yo también tengo algunas preguntas que formular a los comandantes de las fuerzas que se encuentran aquí presentes. En primer lugar, tengo una pregunta general. ¿Se sienten en el terreno los esfuerzos de reforma que se realizan en Nueva York? ¿Cambian las prácticas sobre el terreno debido a las decisiones adoptadas y las recomendaciones formuladas en el Consejo? ¿De qué manera nosotros, en el Consejo, podemos tener más en cuenta las opiniones del personal sobre el terreno y la retroalimentación de los comandantes de las fuerzas?",
"De manera más concreta, tengo preguntas para el General de División Asarta Cuevas sobre la FPNUL. Nosotros, también, condenamos enérgicamente, por supuesto, los ataques cometidos contra los contingentes de la FPNUL. Agradecemos la solidaridad expresada tras el ataque de ayer en el que nuestros soldados fueron víctimas. Por supuesto, no toleraremos que se sigan viendo amenazadas la protección y la seguridad del personal militar y civil desplegado en el Líbano. Comprendemos la dificultad de la tarea que realizamos, pero ¿qué podemos hacer para garantizar que los soldados sobre el terreno estén mejor protegidos? Además, ¿cómo podemos aumentar la cooperación con las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas? ¿Cómo podemos garantizar que las tareas que actualmente realiza la FPNUL se traspasen progresivamente?",
"Mi pregunta dirigida al Comandante de la Fuerza de la MONUSCO se refiere a la adaptación de la estrategia de protección de los civiles en el contexto actual de los preparativos para las elecciones. En el actual clima previo a las elecciones, ¿hay alguna necesidad de cambiar el enfoque de la fuerza y su estrategia de protección de los civiles, dadas las limitaciones de las que se nos ha advertido?",
"Sr. Barbalić (Bosnia y Herzegovina) (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Ante todo, deseo darle las gracias por haber organizado esta sesión informativa. Damos las gracias al Secretario General Adjunto por sus comentarios y a los comandantes de las fuerzas de la Fuerza Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en el Líbano, la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Liberia, la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur y la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en la República Democrática del Congo por sus exhaustivas observaciones. Acogemos con beneplácito también la presencia de los demás comandantes de las fuerzas de las operaciones de las Naciones Unidas para el mantenimiento de la paz y encomiamos sus compromisos y esfuerzos, así como la destacada labor que desempeña todo el personal en las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz.",
"Uno de los principales temas que se repiten en los debates sobre el mantenimiento de la paz es la necesidad de que el Consejo confíe a las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz mandatos claros, dignos de créditos y que puedan alcanzarse, junto con recursos suficientes para cumplir sus tareas establecidas mediante dichos mandatos. Por consiguiente, es indispensable brindar información oportuna y pertinente al Consejo para la adopción de decisiones. Con ese fin, hacemos hincapié en que es necesario que cada resolución quede reflejada de manera clara y precisa en el concepto de las operaciones durante su aplicación.",
"Desde comienzos de año, se han publicado importantes documentos sobre la relación que existe entre el mantenimiento y la consolidación de la paz y entre la seguridad y el desarrollo. En los debates sobre estas cuestiones se deben identificar medidas prácticas para superar los principales desafíos y obstáculos y se deben ofrecer soluciones para el fomento de la capacidad, la coordinación y la orientación sobre el terreno.",
"La complejidad cada vez mayor de las tareas confiadas a las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz y la escasez de recursos concretos, en particular la capacidad para brindar apoyo a los civiles, pueden poner en riesgo el éxito de una misión. Bosnia y Herzegovina celebra las actividades relacionadas con el examen de las capacidades civiles internacionales. Consideramos que las actividades que se están llevando a cabo actualmente relacionadas con las recomendaciones y los debates sobre este estudio llevarán a mejoras concretas y a propuestas prácticas y viables en ese ámbito. Además, la cooperación entre el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz y el Departamento de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre el Terreno debe aportar soluciones viables, cambios positivos y resultados tangibles sobre el terreno.",
"En ese sentido, subrayamos la importancia de la cooperación, de las consultas y del intercambio de opiniones con los países que aportan contingentes y fuerzas de policía. Es indispensable movilizar el apoyo de los Estados Miembros para adoptar un enfoque basado en la capacidad que se centre en los conocimientos, el equipo y la capacidad.",
"Resulta evidente que las misiones con mandatos de protección incluyen diversas actividades dirigidas a garantizar la seguridad y la protección física de las poblaciones civiles. La recopilación de información y de datos oportunos y precisos sobre la situación y las circunstancias locales y su análisis son fundamentales. Sin embargo, las misiones deben contar con recursos suficientes para analizar esos datos y ayudar a restablecer un entorno en el que el Estado anfitrión pueda ejercer su responsabilidad primordial de proteger a sus ciudadanos. Sin duda, ese aspecto abarca otros procesos, como el desarme, la desmovilización, la integración, la reforma del sector de la seguridad, el respaldo a los procesos electorales y el empoderamiento de las comunidades locales, que sirven para facilitar la transición hacia la consolidación de la paz sostenible.",
"La necesidad de aplicar una estrategia de salida eficaz debe corresponderse con la calidad del personal y el equipo y relacionarse con los mandatos y los objetivos operacionales correspondientes. También deben tomarse en cuenta los elementos delicados desde el punto de vista cultural que son propios de la zona donde se llevará a cabo el despliegue a fin de evitar malos entendidos innecesarios entre una misión y el país anfitrión y sus comunidades.",
"Este año, hemos presenciado la autorización de dos nuevas misiones: la Fuerza Provisional de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas para Abyei y la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en la República de Sudán del Sur. Bosnia y Herzegovina considera que es necesario que la Organización funcione lo mejor posible para aplicar sus conocimientos y las lecciones aprendidas en misiones anteriores de mantenimiento de la paz, en tanto el Consejo debe brindar a las misiones la orientación estratégica y el apoyo adecuado que necesitan. En ese sentido, la misión en el Sudán del Sur tiene que contribuir a mejorar la capacidad de gobernanza y el estado de derecho.",
"Sin duda, el mandato es de suma importancia para brindar orientación para la reconfiguración futura de una misión. Hay que tener en cuenta lo que ocurre sobre el terreno para que el mandato de una misión sea más objetivo y pueda cumplirse.",
"Por último, insistimos en que la misión de mantenimiento de la paz es parte de la solución política al conflicto, pero no puede reemplazar la solución. Por consiguiente, se deben fortalecer las actividades sobre el terreno, junto con los esfuerzos en materia de diplomacia preventiva, alerta temprana o mediación de los conflictos, y centrarse en prioridades nacionales y agentes nacionales. Es necesario prestar atención a esos aspectos para que sean partes integrantes de cada misión de mantenimiento de la paz a fin de evitar que se recaiga en conflictos y contribuir al desarrollo de un país y a la paz duradera y, sobre todo, garantizar la seguridad internacional.",
"Sr. Tatham (Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte) (habla en inglés): Intentaré ser muy breve. Doy las gracias al Embajador Wittig por haber invitado al Secretario General Adjunto Le Roy y a los comandantes de las fuerzas de la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur (UNAMID), de la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en la República Democrática del Congo y de la Fuerza Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en el Líbano (FPNUL) para informar al Consejo. Deseo darles las gracias por la información exhaustiva que han presentado esta mañana, y más importante aún, por la labor que realizan los comandantes de las fuerzas y los comisionados de policía y todos los hombres y mujeres que se encuentran bajo su mando, con frecuencia, como sabemos, en circunstancias sumamente difíciles y corriendo un gran riesgo personal. Esos riesgos se pusieron de relieve en los últimos ataques contra la FPNUL. Me sumo a los demás oradores para condenar el ataque perpetrado a principios de esta semana y para desear una pronta recuperación a los que resultaron heridos.",
"El Reino Unido está muy de acuerdo con la iniciativa en curso, que se ha convertido ya en una suerte de tradición, para garantizar que los comandantes de las fuerzas y los comisionados de policía tengan la oportunidad de informar al Consejo durante su conferencia anual en Nueva York. Es importante garantizar que hagamos todo lo que sea viable para aumentar la comprensión que tiene el Consejo sobre las exigencias operacionales que imponen a los contingentes y a las fuerzas de policía las resoluciones sobre mantenimiento de la paz que elaboramos.",
"Como demostramos durante nuestra Presidencia del Consejo en noviembre, tenemos acceso a la nueva tecnología para garantizar que podamos escuchar con más frecuencia a los comandantes de las operaciones, y consideramos que debemos aprovechar esa oportunidad para hacerlo de una manera más sistemática. Será importante que en su debido momento podamos escuchar al nuevo Comandante de la Fuerza Provisional de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas para Abyei.",
"A la luz de lo que he escuchado de los comandantes de las fuerzas y de colegas del Consejo, quisiera formular algunas observaciones sobre cuatro breves aspectos.",
"El primero es la protección de los civiles. A partir de la exposición del General Nyamvumba, he recogido un mensaje claro acerca de la importancia de la responsabilidad de proteger a los civiles sometidos a ataques o amenazados por ataques. Eso es fundamental para cumplir las responsabilidades en materia de mantenimiento de la paz. Me interesaría saber cuál es el vínculo que existe entre ese aspecto y la adopción de una postura enérgica, concepto que han entendido muy bien los dirigentes superiores de la UNAMID. Soy consciente de que para algunos se trata de una cuestión controvertida, pero me sumo a mi colega de Nigeria para expresar un firme apoyo a una postura enérgica. Soy consciente de que el Secretario General se ha referido a la firmeza de la UNAMID como algo que ha contribuido a la reducción del número de ataques contra la Misión, y considero que eso es un aspecto importante.",
"El segundo aspecto es el efecto de la política de condicionalidad. He escuchado con sumo interés las observaciones del General Prakash sobre la condicionalidad. La condicionalidad es un recurso necesario para garantizar que los efectivos de mantenimiento de la paz no respalden actividades que están al margen del derecho internacional humanitario. Obviamente, la aplicación de esa política debe ser rigurosa.",
"Sin embargo, tenemos también que prestar atención a la eficacia operacional. El General Prakash se refirió al equilibrio entre lo deseable y lo viable. Me interesaría conocer cuál es el concepto de ese equilibrio —cómo lograrlo— si es que hay tiempo, pero entiendo que estamos en una lucha contra el reloj. Me interesaría saber la opinión del General Prakash acerca de si existen principios generales útiles para lograr este equilibrio que puedan ser determinados para una aplicación más amplia, o si esto es algo que se debe determinar sobre el terreno.",
"El General Prakash también proporcionó algunas directrices útiles sobre la aplicación de la política de condicionalidad, en particular señaló que es más fácil aplicarla al comienzo que cuando ya se ha avanzado. Considero que esta es una importante consideración habida cuenta de la nueva operación de mantenimiento de la paz que está en marcha en Sudán del Sur.",
"El tercer aspecto se refiere a la cooperación entre las misiones, respecto de la cual quisiera hacerme eco brevemente una vez más de lo manifestado por mi colega de Nigeria, y por mi colega de los Estados Unidos, al expresar nuestro firme apoyo al principio de cooperación entre las misiones. Hay situaciones en las que esto tiene sentido desde una perspectiva operacional, y el intercambio de activos entre la UNMIL y la Operación de las Naciones Unidas en Côte d’Ivoire (ONUCI) es un ejemplo importante. Considero que se deben estudiar plenamente las posibilidades de aprovechar esta cooperación.",
"El último aspecto se refiere a los mandatos claros. Me parece que fue mi colega de la India quien habló sobre la importancia de que se proporcionen mandatos claros. Todos nos hemos referido a los riesgos y dificultades que afrontan nuestras operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz. Estimo que lo menos que podemos hacer es proporcionar mandatos claros a las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz. Nos resulta demasiado fácil reunirnos en torno a la mesa del Consejo para tratar de superar las diferencias a través de palabras ambiguas o de redacciones complejas. Siempre tenemos que tener presente los problemas que esto puede plantear a las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz sobre el terreno mientras llevan a cabo su importante labor.",
"Por último, tras escuchar a los comandantes de las fuerzas esta mañana, recordé una vez más el enorme valor que tiene recibir información directa desde el terreno. Quisiera darles las gracias sinceramente por haber utilizado tiempo de su conferencia anual para hablar ante el Consejo. Espero que podamos escucharlos en forma periódica.",
"Sr. Pankin (Federación de Rusia) (habla en ruso): Dadas las limitaciones de tiempo, trataré de ser breve.",
"Nos complace acoger nuevamente aquí a los comandantes de las fuerzas de las misiones de las Naciones Unidas para el mantenimiento de la paz. Resulta alentador presenciar la celebración de este tipo de diálogo, que inicialmente fue propuesto por la Federación de Rusia el año pasado durante su Presidencia del Consejo. Quisiera respaldar aquí a mi colega del Reino Unido, que ha enriquecido esta práctica. El Consejo ahora tiene la posibilidad celebrar con más frecuencia esas sesiones utilizando la videoconferencia y otras tecnologías modernas. Los miembros del Consejo deberían ponerse de acuerdo con nuestros colegas militares para examinar los problemas que actualmente se presentan en el terreno y que verdaderamente afrontan los efectivos de mantenimiento de la paz, así como los problemas militares. En última instancia, esta práctica garantizará que el Consejo reciba conocimientos militares especializados.",
"No me referiré a la importancia que asignamos al mantenimiento de la paz. Al igual que muchos colegas, consideramos que es un instrumento verdaderamente crucial de las Naciones Unidas para el mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad. Nuestros efectivos de mantenimiento de la paz participan en muchas operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz en el Oriente Medio y en varias regiones de África y en Haití. Somos conscientes de que el mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas no se limita a un lugar. Sigue siendo muy necesario. Como se ha observado, existen dos nuevas misiones de mantenimiento de la paz en la región de Abyei y en Sudán del Sur.",
"A nuestro juicio, las personas con uniformes militares, que constituyen los dos tercios de los efectivos de mantenimiento de la paz, desempeñan un papel rector al encarar tres tareas cruciales apoyando esfuerzos de Gobiernos nacionales destinados a estabilizar la situación y restablecer la paz, protegiendo a los civiles y supervisando el cumplimiento de acuerdos de cesación del fuego. Sin embargo, las actividades de las Naciones Unidas para el mantenimiento de la paz siguen evolucionando, incluso desde las perspectivas conceptual y operacional. Por consiguiente, la cuestión es adaptarse a fin de encarar los problemas en curso y de responder a las nuevas realidades políticas.",
"Muchos de los oradores presentes hoy aquí se han referido al hecho de que existen nuevos desafíos y qué clase de desafíos hay, son desafíos que requieren decisiones conjuntas entre los protagonistas militares y los diplomáticos del Consejo de Seguridad.",
"Por lo tanto, consideramos que hay varios aspectos generales, por ejemplo, las situaciones no convencionales que enfrentan los cascos azules. Sin embargo, existen principios inquebrantables en relación con el mantenimiento de la paz. Los efectivos de mantenimiento de la paz deben cumplir estrictamente sus mandatos y evitar participar en cualquier conflicto político o dar un respaldo silencioso a una parte en el conflicto. Esa acción podría tener consecuencias extremadamente negativas y socavar la reputación de las Naciones Unidas.",
"Evidentemente, respaldamos las observaciones formuladas por otros colegas en el sentido de que los mandatos de las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz deben ser claros, viables y estar a la altura de las situaciones. Por consiguiente, aún se debe encarar la cuestión de garantizar el nivel necesario de asesoramiento militar para las medidas que se adopten en las Naciones Unidas respecto del mantenimiento de la paz.",
"Nuevamente recordamos nuestra propuesta de revitalizar las actividades del Comité de Estado Mayor, que podría elaborar recomendaciones sobre aspectos operativos del mantenimiento de la paz y participar en misiones para evaluar la preparación de contingentes y de infraestructura para operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz. En su momento, eso permitiría proporcionar al Consejo información actualizada.",
"Obviamente, la cuestión de mejorar el mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas requiere que se aprovechen recursos humanos de organizaciones regionales y se comprometa su participación, ya que estamos de acuerdo en que el mantenimiento de la paz es una función complementaria a las funciones primordiales de los Gobiernos de los países, por ejemplo, haciendo participar a fuerzas de ese Estado o Gobierno.",
"La escasez de recursos financieros, logísticos y técnicos significa que es necesario ponerse a la altura de la capacidad existente. Por lo tanto, consideramos que es importante distinguir claramente entre las funciones de mantenimiento de la paz y las de consolidación de la paz después de los conflictos. En los mandatos actuales esas funciones están claramente vinculadas, pero a los efectivos de las Naciones Unidas para el mantenimiento de la paz sólo se les asignan las tareas iniciales de consolidación de la paz. El proceso de la reconstrucción socioeconómica y las tareas conexas deben ser asignados a estructuras más especializadas del sistema de las Naciones Unidas en materia de desarrollo, y también a organizaciones regionales que tengan la capacidad pertinente.",
"Esperamos que esta sesión permita que trabajemos juntos para realzar aún más las operaciones de las Naciones Unidas para el mantenimiento de la paz.",
"Sr. Moraes Cabral (Portugal) (habla en inglés): Al igual que otros oradores, consideramos que el mantenimiento de la paz y la consolidación de la paz son verdaderamente el núcleo de las Naciones Unidas en la actualidad. Todos los miembros saben que mi país está profundamente comprometido con estas tareas. Durante los últimos 30 años hemos participado muy activamente en varias misiones. Sr. Presidente: Por lo tanto, le damos las gracias por organizar este debate tan oportuno. Es muy útil tener esta oportunidad de interactuar con los comandantes de las fuerzas y escuchar directamente sus puntos de vista. Por lo tanto, agradezco a los generales sus amplias presentaciones, que fueron sumamente útiles, así como las respuestas que dieron a algunas de las preguntas formuladas.",
"Sin embargo, permítaseme rendir homenaje y felicitar a todos los hombres y mujeres que están en las misiones, a los comandantes de las fuerzas y a los comisionados de policía por el modo en que llevan a cabo sus tareas, a menudo —como hemos escuchado decir hoy— en condiciones muy difíciles. Ellos merecen nuestro apoyo constante.",
"Deseo hacer algunas observaciones sobre lo que se ha dicho. Coincido con mucho de ello; prácticamente con todo, de manera que seré breve.",
"La política de condicionalidad puede ser utilizada como herramienta, pero, como subrayó el Teniente General Prakash, es necesario utilizarla con cierta cautela. El problema para nosotros —como él mismo dijo— es que no hay posibilidades de desarrollo y mejora en el marco de la condicionalidad y los elementos positivos y negativos que conlleva. Estoy totalmente de acuerdo con él en que si la aplicación de la condicionalidad comienza a tener un efecto negativo en las actividades operacionales de la misión, entonces existe un problema. También quiero agradecer al Teniente General Prakash su referencia a la amenaza del Ejército de Resistencia del Señor. Nosotros sugerimos el útil debate que se celebró la semana pasada (véase S/PV.6588).",
"En cuanto a la protección de los civiles, a la que todos asignamos la mayor importancia, en los últimos años se ha producido una mejora significativa en esa importante esfera. Elogiamos los esfuerzos de la Secretaría y los avances positivos logrados por las misiones respecto de esa cuestión. Quiero decir al Teniente General Nyamvumba que la cuestión que se plantea es hasta qué punto una misión que no tiene un mandato para hacerlo debe usar la fuerza para proteger a los civiles en un entorno poco propicio.",
"Mi tercera observación se dirige al General de División Asarta Cuevas. Una vez más, al igual que otros oradores, condenamos los ataques que tuvieron lugar ayer y en mayo contra la Fuerza Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en el Líbano (FPNUL), que desgraciadamente cobraron vidas. Consideramos que la situación es inaceptable; las partes deben acatar las resoluciones de las Naciones Unidas y asumir las responsabilidades que les incumben. Nuestro colega francés planteó la importante cuestión relativa a la mejor manera de garantizar la protección de los soldados en una situación muy difícil. Como mencionó el General el otro día, la semana pasada celebramos un debate muy útil sobre la situación en el Líbano, y es muy claro que la presencia de la FPNUL ha tenido un efecto muy importante y positivo en la creación de una situación estable y tranquila, si bien todavía es muy frágil. Creo que hay un amplio consenso respecto de que la presencia de la FPNUL en la zona sigue siendo un elemento muy importante.",
"Como señalé durante el debate —y celebramos esta circunstancia— en breve reforzaremos el contingente portugués en la FPNUL con 12 oficiales de Timor-Leste. Estimo que eso también tiene una dimensión muy simbólica, porque Timor-Leste, país donde todavía hay una misión de las Naciones Unidas, a su vez ya está participando en otras misiones de las Naciones Unidas.",
"Doy las gracias al General de División Khalid por su declaración y sus respuestas. Creo que la cuestión de la firme cooperación entre las misiones es muy importante y puede ser decisivo en algunas zonas. Por supuesto, comparto su opinión respecto del papel que tiene el mantenimiento del orden público en los esfuerzos iniciales de consolidación de la paz, ya que permite a las personas regresar a sus medios de vida normales y, por supuesto, poner en marcha un proceso político. Se suele decir que los efectivos de mantenimiento de la paz son los primeros constructores de la paz siempre que haya una paz que mantener y construir. Opino que esa es una manera útil de ver las cosas.",
"Para concluir —y esto se ha dicho antes— las misiones necesitan los medios y las herramientas, así como una capacitación y un liderazgo adecuados, pero, como subrayó nuestro colega de Sudáfrica, es necesario que haya una estrategia política general y coherente para que las misiones puedan llevar a cabo su labor de manera adecuada.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Debido a lo avanzado de la hora, no voy a formular una declaración como representante de mi país. La mayor parte de su contenido ya ha sido abordado por otros oradores. Me limitaré a hacer tres breves observaciones.",
"En primer lugar, doy las gracias a los comandantes de las fuerzas por estar aquí con nosotros y darnos la oportunidad de un intercambio. Considero que, de hecho, esto pasará a ser una tradición. En segundo lugar, les expreso un gran agradecimiento por el difícil servicio que prestan en circunstancias muy exigentes y, por supuesto, por su intermedio, hago extensivo mi agradecimiento a los 120.000 hombres y mujeres sobre el terreno. En tercer lugar, deseo sumarme a otros para rendir homenaje al Sr. Alain Le Roy. Él acaba de salir del Salón, pero sabe lo mucho que apreciamos su compromiso y liderazgo destacados en la gestión de las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz y en la tarea de abordar el desafío de adaptarlas a las nuevas necesidades.",
"Pasemos ahora a las preguntas y respuestas. Hubo una pregunta del representante de Francia, creo, de carácter general, es decir, la cuestión de la reforma y el efecto que tiene en las misiones sobre el terreno. Supongo que también se refiere al programa Nuevo Horizonte. Por sugerencia de Alain Le Roy, me permito proponer que, de conformidad con el artículo 39 del reglamento provisional del Consejo, invitemos al General de División Obi, Comandante de la Fuerza de la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en el Sudán, y al General de División Ramos Pereira, Comandante de la Fuerza de la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en Haití, a participar en esta sesión para responder a esas preguntas, porque podemos diversificar un poco y darles la oportunidad de responder sobre el tema de la reforma.",
"Tiene la palabra el General de División Ramos Pereira para que responda a la pregunta sobre la reforma que formuló el representante de Francia.",
"El General de División Ramos Pereira (habla en inglés): Como Comandante de la Fuerza de la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en Haití, enfrento ahora el reto de aplicar el nuevo mandato sobre la reforma que el Consejo de Seguridad trata de establecer. Deseo señalar que la situación en Haití sigue siendo estable y está bajo control. Para mí y para mis efectivos es muy bueno tener un mandato muy claro, que ofrece orientación y nos proporciona la capacidad necesaria para cumplir nuestra misión. También es importante mencionar que, como bien sabe el Consejo, el entorno en Haití es volátil, por lo que es necesario dar cuenta de la situación.",
"Si hay más preguntas, estoy dispuesto a responderlas.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Tiene la palabra el General de División Obi.",
"El General de División Obi (habla en inglés): Soy el Comandante de la Fuerza de la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en el Sudán.",
"Quisiera decir que las reformas introducidas hasta ahora han tenido un efecto muy positivo en nuestras operaciones sobre el terreno de distintas maneras. Me gustaría comenzar con la cuestión de la calidad de los contingentes, que se planteó hoy aquí. Necesitamos contingentes de gran calidad sobre el terreno para que puedan aplicar nuestro mandato.",
"Una de las reformas aborda esta cuestión, de modo que todas las unidades de infantería disponen de los mismos efectivos y equipos. Esto permite al comandante de la fuerza conocer la disponibilidad de medios. Puede saber con qué tropas cuenta y asignarles tareas de manera apropiada.",
"Respecto a la calidad de las tropas, también quiero decir que la introducción de la formación previa al despliegue y de inspecciones previas del equipo ha permitido contar con tropas de mayor calidad, lo cual ha facilitado la ejecución de nuestro mandato.",
"La cuestión de la integración es una de esas áreas que han sido debidamente tomadas en consideración en las últimas reformas. Mi Misión, la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en el Sudán, es una Misión integrada, lo cual nos ha permitido trabajar conjuntamente con los pilares civil, militar y policial y el equipo de las Naciones Unidas en el país. Un buen ejemplo de ello es la estrategia de protección de la población civil, que tiene en cuenta el hecho de que la protección de los civiles no es solo una responsabilidad militar, sino que incube a todos. En este caso, hemos podido aunar nuestros esfuerzos a través de la formación, el desarrollo de conceptos, el intercambio de información, y la creación de centros de operaciones conjuntas y centros conjuntos de control de tráfico. Se trata de mejoras que han resultado ser muy útiles en la práctica y que nos han sido de gran ayuda. Durante las recientes crisis de Kordofán y Abyei, pudimos hacer amplio uso de los pilares. Todos los pilares compartieron información, se coordinaron activamente en equipos de gestión de crisis y fueron, en gran medida, capaces, entre todos, de gestionar los retos que se plantearon.",
"Estas reformas han sido útiles para nosotros, sobre el terreno, y, además, han llevado a que los comandantes de las fuerzas nos reunamos —como en la reunión de Entebbe, antes mencionada— para intercambiar información. Lo cual supone, igualmente, una novedad que nos ha resultado muy útil.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Tiene la palabra el Teniente General Prakash para responder a las preguntas y comentarios que se han hecho.",
"El Teniente General Prakash (habla en inglés): La pregunta que quiero responder se refiere a si es necesario un cambio de estrategia respecto a la protección de los civiles por la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en la República Democrática del Congo (MONUSCO) antes y después de los períodos electorales.",
"Mi punto de vista al respecto es que la estrategia actual está funcionando bien. La hemos revisado recientemente y hemos establecido modalidades para próximas operaciones. Hemos dispuesto planes de contingencia para responder a las distintas situaciones que puedan surgir. Lo que queda de manifiesto no es que nos falte una estrategia, lo que nos falta son los medios para ejecutarla. Por ejemplo, es probable que aumenten las actividades de los grupos armados y que, a medida que se avecinan las elecciones, se extiendan los disturbios civiles. Si esto llega a ocurrir, necesitaremos contar con más medios. Estos medios deben llegar a tiempo y estar en el lugar indicado en el momento oportuno. Disponiendo de esos medios, considero que no habría necesidad de cambiar de estrategia.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Doy la palabra al General de División Asarta Cuevas para que responda a las preguntas y comentarios que se han hecho.",
"El General de División Asarta Cuevas: Primero, quiero agradecer a todos los miembros del Consejo los gestos de afecto hacia nuestros soldados franceses de la Fuerza Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en el Líbano (FPNUL), que han sufrido el criminal atentado terrorista en el día de ayer.",
"El embajador francés me ha hecho tres preguntas. La primera: ¿cómo pueden estar mejor protegidos nuestros soldados? La segunda: ¿cómo es la coordinación con las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas (LAF)?. La tercera: ¿cómo ve la FPNUL la transferencia de responsabilidades a las LAF?",
"Referente a la primera pregunta sobre cómo pueden estar mejor protegidos nuestros soldados, hay que decir que la FPNUL cuenta con medios robustos y suficientemente protegidos para realizar las misiones que cumple. La protección de los vehículos es responsabilidad nacional. Concretamente, en este caso, Francia, España e Italia no han tenido ningún problema para disponer de vehículos blindados. Después del atentado que sufrimos el 27 de mayo contra una patrulla italiana, en el que resultaron heridos seis soldados, envié una directiva a mis soldados con medidas adicionales de seguridad. Entre estas medidas, citaré, como las más importantes: que los convoyes deberían hacerse, siempre que sea posible, por la noche y con dispositivos de interferencia (jammers); que deben de ir, por lo menos, dos vehículos como mínimo; que nuestros soldados deben ir con chaleco antimetralla y con casco, y que, siempre que sea posible, y las LAF la puedan proporcionar, deberán contar con escolta de las LAF; y, desde luego, mantener un contacto permanente con el Centro de operaciones conjuntas.",
"Estas instrucciones valen para los convoyes que salen fuera de nuestra área de operaciones. Es muy importante recalcar este punto, ya que los dos ataques terroristas que hemos sufrido, prácticamente seguidos —en mayo y en el día de ayer—, ocurrieron fuera del área de operaciones de la FPNUL. Lo mismo que sucedió, en el 2008, en la misma zona. Quiero significar que, en nuestra área de operaciones, tenemos la capacidad de controlar, junto con las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas y con la población, pero fuera de nuestra área de operaciones no podemos controlar. Esta es una responsabilidad nacional del Gobierno libanés y de las Fuerzas Armadas libanesas. Deben garantizar la seguridad a lo largo de la carretera de la costa, que es prácticamente la única vía de que dispone la FPNUL para los relevos, para aprovisionamientos y para llegar, en definitiva, al puerto y al aeropuerto de Beirut, desde donde salen y llegan nuestros soldados.",
"Después de referirme a los convoyes, hablaré de la seguridad de los individuos, respecto a los cuales también he tomado medidas adicionales, entre las cuales, la prohibición terminante de utilizar, por motivos personales, vehículos marcados de la FPNUL fuera del área de operaciones. Sin embargo, de ser necesario salir del área de operaciones —porque, por ejemplo, hay personas que toman sus vacaciones y tienen que ir al aeropuerto— hemos pintado de colores diferentes 14 vehículos que están a disposición de los soldados y del personal de la FPNUL para desplazarse. Estos vehículos no están marcados.",
"Hemos tomado una medida adicional que propuse al General Kahwaji, al jefe del Mando Sur de las LAF y al jefe de inteligencia de las LAF y que consiste en reconocer diariamente la carretera que une nuestra área de operaciones con el puerto y el aeropuerto de Beirut. Para nosotros, esto equivale a una prolongación de nuestra área de operaciones, pero en realidad no está en nuestra área de operaciones. Con lo cual tenemos que contar siempre con el Gobierno del Líbano y con las Fuerzas Armadas libanesas para poder hacerlo. Mi propuesta era hacer un reconocimiento diario, a horas distintas cada día, junto con ellos, y adoptando todas las medidas de seguridad, y solo sobre puntos realmente sensibles en los cuales se es susceptible de sufrir un ataque.",
"Dos meses llevo esperando una respuesta y, finalmente, este viernes pasado, envié una carta formal al Jefe del Ejército libanés solicitándole que viera de manera positiva esta iniciativa, para ponerla en práctica. Desgraciadamente, ayer sucedió otro atentado. No digo que se pudiera haber evitado, pero, a lo mejor, sí.",
"Me gustaría darles una actualización también sobre cómo fue el accidente de ayer. Eran cuatro vehículos, tres de ellos blindados; el tercero no era blindado. El ataque fue contra el cuarto vehículo, que era un vehículo blindado con jammers. En total eran 12 soldados; seis soldados resultaron heridos, todos ligeramente, menos uno, que tiene un ojo bastante mal, pero que no lo va a perder. De hecho, tres serán repatriados hoy a Francia, y los otros tres ya están en su unidad trabajando. Hemos tenido mucha suerte.",
"Sobre la segunda pregunta, la coordinación con las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas en nuestra área de operaciones es perfecta. Ellos tienen representantes y oficiales de enlace en todos los niveles y en todas las unidades. Saben diariamente cuáles son nuestras actividades, y hay total transparencia. Fuera del área de operaciones, la hay también a mi nivel, a nivel de Comandante de la Fuerza, con el Jefe de las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas y con el jefe de la inteligencia. Cuando hay alguna noticia o algo importante que yo debo saber, inmediatamente me lo comunican.",
"Con referencia a la transferencia de responsabilidades de la FPNUL a las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas, de acuerdo con el examen técnico conjunto, y como comenté anteriormente, hemos iniciado el diálogo estratégico con las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas. Este diálogo pretende evaluar las capacidades y las misiones que tiene que cumplir la FPNUL según su mandato en virtud de la resolución 1701 (2006) y evaluar las capacidades que tienen las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas y ver cuáles tareas de nuestras misiones pueden cumplir, porque el punto final, el final de la FPNUL, será cuando las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas puedan cumplir todas las tareas que hoy cumple la FPNUL relativas a la resolución 1701 (2006). Nosotros pensamos que la FPNUL no puede estar para siempre en el Líbano. Un día, nos tenemos que marchar de allí. Un día la Fuerza se retirará de allí y tendrán que asumir las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas la responsabilidad que hoy está asumiendo la FPNUL. ¿Cuándo será ese día? No se sabe, pero nosotros ya estamos trabajando en ello.",
"Les puedo decir ya para terminar que en la última reunión del día 7 de julio se crearon ya cuatro subcomités: uno para infraestructura, otro para mando y control, otro para capacidad de movimiento y otro para asuntos operacionales, como digo, para tratar de ir avanzando en el sentido de poder transferir todas nuestras responsabilidades —insisto, referentes a la resolución 1701 (2006)— a las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Hemos abarcado muchos temas en unas pocas horas. Este diálogo ha sido muy productivo. Sé que hablo en nombre del Consejo al dar las gracias a todos los comandantes de las fuerzas por haber hecho posible esta reunión y haber estado disponibles. Creo que esto debería convertirse en una tradición; deberíamos tener este tipo de intercambio al menos una vez al año.",
"Doy las gracias a los comandantes de las fuerzas por habernos acompañado el día de hoy.",
"Se levanta la sesión a las 14.05 horas."
] | [
"President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Barbalić\n Brazil Mrs. Viotti \n China Mr. Wang Min \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Bonne \n\tGabon\tMr. MoungaraMoussotsi\n\tIndia\tMr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Lebanon Ms. Ziade \n Nigeria Mrs. Ogwu \n Portugal Mr. Moraes Cabral \n Russian Federation Mr. Pankin \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tMr. Tatham\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo",
"Agenda",
"United Nations peacekeeping operations",
"The meeting was called to order at 11.15 a.m.",
"Adoption of the agenda",
"The agenda was adopted.",
"United Nations peacekeeping operations",
"The President: In accordance with rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite Mr. Alain Le Roy, Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations; Lieutenant General Patrick Nyamvumba, Force Commander of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur; Lieutenant General Chander Prakash, Force Commander of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; Major General Alberto Asarta Cuevas, Force Commander and Head of Mission of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon; and Major General Muhammad Khalid, Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in Liberia to participate in this meeting.",
"I would also like to warmly welcome the other Force Commanders and Chief Military Observers present with us today.",
"The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.",
"I give the floor to Mr. Le Roy.",
"Mr. Le Roy: We are grateful to you, Mr. President, for giving all our heads of mission the opportunity to appear before the Council. Four of them will speak. The first, Lieutenant General Nyamvumba, will speak on the issue of the protection of civilians in a non-permissive environment. Lieutenant General Prakash of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo will speak on the impact of the conditionality policy on the operation. Major General Asarta Cuevas of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon will speak on safety concerns in south Lebanon and their impact on daily operations. Major General Khalid of the United Nations Mission in Liberia will speak on the role of military components in early peacebuilding.",
"The President: I now give the floor to Lieutenant General Nyamvumba.",
"Lieutenant General Nyamvumba: I would like to thank you, Mr. President, for allowing me to address the Security Council on the protection of civilians in a non-permissive environment. Today, I will discuss issues of the operational environment, experience and strategic approach and efforts of the African Union-United Nations Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) in implementing its mandate vis-à-vis the protection of civilians. I will first briefly talk about Darfur’s non‑permissive environment and UNAMID’s protection of civilians strategy. I will then discuss the efforts UNAMID has made to provide protection to civilians. Finally, I will talk about the challenges of the issue under discussion.",
"Let me begin with the operational environment of Darfur. Suffice it to say that the environment across the length and breadth of Darfur is indeed non-permissive. It is a large area with harsh climatic conditions, a lack of adequate roads and infrastructure, and limited local resources. Darfur is huge and mostly without minimum infrastructure facilities, which creates considerable barriers to reaching populations at risk and in need. The poor state of the roads often delays movement and restricts operational activities, especially during the rainy season, from June to October.",
"Besides this, the non-permissive environment for the protection of civilians in Darfur is also a result of localized armed clashes between the Government of the Sudan and belligerent groups, as well as localized tribal conflicts and clashes, usually over natural resources. Other factors include organized banditry, the widespread availability of small arms, sexual violence, child recruitment, and arbitrary arrests and detention.",
"In some areas, we have seen that due to the localized fighting between the Government of the Sudan and armed groups, UNAMID’s movements, both on land and in the air, have sometimes been restricted by warring factions that unquestionably impede our efforts to protect civilians. Additionally, in the absence of any definite peace agreement or ceasefire between all the belligerents in Darfur, the conflict continues, resulting in the Government of the Sudan and the armed groups again restricting access to those areas; in an insecure environment for humanitarian components; and in the further suffering of the inhabitants. With diverse interest groups and stakeholders involved, the security situation remains volatile, and inter-factional or tribal conflicts continue to occur between all these warring parties.",
"Ultimately, the protection of the people of Darfur is dependent on the readiness and capacity of the Government of the Sudan to carry out its sovereign responsibility to protect its citizens. Accordingly, UNAMID’s protection strategy, inter alia, identifies specific objectives and tasks to engage with and assist the Government of the Sudan in fulfilling its protection responsibilities in accordance with international human rights law. Our protection strategy at UNAMID is based on UNAMID’s protection of civilians mandate, as issued under resolutions 1769 (2007), 1828 (2008) and 1935 (2010), and the communiqué of the seventy-ninth meeting of the African Union Peace and Security Council. The mandated tasks are to protect civilians across Darfur and to ensure safe, timely and unhindered humanitarian access, the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and the protection of humanitarian convoys.",
"UNAMID’s protection of civilians strategy was prepared in full consultation with the United Nations country team. It is both built on and helps to guide the UNAMID/United Nations country team’s integrated strategic framework; the United Nations Sudan humanitarian work plan; the UNAMID protection of civilians mission directive; the UNAMID Force Commander’s directive; and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations/Department of Field Services operational concept on the protection of civilians in United Nations peacekeeping operations. In keeping with its strategic roles and responsibilities, UNAMID has developed a situational awareness and early warning system. It also monitors, reports and evaluates incidents and conducts operational planning and implementation, coordination, communications and public information.",
"In the light of its mandate, and based on analysis of the protection environment in Darfur, the UNAMID strategy outlines four main objectives, which are, first, to ensure the fulfilment by the Government, armed groups and other non-State actors of their responsibility to protect civilians, in accordance with international human rights and humanitarian law; secondly, to protect civilians from physical acts of violence; thirdly, to ensure freedom of access to the populations at risk; and lastly, to prevent violations of human rights and ensure effective response, particularly with regard to women and children.",
"I shall now turn more specifically to our activities with regard to the protection of civilians. Despite the many obstacles in our operational environment, UNAMID has been relentless in its efforts to launch several initiatives aimed at improving its protection of civilians. We have maintained a more robust presence throughout Darfur, particularly in areas where fighting has affected civilian communities. We have improved the Mission’s early warning and early response mechanism by issuing weekly analytical protection of civilian reports, in addition to conducting weekly civil-military coordination meetings.",
"We have significantly increased our patrol activities to include robust patrolling in various villages by day and night; protecting internally displaced person (IDP) camps; protecting marketplaces; assisting disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes; and providing humanitarian, logistics and administrative escorts. UNAMID’s military, along with other components of the Mission, has already established a broader footprint across Darfur. In 2010, UNAMID’s military conducted a total of 33,963 patrols; by contrast, in the first six months of 2011, the number has already reached 23,554. This is clearly a marked improvement, which signals our increased effort to protect innocent civilians. UNAMID has been able to assist in stabilizing team sites in Shangil Tobaya, Khor Abeche, Hamidiya, Hassa Hissa and Kalma camps.",
"UNAMID has facilitated access for humanitarian actors to deliver assistance, including in Jebel Marra and Jebel Moon. In the case of Jebel Marra, we are actively seeking to establish a temporary operating base in Feina as a humanitarian hub for outreach to other locations in the area. In all of these areas, there has been a significant improvement in the security situation, and as a result significant numbers of IDPs — approximately 1,500 per month since January — have started returning to their homes. We have assisted in the movement of families within Sector North and the resettlement of returnees from Chad in Sector West. The Mission has been involved in settling disputes over farms and water among nomads, and tribal clashes.",
"In May and June, UNAMID, in collaboration with the humanitarian country team, initiated efforts to reach out and deliver relief assistance to areas that had not been accessed before.",
"The quick-impact projects have also provided dividends in terms of delivering on various needs of the populations. The exercise code-named Operation Spring Basket has been conceptualized within the framework of the UNAMID strategy on the protection of civilians as a means of improving the delivery of humanitarian relief through the expansion of access to hard-to-reach areas and to more people in need.",
"Following the negotiations held with the Government of the Sudan and the armed movements, Operation Spring Basket commenced on 1 May with a total of nine assessment missions, completed during the months of May and June 2011. The missions have been able to deliver a limited supply of vaccinations for women and children, as well as educational and shelter materials for a girls’ school in Northern Darfur.",
"Protection is indeed a joint effort by UNAMID and the humanitarian community. However, that community is culturally independent and has its own schedule and priorities, and at times it is not comfortable delivering aid with the military involved. Organizationally, while the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs is charged with coordination, it has no authority, incentives or penalties to increase participation by the United Nations family or non-governmental organizations.",
"UNAMID has provided escorts as well as corridors for the delivery of humanitarian services, including those related to food, water, hygiene, vaccination and shelter. Some of those activities have succeeded in curtailing maternal deaths and reducing the infant mortality rate. The HIV/AIDS Unit is also working with the UNAMID military, police and civilian components to build the capacity of mission personnel on matters related to the integration of HIV/AIDS into their various activities. Since January 2011, the UNAMID HIV/AIDS Unit has provided valuable services to more than 1,000 ex-combatants demobilized in different parts of Darfur. The third phase, planned for July and August 2011, is expected to continue with a stronger and larger focus on the actual delivery of humanitarian relief.",
"Our efforts with regard to the protection of civilians also face different challenges. The first and foremost is that in the absence of a comprehensive, inclusive and legitimate ceasefire by all armed movements, the security of civilians remains a major concern. It is to be noted that on many occasions UNAMID has been prevented from having access to certain areas because of fighting, which continues to create challenges for the protection of civilians. Other challenges include the fact that peacekeepers have also been targeted, with seven of them killed in 2010 and 2011.",
"Finally, poor training and ill-equipped troop-contributing countries have been identified as one of the major setbacks affecting efficiency concerning the protection of civilians in Darfur. It is indeed unfortunate that, in spite of deliberate orders, some troop-contributing countries have failed to act in accordance with the training focus for the Mission mandate.",
"I have provided here a flavour of the strategies on the protection of civilians and the guidelines of UNAMID and have outlined the realities on ground. Against that backdrop, I have highlighted our efforts and activities aimed at improving human lives. Protection of civilians in Darfur is definitely a demanding and arduous job. However, our determination and efforts will be sustained. We shall continuously strive to overcome the challenges by whatever means are available to us, and we shall continue to count on the support of the Security Council.",
"The President: I thank Lieutenant-General Nyamvumba for his briefing.",
"I now give the floor to Lieutenant-General Chander Prakash.",
"Lieutenant-General Prakash: It is an honour for me, as Force Commander of one of the largest United Nations peacekeeping missions — the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) — to be given an opportunity to address the Council this morning on the conditionality policy and its impact on operations.",
"The policy has been in operation in MONUSCO for just over 18 months, and we now have a reasonably good feel for what it can do and the associated issues. These I will elaborate on a little later, but before doing so, it might be helpful if I started by talking about what the policy actually entails and how it is being implemented by MONUSCO.",
"Protection of civilians in support of the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo remains the primary focus of our work. Among the other tasks with which the Mission is charged, we are mandated to support the efforts of the Government in bringing ongoing military operations against the Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda (FDLR), the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) and other armed groups to a completion, specifically by supporting the Forces armées de la République démocratique du Congo (FARDC) through jointly planned operations. But, as stated in resolution 1925 (2010) and carried through its current mandate — resolution 1991 (2011) — MONUSCO support for the FARDC is strictly conditioned on compliance by the FARDC with international humanitarian and human rights law, and refugee law. This caveat is what is now referred to as the conditionality policy, and it governs the way in which the Mission approaches the task of supporting the FARDC and other Congolese authorities.",
"The policy has been translated into a detailed mission standing operating procedure, setting out very clear requirements that need to be met in order for support to the FARDC to be provided. The nature of the support includes primarily fuel, rations, transportation, fire support, expert advice and casualty evacuation. Certain ongoing FARDC actions against the armed groups, such as Operation Amani Leo and Operation Iron Stone, inter alia, are being carried out with considerable support from MONUSCO. That support is conditional on there being sufficient joint planning of operations, particularly with respect to protection of civilians. Support is limited to units and commanders with acceptable human rights records. Implicit is the requirement for adequate screening of key personnel and visibility of FARDC actions in the field. Support is denied at the planning stage to units or commanders believed to have committed grave human rights violations, including mass rapes and the employment of child soldiers.",
"In this regard, a thorough screening process is in place. Even after the support is provided, if at some stage non-compliance with the conditionality policy comes to light, support can be withdrawn after due notification to the authorities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and if they then fail to take appropriate action, as was the case when serious human rights violations were committed by one of the battalions recently. The standard operating procedure remains the subject of fine-tuning.",
"The implementation of the conditionality policy is regularly reviewed by the senior management group, in consultation with representatives of the humanitarian community, including the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. The impact of the conditionality policy is now visible.",
"There are, of course, some positives. In certain areas, the policy has had a positive impact on the conduct of operations by the FARDC. It has brought the MONUSCO Force and FARDC closer to jointly planning operations and developing operational concepts that are applicable to the unique conditions that prevail in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Both sides have learned from each other, and, as a result, operations have become much more sophisticated in their design and implementation. Importantly, protection of civilians has been factored in at the start of the planning process, as inputs are sought from a large number of stakeholders, including the Joint Human Rights Office within the Mission. The Mission’s efforts and those of the FARDC are now much better coordinated, with obvious benefits in terms of what can be achieved on the ground. The requirement for MONUSCO is to closely scrutinize the distribution of logistics support, which has its obvious operational benefits. It has helped to ensure that our support gets to the troops in the field as intended, to ensure that they are properly fed and sustained, thereby contributing to individual morale and motivation.",
"The very existence of the conditionality policy, as well as President Kabila’s “zero-tolerance” policy, has reminded Commanders of their personal responsibilities in exercising effective command and control over their own troops in operations. For their own sake, as well as for that of the unit, they have had to pay more attention to what is being done by the troops in their name.",
"By and large, the recent behaviour of MONUSCO-supported FARDC units has been satisfactory, and the conduct of most joint operations has not been impacted by adverse publicity. In an army made up of professionals, ex-rebels and Mayi-Mayis, which has attracted criticism for preying off the local population, we now have started seeing encouraging signs of improvement in personal discipline and human values.",
"There are certain issues. Despite certain obvious benefits, the policy presents certain issues and challenges for the Mission. The limited resources available to the Mission to implement the conditionality policy, in addition to other commitments, means that there is a restriction on the number of FARDC units that it can support. At a certain point in time, we run out of military observers and contingents to carry out the monitoring functions. We also run out of civilian staff to conduct the necessary screening checks. In addition to this, experience has shown there are many commanders who do not meet the criteria. So, one of the consequences of our own conditionality policy is that our capacity to reach and influence all parts of the FARDC order of battle is not as great as we would want it to be.",
"That having been said, even if we had sufficient resources we would still find ourselves in the situation where there is no longer a strong appetite within the FARDC for conducting joint operations, particularly in the Kivus. They argue, with some vindication, that operational surprise and security are lost due to the protracted preparations and wide consultation. The trend is therefore away from joint operations towards unilateral FARDC operations, over which the Mission has limited oversight or influence.",
"It is a fact that we have been breaking new ground with the introduction of a conditionality policy. We had nothing to fall back on in terms of tried and tested guidance for implementing the policy. Only as time has passed have we become more confident about the best ways of operationalizing the policy. There have been stresses and strains along the way, including with our FARDC partners, who have complained about inadequate consultation and engagement, particularly in the early days when considering withdrawal of support to offending units. Requests for changes of commanders have aroused feelings of intrusion into areas of national sovereignty.",
"Our own troops have also faced the dilemma of trying to work out where to place priority — monitoring supported FARDC or countering anti‑Government forces? This has not been easy, particularly for junior field commanders, who are trained more to deal with clarity than ambiguity. Who is on which side? When should they act, and how? Conditionality has certainly added to the burden on such officers and made the operational landscape more blurred and challenging.",
"Let me make some recommendations. Having sketched out some of the ways in which the conditionality policy can impact on operations, I would now like to make a few suggestions on how it might be enhanced for future missions. First and foremost, the conditionality policy cannot stand on its own for long-term gains; it must be simultaneously followed up and supported by broader military reforms, such as proper integration, and security sector reform.",
"Secondly, while it is desirable to make the screening system broad and deep, apart from being resource-intensive, it tends to reduce the number of commanders and units available for operations that can be supported by MONUSCO. The extent to which the exercise is undertaken needs to be looked at again. We need to find a balance between what is desirable and what is feasible, in order for the policy not to become so invasive that it conflicts with the achievement of our overall mandate.",
"Thirdly, where possible we should seek to introduce this policy at mission start-up rather than further downstream. It is easier to implement when everything else is new, and the impact could potentially be much greater.",
"To conclude, conditionality policy has had both positive and negative impacts on operations. There are certain broader issues and human values at stake. To my mind, this policy is there to stay, but there is scope for further development and refinement. If the policy were seen as jointly owned by our national partners, this would be of great help. While it would still be a vehicle for safeguarding the United Nations image and reputation, it could also create an opening for the host nation to influence and take informed decisions on what and who is supported.",
"The President: I thank Lieutenant General Prakash for his briefing.",
"I now give the floor to Major General Alberto Asarta Cuevas. Let me take this opportunity to reiterate the Council’s strong condemnation of the attacks perpetrated against the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon yesterday in Saida and to convey through him our condolences to the injured and their families.",
"Major General Asarta Cuevas: I thank you very much, Sir, for your kind words and for giving me the opportunity to address the Council today.",
"Last week, the Council met to discuss the latest report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006) (S/2011/406). I know that the Council was briefed by Special Coordinator Williams and the Department for Peacekeeping Operations.",
"Today, I would like to take this opportunity to highlight one of my main concerns in southern Lebanon: the issue of safety and security and its impact on the operations of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). I will then also touch on the broader issue of the status of the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006) and the focus for the coming period to ensure further progress in its overall implementation.",
"On the whole, southern Lebanon and northern Israel have enjoyed the five quietest and calmest years in many decades. The situation in UNIFIL’s area of operations also remained relatively stable during the first half of 2011, when the political situation in the country was at an impasse. Nevertheless, in recent months, UNIFIL has experienced a series of events that reflected the range of threats that the Mission is exposed to and that affect the security situation.",
"Yesterday, at around 6 p.m. local time, an explosion targeted a UNIFIL convoy along the coastal road near the town of Saida, which is outside UNIFIL’s area of operations. According to preliminary information, the attack injured six UNIFIL peacekeepers. Three of them were transported with minor injuries to hospital for treatment, where their condition is said to be stable. They will be repatriated today to France. UNIFIL forensic experts are coordinating closely with the Lebanese Armed Forces to determine the circumstances surrounding the incident. This was the fifth attack against UNIFIL since the adoption of resolution 1701 (2006).",
"Council members will also be aware of the attack against a UNIFIL convoy that occurred on 27 May on the highway to Beirut, when a remote-controlled roadside bomb exploded, injuring six Italian peacekeepers. Two were seriously wounded, while four suffered light to moderate injuries. In addition, two Lebanese civilians sustained minor injuries. This was the first attack in more than three years. No one has claimed responsibility for the attack.",
"The Lebanese authorities and UNIFIL immediately launched an investigation, as have the Italian authorities. These investigations are still ongoing. The attack was condemned by all senior political leaders across the political spectrum. The cooperation with the Lebanese authorities in conducting the investigation and in instituting additional risk-mitigation measures, such as Lebanese Army escorts, has been good. In addition, I, as the designated official for security in south Lebanon, undertook to reduce the risk of a similar attack by adopting additional protection measures, including for military convoys and other movements inside and outside the UNIFIL area of operations, and for enhanced force protection. Nevertheless, it is impossible to completely prevent such terrorist attacks.",
"On 15 May — and this is also covered in the Secretary-General’s report — a large demonstration took place on the occasion of what the Palestinians commemorate as Nakba Day. I will not repeat in detail the sequence of the tragic events that, according to the information provided to UNIFIL by Lebanese authorities, resulted in 7 persons being killed and more than 100 injured. We have discussed our preliminary findings on the events with the parties and, having sent the UNIFIL investigation report to them, will do so in more detail at the next tripartite meeting, planned for August.",
"UNIFIL has also conveyed to the parties its recommendations for preventing such incidents in the future. Specifically, the Lebanese authorities should carry out a full assessment of all security and other risks of violations of resolution 1701 (2006) and of measures required to maintain law and order before authorizing any demonstration in the vicinity of the Blue Line. The Lebanese Army did not authorize demonstrations in the vicinity of the Blue Line during the Naksa period in early June, thereby preventing a repetition of such violence. These measures have indeed proven to be effective, and they demonstrate yet again the resolve and determination of the Lebanese Armed Forces and the people of southern Lebanon to work towards lasting peace and stability in the south.",
"Finally, throughout the month of June, the Mission experienced a number of incidents of unfriendly behaviour by individuals or groups of individuals towards UNIFIL patrols and restricted freedom of movement of UNIFIL. These incidents do give me real cause for concern.",
"In many instances, the Lebanese side cites a perceived infringement of the individual’s or local community’s privacy by the UNIFIL troops taking photos or inadvertently entering private property as the reason for the unfriendly behaviour towards our troops. However, not all such situations can be explained in this way, and we cannot exclude that there may also be instances when the population may be encouraged to act in this way in an attempt to discourage UNIFIL from carrying out its activities and thereby fulfilling its mandate throughout the area of operations.",
"How has UNIFIL reacted to these events? We have increased force protection and risk-mitigating measures, which often means that more personnel are required to carry out the same activities. We also conduct more operational activities, together with the Lebanese Armed Forces to the extent that the capacity of the Lebanese Army allows but without limiting the performance of UNIFIL in carrying out activities, especially those we consider essential. The Council can rest assured that neither terrorist attacks nor unfriendly encounters with the population will deter UNIFIL from carrying out its mandate. We continue to do so with the same resolve as ever.",
"At this point, I would also like to convey to the Council how greatly the Mission has benefited from the unwavering support it has received over the years from the Council, as expressed most strongly in resolution 1773 (2007). On the basis of that resolution, UNIFIL regularly reminds the parties of their responsibilities to scrupulously respect the safety and security of United Nations personnel and the freedom of movement of UNIFIL and reiterates with Lebanese interlocutors the Council’s call for closer cooperation between UNIFIL and the Lebanese Army.",
"Despite the security challenges I spoke about earlier, the security situation in the south, as I mentioned before, remains generally relatively stable, and south Lebanon has enjoyed the five quietest and calmest years in many decades. This is in many ways the result of the close cooperation between UNIFIL and the Lebanese Army, which helped establish a new strategic environment in southern Lebanon.",
"Almost five years since the adoption of resolution 1701 (2006), it is an appropriate moment to look again at the main objectives of the resolution and how we need to proceed in order to achieve them.",
"Resolution 1701 (2006) called for a full cessation of hostilities. It also called for Israel and Lebanon to support a permanent ceasefire and a long-term solution of the conflict based, inter alia, on full respect for the Blue Line by both parties and security arrangements to prevent the resumption of hostilities, including the establishment between the Blue Line and the Litani River of an area free of any armed personnel, assets and weapons other than those of the Government of Lebanon and of UNIFIL.",
"In addition to carrying out its military operational activities, UNIFIL established the tripartite forum, in which it discusses with senior representatives of the Israel Defense Forces and the Lebanese Armed Forces violations of resolution 1701 (2006), military operational issues and confidence-building measures between the two sides. The tripartite forum has developed into a key mechanism for liaison and coordination between the parties, and both parties have committed themselves to it and use it actively. The forum continues to play a critical role in advancing the Blue Line marking process, in finding practical solutions to contentious issues and thereby in defusing tensions and preventing the escalation of incidents in areas along the Blue Line.",
"The Lebanese Armed Forces are a strategic partner for UNIFIL in maintaining the new strategic environment in south Lebanon and in implementing resolution 1701 (2006). The joint Department of Peacekeeping Operations-UNIFIL technical review, which was completed at the beginning of 2010, therefore recommended that a regular strategic dialogue mechanism between UNIFIL and the Lebanese Armed Forces be set up. The Lebanese authorities — Government and Army — welcomed this recommendation, and the mechanism has been established and has taken up its work.",
"The process will assist the Lebanese Armed Forces in establishing appropriate operational capabilities for implementing tasks mandated in resolution 1701 (2006) and will eventually facilitate the gradual handover of responsibility to the Lebanese Armed Forces. The strategic dialogue mechanism will proceed on the basis of analyses of the UNIFIL and Lebanese Army ground forces and maritime assets and will set a series of benchmarks reflecting the correlation between the capacity and responsibilities of UNIFIL vis-à-vis the capacity and responsibilities of the Lebanese Armed Forces.",
"With the tripartite forum and the strategic dialogue mechanism, UNIFIL is in a good position to advance the military operational issues mandated to it in resolution 1701 (2006). The successful implementation of these processes will, hopefully, ensure that the situation in south Lebanon and along the Blue Line will remain calm and that the cessation of hostilities between the parties will be maintained.",
"Essentially, that would ensure maintaining the status quo of relative calm, but in a precariously fragile environment. However, I believe we — the United Nations, UNIFIL, the Security Council and the international community — should not be satisfied with maintaining this status quo. Rather, the calm and relative stability that UNIFIL and the Lebanese Army and the Israel Defense Forces have established and maintained across the Blue Line provide a window of opportunity for a political process to address the issues, which are beyond the remit of a peacekeeping mission such as UNIFIL can support a political process by ensuring a conducive security situation, but it cannot replace a political, diplomatic process.",
"I therefore believe it is necessary to refocus all our efforts on achieving the main objectives of resolution 1701 (2006), namely, a permanent ceasefire and a long-term solution to the conflict.",
"UNIFIL enjoys the support of the population in the south, and the Lebanese national consensus on resolution 1701 (2006) has been maintained. The ministerial statement of the new Government reiterates Lebanon’s strong commitment to resolution 1701 (2006) and to UNIFIL’s mandate. At the most recent tripartite meeting, on 13 July, the head of the Lebanese delegation confirmed that there has been no change in the orders to the Lebanese Armed Forces with respect to implementation of resolution 1701 (2006) and cooperation with UNIFIL.",
"While the new Government’s period in office has been short, UNIFIL has noted that the Government and the Army are acting in that spirit. This was confirmed by Prime Minister Mikati in his first visit to south Lebanon, on 16 July, which included a symbolic visit to UNIFIL headquarters, constituting a strong statement of support for our Mission.",
"The Government of Israel also remains committed to the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006). Since the adoption of the resolution, UNIFIL has enjoyed the unanimous support of the Security Council for its operation in south Lebanon. That support remains of vital importance in order for UNIFIL to be in a strong position to continue to carry out its mandate.",
"These are key factors for continued success in the implementation of UNIFIL’s mandate. At the same time, however, UNIFIL’s success in eventually handing over responsibilities to the Lebanese Army and drawing down its own forces will ultimately depend on a political process to resolve the issues underlying the conflict. UNIFIL is providing a window of opportunity that should be seized in order to make progress towards achieving the main objectives of resolution 1701 (2006), which I reiterate, namely, the establishment of a permanent ceasefire and a long-term solution of the conflict.",
"Very soon the Council will discuss the extension of UNIFIL’s mandate. As Head of Mission and Force Commander of UNIFIL, I would highly appreciate the continued support of the Security Council and in particular its express support for the safety and freedom of movement of UNIFIL personnel, as well as the objectives of the strategic dialogue process.",
"The President: I thank Major General Asarta Cuevas for his briefing.",
"I now give the floor to Major General Muhammad Khalid.",
"Major General Khalid: As the Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), I feel honoured to have been mandated to share in this forum my thoughts and experiences on the role of the military component in early peacebuilding. I will deal with the subject by first underlining the peacebuilding process so as to ascertain the space available for application of the military instrument. Then I will outline its role in early peacebuilding and how it can be achieved. At the end, I will highlight certain areas that I feel would need attention before mandating the deployment of the military component.",
"Post-conflict societies are characterized by non‑existent or very weak security mechanisms — armies in shambles, disorganized paramilitary forces under little or no control, abundant arms and ammunition in private and Government possession, and lack of trust in and legitimacy of Government control over police and military forces. Against such a backdrop, peacekeeping troops attempt to support the transition of wartime security tasks and the political and economic system by providing a peaceful and secure environment for a sustainable and durable peace process.",
"Since the cold war era, the concept of peacekeeping has been entirely transformed. The military component, apart from providing a safe and secure environment and monitoring ceasefires between opposing parties, carries out a host of other activities that fall under the purview of peacebuilding. That entails all actions to identify and support structures that will tend to strengthen peace in order to avoid a relapse into conflict.",
"Let me add that the peacebuilding process is multidimensional, intricate and specialized in nature. It is not necessarily the domain of the military but rather is the specialized job of experts in this field. It involves the process of and activities in resolving violent conflicts and establishing sustainable peace. It focuses on national capacity-building, which takes place in collaboration with political, operational and tactical fronts at national and subnational levels.",
"Normally, the military component is first to be deployed in any conflict-ridden area, as other set-ups take more time due to certain procedural delays and the non-conducive environment.",
"The military component, by virtue of its organizational strength, can absorb and facilitate other components, besides undertaking a variety of roles to minimize the miseries of the inhabitants of a conflict zone. It also facilitates a jump start to the peacebuilding process before other United Nations agencies and non-governmental organizations arrive and get established.",
"Likely roles of the military component in the early peacebuilding process may include providing a safe and secure environment, combating organized crime, policing tasks and support to police in cases of mass unrest, engineering tasks to restore infrastructure to facilitate humanitarian relief efforts and initiate certain quick-impact projects, medical outreach and epidemic control, handling and management of refugees, assisting security sector reform and capacity-building of national armed forces and police, and a broad range of logistics and other support to United Nations agencies and other partners engaged in peacebuilding activities, including transport, airlift and communications. In most phases, the military can provide a secure and conducive environment in which to recommence the political process through elections or referendums or perhaps both.",
"For such a comprehensive process to proceed, an enabling environment must be created. This is where the role of the military component, as an enabler in the early stages of the peacebuilding process, can play out.",
"Providing a security umbrella to various organs and functionaries of the international body is the most important function of the military. That is achieved through observer missions for the implementation and enforcement of peace agreements with a view to help build confidence in the early phase, brought about through good offices and impartial monitoring of commitments endorsed by the parties. The commitments may include ceasefires, border engagements, agreed divisions of power or assets, peace negotiations, peace or ceasefire enforcement, and restoration of law and order. They may also include disarmament, demobilization and reintegration as per agreed terms, demining activities, unexploded ordnance disposal, removal of explosives and booby traps for the safety of peacekeepers and the local population and other United Nations agencies, and escort, patrol and security tasks, thereby enhancing peacebuilders’ freedom of movement and operations.",
"This is in brief the context and the role where, I believe, the military component fits in. However, if military intervention is contemplated, the need for a post-intervention strategy is also of paramount importance. The objective of such a strategy must be to help ensure that the conditions that prompted military intervention do not repeat themselves or simply resurface.",
"Before employing military instruments to resolve problems in the post-conflict scenario, certain essential aspects must be kept in mind in order to accrue the desired dividends.",
"First, a comprehensive approach is the only way in which military interventions as peacebuilders can achieve success. The military must not be used as a substitute for political engagement in the context of a peacebuilding problem.",
"Secondly, correlation of ends and means is extremely important. If the military is to be deployed, it should be deployed with adequate strength at the early stages and drawn down thereafter, not vice versa.",
"Last but not least, the military presence tends to create a culture of dependence among the host population, which can hinder national reconstruction and human resource development. Such tendencies must be guarded against, and capacity-building in the host country must remain a priority.",
"To conclude, I would say that the role of military components in the early stages of the peacebuilding process is inescapable and crucial. The military components play two main roles in the early peacebuilding process.",
"First, the military component provides a secure and safe environment for other internal and external actors to operate. Secondly, the military makes its resources available for the attainment of the mission’s overall objective, over and above its security functions, during the stabilization, transition and consolidation phases of the peacebuilding process. Being the first component to be deployed, the military component starts the peacebuilding, directly or indirectly, right from Day One and provides a launchpad from which other peacebuilding forces will be unleashed for systematic initiation of a comprehensive process.",
"The President: I will now turn to Council members. I remind colleagues to be mindful of the lateness of the hour when speaking.",
"Mrs. Ogwu (Nigeria): My first words must be to express appreciation to Under-Secretary-General Le Roy for the guidance he has provided for this debate, particular in organizing the Force Commanders. I want to warmly welcome the presence of the Force Commanders in the Council. The clarity and incisiveness of their perspectives on the issues under consideration bear out the wisdom and importance of this interaction, which aims to foster greater synergy between the field and the Security Council. Let me commend them especially for their immeasurable sacrifices in leading the various peace missions.",
"Since our last engagement with Force Commanders, in August 2010 (6370th meeting), there have been several important developments throughout the United Nations system toward making our peacekeeping efforts more effective. We have seen a more purposeful implementation of peace agreements and maintenance of ceasefires. We have established two new peacekeeping missions — the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) and, following the closure of UNMIS, the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA).",
"However, major challenges remain in such critical areas as civilian protection, bridging the gaps in capacity in human and material resources, and capping troop casualties. The topics under consideration this morning are therefore apt and responsive to trends in contemporary peacekeeping discourse.",
"My point of departure this morning will be the key issue of the conditionality policy of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) examined by General Prakash.",
"We share his assessment and views, and we remain convinced that it is prima facie counterproductive for MONUSCO to provide support to or carry out joint operations with the Forces armées de la République démocratique du Congo (FARDC) where the latter has known human rights violators in strategic and command positions. Indeed, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, Roger Meece, once noted, “the conditionality policy has resulted in the removal of some of such FARDC commanders involved in the perpetration of crimes against civilians in the regions where MONUSCO has a strong presence”.",
"To strengthen such positive assessments, the conditionality policy must be adequately complemented by sustained efforts to build the capacity of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to maintain internal security through disarmament, demobilization, repatriation, resettlement and reintegration — and, of course, security sector reform. With structural fragmentation, absence of clear command and control, operational weakness and improper discipline, FARDC is often unable to effectively provide protection for civilians. In debating the conditionality policy, therefore, my delegation prefers a strategic alliance between MONUSCO and FARDC that will complement the capacity of FARDC, retain MONUSCO’s relative oversight and ultimately boost the operational effectiveness of the Force.",
"The primary expectation of civilians in the communities where peacekeepers deploy is that they will be afforded appropriate protection. Protection of civilians is therefore at the heart of the mandate of most United Nations peacekeeping missions, including the African Union-United Nations Mission in Darfur (UNAMID).",
"With reports of aerial bombardments, artillery shelling and heavy fighting between the Sudanese armed forces and armed movements, particularly in the areas of Shangil Tobaya in Northern Darfur and Djebil Mara in Western Darfur, deterring attacks on civilians remains a daunting challenge in Darfur. Although the primary responsibility to protect civilians rests with the Sudanese authorities, greater cooperation between the Government of the Sudan and UNAMID will undoubtedly ensure better protection of civilians.",
"My delegation commends UNAMID for employing a more robust posture to protect civilians and for increasing active patrolling in Western Darfur. In particular, we welcome its enhanced logistical support to humanitarian organizations and support for the child protection mainstreaming agenda.",
"Since the adoption of Council resolution 1701 (2006) and the deployment of troops of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), south Lebanon has gradually moved toward stability. The progress can be partly attributed to UNIFIL’s close coordination with the Lebanese armed forces and the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF). However, the security situation remains very fragile. The deadly incident of 15 May along the Blue Line and the terrorist attacks on 27 May on six UNIFIL peacekeepers call for further reflection. Yesterday there was another attack on five peacekeepers at Sidon.",
"My delegation unequivocally condemns these attacks. We call on the parties — the Lebanese armed forces and the IDF — to fulfil their obligations under resolution 1701 (2006) to ensure the safety and security of UNIFIL personnel. Indeed, the parties must leverage the regular tripartite meetings convened by the UNIFIL Force Commander to strengthen confidence and reinvigorate hope in the UNIFIL forces.",
"United Nations peacekeeping is at a critical juncture. Meeting the demands for peacekeeping operations has stretched the Organization’s capacity to the limits, exerting enormous pressure, enormous strain, on its peacekeeping efficiency. Our peacekeeping operations are increasingly multidimensional, requiring greater coordination and cooperation between the various constituents, including the military, civilian police and regional and other, informal, organizations. The challenges have been varied, ranging from preventing the appearance of conflicts to restoring peace when the conflicts eventually do appear.",
"Deploying troops with the necessary training, equipment and logistical support to effectively undertake the complex and potentially dangerous task faced by peacekeepers remains a key determinant of an operation’s success. In that connection, my delegation reiterates that adequate emphasis be placed on the deployment of troops with the capacity to respond adequately to the cultural nuances in each field station. That, from our point of view, should also be a priority when considering inter-mission cooperation, as was recently seen in the United Nations Mission in Liberia and the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI).",
"The early resolution of peace across many of our missions is increasingly dependent on the work of civilian experts in key areas such as the rule of law, human rights and child protection. Recent developments in UNAMID and UNOCI lend further credence to the significance of building sustainable national capacities in these areas. In this regard, we encourage the Office of the Rule of Law and Security Institutions to coordinate its activities with relevant actors within and outside the United Nations, including the non-governmental organizations that inherently have the capacity to remain in the field well after the conclusion of a United Nations peacekeeping mission.",
"As we continue to confront the diverse challenges to peacekeeping, we must leverage the lessons learned from previous experiences. We can begin by identifying the issues that have most often held missions back from assuming their full range of capabilities. An effective early warning system can forestall conflict, limiting threats to international peace and security. Member States and regional bodies should seek more effective strategies to identify and address the deep-rooted causes of conflict within their countries and regions. That will ultimately help to ensure that when peace comes, it will be deeply rooted and sustainable.",
"I want to affirm that Nigeria remains fully committed to collective security, as enshrined in the United Nations Charter. While paying tribute to those who have paid the ultimate price in the line of duty so that others may live in peace, let us take this opportunity to renew our resolve as peacekeepers to respecting and preserving the fundamentals of United Nations peacekeeping.",
"The President: Let me remind Council members that they have the opportunity here to address questions and comments not only to our briefers, but also beyond, to all Force Commanders present in the Chamber.",
"Mrs. Viotti (Brazil): I would like to start by paying special tribute to Mr. Alain le Roy. Faced with demanding and difficult tasks, he has done an extraordinary job. Brazil greatly appreciates his work in general, but I would like to make particular reference to his constant and very constructive interaction with troop-contributing countries, as well as the launch, along with Ms. Malcorra, of the New Horizon initiative. My Government thanks him for his service and wishes him well in his future endeavours.",
"I would like to join in welcoming the heads of military components to the Council, and to express my country’s heartfelt appreciation for the excellent work that they are doing in very challenging circumstances. I thank the Force Commanders of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur, the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United Nations Mission in Liberia for the reflections that they have shared with us today. Having troops and observers in most of those missions, Brazil knows first-hand the high quality of their leadership and commitment.",
"The briefings that we have heard today help us to gain a better understanding of how the decisions we take affect the situation on the ground. Here in New York, we must strive to ensure that we give peacekeepers the political guidance and support they need to carry out their mandates. However, we must also take care not to micromanage them or curb the space for the creative thinking of the mission leadership, which are just as crucial to success.",
"I wish to focus my remarks on the capability-driven approach to peacekeeping, proposed by the New Horizon initiative. We are right to demand results from mission leaders, but we must also give them the tools they need to do their job. On the whole, although important progress has been made, we should continue to strive to get the necessary skills and capacity onto the ground.",
"The military are usually the largest component of missions. For the local population, they are often the face of the mission. Therefore, it is important to ensure that they receive the necessary training in areas such as civil-military cooperation, cultural sensitivity, conduct and discipline. Peacekeepers will be more effective if they are capable of relating to the local population.",
"In the civilian area of peacekeeping, the harmonization of service conditions will have a significant long-term impact on a mission’s ability to attract and retain civilian staff of the highest calibre. The civilian capacity review was a major contribution to our thinking on the issue. Discussions on implementing the recommendations should begin as soon as possible.",
"To achieve sustainable peace, the Council, the Secretariat, troop- and police-contributing countries and other stakeholders must all work together to give commanders on the ground the support they need. I wish to assure all the Force Commanders present here today that Brazil remains committed to that goal.",
"Mr. Alzate (Colombia) (spoke in Spanish): Our delegation would like to begin by thanking the presidency of the Council for organizing this meeting with the Force Commanders, to whom I pay special tribute. We would also like most especially to thank Mr. Le Roy, Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, for his participation in and guidance of this discussion’s success.",
"My delegation values the important work undertaken by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Force Commanders, their staff and the Working Group on Peacekeeping Operations, led by Ambassador Ogwu of Nigeria, who have made valuable contributions in that field.",
"One challenge that is the subject of ongoing interest is improving the synergy among the Secretariat, the Security Council and troop-contributing countries. We have made progress in that regard. At the same time, we would suggest that the Council continue enhancing that interaction, which we believe to be vital. Similarly, we underscore the progress made in developing doctrine and improving the operations of United Nations peacekeeping missions. The dynamic of operations in the field and the United Nations logistical capacity to ensure the security and well-being of staff on the ground are thereby improved.",
"With regard to the West Africa Coast Initiative to tackle international organized crime in that region, Columbia believes it very important to offer our experience in that area, having deployed national police units to work with Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone. We also have an active presence in the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti.",
"One challenge facing us is improving the capacity to mobilize United Nations troops on the use of and doctrine of using rotary-wing aircraft, helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft. In that regard, we propose further analysis of logistical, human and technological capacities in order to optimize their results. We need to procure high-technology teams for peacekeeping operations, in particular in communications, intelligence and observation in the field, for early warning and forecasts of violence.",
"Finally, we recognize the need to prioritize the protection and defence of civilians by United Nations forces, just as we have prioritized upholding the principles and mandates enshrined in the Organization’s Charter. Only thereby can we strengthen the relationship between the United Nations and the forces that represent it and the populations on the ground.",
"Mr. Moungara Moussotsi (Gabon) (spoke in French): Peacekeeping operations, which are one of the key functions of our Organization, have in recent demonstrated their utility and effectiveness in the maintenance of international peace and security. In that regard, I would like first and foremost to thank Mr. Le Roy and the Force Commanders for their briefings.",
"Gabon reiterates its great appreciation of the commitment and professionalism of the Force Commanders and the other peacekeepers who undertake difficult work, often in a very hostile environment and at times with limited resources. The enlightening briefings that we have just heard reflect the daily realities of all peacekeeping missions represented here and are viable indicators of the real difficulties facing peacekeeping operations. My delegation also appreciates receiving such information, which enables the Council better to take necessary decisions and adapt to evolving situations on the ground.",
"We commend the incorporation in the mandates of peacekeeping operations of new multidisciplinary approaches, such as the protection of civilians, strengthening the rule of law, the implementation of mechanisms to prevent the resurgence of conflict, and post-conflict peacebuilding. We therefore reiterate the need for the Council to give peacekeeping operations clear, credible and executable mandates tailored to the foreseen objectives and results, as well as the resources necessary to achieve all the tasks assigned to them.",
"With respect to peacebuilding, I welcome the progress achieved in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Liberia. In late 2011, those countries will hold major, decisive elections, which will be a litmus test for the missions there. Their success will determine the eventual configuration of withdrawals from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Liberia, and will thereby help us to elaborate strategies for transferring security functions to the respective Governments. In that respect, the Council must continue to closely track the situations being addressed by those two peacekeeping operations so that we can incorporate appropriate changes in their mandates, particularly in terms of logistical and operational capacities.",
"I should like to ask a question of the Force Commander of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. What is his assessment of the threat posed by the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA)? How does he envision cooperation among all the United Nations missions in the region, particularly with respect to fighting the LRA?",
"In conclusion, my country will continue to support the United Nations peacekeeping operations. We welcome interactive meetings such as today’s with the Force Commanders in order to keep the Council abreast of developments in their missions on the ground and to report to us on the challenges they face.",
"Mr. Manjeev Singh Puri (India): I would like to thank the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Under-Secretary-General Alain Le Roy for having introduced the Force Commanders and for having given us this opportunity to hear directly from the people on the ground. I believe that this is particularly important since peacekeeping really is the main tool at the disposal of the Security Council, involves the largest percentage of the United Nations budget and is certainly the particular activity that occupies the maximum amount of time of the Council.",
"India has contributed more troops and police officers to peacekeeping operations than any other country. With more than 100,000 personnel in over 40 peacekeeping operations, we are very familiar with what all of this entails, what is possible and what peacekeeping operations are capable of. We have also engaged in the normative side of this particular debate, both in the Council and the General Assembly. A seminar was recently held in New Delhi in the tradition of that constructive engagement. It broke new ground in drawing from the operational experience of peacekeepers in the further evolution of the peacekeeping agenda.",
"Peacekeeping has matured. More than 80 per cent of peacekeeping resources today are devoted to operations that are more than five years old. As we launch two new missions — the first new operations in several years — we need to take stock of the situation. I would like to stress the following points.",
"The first is the lack of resources and the whole issue of trying simply to tell people to do more with existing or even less resources. I understand efficiency gains; I understand the need to squeeze more; but I think it needs to be clearly understood that operating on shoestring budgets and with ever-increasing mandates is certainly just not possible or effective.",
"Moreover, mandates need to have clarity. The Force Commander from my country, India, noted ambiguity in mandates and how it translates into people lower down the command chain really not knowing what is expected of them. I think we in the Council owe it to ourselves and the forces that we deploy on the ground to be clear in that respect and to understand that mandates and resources need to be married and in synergy. In that context, it is particularly important that the process of interacting with troop-contributing countries, which has already been begun, should be carried out in a much more intensive manner in which we have much greater clarity on what can actually be produced and done with the kind of resources that are being placed at the disposal of the force that we are creating.",
"I would also like to highlight one other very important element — the willingness to work in partnerships. Here, let me draw members’ attention to Africa. Two-thirds of the Council’s meetings and outcomes concern Africa. It is also central to United Nations peacekeeping. India strongly supports the development of greater African Union capacities in peacekeeping. In this connection, I would like to quote from the address of our Prime Minister at the second India-Africa Forum summit in Addis Ababa in May. He said:",
"“India has consistently supported the development of African capacities. As a token of our commitment to supporting Africa’s endeavours for seeking African solutions, I am happy to announce that India will contribute $2 million for the African Union Mission in Somalia.”",
"Similar assistance needs to be provided by other Member States to build the African Union’s capacity in peacekeeping. India is also committed to the early operationalization of the African Standby Force through special training arrangements.",
"We know that the weakest suffer the most in conflict. Women and children have suffered and continue to suffer appallingly in conflicts around the world. The international community has not just the responsibility but the obligation to do its utmost to ensure the security of women and children, particularly in conflict and post-conflict situations. Indian troops and police officers, which include the first fully female units deployed under the United Nations flag, will do their utmost to protect the vulnerable in their areas of operation.",
"In conclusion, I would like to thank the Force Commanders and the men and women under their command. It is they who turn the Council’s words into deeds. I would also like to pay tribute to those peacekeepers who have made the supreme sacrifice when serving the United Nations in its efforts to create a better and safer world.",
"Mrs. DiCarlo (United States of America): I thank you, Sir, and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) for arranging this meeting for the Council today. I, too, would like to express appreciation to Under-Secretary-General Le Roy for his excellent leadership of the DPKO during a very difficult and challenging period. We wish him all the best in his future endeavours.",
"I would like to thank the Force Commanders for their statements today. We very much appreciate the role that they play every day in peacekeeping operations. I want to take this opportunity to express to Major General Asarta Cuevas and my French colleagues the United States sympathy for the injuries suffered yesterday by French peacekeeping troops in the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), and our hope that they will recover fully and quickly. This is, of course, an all-too-clear example of the risks that brave peacekeepers face daily as they fulfil their roles.",
"To the Force Commanders, I just want to say that we very much welcome this opportunity to hear from them first-hand about the challenges and risks that they face in implementing United Nations mission mandates. The Council seeks to match mission mandates with the needed leadership and capacity to implement them successfully.",
"We are very much interested in understanding the operational, logistical and leadership issues that Force Commanders face. The core of every peacekeeping mission is its people and their ability to support efforts to build a more stable peace. We are interested in the operational steps being taken to develop mission-wide strategies to protect civilians, including from sexual violence, and the role for uniformed peacekeepers as part of the mission. We very much welcome discussion of the innovative measures, such as firewood patrols, community liaison assistance, issuance of cell phones to community leaders, and response and investigative teams that include a mix of civilian, police and military expertise.",
"Just as important are the gaps that Commanders face — the factors that either expand or constrain logistical or leadership effectiveness in achieving their mandates. These might be the tools to support missions, such as doctrine, pre-deployment or in‑mission training; tools to help missions operate efficiently, such as early-warning capacity, intelligence and timely analysis; or tools to facilitate mobility, such as aviation capacity and budgetary and administrative issues.",
"I have a few questions for the Generals.",
"I would like to hear General Asarta Cuevas speak about the military arsenal of Hizbullah. The report of the Secretary-General of 1 July (S/2011/406) notes that Hizbullah still maintains its own substantial, growing and destabilizing military arsenal. I am wondering what steps UNIFIL is taking to assist the Lebanese armed forces in removing those illegal weapons and armed personnel south of the Litani River.",
"I very much appreciate General Nyamvumba’s focus on the robust presence of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) in his remarks. We express the hope that the lessons that UNAMID has learned in establishing such a robust presence could be shared with other missions. I would like to hear him comment on that.",
"We remain very concerned about the severe capacity gap in aviation assets faced by the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and I would like to hear General Prakash address the question of whether — or rather how — that gap is affecting the Mission’s ability to implement its mandate as outlined in resolution 1991 (2011). What are the trade-offs with the Mission’s tasks, and what is the Mission no longer able to do?",
"Finally, I would like to hear from General Khalid about inter-mission cooperation. There has been good inter-mission cooperation between the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire and the United Nations Mission in Liberia, and I wonder what lessons have been learned from that cooperation and whether he sees a possibility to put inter-mission cooperation to use elsewhere.",
"Mr. Wang Min (China) (spoke in Chinese): I wish to thank Under-Secretary-General Le Roy for his presence at today’s meeting. I have listened attentively to the statements made by the four Force Commanders of United Nations peacekeeping operations. I wish to express my warm welcome to all the Force Commanders present here at today’s meeting. They are working under extreme difficulties all across the world, implementing the Council’s mandates and making contributions to world peace and security. The Chinese delegation pays tribute to them and to all peacekeepers all across the world.",
"For over 60 years United Nations peacekeeping operations have been making great contributions to maintaining world peace and security. In recent years, with the changing environment, peacekeeping operations are also faced with a series of new challenges.",
"I do not have questions to raise at this time, but I have listened to the statements of the Force Commanders, and I want to make some comments on principle. I wish to emphasize the following four points.",
"First, we must strengthen coordination between peacekeeping and peacemaking. As important as peacekeeping is, it is not a panacea. To establish lasting peace, the key is to promote political dialogue and reconciliation. The Secretary-General and his Special Representatives can play a greater role in this regard in mediation.",
"Secondly, it is important to strengthen coordination and coherence between peacekeeping and peacebuilding. The parties concerned should pay attention to and tackle the root causes of conflicts, in particular economic and social development. A holistic approach must be taken in considering the relationship between peacekeeping and peacebuilding, and the division of labour between peacekeeping and peacebuilding must be clearly defined. Timely formulation and gradual improvement of an exit strategy are very important.",
"Thirdly, we must effectively implement the mandate to protect civilians. The host countries must bear primary responsibility for protecting civilians. Peacekeeping operations, while implementing the mandate of protecting civilians, should abide strictly by the Council’s resolutions and follow the principle of impartiality, so as not to become a party to the conflict. At the same time, they should respect the sovereignty of the host country, so as to do more to promote political and national reconciliation.",
"Fourthly, we must also strengthen the capacity-building function of peacekeeping operations. We hope that the countries with the resources and the technical capacity to do so will increase their input so as to provide the necessary resources and technical guarantees for peacekeeping operations. We support United Nations efforts to improve the speed and efficiency of deployment of peacekeeping operations and make them more targeted and flexible and to strengthen coordination and partnership with host countries and regional organizations.",
"Ms. Ziade (Lebanon): At the outset, we would like to express our appreciation to you, Sir, for organizing this important debate. We also wish to thank Under-Secretary-General Le Roy for his laudable work at the helm of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, and to the Force Commanders of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) for their comprehensive presentations.",
"Lebanon believes that United Nations peacekeeping operations require a partnership among the Security Council, the Secretariat, troop-contributing countries and host countries. After paying careful attention to the presentations of the Force Commanders, we would like to salute their dedication and service for peace. This direct interaction avails us the opportunity to understand the urgent needs from the field and in turn helps the Council to better respond to those needs.",
"I have two questions. One is similar to that asked by the delegation of the United States concerning cooperation between MONUSCO and UNAMID. Perhaps General Nyamvumba could give us his thoughts about the major logistical challenges facing UNAMID.",
"In our region, the Middle East, an end to the Israeli occupation in Palestine, Syria and the remaining parts of Lebanon — the root cause of the conflict — is a prerequisite for any comprehensive resolution and successful exit of United Nations peacekeeping missions.",
"Everyone has referred to what happened yesterday in the south of Lebanon. When a peacekeeping mission is tested and peacekeepers attacked, only solidarity and determination remain key for putting an end to any kind of recurrence. In this context Lebanon expressed its unequivocal condemnation of the attack. Suffice it to mention here that the President of the Republic of Lebanon, General Michel Sleiman, made a statement in which he condemned the attack and urged authorities “to multiply efforts to uncover the perpetrators and punish them”.",
"He said that in Beirut, and here in New York my delegation associated itself with the press statement issued by the Security Council to condemn the attack (SC/10341). My delegation expresses sincere sympathy to the injured peacekeepers and their families, and we are confident that General Asarta Cuevas will convey our deep appreciation to the men and women working in UNIFIL.",
"Almost five years after the adoption of resolution 1701 (2006), the Government of Lebanon is strongly committed to the implementation of that resolution in its entirety. We call on the international community to put an end to Israeli violations of our sovereignty by land, air and sea. In his most recent report (S/2011/406), the Secretary-General refers to those violations and calls for their immediate cessation, since they undermine not only the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006), but also the work and credibility of UNIFIL and the authority of the Lebanese Armed Forces.",
"Only two days after the vote of confidence in the new Government, the Prime Minister of Lebanon visited southern Lebanon and UNIFIL headquarters. During that visit, he acknowledged the important role that UNIFIL is playing in the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006). In that regard, we sent a letter two days ago requesting a renewal of UNIFIL’s mandate with no amendments.",
"When Major General Asarta Cuevas spoke about strategic dialogue and cooperation, he referred to the consultations that took place last week. Let me reiterate before the Council what my delegation had to say regarding this. The Lebanese army is fully engaged in a strategic dialogue with UNIFIL. Lebanon commends the efforts and sacrifices of the UNIFIL forces operating in South Lebanon, and expresses its appreciation to all contributing countries. It attaches great importance to strengthening coordination and cooperation with UNIFIL, in accordance with the agreed rules of engagement, in order to ensure proper implementation of the mission entrusted to it. Assistance in building up the capabilities of the Lebanese Armed Forces is necessary. A stronger Lebanese army would enable the Lebanese Government to continue to extend its authority over its territory.",
"I should like to ask Major General Asarta Cuevas a question. What, in his opinion, would be the best way to prevent disproportionate use of force by Israel along the Blue Line, similar to what happened on 15 May, when civilian demonstrators were shot at, despite the fact that they had not crossed the Blue Line?",
"The President: I suggest we interrupt the list of speakers and turn to the Force Commanders. I call first on Lieutenant General Prakash.",
"Lieutenant General Prakash: Of the two questions asked of me, the first, from the representative of Gabon, concerned my assessment of the threat of the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) in the region, and what cooperation can happen between the interregional missions to neutralize it.",
"The threat of the LRA in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is real. While its numbers are not large, the threat cannot be wished away. On average, we get reports of about 15 to 20 incidents of LRA activity every month. Over a period of time, the brutality of the attacks has lessened, the number of killings has fallen, and the number of civilians being abducted has also been greatly reduced. This reduction in the LRA’s activity can, to a great extent, be attributed to a number of proactive operations that the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) has been undertaking in the area.",
"That said, I would reiterate that the threat is real and cannot be wished away. The fact is that the terrain is rugged, the numbers they operate in are small, the areas where they operate are inaccessible, and the borders are porous. We have established a joint intelligence operations centre in Dungu that became operational this year and is a step towards sharing information between the partners: the Uganda People’s Defence Force, the Forces armées de la République Démocratique du Congo and our mission, MONUSCO. Also, in May, we had an inter-mission force commanders’ conference in Entebbe where we shared information about the LRA. That said, this is not enough, and there is more scope for sharing information and conducting more effective operations against the LRA, provided we are given the right kind of resources to do it.",
"The second question was about the existing capability gap in our aviation assets and how it affects the Mission. The non-availability of aviation assets — both utility and attack helicopters — is of great concern for the Mission. As the years have gone by, the negative activity has shifted west, away from the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and more towards the jungles, to areas that are accessible only by helicopter. The Council is well aware of the fact that there is no road infrastructure in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Today, of 93 bases that we have in the country, 31 are air-supported; that is, one-third of the temporary operating bases/company operating bases are in areas that can be logistically supplied only by air assets. If we do not get the right kind of air assets to support those bases, not only will we not be in a position to establish more bases that are required in inaccessible areas, but we will find it difficult to support even the existing 31 bases.",
"The fact that since 4 July we have had no attack helicopters has greatly reduced our deterrence capability against the Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda in the Kivus. We have no capability for undertaking any proactive actions against the armed groups in the Kivus. Since the elections are approaching, we also feel that future requirements for air assets are going to be much higher. There will be conflict between meeting the requirements for protecting civilians and for transporting electoral material. That is when we will be totally stretched, and I feel at this stage that our ability to do our basic task of protecting civilians will also be highly constrained.",
"The President: Let me remind the Council of the lateness of the hour. Military people are known for being succinct and to the point; I do not know if the same can be said of us diplomats. I would appeal to the Council to make the best use of the time available to us, and to limit all our statements. We have another seven Council members left to speak, and we should limit our statements to what is absolutely necessary for the remaining time.",
"Let me now turn to Major General Asarta Cuevas.",
"Major General Asarta Cuevas (spoke in Spanish): Please allow me to answer the questions in my own language, Spanish, so that I can respond more precisely.",
"Concerning the so-called Hizbullah arsenal, in the mandate in resolution 1701 (2006), the primary responsibility to ensure that there are no weapons other than those belonging to the Lebanese Armed Forces and UNIFIL falls to the Government of Lebanon and the Lebanese Armed Forces. Under our mandate, under resolution 1701 (2006), the primary responsibility for ensuring that there is no type of weapon other than those of the Lebanese Armed Forces and UNIFIL in UNIFIL’s area of operation falls on the Government of Lebanon and the Lebanese Armed Forces. Under our mandate, UNIFIL cannot go into private homes or onto private property unless there is credible evidence and an immediate threat relating to a violation of resolution 1701 (2006).",
"Our troops which are deployed in southern Lebanon, between the Litani river and the Blue Line, consist of about 12,500 soldiers and more than 1,000 civilians. Those soldiers, who are from 35 different countries, are involved in between 10,000 to 12,000 operational activities a month. During those operational activities, we have discovered, in the five years since the adoption of resolution 1701 (2006), stores of ammunition, bunkers and weapons, but all of that predates the conflict — the 2006 war. To date also, taking into account the fact that we cannot go onto private property or search homes — that is an obligation of the Lebanese Government and the Lebanese Armed Forces — there has been no evidence of the illegal trafficking of weapons. What I mean by that is that neither I personally nor any of my soldiers have seen the arsenals that have been referred to. We would like to see them to determine if they do in fact exist.",
"I should like to say also that the most recent launching of rockets from our area of operations against Israel took place in October 2009, so for almost two years now, thanks to the efforts of the population of the south, the Lebanese Armed Forces and UNIFIL, the cessation of hostilities has been maintained and there have been no rocket launchings against Israel.",
"Turning to the second question, which was asked by the representative of Lebanon, I should like to refer to the recommendations that UNIFIL made to the parties following the tragic incidents that took place on 15 May, Nakba Day, this year. Those recommendations included the fact that only the Lebanese authorities are responsible for law and order within Lebanon, and that they had to take the measures necessary to prevent incidents along the Blue Line, which, as is well known, is a very sensitive area, where most incidents take place; it has been the line of withdrawal of the Israeli forces since the war of 2000. Therefore, to prevent such incidents from occurring, what is necessary is comprehensive oversight of the population.",
"Also in our recommendations, which I will read word for word, we said that the Israeli forces should refrain from responding in such situations, unless it is clearly required for their own immediate self-defence, taking into account the fact that both countries, Lebanon and Israel, have the right to self-defence. But the Israel Defense Forces must not resort to the excessive use of force and must always take action that is commensurate with the offence, and therefore they should also include equipment, units and experts for controlling demonstrators and for crowd control.",
"We also said that both countries — Israel and Lebanon — should ensure that in these types of situations, they use troops that are properly trained and equipped to try to prevent this type of incident from occurring. In the tripartite meetings and in the meetings I have with the parties, I always say the same thing:",
"(spoke in English)",
"Do not give, do not take.",
"(spoke in Spanish)",
"Do not provoke, and do not react to any provocation. That is the best way of avoiding incidents along the Blue Line.",
"I think that I have answered the questions, but if further clarifications are required, I would be happy to provide them.",
"The President: I now give the floor to Lieutenant-General Nyamvumba, to whom two questions were also addressed.",
"Lieutenant-General Nyamvumba: Two questions were posed to me, one by the representative of the United States and the other by the representative of Lebanon.",
"The United States question was whether we could share our experience with other missions. Indeed, that is very relevant, and part of the purpose of our gathering here in New York is, among others, to share our experiences from different missions. But besides that, we also have a forum, particularly what we refer to as inter-mission cooperation. I express my appreciation to General Prakash, who hosted our regional Force Commanders’ meeting in Entebbe in May. We will take note of this and will continue to share our experiences with other missions, particularly those that have a protection of civilians mandate. We also welcome other experiences from other missions.",
"On the issue of the major logistical challenges facing the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), I did outline some of them, but, to be more specific, one is the long supply lines. All present are aware that the major seaport is in Port Sudan, which is about 2,000 kilometres from Darfur, with little or no infrastructure. In terms of our operations, the biggest hurdle is the lack of infrastructure on the ground. During the rainy season, as I said earlier, our patrols and our activities actually drop drastically because of the inaccessibility of areas. Even as I speak, we have dropped from 160 daily patrols to about 100 because of the impassability of roads.",
"Finally, there is the issue of aviation capacity. There is still a very big gap with regard to utility helicopters. I will take this opportunity to appeal to those that have the means to support the mission to make some of those capacities available, because, indeed, they go a long way towards enhancing the capabilities of the mission.",
"The President: I now give the floor to Major-General Khalid.",
"Major-General Khalid: Questions were asked of me by the representatives of the United States and Lebanon. I think that inter-mission cooperation is of paramount importance. I say so because the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) has no reserve, and with the number of missions across the globe, they do not have enough forces to deal with every unforeseen eventuality.",
"Let me tell the House that I am going to speak to the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations (C‑34) tomorrow on the same topic, which has been given to me by DPKO, and I will be touching in detail upon that issue in my speech tomorrow.",
"But just to reply in brief with respect to the lessons learned: we sent an infantry battalion and Mi-8 helicopters to the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) in November. The infantry battalion came back in January, the utility helicopters came back in June; the gunship helicopters were sent in March and are still there. I am glad to tell you that both UNOCI and the United Nations Mission in Liberia are making use of those Mi-24 gunships for joint tasking and joint border patrolling.",
"Turning to lessons learned, they come, in effect, under four major headings, or concerns: legality, logistics, military capabilities and coordination. I will touch on each of these very briefly.",
"By legality, I mean saving time at the last minute regarding the apprehensions of the troop-contributing countries. This should form part of the memoranda of understanding.",
"Turning to logistics, missions should cater for, coordinate and perhaps even at times deal with dumping of rations or fuel prior to the launching of missions so that incoming troops do not face any problems. At the level of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations at United Nations Headquarters, a comprehensive strategy must be applied — and I am sure this is the case. It must be reviewed periodically in consultation with all missions which have been tasked with inter-mission cooperation. There may not be a giant border in all cases of inter-mission cooperation, and road conditions may not be good or there may not be any roads at all, so this must be catered for by land, air and sea so as to avoid any unnecessary delays at the last minute, which is normally a critical stage. The logistics must be clearly defined.",
"For better coordination, all such missions must have inter-mission coordination cells, which should maintain contact with a view to achieving better coordination and remaining up to date with the latest developments.",
"Last but not least, in cases where different languages are spoken in the missions and countries concerned, a team of interpreters must be present to ensure that forces encounter no problems upon arrival and that they are put to effective use.",
"The President: I will now give the floor to the members of the Security Council.",
"Mr. Sangqu (South Africa): I thank the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Mr. Alain Le Roy, the head of the Office of Military Affairs, Lieutenant General Babacar Gaye, and the Force Commanders for their informative statements this morning.",
"We welcome the Force Commanders who have joined us today in the Council. New York is indeed far from the battlefield, so the opportunity to hear firsthand from the military leadership from the field is indeed valuable. We see merit in convening such engagements on a regular basis, and we thank the German delegation for this initiative.",
"The Security Council has stated clearly in the past — and South Africa fully endorses this view — that United Nations peacekeeping operations are deployed only as an accompaniment and not as an alternative to political strategies for the resolution of conflicts.",
"Over the years, peacekeeping has become a complex and multifaceted undertaking due to the changing nature of conflicts. We are mindful of the compounding effects and challenges prevailing in the era of intra-State conflicts. In most cases, belligerents are increasingly well resourced and equipped, often wield great influence and do not conform to the rules of engagement. No longer are conflict-affected areas only failed States; they possess strong military capacities and robust political leadership.",
"In response to these challenges, the United Nations has to act with the necessary dynamism and agility. It is therefore critical, for us in the Council and the United Nations political and military leadership on the ground, to be continuously concerned with mobilizing and maintaining the political support of all stakeholders, especially of those nations in which the Council mandates peacekeeping missions, and to respect the sovereignty of all States.",
"The Council also has a particularly important role throughout a mission’s lifespan to support efforts to improve cooperation and coordination with regional and subregional organizations and other partners. The Security Council’s responses to the crises on the African continent are a constant reminder of the ongoing need for greater cooperation and coordination with regional organizations, especially the African Union. Nothing will replace African leadership and solutions for African problems.",
"Today we should reflect on, inter alia, our ability to optimally leverage the security umbrella provided by peacekeeping operations in the field and to find political solutions to conflicts. The Council should adopt coherent, comprehensive strategies that effectively translate the mandates of peacekeeping operations into clear, credible and achievable outcomes. We should reflect on ensuring that operations are sufficiently matched with appropriate resources and that they are adequately prepared and deployed in a timely manner at the desired operational strength and capacity. We should make sure that the monitoring and evaluation mechanisms for peacekeeping operations are adequate and that the Council is sufficiently aware of the resource and field support implications of its decisions.",
"These are just some of the important issues that could help our collective efforts to understand the challenges that we face at a military level across the spectrum of peacekeeping operations. We believe that by collectively addressing these issues we will make a significant contribution to improving the overall performance of United Nations peacekeeping.",
"Protecting the lives of ordinary civilians, who are all too often the innocent victims of instability and strife in conflict zones, is paramount. International law provides that the primary responsibility to protect civilians rests with the States. The protection of civilians is by its nature politically very sensitive, yet it is a critical and vital mandated task. Given the nature of recent conflicts, the protection of civilians becomes a necessity, and the role of regional organizations and the international community is even more important.",
"We are encouraged by ongoing efforts to address the shortage of military assets such as helicopters. We cannot afford to deploy troops in foreign territories and then expect them to be everywhere at once without the necessary resources or, in some cases, when not operating at full strength. We owe it to our troops on the ground to ensure that they receive the desired level of support.",
"However, we must always emphasize the importance of United Nations peacekeeping operations always acting in accordance with the principles of impartiality, as enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and in accordance with international law and human rights law.",
"In conclusion, my delegation pays tribute to all the men and women in uniform who have served and who continue to serve in United Nations peacekeeping operations, and we commend their dedication and courage. We pay special tribute to those who have paid the ultimate price in the service of peace and humanity.",
"Mr. Bonne (France) (spoke in French): I too wish to thank you, Mr. President, for having organized this meeting, which has become a regular feature, as it provides a rare but valuable opportunity to exchange with the force commanders and to hear the views from the field.",
"I thank the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Force Commanders of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), the United Nations-African Union Hybrid Mission in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) for their briefings.",
"First, I would like to recall France’s commitment to peacekeeping, which is one of the most important and certainly most symbolic activities of the United Nations. Here I would like first of all to commend the exceptional work carried out by the Blue Helmets on the ground in often difficult and dangerous conditions, where no one else goes, in order to implement mandates whose complexity directly reflects that of the crises that our Organization seeks to tackle.",
"France wishes to continue participating in efforts to improve the functioning of peacekeeping operations. Since their inception, these operations have been the privileged instrument through which the Council exercises its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. Improving the effectiveness of such operations is thus a matter of strategic importance.",
"In following up the 2009 initiative by France and the United Kingdom, our goal remains to improve the political and military monitoring of operations by the Security Council, to ensure greater effectiveness in the logistical and financial management of operations, to clarify doctrine with regard to a number of complex issues such as the protection of civilians, and to clarify, and rationalize as far as possible, mandates, as necessary. That is the purpose of the regular consultations that the Council now holds on cross-cutting issues concerning peacekeeping. We believe that they should continue.",
"With regard to all of the issues I just raised, we believe that we have made progress. We welcome in particular the implementation of the global field support strategy. We would also like to welcome the Senior Advisory Group’s report on strengthening civilian capacity in post-conflict situations (S/2011/85). We believe that it will make it possible to amend the way that peacekeeping operations function in terms of such important issues as the economic impact of operations on national development and the role of women in peacekeeping.",
"We will therefore continue our work, especially in the area of strengthening the chain of command in peacekeeping operations, improving cooperation with troop contributors and providing for more rigorous financial follow-up in support of peacekeeping. I note that the budget for peacekeeping operations has soared in recent years. It is true that the needs played a big role in this, but it is also true that in a tight budgetary climate for financial contributors, it is essential that we have the means to manage the budget in a responsible and controlled manner.",
"I, too, have some questions to ask the Force Commanders present here today. First, I have a general question. Are the reform efforts undertaken in New York felt in the field? Do the practices on the ground change as a result of decisions taken or recommendations made in the Council? How can we in the Council better take into account the views from the field and the feedback from Force Commanders?",
"More specifically, I have questions for Major General Asarta Cuevas on UNIFIL. We, too, firmly condemn, of course, the attacks on UNIFIL troops. We appreciate the solidarity expressed after yesterday’s attack, in which our soldiers were victims. Of course, we will not tolerate the security and safety of military and civilian staff deployed in Lebanon being furthered threatened. We understand the difficulty of the task at hand, but what can we do to ensure that the soldiers in the field are better protected? Also, how can we enhance cooperation with the Lebanese Armed Forces? And how can we ensure that the tasks currently carried out by UNIFIL are progressively handed over?",
"My question for the Force Commander of MONUSCO concerns the adaptation of the civilian protection strategy in the current context of preparing for elections. In this pre-electoral climate, is there any need to change the force’s approach and its civilian protection strategy, given the constraints that we have been advised of?",
"Mr. Barbalić (Bosnia and Herzegovina): At the outset, I would like to thank you, Sir, for organizing this briefing. We thank the Under-Secretary-General for his comments and the Force Commanders of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, the United Nations Mission in Liberia, the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur and the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo for their insightful remarks. We also welcome the presence of the other Force Commanders of the United Nations peacekeeping operations and praise their commitments and efforts, as well as the outstanding work of all the personnel in peacekeeping missions.",
"One of the key recurring issues in discussions on peacekeeping has been the need for the Council to provide peacekeeping missions with clear, credible and achievable mandates matched by adequate resources in order to fulfil their mandated tasks. Bringing timely and relevant information to the Council is therefore indispensable for decision-making. To that end, we emphasize that each resolution needs to be clearly and accurately reflected in the concept of operations during its implementation.",
"Starting at the beginning of the year, significant documents on the interrelation between peacekeeping and peacebuilding and between security and development have been released. Discussions on these issues must identify a practical way forward for the main challenges and obstacles and offer solutions for capacity-development, coordination and field guidance.",
"The growing complexity of tasks entrusted to peacekeeping missions and the scarcity of specific resources, in particular civilian support capacities, can place the success of a mission at risk. Bosnia and Herzegovina welcomes activities related to the review of the international civilian capacities. We believe that ongoing activities with regard to the recommendations of and discussions on this study will lead towards concrete improvements and practical and feasible proposals in this area. Moreover, cooperation between the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support should bring about viable solutions, positive changes and tangible results on the ground.",
"In this regard, we underline the importance of cooperation, consultation and exchange of views with troop- and police-contributing countries. Mobilizing Member States’ support is essential for dealing with a capability-driven approach that concentrates on skills, equipment and capacity.",
"It is evident that missions with protection mandates include diverse activities aimed at ensuring the safety and physical protection of civilian populations. Information-gathering, timely and accurate data about the local situation and circumstances, and their analysis are crucial. Nevertheless, missions should have appropriate resources to analyse those data and to assist in restoring an environment in which the host State is able to exercise its primary responsibility to protect its citizens. This aspect certainly includes other processes — such as disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, security sector reform, supporting electoral processes and the empowerment of local communities — in order to facilitate the transition to sustainable peacebuilding.",
"The need to implement an effective exit strategy must be coordinated with the quality of personnel and equipment and linked to corresponding operational mandates and objectives. The cultural sensitivities of the area of deployment should also be taken into account in order to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings between a mission and the host country and its communities.",
"This year we have witnessed the authorization of two new missions: the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei and the United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan. Bosnia and Herzegovina is of the view that the Organization needs to perform to the best of its ability to apply its know-how and the lessons learned from previous peacekeeping missions, while the Council must provide the missions with the strategic guidance and adequate support they need. In that regard, the Mission in South Sudan has to contribute to improving governance capacity and the rule of law.",
"The mandate is undoubtedly of vital importance in providing guidance for the future reconfiguration of a mission. Developments on the ground must be taken into account, making the mandate of a mission more realistic and attainable.",
"Finally, we emphasize that a peacekeeping mission is part of the political solution to conflict, but that it cannot be a substitute for the solution. Therefore, activities on the ground must be strengthened, together with efforts on preventive diplomacy, early warning or conflict mediation, and focused on national priorities and national actors. Paying attention to those aspects needs to be an integral part of each peacekeeping mission in order to avoid the recurrence of conflict, contribute to a country’s development and lasting peace and, above all, guarantee international security.",
"Mr. Tatham (United Kingdom): I will try to be very brief. I thank Ambassador Wittig for inviting Under-Secretary-General Le Roy and the Force Commanders from the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) to brief the Council. I would like to thank them for their insights this morning, and more importantly for the work of the Force Commanders and police commissioners and the hard work of all the women and men who are under their command, frequently, as we know, in very challenging circumstances and at great personal risk. These risks were highlighted by the recent attacks on UNIFIL. I join others in condemning the attack earlier this week and in wishing a speedy recovery to those who were injured.",
"The United Kingdom very much supports the ongoing initiative, which has become something of a tradition now, to ensure that force commanders and police commissioners have an opportunity to brief the Council during their annual conference in New York. It is important to ensure that we do as much as is feasible to improve the Council’s understanding of the operational demands placed on troops and police by the peacekeeping resolutions we write.",
"As we demonstrated during our November presidency of the Council, we have access to new technology to ensure that we can hear from operational commanders more frequently, and we believe that we should take up that opportunity on a more regular basis. It will be important that we can hear in due course from the new Force Commander of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei.",
"In the light of what I have heard from the Force Commanders and from colleagues on the Council, I would like to make observations on four brief points.",
"First is the protection of civilians. I took from the presentation of General Nyamvumba a clear message about the importance of the responsibility to protect civilians under attack or threat of attack. That is fundamental to peacekeeping responsibilities. I am interested here in the linkage between that and the use of a robust posture — a concept which is well understood among UNAMID senior leadership. I am aware that for some this is a controversial issue, but I join my Nigerian colleague in expressing robust support for robust posture. I am aware that the Secretary-General has referred to UNAMID’s robustness as having contributed to a reduction in attacks on the Mission, and I think that is an important point.",
"Second is the impact of conditionality policy. I listened to General Prakash’s remarks on conditionality with great interest. Conditionality is a requirement to ensure that peacekeepers are not supporting activities that fall outside international humanitarian law. The application of such a policy must, obviously, be rigorous.",
"But we have to also keep an eye on operational effectiveness. General Prakash spoke about the balance between the desirable and the feasible. I am interested in the concept of that balance — how to strike it — if there is time, but I appreciate the fact that we are running against the clock. I would be interested in General Prakash’s view as to whether there are useful general principles for this balance that can be identified for wider application, or whether this is something that needs to be determined very much on the ground.",
"General Prakash also gave some useful guidelines about implementing conditionality, in particular that it is easier to implement at the start rather than downstream. I think that is an important consideration in the light of the new peacekeeping operation under way in Southern Sudan.",
"My third observation is about inter-mission cooperation, where I would briefly like to echo my Nigerian colleague once again, and my United States colleague, in expressing strong support for the principle of inter-mission cooperation. There are situations where this makes good operational sense, and the asset-sharing between UNMIL and the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) is an important example. I think the potential for this needs to be fully explored.",
"My final observation is on clear mandates. I think it was my Indian colleague who spoke about the importance of clear mandates. We have all referred to the risks and hardships that our peacekeeping operations have to endure. I think the least that we can do is to provide the peacekeeping missions with clear mandates. It is all too easy for us around the Council table to try and bridge differences through ambiguity or elaborate wording. We always need to be mindful of the problems this can pose to peacekeeping operations in the field as they carry out their important work.",
"Finally, listening to the Force Commanders this morning, I was reminded once again of the enormous value that we get from the direct view from the field. I would like to thank them very much for taking the time from their annual conference to speak to the Council. I hope we will be able to hear from them in the future on a regular basis.",
"Mr. Pankin (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): I will try to be brief, given the time constraints.",
"We are pleased to again welcome here the Force Commanders of the United Nations peacekeeping missions. It is heartening to see this kind of dialogue, which was initially proposed by the Russian Federation last year during its presidency of the Council, put into practice. I would like to here support my British colleague, who has enriched the practice. The Council now has the opportunity for more frequent such meetings using videoconferencing and other modern technology. Members of the Council should check our watches with those of our military colleagues to examine the current problems in the field that are truly being faced by peacekeepers, and the military challenges. This practice will ultimately ensure that the Council is provided with effective military expertise.",
"I will not go over the importance we attach to peacekeeping. Like many colleagues, we believe it is a truly crucial tool of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace and security. Our peacekeepers participate in many peacekeeping operations in the Middle East and various regions of Africa and in Haiti. We are aware that United Nations peacekeeping is not fixed in place. It continues to be actively needed. As has been noted, there are two new peacekeeping operations in the Abyei region and in South Sudan.",
"In our view, people in military uniforms, who make up two thirds of the peacekeepers, play a leading role in terms of addressing three crucial tasks: supporting efforts of national Governments to stabilize the situation and restore peace, protecting civilians, and monitoring compliance with ceasefire agreements. But United Nations peacekeeping activities continue to evolve, including from both conceptual and operational perspectives. Therefore it is important to adapt in order to deal with current problems and respond to new political realities.",
"Many of the speakers here today have talked about the fact that there are new challenges and what kind of challenges there are — challenges that require joint decisions between military actors and the diplomats of the Security Council.",
"We therefore believe that there are several general points — for example, the unconventional situations faced by the Blue Helmets. But there are unwavering principles regarding peacekeeping. Peacekeepers must strictly abide by their mandates and avoid involvement in any political conflict or silent support to a party to a conflict. Such action could lead to extremely negative consequences and undermine the reputation of the United Nations.",
"Clearly, we support comments made by other colleagues that the mandates of peacekeeping operations must be clear, feasible and in keeping with the situations. Therefore, there is still a need to address the issue of ensuring the necessary level of military advice for the steps undertaken within United Nations peacekeeping.",
"Again we recall our proposal to revitalize the activities of the Military Staff Committee, which could elaborate recommendations on operational aspects of peacekeeping and take part in missions to assess the preparedness of contingents and infrastructure for peacekeeping operations. In turn, this would make it possible to provide the Council with up-to-date information.",
"Obviously, the issue of enhancing United Nations peacekeeping requires more effectively tapping into the resources of regional organizations and engaging them, since we agree that peacekeeping is an ancillary function to the primary functions of the Governments of countries, for example, engaging the forces of that State or Government.",
"The shortfall of financial, logistical and technical resources means that there is a need to leverage existing capacities. Therefore we believe it is important to clearly distinguish between functions in peacekeeping and post-conflict peacebuilding. Under current peacekeeping mandates those are clearly linked, but United Nations peacekeepers should only be given the initial tasks of peacebuilding. The process of socio-economic reconstruction and related tasks must be assigned to more specialized structures of the United Nations system in areas of development, and also regional organizations with the relevant capacities.",
"Our hope is that this meeting will make it possible to work together on further enhancing United Nations peacekeeping operations.",
"Mr. Moraes Cabral (Portugal): Like others, we believe that peacekeeping and peacebuilding are truly at the crux of the United Nations today. All members know how deeply my country is committed to these tasks. We have been active in several missions during the past 30 years. We therefore thank you, Mr. President, for organizing this very timely debate. It is extremely useful to have this opportunity to interact with Force Commanders and to hear their points of view directly, so I thank the Generals for their very comprehensive presentations, which were extremely useful, as were the answers that they gave to some of the questions raised.",
"However, let me pay tribute and commend all the women and men who are in missions, the Force Commanders and the Police Commissioners for the way in which they carry out their tasks, often — as we have already heard today — in very difficult conditions. They deserve our constant support.",
"I have a couple of comments on what has been said, and I endorse much, if not everything, that has already been said, so I will be brief.",
"The conditionality policy can be used as a tool but, as was underlined by Lieutenant General Prakash, some caution is needed in its application. The issue for us — as he himself said — is that there is scope for development and refinement in the conditionality dimension and the positive and negative elements it entails. I fully agree with him that there is a problem if the application of the conditionality starts to have a negative impact on mission operational activities. I also thank Lieutenant General Prakash for his reference to the threat of the Lord’s Resistance Army. We ourselves suggested the useful debate that we had on that last week (see S/PV.6588).",
"Moving on to the protection of civilians, to which we all attach the utmost importance, there has been significant improvement over the years on that very important dimension. We commend the efforts of the Secretariat and the positive progress made by missions in that area. To Lieutenant General Nyamvumba, I would say that the issue is to what extent a mission, if not mandated in that sense, should use force to protect civilians in a non-permissive environment.",
"My third comment is addressed to Major General Asarta Cuevas. Again like others, we condemn the attacks on the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) yesterday and in May, which unfortunately took lives. We consider the situation unacceptable, and the parties should abide by United Nations resolutions and by their responsibilities. Our French colleague raised the important issue of how we can best ensure the protection of the soldiers in a very difficult situation. As the General mentioned the other day, last week we had a very useful debate on the situation in Lebanon and it is very clear that the presence of UNIFIL has had a very important and positive impact on creating a stable and calm situation, albeit still very fragile. I think that that there was broad consensus that UNIFIL’s presence in the area is still an extremely important element.",
"As I stated during that debate — and we are very happy about it — we will shortly reinforce the Portuguese contingent within UNIFIL with 12 officers from Timor-Leste. I think that that also has a very symbolic dimension to it because Timor-Leste, being a country where there is still a United Nations mission, for its part it is already participating in other United Nations missions.",
"I thank Major General Khalid for his statement and his answers. I think that the issue of strong inter-mission cooperation is extremely important and can be decisive in some areas. Of course, I share his view of the role in early peacebuilding efforts in keeping law and order, allowing for people to return to their normal livelihoods and, obviously, getting a political process under way. We often say that peacekeepers are the first peacebuilders as long as there is a peace to keep and build. But I think that that is a useful way of looking at it.",
"Here, I conclude that — and this has been stated before — missions need the means, tools, adequate training and leadership, but, as our South African colleague stressed, there is a need for an overall political and coherent strategy in order for missions to do their job properly.",
"The President: Due to the lateness of the hour, I will skip my national statement. Most of it has already been covered by others. I will just make three brief remarks.",
"First, I thank the Force Commanders for being with us and giving us this opportunity for an exchange. I think that it will, indeed, become a tradition. Secondly, I express high appreciation of their difficult service in very demanding circumstances and, of course, through them, of the 120,000 men and women in the field. Thirdly, I would like to join others in paying tribute to Alain Le Roy. He has just left the Chamber, but he knows how highly we regard his outstanding commitment and leadership in managing the peacekeeping operations and in taking forward the challenges of adapting them to the new requirements.",
"Let us now turn to the questions and answers. There was one from the representative of France, I think, of an overarching nature, that is, the question of reform and how that impacts on missions on the ground. I take it that it also refers to the New Horizon agenda. Following a hint by Alain Le Roy, I would suggest that, in accordance with rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, we invite Major General Obi, Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan, and Major General Ramos Pereira, Force Commander of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, to participate in this meeting and to address those questions because we can diversify a little and give them an opportunity to respond on the reform issue.",
"I give the floor to Major General Ramos Pereira to answer the question on reform put by the French representative.",
"Major General Ramos Pereira: As the Force Commander of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, I now face the challenge of implementing the new mandate that the Security Council is seeking on reform. I would like to say that the situation in Haiti is still stable and under control. For me and my troops, it is very good to have a very clear mandate with guidance and the capacity to fulfil our mission. It is important also to mention that, as the Council is fully aware, the environment in Haiti is volatile, so it has to account for the situation there.",
"If there are more questions, I am available to answer them.",
"The President: I give the floor to Major General Obi.",
"Major General Obi: I am the Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan.",
"I would like to say that the reforms introduced so far have had a very positive impact on our operations in the field in a number of ways. I would like to start with the issue of the quality of troops that was raised here today. We need a very high quality of troops in the field to be able to execute our mandate.",
"One of the reforms deals with that subject, and to that effect infantry units are standardized in terms of personnel and equipment. That has made it easier for a force commander to appreciate what is available to him. He is able to assess what personnel are available to him and to task them appropriately.",
"In terms of the quality of troops, I also want to say that the introduction of pre-deployment training and pre-induction inspections of equipment has helped in ensuring that we have a higher quality of troops, which has also helped in our mandate implementation.",
"The aspect of integration is one of those areas that have been well emphasized in recent reforms. My Mission, the United Nations Mission in the Sudan, has been integrated, and to that extent we have been enabled to work jointly with the civilian, military and police pillars and the United Nations country team. A case in point is the protection of civilians strategy, which takes into account the fact that the protection of civilians is not just a military responsibility, but involves all. Here, we have been able to incorporate our efforts through training, the development of concepts, the sharing of information, and the creation of joint operations centres and joint movement centres. These are all developments that have been found to be very useful in the field and have greatly assisted us. During the recent crises in Kordofan and Abyei, we put them widely into practice. All pillars shared information, met very actively in crisis management teams, and were largely able, collectively, to address the challenges that faced us.",
"These reforms have been useful to us in the field, in addition to getting us together in meetings of force commanders — as in the case of the Entebbe meeting, which was referred to earlier — to exchange information. That is also a new development that we have found to be very useful.",
"The President: I call on Lieutenant General Prakash to address the questions and comments that have been made.",
"Lieutenant General Prakash: The question that I want to answer is whether a change of strategy is required with respect to the protection of civilians by the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) in the pre- and post-electoral periods.",
"My view on the subject is that the present strategy in place is working well. We have recently taken a look at it. We have worked out modalities as to how we are going operate. We have arranged various contingencies to deal with various situations that may arise. What clearly emerges is not that the strategy is not in place, but that the enablers are not in place. For example, there is a likelihood of armed groups ramping up their activities and, as the elections approach, there is likely to be more civil unrest. If such things are going to happen, we will need more enablers. The enablers need to come on time and to be in the right place at the right time. As long as the enablers are provided, I think there is no need to change strategy.",
"The President: I give the floor to Major General Asarta Cuevas to address the questions and comments that have been made.",
"Major General Asarta Cuevas (spoke in Spanish): At the outset, I should like to thank all members of the Council for their kind words addressed to our French soldiers in the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) who suffered a criminal terrorist attack yesterday.",
"The French Ambassador asked three questions. The first was about how our soldiers can be better protected. The second was about coordination with the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF). The third related to the transfer of responsibility to the LAF.",
"Turning to the question about how our soldiers can be better protected, I must say that UNIFIL has enough robust means and protection to achieve its missions. The protection of vehicles is a national responsibility. In this case, France, Spain and Italy have had no problem providing us with armoured vehicles. Following the attack of 27 May on an Italian patrol, in which six soldiers were wounded, I sent a directive to my soldiers containing additional security measures. The most important of those measures included the orders that convoys, where possible, should always take place at night and with jammers; that two vehicles at a minimum must always travel together; that our soldiers should wear flak jackets and helmets; and that, whenever possible, the LAF should also provide bodyguards and maintain ongoing contact with the joint operations centre.",
"It is important to stress that those instructions were for convoys travelling outside our area of operations, because the two terrorist attacks on us — the first in May and the other yesterday — took place outside of UNIFIL’s area of operations. Similar attacks took place in 2008 in the same zone. What that means is that, in cooperation with the LAF and the population, we can control our area of operations, but outside that we do not have control. That is the national responsibility of the Lebanese Government and Armed Forces. They must guarantee security along the coastal highway, which is basically UNIFIL’s only route for relief troops and supplies and to access the Beirut port and airport where our soldiers arrive at and leave the country.",
"Having discussed convoys, I will turn to the safety of individuals, towards which we have taken certain additional measures, including a ban on the use of marked UNIFIL vehicles for personal use outside the area of operations. However, if individuals need to leave the area of operations — to go on vacation via the airport, for instance — we have painted 14 unmarked vehicles, using various colours, that are made available to soldiers and other UNIFIL personnel for individual needs.",
"We have taken one additional measure that I proposed to General Kahwaji and the chief of intelligence of the LAF for the southern sector. That measure involves daily reconnaissance of the highway that connects our area of operations with the port and airport of Beirut. For us, it amounts to an extension of our area of operations, but it is not actually within that area. We therefore need to work closely with the Lebanon Government and the LAF. I have proposed daily reconnaissance of that road, at different times each day, together with the Lebanese Armed Forces and security forces, but only in sensitive areas that are highly vulnerable to attack.",
"I have been waiting for a response for two months. Finally last Friday, I sent a formal letter to the Commander in Chief of the Lebanese Armed Forces, proposing this initiative yet again and asking for a response. Sadly, yesterday there was another attack. I am not saying that we could have avoided it had we taken the measures I proposed, but we might have.",
"I also want to update the Council on what happened with the incident yesterday. There were four vehicles, three of which were armoured, while the third was not. The attack was against the fourth vehicle, which was an armoured vehicle with jammers. Of a total of 12 soldiers, six were wounded, all lightly except one who has an eye in quite bad condition, but he will not lose it. Of those, three were flown home to France today. The other three are still working in their units. We were actually lucky.",
"Turning to the second question about our coordination with the LAF, it is excellent in our operations area. They have officials and representatives at all levels and in every location. They are aware of our activities on a daily basis and there is complete transparency. Beyond the area of operations, at the Force Commander level we coordinate with the chief of intelligence and the Commander in Chief of the LAF. If they have information or anything important that I need to know, they communicate it right away.",
"Regarding the transfer of responsibilities from UNIFIL to the LAF, in keeping with the joint technical review that I mentioned earlier, we have a strategic dialogue in place with the LAF. The purpose of the dialogue is to assess UNIFIL capacity and the tasks that it must fulfil pursuant to its mandate under resolution 1701 (2006). It is also to assess LAF capacity and which of our missions it can undertake, with the ultimate goal of leaving the Lebanese Armed Forces to fulfil all the tasks conferred on UNIFIL under resolution 1701 (2006). We recognize that UNIFIL cannot be in Lebanon forever. At some point, we must withdraw. The LAF will have to assume the responsibilities currently now assumed by UNIFIL. When will that day come? We do not know, but we are working towards it.",
"By way of conclusion, I can say that the most recent meeting on 7 July saw the creation of four subcommittees — one for infrastructure, one for command and control, another for troop capacity and movement, and another for operational issues. All of that is geared to making headway towards being able to transfer all our responsibilities — and I underline again that this is mandated by resolution 1701 (2006) — to the Lebanese Armed Forces.",
"The President: We have covered a lot of ground in a few hours. This has been a very useful dialogue. I know I speak for the Council in thanking all the Force Commanders for making it possible by making themselves available. I think this should become a tradition and that we should have such an exchange at least once a year.",
"I thank the Force Commanders for being with us today.",
"The meeting rose at 2.05 p.m."
] | S_PV.6592 | [
"Chairman: Mr. Wittig (Germany) Members: Bosnia and Herzegovina Mr. Barbalić Brasil Sra. Viotti China Mr. Wang Min Colombia Mr. Alzate United States of America Ms. DiCarlo Russian Federation Mr. Pankin France Mr. Bonne Gabon Mr. MoungaraMoussotsi India Sr. Manjeev SinghPuri Lebanon Ms. Ziade Nigeria Ms. Ogwu Portugal Mr. Moraes Cabral United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Mr. Tatham South Africa Sangqu",
"Agenda",
"United Nations peacekeeping operations",
"The meeting was called to order at 11.15 a.m.",
"Adoption of the agenda",
"The agenda was adopted.",
"United Nations peacekeeping operations",
"The President: In accordance with rule 39 of the Council ' s provisional rules of procedure, I invite the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations of the United Nations, Mr. Alain Le Roy, the Force Commander of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur, Lieutenant-General Patrick Nyamvumba, the Commander of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lieutenant-General Chander Prakash, the Force Commander and Chief of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, Major-General Alberto Asarta Cuevas, and the Commander of the Force, Muhammad Khalid.",
"I would also like to extend a cordial welcome to the other commanders of the military forces and heads of observers present with us today.",
"The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the agenda item.",
"I give the floor to Mr. Le Roy.",
"Mr. Le Roy: Mr. Chairman, we thank you for giving all our heads of missions the opportunity to appear before the Council. Four of them will intervene. The first, Lieutenant General Nyamvumba, will discuss the issue of the protection of civilians in unfriendly environments. Lieutenant-General Prakash of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo will discuss the impact of the conditionality policy on the operation. Major General Asarta Cuevas of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon will discuss security concerns in southern Lebanon and their impact on daily operations. Major General Khalid of the United Nations Mission in Liberia will discuss the role of military components in the first phase of peacebuilding.",
"The President: I now give the floor to Lieutenant-General Patrick Nyamvumba.",
"Lieutenant-General Nyamvumba: Mr. President, I would like to thank you for allowing me to address the Security Council on the protection of civilians in an unfavourable environment. Today I will discuss issues of the operational environment, experience and strategic approach and the efforts of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) to fulfil its mandate on the protection of civilians. First, I will briefly discuss the unencumbered environment in Darfur and the UNAMID civilian protection strategy. I will then discuss the efforts of UNAMID to provide protection to civilians and, finally, discuss the challenges of the issue under consideration.",
"Let me begin by referring to the operational environment in Darfur. Suffice it to say that the environment throughout Darfur is indeed not conducive. It is a large area, with difficult weather conditions, lacks sufficient roads and infrastructure and has limited local resources. Darfur is large and in almost all cases lacks basic infrastructure facilities, which creates considerable barriers to reaching the sectors of the population that are at risk and in need. The poor conditions of the roads tend to delay the circulation and restrict operational activities, mainly during the rainy season, from June to October.",
"Moreover, the unfriendly environment for the protection of civilians in Darfur is also the result of armed clashes between the Government of the Sudan and belligerent groups, as well as localized tribal conflicts and clashes, usually by natural resources. Other factors include organized banditry, widespread availability of small arms, sexual violence and child recruitment, as well as arbitrary arrests.",
"In some areas, we have seen that, due to clashes between the Government of the Sudan and armed groups, the movement of UNAMID, both by land and by air, has sometimes been limited by the belligerent factions which undoubtedly prevent our efforts to protect civilians. Furthermore, in the absence of a final peace agreement or a cease-fire between all belligerents in Darfur, the conflict continues, leading to the re-establishment of access by the Government of the Sudan and armed groups to those areas; unsafe environment for humanitarian components and increased suffering of the inhabitants. In view of the presence of various interest groups and stakeholders, the security situation remains volatile, and the conflicts between factions or tribes continue to occur among all those belligerent parties.",
"Ultimately, the protection of Darfurians depends on the willingness and ability of the Government of the Sudan to fulfil its sovereign responsibility to protect its citizens. Accordingly, the UNAMID protection strategy, inter alia, identifies specific objectives and tasks to collaborate with the Government of the Sudan and assist in fulfilling its protection responsibilities in accordance with international human rights standards. Our protection strategy in UNAMID is based on the mandate for the protection of civilians of UNAMID, in accordance with resolutions 1769 (2007), 1828 (2008) and 1935 (2010), and the communiqué of the 79th meeting of the African Union Peace and Security Council. The tasks set out in the mandate are to protect civilians in Darfur and to ensure timely, unhindered and safe humanitarian access; the protection and security of humanitarian personnel and the protection of humanitarian convoys.",
"The UNAMID civilian protection strategy was developed in close consultation with the United Nations country team. It is based on the integrated strategic framework of the team and UNAMID and assists in guiding it, as well as the United Nations humanitarian workplan for the Sudan; the UNAMID mission directive on the protection of civilians; the UNAMID Force Commander directive and the operational concept on the protection of civilians in United Nations peacekeeping operations of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support. In accordance with its strategic functions and responsibilities, UNAMID has established a system of situational awareness and early warning. In addition, it monitors and evaluates the incidents that occur and reports thereon, deals with operational planning and implementation, coordination, communications and public information.",
"In view of its mandate, and based on the analysis of the protection environment in Darfur, the UNAMID strategy outlines the four main objectives, which are, first of all, to ensure that the Government and armed groups and other non-State actors fulfil their responsibility to protect civilians, in accordance with human rights and international humanitarian law; secondly, to protect civilians from acts of physical violence; thirdly, to ensure the freedom of access to, and to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, and to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to, to",
"I shall now refer more specifically to our activities relating to the protection of civilians. Despite the many obstacles in our operational environment, UNAMID has been making tireless efforts to take some initiatives to improve the protection it provides to civilians. We have maintained a wider presence throughout Darfur, mainly in areas where fighting has affected civilian communities. We have improved the Mission ' s early warning and early response mechanism by publishing weekly analytical reports on the protection of civilians, in addition to holding weekly coordination meetings between civilians and military personnel.",
"We have significantly increased our patrolling activities to include increased patrolling in the various villages, both day and night; to protect IDP camps; to protect markets; to collaborate in disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes; and to provide humanitarian, logistical and administrative escorts. The military component of UNAMID, together with other components of the Mission, has already left a wide mark in Darfur. In 2010, the military component of UNAMID carried out a total of 33,963 patrols, compared to 23,554 in the first six months of 2011. That is clearly a marked improvement, which shows the increase in our efforts to protect innocent civilians. UNAMID has been able to help stabilize operations bases in the Shangil Tobaya, Khor Abeche, Hamidiya, Hassa Hissa and Kalma camps.",
"UNAMID has facilitated access to humanitarian actors to assist in Jebel Marra and Jebel Moon. In the case of Jebel Marra, we actively seek to establish an interim base of operations in Feina as a humanitarian centre to reach other localities in the area. In all these areas there has been a significant improvement in the security situation and, as a result, a large number of internally displaced persons — approximately 1,500 per month since January — have begun to return to their homes. We have collaborated on the movement of families within the northern sector and the resettlement of those returning from Chad in the western sector. The Mission has been participating in the settlement of disputes over nomadic farms and water as well as tribal clashes.",
"In May and June, UNAMID, in collaboration with the country ' s humanitarian team, began efforts to reach and provide relief assistance to areas to which it had not previously accessed.",
"Quick-impact projects have also provided dividends to meet various needs of populations. The exercise under the name of Operation Spring Basket has been conceptualized within the framework of the UNAMID strategy on the protection of civilians as a means of improving the delivery of humanitarian relief through the expansion of access to areas that are difficult to reach and to reach a greater number of people in need.",
"Following the negotiations with the Government of the Sudan and the armed movements, Operation Spring Basket began on 1 May with a total of nine assessment missions, which were completed during the months of May and June 2011. Missions have been able to provide a limited supply of vaccines for women and boys, as well as education and housing materials for a girls ' school in northern Darfur.",
"Protection is undoubtedly a joint effort by UNAMID and the humanitarian community. However, this community is culturally independent and has its own agenda and priorities, and sometimes it does not feel comfortable providing assistance with military participation. At the organizational level, while the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs is responsible for coordination, it has no authority, incentives or punishments to increase the participation of the United Nations system or non-governmental organizations.",
"UNAMID has provided escorts and corridors for the provision of humanitarian services, including food, water, hygiene, vaccination and shelter. Some of these activities have managed to reduce maternal mortality and reduce the infant mortality rate. The HIV/AIDS Unit is also working with the military, police and civilian components of UNAMID to build the capacity of mission personnel on issues related to the integration of HIV/AIDS into their various activities. Since January 2011, the UNAMID HIV/AIDS Unit has provided valuable services to over 1,000 demobilized ex-combatants in various parts of Darfur. The third phase, scheduled for July and August 2011, is expected to continue to focus more strongly and comprehensively on the provision of humanitarian relief.",
"Our efforts to protect civilians also face different challenges. The most important is that if there is no comprehensive, inclusive and legitimate cease-fire on the part of all armed movements, the security of civilians will remain a matter of great concern. It should be noted that UNAMID has often been prevented from accessing some areas due to fighting, which continues to create difficulties in the protection of civilians. Other challenges include the fact that peacekeepers have also been targeted, with seven of them killed in 2010 and 2011.",
"Finally, the lack of adequate training and equipment by troop-contributing countries is one of the major challenges facing efficiency in the protection of civilians in Darfur. It was regrettable that, despite deliberate orders, some troop-contributing countries had not acted in accordance with the training requirements required by the mandate of the Mission.",
"I have wanted to provide an idea of strategies to protect civilians and UNAMID guidelines, and I have outlined the realities on the ground. Against that backdrop, I have emphasized the efforts and activities we have undertaken to improve human life. Undoubtedly, the protection of civilians in Darfur is a challenging and challenging task. However, we will continue our determination and our efforts. We will continue to work constantly to overcome the challenges with all available means, and we will continue to count on the support of the Security Council.",
"The President: I thank Lieutenant-General Nyamvumba for his briefing.",
"I give the floor to Lieutenant General Chander Prakash.",
"Lieutenant-General Prakash: As Force Commander of one of the largest peacekeeping missions of the United Nations — the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) — is an honour to me for the opportunity to address the Council this morning on conditionality policy and its impact on operations.",
"The policy has been implemented in MONUSCO for 18 months, and we now have a fairly clear understanding of what it can achieve and the related issues. I will then enter into details on this issue but, before doing so, it may be useful to start by referring to what the policy and how MONUSCO is implementing it implies.",
"The protection of civilians to support the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo remains the main objective of our work. Among the other tasks of the Mission, we have been mandated to support the Government ' s efforts to complete the military operations deployed to combat the Forces démocratiques de libération de Rwanda (FDLR), the Lord ' s Resistance Army (LRA) and other armed groups, in particular by supporting the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC) through joint operations. However, as set out in resolution 1925 (2010) and as implemented in its current mandate — resolution 1991 (2011) — MONUSCO ' s support for FARDC is strictly conditioned on the compliance of the Forces with the provisions of international humanitarian law and human rights law, as well as refugee law. This warning is what is called a conditionality policy, and indicates how the Mission addresses the task of supporting FARDC and other Congolese authorities.",
"The policy has resulted in a standardized and detailed operational procedure of the mission, which sets out a number of very clear requirements to be met to support FARDC. The support consists mainly of fuel, rations, transportation, fire support, specialist advice and casualty evacuation. Some FARDC actions against armed groups, such as Operation Amani Leo and Operation Ironstone, among others, are carried out with considerable support from MONUSCO. Such support is conditioned on the fact that the operations have been planned together sufficiently, in particular with regard to the protection of civilians. Support is limited to units and commanders with an acceptable human rights record. The requirement of a selection of key personnel and the visibility of FARDC actions in the field is also implicitly included. Support at the planning stage is denied to units or commanders who are considered to have committed serious human rights violations, including massive violations and the employment of child soldiers.",
"In this regard, a very complete selection process has been established. Even after support has been provided, if at some stage it is revealed that the conditionality policy has not been complied with, support can be withdrawn after giving due notice to the authorities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and if they do not take appropriate measures, as was the case when one of the battalions recently committed serious human rights violations. The standard operating procedure remains subject to correction.",
"The senior management group, in consultation with representatives of the humanitarian community, including the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, monitors the implementation of the conditionality policy. The effects of conditionality policy are now evident.",
"There are certainly some positive aspects. In some areas, policy has had a positive impact on FARDC operations. It has served to bring the MONUSCO Force and FARDC closer to planning joint operations and developing operational concepts applicable to the unique conditions prevailing in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Both sides have learned each other, and as a result, operations have become more sophisticated in their design and execution. What is important is that the protection of civilians has been taken into consideration since the start of the planning process, as it is a matter of providing input from a large number of stakeholders, including the Joint Human Rights Office in the Mission. The efforts of the Mission and those of FARDC are now much better coordinated, which brings obvious benefits to what can be achieved on the ground. What is required of MONUSCO is a thorough review of the distribution of logistical support, which has obvious operational benefits. It has helped to ensure that our support reaches troops deployed on the ground as planned, in order to ensure that they are adequately fed and maintained, thus contributing to individual mood and motivation.",
"The very existence of the conditionality policy, as well as the “zero tolerance” policy of President Kabila, has served to remind the commanders of their personal responsibilities in exercising effective command and control of their own troops in operations. For their own good and unity, they had to pay more attention to what the contingents do on their behalf.",
"Overall, the recent behaviour of FARDC units with the support of MONUSCO has been satisfactory and the conduct of most joint operations has not received negative publicity. In an army of professionals, former rebels and Mayi-Mayi, which has caused criticism of harassing the local population, we have now begun to see encouraging signs of improvements in the field of personal discipline and human values.",
"There are some problems. Despite certain obvious benefits, the policy raises certain issues and challenges to the Mission. The Mission ' s limited resources to implement the conditionality policy, in addition to other commitments, imply that there is a restriction on the number of FARDC units it can sustain. At one point we are left without military observers and contingents to perform the oversight functions. We are also left without civilian personnel to carry out the necessary checks. In addition, experience has revealed that there are many commanders who do not meet the criteria. Therefore, one of the consequences of our conditionality policy is that our ability to get in touch with and influence all parts of the FARDC battle order is not as important as we desired.",
"However, even if we had the necessary resources, we would continue to face the situation that FARDC is no longer keen on joint operations, particularly in the Kivus. They argue, with some justification, that surprise and security are lost due to prolonged preparations and extensive consultations. Therefore, the trend is to move away from joint operations to FARDC unilateral operations, with respect to which the Mission has little oversight or influence.",
"It is clear that we have opened a new way with the introduction of a conditionality policy. We had nothing to base ourselves on a tested and proven orientation for policy implementation. Only with the passing of time we managed to gain more confidence in the best ways of running politics. There have been pressures and tensions along the way, including with our FARDC partners, who complained about the lack of consultation and participation, particularly in the early days when the withdrawal of support to the units involved was discussed. The requests for changes by commanders caused feelings of interference in areas related to national sovereignty.",
"Our own troops also faced the dilemma of determining the priority: to oversaw FARDC that were supported or to confront anti-government forces? This was not easy, especially for the less experienced field commanders who are more trained for clarity than for ambiguity. Who's everywhere? When should they act and how? Undoubtedly conditionality has further increased the pressure of these officers and has confused and complicated the operational situation.",
"I wish to make some recommendations. Having described some of the ways in which conditionality policy may affect operations, I now wish to make some suggestions on how it can be expanded in future missions. First, conditionality policy itself cannot obtain long-term benefits. At the same time, a follow-up to that policy should be made and accompanied by broader military reforms, such as adequate integration and security sector reform.",
"Secondly, while the verification system should be comprehensive and deep, in addition to requiring extensive resources, the number of commanders and units available for operations that can be supported by MONUSCO is tended to be reduced. The scope of that task should be reconsidered. We must find a balance between what is desirable and what is viable, so that politics is not invasive or conflicting with the fulfilment of our general mandate.",
"Third, when possible, we must try to introduce this policy at the very beginning of the mission and not later. It is easier to apply when everything else is new and the effect could be much greater.",
"In conclusion, the conditionality policy has had both positive and negative effects on operations. Greater human issues and values are at stake. In my opinion, that policy will not disappear, but it can develop and perfect itself. It would be very helpful for our national partners to consider it a joint policy. It would continue to be an instrument for safeguarding the image and reputation of the United Nations, while it could also create an opportunity for the host nation to have influence and to make informed decisions on what it supported and supported.",
"The President: I thank Lieutenant-General Prakash for his briefing.",
"I now give the word General of Division Alberto Asarta Cuevas. Allow me to take this opportunity to reiterate the Council ' s strong condemnation of yesterday ' s attacks against the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon and to convey our condolences to the wounded and their families.",
"The General of Division Asarta Cuevas: Mr. President: I thank you very much for your kind words and for giving me the opportunity to address the Council today.",
"The previous week, the Council met to discuss the latest report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006) (S/2011/406). I know the Council received a briefing from Special Coordinator Williams and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations.",
"Today, I would like to take this opportunity to highlight one of my main concerns in southern Lebanon: the issue of security and its impact on the operations of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). I will then also refer to the broader issue of the status of implementation of resolution 1701 (2006) and on what we should focus on the next period to seek further progress in its overall implementation.",
"In general terms, southern Lebanon and northern Israel have enjoyed the five most silent and peaceful years in many decades. The situation in the UNIFIL area of operations was also relatively stable during the first half of 2011, when the country ' s political situation was stagnant. However, in recent months, UNIFIL has experienced a number of events reflecting the number of threats to which the Mission is exposed and affecting the security situation.",
"Yesterday, around 6 p.m. local time, there was an explosion directed at a UNIFIL convoy along the coastal road near the town of Saida, which is outside the UNIFIL area of operations. According to preliminary information, six UNIFIL peacekeepers were injured in the attack. Three of them were transferred with minor injuries to the hospital to receive treatment, where their condition is said to be stable. Today they will be repatriated to France. UNIFIL forensic experts work closely with the Lebanese Armed Forces to determine the circumstances surrounding the incident. This was the fifth attack on UNIFIL since the adoption of resolution 1701 (2006).",
"Council members also hear reports of the attack on a UNIFIL convoy on 27 May on the highway leading to Beirut, when a remote-controlled bomb exploded and injured six Italian peacekeepers. Two were seriously injured, while four suffered minor to moderate injuries. In addition, two Lebanese civilians were slightly injured. This was the first attack in over three years. No one has attributed the responsibility of the attack.",
"The Lebanese authorities and UNIFIL immediately initiated an investigation, as did the Italian authorities. These investigations are still ongoing. The attack was condemned by all senior political leaders across the political spectrum. Cooperation with the Lebanese authorities in investigating and taking additional measures to mitigate risks, such as the Lebanese Army escorts, has been good. (41) On the other hand, I myself, as a security officer in southern Lebanon, have pledged to reduce the risk of a similar attack by adopting additional protection measures, which also relate to military convoys and other movements within and outside the UNIFIL area of operations, as well as increased troop protection. However, it is impossible to completely prevent such terrorist attacks.",
"On 15 May — and this also refers to the report of the Secretary-General — a great demonstration took place on the occasion of the commemoration by the Palestinians of the so-called Nakba Day. I will not repeat in detail the sequence of the tragic events that, according to the information provided to UNIFIL by the Lebanese authorities, caused the death of 7 persons and wounds to another 100. We have spoken to the parties about our preliminary investigations of the facts and, after we have forwarded the report on the UNIFIL investigation, we will do so more in detail at the next tripartite meeting, scheduled for August.",
"UNIFIL has also transmitted its recommendations to the parties to prevent such incidents in the future. Specifically, the Lebanese authorities should conduct a comprehensive assessment of all risks that may affect the security situation and any other possible violation of resolution 1701 (2006), as well as of the measures necessary to maintain public order before authorizing any demonstration in the vicinity of the Blue Line. The Lebanese army did not authorize demonstrations near the Blue Line during the Nakba period in early June to prevent the recurrence of such violence. These measures have proved to be effective and once again show the decision and determination of the Lebanese Armed Forces and the people of southern Lebanon to work towards lasting peace and stability in the south.",
"Finally, during the month of June, the Mission has experienced a number of incidents arising from the hostile behaviour of persons or groups of persons towards UNIFIL patrols, which restricted the freedom of movement of UNIFIL. These incidents are of real concern to me.",
"In many cases, the Lebanese side argues, to explain the hostile behaviour towards our troops, that UNIFIL troops would be attempting against the privacy of individuals or local communities by taking photos or entering, unintentionally, private property. However, not all of these situations can be explained on the basis of this reason, and we cannot rule out the possibility that there are also cases in which the population is being incited to act in that way in order to discourage UNIFIL in carrying out its activities and, therefore, its mandate throughout the area of operations.",
"How has UNIFIL reacted to these developments? We have increased the protection of force and risk reduction measures, which means increasing the number of troops required to carry out the same activities. We also carry out more operational activities in conjunction with the Lebanese Armed Forces, to the extent that it permits the ability of the Lebanese army, but without limiting the effectiveness of UNIFIL in carrying out its activities, especially those that we consider essential. The Council may be sure that neither terrorist attacks nor unfriendly encounters with the population will deter UNIFIL from fulfilling its mandate. We continue to do so with the determination of all time.",
"At this stage, I would also like to convey to the Council how much the Mission has benefited from the unconditional support it has received in recent years of the Council, clearly expressed in resolution 1773 (2007). Pursuant to this resolution, UNIFIL regularly reminds the parties of their obligation to scrupulously respect the safety of United Nations personnel and the freedom of movement of UNIFIL and reiterates to its Lebanese interlocutors the Council ' s call for closer cooperation between UNIFIL and the Lebanese army.",
"Despite the security problems I have mentioned, the security situation in the south, as I have said before, remains generally relatively stable, and southern Lebanon has known the quietest step in many decades. This is due to close cooperation between UNIFIL and the Lebanese army, which has created a new strategic context in southern Lebanon.",
"Almost five years after the adoption of resolution 1701 (2006), this is an appropriate time to re-evaluate the main objectives of the resolution and how to act towards them.",
"Resolution 1701 (2006) called for the complete cessation of hostilities. It also called for Israel and Lebanon to support a permanent ceasefire and a durable solution to the conflict, based, inter alia, on full respect for both sides of the Blue Line and on security measures to prevent the resumption of hostilities, including the establishment, between the Blue Line and the Litani River, of an area without other armed personnel, military equipment and weapons other than the Government of Lebanon and UNIFIL.",
"In addition to fulfilling its military operational activities, UNIFIL established a tripartite forum, which discusses with senior representatives of the Israel Defense Forces and the Lebanese Armed Forces violations of resolution 1701 (2006), as well as matters relating to military operations and confidence-building measures between the two sides. The tripartite forum has become a key liaison and coordination mechanism between the parties, and both parties have committed to participating in it and using it actively. The forum continues to play a key role in the process of demarcation of the Blue Line and in the search for practical solutions for controversial issues, thus contributing to reducing tensions and avoiding escalation of incidents in areas adjacent to the Blue Line.",
"The Lebanese Armed Forces are a strategic partner of UNIFIL to maintain the new strategic context in southern Lebanon and to implement resolution 1701 (2006). In this regard, the joint technical review of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and UNIFIL conducted in early 2010, recommended the establishment of a standing mechanism for the strategic dialogue between UNIFIL and the Lebanese Armed Forces. The Lebanese authorities — the Government and the army — appreciated this recommendation and that mechanism has been established and is already in operation.",
"This process will help the Lebanese Armed Forces to build the operational capacities necessary to carry out the tasks mandated by resolution 1701 (2006) and ultimately facilitate the gradual transfer of responsibilities to the Lebanese Armed Forces. The strategic dialogue mechanism will work on the basis of the assessment of the resources available to UNIFIL and Lebanese land and naval forces, and will establish a number of guidelines reflecting the correlation between the capabilities and responsibilities of UNIFIL and those of the Lebanese Armed Forces.",
"With the tripartite forum and the strategic dialogue mechanism, UNIFIL is in a position to develop its military operations mandated by resolution 1701 (2006). It is hoped that the successful implementation of these processes will allow the situation in southern Lebanon and along the Blue Line to remain calm and respect the cessation of hostilities between the parties.",
"In short, this will allow the relative calm status quo to be maintained, but in a fragile and precarious context. However, I believe that the United Nations, UNIFIL, the Security Council and the international community should not be satisfied with the maintenance of this status quo. On the contrary, relative calm and stability — which UNIFIL together with the Lebanese Armed Forces and the Israel Defense Forces have established and maintained along the Blue Line — must be an opportunity to start a political process that resolves the problems, which goes beyond the scope of a peacekeeping mission such as UNIFIL. UNIFIL may favour this political process, preserving a favourable security situation, but cannot replace the political and diplomatic process.",
"I therefore consider it necessary to reorient all our efforts to achieve the main objectives of resolution 1701 (2006), i.e. a permanent ceasefire and a durable solution to the conflict.",
"In conclusion, UNIFIL is supported by the southern population, and the national consensus in Lebanon on resolution 1701 (2006) remains. The ministerial declaration of the new Government reiterates Lebanon ' s strong commitment to resolution 1701 (2006) and the mandate of UNIFIL. At the most recent tripartite meeting, on 13 July, the head of the Lebanese delegation confirmed that there has been no change in the orders given to the Lebanese Armed Forces regarding the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006) and cooperation with UNIFIL.",
"While the new Government has been in power for a short time, UNIFIL has noted that the Government and the army are acting that way. This was confirmed by Prime Minister Mikati at his first hearing in southern Lebanon on 16 July, which included a symbolic visit to UNIFIL headquarters, which constitutes a strong statement of support to our Mission.",
"The Government of Israel also remains committed to the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006). Since the adoption of the resolution, UNIFIL has enjoyed the unanimous support of the Security Council for its operations in southern Lebanon. Such support remains of vital importance for UNIFIL to be in a position to continue to fulfil its mandate.",
"These are the key factors for the continued successful implementation of the UNIFIL mandate. At the same time, however, when UNIFIL is in the future able to carry out the transfer of responsibilities to the Lebanese army and reduce its troop strength, it will ultimately depend on a political process aimed at resolving the underlying issues of the conflict. UNIFIL is offering an opportunity that should be taken advantage of to advance towards the main objectives of resolution 1701 (2006), which, I reiterate, are the establishment of a permanent ceasefire and the long-term solution to the conflict.",
"The Council will soon discuss the extension of the mandate of UNIFIL. In my capacity as Head of the Mission and Commander of UNIFIL, I would greatly appreciate the continued support of the Security Council and, above all, its express support for the safety and freedom of movement of UNIFIL personnel and the objectives of the strategic dialogue process.",
"The President: I thank Major General Asarta Cuevas for his briefing.",
"I now give the floor to Major General Muhammad Khalid.",
"The General of Division Khalid: In my capacity as Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), I am honoured that I have been mandated to share in this forum my thoughts and experiences on the role of the military component at the early stage of peacebuilding. To address the issue, first of all, I will emphasize the peacebuilding process in order to determine the space available to implement the military instrument. I will then refer to your role in the initial phase of peacebuilding and how it can be achieved. In the end, I will emphasize some areas that, in my view, would need attention before the deployment of the military component is ordered.",
"Conflict societies are characterized by the lack or precarious existence of security mechanisms, namely, destroyed armies, the disorganization of paramilitary forces with little or no control, the private and governmental possession of large quantities of weapons and ammunition and the lack of confidence in the Government ' s control over police and military forces and their legitimacy. In that context, peacekeeping troops sought to support the transition from war-time security and the political and economic system by providing a peaceful and secure environment for a sustainable and lasting peace process.",
"Since the cold war era, the concept of peacekeeping has been completely transformed. The military component, in addition to providing a safe environment and monitoring the ceasefire between the parties to the conflict, is now carrying out many other activities that fall within the scope of peacebuilding. This entails all measures to identify and support structures that can strengthen peace in order to avoid a resumption of the conflict.",
"Let me add that the peacebuilding process is a multidimensional, complex and specialized process. It is not necessarily the military component, but rather a specialized task of experts in this field. It includes the process and activities necessary to resolve violent conflicts and establish sustainable peace and activities in this regard. It focuses on capacity-building at the national level, which takes place in collaboration with the political, operational and tactical fronts at the national and subnational levels.",
"Generally, the military component is the first to deploy in any conflict-stricken area, as the establishment of other components requires more time because of certain procedural delays and the existence of an unenvironmental environment.",
"The military component, by its strong organization, can absorb and facilitate other components, in addition to carrying out a variety of functions aimed at minimizing the suffering of the inhabitants of a conflict zone. It also facilitates the commencement of the peacebuilding process before other United Nations agencies and non-governmental organizations can arrive and be established.",
"The potential functions of the military component at the initial stage of peace consolidation may include the creation of a secure environment, the fight against organized crime, police monitoring and police support in cases of mass disturbances, engineering efforts to restore infrastructure in order to facilitate humanitarian relief efforts and the initiation of some quick-impact projects, medical outreach and epidemic control, refugee situation management, assistance to the security of the United Nations In most stages, the military component may provide a safe and enabling environment for the resumption of the political process through elections or referendums, or perhaps both.",
"In order to carry out such a comprehensive process, an enabling environment must be created. This is where the role of the military component can be fully developed, as a facilitator in the early stages of the peacebuilding process.",
"Providing a security environment for the various agencies and officials of the international body is the most important role of the military component. This is achieved through observation missions to implement and enforce peace agreements with a view to helping build confidence in the initial phase, through good offices and impartial monitoring of the commitments made by the parties. These commitments include ceasefire, border arrangements, agreed divisions of power or assets, peace negotiations, peace enforcement or ceasefire and the restoration of civil order. Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration should also be cited on the basis of agreed conditions, demining activities, the elimination of unexploded ordnance, the elimination of explosives and trap weapons to ensure the safety of peacekeepers, the local population and other United Nations agencies, and escort services, patrolling and security tasks, thereby facilitating the freedom of movement and operations of peace-building personnel.",
"This is in brief the context and role that, in my opinion, correspond to the military component. However, if military intervention is envisaged, it is of utmost importance to have a post-intervention strategy. The aim of this strategy should be to help ensure that the conditions that led to military intervention are not repeated or that they simply do not reappear.",
"Before using military instruments to resolve problems at the post-conflict stage, certain essential aspects must be taken into account in order to achieve the desired dividends.",
"First, a holistic approach is the only way that military interventions as elements of peacebuilding can achieve success. The military component should not be used to replace political commitment in the context of a peacebuilding problem.",
"Secondly, the correlation between ends and means is extremely important. If the military component is to be deployed, this should be done with a sufficient number of troops at the initial stage, which should be reduced later, rather than the reverse.",
"Finally, but equally important, military presence tends to generate a culture of dependency among the host population, which can hinder national reconstruction and the development of human resources. Such trends need to be avoided, and capacity-building in the host country should remain a priority.",
"In conclusion, I would like to say that the role of military components in the early stages of the peacebuilding process is indispensable and crucial. Military components perform two main functions in the early peacebuilding process.",
"First, the military component provides a safe environment for other internal and external actors. Second, the military component provides the resources available to achieve the overall objective of the mission, beyond its security functions, during the stabilization, transition and consolidation phases of the peacebuilding process. With the first component to be deployed, the military component initiates peacebuilding, directly or indirectly, from the first day, and provides a platform from which other peacebuilding forces are activated for the systematic initiation of a comprehensive process.",
"The President: I now turn to the members of the Council. I remember representatives who should take into account the late hour when they intervene.",
"Mrs. Ogwu (Nigeria): I must begin by expressing my appreciation to Under-Secretary-General Le Roy for his guidance to this debate, especially in organizing the commanders of the forces. I wish to warmly welcome the presence of the commanders of the forces in the Council. The clarity and penetration of their perspectives on the issues discussed are characterised by the wisdom and importance of such interaction, which seeks to promote greater synergy between the ground and the Security Council. Allow me to commend especially for the immeasurable sacrifices they have made in directing the different peace missions.",
"Since our last engagement with force commanders, in August 2010 (6370^(a) meeting), a number of important developments have taken place throughout the United Nations system aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of our peacekeeping efforts. We have seen that peace agreements and the maintenance of the cease-fire are implemented with greater concretion. We have established two peacekeeping missions, namely, the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) and, following the closure of UNMIS, the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA).",
"However, significant challenges remain in critical areas such as protecting civilians, bridging the gap in the capacities of their human and material resources and limiting the casualties of the troops. Accordingly, the topics discussed this morning are appropriate and reflect the trends of contemporary peacekeeping discourse.",
"This morning my starting point will be the key issue of the conditionality policy of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), reviewed by General Prakash.",
"We share its assessment and views, and we remain convinced that, at first sight, MONUSCO is counterproductive in providing support or conducting joint operations with the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC), when it is known that the latter have known human rights violators in strategic and command positions. In fact, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, Roger Meece, once pointed out that “the conditionality policy has resulted in the deletion of some of the FARDC commanders involved in the perpetration of crimes against civilians in the regions where MONUSCO has a strong presence.”",
"In order to further these positive assessments, the conditionality policy should be adequately complemented by sustained efforts to build the capacity of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to maintain internal security through disarmament, demobilization, repatriation, resettlement and reintegration, and, of course, security sector reform. With structural fragmentation, the absence of clear command and control, operational weaknesses and inadequate discipline, FARDC is often unable to provide effective protection to civilians. Therefore, in discussing conditionality policy, my delegation prefers a strategic partnership between MONUSCO and FARDC that complements the capacity of FARDC, retains the relative control of MONUSCO and ultimately enhances the operational effectiveness of the Force.",
"The first expectation of civilians in communities where peacekeeping personnel are deployed is that they are given appropriate protection. The protection of civilians is therefore at the centre of the mandate of most United Nations peacekeeping missions, including the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID).",
"Reports of air strikes, artillery fire and heavy fighting between the Sudanese armed forces and armed movements, especially in the Shangil Tobaya areas in Northern Darfur and Djebil Mara in Western Darfur, preventing attacks on civilians remain a major challenge in Darfur. Although the primary responsibility for the protection of civilians depends on the Sudanese authorities, increased cooperation between the Government of the Sudan and UNAMID will undoubtedly ensure better protection of civilians.",
"My delegation commends UNAMID for its strong position on the protection of civilians and the increasing activity of its patrols in Western Darfur. In particular, we welcome greater logistical support for humanitarian organizations and broad support for the child protection integration programme.",
"Since the adoption of Council resolution 1701 (2006) and the deployment of troops of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), southern Lebanon has progressed steadily towards stability. Progress can be partially attributed to the close coordination of UNIFIL with the Lebanese armed forces and the Israel Defense Forces. However, the security situation remains extremely fragile. The fateful incident that occurred on 15 May along the Blue Line and the terrorist attacks on 27 May against six UNIFIL peacekeepers requires further reflection on the matter. There was another attack on five peacekeepers in Sidon yesterday.",
"My delegation strongly condemns those attacks. We urge the parties — the Lebanese armed forces and the Israel Defense Forces — to fulfil their obligations under resolution 1701 (2006) in order to ensure the safety of UNIFIL personnel. In fact, the parties should take advantage of the periodic tripartite meetings organized by the Force Commander to strengthen confidence and to uncover new hope in UNIFIL forces.",
"United Nations peacekeeping is at a critical juncture. Satisfying the demands of peace-keeping operations has forced the Organization to expand its capacity to its limits, exerting enormous pressure and stress on the efficiency of peacekeeping. Our peacekeeping operations are increasingly multidimensional, require greater coordination and cooperation among the various constituents, including the military, the civilian and regional police and other informal organizations. The challenges have been different, ranging from the prevention of the emergence of conflicts to the restoration of peace when conflicts finally appear.",
"The deployment of troops with the necessary training, equipment and logistical support to undertake the potentially dangerous and complex task facing peacekeeping personnel remains a key determinant for the success of an operation. In that regard, my delegation reiterates that an appropriate emphasis should be placed on the deployment of troops with the ability to respond adequately to the cultural nuances of the field posts. In our view, that should also be a priority when considering cooperation between missions, as was recently seen in the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI).",
"An early resolution of peace in many of our missions is increasingly dependent on the work of civilian experts in key areas such as the rule of law, human rights and protection of children. Recent developments in UNAMID and UNOCI lend greater credit to the importance of building sustainable national capacities in those areas. In this regard, we encourage the Office of Rule of Law and Institutions to coordinate with relevant actors within and outside the United Nations, including non-governmental organizations, which possess the inherent ability to remain on the ground long after a United Nations peacekeeping mission has been completed.",
"In continuing to address the various challenges to peacekeeping, we must draw on lessons learned from past experiences. We can begin by identifying issues that have often prevented missions from deploying all their capacities. An effective early warning system can anticipate conflicts and limit threats to international peace and security. Member States and regional bodies should seek more effective strategies to identify and address the root causes of conflict in their countries and regions. This will eventually help to ensure that when peace is achieved, it is a sustainable and deeply entrenched peace.",
"I wish to reaffirm that Nigeria remains fully committed to collective security, as enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations. In paying tribute to those who have paid the highest price in the line of duty so that others can live in peace, let us take this opportunity to reiterate our decision as members of peacekeeping operations to respect and preserve the principles of United Nations peacekeeping operations.",
"The President: Let me remind members of the Council that they have the opportunity to ask questions and comments here not only to our exhibitors, but also to all the commanders of the forces present in the Hall.",
"Mrs. Viotti (Brazil): I wish to begin by paying special tribute to Mr. Alain Le Roy, who has done extraordinary work with demanding and difficult tasks. Brazil is very grateful for its work in general, but I would like to make particular reference to its continued and most fruitful interaction with troop-contributing countries, as well as the implementation, together with Ms. Malcorra, from the New Horizon initiative. My Government thanks you for your services and wishes you success in your future work.",
"I would like to join the other speakers who have welcomed the Council to the heads of the military components and express my country ' s sincere appreciation for the excellent work they do in extremely difficult circumstances. I thank the heads of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur, the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United Nations Mission in Liberia for the reflections they have shared with us today. By having troops and observers in most of these missions, Brazil directly knows the high quality of its leaders and their commitments.",
"The briefings we have heard today help us to better understand how the decisions we make affect the situation on the ground. Here in New York, we must strive to ensure that we give peacekeepers the political guidance and support they need to fulfil their mandates. However, we must also avoid micromanagement or reduce the space of creative thinking of mission leaders, which are equally fundamental to success.",
"I would like to focus my comments on the capacity-building approach to peacekeeping proposed in the New Horizon initiative. We do well to demand results from mission leaders, but we must also give them the necessary tools to do their work. Generally speaking, while significant progress has been made, we must continue our efforts to acquire the knowledge and capacity we need on the ground.",
"The military component is generally the largest component of the missions. For the local population, it is usually the face of the Mission. It is therefore important to ensure that they receive the necessary training in areas such as cooperation between military and civilian personnel, culturally sensitive areas, conduct and discipline. Peacekeepers will be more effective if they are able to relate to the local population.",
"In the civil area of peacekeeping, the harmonization of conditions of service will have a significant long-term impact on the mission ' s ability to attract and retain larger civilian staff. The consideration of civilian capacity was an important contribution to our approach to the topic. Discussions on the implementation of recommendations should begin as soon as possible.",
"To achieve sustainable peace, the Council, the Secretariat, troop- and police-contributing countries and other stakeholders should work together to provide the field commanders with the support they need. I would like to assure all the commanders of the forces present here today that Brazil will remain committed to this goal.",
"Mr. Alzate (Colombia) Our delegation, first of all, wishes to thank the President of the Council for organizing this meeting with the assistance of the commanders of the forces to whom we pay special tribute. In the same way, we would like to thank the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Mr. Le Roy, for his participation and management for the success of this debate.",
"My delegation appreciates the important work being done by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the force commanders and their staff and the Working Group on Peacekeeping Operations, led by Ambassador Ogwu of Nigeria, who have made valuable contributions in this field.",
"One of the ongoing challenges is the improvement in synergies between the Secretariat, the Security Council and troop-contributing countries. We have made progress in this regard, but at the same time this encourages us to suggest to the Council to continue to deepen this interaction that we consider fundamental. Similarly, we highlight progress on developments in doctrines and improvements in United Nations peacekeeping operations and missions, thereby enhancing the dynamics of field operations, as well as the United Nations logistical capacity for the security and well-being of field staff.",
"With regard to the West African Coast Initiative to address organized international crime in that region, Colombia considered it very important. Given our experience in this field, national police units are moving to cooperate with Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone. We can also say that the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti is actively present.",
"One of the challenges we have is to improve the mobility capacity of United Nations troops in relation to the use and doctrine of use of rotating wing aircraft, helicopters and fixed wing aircraft. In this regard, we suggest to deepen the analysis of logistics, human and technological capabilities in order to optimize their results. Efforts should be made to acquire high-tech equipment for peace operations, especially in communications, intelligence and field observation for early warnings and presets of violence.",
"Finally, we agree on the need to prioritize the protection of the defence of civilians by United Nations forces, as well as on the fulfilment of the principles and mandates contained in the Charter of the Organization. Only then will the relations between the United Nations and the forces that represent us with the people on the ground be deepened.",
"Mr. Moungara Moussotsi (Gabon) (spoke in French): Peace-keeping operations, which are one of the main functions of our Organization, have demonstrated in recent years their usefulness and effectiveness in the maintenance of international peace and security. In that regard, first of all, I would like to thank Mr. Le Roy and the force commanders for their briefings.",
"Gabon reiterates its great appreciation to the commanders of the forces and the other members of the peacekeeping operations who work hard, often in an extremely hostile environment and sometimes with limited resources, for their commitment and professionalism. The enlightening briefings we have just heard reflect the daily realities of all peacekeeping missions represented here and are viable indicators of the real challenges facing peacekeeping operations. My delegation also appreciates the provision of such information, which allows the Council to be in a better position to make the necessary decisions and to adapt to the evolving situation on the ground.",
"We commend the incorporation of new multidisciplinary approaches in peacekeeping mandates, such as the protection of civilians, the strengthening of the rule of law, the implementation of mechanisms to prevent the recurrence of conflicts and post-conflict peacebuilding. We therefore reiterate the need for the Council to provide the peacekeeping operations with compelling and viable mandates, designed to achieve the objectives and expected results, as well as the resources necessary to carry out all the tasks assigned to them.",
"With regard to peacebuilding, I welcome the progress made in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Liberia. By the end of 2011, these countries will hold decisive elections, which will be a fire test for missions deployed there. Its success will determine the likely configuration of the withdrawal of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Liberia and thus contribute to the development of strategies for the transfer of security functions to the respective Governments. In that regard, the Council should follow closely the situations facing those two peacekeeping operations so that we can incorporate appropriate changes in their mandates, particularly in terms of logistical and operational capacity.",
"I would like to ask a question to the Force Commander of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. What is your assessment of the threat posed by the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA)? How is cooperation perceived among all United Nations missions deployed in the region, particularly in the fight against LRA?",
"In conclusion, my country will continue to support United Nations peacekeeping operations. We welcome interactive sessions such as the one held today with force commanders to keep the Council informed of developments in their field missions and to report on the challenges they face.",
"Mr. Manjeev Singh Puri (India): I would like to thank the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Under-Secretary-General, Mr. Le Roy, for having presented the commanders of the forces and for giving us this opportunity to inform us through the people on the ground. I believe that this is particularly important because peacekeeping is truly the principal instrument available to the Security Council, it assumes the highest percentage of the United Nations budget and is undoubtedly the special activity that occupies the largest amount of time of the Council.",
"India has contributed more troops and police to peacekeeping operations than any other country. With more than 100,000 troops in more than 40 peacekeeping operations, we are very familiar with everything this entails, as far as possible and with what peacekeeping operations can do. We have also participated in the policy area of this particular debate, both in the Council and in the General Assembly. A seminar was recently held in New Delhi at the best use of such constructive engagement. It opened a new path from the practical experience of peacekeepers towards the further development of the peacekeeping programme.",
"Peacekeeping has achieved maturity. Currently, more than 80 per cent of peacekeeping resources are dedicated to operations over five years old. As we started two new missions—the first new operations in several years—we need to assess the situation. I would like to highlight the following points.",
"The first is the lack of resources and the question of simply trying to tell people to do more with existing resources or with less resources. I understand that efficiency needs to be increased; I understand that more needs to be saved; but I believe that it should be clearly understood that operating with minimal budgets and with increasingly broad mandates is no longer possible or effective.",
"In addition, mandates must be clear. My country ' s Force Commander, India, noted the ambiguity in mandates and the way that ambiguity translates into the fact that people in the lower ranks of the chain of command do not really know what is expected of them. In the Council, we believe that we owe ourselves and the forces we deploy on the ground that there is clarity about it and understand that mandates and resources must be adequately harmonized and in synergy. In that context, it is particularly important that the process of interaction with troop-contributing countries, which has already begun, be carried out in a much more intensive manner so that we have greater clarity on what can truly be achieved and done with the type of resources that are placed at the disposal of the force we are creating.",
"I would also like to highlight another very important element: the willingness to work together. In this regard, let me draw the attention of members to Africa. Two thirds of the meetings and outcomes of the Council are related to Africa. It is essential for United Nations peacekeeping operations. India strongly supports the development of greater African Union peacekeeping capacity. In this regard, I would like to cite the speech delivered by our Prime Minister at the second summit of the India-Africa Forum held in Addis Ababa in May. The Prime Minister said:",
"“India has always supported African capacity development. As a sign of our commitment to support Africa ' s efforts to seek African solutions, I am pleased to announce that India will contribute $2 million to the African Union Mission in Somalia. ”",
"Similar assistance is needed from other Member States to strengthen the African Union ' s peacekeeping capacity. India is also committed to the early launch of the African Standby Force through special training arrangements.",
"We know that the weak are the most suffering in conflicts. Women and children have suffered and continue to suffer terribly in conflicts around the world. The international community has not only the responsibility but also the obligation to make every effort to ensure the safety of women and children, particularly in conflict and post-conflict situations. Indian troops and police personnel, including the first fully female units deployed under the United Nations flag, will do their utmost to protect the vulnerable in their areas of operation.",
"In conclusion, I would like to thank the commanders of the forces and the men and women under their command. They are the ones who translate the words of the Council into facts. I would also like to pay tribute to the peacekeepers who have made the supreme sacrifice at the service of the United Nations in carrying out their efforts to create a better and safer world.",
"Mrs. DiCarlo (United States of America): Mr. Chairman: I thank you and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations for organizing this meeting of the Council. I would also like to express my gratitude to the Under-Secretary-General, Mr. Le Roy, for his excellent leadership of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations for a very difficult and complex period. We wish you the best in your future ventures.",
"I would like to thank the commanders of the forces for the statements they have made today. We greatly appreciate the role they play every day in peacekeeping operations. I would like to take this opportunity to express to Major General Asarta Cuevas and to my colleagues in France the regret of the United States for the wounds suffered yesterday by the French troops for the maintenance of peace that are part of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and our hope for their full and rapid recovery. Undoubtedly, this is a very clear example of the risks that the courageous peacekeepers face daily in carrying out their duties.",
"I just want to say to the commanders of the forces, that we welcome this opportunity to receive directly their information on the difficulties and risks they face in fulfilling the mandates of the United Nations missions. The Council seeks to harmonize mission mandates with the necessary leadership and capacity for successful implementation.",
"We are keen to understand the operational, logistical and leadership issues facing force commanders. The key element of any peace-keeping operation is its personnel and its ability to support efforts to build a more stable peace. We are interested in understanding the operational measures being taken to develop strategies for all missions to protect civilians, including sexual violence and the role of uniformed personnel in peacekeeping operations as part of the mission. We particularly welcome the debate on innovative measures, such as firewood collector protection patrols, community liaison assistance, cell phone delivery to community leaders and response and research teams that include a combination of civil, police and military experience.",
"Equally important are the gaps faced by commanders, the factors that extend or limit logistical or leadership effectiveness in fulfilling their mandates. The following elements may constitute mission support tools: doctrine training, predeployment or during the mission; tools that contribute to the efficient functioning of missions, such as early warning capacity, intelligence and timely analysis or tools to facilitate mobility, such as aviation capacity and budgetary and administrative matters.",
"I want to ask some questions to the generals.",
"I would like General Asarta Cuevas to talk about Hizbullah's military arsenal. The Secretary-General ' s report of 1 July (S/2011/406) notes that Hizbullah continues to maintain its own substantial, growing and destabilizing military arsenal. I wonder what steps the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) is taking to assist the Lebanese armed forces in the elimination of such illicit weapons and the removal of illicit armed groups south of the Litani River.",
"I have greatly appreciated that in his remarks, General Nyamvumba has focused on the robust presence of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID). We hope that the experience gained by UNAMID in establishing such a robust presence can be shared with other missions. I would like you to comment on that.",
"We remain very concerned about the serious aviation resource capacity gap facing the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and I would like to ask General Prakash whether that deficiency is affecting — or rather how it is affecting — the Mission ' s ability to fulfil its mandate under resolution 1991 (2011). How are the Mission ' s tasks affected and what can the mission no longer do?",
"Finally, I would like General Khalid to comment on inter-mission cooperation. There has been good inter-mission cooperation between the United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire and the United Nations Mission in Liberia, and I wonder what experience has been gained from such cooperation and whether it considers that cooperation between missions can be used elsewhere.",
"Mr. Wang Min (China) (spoke in Chinese): I thank Under-Secretary-General Le Roy for his presence at the meeting today. I have listened carefully to the statements made by the four commanders of the United Nations peacekeeping forces. I wish to express my warm welcome to all the commanders of the forces present here at today's meeting. They are working in extremely difficult conditions around the world, fulfilling the mandates of the Council and contributing to global peace and security. His delegation paid tribute to them and to all peacekeepers throughout the world.",
"For over 60 years, United Nations peacekeeping operations have made significant contributions to the maintenance of global peace and security. In recent years, owing to the changing environment, peacekeeping operations have also faced a number of new challenges.",
"I have no questions to ask at this time, but I have heard the statements of the commanders of the forces and wish to make some observations on questions of principle. I would like to emphasize the following four topics.",
"First, we must strengthen coordination between peacekeeping and peacemaking. As important as peacekeeping, it is not a panacea. The promotion of political dialogue and reconciliation is crucial in establishing lasting peace. In this regard, the Secretary-General and his Special Representatives can play a more important role in mediation.",
"Second, it is important to strengthen coordination and coherence between peacekeeping and peacebuilding. Interested parties should address and address the causes of conflict, including economic and social development. An integrated approach should be taken in reviewing the relationship between peacekeeping and peacebuilding and the division of tasks between peacekeeping and peacebuilding should be clearly defined. The timely formulation and gradual improvement of an exit strategy are very important.",
"Third, we must effectively fulfil the mandate to protect civilians. Host countries must assume the primary responsibility for protecting civilians. Peacekeeping operations, while fulfilling the mandate to protect civilians, must strictly abide by Council resolutions and adopt the principle of impartiality, in order not to become parties to conflicts. At the same time, they must respect the sovereignty of the host country in order to contribute more actively to the promotion of political and national reconciliation.",
"Fourthly, we must also strengthen the capacity-building role of peacekeeping operations. We hope that countries with the necessary resources and technical capacity will increase their inputs in order to provide the resources and technical guarantees required by peacekeeping operations. We support United Nations efforts to improve the speed and efficiency of the deployment of peacekeeping operations and make them more selective and flexible in order to strengthen coordination and partnership with host countries and regional organizations.",
"Mrs. Ziade: Mr. President: First of all, I wish to express our appreciation for organizing this important debate. We also thank Under-Secretary-General Le Roy for his commendable work at the head of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Force Commanders of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and the United Nations Mission for their very comprehensive presentations.",
"Lebanon believes that United Nations peacekeeping operations require a partnership between the Security Council, the Secretariat, troop-contributing countries and host countries. After listening carefully to the presentations of the commanders of the forces, we would like to commend their dedication and service for peace. This direct interaction offers us the opportunity to understand the urgent needs on the ground and in turn helps the Council to better respond to those needs.",
"I have two questions. The first was similar to that of the United States delegation regarding cooperation between MONUSCO and UNAMID. General Nyamvumba may be able to point out what the major logistical challenges facing UNAMID are.",
"In our region, the Middle East, the end of the Israeli occupation in Palestine, Syria and the remaining parts of Lebanon—the root cause of the conflict—is a prerequisite for any comprehensive settlement and any successful departure from United Nations peacekeeping missions.",
"Everyone has referred to what happened yesterday in southern Lebanon. When a peacekeeping mission is put to the test and peacekeepers are attacked, solidarity and determination remain critical to ending all kinds of repetition. In that context, Lebanon expressed its unequivocal condemnation of the attack. It is worth mentioning here that the President of the Republic of Lebanon, General Michel Sleiman, made a statement condemning the attack and urged the authorities to “multiple efforts to discover and punish the perpetrators.”",
"That statement was made in Beirut, and here in New York my delegation associated itself with the press statement issued by the Security Council to condemn the attack (SC/10341). My delegation expresses its sincere solidarity with the injured peacekeepers and their families, and we trust that General Asarta Cuevas will convey our deep appreciation to the men and women working in UNIFIL.",
"Almost five years after the adoption of resolution 1701 (2006), the Government of Lebanon is firmly committed to implementing that resolution in its entirety. We ask the international community to put an end to the Israeli violations of our sovereignty by land, air and sea. In his last report (S/2011/406), the Secretary-General referred to these violations and called for immediate cessation, as they not only undermined the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006), but also undermined the work and credibility of UNIFIL and the authority of the Lebanese Armed Forces.",
"Only two days after the new Government ' s vote of confidence, the Prime Minister of Lebanon visited southern Lebanon and UNIFIL headquarters. During this visit, it recognized the important role of UNIFIL in the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006). In that regard, we sent a letter two days ago requesting the renewal of the mandate of UNIFIL, without any amendment.",
"In referring to General Asarta ' s strategic dialogue and cooperation, he mentioned last week ' s consultations. Let me reiterate to the Council the position of my delegation on this matter. The Lebanese army is fully committed to the strategic dialogue with UNIFIL. Lebanon commends the efforts and sacrifices of UNIFIL forces operating in southern Lebanon, and expresses its appreciation to all troop-contributing countries. We attach great importance to strengthening coordination and cooperation with UNIFIL, in accordance with the agreed deployment standards, in order to ensure the proper implementation of the mission entrusted to it. Assistance in capacity-building in the Lebanese Armed Forces is necessary; a stronger Lebanese army will allow the Government of Lebanon to continue to extend its authority over all its territory.",
"If I am allowed to ask General Asarta a question: what would be, in his understanding, the best way to prevent the disproportionate use of force by Israel along the Blue Line, like what happened on May 15, when shot at civilian protesters, who, however, had not crossed the Blue Line?",
"The President: I propose to suspend the list of speakers momentarily and to give the floor to the Force Commanders. You have the floor, Lieutenant General Prakash.",
"Lt. General Prakash: From the two questions that have been asked me, in the first, the representative of Gabon asks me for an assessment of the threat posed by the Lord ' s Resistance Army (LRA) in the region, and also what type of cooperation between the missions in the region to neutralize the LRA threat.",
"The LRA threat in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is real. Although their troops are not numerous, the threat cannot be ignored. In the middle, we have news of between 15 and 20 incidents due to LRA activities every month. For some time now, the brutality of the attacks has diminished; the number of murders has been reduced as well as, to a greater extent, the number of civilians abducted. This lower activity of the LRA can largely be attributed to a number of operational initiatives that the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) has deployed in the area.",
"Having said this, I would like to reiterate that the threat is real and cannot be ignored. The truth is that it is a very rough terrain, its troops are scarce, the areas where it operates are inaccessible and the borders are porous. We have established a joint intelligence operations centre in Dungu, which began to operate this year and which is one step further towards the exchange of information among partners — that is, the Ugandan Defence Forces, the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and our mission, MONUSCO. In May, we also held a conference of the forces commanders in Entebbe, where we shared information about the LRA. However, this is not enough, and we can still exchange more information and perform more effective operations against the LRA, provided we have adequate resources.",
"The second question concerned the deficiencies in our air capacity and how this affects the Mission. The non-availability of air assets—whether transport or combat helicopters—is of great concern to the Mission. Over the years, negative activity has shifted to the west, moving away from the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and closer to the jungle, to areas accessible only by helicopter. As the Council knows, there is no road infrastructure in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Today, of the 93 bases in the country, 31 must have air support; that is, one third of the temporary operational bases and the company bases is located in areas where logistical support can only be provided by air. Without the necessary aerial means to provide support to these bases, we will not only be able to establish the new bases that are needed in inaccessible areas, but it will even be difficult to maintain support for the 31 existing bases.",
"The fact that since 4 July we have ceased to have combat helicopters has significantly diminished our ability to deter the Rwandan Democratic Liberation Forces in the Kivus. We have no capacity to carry out any military initiative against armed groups in the Kivus. In the absence of elections, we also believe that future air resource requirements will increase considerably. The required protection of civilians will conflict with the transport of electoral material. When that time comes, we will be overwhelmed, and I fear that our ability to perform our fundamental task, the protection of civilians, will also be very limited.",
"The President: I would like to remind the Council of the progress of the hour. I know the military has a reputation for concise and precise, although I don't know if the diplomats can say the same. I ask the Council to make the best use of the time available, and limit all our statements. There are still seven members of the Council to speak, so we must limit our interventions to the strictly necessary, considering the time remaining.",
"I now give the floor to General Asarta Cuevas.",
"Division General Asarta Cuevas: If you allow me, I will answer the questions in my language, Spanish, which will be more precise in all my answers.",
"Referring to the so-called Hizbullah arsenal, in the mandate of resolution 1701 (2006), the main responsibility for the lack of any other weapons other than the Lebanese Armed Forces and UNIFIL in the area of UNIFIL operations rests with the Government of Lebanon and the Lebanese Armed Forces.",
"In the mandate of resolution 1701 (2006), the main responsibility for the absence of any weapons, other than those of the Lebanese Armed Forces and UNIFIL in the area of UNIFIL operations rests with the Government of Lebanon and the Lebanese Armed Forces.",
"In our mandate, UNIFIL cannot enter private houses or private property unless there is credible evidence and is an immediate threat or a violation of resolution 1701 (2006).",
"Our troops deployed in southern Lebanon, between the Litani River and the Blue Line, are approximately 12,500 troops and more than 1,000 civilians. These soldiers from 35 different countries carry out between 10,000 and 12,000 operational activities per month. During these operational activities, some ammunition deposits, some bunkers, some armaments, have been discovered in the five years since resolution 1701 (2006) was implemented, but all of them to the date before the conflict, to the war of 2006. So far too, and taking into account that we cannot enter private property or search inside houses, but it is an obligation of the Lebanese Government and the Lebanese Armed Forces, there is no evidence or evidence of illegal arms trafficking. I mean with it that neither I personally nor my soldiers have seen those arsenals that are spoken of. We'd like to see them and know if they really exist or not.",
"I also want to say that the last rocket launch from our area of operations against Israel was in October 2009. It has been almost two years since, thanks to the efforts made between the southern population, the Lebanese Armed Forces and UNIFIL, the cessation of hostilities has been maintained and there has been no rocket launches against Israel.",
"Referring to the second question, which was made by the representative of Lebanon, I will refer to the recommendations that UNIFIL made to the parties following the tragic incidents of Nakba Day on 15 May this year. These recommendations include the Lebanese authorities responsible for law and order within Lebanon, and those that must take the necessary measures to prevent incidents along the Blue Line, which, as members know, is a very sensitive area and where most of the incidents occur and is the line of withdrawal of Israeli forces after the 2000 war. In order to avoid such incidents, there must be a thorough control of that population.",
"Also in our recommendations, and I will read it textually, Israeli forces should be repressed or avoid responding in these situations, except when their immediate defence clearly requires it, bearing in mind that each country, both Lebanon and Israel, has its right to self-defence. But there is a need for the Israel Defense Forces not to excessively use force and always act proportionally to the offense, for which they should include equipment, units and experts in control of protesters and masses.",
"We also said that both countries, both Israel and Lebanon, should ensure that in these situations they employ duly trained and equipped troops to avoid such situations. I, usually in the tripartite and in the meetings I have with the two parties, always say the same:",
"(spoke in English)",
"Don’t give, don’t take.",
"(spoke in Spanish)",
"Do not provoke and do not take any provocation. It is the best way to avoid incidents along the Blue Line.",
"I think I answered the question. If there is any clarification, then I can do it too.",
"The President: I now give the floor to Lieutenant-General Nyamvumba, who was also asked two questions.",
"Lieutenant-General Nyamvumba: I have been asked two questions, one by the representative of the United States and the other by the representative of Lebanon.",
"The United States asked me to share our experience with other missions. In fact, it is very relevant, and part of the purpose of our meeting here in New York is, inter alia, to share experiences from different missions. In addition, we also have a forum, which we specifically call inter-mission cooperation. I would like to express my gratitude to General Prakash, who hosted our regional meeting of Force Commanders, held at Entebbe in May. We will take note of this and continue to share our experiences with other missions, in particular with which they include a mandate for the protection of civilians. We also welcome other experiences from other missions.",
"With regard to the issue of the major logistical challenges facing the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMIT), I noted some of them, but to be more concrete, one of them refers to supply lines. All present know that the main port is in Port Sudan, about 2,000 kilometres from Darfur, with little infrastructure or no infrastructure. As for our operations, the main challenge is the lack of infrastructure on the ground. During the rainy season, as I said, our patrols and our activities are drastically reduced due to inaccessible areas. We have now reduced them from 160 to 100 patrols per day because there are intransitable routes.",
"Finally, there is the issue of aviation capacity. There remains a very large disparity with respect to helicopters of general use. I will take this opportunity to urge those who have the means to do so to support the mission so that it can count on some of those capacities, as this would in fact contribute greatly to enhancing the Mission ' s capabilities.",
"The President: I now give the floor to Major General Khalid.",
"The General of Division Khalid: Questions were asked by the representative of the United States and the representative of Lebanon. I believe that inter-mission cooperation is of paramount importance. I say so because the Department of Peacekeeping Operations has no reservation, and with the number of missions around the world, it has insufficient strength to address any unforeseen situation.",
"I would like to say to those present that tomorrow I will speak to the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations (C-34) on the same subject, which has been assigned to me by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, and I will explain in detail this matter in my statement tomorrow.",
"However, in order to answer briefly the question of lessons learned, I must say that in November we sent an infantry battalion and MI-8 helicopters to the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire. The infantry battalion returned in January; the general-purpose helicopters returned in July; the combat helicopters were shipped in March and have not yet returned. I am pleased to say that both UNOCI and the United Nations Mission in Liberia are taking advantage of these MI-24 combat helicopters for joint tasks and joint border patrolling.",
"As to the lessons learned, they effectively correspond to four issues or issues of deep concern: legality, logistics, military capacity and coordination. I will treat each of them very briefly.",
"By legality, I mean saving time losses caused at the last minute by the apprehensions of troop-contributing countries. That should be part of the memorandums of understanding.",
"With regard to logistics, missions should seek to meet, coordinate and perhaps even sometimes address the reduction of rations or fuel before the start-up of missions to ensure that the troops incorporated do not face any problems. At the level of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations at United Nations Headquarters, they must implement a comprehensive strategy — and I am sure that this is the case. They should be reviewed on a regular basis, in consultation with all missions responsible for inter-mission cooperation. There cannot be a very large border in all cases of cooperation between missions, and the conditions of roads may not be good or there may be no roads at all, so such services should be provided by land, air or sea to avoid unnecessary delays at the last minute, which are generally a critical stage. The logistics needs to be clearly defined.",
"In order to achieve better coordination, all such missions should have coordination cells between missions, which should keep in touch with a view to achieving better coordination and keeping in mind the latest developments in the situation.",
"Finally, but not least, in cases where missions and affected countries speak in different languages, a team of interpreters should be present to ensure that the forces do not have problems at their arrival and are effectively exploited.",
"The President: I shall now call on the members of the Security Council.",
"Mr. Sangqu (South Africa): I thank the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Mr. Alain Le Roy, Chief of the Office of Military Affairs, Lieutenant General Babacar Gaye, and the commanders of the forces for their briefings.",
"We welcome the commanders of the forces that have joined us today in the Council. Indeed, New York is far from the battlefield, so the opportunity to hear first-hand the testimony of the military leadership on the ground is really valuable. We believe that it is very beneficial to organize such participatory acts on a regular basis, and we thank the German delegation for this initiative.",
"The Security Council has clearly indicated in the past — and South Africa fully supports that point of view — that United Nations peacekeeping operations are deployed only as an accompaniment and not as an alternative to political strategies for conflict resolution.",
"Over the years, peacekeeping has become a complex and multifaceted enterprise because of the changing nature of conflicts. We are aware of the many effects and challenges that exist at the time of intra-State conflicts. In most cases, belligerent parties have increasingly better resources and equipment and often exert great influence and do not respect the rules to enter combat. Conflict-affected areas are no longer only bankrupt States; they have strong military capabilities and strong political leadership.",
"In response to those challenges, the United Nations must act with the necessary dynamism and agility. It is therefore critical for us, in the Council and the United Nations, to have political and military leadership on the ground in order to be able to mobilize and maintain at all times the political support of all stakeholders, especially those countries where the Council establishes mandates for peacekeeping missions, and to respect the sovereignty of all States.",
"In addition, the Council has a particularly important role throughout the lifetime of a mission in supporting efforts to improve cooperation and coordination with regional and subregional organizations and other partners. The Security Council ' s response to the crises on the African continent constantly reminds us of the need for greater cooperation and coordination with regional organizations, especially the African Union. Nothing can replace African leadership and solutions for African problems.",
"Today we must reflect, inter alia, on our ability to maximize the security mechanism offered by peacekeeping operations on the ground and to find political solutions to conflicts. The Council should adopt coherent and comprehensive strategies that clearly translate the mandates of peacekeeping operations into clear, credible and feasible results. We must bear in mind the need for operations to be adequately resourced and adequately prepared and timely deployment to the desired level of force and operational capacity. We must ensure that the monitoring and evaluation mechanisms for peacekeeping operations are adequate and that the Council is sufficiently aware of the impact of its decisions on resources and field support.",
"These are just some of the important issues that could help us in our efforts to understand the challenges we face at the military level across the spectrum of peacekeeping operations. We believe that if we collectively address those issues, we will make an important contribution to improving the overall performance of United Nations peacekeeping operations.",
"It is very important to protect the lives of civilians on foot, who are too often innocent victims of instability and fighting in conflict zones. International law envisages that the primary responsibility for the protection of civilians lies with States. By its nature, the protection of civilians is highly sensitive from a political standpoint, yet it is a critical and vital task mandated by a mandate. Given the nature of recent conflicts, the protection of civilians is becoming a necessity, and the role of regional organizations and the international community is, if any, more important.",
"We are encouraged by ongoing efforts to address the shortage of military personnel, such as helicopters. We cannot afford to deploy troops in foreign territories and then expect to be in all places at the same time without having the necessary resources or, in some cases, without fully functioning. We must ensure that our field troops receive the desired level of support.",
"However, we should continue to emphasize the importance of United Nations peacekeeping operations in accordance with the principles of impartiality enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, and with international law and human rights standards.",
"In conclusion, my delegation pays tribute to all men and women in uniform who have served and continue to serve in United Nations peacekeeping operations and we commend their dedication and courage. We pay special tribute to all those who have paid the highest price for the sake of peace and humanity.",
"Mr. Bonne (France): Mr. President: I would also like to thank you for organizing this important meeting, which has become a common issue, as it provides a rare but valuable opportunity to exchange ideas with the commanders of the forces and listen to the views from the field.",
"I thank the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Force Commanders of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) for their briefings.",
"First of all, I would like to recall France ' s commitment to peace-keeping, which is one of the most important and certainly of the most symbolic relevance of the United Nations. In that regard, I would like first to commend the exceptional work carried out by the Blue Helmets on the ground, in often difficult and dangerous conditions, where no one else goes, in order to implement mandates whose complexity reflects the crisis our Organization intends to address.",
"France wishes to continue to participate in efforts to improve the functioning of peacekeeping operations. Since its inception, such operations have become the instrument by which the Council exercises its primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. Improving the effectiveness of these operations is therefore a matter of strategic importance.",
"In following up on the 2009 initiative of France and the United Kingdom, our objective remains to improve the political and military control of operations by the Security Council, to ensure greater effectiveness in the logistical and financial management of operations, to clarify the doctrine on a number of complex issues such as the protection of civilians and, where necessary, to clarify and rationalize mandates as much as possible. This is the objective of the Council ' s ongoing regular consultations on cross-cutting issues related to peacekeeping. We believe they should continue.",
"On all the issues I have just raised, we believe that we have made progress. We particularly welcome the implementation of the global field support strategy. We also wish to welcome the report of the Senior Advisory Group on Strengthening Civilian Capacity after Conflict (S/2011/85). We believe that it will change how peacekeeping operations operate on such important issues as the economic impact of operations on national development and the role of women in peacekeeping.",
"We will therefore continue our work, particularly in the areas of strengthening the chain of command in peacekeeping operations, enhancing cooperation with troop-contributing countries and ensuring more rigorous financial monitoring in support of peacekeeping. I note that the budget for peacekeeping operations has increased in recent years. It is true that the needs played an important role in this regard, but it is also true that in a budget climate restricted to financial contributors it is essential that we count on the means to manage the budget in a responsible and controlled manner.",
"I also have some questions to ask the commanders of the forces present here. First, I have a general question. Do the reform efforts in New York feel on the ground? Do practices change in the field because of decisions taken and recommendations made in the Council? How can we, in the Council, take into account the views of the field staff and the feedback of the force commanders?",
"More specifically, I have questions for Major General Asarta Cuevas on UNIFIL. We also strongly condemn, of course, the attacks on UNIFIL contingents. We appreciate the solidarity expressed after yesterday's attack in which our soldiers were victims. Of course, we will not tolerate the continued threat of the protection and security of military and civilian personnel deployed in Lebanon. We understand the difficulty of the task we do, but what can we do to ensure that soldiers on the ground are better protected? Furthermore, how can we increase cooperation with the Lebanese Armed Forces? How can we ensure that the tasks currently undertaken by UNIFIL are progressively transferred?",
"My question addressed to the MONUSCO Force Commander relates to the adaptation of the civilian protection strategy in the current context of the preparations for the elections. In the current pre-election climate, is there any need to change the approach of force and its strategy for the protection of civilians, given the limitations we have been warned of?",
"Mr. Barbalić, Bosnia and Herzegovina: Mr. President: First of all, I would like to thank you for organizing this briefing. We thank the Under-Secretary-General for his comments and the commanders of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, the United Nations Mission in Liberia, the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur and the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo for their comprehensive comments. We also welcome the presence of the other United Nations peacekeeping force commanders and commend their commitments and efforts, as well as the outstanding work of all staff in peacekeeping missions.",
"One of the main themes repeated in the discussions on peacekeeping is the need for the Council to entrust clear, credible mandates to peacekeeping missions and to be achieved, together with sufficient resources to fulfil its mandated tasks. It is therefore essential to provide timely and relevant information to the Council for decision-making. To that end, we emphasize that each resolution needs to be clearly and accurately reflected in the concept of operations during its implementation.",
"Since the beginning of the year, important documents have been issued on the relationship between peacekeeping and peacebuilding and between security and development. Discussions on these issues should identify practical measures to overcome major challenges and obstacles and provide solutions for capacity-building, coordination and guidance on the ground.",
"The increasing complexity of the tasks entrusted to peacekeeping missions and the scarcity of specific resources, in particular the capacity to support civilians, can jeopardize the success of a mission. Bosnia and Herzegovina welcomes activities related to the review of international civil capacities. We believe that the activities currently under way related to the recommendations and discussions on this study will lead to concrete improvements and practical and viable proposals in this area. In addition, cooperation between the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support should provide viable solutions, positive changes and tangible results on the ground.",
"In that regard, we stress the importance of cooperation, consultation and exchange of views with troop- and police-contributing countries. It is essential to mobilize the support of Member States in adopting a knowledge, equipment and capacity-building approach.",
"It is clear that missions with protection mandates include various activities aimed at ensuring the safety and physical protection of civilian populations. The collection of timely and accurate information and data on the local situation and circumstances and their analysis are critical. However, missions must have sufficient resources to analyse such data and help restore an environment in which the host State can exercise its primary responsibility to protect its citizens. That aspect undoubtedly covered other processes, such as disarmament, demobilization, integration, security sector reform, support for electoral processes and the empowerment of local communities, which served to facilitate the transition to sustainable peace-building.",
"The need to implement an effective exit strategy must be consistent with the quality of staff and equipment and to relate to the corresponding mandates and operational objectives. The culturally sensitive elements of the area where deployment will take place should also be taken into account in order to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings between a mission and the host country and its communities.",
"This year, we have witnessed the authorization of two new missions: the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei and the United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan. Bosnia and Herzegovina believes that it is necessary for the Organization to operate as best as possible to apply its knowledge and lessons learned in previous peacekeeping missions, while the Council should provide missions with the necessary strategic guidance and appropriate support. In that regard, the mission in South Sudan had to contribute to improving governance capacity and the rule of law.",
"The mandate is undoubtedly of the utmost importance to provide guidance for the future reconfiguration of a mission. It is necessary to take into account what is happening on the ground so that the mandate of a mission is more objective and can be fulfilled.",
"Finally, we insist that the peacekeeping mission is part of the political solution to the conflict, but cannot replace the solution. Activities in the field, together with preventive diplomacy, early warning or conflict mediation efforts, should therefore be strengthened and focus on national priorities and national actors. Attention should be paid to those aspects in order to ensure that they are members of each peacekeeping mission in order to avoid relapse into conflicts and contribute to the development of a country and to lasting peace and, above all, to ensure international security.",
"Mr. Tatham: I will try to be very brief. I thank Ambassador Wittig for inviting Under-Secretary-General Le Roy and the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) to report to the Council. I would like to thank you for the comprehensive information you have presented this morning, and more importantly, for the work of the commanders of the police and police commissioners and all the men and women who are under your command, often, as we know, in extremely difficult circumstances and at great personal risk. These risks were highlighted in recent attacks against UNIFIL. I join other speakers in condemning the attack at the beginning of this week and wishing for a prompt recovery to those who were injured.",
"The United Kingdom agrees with the ongoing initiative, which has become a kind of tradition, to ensure that the commanders of the police forces and commissioners have the opportunity to inform the Council during its annual conference in New York. It is important to ensure that we do everything that is feasible to enhance the Council ' s understanding of the operational requirements of the peace-keeping resolutions we are developing to the troops and police.",
"As we demonstrated during our presidency of the Council in November, we have access to the new technology to ensure that we can listen more often to the commanders of the operations, and we believe that we should take this opportunity to do so in a more systematic way. It will be important that in due course we hear the new Commander of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei.",
"In the light of what I have heard from the commanders of the Council ' s forces and colleagues, I would like to comment on four brief aspects.",
"The first is the protection of civilians. From the presentation of General Nyamvumba, I have gathered a clear message about the importance of the responsibility to protect civilians subjected to attacks or threatened by attacks. This is essential for fulfilling peacekeeping responsibilities. I would like to know what the link between that aspect and the adoption of a strong posture is, a concept that the senior leadership of UNAMID has understood very well. I am aware that for some it is a controversial issue, but I join my colleague from Nigeria to express strong support for a strong position. I am aware that the Secretary-General has referred to the firmness of UNAMID as something that has contributed to the reduction of the number of attacks against the Mission, and I believe that this is an important aspect.",
"The second aspect is the effect of conditionality policy. I have listened with great interest to General Prakash's observations on conditionality. Conditionality is a necessary resource to ensure that peacekeepers do not support activities outside international humanitarian law. Obviously, the implementation of that policy must be rigorous.",
"However, we must also pay attention to operational effectiveness. General Prakash referred to the balance between desirable and viable. I would like to know what the concept of that balance is—how to achieve it—if there is time, but I understand that we are in a fight against the clock. I would like to know General Prakash ' s opinion about whether there are useful general principles for achieving this balance that can be determined for a wider application, or whether this is something that should be determined on the ground.",
"General Prakash also provided some useful guidelines on the implementation of conditionality policy, in particular noted that it is easier to apply at the beginning than when progress has already been made. I believe that this is an important consideration given to the new peacekeeping operation in South Sudan.",
"The third aspect refers to inter-mission cooperation, with respect to which I would like to echo briefly once again as expressed by my colleague from Nigeria, and by my colleague from the United States, in expressing our strong support for the principle of cooperation between missions. There are situations where this makes sense from an operational perspective, and the exchange of assets between UNMIL and the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) is an important example. I believe that the possibilities of taking advantage of this cooperation should be fully explored.",
"The last aspect concerns clear mandates. It seems to me that it was my colleague from India who spoke about the importance of clear mandates. We have all referred to the risks and difficulties facing our peacekeeping operations. I believe that the least we can do is provide clear mandates to peacekeeping missions. We find it too easy to meet around the Council table to try to overcome differences through ambiguous words or complex redactions. We must always bear in mind the problems that this may pose to peacekeeping operations on the ground while carrying out their important work.",
"Finally, after listening to the commanders of the forces this morning, I once again recalled the enormous value of receiving direct information from the ground. I would like to thank you sincerely for having used time for your annual conference to speak to the Council. I hope we can hear them on a regular basis.",
"Mr. Pankin (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): Given the time constraints, I will try to be brief.",
"We are pleased to welcome here again the commanders of the United Nations peacekeeping forces. It was encouraging to witness the holding of such dialogue, which was initially proposed by the Russian Federation last year during its presidency of the Council. I would like to endorse here my colleague from the United Kingdom, who has enriched this practice. The Council now has the possibility to hold such meetings more frequently using videoconferencing and other modern technologies. The members of the Council should agree with our military colleagues to discuss the current problems on the ground that truly face peacekeepers, as well as military problems. Ultimately, this practice will ensure that the Council receives specialized military expertise.",
"I will not refer to the importance we attach to peacekeeping. Like many colleagues, we believe that it is a truly crucial instrument of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace and security. Our peacekeepers participate in many peacekeeping operations in the Middle East and in various regions of Africa and Haiti. We are aware that the maintenance of United Nations peace is not limited to a place. It's still very necessary. As noted, there are two new peacekeeping missions in the Abyei region and South Sudan.",
"In our view, persons with military uniforms, which constitute two thirds of peacekeepers, play a leading role in addressing three crucial tasks by supporting efforts by national Governments to stabilize the situation and restore peace, protecting civilians and monitoring the implementation of ceasefire agreements. However, United Nations peacekeeping activities continue to evolve, including from conceptual and operational perspectives. Therefore, the issue is to adapt to address the current problems and to respond to new political realities.",
"Many of the speakers present here today have referred to the fact that there are new challenges and what kind of challenges there are challenges that require joint decisions between the military protagonists and the diplomats of the Security Council.",
"Therefore, we consider that there are several general aspects, for example, the unconventional situations facing the blue hulls. However, there are unwavering principles regarding peacekeeping. Peacekeepers must strictly fulfil their mandates and avoid participating in any political conflict or silently supporting a party to the conflict. Such action could have extremely negative consequences and undermine the reputation of the United Nations.",
"We obviously support comments made by other colleagues that the mandates of peacekeeping operations should be clear, viable and up to situations. The issue of ensuring the necessary level of military advice for United Nations peacekeeping action should therefore still be addressed.",
"We again recall our proposal to revitalize the activities of the Staff Committee, which could develop recommendations on operational aspects of peacekeeping and participate in missions to assess the preparation of troops and infrastructure for peacekeeping operations. At the time, that would provide the Council with updated information.",
"Obviously, the issue of improving the maintenance of United Nations peace requires the use of human resources from regional organizations and commitment to their participation, as we agree that peacekeeping is a complementary role to the primary functions of the Governments of countries, for example by involving such State or Government forces.",
"The scarcity of financial, logistical and technical resources means that the existing capacity needs to be met. We therefore believe that it is important to distinguish clearly between peacekeeping and post-conflict peacebuilding functions. These functions are clearly linked in current mandates, but only the initial peacebuilding tasks are assigned to United Nations peacekeeping troops. The process of socio-economic reconstruction and related tasks should be assigned to more specialized structures of the United Nations development system, as well as to relevant regional organizations.",
"We hope that this session will allow us to work together to further enhance United Nations peacekeeping operations.",
"Mr. Moraes Cabral (Portugal): Like other speakers, we believe that peacekeeping and peacebuilding are truly the core of the United Nations today. All members know that my country is deeply committed to these tasks. Over the past 30 years, we have been very active in several missions. Mr. President: We therefore thank you for organizing this timely debate. It is very useful to have this opportunity to interact with force commanders and listen directly to their views. I therefore thank the generals for their extensive presentations, which were extremely useful, as well as the answers they gave to some of the questions asked.",
"However, let me pay tribute and congratulate all the men and women in the missions, the commanders of the forces and the police commissioners for the way they carry out their tasks, often — as we have heard today — in very difficult conditions. They deserve our constant support.",
"I would like to comment on what has been said. Coincided with much of it; practically with everything, so I will be brief.",
"Conditionality policy can be used as a tool, but, as Lt. General Prakash stressed, it is necessary to use it with some caution. The problem for us—as he himself said—is that there is no potential for development and improvement in the context of conditionality and the positive and negative elements it entails. I fully agree with him that if the application of conditionality begins to have a negative effect on the operational activities of the mission, then there is a problem. I would also like to thank Lieutenant General Prakash for his reference to the threat of the Lord's Resistance Army. We suggest the useful debate that took place last week (see S/PV.6588).",
"With regard to the protection of civilians, to which we all attach the utmost importance, there has been a significant improvement in this important area in recent years. We commend the efforts of the Secretariat and the positive progress made by the missions on this issue. I mean Lieutenant General Nyamvumba that the question raised is to what extent a mission that does not have a mandate to do so should use force to protect civilians in an unpropitious environment.",
"My third observation is addressed to Major General Asarta Cuevas. Again, like other speakers, we condemn the attacks that took place yesterday and in May against the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), which unfortunately claimed lives. We believe that the situation is unacceptable; the parties must abide by United Nations resolutions and assume their responsibilities. Our French colleague raised the important issue of how best to ensure the protection of soldiers in a very difficult situation. As the General mentioned the other day, last week we held a very useful debate on the situation in Lebanon, and it is very clear that the presence of UNIFIL has had a very important and positive effect in creating a stable and quiet situation, although it is still very fragile. I believe that there is broad consensus that the presence of UNIFIL in the area remains a very important element.",
"As I pointed out during the debate—and we welcome this circumstance—we will soon strengthen the Portuguese contingent in UNIFIL with 12 Timor-Leste officers. I believe that this also has a very symbolic dimension, because Timor-Leste, where there is still a United Nations mission, is in turn already participating in other United Nations missions.",
"I thank Major General Khalid for his statement and answers. I believe that the issue of strong inter-mission cooperation is very important and can be decisive in some areas. Of course, I share your views on the role of law enforcement in initial peacebuilding efforts, as it allows people to return to their normal livelihoods and, of course, to launch a political process. It is often said that peacekeepers are the first peace builders whenever there is a peace to maintain and build. I think that's a useful way of seeing things.",
"To conclude—and this has been said earlier—missions need the means and tools, as well as adequate training and leadership, but, as stressed by our colleague from South Africa, there is a need for a comprehensive and coherent political strategy to enable missions to carry out their work properly.",
"The President: Because of the late hour, I will not make a statement as a representative of my country. Most of its content has already been addressed by other speakers. I will limit myself to making three brief remarks.",
"First of all, I thank the commanders of the forces for being here with us and giving us the opportunity for an exchange. I believe that, in fact, this will become a tradition. Secondly, I thank you very much for the difficult service you provide in very demanding circumstances and, of course, through you, I extend my gratitude to the 120,000 men and women on the ground. Thirdly, I would like to join others in paying tribute to Mr. Alain Le Roy. He has just left the Hall, but he knows how much we appreciate his outstanding commitment and leadership in the management of peacekeeping operations and in addressing the challenge of adapting them to new needs.",
"Let's go now to the questions and answers. There was a question from the representative of France, I think, of a general nature, that is, the question of reform and its impact on field missions. I guess it also refers to the New Horizon program. At the suggestion of Alain Le Roy, I would like to propose that, in accordance with rule 39 of the Council ' s provisional rules of procedure, we invite Major General Obi, Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan, and Major General Ramos Pereira, Force Commander of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, to participate in this meeting in response to those questions, because we can diversify a bit and give them the opportunity to reform.",
"I give the floor to Major General Ramos Pereira to answer the question on the reform made by the representative of France.",
"Major General Ramos Pereira: As Commander of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti Force, I now face the challenge of implementing the new mandate on the reform that the Security Council seeks to establish. I wish to point out that the situation in Haiti remains stable and under control. For me and for my troops it is very good to have a very clear mandate, which provides guidance and provides us with the capacity to fulfil our mission. It is also important to mention that, as the Council knows, the environment in Haiti is volatile, so it is necessary to account for the situation.",
"If there are more questions, I am willing to answer them.",
"The President: I give the floor to Major General Obi.",
"The General of Division Obi: I am the Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan.",
"I would like to say that the reforms introduced so far have had a very positive effect on our field operations in different ways. I would like to begin with the question of the quality of the contingents, which was raised here today. We need high-quality contingents on the ground to enable them to implement our mandate.",
"One of the reforms addresses this issue, so that all infantry units have the same strength and equipment. This allows the force commander to know the availability of means. You may know which troops counts and assign tasks appropriately.",
"With regard to the quality of the troops, I would also like to say that the introduction of predeployment training and pre-deployment inspections of the team has made it possible to have higher-quality troops, which has facilitated the implementation of our mandate.",
"The question of integration is one of those areas that have been duly taken into consideration in the last reforms. My Mission, the United Nations Mission in the Sudan, is an integrated mission, which has enabled us to work together with the civilian, military and police pillars and the United Nations country team. A good example of this is the strategy for the protection of the civilian population, which takes into account the fact that the protection of civilians is not only a military responsibility, but it involves all. In this case, we have been able to combine our efforts through training, concepts development, information exchange, and the creation of joint operations centres and joint traffic control centres. These improvements have proved to be very useful in practice and have been of great help to us. During the recent crisis in Kordofan and Abyei, we were able to make extensive use of the pillars. All the pillars shared information, were actively coordinated in crisis management teams and were, to a large extent, able to manage the challenges they posed.",
"These reforms have been useful to us, on the ground, and, moreover, have led the commanders of the forces to meet us—as at the above-mentioned Entebbe meeting—to exchange information. Which means, equally, a novelty that has been very useful to us.",
"The President: I give the floor to Lieutenant-General Prakash to answer the questions and comments that have been made.",
"Lieutenant-General Prakash: The question I would like to answer is whether there is a need for a change in strategy for the protection of civilians by the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) before and after the election periods.",
"My point of view is that the current strategy is working well. We have recently reviewed it and established modalities for upcoming operations. We have prepared contingency plans to respond to the different situations that may arise. What remains clear is not that we lack a strategy, what we lack is the means to execute it. For example, the activities of armed groups are likely to increase and, as the elections take place, civil disturbances will spread. If this happens, we'll need more means. These means must arrive on time and be in the right place at the right time. Disposing these means, I think there would be no need to change strategy.",
"The President: I give the floor to Major General Asarta Cuevas to answer the questions and comments that have been asked.",
"Major General Asarta Cuevas: First, I would like to thank all the members of the Council for the gestures of affection towards our French soldiers of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), who have suffered the criminal terrorist attack yesterday.",
"The French ambassador asked me three questions. The first: How can our soldiers be better protected? The second: How is coordination with the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF)? The third: how does UNIFIL see the transfer of responsibilities to LAF?",
"Referring to the first question on how our soldiers might be better protected, it must be said that UNIFIL has robust and sufficiently protected means to carry out its missions. Vehicle protection is a national responsibility. Specifically, in this case, France, Spain and Italy have had no problem with armoured vehicles. Following the attack on 27 May on an Italian patrol, in which six soldiers were injured, I sent a directive to my soldiers with additional security measures. Among these measures, I shall quote, as the most important ones: that the convoys should be made, whenever possible, at night and with interference devices (jammers); that they must go, at least two vehicles; that our soldiers should go with antimetral vest and helmet, and that, whenever possible, and LAFs can provide it, they must have a joint escort of the LAF; and of course, the Centre.",
"These instructions apply to convoys that leave out of our area of operations. It is very important to emphasize this point, as the two terrorist attacks we have suffered, almost followed — in May and yesterday — occurred outside the UNIFIL area of operations. The same thing that happened in 2008, in the same area. I want to mean that, in our area of operations, we have the ability to control, together with the Lebanese Armed Forces and the population, but outside our area of operations we cannot control. This is a national responsibility of the Lebanese Government and the Lebanese Armed Forces. They must ensure security along the coast road, which is practically the only way available to UNIFIL for the relays, for supply and to eventually reach the port and airport of Beirut, where our soldiers leave and arrive.",
"After referring to the convoys, I will discuss the security of the individuals, with respect to which I have also taken additional measures, including the strict prohibition of the use, for personal reasons, of UNIFIL marked vehicles outside the area of operations. However, if it is necessary to leave the area of operations — for example, there are people who take their holidays and have to go to the airport — we have painted different colors 14 vehicles that are available to the soldiers and UNIFIL personnel to travel. These vehicles are not marked.",
"We have taken an additional measure that I proposed to General Kahwaji, the head of the South Command of the LAF and the chief intelligence of the LAF and that it is to recognize daily the road that links our area of operations with the port and airport of Beirut. For us, this is equivalent to a prolongation of our area of operations, but it is not really in our area of operations. We must always count on the Government of Lebanon and the Lebanese Armed Forces to do so. My proposal was to make a daily reconnaissance, at different times every day, together with them, and to take all the security measures, and only on really sensitive points in which an attack is susceptible.",
"Two months I have been waiting for an answer and, finally, last Friday, I sent a formal letter to the Chief of the Lebanese Army asking him to see this initiative positively, to implement it. Unfortunately, yesterday another attack happened. I'm not saying it could have been avoided, but maybe, yeah.",
"I'd like to give you an update on how yesterday's accident was. There were four vehicles, three of them armoured; the third was not armoured. The attack was against the fourth vehicle, which was an armoured vehicle with jammers. In total there were 12 soldiers; six soldiers were injured, all slightly, except one, who has a rather bad eye, but will not lose it. In fact, three will be repatriated today to France, and the other three are already in their unit working. We've been very lucky.",
"On the second question, coordination with the Lebanese Armed Forces in our area of operations is perfect. They have representatives and liaison officers at all levels and in all units. They know daily what our activities are, and there is total transparency. Outside the area of operations, there is also at my level, at the Force Commander level, with the Chief of the Lebanese Armed Forces and with the Chief of Intelligence. When there is any news or something important that I must know, they immediately communicate it to me.",
"With reference to the transfer of UNIFIL responsibilities to the Lebanese Armed Forces, in accordance with the joint technical review, and as I previously agreed, we have initiated the strategic dialogue with the Lebanese Armed Forces. This dialogue seeks to assess the capabilities and missions that UNIFIL has to fulfil in accordance with its mandate under resolution 1701 (2006) and to assess the capacities of the Lebanese Armed Forces and to see which tasks of our missions can accomplish, because the final point, the end of UNIFIL, will be when the Lebanese Armed Forces are able to accomplish all the tasks that UNIFIL is currently carrying out regarding resolution 1701 (2006). We believe that UNIFIL cannot be in Lebanon forever. One day, we have to get out of there. One day the Force will withdraw from there and the Lebanese Armed Forces will have to assume the responsibility that UNIFIL is now assuming. When will that day be? You don't know, but we're already working on it.",
"I can now tell you that at the last meeting on 7 July four subcommittees were created: one for infrastructure, one for command and control, another for movement capacity and another for operational matters, as I say, to try to move forward in the sense of being able to transfer all our responsibilities — I insist, concerning resolution 1701 (2006) — to the Lebanese Armed Forces.",
"The President: We have covered many items in a few hours. This dialogue has been very productive. I know that I speak on behalf of the Council by thanking all the commanders of the forces for making this meeting possible and having been available. I think this should become a tradition; we should have this kind of exchange at least once a year.",
"I thank the commanders of the forces for having accompanied us today.",
"The meeting rose at 2.05 p.m."
] |
[
"Presidente:\tSr. Wittig\t(Alemania) \nMiembros:\tBosnia y Herzegovina\tSr. Barbalić\n Brasil Sra. Dunlop \n China Sr. Wang Min \n Colombia Sr. Alzate \n Estados Unidos de América Sra. DiCarlo \n Federación de Rusia Sr. Pankin \n Francia Sr. Araud \n Gabón Sr. Messone \n India Sr. Vinay Kumar \n Líbano Sr. Khachab \n Nigeria Sr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Sr. Moraes Cabral \n\tReino Unido de Gran Bretaña eIrlanda del Norte\tSir Mark LyallGrant\n Sudáfrica Sr. Sangqu",
"Orden del día",
"Informes del Secretario General sobre el Sudán",
"Informe del Secretario General sobre la situación en Abyei (S/2011/451)",
"Se abre la sesión a las 15.10 horas.",
"Aprobación del orden del día",
"Queda aprobado el orden del día.",
"Informes del Secretario General sobre el Sudán",
"Informe del Secretario General sobre la situación en Abyei (S/2011/451)",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): De conformidad con el artículo 39 del reglamento provisional del Consejo, invito al Secretario General Adjunto de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz, Sr. Alain Le Roy, a participar en esta sesión",
"El Consejo de Seguridad comenzará ahora el examen del tema que figura en el orden del día.",
"Deseo señalar a la atención de los miembros del Consejo el informe del Secretario General sobre la situación en Abyei, que será publicado como documento S/2011/451.",
"Tiene ahora la palabra el Sr. Le Roy.",
"Sr. Le Roy (habla en francés): Sr. Presidente: Le doy las gracias por la oportunidad que me brinda de informar al Consejo de Seguridad sobre la situación en Abyei y sobre el despliegue de la Fuerza Provisional de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas para Abyei (UNISFA).",
"Como saben los miembros del Consejo, la situación de la zona objeto de controversia de Abyei sigue sin resolverse y es una fuente de importantes tensiones entre el Gobierno del Sudán y el Movimiento de Liberación del Pueblo Sudanés. En mayo, durante la etapa previa a la independencia de Sudán del Sur, hubo un estallido de violencia tras el cual las Fuerzas Armadas Sudanesas asumieron el control de la ciudad de Abyei y de toda la región al norte del río Kiir/Bahr el-Arab, y la población local se vio desplazada. Hace un mes, en virtud del acuerdo de 20 de junio entre las partes, el Consejo autorizó el despliegue de la UNISFA, compuesta por efectivos etíopes, para supervisar y verificar la retirada de todas las fuerzas armadas de Abyei. La Misión incluirá también un total de 50 oficiales de policía para que apoyen la creación del servicio de policía de Abyei y un número limitado de civiles para apoyar a la Fuerza.",
"Puedo informar de que, a fecha de ayer, 26 de julio, de los 4.200 soldados autorizados para la UNISFA, 521 se habían desplegado sobre el terreno, incluidos 411 en la ciudad de Abyei y 110 en Diffra, en el norte de Abyei. Otros 495 efectivos se hallan en Kadugli, esperando ser desplegados a Abyei. Esperamos tener alrededor de 1.200 soldados en la zona de operaciones a efectos de establecer la capacidad operacional inicial de la Misión para finales de julio, dentro de pocos días.",
"Es cierto que el despliegue afronta diversas dificultades, y estamos colaborando estrechamente con el Gobierno del Sudán para superar esos retos. Por ejemplo, la falta de suficiente alojamiento para los efectivos también limita la celeridad del despliegue y requerirá la construcción de lugares de alojamiento adicionales una vez que finalice la estación de lluvias. Habida cuenta de la necesidad de proceder a la pronta aplicación del acuerdo de 20 de junio, como indiqué, estamos colaborando estrechamente con el Gobierno del Sudán para asegurar que se haga todo lo posible para facilitar el despliegue de la UNISFA, incluido un acuerdo sobre el estatuto de las fuerzas, que está listo para su firma.",
"Entretanto, mientras la situación en materia de seguridad en Abyei sigue siendo tensa, ambas partes parecen resueltas a evitar una escalada de violencia y estar dispuestas a cooperar con la UNISFA. Las Fuerzas Armadas Sudanesas siguen teniendo una presencia considerable al norte del río Kiir/Bahr el-Arab, pero han indicado su intención de retirarse cuando se despliegue la UNISFA. En los próximos días, el Jefe de la Misión, Teniente General Tesfaye, de Etiopía, examinará el calendario preciso de esa retirada con las partes interesadas. Hace dos días, el 25 de julio, se detectó a más de un centenar de soldados del Movimiento de Liberación del Pueblo Sudanés al sur del río, cerca del puente Banton. Sin embargo, los efectivos prometieron no atravesar el río y aceptaron retirarse una vez que se haya finalizado el despliegue de la UNISFA.",
"En relación con la situación humanitaria —que la Secretaria General Adjunta, Sra. Valerie Amos, describió detalladamente en su exposición informativa al Consejo de 15 de julio— se calcula que un total de 113.000 personas siguen desplazadas de sus hogares. Cerca de 27.000 de ellas se encuentran actualmente en Agok, al sur de Abyei, y el resto se halla en Sudán del Sur, en Warrap, Unity y los estados de Bahr el-Ghazal. Los organismos humanitarios han reubicado su personal a fin de proporcionar alimentos, albergue y otros tipo de asistencia de emergencia a la población desplazada. A raíz de la destrucción y el desplazamiento vividos en Abyei, la seguridad alimentaria, el albergue y la reanudación de actividades de subsistencia serán necesidades críticas en Abyei en el futuro. La Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos prevé llevar a cabo una misión de evaluación en Abyei lo antes posible a fin de hacer balance de los acontecimientos ocurridos en mayo y junio, incluidas las denuncias de violaciones de los derechos humanos, para dar curso a la solicitud del Consejo de Seguridad de que se supervise eficazmente el respeto de los derechos humanos en la región.",
"Si bien el despliegue de la UNISFA representa un avance positivo, el mejoramiento sostenido de la situación de seguridad dependerá evidentemente del progreso alcanzado en la aplicación política del acuerdo del 20 de junio y, gradualmente, de la cuestión general del estatuto de Abyei. En ese sentido, las partes han intercambiado propuestas sobre la composición de la administración de la zona de Abyei, pero aún no han completado con los nombramientos. Por supuesto, es necesario que contemos con autoridades locales mutuamente aceptadas para garantizar el enlace con la UNISFA en el cumplimiento de su mandato. Esos nombramientos aún no se han completado, como dije anteriormente.",
"(continúa en inglés)",
"Abyei es, por cierto, un componente importante del espectro más amplio de las cuestiones de seguridad, políticas y económicas que tienen que resolverse entre el Sudán y Sudán del Sur, incluida la demarcación y la gestión conjunta de las fronteras, la violencia constante en el Kordofán Meridional así como las tensiones en el Nilo Azul y otras disposiciones pendientes posteriores a la separación. En ese sentido, y como se informó anteriormente al Consejo, observamos la firma de los acuerdos el 28 y el 29 de junio, sobre el Kordofán Meridional y el Nilo Azul y sobre la seguridad fronteriza, que han proporcionado un valioso marco para la continuación de las negociaciones. Sin embargo, la situación en el Kordofán Meridional sigue siendo sumamente alarmante, y continuamos instando a las partes a que alcancen cuanto antes un acuerdo sobre la cesación del fuego.",
"El acuerdo del 29 de junio tiene repercusiones concretas para la UNISFA, puesto que en él se pide que la Misión brinde protección de la fuerza a una misión de verificación de las fronteras internacionales. En la actualidad, estamos celebrando consultas con las partes para seguir precisando el carácter de esa misión de verificación de las fronteras y el posible papel de protección de la fuerza de la UNISFA. Tras concluir esas deliberaciones, el Secretario General preparará recomendaciones que someterá a la consideración del Consejo sobre el apoyo adicional que las Naciones Unidas pudieran brindar a la puesta en práctica de ese mecanismo.",
"La firma de una serie de acuerdos en las últimas semanas es positiva y muestra la buena voluntad de ambas partes en cuanto a tratar entre ellas las cuestiones de seguridad de manera pacífica. A medida que avancemos, debemos seguir respaldando a las partes para que lleguen a un pleno acuerdo sobre las cuestiones que siguen sin resolverse, como el estatuto definitivo de Abyei. Seguimos insistiendo en que la UNISFA puede brindar únicamente una solución provisional. En términos generales, las controversias fronterizas, la distribución de la riqueza, y los arreglos en materia de nacionalidad deben abordarse con carácter urgente; suponen preocupaciones prácticas para las poblaciones de ambas partes. El ex Representante Especial del Secretario General para el Sudán, Sr. Haile Menkerios, ha sido nombrado Enviado Especial para el Sudán y Sudán del Sur, y en coordinación con el Grupo de Alto Nivel de la Unión Africana encargado de la aplicación de las recomendaciones para el Sudán, dirigido por el ex Presidente Mbeki, ofrecerá los buenos oficios del Secretario General para ayudar a facilitar la conclusión de todas las cuestiones posteriores a la independencia.",
"En ese sentido, pedimos a todos los miembros del Consejo que coordinen su apoyo bilateral al Sudán y a Sudán del Sur con el Grupo de Alto Nivel de la Unión Africana encargado de la aplicación de las recomendaciones para el Sudán y con el Enviado Especial, Sr. Menkerios, para ayudar a resolver rápidamente las cuestiones pendientes.",
"El Grupo de Alto Nivel de la Unión Africana encargado de la aplicación de las recomendaciones para el Sudán, y el Presidente Mbeki, se reunirán con los Gobiernos del Sudán y Sudán del Sur en Addis Abeba, el 28 y el 29 de julio, para seguir examinando y negociando las cuestiones de seguridad, así como los arreglos financieros y monetarios de transición. Espero que ambas partes aprovechen esta oportunidad importante para resolver sus diferencias pendientes.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Doy las gracias al Sr. Le Roy por su exposición informativa.",
"No hay más oradores inscritos en mi lista. Invito ahora a los miembros del Consejo a celebrar consultas oficiosas para seguir examinando el tema.",
"Se levanta la sesión a las 15.20 horas."
] | [
"President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Barbalić\n Brazil Mrs. Dunlop \n China Mr. Wang Min \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Araud \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n India Mr. Vinay Kumar \n Lebanon Mr. Khachab \n Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Mr. Cabral \n Russian Federation Mr. Pankin \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tSir Mark LyallGrant\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo",
"Agenda",
"Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan",
"Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abyei (S/2011/451)",
"The meeting was called to order at 3.10 p.m.",
"Adoption of the agenda",
"The agenda was adopted.",
"Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan",
"Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abyei (S/2011/451)",
"The President: In accordance with rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite Mr. Alain Le Roy, Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, to participate in this meeting.",
"The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.",
"I wish to draw the attention of Council members to the report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abyei, which will be issued as document S/2011/451.",
"I now give the floor to Mr. Le Roy.",
"Mr. Le Roy (spoke in French): I thank you, Sir, for the opportunity to brief the Security Council on the situation in Abyei and the deployment of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA).",
"As Council members are aware, the status of the disputed area of Abyei remains unresolved and is a major source of tension between the Government of the Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement. In May, during the period leading up to the independence of South Sudan, an outbreak of violence culminated in the Sudanese Armed Forces taking control of Abyei town and the entire region north of the Kiir/Bahr el-Arab river and the displacement of the local population. One month ago, pursuant to the 20 June agreement between the parties, the Council authorized the deployment of UNISFA, composed of Ethiopian troops, to monitor and verify the withdrawal of all armed forces from Abyei. The mission will also include up to 50 police officers to support the formation of the Abyei police service and a limited number of civilians to support the Force.",
"I can report that as of yesterday, 26 July, 521 of the 4,200 soldiers authorized for UNISFA had been deployed on the ground, including 411 in Abyei town and 110 in Diffra, in northern Abyei. A further 495 troops are in Kadugli, awaiting deployment to Abyei. We hope to have approximately 1,200 soldiers in the area of operations in order to establish the mission’s initial operating capability by the end of July, in just a few days.",
"It is true that the deployment is encountering a variety of difficulties, and we are working closely with the Government of the Sudan to overcome these challenges. For instance, the lack of sufficient accommodation for troops limits the speed of deployment and will necessitate the construction of additional accommodation once the rainy season ends. In view of the need to proceed with the speedy implementation of the 20 June agreement, we are, as I said, working closely with the Government of the Sudan to ensure that everything possible is done to facilitate UNISFA’s deployment, including a status-of-forces agreement, which is awaiting signature.",
"In the meantime, while the security situation in Abyei remains tense, both sides appear committed to avoiding an escalation of violence and ready to cooperate with UNISFA. The Sudanese Armed Forces retain a considerable presence north of the Kiir/Bahr el-Arab river, but have indicated their intention to withdraw when UNISFA deploys. In the next few days the Head of Mission, Lieutenant General Tesfaye of Ethiopia, will discuss the precise timing of this withdrawal with the parties involved. Two days ago, on 25 July, more than 100 Sudan People’s Liberation Army soldiers were observed south of the river near Banton Bridge. However, the troops pledged not to cross the river and agreed to withdraw upon UNISFA’s deployment.",
"Concerning the humanitarian situation, which was largely described by Under-Secretary-General Valerie Amos in her briefing of the Council on 15 July, an estimated total of 113,000 persons remain displaced from their homes. About 27,000 of those are currently in Agok, south of Abyei, and the rest are in South Sudan, in Warrap, Unity, and Bahr el-Ghazal states. Humanitarian agencies have relocated their personnel in order to provide food, shelter and other emergency aid to the displaced population. As a result of the displacement and destruction in Abyei, food security, shelter and the resumption of livelihoods will be critical needs in Abyei in the future. The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights is planning to conduct an assessment mission in Abyei as soon as possible in order to take stock of the events of May and June, including allegations of human rights violations, in furtherance of the Security Council’s request for effective monitoring of respect for human rights in the region.",
"Although the deployment of UNISFA represents a positive step forward, sustained improvement in the security situation clearly will depend on the progress achieved in the political implementation of the 20 June agreement and, eventually, on the overall question of the status of Abyei. In this regard, the parties have exchanged proposals on the composition of the Abyei area administration, but have not yet finalized the appointments. Naturally, we require mutually accepted local authorities in order to ensure liaison with UNISFA in the implementation of its mandate. Those appointments have still not been made, as I said earlier.",
"(spoke in English)",
"Abyei is, of course, a critical component of the larger spectrum of security, political and economic issues that must be resolved between the Sudan and South Sudan, including the demarcation and joint management of the border, the ongoing violence in Southern Kordofan as well as the tensions in Blue Nile and other outstanding post-separation arrangements. In this context, and as previously reported to the Council, we note the signing of agreements on 28 and 29 June, on Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile and on border security, which have provided a useful framework for the continuation of the negotiations. However, the situation in Southern Kordofan remains particularly alarming, and we continue to urge the parties to reach a ceasefire as soon as possible.",
"The 29 June agreement has specific implications for UNISFA, since it requests the Mission to provide force protection for an international border-monitoring verification mission. We are currently consulting with the parties in order to further refine the nature of such a border-verification mission and the possible force protection role of UNISFA. Upon conclusion of these discussions, the Secretary-General will prepare recommendations for consideration by the Council on the further support that the United Nations may provide for the implementation of this mechanism.",
"The signing of a number of agreements over the past several weeks is welcome and shows goodwill on both sides with respect to addressing the security issues between them in a peaceful manner. As we move forward, we must continue to support the parties to reach full agreement on issues that remain unresolved, including on the final status of Abyei. We continue to stress that UNISFA can provide only a temporary solution. More broadly, border disputes, wealth-sharing and citizenship arrangements should be urgently addressed; they have practical concerns for the populations of both countries. The former Special Representative of the Secretary-General for the Sudan, Mr. Haile Menkerios, has now been appointed Special Envoy for the Sudan and South Sudan, and will, in coordination with the African Union High-level Implementation Panel (AUHIP), led by former President Mbeki, offer the good offices of the Secretary-General to help facilitate the conclusion of all post-independence issues.",
"In this regard, we call on all members of the Council to coordinate their bilateral support for both the Sudan and South Sudan with the AUHIP and the Special Envoy, Mr. Menkerios, in order to assist in the quick resolution of outstanding issues.",
"The AUHIP, with President Mbeki, will convene with the Governments of the Sudan and South Sudan in Addis Ababa on 28 and 29 July for further discussions and negotiations on security, as well as on transitional financial and currency arrangements. I hope that both sides will seize this important opportunity to resolve their remaining differences.",
"The President: I thank Mr. Le Roy for his briefing.",
"There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. I now invite Council members to informal consultations to continue our discussions on the subject.",
"The meeting rose at 3.20 p.m."
] | S_PV.6593 | [
"Chairman: Mr. Wittig (Germany) Members: Bosnia and Herzegovina Mr. Barbalić Brasil Sra. Dunlop China Mr. Wang Min Colombia Mr. Alzate United States of America Ms. DiCarlo Russian Federation Mr. Pankin France Mr. Araud Gabon Mr. Messone India Sr. Vinay Kumar Lebanon Mr. Khachab Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori Portugal Mr. Moraes Cabral United Kingdom of Great Britain Northern Ireland Sir Mark LyallGrant South Africa Mr. Sangqu",
"Agenda",
"Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan",
"Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abyei (S/2011/451)",
"The meeting was called to order at 3.10 p.m.",
"Adoption of the agenda",
"The agenda was adopted.",
"Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan",
"Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abyei (S/2011/451)",
"The President: In accordance with rule 39 of the Council ' s provisional rules of procedure, I invite the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Mr. Alain Le Roy, to participate in this session",
"The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on the agenda.",
"I should like to draw the attention of the members of the Council to the report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abyei, which will be issued as document S/2011/451.",
"I now give the floor to Mr. Le Roy.",
"Mr. Le Roy (spoke in French): Mr. President: I thank you for the opportunity you provide to inform the Security Council of the situation in Abyei and the deployment of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA).",
"As members of the Council know, the situation in the disputed area in Abyei remains unresolved and is a source of significant tensions between the Government of the Sudan and the Sudan People ' s Liberation Movement. In May, during the pre-independence phase of South Sudan, there was an outbreak of violence following which the Sudanese Armed Forces took over the city of Abyei and the entire region north of the Kiir/Bahr el-Arab River, and the local population was displaced. A month ago, under the 20 June agreement between the parties, the Council authorized the deployment of UNISFA, composed of Ethiopian troops, to monitor and verify the withdrawal of all armed forces from Abyei. The Mission will also include a total of 50 police officers to support the establishment of the Abyei Police Service and a limited number of civilians to support the Force.",
"I can report that, as of yesterday, 26 July, of the 4,200 troops authorized for UNISFA, 521 were deployed on the ground, including 411 in Abyei town and 110 in Diffra in northern Abyei. A further 495 troops are in Kadugli, awaiting deployment to Abyei. We hope to have some 1,200 troops in the area of operations to establish the Mission ' s initial operational capacity by the end of July within a few days.",
"It is true that deployment faces various difficulties, and we are working closely with the Government of the Sudan to overcome those challenges. For example, the lack of sufficient accommodation for the troops also limits the speed of deployment and will require the construction of additional accommodation once the rainy season is finished. Given the need for early implementation of the 20 June agreement, as I indicated, we are working closely with the Government of the Sudan to ensure that every effort is made to facilitate the deployment of UNISFA, including a status-of-forces agreement, which is ready for signature.",
"Meanwhile, while the security situation in Abyei remains tense, both sides seem determined to avoid escalating violence and to be willing to cooperate with UNISFA. The Sudanese Armed Forces continue to have a significant presence north of the Kiir/Bahr el-Arab River, but have indicated their intention to withdraw when UNISFA is deployed. In the coming days, the Head of Mission, Lieutenant-General Tesfaye of Ethiopia, will review the precise timetable for such withdrawal with the parties concerned. Two days ago, on 25 July, more than a hundred SPLA soldiers were detected south of the river, near the Banton Bridge. However, the troops promised not to cross the river and agreed to withdraw once the deployment of UNISFA has been completed.",
"On the humanitarian situation — that of the Under-Secretary-General, Ms. Valerie Amos, described in detail in his briefing to the Council of 15 July, estimates that a total of 113,000 people remain displaced from their homes. Nearly 27,000 of them are currently in Agok, south of Abyei, and the rest are in South Sudan, Warrap, Unity and Bahr el-Ghazal States. Humanitarian agencies have relocated their staff to provide food, shelter and other emergency assistance to the displaced population. Following the destruction and displacement experienced in Abyei, food security, shelter and the resumption of subsistence activities will be critical needs in Abyei in the future. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights plans to conduct an assessment mission in Abyei as soon as possible in order to take stock of developments in May and June, including allegations of human rights violations, in order to follow up on the Security Council ' s request for effective monitoring of respect for human rights in the region.",
"While the deployment of UNISFA represents a positive development, the sustained improvement in the security situation will clearly depend on the progress made in the political implementation of the 20 June agreement and, gradually, on the overall issue of the status of Abyei. In this regard, the parties have exchanged proposals on the composition of the administration of the Abyei Area, but have not yet completed the appointments. Of course, we need to count on mutually accepted local authorities to ensure liaison with UNISFA in fulfilling its mandate. Those appointments have not yet been completed, as I said earlier.",
"(spoke in English)",
"Abyei is, by the way, an important component of the broader spectrum of security, political and economic issues to be resolved between the Sudan and South Sudan, including demarcation and joint border management, ongoing violence in Southern Kordofan as well as tensions in the Blue Nile and other post-separation outstanding arrangements. In this regard, and as previously reported to the Council, we note the signing of the agreements on 28 and 29 June on Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile and on border security, which have provided a valuable framework for the continuation of the negotiations. However, the situation in Southern Kordofan remains extremely alarming, and we continue to urge the parties to reach an early ceasefire agreement.",
"The agreement of 29 June has specific implications for UNISFA, since it calls for the Mission to provide force protection to a verification mission on international borders. At present, we are consulting with the parties to further clarify the nature of that border verification mission and the possible role of the protection of the force of UNISFA. After concluding these discussions, the Secretary-General will prepare recommendations for consideration by the Council on the additional support that the United Nations could provide for the implementation of that mechanism.",
"The signing of a series of agreements in recent weeks is positive and shows the willingness of both parties to deal with security issues peacefully. As we move forward, we must continue to support the parties in reaching full agreement on the remaining unresolved issues, such as the final status of Abyei. We continue to insist that UNISFA can provide only one interim solution. Generally speaking, border disputes, wealth distribution, and nationality arrangements must be addressed as a matter of urgency; they pose practical concerns for the populations of both parties. The former Special Representative of the Secretary-General for the Sudan, Mr. Haile Menkerios has been appointed Special Envoy for the Sudan and South Sudan, and in coordination with the African Union High-level Implementation Panel for the Sudan, led by former President Mbeki, will provide the Secretary-General ' s good offices to assist in the conclusion of all post-independence issues.",
"In that regard, we call on all members of the Council to coordinate their bilateral support for the Sudan and South Sudan with the African Union High-level Implementation Panel for the Sudan and the Special Envoy, Mr. Menkerios, to help quickly resolve outstanding issues.",
"The African Union High-level Panel on the Implementation of the Recommendations for the Sudan, and President Mbeki, will meet with the Governments of the Sudan and South Sudan in Addis Ababa, on 28 and 29 July, to further review and negotiate security issues, as well as transitional financial and monetary arrangements. I hope both sides will take this important opportunity to resolve their outstanding differences.",
"The President: I thank Mr. Le Roy for his briefing.",
"There are no more speakers on my list. I now invite the members of the Council to hold informal consultations to continue consideration of the item.",
"The meeting rose at 3.20 p.m."
] |
[
"Presidente:\tSr. Deiss\t(Suiza)",
"Se abre la sesión a las 10.10 horas.",
"Tema 162 del programa (continuación)",
"Seguimiento de la reunión de alto nivel celebrada el 24 de septiembre de 2010: revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y promoción de las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme",
"El Presidente (habla en francés): Al dar inicio a esta sesión, quisiera encomiar la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme. Lamentablemente, a tenor del estancamiento que viene caracterizando a la Conferencia desde hace más de 10 años, no puedo hacerlo. Esto perjudica gravemente al desarme, que es, no lo olvidemos, un elemento clave de la promoción de la paz, de la Conferencia misma y de su función en la gobernanza mundial. Si la Conferencia no recupera su pulso, bien podría quedar desacreditada y resultar completamente inútil.",
"En ese contexto, deseo agradecer muy especialmente a nuestro Secretario General el empeño que ha puesto para revitalizar la Conferencia, en particular mediante la convocación de la Reunión de Alto Nivel que se celebró el pasado mes de septiembre. Apoyo plenamente esos esfuerzos. Por otra parte, ya tuve la oportunidad de transmitir mi preocupación respecto del estancamiento de la Conferencia tanto durante la Reunión de Alto Nivel como cuando me dirigí directamente a la Conferencia, en Ginebra, en febrero.",
"La Reunión de Alto Nivel dio lugar a un determinado número de iniciativas que merecen tenerse en cuenta. En particular, el hecho de que el seguimiento de la reunión quede inscrito en los programas futuros de la Primera Comisión y de la Asamblea General brindará a los Estados Miembros la oportunidad de examinar la situación en que se encuentra la Conferencia. Por otro lado, cabe recordar que este seguimiento se ajusta a lo dispuesto en la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, en la que se establece claramente que la Asamblea General",
"“podrá considerar los principios generales de la cooperación en el mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad internacionales, incluso los principios que rigen el desarme y la regulación de los armamentos.”",
"La Asamblea General está facultada para hacer recomendaciones a los Estados Miembros respecto de esa materia, e invito a los participantes a hacerlo hoy mismo.",
"Durante su período de sesiones de finales de 2010, la Primera Comisión adoptó por consenso un proyecto de resolución e incluyó el tema en el programa de su próximo período de sesiones. Animo, por lo tanto, a la Comisión a que envíe una señal clara a la Conferencia de Desarme este año a fin de que supere su estancamiento.",
"Con el fin de revitalizar la Conferencia, el Secretario General también pidió a la Junta Consultiva en Asuntos de Desarme que, durante sus dos sesiones de trabajo en 2011, se dedique exclusivamente a examinar la situación por la que atraviesa la Conferencia de Desarme. Espero que las recomendaciones contenidas en el informe elaborado por la Junta (A/65/228) merezcan toda la atención de los miembros de la Conferencia y de todos los Estados Miembros de la Asamblea General. Estimo que el establecimiento de un panel de alto nivel con personas eminentes puede aportar una nueva perspectiva y revitalizar la Conferencia. En breve tendremos la oportunidad, en una reunión oficiosa, de conocer los pormenores de la Junta.",
"A mi entender, resulta fundamental llegar a conocer la verdadera razón de esa parálisis. Algunos la achacan a la norma del consenso. Se trata de una de las normas básicas de la labor de la Conferencia, y siempre es conveniente que las decisiones de la Conferencia cuenten con un amplio respaldo. Sin embargo, la norma del consenso no debe convertirse en motivo de estancamiento ni en un derecho implícito de veto. Sin embargo, esta explicación no resulta plenamente concluyente. La Conferencia siempre ha respetado ese principio. En el pasado, en situaciones mucho más complejas y polarizadas, la Conferencia demostró tener la capacidad de culminar con éxito negociaciones difíciles.",
"Lo que falta hoy en día es una verdadera voluntad política de avanzar. Resulta necesario adoptar un enfoque flexible, que haga uso de todos los instrumentos del desarme disponibles y se base en una mayor capacidad de negociación y convicción para vencer la resistencia y generar un clima de confianza.",
"Si bien los métodos oficiosos constituyen, a mi juicio, una vía digna de probar, esos métodos y sus resultados deben, sin embargo, darse en el marco de la Conferencia. No debemos restar legitimidad a la Conferencia pretendiendo sortearla, sino que, por el contrario, debemos ayudarla a recobrar la eficacia que llegó a tener. Nuestros esfuerzos apuntan a ese objetivo, y esto es lo que debe inspirar nuestro debate de hoy.",
"Para procurar superar el actual estancamiento, conviene, en materia de desarme y no proliferación, mantener un enfoque integral. Esa es una de las grandes virtudes del programa de trabajo aprobado en 2009. Aunque, lamentablemente, nunca ha llegado a desarrollarse, dicho programa es fruto de un delicado equilibrio entre los distintos intereses e inquietudes de los Estados Miembros. En este sentido, debe servirnos de referencia si pretendemos avanzar, y podría servir de modelo cuando la Conferencia perfile su nuevo programa de trabajo. Estoy seguro de que los Estados miembros de la Conferencia acabarán asumiendo sus responsabilidades, negociando un nuevo programa de trabajo y, más aún, llevándolo a efecto.",
"En los últimos años, la situación internacional ha sido especialmente propicia para el desarme. Por lo tanto, las expectativas generadas al respecto son grandes. Nos compete no defraudarlas. Por ello, pido a los oradores de hoy que, más allá de expresar su apoyo a la Conferencia, consideren vías reales que nos permitan superar el estancamiento y generar los medios que traigan consigo avances relevantes en materia de desarme.",
"Tiene la palabra el Secretario General, Excmo. Sr. Ban Ki-moon.",
"El Secretario General (habla en inglés): Nos encontramos en un contexto de creciente crisis de confianza. Los mecanismos multilaterales de desarme de las Naciones Unidas y, más en concreto, la Conferencia de Desarme, han fallado durante demasiado tiempo. De cara al futuro, se suscitan dos preguntas fundamentales. Primero, ¿qué cabe hacer cuando el único foro mundial de negociación multilateral sobre desarme no es capaz de cumplir su mandato? Segundo, ¿cómo puede el mundo retomar el proceso de generación de normas de desarme de alcance universal?",
"Estas preguntas son las que me indujeron a convocar, el pasado mes de septiembre, la Reunión de Alto Nivel sobre la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y la promoción de las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme. Las preocupaciones dadas a conocer en esa reunión, junto con las numerosas iniciativas que ahí se propusieron, ponen de manifiesto la importancia que los Estados Miembros conceden al desafío. Asimismo, agradezco al Presidente de la Asamblea General sus esfuerzos para tratar esta cuestión. En el resumen del Presidente sobre esa sesión (A/65/496, anexo) propuse cuatro medidas.",
"En primer lugar, sugerí con ahínco que la Conferencia de Desarme retomara su programa de trabajo de 2009, o una propuesta similar presentada durante su período de sesiones de 2010. Para alentar el progreso, me dirigí a la Conferencia de Desarme en enero pasado por tercera vez en mi calidad de Secretario General. Hasta el momento, la Conferencia de Desarme no ha sido capaz de responder. Espero de los miembros una acción más certera, en espera de que la decisión final sobre el período de sesiones de 2011 de la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"En segundo lugar, propuse que la Asamblea General incluyera en el programa de su sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones un tema para dar seguimiento a la Reunión de Alto Nivel. La Asamblea aprobó la propuesta. También ha incluido el tema en su programa para el próximo sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones.",
"En tercer lugar, pedí a mi Junta Consultiva en Asuntos de Desarme que examinara las cuestiones planteadas en la Reunión de Alto Nivel. La Junta ha completado dicho examen. Los miembros tienen ante sí mi informe sobre la labor de la Junta (A/65/228), y quedo a la espera de sus comentarios.",
"En cuarto lugar, anuncié que presentaría un informe sobre la Reunión de Alto Nivel y su seguimiento durante la primera sesión del año próximo del Comité Preparatorio de la Conferencia de las Partes de 2015 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares.",
"Los Estados Miembros han señalado diversas opciones para revitalizar la Conferencia de Desarme y adelantar las negociaciones sobre desarme multilateral. Una opción apuesta por el statu quo, es decir, seguir buscando el consenso en el seno de la Conferencia de Desarme sin modificar sustancialmente su mandato ni sus normas. Sin embargo, muchos Estados son, comprensiblemente, reacios a seguir ese curso, en vista de los años que han pasado sin lograr resultado alguno. De hecho, me cuento entre los muchos que han advertido del riesgo de que el statu quo simplemente haga irrelevante y obsoleta a la Conferencia de Desarme. Un segundo tipo de opciones abarca distintas propuestas sobre reformas de carácter fundamental del mecanismo de desarme multilateral. Algunos estiman que dichas reformas podrían tratarse mejor en el marco de un cuarto período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General dedicado al desarme. Aún no hay consenso entre los Estados Miembros sobre la celebración de semejante reunión. Esto nos aboca a la tercera opción: el cambio gradual.",
"Sin embargo, incluso esas propuestas, aún siendo modestas, han encontrado resistencia. Varios Estados apuestan con fuerza ya sea en contra como a favor de cambiar el reglamento de la Conferencia de Desarme. Las propuestas sobre mecanismos especiales también han congregado partidarios y opositores. Las prioridades políticas de los Estados son muy distintas. Los Estados discrepan incluso sobre dónde deben aplicarse las reformas: ¿en la Conferencia de Desarme, en la Asamblea General y en su Primera Comisión, fuera de las Naciones Unidas, en una conferencia dedicada a un tema puntual de desarme o en un foro concreto convocado por países de ideas afines?",
"Como Secretario General, no creo que exista ninguna carencia relevante en el mecanismo de desarme de las Naciones Unidas a la que se le pueda achacar este estancamiento, y, ciertamente, ninguna carencia que no pueda superarse cambiando las políticas estatales. El problema no está en el vehículo, sino en su conductor. Importa, por encima de todo, que las prioridades de las políticas y los objetivos del desarme multilateral se acerquen. De persistir las divergencias, podríamos considerar nombrar un panel de alto nivel de personalidades, como ya he sugerido. De lo contrario, los Estados podrían entablar negociaciones en el seno de un comité especial de la Asamblea General o en una conferencia de las Naciones Unidas.",
"No existen soluciones expeditas. El camino por delante no será fácil. Sin embargo, no debemos renunciar al multilateralismo ni a cumplir con las normas universales. Debemos ser leales a los ideales de las Naciones Unidas. Al abordar el desarme, al igual que ocurre con otros bienes públicos globales, nuestro objetivo no es favorecer las preferencias de unos pocos sino promover los intereses comunes de todos.",
"Si la Conferencia de Desarme sigue estancada, la Asamblea General es competente para intervenir. Como ya he dicho, la Conferencia de Desarme no puede permanecer secuestrada por uno o dos miembros. Los problemas deben resolverse mediante la negociación. Lo que está en juego es demasiado importante para seguir sin producir resultados. El mundo espera avances. No nos demoremos más. Pongamos término a este largo ciclo de estancamiento. Por mi parte, haré cuanto pueda para ayudar a alcanzar nuestras metas comunes.",
"El Presidente (habla en francés): Agradezco al Secretario General su declaración.",
"Suspenderé ahora la sesión oficial para declarar abierta la reunión oficiosa de la Asamblea General dedicada al seguimiento de la Reunión de Alto Nivel celebrada el 24 de septiembre de 2010 sobre la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"Se suspende la sesión a las 10.25 horas y se reanuda a las 10.45 horas.",
"El Presidente (habla en francés): Quedan 50 oradores inscritos en mi lista. Ello exige cierta disciplina con respecto a la longitud de las declaraciones. Propongo que las declaraciones se limiten a ocho minutos, pero es posible hablar por menos tiempo, solo cinco minutos, y los representantes tienen la libertad de hacerlo. En la preparación de textos de esa longitud, se puede calcular que dar lectura a una página por lo general lleva tres minutos.",
"Sr. Abdelaziz (Egipto) (habla en inglés): Tengo el honor de hablar en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados en esta importante sesión. El Movimiento está compuesto por 120 países y, si me tomara ocho minutos por cada uno de ellos, me llevaría alrededor de un día completo formular mi declaración, pero no lo haré.",
"Esta sesión, convocada para dar seguimiento a la reunión de alto nivel sobre la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y la promoción de las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme que se celebró a iniciativa del Secretario General el 24 de septiembre de 2010, es sumamente importante. Sr. Presidente: Deseo dar las gracias al Secretario General y a usted por haber convocado esta sesión.",
"Como siempre se ha reiterado en las cumbres y conferencias ministeriales del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, entre ellas la reciente 16ª Conferencia Ministerial del Movimiento, celebrada en Bali (Indonesia) en mayo, el Movimiento recalca la validez absoluta de la diplomacia multilateral en el ámbito del desarme y la no proliferación nucleares. Reitera su decisión de promover el multilateralismo como principio fundamental en materia de desarme y no proliferación. El Movimiento reafirma su posición de principios sobre el desarme nuclear, que sigue siendo su máxima prioridad, y sobre las cuestiones conexas de la no proliferación nuclear en todos sus aspectos, y recalca la importancia de que los esfuerzos dirigidos a la no proliferación nuclear se realicen de manera paralela a los esfuerzos simultáneos en pos del desarme nuclear. Los progresos en ambos ámbitos son fundamentales para fortalecer la paz y la seguridad internacionales.",
"En ese sentido, el Movimiento subraya que el desarme nuclear, como máxima prioridad establecida en el primer período extraordinario de sesiones dedicado al desarme y como obligación jurídica, no debe condicionarse a las medidas de fomento de la confianza ni a los demás esfuerzos de desarme. Si bien hace hincapié en el papel fundamental de una voluntad política firme y verdadera en las negociaciones multilaterales sobre desarme, el Movimiento espera que las deliberaciones y las propuestas formuladas hoy por el Secretario General y la Junta Consultiva en Asuntos de Desarme contribuyan a aumentar la voluntad política en apoyo del mecanismo de desarme de las Naciones Unidas y las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme en el marco de las Naciones Unidas.",
"En aras de un mundo libre de armas nucleares, libre de los colosales gastos mundiales y de las energías de los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares concentradas en la posesión, el desarrollo y la modernización de las armas nucleares, en el que por el contrario se utilicen esos gastos para promover el desarrollo y la paz internacionales, es fundamental que los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares cumplan sus obligaciones en materia de desarme nuclear. Deben alcanzarse progresos concretos en las negociaciones multilaterales sobre desarme nuclear.",
"El Movimiento reitera su profunda preocupación por la falta de progresos hacia el desarme nuclear, en particular por los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares, para lograr la eliminación total de sus arsenales nucleares de conformidad con las obligaciones jurídicas multilaterales pertinentes. Como medida necesaria para el logro tan anhelado y tan dilatado del desarme general y completo, el Movimiento recalca la necesidad de que los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares cumplan sus obligaciones en materia de desarme nuclear y sus claros compromisos contraídos en 2000, reiterados posteriormente en la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares (TNP), a fin de lograr la eliminación completa de sus armas nucleares. Al respecto, el Movimiento subraya la necesidad imperiosa de iniciar negociaciones sobre el desarme nuclear general y completo con un plazo establecido y sin dilaciones.",
"El Movimiento observa con preocupación que no se ha llegado a un acuerdo multilateral sobre una serie de sus prioridades clave, en particular el inicio de las negociaciones relativas a una convención sobre las armas nucleares, y exhorta a que se alcancen progresos tangibles al respecto. Los Estados miembros del Movimiento que son partes en el TNP están convencidos de que es fundamental que se ejecute el plan de acción aprobado en la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del TNP sobre aspectos del desarme nuclear, la no proliferación nuclear, el uso de la energía nuclear con fines pacíficos y la aplicación de la resolución de 1995 relativa al Oriente Medio.",
"Al celebrar la aprobación por consenso del plan de acción detallado sobre el Oriente Medio, en particular la aplicación de la resolución de 1995 relativa al Oriente Medio y las conclusiones y recomendaciones de las medidas para dar seguimiento a la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del TNP, los Estados miembros del Movimiento que son partes en el TNP instan al Secretario General y a los patrocinadores de la resolución de 1995 a que, en estrechas consultas y coordinación con los Estados de la región, adopten sin demora las medidas necesarias para convocar en 2012 la conferencia sobre el establecimiento en el Oriente Medio de una zona libre de armas nucleares y otras armas de destrucción en masa, a la que asistirán todos los Estados del Oriente Medio.",
"El Movimiento sigue apoyando plenamente el programa multilateral de desarme y el fortalecimiento del mecanismo de desarme de las Naciones Unidas. Ya es hora de que todos los países, trabajando de consuno, cooperen más y aporten el capital político respectivo para revitalizar ese importante mecanismo. La promoción de la labor del mecanismo de desarme de las Naciones Unidas depende de la creación de un entorno político propicio, que tenga en cuenta los intereses de seguridad de todos los Estados, y no de la modificación del reglamento.",
"Si bien es necesario aumentar la eficacia del mecanismo de desarme de las Naciones Unidas, es importante recordar los logros alcanzados por la comunidad internacional a través de ese mecanismo, entre ellos los instrumentos jurídicos clave, las resoluciones, las directrices y otros documentos importantes que constituyen el marco, y son una referencia para la labor de las Naciones Unidas en los ámbitos del desarme, la no proliferación y el control de armamentos. Por consiguiente, sigue siendo importante preservar el carácter, la función y el objetivo de cada parte de ese importante mecanismo.",
"El Movimiento de los Países No Alineados reconoce la necesidad de aumentar la eficacia del mecanismo de desarme de las Naciones Unidas. En este contexto, el Movimiento de los Países No Alineados observa que la principal dificultad por la que atraviesa el mecanismo de desarme radica en la falta de una verdadera voluntad política por parte de algunos Estados con respecto a lograr progresos reales, incluso, en particular, en materia de desarme nuclear.",
"Aunque es importante recordar los logros alcanzados por la comunidad internacional en la Conferencia de Desarme, el Movimiento de los Países No Alineados expresa su desilusión ante el hecho de que la Conferencia no haya podido realizar una labor sustantiva sobre las cuestiones incluidas en su agenda durante tantos años. En ese sentido, el Movimiento de los Países No Alineados considera que es contraproducente atribuir la falta de resultados concretos en la Conferencia únicamente a su reglamento, puesto que ese enfoque podría ocultar el verdadero obstáculo que afronta la Conferencia, que es la falta de voluntad política.",
"El Movimiento de los Países No Alineados reafirma la importancia de la Conferencia de Desarme como único órgano multilateral de negociación en materia de desarme y reitera su llamamiento a la Conferencia para que llegue a un acuerdo sobre un programa de trabajo equilibrado y amplio, creando, entre otros, cuanto antes y como máxima prioridad un comité especial sobre desarme nuclear. El Movimiento de los Países No Alineados insiste en la necesidad de iniciar negociaciones sin mayor dilación sobre un programa gradual destinado a eliminar totalmente las armas nucleares en un plazo concreto, incluida una convención sobre las armas nucleares. El Movimiento de los Países No Alineados reitera la importancia de la conclusión unánime a la que llegó la Corte Internacional de Justicia en el sentido de que existe una obligación de realizar de buena fe y llevar a término negociaciones que conduzcan al desarme nuclear en todos sus aspectos bajo un control internacional estricto y eficaz.",
"El Movimiento de los Países No Alineados tomó conocimiento de que no se cumplió el programa de trabajo para el periodo de sesiones de 2009 (CD/1864) aprobado en la Conferencia, el 29 de mayo de 2009. El Movimiento de los Países No Alineados exhorta a la Conferencia a que llegue a un acuerdo por consenso sobre un programa de trabajo equilibrado y amplio sin mayor dilación.",
"El Movimiento de los Países No Alineados insta a la Conferencia de Desarme a que examine la posibilidad de nombrar cuanto antes a un coordinador especial para la ampliación de la composición de la Conferencia, con el propósito de examinar el posible aumento del número de sus miembros, de conformidad con su reglamento.",
"El Movimiento de los Países No Alineados reafirma también la importancia y pertinencia de la Comisión de Desarme como único órgano de deliberación especializado en el mecanismo multilateral de desarme de las Naciones Unidas y reafirma que la total eliminación de las armas nucleares es la única garantía absoluta contra el uso o la amenaza del uso de las armas nucleares, como se reiteró en la declaración sobre la total eliminación de las armas nucleares aprobada en la 16ª Reunión Ministerial del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, celebrada en Bali.",
"El Movimiento de los Países No Alineados examinará las recomendaciones contenidas en el informe de la Junta Consultiva y presentará nuestras opiniones durante los debates sobre esa cuestión en el sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el Observador Permanente de la Unión Europea.",
"Sr. Serrano (Unión Europea) (habla en inglés): Tengo el honor de hablar en nombre de la Unión Europea. Hacen suya esta declaración Croacia, la ex República Yugoslava de Macedonia, Montenegro e Islandia, países candidatos; Albania, Bosnia y Herzegovina, Serbia, países del Proceso de Estabilización y Asociación y candidatos potenciales, así como Ucrania, la República de Moldova y Georgia.",
"Sr. Presidente: En primer lugar, quisiera felicitarlo por haber programado este debate en este momento tan pertinente. Quisiera también dar las gracias al Secretario General por sus esfuerzos y por el mensaje que nos transmitió hoy, así como al Presidente del Grupo Asesor y al Presidente de la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"La Unión Europea efectivamente está desilusionada por la falta de progresos desde que se celebró la reunión de alto nivel el pasado septiembre. Sin embargo, esperamos que nuestras deliberaciones de hoy demuestren ser una oportunidad para escuchar los llamamientos formulados en aquella reunión para que se celebren debates concretos y con visión de futuro de las futuras alternativas, tanto para revitalizar la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme como para examinar las ideas prácticas sobre la manera de celebrar las negociaciones multilaterales en materia de desarme.",
"Nos alienta el hecho de que la reunión de alto nivel y la resolución de seguimiento de la Asamblea General, resolución 65/93, hayan estimulado el proceso de reflexión tanto en Ginebra como en Nueva York. De hecho, nos han alentado los importantes logros positivos alcanzados en los ámbitos del desarme y la no proliferación a nivel mundial durante los dos últimos años, como demuestran, por ejemplo, la resolución 1887 (2009) del Consejo de Seguridad, el Nuevo Tratado START, la Cumbre sobre seguridad nuclear celebrada en Washington, la Conferencia de las Partes encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares (TNP) y el intenso debate público internacional en el que usted, Señor Secretario General, ha participado personalmente, a través de su plan de cinco puntos. La Unión Europea acoge con sumo beneplácito esos logros, aunque, por supuesto, somos conscientes de que será necesario un esfuerzo renovado y constante para garantizar que la comunidad internacional aproveche el nuevo impulso.",
"En realidad, es hora ya de reforzar y revitalizar los esfuerzos multilaterales, puesto que todos reconocemos que los problemas de seguridad mundiales de hoy requieren soluciones multilaterales y de cooperación. Nosotros, en la Unión Europea, estamos plenamente comprometidos con mantener y fortalecer el impulso y con aplicar los resultados convenidos para cooperar plenamente con los demás Estados, porque ello se corresponde con nuestra estrategia de lucha contra la proliferación de las armas de destrucción en masa y porque es hoy más que nunca una condición clave de la paz y la seguridad internacionales.",
"A pesar de las tendencias positivas en general, la Unión Europea sigue profundamente preocupada por la disfunción aparente de una parte fundamental del mecanismo de desarme: el actual estancamiento de la Conferencia de Desarme. La aprobación en 2009 del programa de trabajo habría sido un importante logro que nos habría permitido a los miembros de la Conferencia iniciar negociaciones sobre un tratado multilateral y verificable por el que se prohíba la producción de material fisionable para las armas nucleares y otros dispositivos explosivos nucleares. Para la Unión Europea, el inicio de esas negociaciones sigue siendo importante y urgente. Por consiguiente, la Unión Europea sigue exhortando a los últimos Estados que quedan hasta la fecha que no están dispuestos a sumarse al consenso a que inicien negociaciones sobre un tratado de suspensión de la producción de material fisionable. El así hacerlo permitiría a la Conferencia reanudar su función negociadora y recobrar de ese modo la credibilidad y seguir promoviendo el cumplimiento de su objetivo fundamental.",
"Consideramos que todos los Estados miembros de la Conferencia de Desarme deberían valorar el hecho de que el inicio de las negociaciones del tratado de suspensión de la producción de material fisionable es el comienzo de un proceso de identificación y protección de las preocupaciones de seguridad nacional concretas, y no el resultado de dicho proceso. La Unión Europea considera que el obstáculo a todo el foro de la Conferencia de Desarme por la negativa incluso a comenzar las negociaciones es una práctica inaceptable, que socava gravemente el principio de la cooperación multilateral.",
"Consideramos también que hay medidas de fomento de la confianza que pueden adoptarse de inmediato, sin esperar el inicio de negociaciones oficiales. Por ello, pedimos a todos los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares que declaren y luego respeten una moratoria de la producción del material fisionable para las armas nucleares u otros dispositivos explosivos nucleares.",
"Por consiguiente, la Unión Europea reitera una vez más su compromiso de participar en los debates sustantivos sobre todas las demás cuestiones fundamentales que figuran en la agenda de la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"Lamentamos profundamente que a pesar de las manifestaciones claras de una voluntad política firme por parte de la mayoría de los miembros de la Conferencia de Desarme y el firme apoyo a las negociaciones y a los llamamientos claros formulados tanto en el actual período de sesiones de la Asamblea General como en la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del TNP, la Conferencia de Desarme no haya podido aprovechar aún el impulso hacia el desarme y la no proliferación a nivel mundial. Reconocemos las preocupaciones de seguridad de todos los Estados, pero al mismo tiempo estamos firmemente convencidos de que no debe abusarse de la norma del consenso. El mundo no puede permitirse quedarse estancado en las cuestiones fundamentales del desarme y la no proliferación ni permitirse que cuestiones de procedimiento obstaculicen el verdadero progreso político. Por consiguiente, el examen de los métodos de trabajo es parte de las propuestas de la Unión Europea para mejorar el funcionamiento de la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"Permítaseme aprovechar esta ocasión para reiterar el compromiso permanente de la Unión Europea con el aumento del número de miembros de la Conferencia de Desarme. La Unión Europea respalda el llamamiento formulado por el grupo oficioso de los Estados observadores ante la Conferencia, incluidos algunos Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, para que se nombre, durante el actual período de sesiones, a un coordinador especial para la ampliación de la composición de la Conferencia.",
"De conformidad con el compromiso de la Unión Europea con la sociedad civil, estamos también interesados en explorar las vías para fortalecer la voz de las organizaciones no gubernamentales y vincular las instituciones de investigación a la labor de la Conferencia.",
"La Primera Comisión es otro órgano importante en el que pueden celebrarse de manera fructífera debates sobre las temáticas de actualidad y las posibles iniciativas sobre cuestiones relativas a la no proliferación y el desarme. Los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas comparten la responsabilidad por el mantenimiento y la importancia de este foro, y por lo tanto, consideramos que la Primera Comisión debería mejorar sus métodos de trabajo para que pueda examinar los desafíos contemporáneos en materia de seguridad y elaborar medidas concretas para hacerles frente.",
"Quisiera asimismo mencionar a la Comisión de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas. Consideramos que también deberían examinarse a fondo y mejorarse sus procedimientos y principios de funcionamiento.",
"Una mayor participación de la sociedad civil en la labor de ese órgano también sería acogida con beneplácito. La Comisión de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas tiene por objetivo presentar recomendaciones sobre las cuestiones en materia de desarme y control de armamentos a la Asamblea General y, a través de ella, a la Conferencia de Desarme. De hecho, la Unión Europea observa con gran pesar que los órganos de deliberación y negociación creados bajo los auspicios de la Asamblea General no han cumplido sus objetivos convenidos durante más de un decenio.",
"La Conferencia de Desarme, de conformidad con el mandato que recibió, debería ser el lugar en el que se elaboren los tratados multilaterales compartidos por igual por los Estados que son poseedores de armas nucleares y los Estados que no lo son. Sin embargo, habida cuenta del constante estancamiento en la Conferencia, es necesario que la comunidad internacional reflexione sobre las alternativas y, de ser necesario, identifique otras formas de garantizar el progreso. Sr. Presidente: En resumen, la Unión Europea está dispuesta a participar con usted y con todos los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas en la tarea de identificar los medios y arbitrios para superar el estancamiento de la Conferencia.",
"Permítaseme resumir las propuestas concretas de la Unión Europea. En primer lugar, pedimos que todos los Estados miembros de la Conferencia de Desarme inicien sin dilación las negociaciones sobre un tratado de suspensión de la producción de material fisionable y comiencen a trabajar en las demás cuestiones que figuran en la agenda. En segundo lugar, pedimos a todos los Estados que poseen armas nucleares que declaren y respeten una moratoria inmediata de la producción de material fisionable para las armas nucleares u otros dispositivos explosivos nucleares. En tercer lugar, pedimos a la Conferencia de Desarme, a la Primera Comisión y a la Comisión de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas que examinen sus métodos de trabajo y reflejen debidamente esta cuestión en sus informes a la Asamblea General. Por supuesto, exhortamos a la Asamblea a que se siga ocupando de la cuestión. En cuarto lugar, pedimos a la Conferencia de Desarme que incluya a los actuales Estados observadores como miembros de pleno derecho. Por último, pedimos a la Conferencia de Desarme que siga estudiando formas de fortalecer la contribución de las organizaciones no gubernamentales en la Conferencia y aumente los contactos con las instituciones de investigación.",
"Para concluir, reiteramos nuestro compromiso de hacer que las Naciones Unidas y el mecanismo de desarme sean capaces de arrojar resultados tangibles. Estamos también dispuestos a trabajar con todas las delegaciones en nuevas medidas para hacer otras sugerencias operacionales y prever otras alternativas concretas y operacionales. El funcionamiento eficaz de las instituciones multilaterales de desarme es fundamental para nuestra seguridad. El estancamiento a largo plazo de los foros de desarme fundamentales, como la Conferencia de Desarme, presenta un grave problema que exige que todos los Estados lo superen. Además, se está agotando el tiempo. Es necesario que la Conferencia de Desarme reanude su labor sin dilación. Reiteramos nuestro llamamiento para que se le dé seguimiento sustantivo y para que el mecanismo de desarme alcance el objetivo para el que cual fue creado.",
"Sr. Araud (Francia) (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Permítame en nombre de la República Popular de China, Francia, la Federación de Rusia, el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte y los Estados Unidos de América, darle las gracias por haber convocado esta sesión de seguimiento a la Reunión de Alto Nivel, celebrada el 24 de septiembre de 2010. Celebramos el compromiso personal y el liderazgo que usted ha mostrado en cuanto al desarme y a la no proliferación. Respaldamos plenamente sus constantes esfuerzos por revitalizar la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme. Nos preocupa muchísimo su estancamiento de larga data y la falta de progresos desde la reunión celebrada el año pasado. Es fundamental reiterar la función negociadora de la Conferencia y permitir que reanude su labor sustantiva sin dilación.",
"Diez meses después de la Reunión de Alto Nivel, la sesión de seguimiento de hoy es una ocasión oportuna para reflexionar sobre la situación del mecanismo de desarme y examinar las vías para seguir progresando en materia de desarme y de paz y seguridad internacionales.",
"Celebramos los numerosos logros positivos alcanzados en materia de control de armamentos, desarme y no proliferación. En particular, la aprobación de un plan de acción concreto y equilibrado sobre los tres pilares del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de armas nucleares en la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del TNP ha demostrado el firme compromiso de la comunidad internacional de reforzar el régimen internacional de no proliferación nuclear y hacer frente a las cuestiones nucleares con un enfoque global y pragmático.",
"Ahora bien, todos los Estados partes deben trabajar de consuno para promover la aplicación del plan de acción del TNP. En ese sentido, los cinco Estados miembros permanentes del Consejo de Seguridad están firmemente decididos a asumir sus responsabilidades y desempeñar la parte que les corresponde. En la Reunión de Alto Nivel, celebrada en septiembre del año pasado, Francia se comprometió a organizar la primera reunión de los cinco permanentes, de seguimiento a la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del TNP.",
"Por consiguiente, el 30 de junio y el 1 de julio, los cinco miembros permanentes se reunieron en París a nivel de directores generales y de expertos con el objetivo de examinar el progreso alcanzado en cuanto al compromiso que contrajeron en la Conferencia de Examen del TNP y contribuir a los preparativos del próximo ciclo de examen del TNP. Examinaron una amplia gama de cuestiones relativas al desarme y a la no proliferación nucleares. Esa fue la segunda vez que los cinco permanentes se reunieron en ese formato con ese programa, siendo el primero la Conferencia de Londres sobre las medidas de fomento de la confianza, celebrada en 2009. Por consiguiente, la Conferencia de París fue una oportunidad importante y fundamental para seguir creando la confianza mutua y la confianza en las cuestiones nucleares.",
"Quisiera compartir con la Asamblea los resultados generales de nuestros debates, que se reflejaron en el comunicado de prensa conjunto definitivo emitido al final de la Conferencia. Como Estados poseedores de armas nucleares, examinamos la manera en que intentamos cumplir nuestras obligaciones en materia de desarme en virtud del TNP, incluida la participación en las actividades que figuran en el plan de acción del TNP de 2010, principalmente las acciones señaladas en la medida 5, así como la presentación de informes y otras actividades.",
"Continuamos nuestros debates previos sobre las cuestiones relativas a la transparencia y la confianza mutua, incluidas la doctrina y las capacidades nucleares, y la verificación. Esas medidas son importantes para establecer una base firme para los esfuerzos ulteriores en materia de desarme.",
"Compartimos también opiniones sobre las medidas destinadas a defender el pilar de la no proliferación a fin de incluir la manera de responder a las notificaciones de retirada del TNP, reconociendo las disposiciones del artículo 10, y recalcamos la necesidad de fortalecer las salvaguardias del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica (OIEA), incluso promoviendo la aprobación del Protocolo facultativo y el fortalecimiento de los recursos y las capacidades del OIEA para impedir y detectar el incumplimiento.",
"Todos los Estados —partes y no partes en el TNP— deben contribuir a cumplir el objetivo general del desarme creando el entorno de seguridad necesario, resolviendo las tensiones regionales, promoviendo la seguridad colectiva, garantizando que el régimen internacional de no proliferación nuclear siga siendo sólido y fiable, y avanzando en todos los ámbitos del desarme.",
"Estamos convencidos de que, como el único foro multilateral de negociación permanente de la comunidad internacional en materia de desarme, la Conferencia de Desarme debe mantener la función primordial en las negociaciones sustantivas sobre las cuestiones prioritarias del desarme. Pedimos a todos los Estados miembros de la Conferencia que acuerden sin dilación un programa de trabajo amplio y equilibrado, que permita a la Conferencia reanudar su labor sustantiva.",
"Reconocimos que el único elemento clave en la aplicación eficaz del artículo 6 del TNP y en la prevención de la proliferación nuclear es la negociación de un tratado de suspensión de la producción de material fisionable. Ese Tratado ayudaría a prohibir la producción de los componentes básicos más importantes necesarios para las armas nucleares. Reiteramos nuestro apoyo al inicio inmediato de negociaciones en la Conferencia de Desarme de un tratado de suspensión de la producción de material fisionable, incluidas las disposiciones de verificación.",
"Con el objetivo de mantener la posibilidad de celebrar negociaciones en la Conferencia, los cinco permanentes, antes del próximo período de sesiones de la Asamblea General, renovarán sus esfuerzos con los demás asociados pertinentes para promover dicha negociación. Además, los cinco permanentes recuerdan su compromiso con la promoción y la garantía de la rápida entrada en vigor del Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares y su universalización.",
"(continúa en francés)",
"Quisiera en esta coyuntura formular algunas observaciones breves a título nacional. Respaldo plenamente la declaración de la Unión Europea. Francia, en todos los foros, incluido el Grupo de los Ocho que preside, respalda toda iniciativa destinada a mejorar la seguridad internacional en todos los ámbitos: nuclear, biológico, químico, convencional, de la proliferación balística y el espacio.",
"Debemos seguir insistiendo unidos ante aquellos que podrían aprovecharse del estancamiento en la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme en el hecho de que van en contra de la historia. Hoy hay un consenso, menos uno, para iniciar las negociaciones sobre un tratado de suspensión de la producción de material fisionable. Huelga decir que esperamos que esas negociaciones se celebren bajo los auspicios de la Conferencia, puesto que esa es la razón de su existencia.",
"En cuanto al inicio de las negociaciones, debemos demostrar de manera palpable nuestro compromiso con respecto a poner fin a la promoción del material fisionable para las armas nucleares. Los cuatro Estados poseedores de armas nucleares ya han declarado una moratoria de la producción de dicho material. Pedimos seriamente a todas las Potencias nucleares que declaren de inmediato una moratoria similar. Además, debemos ir incluso más allá y detener de manera irreversible la producción de material fisionable. Francia ha sido pionera en este ámbito desmantelando de manera irreversible sus instalaciones de producción.",
"En aras de ahorrar tiempo, me detendré aquí, la versión completa de mi declaración estará a su disposición en la página Web de la Misión Permanente de Francia ante las Naciones Unidas.",
"Sr. Quinlan (Australia) (habla en inglés): Tengo el privilegio de hablar hoy en nombre de la Iniciativa de Desarme y No Proliferación, cuyos miembros actuales son Australia, Canadá, Chile, Alemania, Japón, México, los Países Bajos, Polonia, Turquía y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos.",
"Sr. Presidente: Agradecemos que haya convocado este debate, así como sus esfuerzos personales para la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme, incluso mediante su visita a Ginebra este año. Celebramos también el compromiso del Secretario General con esta importante tarea.",
"Este debate se produce en un momento adecuado. Al concluir la segunda parte del período de sesiones anual de la Conferencia y mucho antes del sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General, este es el momento preciso para evaluar de manera conjunta los logros que se han alcanzado desde la última reunión de alto nivel sobre la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme, celebrada en septiembre, e intercambiar las opiniones sobre la manera de facilitar la reanudación de la labor sustantiva de la Conferencia. Debemos aprovechar el período de impulso reflexivo que predomina en Nueva York y en Ginebra en los últimos meses, y para lo cual la propia reunión fue un estímulo constructivo.",
"La Iniciativa de Desarme y No Proliferación se creó en septiembre de 2010 para aprovechar el impulso renovado en los ámbitos del desarme y la no proliferación dimanados, en particular, de la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares (TNP). En su segunda reunión de los ministros de Relaciones Exteriores, celebrada en Berlín, el 30 de abril, los Estados miembros de la Iniciativa reafirmaron su intención de trabajar para lograr el desarme nuclear y fortalecer el régimen internacional de no proliferación. Al reconocer el peligro para toda la humanidad que presenta la posibilidad del uso de las armas nucleares y la necesidad de hacer frente al aumento de los riesgos de proliferación, de disminuir los arsenales nucleares, de fortalecer la seguridad nuclear y mejorar la seguridad nuclear, seguimos considerando obligatorio y urgente disminuir los riesgos nucleares y lograr progresos tangibles en el camino hacia un mundo libre de armas nucleares. En Berlín, los ministros de Relaciones Exteriores de la Iniciativa reiteraron su decisión de respaldar y ayudar a impulsar la aplicación de los resultados consensuados de la Conferencia de Examen del TNP, celebrada el año pasado.",
"Los miembros de la Iniciativa de Desarme y No Proliferación han acogido con beneplácito, en ocasiones dirigido y con certeza participado activamente en las distintas iniciativas en la primera y segunda parte del período de sesiones de la Conferencia de Desarme de este año con el objetivo de facilitar la labor sobre sus actuales cuestiones fundamentales. Sin embargo, al mismo tiempo, observamos con profundo pesar que la Conferencia no ha podido aprovechar las amplias tendencias positivas en los ámbitos del desarme y la no proliferación. Hasta la fecha no se han aplicado las tres medidas que figuran en el plan de acción de la Conferencia de Examen del TNP relativas a su labor: La medida 6 sobre el establecimiento de un órgano subsidiario para hacer frente al desarme nuclear; la medida 7 relativa a los exámenes sustantivos sobre las garantías negativas de seguridad; y la medida 15 relativa a las negociaciones sobre el tratado de suspensión de la producción de material fisionable.",
"Hemos reconocido también que, en lugar de alcanzar progresos, la Conferencia en realidad ha dado un paso hacia atrás desde su aprobación por consenso de un programa de trabajo (CD/1864) en mayo de 2009. Estamos convencidos de que el uso de la norma de consenso para impedir el inicio de las negociaciones sobre el tratado de suspensión de la producción de material fisionable, así como los exámenes sustantivos sobre las otras tres cuestiones fundamentales, no sólo ha dañado la credibilidad ya disminuida de la Conferencia, sino que también han socavado gravemente todo el proceso multilateral de desarme y, a la larga, por lo tanto, los intereses de seguridad de toda la comunidad internacional.",
"Durante más de un decenio, la Conferencia de Desarme no ha podido cumplir la tarea que se le ha encomendado, a saber, la negociación de los instrumentos de desarme y no proliferación. En vista de esta situación, reiteramos nuestra firme convicción de que la Conferencia debe iniciar de inmediato las negociaciones sobre un tratado de suspensión de la producción de material fisionable. Sin embargo, si bien la paciencia es una virtud, por supuesto, la constante pasividad no lo es. Por consiguiente, si seguimos eludiendo un acuerdo sobre el inicio de las negociaciones sobre el tratado de suspensión de la producción de material fisionable en la tercera parte del período de sesiones de la Conferencia, estamos decididos a pedir a la Asamblea General en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones a finales de este año que aborde la cuestión y considere la manera de proceder con el objetivo de iniciar las negociaciones sobre ese tratado.",
"Por supuesto, reconocemos que las negociaciones sobre el tratado de suspensión de la producción de material fisionable serán difíciles desde los puntos de vista político y técnico, independientemente de la sede que se seleccione. A nuestro modo de ver, esos dos aspectos están estrechamente relacionados. Si bien seguimos considerando que el inicio cuanto antes de las negociaciones sobre un tratado de suspensión de la producción de material fisionable es prioridad, consideramos que la creación de un grupo de expertos científicos encargados de examinar los aspectos técnicos del tratado podría facilitar y contribuir al inicio de las negociaciones. Estamos dispuestos a examinar esta idea con las partes interesadas.",
"Las preocupaciones de la Iniciativa de Desarme y No Proliferación no se limitan en modo alguno a un aspecto concreto de la labor de la Conferencia. Con el objetivo de convertirla en una institución que funcione de manera eficaz con una composición que refleje las realidades de este siglo, no del siglo pasado, es necesario que se examinen a fondo sus actuales métodos de trabajo, se revise su composición y se aumente su interacción con la sociedad civil.",
"Si bien consideramos que la reanudación de la labor sustantiva de la Conferencia es la tarea más urgente que tenemos, nuestro interés en revitalizarla va más allá de ella. La Comisión de Desarme constituye otro pilar importante desde el punto de vista teórico pero parte cada vez menos importante del mecanismo de desarme de las Naciones Unidas. Mucho se beneficiaría de una revisión de su actual labor y de una reforma estructural bien calibrada.",
"Además, pedimos a la propia Primera Comisión de la Asamblea General que aumente su pertinencia práctica para el desarme y la seguridad internacional. Habida cuenta del objetivo del debate de hoy, recurrimos principalmente a ella para impulsar el tratado de suspensión de la producción de material fisionable y otras cuestiones fundamentales del desarme. En general, la Asamblea debería, a nuestro juicio, seguir desempeñando un papel importante para canalizar las expectativas de la comunidad internacional frente al mecanismo multilateral de desarme e identificar las posibles soluciones a los problemas que persisten. Esperamos con interés que esto se logre, así como también los posibles debates futuros sobre la cuestión fundamental y sumamente pertinente de impulsar las negociaciones multilaterales sobre el desarme.",
"Sr. Tatham (Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte) (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Le doy las gracias por haber convocado este importante debate. El Reino Unido celebra su compromiso personal y el liderazgo que ha mostrado en materia de desarme y no proliferación. Nos complace mucho tener esta oportunidad de hacer un balance desde la reunión de alto nivel sobre la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y la promoción de las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme.",
"El Gobierno del Reino Unido sigue firmemente comprometido con el objetivo a largo plazo de lograr un mundo sin armas nucleares, y con alcanzar progresos en el desarme multilateral. Tomamos con seriedad nuestras obligaciones internacionales en materia de desarme y hemos alcanzado progresos concretos en el año transcurrido. En nuestro examen estratégico de la defensa y la seguridad realizado en octubre de 2010, anunciamos una serie de medidas de desarme para reducir el número de ojivas y misiles nucleares en nuestros submarinos. Ofrecimos también una garantía nueva y más sólida a los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares.",
"En 2011 se ha progresado bastante en el programa internacional de desarme. En febrero, entró en vigor el nuevo Tratado START, y hace unas semanas, los cinco Estados poseedores de armas nucleares reconocidos en el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares (TNP) participaron en una conferencia de los cinco miembros permanentes del Consejo de Seguridad en París. Era apenas la segunda vez que se celebraba una reunión de ese tipo, tras la reunión que organizó el Reino Unido en 2009. Quedamos muy satisfechos con las deliberaciones que se mantuvieron sobre fomento de la confianza y con la oportunidad de analizar detenidamente nuestras obligaciones de desarme.",
"Los resultados de la conferencia, que mi colega francés ya ha explicado en nombre de los cinco miembros permanentes, demuestran claramente nuestra determinación colectiva de trabajar juntos para cumplir los compromisos contraídos en el plan de acción de la Conferencia de Examen del TNP celebrada en 2010 (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). Ello incluye medidas prácticas adoptadas por el Reino Unido, los Estados Unidos y Rusia como depositarios del TNP en consonancia con nuestro compromiso de aplicar la resolución del TNP de 1995 sobre un Oriente Medio libre de armas de destrucción en masa y sus medios vectores.",
"Esperamos poder avanzar en relación con las iniciativas de desarme y fomento de la confianza acordadas en la conferencia. Como parte de este trabajo de seguimiento, el Reino Unido auspiciará una reunión a nivel de expertos con los demás miembros permanentes del Consejo de Seguridad sobre las enseñanzas adquiridas en el trabajo pionero que llevamos a cabo con Noruega sobre la verificación del desmantelamiento de ojivas nucleares. Nuestro trabajo con Noruega ha demostrado que tanto los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares como los Estados que no poseen armas nucleares son capaces de contribuir activamente al cumplimiento de sus obligaciones en relación con el TNP a través de la investigación sobre la verificación del desarme nuclear y, al mismo tiempo, cumplir con sus obligaciones de no proliferación. De hecho, la cooperación de los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares en la investigación sobre la verificación del desarme nuclear es necesaria para lograr soluciones técnicas y de procedimiento eficaces y de confianza mutua para apoyar un desarme nuclear multilateral verificable.",
"A pesar del avance positivo y del ímpetu que se ha logrado en otros ámbitos, hasta el momento la Conferencia de Desarme de Ginebra no ha logrado realizar ningún trabajo sustantivo desde la Reunión de Alto Nivel de septiembre pasado. Hay un apoyo general al principio de un tratado que ponga fin a la producción futura de material fisionable para armas nucleares. El inicio de negociaciones sobre un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable en la Conferencia de Desarme constituiría un logro importante y una base necesaria para nuestra meta de un mundo sin armas nucleares. Lamentablemente, como todos sabemos, hay un país que sigue bloqueando este paso. Es por esta razón, y no por ninguna otra, que estamos aquí hoy y que no hemos logrado ningún progreso tangible sobre el tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable desde la Reunión de Alto Nivel de septiembre pasado.",
"Para avanzar, tenemos que centrarnos colectivamente en convencer a todos los miembros a que accedan de nuevo a que la Conferencia de Desarme reanude su trabajo y comience a negociar un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable. Las actividades paralelas organizadas por nuestros colegas de Australia y el Japón constituyeron una iniciativa positiva e informativa en ese sentido.",
"Para que fortalezca el marco mundial de desarme y no proliferación de una manera significativa, un futuro tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable debe prohibir a todos los Estados la producción de material fisionable destinado a armas nucleares y a otros artefactos explosivos. Por esta razón, el Reino Unido desea volver a insistir en su firme compromiso de iniciar negociaciones sobre un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable en la Conferencia de Desarme. La Conferencia de Desarme es la mejor opción que tenemos para negociar con todos los Estados interesados como miembros. Es una institución que, a través de su reglamento, respeta la seguridad de todos. Todavía tenemos a punto un programa de trabajo, acordado por todos excepto uno. En el documento CD/1864 se prevén negociaciones sobre un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable, así como debates de fondo sobre los demás temas del programa respecto de los cuales la Conferencia de Desarme tampoco ha conseguido avanzar en los últimos dos años.",
"Tenemos que seguir demostrando a todos los miembros que las normas consolidadas de la Conferencia de Desarme protegen los intereses de seguridad de todos los países, tanto durante las negociaciones como en la eventual firma y fase de ratificación. Es de prever que a algunos países les preocupe lo que ese tratado pudiera significar para ellos. Habrá oportunidades de sobra para tratar todas las cuestiones e inquietudes en la mesa de negociaciones.",
"En la declaración pública que se formuló después de la conferencia de los cinco miembros permanentes celebrada en París, se reiteró el firme apoyo de los cinco al inicio inmediato de negociaciones sobre un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable en la Conferencia de Desarme. Los cinco miembros permanentes se comprometieron a redoblar los esfuerzos con los asociados pertinentes para promover esas negociaciones antes del próximo período de sesiones de la Asamblea General. Tenemos la intención de seguir conversando detenidamente sobre las cuestiones principales del tratado con otros interlocutores pertinentes, basándonos en las actividades paralelas que ya han tenido lugar. Con el progreso de esas conversaciones, seguirá aumentando el ímpetu hacia las negociaciones en la Conferencia de Desarme. Instamos a todos los Estados a que mantengan este ímpetu, y al último Estado restante a que se sume al consenso y ponga fin a su bloqueo para que la Conferencia de Desarme pueda llevar a cabo su trabajo lo antes posible. Este bloqueo ha sido perjudicial para el multilateralismo dentro de las Naciones Unidas y ha alentado a algunos a estudiar la posibilidad de prescindir de las instituciones tradicionales para tratar de progresar rápidamente sobre un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable.",
"Es urgente que la Conferencia de Desarme demuestre que sigue siendo pertinente y que puede hacer gala de su potencial como la mejor vía para encontrar soluciones sostenibles a los desafíos del control de armamentos, el desarme y la no proliferación mundiales en el siglo XXI.",
"Sra. Gottemoeller (Estados Unidos de América) (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Gracias por la oportunidad de intervenir hoy. Los Estados Unidos acogieron con beneplácito la iniciativa del Secretario General de convocar en septiembre pasado la reunión de alto nivel sobre la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y la promoción de las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme, con la esperanza de que estimularía el progreso en las negociaciones sobre un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable en la Conferencia de Desarme. Fuimos uno de los patrocinadores de la resolución 65/93 sobre el seguimiento de la Reunión de alto nivel, y también celebramos que hoy tengamos esta oportunidad de hacer balance de dónde estamos 10 meses después. Sr. Presidente: Los Estados Unidos comparten su compromiso de progresar, y su interés por que este proceso avance.",
"Hace dos años, en el discurso que pronunció en Praga, el Presidente Obama declaró el compromiso de los Estados Unidos de “buscar la paz y la seguridad de un mundo sin armas nucleares” y presentó un plan de acción para medidas prácticas a corto plazo a fin de avanzar en ese sentido. Desde entonces, se ha registrado un progreso significativo. No voy a explicarlo ahora con todo detalle, pero quisiera destacar algunos éxitos, ya que contrastan con el hecho de que se fracase constantemente a la hora de iniciar negociaciones sobre un objetivo prioritario: la prohibición de la producción de material fisionable destinado a armas nucleares.",
"Un logro clave del año pasado en el control de armamentos fue la entrada en vigor del nuevo Tratado START con la Federación de Rusia el pasado mes de febrero. La aplicación del Tratado ya está en marcha. Hasta el fin de semana pasado, nosotros y la Federación de Rusia habíamos intercambiado 1.000 notificaciones sobre la aplicación del régimen del Tratado. Además, hemos llevado a cabo 13 inspecciones, seis de ellas las ha realizado la Federación de Rusia y siete los Estados Unidos. Estamos a la par en nuestros esfuerzos de aplicación.",
"En mayo, el Presidente Obama también presentó al Senado los protocolos de los Tratados relativos a zonas libres de armas nucleares en África y el Pacífico Sur para que el Senado aportara sus consejos y consentimiento. Por otro lado, estamos en conversaciones con las partes en los Tratados sobre zonas libres de armas nucleares en el Asia sudoriental y el Asia central para tratar de llegar a un acuerdo que permitiera a los Estados Unidos firmar también los Protocolos de dichos tratados.",
"Los Estados Unidos mantienen su compromiso de lograr la ratificación del Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares, y estamos concienciando al Senado y a la opinión pública estadounidense del mérito de ese Tratado.",
"Como ya informó el representante de Francia, los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares reconocidos en el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares (TNP) —los cinco miembros permanentes— se reunieron en París el 30 de junio y el 1 de julio para conversar sobre asuntos relacionados con el desarme y la no proliferación nucleares, en particular las medidas esbozadas en el plan de acción aprobado en la Conferencia de las Partes del Año 2010 encargada del examen del TNP (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). De esta manera se dio seguimiento a las conversaciones iniciadas en Londres en 2009, y se continuará con una tercera conferencia en el marco del Comité Preparatorio de la Conferencia de Examen del TNP de 2012. Estas reuniones están ayudando a crear un proceso de diálogo entre los cinco miembros permanentes sobre transparencia, doctrina nuclear y verificación, partiendo de la premisa de que ese diálogo es necesario a fin de sentar una buena base para otros esfuerzos de desarme.",
"Los Estados Unidos no han escatimado esfuerzos para iniciar en la Conferencia de Desarme de Ginebra negociaciones sobre un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable para armas nucleares. La concertación de un tratado de esa índole sigue siendo la principal prioridad multilateral de los Estados Unidos y la gran mayoría de los demás países, y sería un gran logro internacional en materia de no proliferación y desarme. En un momento en el que se ha registrado un progreso significativo en otras esferas del control de armamentos y el desarme, es especialmente decepcionante que un solo Estado haya impedido que la Conferencia de Desarme asuma de nuevo el lugar que le corresponde en la esfera del desarme y mantenga negociaciones para llegar a ese objetivo que hace ya tiempo que tendría que haberse alcanzado.",
"Los Estados Unidos prefieren que el tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable se negocie dentro de la Conferencia de Desarme. Acogemos con satisfacción la iniciativa de Australia y el Japón de organizar deliberaciones técnicas serias sobre el tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable al margen de la Conferencia de Desarme de este año. La actividad fue productiva, sustantiva y compartida, pero esto no oculta el hecho primordial de que la Conferencia de Desarme sigue bloqueada y de que hoy por hoy no estamos más cerca de unas negociaciones sobre el tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable de lo que estábamos hace dos años, cuando los 65 miembros de la Conferencia de Desarme llegaron a una avenencia y aprobaron por consenso un programa de trabajo.",
"Debido a esta situación de estancamiento constante hemos puesto en marcha consultas para impulsar la cuestión. Por tanto, nos complace que los cinco miembros permanentes acordáramos en París adoptar medidas antes del próximo período de sesiones de la Asamblea General para renovar los esfuerzos con otros interlocutores pertinentes a fin de promover dichas negociaciones sobre el tratado, y actualmente estamos planificando actividades en ese sentido.",
"Pasando a la cuestión del mecanismo de desarme de las Naciones Unidas y cómo funciona —o no funciona—, quisiera señalar que se trata de una cuestión que a menudo es objeto de debate. Por ejemplo, en 1978 las mejoras motivaron a los entonces Estados miembros del órgano que precedió a la Conferencia de Desarme a adoptar la decisión de crear el Comité de Desarme, que poco después pasó a llamarse Conferencia. Consideraron que ciertos cambios, como una Presidencia rotativa y la ampliación del número de miembros, harían que el órgano fuera más representativo y más productivo. Las decisiones de esos Estados se recogen en el Documento Final del primer período extraordinario de sesiones dedicado al desarme (resolución S-10/2).",
"Más recientemente, se han expuesto reflexiones serias y una serie de ideas interesantes con respecto a la reforma de la Conferencia de Desarme y otros mecanismos de desarme. Sin embargo, debemos estudiar esas propuestas con gran detenimiento y siendo realistas acerca de cuál es la causa fundamental del estancamiento actual. Aunque sin duda al mecanismo le convendría una puesta a punto, no es la causa subyacente de la ruptura de la Conferencia de Desarme. En los últimos años la Conferencia ha dado buenos resultados: la Convención sobre las armas biológicas, la Convención sobre las armas químicas y el Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares. En pocas palabras, cuando los países comparten un objetivo, lo pueden promover en la Conferencia de Desarme, y esta es una experiencia que queremos que se repita, comenzando por el tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable.",
"El Secretario General ha ofrecido recomendaciones sobre cómo proceder con el examen de asuntos multilaterales de desarme, y nos ha proporcionado un informe reflexivo sobre el trabajo de su Junta Consultiva en Asuntos de Desarme (A/65/228). El Instituto de las Naciones Unidas de Investigación sobre el Desarme también ha planteado cuestiones que nos invitan la reflexión. Contamos con muchas ideas.",
"Sería útil que un grupo de personalidades eminentes, la propia Conferencia de Desarme u otros agentes siguieran estudiándolas para incluir recomendaciones sobre lo siguiente: cómo modernizar o reexaminar el papel de la Comisión de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas, que, después de valiosos esfuerzos, desde hace varios años no es capaz de llegar a un consenso sobre ningún tema del programa; y cómo actualizar la Conferencia de Desarme de Ginebra. Su decálogo y agenda podrían actualizarse para que reflejen las circunstancias actuales en materia de seguridad internacional. Los miembros también deben examinar algunos de los demás procedimientos y recomendar cambios que promuevan una mayor continuidad y mejor enfoque.",
"También se incluirían recomendaciones sobre la manera de garantizar la continuidad de un programa de trabajo acordado de la Conferencia de un año a otro, como la renovación automática del programa de trabajo acordado; la manera de proteger los intereses de seguridad nacional y a la vez evitar que se abuse de la norma del consenso; y si la ampliación de la Conferencia de Desarme mejoraría su eficiencia, y la manera de reflejar las metas universales de desarme en los órganos de deliberación y negociación manteniendo su eficacia y garantizando que las preocupaciones de los Estados en materia de seguridad se respeten y se protejan. Esta es la cuestión fundamental. En este sentido, consideramos que, en teoría, trabajar con 193 miembros inevitablemente plantearía complicaciones. Quisiera señalar que la Conferencia de Desarme en su composición actual, ampliada desde 1996 a 65 Estados miembros, todavía no ha demostrado tener la capacidad de funcionar como órgano de negociación.",
"A la hora de buscar nuevas maneras de proceder, creemos que hace falta equilibrio. El statu quo es inaceptable, pero también hay que tratar de no ser demasiado ambiciosos para no perdernos por el camino. Al buscar el camino a seguir, debemos mantener el punto de mira y, para la mayoría de la comunidad internacional, el punto de mira está puesto en un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable como la próxima medida multilateral inmediata en materia de desarme nuclear. Los llamamientos para que se celebre un nuevo período extraordinario de sesiones sobre desarme son, en el mejor de los casos, una distracción. Un nuevo período extraordinario de sesiones sobre desarme no es el único ni el más práctico de los métodos de reforma, teniendo en cuenta los fracasos anteriores. A menos que hayamos acordado los objetivos de un período de sesiones de esa índole, es mejor que nos centremos en los ámbitos en los que se pueda lograr progreso.",
"Sr. Wang Min (China) (habla en chino): Sr. Presidente: Quisiera empezar por agradecerle que haya convocado esta sesión. También quisiera darles las gracias a usted y al Secretario General por sus declaraciones.",
"En la Reunión de Alto Nivel celebrada en septiembre de 2010 se mantuvieron conversaciones útiles sobre la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme. China espera que la sesión de hoy también contribuya a facilitar las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme.",
"El control de armamentos y el desarme están estrechamente relacionados con la seguridad y han sido siempre un barómetro de los cambios de la situación de seguridad internacional. Ahora la comunidad internacional en general abriga la esperanza de que el proceso de desarme multilateral, y el trabajo de la Conferencia de Desarme en particular, avance para promover aún más la seguridad de todos los Estados.",
"Desde comienzos de este año, las partes han dado muestras de tener intenciones positivas y han adoptado un enfoque constructivo en cuanto al avance de los trabajos de la Conferencia de Desarme. Sin embargo, todavía no se han dirimido las diferencias entre las partes, y los miembros de la Conferencia deben redoblar esfuerzos para superar el estancamiento en su trabajo.",
"Dadas las circunstancias actuales, a China le gustaría formular las siguientes propuestas sobre la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y la promoción del proceso de desarme multilateral.",
"En primer lugar, la autoridad de la Conferencia de Desarme debe respetarse y mantenerse. Ningún mecanismo internacional puede sustituir a la Conferencia, que es el único foro de negociación multilateral sobre desarme. Desde el final de la guerra fría, la Conferencia ha negociado y concertado la Convención sobre las armas químicas y el Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares. Estos dos instrumentos han contribuido en gran medida a la no proliferación de las armas de destrucción en masa y al avance del control de armamentos y el proceso de desarme, y la historia ha dado fe de sus repercusiones. Para que el tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable cumpla su doble objetivo de desarme nuclear y no proliferación y para que tenga autoridad, eficacia y universalidad, debe negociarse en el marco de la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"En segundo lugar, las preocupaciones legítimas de seguridad de los Estados deben recibir la debida atención y un trato equitativo. La Conferencia de Desarme no puede trabajar en el vacío, y las situaciones de seguridad regional e internacional van a tener una influencia directa e importante en su trabajo. Las preocupaciones legítimas de los Estados miembros en materia de seguridad deben respetarse plenamente y resolverse adecuadamente, tanto en el momento de iniciar las negociaciones como durante el proceso de negociación. Precisamente por ello mantenemos negociaciones serias sobre los tratados multilaterales de control de armamentos, y además se trata de una condición indispensable para que dichos tratados reciban un apoyo universal y se apliquen.",
"En tercer lugar, debemos seguir confiando en la Conferencia de Desarme y apostar más por el pensamiento creativo. El logro de avances en la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme depende de los esfuerzos comunes de todos los Estados miembros en el marco de la Conferencia y sobre todo de la sinergia entre ellos. Cualquier idea o práctica que recurra a otro marco no favorece, evidentemente, la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y no dará lugar a un tratado satisfactorio de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable. En vista del estancamiento y las dificultades, es aún más necesario que los miembros de la Conferencia hagan uso de su sabiduría política y movilicen al máximo la creatividad diplomática a fin de mantener el impulso para el inicio de negociaciones sobre dicho tratado, y no escatimen esfuerzo alguno en la búsqueda de modos viables de alentar a la Conferencia a llevar a cabo la labor sustantiva sobre las cuestiones relacionadas con ese tratado.",
"En cuarto lugar, deben desplegarse esfuerzos por avanzar en la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme de manera integral. Aunque las negociaciones sobre el tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable deben comenzar pronto, la Conferencia también debe llevar a cabo una labor sustantiva sobre otros temas importantes, tales como el desarme nuclear, la prevención de la carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre y las garantías de seguridad para los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares. Tal es el deseo de la gran mayoría de los miembros de la Conferencia. Estoy convencido de que la labor sobre esos tres temas tendrá un efecto positivo en el fomento de las negociaciones sobre dicho tratado.",
"China siempre ha apoyado la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y es partidaria de iniciar negociaciones sobre el tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable lo antes posible. Durante el mandato de China como Presidente de la Conferencia de Desarme este año, ha cooperado plenamente con otros Presidentes, ha llevado a cabo amplias consultas con los Estados miembros y ha desplegado incansables esfuerzos por reducir las diferencias y poner fin al estancamiento. Esperamos que todas las partes respeten las preocupaciones legítimas de seguridad mutuas y prosigan el diálogo y las consultas de manera seria, libre, transparente y en igualdad de condiciones, con el fin de alcanzar lo antes posible un acuerdo sobre el programa de trabajo de la Conferencia para que pueda iniciar su labor sustantiva sobre diversos temas.",
"Promover el proceso internacional de control de armamentos y desarme redunda en interés de todas las partes y es responsabilidad histórica de todos los Estados. Creemos en la voluntad política y la sabiduría colectiva de los Estados miembros de la Conferencia de Desarme, y seguimos seguros de que la Conferencia iniciará negociaciones sobre el tratado antes mencionado y de que empezará a trabajar a fondo en otros ámbitos. Entretanto, hacemos un llamamiento urgente a todas las partes para que realicen nuevos esfuerzos e intentos a tal fin. China está dispuesta a colaborar con otros países y a redoblar sus esfuerzos por promover el desarrollo sostenido de la causa del control de armamentos y el desarme multilaterales y por mantener la paz y la seguridad internacionales.",
"Sr. Schaper (Países Bajos) (habla en inglés): Tengo el honor de intervenir en nombre de los 41 Estados siguientes: Australia, Austria, Albania, Bélgica, Bulgaria, Canadá, Chile, Costa Rica, Croacia, Chipre, República Checa, Estonia, Finlandia, Alemania, Hungría, Italia, Irlanda, Japón, Kenya, República de Corea, Liechtenstein, Lituania, Luxemburgo, México, Montenegro, Países Bajos, Nueva Zelandia, Nigeria, Noruega, Perú, Filipinas, Polonia, República de Moldova, Rumania, Eslovaquia, Eslovenia, Sudáfrica, Suecia, Suiza, Turquía y Uruguay.",
"Esos Estados, de diferentes regiones del mundo, comparten el compromiso de fortalecer el sistema de desarme multilateral —y ese será el objeto de mis observaciones de hoy— para que ese sistema pueda cumplir con su propósito. Sr. Presidente: Le damos las gracias por la organización de esta sesión, que brinda una oportunidad de evaluar los progresos realizados desde la aprobación de la resolución 65/93, sobre la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y la promoción de las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme.",
"Los 41 Estados que acabo de mencionar consideran que es lamentable que, durante más de un decenio, el mecanismo multilateral de desarme y, en particular, la Conferencia de Desarme no haya atendido las expectativas de la comunidad internacional, como se expresa en el Documento Final del primer período extraordinario de sesiones dedicado al desarme (resolución S/10-2) y en las decisiones y recomendaciones que figuran en numerosas resoluciones de la Asamblea General y en los documentos finales de las Conferencias de Examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares. La Conferencia de Desarme está dejando de cumplir su mandato, ni más ni menos. No aborda los desafíos apremiantes en materia de seguridad que afronta la comunidad internacional a través de instrumentos eficaces de control multilateral de armamentos, desarme y no proliferación.",
"Desde hace varios años, esa falta de progreso en cuanto a los nuevos instrumentos multilaterales de desarme ha afectado directamente a nuestra seguridad común en el siglo XXI y ha debilitado el sistema multilateral de desarme. A pesar de que se han logrado progresos en otros foros de desarme multilateral, la Conferencia de Desarme no ha podido desplegar todo su potencial, ni ponerse de acuerdo sobre la cuestión de una mayor participación de los Estados interesados y de una mayor participación de los miembros de la sociedad civil.",
"Nuestros países consideran inaceptable este lamentable panorama de estancamiento y falta de resultados en la Conferencia de Desarme. Vemos que existe la necesidad urgente de revitalizar la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y de hacer avanzar las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme. A ese respecto, estamos muy agradecidos al Secretario General por las iniciativas que apoyan esos esfuerzos.",
"En la Reunión de Alto Nivel de 24 de septiembre de 2010 se pusieron de relieve las opiniones de los Estados sobre las causas del estancamiento en la Conferencia de Desarme. Sin embargo, ante todo, la Reunión de Alto Nivel hizo que resultara evidente que la comunidad internacional desea ir más allá de las meras deliberaciones y actuar sin más demora.",
"Sr. Presidente: Como saben los miembros, en el transcurso de la Conferencia de Desarme en 2011, en Ginebra, los miembros expresaron y manifestaron con pruebas su preocupación cada vez mayor por el estancamiento, incluso durante una interacción con usted, con motivo de su visita a Ginebra en marzo. También han expresado sus preocupaciones al Secretario General y a los miembros de su Junta Consultiva en Asuntos de Desarme.",
"Sin embargo, a pesar de los considerables esfuerzos que hicieron los Presidentes sucesivos de la Conferencia de Desarme durante más de un decenio, de las sugerencias e iniciativas de los miembros de la Conferencia y de la adopción de decisiones que habrían permitido a la Conferencia cumplir su mandato, la Conferencia aún sigue sin llevar a cabo una labor sustantiva.",
"Aquí, en Nueva York, la Comisión de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas, lamentablemente una vez más, no fue capaz de elaborar ninguna recomendación concreta. Consideramos que eso es un indicador adicional de los continuos retos que afronta el mecanismo multilateral de desarme en su conjunto.",
"Si el mecanismo multilateral de desarme, especialmente la Conferencia de Desarme, no es capaz de superar esta crisis —la comunidad internacional, y, en particular, la Asamblea General— tendrá que responder y examinar seriamente los medios de superarla. No podemos permitirnos el lujo de iniciar un nuevo período de sesiones de la Conferencia en enero de 2012 aceptando que el estancamiento continuo está predeterminado y que no podemos hacer nada al respecto.",
"Algunos Estados ya están deliberando sobre diferentes opciones. Algunos se centran en conceder a la Asamblea General un papel más esencial y activo para lograr avances en las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme. Algunos se centran en los acuerdos de aplicación previamente alcanzados en la Conferencia de Desarme y otros foros multilaterales pertinentes. Algunos tratan de intensificar los preparativos para las negociaciones. Algunos se centran en los esfuerzos por propiciar un proceso de revitalización oficial en el marco de la Conferencia de Desarme, y algunos tratan de incluir un proceso de reforma más amplia del mecanismo de desarme.",
"A pesar de que esas diferentes iniciativas apuntan a una diversidad de enfoques, todas ellas se están estudiando —y es preciso estudiarlas— con el fin de mejorar la seguridad mundial, incluso hallando la vía más eficaz para lograr un mundo sin armas nucleares. Esperamos que este debate nos proporcione una plataforma adecuada para seguir abordando, de manera transparente e inclusiva, todas las opciones futuras posibles para promover las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme con eficacia y con un espíritu orientado al logro de resultados. Debemos asumir nuestra responsabilidad, tanto en Ginebra como acá, a fin de abordar esas preocupaciones de manera eficaz, sin mayor demora.",
"Nos complace la atención que prestan el Secretario General y su Junta Consultiva en Asuntos de Desarme a los problemas que enfrenta el mecanismo de desarme. Al mismo tiempo, reconocemos que la responsabilidad por las dificultades actuales recae en los Estados, al igual que la responsabilidad de encontrar soluciones. Estamos dispuestos a contribuir de manera activa y constructiva a esa empresa con visión de futuro. Todos los Estados del mundo tienen un interés vital, el derecho y la obligación de participar del éxito de las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme y contribuir a ellas.",
"Sr. Kim Sook (República de Corea) (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Para empezar, quisiera sumarme a los oradores que me han precedido para expresarle mi sincero agradecimiento por la convocación de esta reunión. Como uno de los países miembros que firmaron la carta solicitando esta reunión, la República de Corea se asocia a las observaciones que acaba de formular el representante de los Países Bajos. Sin embargo, en esta coyuntura, quisiera intervenir como representante de mi país.",
"En años recientes hemos tomado muchas medidas positivas para lograr el tan esperado avance en materia de desarme y no proliferación nucleares. Hace solo un año fuimos testigos de la firma del nuevo acuerdo START, de la Cumbre sobre Seguridad Nuclear, celebrada en Washington, D.C., y de la adopción por consenso del Documento Final, que abarca un decenio, en la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). De forma especial, la adopción del Documento Final durante la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares representa un reconocimiento formal por la comunidad internacional de que el desarme y la no proliferación se están convirtiendo nuevamente en una parte fundamental del programa mundial.",
"Tras esta seria de acontecimientos positivos en otras esferas del desarme nuestras expectativas respecto de la revitalización de la Conferencia de Desarme son ahora aún mayores de lo que han sido en años recientes. Como reflejo de las aspiraciones de la comunidad internacional el Secretario General convocó una Reunión de Alto Nivel en septiembre de 2010 como respuesta de la comunidad internacional a la Conferencia de Desarme. También hemos observado diversos esfuerzos realizados por muchas delegaciones este año. No obstante, la Conferencia sigue progresando poco y la paciencia de la comunidad internacional se va agotando paulatinamente. Además, la Comisión de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas tampoco ha producido ningún documento final ni recomendaciones desde 1999. De hecho, el mecanismo multilateral de desarme está totalmente desorganizado.",
"Creemos que para lograr una solución la Conferencia de Desarme tiene que encarrilarse nuevamente. La parálisis constante de la Conferencia no solo pone en riesgo su estatus y legitimidad como el principal foro de desarme, sino que también pone en riesgo la base misma del mecanismo multilateral de desarme, incluida la Comisión de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas. Creo firmemente que la Conferencia de Desarme debe actuar con prontitud para poder seguir desempeñando un papel vital.",
"Con el fin de alentar a la Conferencia de Desarme a avanzar es necesario, sobre todo, que todos los países demuestren un mayor grado de flexibilidad política en relación con sus consideraciones de seguridad y sus modus operandi. Solamente cuando los países den muestras de flexibilidad y de un espíritu de cooperación podrá la Conferencia evolucionar de manera significativa y seguir el ritmo del clima de desarme, que cambia rápidamente. Lo que el proceso de la Conferencia necesita ahora no es un debate interminable y hueco, sino medidas concretas.",
"Como propusiera la República de Corea en la Reunión de Alto Nivel celebrada en septiembre de 2010, y como sugiriera nuevamente el Secretario General esta mañana, quisiera solicitar que se cree un grupo de personas eminentes, bajo los auspicios del Secretario General, para hallar soluciones a las dificultades actuales en la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"A este respecto, acogemos con beneplácito el informe del Secretario General sobre la labor de la Junta Consultiva en Asuntos de Desarme (A/65/228), en el que se declara a favor de la creación de dicho grupo. La Junta Consultiva del Secretario General toma nota de que un grupo de personas eminentes podría contribuir a las negociaciones entre bastidores y atraer una atención mundial significativa sobre la cuestión. Hace poco hemos presenciado grupos similares en relación con los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y el financiamiento relacionado con el cambio climático. Esos casos son buenos ejemplos.",
"Como sabemos, la Conferencia de Desarme nació de la Asamblea General, y es natural que la Asamblea se ocupe de los problemas de su vástago. En este sentido, creo que no solo los esfuerzos internos de la Conferencia de Desarme sino también el estímulo político externo pueden ser de gran ayuda para romper el estancamiento en la Conferencia. Espero que este año la Primera Comisión de la Asamblea General siga examinando las maneras de revitalizar el mecanismo multilateral de desarme.",
"La República de Corea considera que la comunidad internacional comparte la opinión común de que, entre todas las cuestiones que tiene la Conferencia de Desarme ante sí, la negociación sobre un tratado por el que se prohíba la producción de material fisionable para la fabricación de armas es lo que más se necesita. La negociación sobre un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable es indispensable, no solo para la no proliferación nuclear, sino también para el desarme nuclear. Un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable y el Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares revisten una importancia fundamental, simbólica y sustantivamente, para el régimen mundial de desarme y no proliferación nucleares. Confiamos en que cuando empecemos las negociaciones sobre un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable, el impulso llevará a más debates sobre otros asuntos importantes, como el desarme nuclear, la prevención de una carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre y las garantías negativas de seguridad, de una manera amplia y balanceada.",
"Una vez más, la República de Corea hace un llamamiento a todos los miembros de la Conferencia de Desarme para que cooperen a fin de iniciar la labor sustantiva sobre un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable lo más pronto posible, para beneficio no solo de la no proliferación nuclear, sino también, y en mayor medida, del desarme nuclear. Por su parte, la República de Corea hará lo más que pueda para poner en marcha el proceso de la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"Sr. Zhukov (Federación de Rusia) (habla en ruso): La Federación de Rusia apoya de todo corazón la revitalización del mecanismo multilateral de desarme, no proliferación y control de armamentos. Estamos de acuerdo con la preservación y el fortalecimiento de la triada de desarme existente: la Comisión de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas, la Primera Comisión y la Conferencia de Desarme. Esos foros han demostrado ser necesarios y eficientes, y han contribuido de manera significativa a preservar la paz y la seguridad internacionales.",
"A nuestro juicio, no se trata ahora de reorganizarlos de manera radical, sino de organizar la voluntad política para reiniciar esos mecanismos a fin de crear nuevos acuerdos universales sobre desarme y no proliferación. Creemos que la situación en que se encuentra actualmente el proceso multilateral de desarme, concretamente dentro de la Conferencia de Desarme, no es el resultado de ningún colapso sistémico del mecanismo multilateral de desarme, sino, mas bien, un reflejo de las distintas prioridades de los Estados en materia de desarme y no proliferación y respecto de su visión de sus legítimos intereses nacionales. La raíz de los problemas de la Conferencia se encuentra fuera de ella.",
"Evidentemente, la Conferencia de Desarme se ocupa de cuestiones muy delicadas, a saber, aquellas relacionadas con la seguridad de los Estados. En ella, como en ninguna otra parte, debemos estar dispuestos a demostrar un cierto grado razonable de avenencia, sobre la base del equilibrio de intereses. Además, no debemos simplificar demasiado las razones que existen tras la situación en la Conferencia de Desarme ni reducirlas a desacuerdos sobre procedimiento o choques entre ambiciones y reclamos.",
"Es importante señalar que a pesar de los recientes llamamientos radicales a favor de que se cierre de la Conferencia de Desarme, de que se cambien sus principios básicos de trabajo y de que se dé inicio a nuevas modalidades, la mayoría absoluta de los participantes en el foro reconoce ampliamente la importancia de mantener la Conferencia de Desarme, como el mecanismo clave de negociación multilateral. La terapia de shock que proponen algunos países es una medida radical que no solo podría paralizar la Conferencia de Desarme de manera definitiva, sino que podría también socavar gravemente la triada de desarme y, al final de ciertas, destruir el mecanismo existente de desarme.",
"No podemos estar de acuerdo con dicho enfoque. No hay ninguna bala de plata. Nuestro objetivo debe ser buscar con paciencia y respeto los medios mutuamente aceptables para salir del estancamiento, en lugar de tomar medidas y decisiones agrias y apresuradas. Esto se aplica no solo a las cuestiones de procedimiento sino también a las sustantivas, por no mencionar las medidas punitivas, como la negación de la financiación.",
"En ese sentido, estamos de acuerdo con el enfoque equilibrado adoptado por el Secretario General de la Conferencia de Desarme, Sr. Tokayev, en el sentido de que el estancamiento en la vía del desarme, incuso en la Conferencia, se debe principalmente no a deficiencias del mecanismo sino a la situación geopolítica del mundo, a choques estratégicos entre Estados y a la falta de voluntad política.",
"Nos oponemos a que se realice un examen sobre el principal principio de trabajo de la Conferencia de Desarme, que es el consenso. Al mismo tiempo, estamos dispuestos a ser flexibles y buscar nuevos enfoques que pudieran romper el estancamiento. En ese contexto, una idea interesante podría ser ampliar el número de miembros de la Conferencia a fin de promover una mayor participación de los organismos no gubernamentales, y mejorar la comunicación con el público sobre temas de desarme.",
"Se pueden elaborar acuerdos universales de desarme bajo los auspicios de las Naciones Unidas y sobre la base del consenso. Es solamente bajo esas circunstancias que los acuerdos funcionarán y se adaptarán a las nuevas realidades y los nuevos retos. Es poco probable que desviar las negociaciones hacia vías paralelas entre Estados con maneras de pensar similares conduzca hacia un acuerdo respecto de un tratado universal o viable. Estamos convencidos de que la revitalización de la Conferencia de Desarme beneficiaría a todos los Estados Miembros. No vemos alternativa alguna al diálogo paciente y respetuoso tendiente a calmar las inquietudes en materia de seguridad que tienen algunos miembros de la Conferencia y a alcanzar un acuerdo sobre la base del programa de la Conferencia.",
"El documento CD/1864 es una base realista para lograr la avenencia. Al apoyarlo, la Federación de Rusia demostró estar dispuesta a tomar en cuenta la postura de sus asociados y a buscar la avenencia. Esperamos lo mismo de nuestros asociados. La prioridad de la Federación de Rusia dentro de la Conferencia de Desarme es elaborar un tratado de prohibición de todos los tipos de armas en el espacio ultraterrestre. En el proyecto de tratado presentado por la Federación de Rusia y China se han tomado en cuenta los intereses de todos los Estados, sin excepción.",
"Otro reto importante es la elaboración de un tratado universal, equilibrado y verificable que prohíba la producción de material fisionable. Su adopción sería una medida más para fortalecer el régimen de desarme y no proliferación nuclear.",
"Sr. Bavaud (Suiza) (habla en francés): Sr. Presidente: Permítame darle las gracias y felicitarlo por la convocación de esta reunión para dar seguimiento a la Reunión de alto nivel sobre la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y promoción de las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme, que se celebró el 24 de septiembre de 2010. No cabe duda de que su iniciativa y compromiso nos ayudarán a avanzar respecto de esta cuestión.",
"Suiza adhiere plenamente la declaración formulada por el representante de los Países Bajos en nombre de 40 países. Permítaseme añadir algunos elementos desde la perspectiva suiza.",
"Suiza está plenamente de acuerdo con las iniciativas del Secretario General para hacer avanzar las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme y revitalizar la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme. Este proceso ya ha tenido efectos significativos. Desde septiembre de 2010 se han llevado a cabo importantes debates en la Primera Comisión, en la Conferencia de Desarme y en la Comisión de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas. En los últimos 10 meses se ha hecho evidente que un número creciente de Estados considera inaceptable la falta de progreso respecto de diversas cuestiones relacionadas con el desarme. En el transcurso de esas deliberaciones también se ha hecho evidente que cada vez hay más Estados que ven la urgente necesidad de revitalizar el mecanismo de desarme e iniciar una labor sustantiva, especialmente negociaciones sobre una o varias de las cuatro cuestiones principales que figuran en el programa de la Conferencia.",
"Suiza está convencida de que la falta de acuerdo que se aprecia actualmente respecto de nuevos instrumentos multilaterales de desarme y no proliferación ha socavado el sistema multilateral de desarme, tendencia que, a la larga, no beneficiará a ningún Estado. Para abordar esta situación debemos realizar esfuerzos complementarios dentro de la Conferencia de Desarme reuniendo la voluntad política e intensificando la presión fuera de ese órgano. También tenemos que entender que el actual estancamiento no puede atribuirse solamente a factores políticos externos, sino que también está vinculado a cuestiones institucionales. Los mecanismos existentes son, evidentemente, incapaces de catalizar la voluntad política necesaria y de aprovecharla cuando se está consiguiendo.",
"Para avanzar también necesitamos tener instituciones y mecanismos que reflejen las realidades actuales y sean capaces de abordarlas. Vivimos en un mundo global e interdependiente, que enfrenta una multitud de retos compartidos en materia de desarme y no proliferación. Es importante pasar de enfoques unidimensionales respecto del control de armamentos, el desarme y la no proliferación a enfoques más amplios. Es indispensable reconocer que las actividades de desarme y no proliferación afectan a numerosas esferas de preocupación para la comunidad internacional, además de la paz y la seguridad; tienen repercusiones en la seguridad humana, los derechos humanos, el desarrollo, el medio ambiente y la salud, por nombrar unos cuantos. Solo si incluimos esos aspectos en nuestras deliberaciones podremos hacer frente a los retos que nos aguardan.",
"Nuestras instituciones no deben seguir basándose en un concepto claramente anticuado sobre un paradigma de seguridad nacional que prevalece sobre todo, ni favorecerlo continuamente. Si no cambia, la Conferencia de Desarme puede correr el riesgo de privilegiar los intereses de algunos a expensas de los intereses de la abrumadora mayoría de Estados y pueblos del mundo. Estamos convencidos de la necesidad de trabajar de forma inclusiva y de aprovechar las opiniones de los interesados, tales como otros Estados, comunidades de expertos o representantes de la sociedad civil.",
"Necesitamos instituciones que estén diseñadas para producir resultados, no para mantener el statu quo. Deben poder, al mismo tiempo, dar respuestas y prevenir, siendo así capaces de producir los instrumentos necesarios para abordar los retos actuales y futuros. Por lo tanto, Suiza recuerda que la comunidad internacional necesita mecanismos, plataformas y entornos que alienten las deliberaciones y negociaciones significativas, oportunas, inclusivas y eficaces sobre todas las cuestiones relacionadas con el desarme en un sentido más amplio. Ese debe ser nuestro objetivo a largo plazo.",
"Si bien con la Reunión de alto nivel celebrada el 24 de septiembre de 2010 se trató de promover el debate sobre la manera de superar el estancamiento en la Conferencia de Desarme, la situación no ha mejorado desde entonces. De muchas maneras, el estancamiento es hoy más grave. Suiza opina que ahora necesitamos complementar el actual diálogo con medidas reales en varios niveles y en varios frentes al mismo tiempo y de manera sostenible.",
"Es importante que en la Conferencia de Desarme en Ginebra, durante el resto del año y el periodo de sesiones de 2012, se dé inicio a la labor sustantiva dentro del marco existente y se inicien las negociaciones. La Conferencia debe también continuar con la reflexión actual sobre sus puntos fuertes y sus puntos débiles de una manera más sistemática, buscando resultados, con miras a realizar los cambios necesarios a fin de hacer que la Conferencia sea más funcional. La Conferencia no tiene otra opción que demostrar que puede lograr resultados.",
"En el sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones de la Primera Comisión, los Estados Miembros podrían estudiar la posibilidad de lanzar procesos específicos por temas, por ejemplo creando grupos de trabajo de composición abierta sobre cuestiones de desarme nuclear, incluidos el material fisionable o la prevención de una carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre. Esos procesos deben estar centrados en Ginebra, y aprovechar la incomparable experiencia disponible en la Conferencia de Desarme y en torno a ella. Si se quiere que sean sostenibles y ofrezcan un incentivo a la Conferencia para reanudar su trabajo, esos procesos deben ser complementarios con los posibles progresos futuros de ese foro y estar elaborados de tal manera que se posibiliten resultados relevantes que se transmitan a la Conferencia en la etapa oportuna.",
"En el ámbito más amplio de la Asamblea General, los Estados Miembros deben llevar adelante el proceso de revitalización mediante la incorporación de perspectivas novedosas, nuevas ideas y enfoques pragmáticos. Esa base es esencial para allanar el camino hacia el apoyo más amplio necesario para poner en marcha un proceso de reforma más profunda. En ese sentido, la aplicación de la recomendación que figura en el reciente informe de la Junta Consultiva en Asuntos de Desarme del Secretario General sobre la creación de un grupo de alto nivel encargado de la tarea de elaborar rápidamente propuestas sobre una reforma podría suponer una forma constructiva de lograr avances.",
"Para concluir, quisiera hacer hincapié en que, a medida que tratamos de avanzar en nuestros esfuerzos por revitalizar el mecanismo multilateral de desarme, Suiza sigue convencida de la necesidad de que un conjunto de delegaciones especializadas en el desarme esté permanentemente disponible —con el apoyo de expertos de gobiernos, organizaciones internacionales y de la sociedad civil— para examinar las cuestiones de aplicación de los actuales acuerdos y para negociar nuevos instrumentos. Asimismo, seguimos creyendo en la necesidad de un foro permanente, similar a la Conferencia de Desarme, que aborde los desafíos en nuestro ámbito y contribuya a la seguridad internacional en el siglo XXI.",
"Sr. Benitez Versón (Cuba): Cuba reafirma la importancia de promover el multilateralismo como principio básico de las negociaciones de desarme. Las soluciones acordadas de forma multilateral, de conformidad con la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, constituyen el único método sostenible de abordar los asuntos relacionados con el desarme y la seguridad internacional.",
"Dentro del mecanismo de desarme, corresponde a la Conferencia de Desarme un papel indispensable en la negociación de tratados universalmente aceptables. Si la Conferencia no existiera, habría que crearla sin demora. Lamentamos que la Conferencia no haya podido llevar a cabo trabajos sustantivos por más de una década. Algunos insisten en que ello se debe a los métodos de trabajo y las reglas de procedimiento de ese órgano. Cuba no comparte esa apreciación. La mejor prueba es que lo que ocurre con la Conferencia de Desarme no constituye ni mucho menos un hecho aislado dentro del mecanismo de desarme.",
"Por sólo mencionar algunos ejemplos, no es simple coincidencia que la Comisión de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas, por duodécima ocasión consecutiva, concluyera nuevamente sus trabajos este año sin acordar recomendaciones sustantivas. Por otro lado, continúan adoptándose cada año decenas de resoluciones en la Primera Comisión de esta Asamblea que simplemente no se cumplen, particularmente las referidas al desarme nuclear. El cuarto período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea sobre desarme continúa sin ser convocado, a pesar de que, por muchos años, el Movimiento de los Países No Alineados ha insistido en ello.",
"Cuba apoya la optimización del mecanismo de desarme de las Naciones Unidas, incluyendo la Conferencia de Desarme, pero estamos convencidos de que la parálisis que actualmente afecta a gran parte de ese mecanismo se debe, en primer lugar, a la falta de voluntad política por parte de algunos Estados en lograr avances reales, en particular en materia de desarme nuclear.",
"Nos preocupan las insinuaciones por parte de varias delegaciones de que ha llegado el momento de dejar a un lado la Conferencia de Desarme y recurrir a procesos de negociación alternativos. Cuba se opone a reemplazar la Conferencia de Desarme con arreglos ad hoc improvisados, selectivos, fuera del marco de las Naciones Unidas, y manejados por determinados países. Si tal criterio se impone, estaríamos dando un peligroso paso atrás. La solución no está en comenzar a ignorar la Conferencia de Desarme o minimizar su importancia. Por el contrario: hoy, más que nunca, es una responsabilidad de todos fortalecerla y preservarla.",
"La Conferencia de Desarme debe adoptar a la brevedad posible un programa de trabajo amplio y balanceado que tome en cuenta las prioridades reales en materia de desarme. Cuba está preparada para negociar paralelamente en la Conferencia de Desarme un tratado que prohíba y elimine las armas nucleares, un tratado que prohíba la carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre, un tratado que brinde garantías de seguridad efectivas para los Estados que, como Cuba, no son poseedores de armas nucleares, y un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable para la fabricación de armas nucleares u otros dispositivos explosivos nucleares. Consideramos que la Conferencia de Desarme tiene la capacidad para afrontar al unísono estas negociaciones.",
"La negociación de un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable para la fabricación de armas nucleares sería una acción positiva, pero insuficiente por sí sola, si no se definen los pasos subsiguientes para lograr el desarme nuclear.",
"El desarme nuclear es y debe continuar siendo la máxima prioridad en materia de desarme. Sobre esta base, deben construirse los consensos en el marco de la Conferencia de Desarme. La Conferencia de Desarme debe iniciar con urgencia negociaciones sobre un programa gradual para la eliminación completa de las armas nucleares dentro de un plazo determinado de tiempo en el que se incluya una convención sobre armas nucleares. La sola existencia de las armas nucleares y de las doctrinas que prescriben su posesión y empleo constituye un grave peligro para la paz y seguridad internacionales. Para Cuba resulta simplemente inaceptable que en el mundo de hoy existan casi 23.000 armas nucleares, 7.560 de ellas listas para ser empleadas de inmediato.",
"Quisiera concluir expresando que Cuba asumirá el próximo 22 de agosto la Presidencia de la Conferencia de Desarme, y tendremos la responsabilidad de elaborar y negociar el informe de trabajo de ese órgano para presentarlo a la Primera Comisión de esta Asamblea General. Es nuestro firme propósito hacer todos los esfuerzos posibles desde la Presidencia para impulsar las negociaciones sustantivas en la Conferencia de Desarme, de acuerdo con su mandato de negociar tratados internacionales de desarme y control de armamentos, pero ello requiere la contribución de todos y cada uno de los miembros de la Conferencia de Desarme. Está en nuestras manos demostrar con acciones concretas nuestro compromiso con el desarme y la paz.",
"Sr. Sin Son Ho (República Popular Democrática de Corea) (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Permítame, ante todo, expresarle mi agradecimiento por haber organizado esta importante sesión de hoy. Permítame también expresar la esperanza de que esta sesión constituya una buena oportunidad para revitalizar la Conferencia de Desarme y devolverla al buen camino.",
"Mi delegación apoya plenamente la declaración formulada por el Sr. Maged A. Abdelaziz, Representante Permanente de la República Árabe de Egipto, en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados.",
"El desarme nuclear sigue siendo una máxima prioridad para garantizar la paz y la seguridad internacionales. La primera aparición de las armas nucleares en 1945 representó el comienzo de la historia de las armas más destructivas jamás utilizadas contra la humanidad. El lanzamiento de bombas nucleares contra Hiroshima y Nagasaki (Japón) fue su hito principal, que mostró con claridad al mundo las consecuencias destructivas de incluso una sola arma nuclear para la paz y la seguridad internacionales. Además, la aparición del primer Estado poseedor de armas nucleares en 1945 fue una de las causas fundamentales de la proliferación nuclear para el resto del mundo, ya que tuvo como consecuencia una reacción en cadena. Si los éxitos de la sagrada ciencia humana no se hubieran utilizado para un fin infame y peligroso que podría tener como resultado la destrucción de toda la humanidad, la proliferación de las armas nucleares podría no constituir un problema hoy en día. Como podemos ver, las armas nucleares son una cuestión directamente relacionada con la supervivencia de la humanidad y con la paz y la seguridad internacionales.",
"Los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares tienen la obligación ineludible de cumplir sus compromisos en virtud de las normas internacionales vigentes. En 1996, la Corte Internacional de Justicia dejó muy en claro al mundo que el uso de armas nucleares constituye una violación del derecho internacional. Señaló a nuestra atención el hecho de que todas las demás armas existentes, sin excepción, están sometidas al control completo de los tratados o convenios, pero que las armas nucleares siguen estando al margen de las leyes internacionales multilaterales. Lo mismo es cierto respecto de las garantías negativas de seguridad para los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares.",
"Los últimos acontecimientos arrojan sombras oscuras sobre las perspectivas de desarme nuclear, y atraen la atención de la comunidad internacional. Las doctrinas nucleares que recuerdan la Guerra Fría impulsan abiertamente los programas de modernización de las armas nucleares. Señalo a la atención de los miembros el hecho de que se están llevando a cabo proyectos para fabricar armas nucleares pequeñas que se utilizarán como armas convencionales.",
"Además de eso, el desarrollo de un sistema de defensa contra misiles se está llevando a cabo de manera continua, desafiando las preocupaciones de la comunidad internacional. El sistema que se promueve con el pretexto de responder a la fabricación de los llamados misiles balísticos por los que algunos llaman “Estados renegados” dista de ser lógico, habida cuenta de su financiación exorbitante y su red geográfica que abarca todo el mundo. La naturaleza y el alcance del sistema de defensa contra misiles hablan elocuentemente del verdadero objetivo de su defensor, que no es otro que lograr la superioridad nuclear absoluta y la hegemonía mundial sobre sus rivales nucleares.",
"En el cambiante mundo actual, es fácil predecir que esa peligrosa acción acabará desatando una nueva carrera de armamentos nucleares. Eso demuestra que el Estado poseedor de armas nucleares más grande del mundo ha perdido su justificación jurídica y moral para hablar de cuestiones de no proliferación ante la comunidad internacional, cualesquiera que sean los motivos que alegue. Si el mayor Estado poseedor de armas nucleares desea realmente la no proliferación, debe dar un buen ejemplo mediante la negociación de un tratado por el que se prohíban las armas nucleares.",
"La eliminación total y completa de las armas nucleares sigue siendo la política constante de la República Popular Democrática de Corea. Debe concertarse un tratado por el que se prohíban las armas nucleares en un plazo determinado, que sea verificable, irreversible y jurídicamente vinculante. Esta política de la República Popular Democrática de Corea es reflejo del entorno de seguridad único y especial al que se ha visto expuesto el país durante decenios, viéndose sujeto al chantaje y la amenaza nuclear externa en forma continua. Desde que los Estados Unidos introdujeron un arma nuclear por primera vez en Corea del Sur en 1957, el número de armas nucleares en ese país ha superado el millar.",
"Como Estado miembro y actual Presidente de la Conferencia de Desarme, la República Popular Democrática de Corea hará todo lo posible por promover la labor de la Conferencia. El desarme nuclear, las garantías negativas de seguridad, la prohibición del emplazamiento de armas en el espacio ultraterrestre y la proscripción del material fisionable son asuntos pendientes en la Conferencia. Es lamentable que aún no se haya logrado una solución para las cuestiones del desarme nuclear y las garantías negativas de seguridad, a pesar de que tienen un historial de decenios de debate, que comenzó con la creación de las Naciones Unidas.",
"La causa del estancamiento en la Conferencia de Desarme, que ha persistido durante más de un decenio, es la falta de voluntad política. Para que la Conferencia avance, los intereses de seguridad de todos los Estados miembros deben considerarse plenamente. En ese sentido, el programa de trabajo aprobado por la Conferencia en 2009 tiene valor y ha de examinarse nuevamente, ya que refleja por igual todas las cuestiones pendientes del programa.",
"Sr. Ragaglini (Italia) (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Ante todo, permítame reafirmarle el agradecimiento de mi delegación por haber organizado este debate sobre la revitalización de la Conferencia de Desarme, como seguimiento de la reunión de alto nivel convocada en septiembre de 2010 por el Secretario General.",
"Suscribimos plenamente la declaración formulada anteriormente por el Observador Permanente de la Unión Europea. También compartimos las opiniones presentadas por la delegación de los Países Bajos en nombre de una serie de Estados con ideas afines, incluido el mío. Sin embargo, quisiera hacer algunas observaciones en nombre de mi país para contribuir al debate y presentar un posible seguimiento concreto de esta iniciativa y el ejercicio general iniciado el año pasado.",
"La Conferencia de Desarme ha estado estancada durante más de un decenio. No ha sido capaz de llevar a cabo su tarea esencial, a saber, negociar los instrumentos internacionales en el ámbito del desarme y la no proliferación. Sin embargo, alegaría que todo el mecanismo de desarme internacional está atravesando graves dificultades. La Comisión de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas, sin dejar de ser un foro útil para el debate en profundidad, no ha sido capaz de ponerse de acuerdo sobre recomendaciones o decisiones fundamentales durante muchos años.",
"En términos generales, aunque hemos presenciado importantes logros en los últimos años, éstos se han logrado bilateralmente, en foros fuera de la Conferencia de Desarme o mediante fórmulas ad hoc, fuera del mecanismo de desarme establecido de las Naciones Unidas. Sin embargo, Italia cree firmemente en la importancia y la verdadera necesidad de un foro dedicado a las negociaciones de desarme mundial que permitan lograr progresos en la causa de la paz y el desarme internacionales.",
"A nuestro juicio, seguir señalando que la Conferencia de Desarme no funciona debido a la falta de voluntad política ya no es una afirmación verosímil. Por ejemplo, este año dos Estados miembros se encargaron de organizar tres actos paralelos muy concurridos y que tuvieron gran éxito sobre aspectos concretos del tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable, en un esfuerzo por superar la inercia motivada por los procedimientos de la Conferencia. Los actos paralelos mejoraron significativamente el conocimiento de los miembros acerca de los temas clave de un futuro Tratado, lo cual será ser una ventaja para todos una vez que comiencen las negociaciones.",
"Opinamos que lo que está frustrando la Conferencia de Desarme es, más bien, el uso indebido del reglamento por un número reducido de miembros. En 2009, la Conferencia aprobó por consenso un programa de trabajo para llevar a cabo negociaciones sobre un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable y creó cuatro grupos de trabajo especiales, uno de los cuales se encargó de llevar a cabo esas negociaciones. Sin embargo, la falta de un consenso sobre cuestiones de organización, como la fijación de la hora, el lugar y la rotación de la Presidencia de las reuniones, la Conferencia no pudo aplicar el programa de trabajo. Por lo tanto, se deben seguir examinando algunos métodos de trabajo de la Conferencia para tratar de que sean más eficaces y eficientes.",
"También es preciso reevaluar otras disposiciones del reglamento de la Conferencia de Desarme. La rotación mensual de la Presidencia parece demasiado frecuente y perjudica la continuidad de la labor de la Conferencia. Como sugerencia preliminar, sería más adecuado tener dos presidencias cada año. Además, se podría definir mejor la autoridad del Presidente para adoptar decisiones. Asimismo, la norma que requiere la aprobación de un programa de trabajo cada año no parece acertada, ya que permite que cualquier miembro, inmediatamente después del 31 de diciembre, obstaculice las negociaciones por tiempo indefinido. Se podría considerar la posibilidad de mantener el mismo programa de trabajo que aprobó inicialmente la Conferencia para los años siguientes a menos que sus miembros decidan por consenso aprobar uno nuevo.",
"Por supuesto, no pasamos por alto los obstáculos que se presentan cuando se trata de modificar el reglamento de la Conferencia. Como afirmamos el año pasado en la reunión de alto nivel sobre la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme, no hay soluciones de procedimiento para los problemas de índole política. No obstante, también sostenemos que la cuestión se debe abordar con valentía y comprometiéndose con el éxito, al tiempo que se tratan de resolver los problemas políticos subyacentes. Para ello se necesitan esfuerzos de todos los miembros de la Conferencia.",
"No se puede seguir aplazando la reanudación de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme, cuestión que ahora es urgente. El actual estancamiento está destruyendo rápidamente lo que queda de su prestigio y autoridad.",
"Si para fines del sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General no se adopta una decisión mediante la que se exija a la Conferencia que inicie negociaciones de acuerdo con lo estipulado en CD/1864 —el programa de trabajo aprobado en 2009— tememos que cobre impulso la propuesta de que dichas negociaciones se celebren fuera del marco de la Conferencia. Si bien a Italia no le entusiasma tal resultado, ciertamente no se opondrá a ello, ya que el desarme y la no proliferación nucleares son esferas prioritarias de su política exterior.",
"Para facilitar el logro de un acuerdo sobre la revitalización de la Conferencia, Italia está dispuesta a considerar propuestas sobre futuras deliberaciones relativas a las garantías negativas de seguridad, con miras al posible inicio de negociaciones sobre esa cuestión. Si bien un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable es el instrumento necesario para detener el suministro de las principales materias primas para la fabricación de armas nucleares, se deberían dar garantías negativas de seguridad a los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares contra el uso o la amenaza del uso de dichas armas.",
"Esos dos objetivos reflejan completamente nuestra aspiración común de un mundo libre de armas nucleares. También representan un modo de fortalecer el régimen de no proliferación nuclear. En este sentido, también debemos tener presente que en las conclusiones y recomendaciones sobre medidas de seguimiento aprobadas el año pasado en la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)) solamente se mencionan, como tareas sustantivas de la Conferencia, esos dos temas: el tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable y las garantías negativas de seguridad.",
"El debate de hoy confirma la atención que la comunidad internacional presta a la Conferencia y al mecanismo de desarme en general. La Asamblea General puede desempeñar un papel concreto en esta esfera, al tiempo que las deliberaciones de hoy pueden ser realmente un catalizador para la adopción de nuevas medidas. Esperamos que en el próximo período de sesiones de la Asamblea, en particular en la Primera Comisión, prosigamos con este debate y hallemos ideas concretas sobre el modo de reanudar las negociaciones en la esfera del desarme y la no proliferación.",
"Sr. Kmentt (Austria) (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Deseo expresarle nuestro agradecimiento por haber organizado el debate de hoy en la Asamblea General sobre este importante tema del programa, que había sido solicitado por Austria junto con otros 48 Estados Miembros. Sin embargo, también deseo expresar la decepción de Austria ante el hecho de que este debate se convirtiera realmente en una necesidad, ya que ello es una clara señal del fracaso tanto respecto de la revitalización de la Conferencia de Desarme como respecto de la promoción de las negociaciones multilaterales sobre desarme, de acuerdo con lo solicitado en la reunión de alto nivel sobre la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme, celebrada el año pasado.",
"Refrendamos en su totalidad la declaración formulada en nombre de la Unión Europea y la declaración que hizo el representante de los Países Bajos en nombre de un grupo de Estados Miembros de distintas regiones. Además, deseamos hacer las siguientes observaciones.",
"Como otros, Austria ha acogido con agrado el reciente impulso positivo que se observa en la política de seguridad internacional. Al mismo tiempo, las expectativas de la comunidad internacional de entablar negociaciones multilaterales y concretas sobre el desarme y la no proliferación siguen viéndose frustradas. El mecanismo multilateral de desarme, en particular la Conferencia de Desarme, sigue estancado. El impulso que esperábamos generar a lo largo del año transcurrido no se materializó. Aunque se ha coincidido mucho en el diagnóstico de los males de la Conferencia, hasta la fecha no se ha alcanzado un acuerdo sobre los medicamentos necesarios para curarlos.",
"Por ejemplo, con relación a las cuestiones de procedimiento, opinamos que la estructura de los procedimientos de la Conferencia, en particular su norma del consenso, no se adecua al siglo XXI. Austria considera que los obstáculos de procedimiento que observamos en la Conferencia son inaceptables. Tenemos la responsabilidad común de hallar los medios de evitar que la norma del consenso se siga aplicando en forma indebida.",
"A pesar de sus éxitos pasados, la Conferencia de Desarme se ha transformado en un foro en el que se puede aparentar que se participa en la labor multilateral sobre cuestiones de desarme, ya que los instrumentos de procedimiento parecen garantizar el veto irrestricto en todo momento. El hecho de que la Conferencia se niegue a admitir nuevos miembros y la desalentadora práctica relativa a la participación de la sociedad civil son otros ejemplos de los métodos de trabajo obsoletos y desactualizados de la Conferencia.",
"No obstante, la Conferencia no enfrenta únicamente un problema relativo a sus procedimientos. Últimamente, la Conferencia ha estado paralizada por mucho tiempo debido a cuestiones políticas y a la falta de voluntad política para superarlas. Los Estados miembros de la Conferencia no pueden ponerse de acuerdo sobre el inicio de negociaciones relativas a un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable, negociaciones que Austria desearía que comenzaran sin demora. Actualmente hay un Estado miembro que se opone al inicio de dichas negociaciones.",
"Sin embargo, las cuestiones políticas de la Conferencia de Desarme y los motivos de su estancamiento son más profundos. La responsabilidad respecto de la Conferencia y de su parálisis desde 1997 está compartida en forma más amplia. Además, no es solo con respecto al tratado sobre el material fisionable que no se alcanza el consenso. El desarme nuclear, la prevención de una carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre y las garantías negativas de seguridad también son cuestiones que causan división. En consecuencia, el principal problema es la falta de un verdadero compromiso político para abordar el desarme y la no proliferación mediante el multilateralismo, con miras a la concertación de tratados multilaterales. La falta de compromiso es más palpable en la Conferencia de Desarme que en cualquier otro foro.",
"Esto lleva a plantearse el interrogante de si la Conferencia puede en realidad ser un foro efectivo para celebrar negociaciones multilaterales de desarme. A juicio de Austria, la Conferencia no solamente ha perdido gran parte de su credibilidad, sino que también su legitimidad corre peligro. En los últimos 14 años, la Conferencia no ha cumplido su mandato. No podemos continuar aplicando este enfoque que tan solo consiste en una expresión de deseos, puesto que nos hace creer que estamos a punto de salir del estancamiento en la Conferencia.",
"Austria está firmemente comprometida con el multilateralismo y otorga gran importancia a las instituciones multilaterales. No obstante, esas instituciones no son un fin en sí mismas. En última instancia, no estamos comprometidos con la Conferencia de Desarme como institución, sino con los avances en las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme.",
"Después de haber diagnosticado los problemas, ¿hay un tratamiento? Opinamos que, en esencia, hay dos opciones.",
"Por una parte, podríamos continuar trabajando por conducto de la Conferencia y en su marco, trabajando con los Estados miembros y esperando que finalmente alcancen el consenso. Sin embargo, es evidente que no se puede imponer la voluntad política a los Estados miembros. Tras 14 años de intentos fútiles de resolver las discrepancias sobre un programa de trabajo equilibrado, el panorama no resulta muy promisorio.",
"Los Estados miembros de la Conferencia también podrían tratar de estimular el progreso abordando los métodos de trabajo de la Conferencia, por ejemplo, aclarando que la norma del consenso no se aplica a cuestiones de procedimiento tales como el programa de trabajo, o que la aplicación de dicha norma puede suspenderse en casos excepcionales. Los Estados miembros podrían por fin admitir a aquellos Estados que han expresado su deseo de participar en la labor de la Conferencia y facilitar la incorporación de ideas innovadoras mediante los aportes de expertos externos y la sociedad civil.",
"Esos serían pasos importantes. No obstante, esas sugerencias también se han debatido durante muchos años sin que se lograran verdaderos avances. Por lo tanto, tenemos dudas tanto respecto de las posibilidades de alcanzar un acuerdo sobre medidas incluso modestas en el marco de la Conferencia como —más importante aun— respecto de si realmente contribuirían o no al logro de un verdadero avance en el ámbito político.",
"A nuestro juicio, debemos considerar otras medidas y estudiar opciones también fuera del marco de la Conferencia. Podríamos prever, por ejemplo, que la Asamblea General desempeñe un papel más activo, directo y central en las negociaciones de desarme.",
"La falta de voluntad política —o, peor aún, de un compromiso real con los avances multilaterales— de algunos países no debe impedir que el resto de la comunidad internacional siga avanzando. Creemos firmemente que también es posible generar voluntad política a lo largo del proceso, iniciando las negociaciones y abordando las cuestiones del programa que han quedado estancadas durante tantos años. En este contexto, Austria espera que en el próximo periodo de sesiones de la Primera Comisión se adopten decisiones sustantivas sobre la manera de seguir avanzando y entablar negociaciones multilaterales de desarme. No podemos permitirnos seguir esperando.",
"Lo que cuenta, en el análisis final, es el éxito concreto. Tenemos que asegurarnos de que nuestros instrumentos faciliten el éxito y no se conviertan, por el contrario, en un obstáculo para el éxito. Desde la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, celebrada el año pasado, hemos asumido un compromiso renovado y claro de lograr un mundo sin armas nucleares. Este es un compromiso colectivo y debemos actuar en consecuencia. Debemos comenzar a centrarnos en términos concretos en los parámetros que nos permitirán alcanzar este objetivo por conducto de la Conferencia de Desarme, la Asamblea General o cualquier otro enfoque multilateral constructivo.",
"Sr. Kleib (Indonesia) (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Para comenzar quiero darle las gracias por haber convocado esta reunión sobre un tema tan importante.",
"Indonesia se adhiere plenamente a la declaración formulada anteriormente por el Representante Permanente de Egipto en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados.",
"Indonesia, que está comprometida desde hace mucho tiempo con un mundo libre de armas nucleares y otras armas de destrucción en masa, espera que el debate de hoy genere un impulso político claro que nos permita superar los obstáculos que han impedido hacer progresos en los objetivos de desarme multilateral.",
"En la Reunión de Alto Nivel de 24 de septiembre de 2010, la aprobación por consenso del Documento Final (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)) de la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares (TNP) y el nuevo acuerdo START entre los Estados Unidos de América y la Federación de Rusia representó una verdadera oportunidad para solucionar el estancamiento de la Conferencia de Desarme. Desde todo punto de vista, esos fueron dos logros importantes y sumamente encomiables. Finalmente parecía posible poner fin al estancamiento de decenios en el desarme nuclear. Surgió la esperanza de que, consolidando estos logros cruciales y el entendimiento incipiente, la comunidad internacional podría hacer realidad la visión de un mundo libre de armas nucleares en un futuro cercano.",
"El desaliento ante la falta de progresos tangibles en el programa mundial de desarme nuclear después de la reunión de septiembre resulta, por lo tanto, comprensible. La Conferencia de Desarme sigue siendo incapaz de convenir un programa de trabajo equilibrado y completo en Ginebra, y la Comisión de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas concluyó otro periodo de sesiones en Nueva York sin llegar a un acuerdo sobre las recomendaciones sustantivas.",
"A pesar de las expresiones de compromiso del año pasado, también se han logrado escasos progresos en la aplicación del Documento Final de la Conferencia de Examen del TNP, incluido su mandato de celebrar en 2012 una conferencia crucial sobre la creación de una zona libre de armas nucleares en el Oriente Medio.",
"Indonesia subraya la importancia de cumplir plenamente los compromisos acordados a nivel internacional en la esfera del desarme, la no proliferación y el control de armamentos. Ha llegado el momento de que todos los Estados, en particular los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares, cumplan los compromisos que han contraído en relación con el desarme nuclear completo. A tal fin, la adopción de medidas con plazos definidos es la mejor manera de crear confianza y de procurar la revitalización de la Conferencia de Desarme y la iniciación de negociaciones significativas en materia de desarme.",
"Debemos ser claros. Como señalaron el Secretario General y el Presidente del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados esta mañana, el problema no reside en el mecanismo de desarme de las Naciones Unidas, ya que fue ese mismo mecanismo el que permitió la elaboración de directrices para la creación de zonas libres de armas nucleares, así como para el control, la limitación y el desarme en relación con las armas convencionales. La Convención sobre las armas químicas y la Convención sobre las armas biológicas, el TNP y el Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares, entre otros, fueron posibles gracias a ese mecanismo y al sistema que lo precedió.",
"Estamos de acuerdo en que los procedimientos son muy importantes, pero no debemos hacernos ilusiones. Si no existe la voluntad de alcanzar las metas ni siquiera el mejor de los procedimientos podrá dar frutos. Indonesia confía en que, en caso de que exista la voluntad política, la Conferencia de Desarme podrá lograr avances en las negociaciones relativas a una convención sobre armas nucleares, garantías negativas de seguridad, un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable de conformidad con el mandato de Shannon y un tratado sobre la prevención de la carrera armamentista en el espacio ultraterrestre.",
"También hacemos hincapié en la validez del Documento Final aprobado por consenso en el primer período extraordinario de sesiones sobre el desarme (resolución S-10/2) en que, con la participación de la mayor cantidad de Estados reunidos hasta la fecha, se estableció una estrategia integral de desarme. Instamos una vez más a todos los Estados a participar en la convocatoria de un cuarto período extraordinario de sesiones sobre el desarme y a convertirlo en un éxito.",
"Permítaseme concluir subrayando una vez más la importancia de esta reunión en la promoción de la acción política para el logro de medidas concretas de desarme. Todos debemos trabajar juntos y promover medidas para abolir el flagelo de las armas nucleares y otras armas de destrucción en masa de nuestro planeta. Con este fin, Indonesia está decidida a seguir desempeñando un papel activo, como lo ha hecho en el pasado.",
"Sr. Ulibarri (Costa Rica): Costa Rica celebra que la Asamblea General tenga la oportunidad de analizar la situación del mecanismo multilateral para el desarme, en particular, de la Conferencia de Desarme. Esperamos que este debate conduzca a revitalizar la labor de la Conferencia, renovar la voluntad política para transformarla, reformular sus métodos de trabajo y, así, avanzar hacia su mejoramiento.",
"Costa Rica se une a lo expuesto por los Países Bajos a nombre de los 49 Estados que patrocinamos la resolución que convocó a este debate. A pesar de su membresía cerrada, de su estancamiento y de nuestra imposibilidad de participar en ella como miembros de pleno derecho, para Costa Rica la Conferencia aún es el principal foco en materia de desarme. Reconocemos el rol protagónico que está llamada a tener en el fortalecimiento de la seguridad mundial y la promoción de la estabilidad internacional. Así lo hemos hecho patente desde 1994, cuando expresamos nuestro legítimo pero infructuoso interés en integrarla, y lo reiteramos como miembro activo del grupo informal de países observadores, con sede en Ginebra.",
"El desarme no es un hecho aislado de naturaleza exclusivamente militar; es un proceso orgánico que nos interesa y afecta a todos, en el que debemos avanzar constantemente mediante negociaciones productivas. Por esto vemos con suma preocupación la parálisis de la Conferencia; su insistencia en reiterar las mismas rutinas y los mismos errores, y los abultados recursos que requiere para mantener su ritual. Por estas graves falencias, la Conferencia ha comprometido su capacidad de hacer frente a los emergentes problemas de seguridad y ha generado justificadas insatisfacción e impaciencia.",
"Pero las principales razones que explican el anquilosamiento de la Conferencia de Desarme no radican exclusivamente en los métodos de trabajo vigentes; quizás aún más importante sea su enfoque armamentista, no humanista, que ha prevalecido hasta el momento. Es hora de abordar el desarme como un valor para la seguridad humana, y el control de las armas desde los lentes del derecho internacional humanitario y los derechos humanos. Así podremos trasladar el eje conceptual del debate en un sentido más positivo y, creemos también, eficaz.",
"Las principales herramientas para promover y afianzar la seguridad nacional e internacional no son las armas, sino el respeto a la seguridad y la dignidad humanas y al estado de derecho. No desconocemos las necesidades de defensa militar de muchos países, a pesar de que el nuestro hace más de 60 años abolió las fuerzas armadas. No obstante, estamos convencidos de que un enfoque esencialmente militar sobre la seguridad y el desarme a lo sumo nos podría acercar a la regulación de las armas y el control de los arsenales, pero nunca al desarme.",
"Dicho sin eufemismos, con la Conferencia de Desarme hemos estado viviendo la ilusión del desarme. Es la ilusión de que destruir ciertas armas constituye un avance, a pesar de que sean reemplazadas por otras más poderosas; es la ilusión de proscribir aquellas con una ventaja estratégica exponencialmente inferior a la que ofrecen armas nuevas y más avanzadas; es la ilusión de estar cumpliendo con las exigencias de la sociedad civil, cuando el único resultado es un proceso paralizado y paralizante.",
"La Conferencia de Desarme, además, actúa como un club cerrado en el cual apenas un tercio de los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas se atribuye la responsabilidad de negociar el desarme mundial. Es paradójico, por ejemplo, que en ese grupo no haya ni siquiera un país de los 27 que carecemos de fuerzas armadas y, por ende, hemos convertido al desarme en realidades nacionales.",
"El gasto militar global alcanzó 1,6 billones de dólares en 2010. Por sí misma, esa suma dice poco, pero con tan solo invertir cada año a partir de ahora un 10% de ella, la comunidad mundial estaría en condiciones de cumplir los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en 2015.",
"Para Costa Rica, cualquier acción destinada a revitalizar y reestructurar las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme debe tener como base un enfoque de seguridad humana. Este enfoque fue clave en la negociación de la prohibición del uso de las minas antipersonal y las municiones en racimo. También ha sido determinante en las reuniones preparatorias para un tratado robusto sobre el comercio de armas.",
"Ya las armas nucleares han sido declaradas incompatibles con el derecho internacional y el derecho internacional humanitario en particular. Tanto el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares (TNP) como un pronunciamiento unánime de la Corte Internacional de Justicia en 1996 establecen la obligación legal de los Estados de iniciar y concluir negociaciones sobre la prohibición y la eliminación mundial de las armas nucleares.",
"Para generar confianza y dar una señal de compromiso que permita iniciar las negociaciones en la Conferencia de Desarme u otra eventual instancia, los Estados que poseen armas nucleares deberían dejar sin efecto sus planes para la modernización, sustitución y renovación de esas armas.",
"Costa Rica no considera como una medida conducente al desarme que los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares coloquen sobre la mesa de negociaciones una reducción apenas representativa mientras dirigen recursos hacia la investigación y la modernización de instalaciones capaces de mantener o multiplicar las amenazas.",
"Para concluir, permítaseme decir que, desde el punto de vista de Costa Rica, los organismos y procesos multilaterales sobre desarme, como la Conferencia de Desarme, podrían empezar a interactuar y cooperar con los órganos encargados de la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos y el derecho internacional humanitario, con el fin de dar un seguimiento más eficaz al cumplimiento por los Estados de sus obligaciones en estas materias.",
"Costa Rica considera necesario que el cumplimiento de los convenios sobre desarme se incorpore como variable del examen periódico universal del Consejo de Derechos Humanos. A veces escuchamos que crear un mundo más justo y seguro a partir de un enfoque humanitario hacia el desarme y el control de armamentos es algo quimérico e ilusorio. No coincidimos con esa apreciación. Más bien, lo que hemos observado como evidencia incontrovertible es que el enfoque armamentista en la Conferencia de Desarme la ha mantenido totalmente paralizada. Aún estamos a tiempo de reencauzarla con nuevos paradigmas, mejores métodos de trabajo y reales compromisos.",
"Sra. Viotti (Brasil) (habla en inglés): La revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y la celebración de negociaciones multilaterales sobre desarme son medidas esenciales para lograr un mundo más seguro. En reiteradas ocasiones, la comunidad internacional ha reafirmado que la amenaza que plantea la existencia misma de arsenales nucleares se debe encarar con una firme voluntad política. Debemos procurar alcanzar de consuno el objetivo tan anhelado de un mundo libre de armas nucleares.",
"Tomamos nota con interés del informe reciente de la Junta Consultiva en Asuntos de Desarme. La dificultad que tienen los miembros de la Junta Consultiva al proponer soluciones para el estancamiento en la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme, que se pone de manifiesto en el documento, demuestra que los motivos de dicho estancamiento son políticos y, por consiguiente, no están relacionados con las cuestiones institucionales o de procedimiento de la Conferencia. En consecuencia, es importante recalcar la recomendación hecha en el informe de que, si el Secretario General decide convocar un grupo de alto nivel de personas eminentes, solicite la realización de un estudio sobre los medios de revitalizar el mecanismo de desarme de las Naciones Unidas en general.",
"El Brasil considera que en toda iniciativa de reforma se debe considerar al mecanismo de desarme de las Naciones Unidas en su conjunto y no solamente a la Conferencia de Desarme. Por ello, apoyamos la convocación de un cuarto período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General dedicado al desarme, en el que se podría examinar la estructura institucional establecida en el primer período extraordinario de sesiones dedicado al desarme, celebrado en 1978. No somos partidarios de las iniciativas mediante las que se trata de modificar de manera parcial el funcionamiento del mecanismo sobre la base de un objetivo limitado que se circunscribe a un solo tema, por ejemplo, el material fisionable.",
"El Brasil estima que la Conferencia de Desarme es el único órgano debidamente constituido por la comunidad internacional para celebrar negociaciones sobre desarme nuclear. Mientras que otorgamos la máxima prioridad a la eliminación de las armas nucleares mediante la aprobación de una convención sobre el desarme nuclear, apoyamos el inicio de negociaciones sobre las otras tres cuestiones esenciales del programa de la Conferencia de Desarme, a saber, el material fisionable para la producción de armas nucleares y otros artefactos explosivos nucleares, las garantías negativas de seguridad y la prevención de una carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre.",
"No respaldamos la opinión de que solamente la cuestión de un tratado sobre la prohibición de la producción de material fisionable esté lista para su examen. Tampoco respaldamos la hipótesis de que solamente se pueda considerar responsable a un país del estancamiento en la labor de la Conferencia. Aunque esto sea cierto con respecto al tema de un tratado sobre la prohibición de la producción de material fisionable, otros países han obstaculizado las negociaciones sobre instrumentos relativos a otros temas del programa.",
"Incluso con respecto a un tratado sobre la producción de material fisionable, hay una clara divergencia de opiniones entre los Estados Miembros. El Brasil es partidario de la negociación de un tratado en el que se tenga en cuenta la cuestión de las existencias. Un tratado que se limite a la prohibición de la producción tendría poco efecto en el desarme nuclear, o ninguno.",
"Las críticas que se hacen a los aspectos institucionales de la Conferencia de Desarme, en particular a su reglamento, no son coherentes. Podríamos preguntarnos si los países que denuncian el uso indebido de la norma del consenso en las negociaciones sobre un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable estarían dispuestos a aceptar decisiones adoptadas por mayoría sobre otros asuntos que examina la Conferencia. Las negociaciones relativas a la seguridad de los Estados siempre son delicadas y complejas. La norma del consenso es un procedimiento especial de la Conferencia de Desarme, que refleja esta realidad.",
"El Brasil apoya el examen del aumento del número de miembros de la Conferencia, ya que ello promovería la celebración de deliberaciones más amplias y fructíferas en el seno de ese órgano. También propiciamos una mayor participación de la sociedad civil en el seguimiento de la labor de la Conferencia, puesto que ello contribuiría a que se tomara más conciencia de los desafíos que se enfrentan en la esfera del desarme nuclear.",
"Por cierto, es motivo de preocupación el hecho de que el estancamiento en la Conferencia de Desarme continúe, pese a los esfuerzos que se han realizado en los últimos años, sobre la base de acontecimientos positivos en el ámbito del desarme y la no proliferación, en particular el resultado exitoso de la Conferencia de las Partes encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares.",
"La existencia de armas nucleares constituye la amenaza más inmediata para la supervivencia de la humanidad. Por lo tanto, la negociación de instrumentos cuyo objetivo sea el desarme nuclear es urgente. Sin embargo, el interrogante que se debe plantear es el siguiente: ¿Acaso la comunidad internacional estaría en mejores condiciones de negociar esos instrumentos sin la Conferencia de Desarme? El Brasil opina que, pese a sus deficiencias, realmente no hay otra alternativa que la Conferencia. Por ello, revitalizar la Conferencia de Desarme no significa hallar modos de eludirla.",
"Se levanta la sesión a las 13.00 horas."
] | [
"President:\tMr. Deiss\t(Switzerland)",
"The meeting was called to order at 10.10 a.m.",
"Agenda item 162 (continued)",
"Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: Revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations",
"The President (spoke in French): In opening this meeting, I would like to be able to commend the Conference on Disarmament. Unfortunately, I cannot do so owing to the paralysis that has characterized the Conference for more than 10 years. That is serious for disarmament, which is, let us not forget, a key element of promoting peace, and for the Conference and its role in global governance. If the Conference does not regain its momentum, it could well be discredited and become completely useless.",
"In that context, I wish to especially thank our Secretary-General for his efforts to revitalize the Conference, in particular by organizing the High-level Meeting that took place last September. I fully endorse such efforts. Moreover, I had the opportunity to impart my concern with regard to the stagnation of the Conference both during that High-level Meeting and when I addressed the Conference directly in Geneva in February.",
"The High-level Meeting gave rise to a certain number of welcome initiatives. In particular, the fact that the follow-up to the Meeting will be on future agendas of the First Committee and of the General Assembly provides Member States the opportunity to discuss the situation of the Conference. Furthermore, it must be recalled that that is in line with the United Nations Charter, which clearly states that the General Assembly",
"“may consider the general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments”.",
"The General Assembly is empowered to make recommendations to Member States on that issue, and I call on participants to do so today.",
"During the autumn 2010 session, the First Committee thus adopted a draft resolution by consensus and included the issue on the agenda of its next session. I therefore encourage the Committee to send a strong signal to the Conference on Disarmament this year with a view to overcoming its stagnation.",
"In order to revitalize the Conference, the Secretary-General also mandated the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters to devote itself exclusively to the situation of the Conference on Disarmament during its two working sessions in 2011. I hope that the recommendations contained in the report drawn up by the Board (A/65/228) will hold the full attention of members of the Conference and of all States members of the General Assembly. I believe that the establishment of a high-level panel of eminent persons could bring a new perspective and revitalize the Conference. We will shortly have the opportunity, at an informal meeting, to hear more about the Board’s work.",
"I believe it crucial to identify the real reason for the paralysis. Some blame the consensus rule. That is part of the basic rules of the Conference’s work, and it is always desirable that the decisions of the Conference enjoy broad-based support. Still, the consensus rule should not become a reason for deadlock or an implicit right of veto. However, that explanation falls a little short. The Conference has always respected that principle. In the past, in much more complex, polarized situations, the Conference demonstrated its capacity to successfully conclude difficult negotiations.",
"What is lacking today is a true political will to move forward. A flexible approach, using all available disarmament tools and based on stronger negotiation and persuasion skills, is necessary to overcome resistance and build a climate of trust.",
"While informal approaches are, in my opinion, an avenue to explore, such approaches and their outcomes must nevertheless be in the context of the Conference. We must not deprive the Conference of its legitimacy by circumventing it, but help it to recover its former effectiveness. Our efforts must seek that goal, and that must motivate our discussions today.",
"In trying to overcome the current deadlock, it is important to maintain an integrated approach on disarmament and non-proliferation matters. That is one of the great qualities of the programme of work adopted in 2009. Although unfortunately never implemented, that programme is the outcome of a subtle balance among the various interests and concerns of Member States. In that regard, it should serve to inspire us if we want to move forward, and it could be used as a model to the Conference in the quest for a new programme of work. I am confident that States members of the Conference will ultimately shoulder their responsibilities, negotiate a new programme of work and, above all, implement it.",
"In recent years, the international environment has been particularly conducive to disarmament. Expectations are therefore high. It is our duty not to disappoint them. I therefore call on speakers today, beyond stating support for the Conference, to truly examine concrete channels in order to enable us to overcome the deadlock and to provide the means for significant progress on disarmament.",
"I now give the floor to the Secretary-General, His Excellency Mr. Ban Ki-moon.",
"The Secretary-General: We meet in the midst of a growing crisis of confidence. The United Nations multilateral disarmament machinery, in particular the Conference on Disarmament, has failed us for too long. As we look ahead, we face two critical questions. First, what are we to do when the world’s single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum is incapable of delivering on its mandate? Secondly, how can the world resume the process of building disarmament norms that apply universally?",
"Those questions led me to convene the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and Taking Forward Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations last September. The concerns expressed at that Meeting, coupled with the many initiatives that were proposed, testify to the importance that Member States attach to the challenge. I am also grateful to the President of the General Assembly for his own efforts to address the issue. In the Chairman’s summary of that meeting (A/65/496, annex), I proposed four actions.",
"First, I strongly suggested that the Conference on Disarmament readopt its 2009 programme of work, or a similar proposal submitted during the 2010 session. To encourage progress, I addressed the Conference on Disarmament last January for my third time as Secretary-General. So far, the Conference on Disarmament has been unable to respond. I look forward to a more action-oriented move from the membership, pending the final status of the Conference on Disarmament’s 2011 session.",
"Secondly, I proposed that the General Assembly include an item to follow-up on the High-level Meeting on the agenda of its sixty-fifth session. The Assembly approved that request. It has also added the item to the agenda of its forthcoming sixty-sixth session.",
"Thirdly, I asked my Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters to review the issues raised at the High-level Meeting. The Board has completed its review. My report on the Board’s work (A/65/228) is now before members, and I look forward to their feedback.",
"Fourthly, I stated that I would submit a report on the High-level Meeting and its follow-up to next year’s first session of the Preparatory Committee for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.",
"Member States have identified many options for revitalizing the Conference on Disarmament and carrying forward multilateral disarmament negotiations. One option is the status quo approach, namely, to continue seeking consensus in the Conference on Disarmament without fundamentally changing its mandate or rules. Many States, however, are understandably reluctant to follow such a course, given the years that have passed without result. Indeed, I am among the many who have warned that the status quo will simply render the Conference on Disarmament irrelevant and obsolete. A second set of options consists of various proposals for fundamental reforms in the multilateral disarmament machinery. Some feel that those would be best addressed at a fourth special session of the General Assembly on disarmament. There is still no consensus among Member States on convening such a gathering. That leaves the third option — incremental change.",
"Yet even these proposals, modest as they are, have encountered resistance. Various States argue strongly for or against changing the Conference on Disarmament’s rules of procedure. Proposals for ad hoc mechanisms have also found supporters and opponents. State policy priorities differ widely. States even disagree over where reforms should be implemented. Should it be in the Conference on Disarmament, in the General Assembly and its First Committee, outside the United Nations, in a conference on a specific disarmament issue, or in an ad hoc forum organized by like-minded countries?",
"As Secretary-General, I see no fundamental flaw in the United Nations disarmament machinery that may be blamed for this deadlock, and certainly none that cannot be overcome by changes in State policies. The problem lies not with the vehicle, but with the driver. What is needed most of all is a closer alignment between policy priorities and multilateral disarmament goals. If differences persist, we could consider the appointment of a high-level panel of eminent persons, as I have suggested. Alternatively, States could conduct the negotiations in an ad hoc committee of the General Assembly or at a United Nations conference.",
"There are no quick fixes. The road ahead will not be easy. Yet we must never abandon multilateralism or our respect for universal norms. We must remain true to the ideals of the United Nations. In addressing disarmament, as with other global public goods, our goal is not to advance the preferences of the few, but the common interests of all.",
"If the Conference on Disarmament remains deadlocked, the General Assembly has a responsibility to step in. As I have said before, the Conference on Disarmament should not be held perpetually hostage by one or two members. Concerns should be addressed through negotiations. The stakes are too high to continue falling short. The world expects progress. Let us defer no longer. Let us put an end to this long cycle of stagnation. For my part, I will do all I can to assist in achieving our shared goals.",
"The President (spoke in French): I thank the Secretary-General for his statement.",
"I shall now suspend the formal meeting to declare open the informal meeting of the General Assembly on the follow-up to the High-level Meeting held on 24 September 2010 to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"The meeting was suspended at 10.25 a.m. and resumed at 10.45 a.m.",
"The President (spoke in French): There are 50 speakers on the list. That calls for a certain discipline with respect to the length of statements. I propose limiting statements to eight minutes, but it is quite possible and representatives are free to talk for a shorter time than that and only to speak for five minutes. In preparing texts of that length, one can count on a page usually taking three minutes.",
"Mr. Abdelaziz (Egypt): I have the honour to speak on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) at this important meeting. The Non-Aligned Movement is composed of 120 countries, and if I take eight minutes for each of them, it will take up about one day to deliver my statement, but I am not going to do that.",
"This meeting, convened as a follow-up to the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and Taking Forward Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations that was held upon the initiative of the Secretary-General on 24 September 2010, is very important. I would like to thank the Secretary-General and you, Mr. President, for convening this meeting.",
"As consistently reaffirmed by the Non-Aligned Movement summits and ministerial conferences, including the recent sixteenth NAM ministerial conference held in Bali, Indonesia, in May, NAM underscores the absolute validity of multilateral diplomacy in the field of nuclear disarmament and non‑proliferation. It reiterates its determination to promote multilateralism as the core principle of negotiations in the areas of disarmament and non‑proliferation. NAM reaffirms its principled position on nuclear disarmament, which remains its highest priority, and on the related issues of nuclear non-proliferation in all its aspects, and stresses the importance that efforts aiming at nuclear non‑proliferation should be parallel to simultaneous efforts on nuclear disarmament. Progress in both is essential to strengthening international peace and security.",
"In that context, NAM stresses that nuclear disarmament, as the highest priority established by the first special session devoted to disarmament and as a legal obligation, should not be made conditional to confidence-building measures or other disarmament efforts. While emphasizing the vital role of a strong and genuine political will in multilateral negotiations on disarmament, NAM hopes that today’s deliberations and the proposals made by the Secretary-General and the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters will contribute to enhancing political will in support of the United Nations disarmament machinery and the multilateral disarmament negotiations within the United Nations.",
"To realize a world free of nuclear weapons free from the colossal global expenditures and the energies of the nuclear-weapon States concentrated on the possession, development and modernization of nuclear weapons, using such expenditures instead to further global development and peace, it is critical that nuclear-weapon States fulfil their nuclear disarmament obligations. There should be concrete progress in multilateral nuclear disarmament negotiations.",
"NAM reiterates its deep concern over the lack of progress towards nuclear disarmament, in particular on the part of the nuclear-weapon States, to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals in accordance with the relevant multilateral legal obligations. As a necessary step in the much-sought and long-delayed realization of general and complete disarmament, NAM underscores the need for the nuclear-weapon States to implement their nuclear disarmament obligations and their unequivocal undertaking in 2000, and further reiterated at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), so as to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear weapons. In that regard, NAM emphasizes the urgent need to commence negotiations on comprehensive and complete nuclear disarmament with a specific time frame and without delay.",
"NAM notes with concern the lack of multilateral agreement on a number of its key priorities, in particular beginning negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention, and calls for tangible progress in that regard. NAM States parties to the nuclear Non‑Proliferation Treaty are convinced that it is vital that the action plan adopted by the 2010 NPT Review Conference on aspects of nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation, the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and the implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East be implemented.",
"Welcoming the adoption by consensus of the detailed plan of action on the Middle East, particularly the implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East, and the conclusion and recommendations of the follow-on action of the 2010 NPT Review Conference, NAM States parties to the NPT strongly urge the Secretary-General and sponsors of the 1995 resolution, in close consultation and coordination with the States of the region, to immediately take the necessary measures to convene in 2012 the conference on the establishment of a Middle East zone free of nuclear weapons and all other weapons of mass destruction, to be attended by all States of the Middle East.",
"NAM remains steadfast in fully supporting the multilateral disarmament agenda and in strengthening the United Nations disarmament machinery. It is high time that all countries, working together, cooperate more and bring to bear the respective political capital to revitalize that crucial machinery. Promoting the work of the United Nations disarmament machinery hinges on creating a suitable political environment, taking into account the security interests of all States, rather than changing the rules of procedure.",
"While there is a need to enhance the effectiveness of the United Nations disarmament machinery, it is important to recall the achievements arrived at by the international community through the United Nations disarmament machinery, including key legal instruments, resolutions, guidelines and other crucial documents that constitute the framework, and are a reference for the work of the United Nations in the areas of disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control. It thus remains important to preserve the nature, role and purpose of each part of this important machinery.",
"NAM recognizes the need to enhance the effectiveness of the United Nations disarmament machinery. In this context, NAM notes that the main difficulty facing the disarmament machinery lies in the lack of true political will by some States to achieve actual progress, including, in particular, on nuclear disarmament.",
"While it is important to recall the achievements arrived at by the international community within the Conference on Disarmament, NAM expresses its disappointment at the fact that the Conference has not been able to undertake substantive work on its agenda for many years. In this regard, NAM believes that it is counterproductive to ascribe the lack of concrete results in the Conference only to its rules of procedure, as such an approach could conceal the true obstacle faced by the Conference, which is lack of political will.",
"NAM reaffirms the importance of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral negotiating body on disarmament and reiterates its call on the Conference to agree on a balanced and comprehensive programme of work by, inter alia, establishing an ad hoc committee on nuclear disarmament as soon as possible and as the highest priority. NAM emphasizes the necessity of starting negotiations without further delay on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons within a specified time frame, including a nuclear weapons convention. NAM reaffirms the importance of the unanimous conclusion reached by the International Court of Justice that there exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and to bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control.",
"NAM noted the adoption by the Conference of the programme of work for the 2009 session (CD/1864) on 29 May 2009, which was not implemented. NAM calls on the Conference to agree by consensus on a balanced and comprehensive programme of work without further delay.",
"NAM encourages the Conference on Disarmament to consider appointing a special coordinator on the expansion of the membership of the Conference as early as possible, with a view to examining the possible expansion of its membership, in accordance with its rules of procedure.",
"NAM also reaffirms the importance and relevance of the Disarmament Commission as the sole specialized, deliberative body within the United Nations multilateral disarmament machinery and reaffirms that the total elimination of nuclear weapons is the only absolute guarantee against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, as reaffirmed in the statement on the total elimination of nuclear weapons adopted by the sixteenth Ministerial Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement, held in Bali.",
"NAM will consider the recommendations contained in the report of the Advisory Board and present our views during discussions of this issue during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.",
"The President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Observer of the European Union.",
"Mr. Serrano (European Union): I have the honour to speak on behalf of the European Union (EU). The candidate countries Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Iceland, the countries of the Stabilization and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, as well as Ukraine, the Republic of Moldova and Georgia, align themselves with this declaration.",
"I would like first of all to commend you, Mr. President, for having scheduled this debate at this very appropriate moment. I should like also to thank the Secretary-General for his efforts and the message conveyed to us today, as well as the Chair of the Advisory Group and the Chair of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"The European Union is indeed disappointed at the absence of progress since the high-level meeting last September. We are nonetheless hopeful that our deliberations today will prove an opportunity to heed the calls made at that meeting for forward-looking and concrete discussions of future options — both for revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and for the review of practical ideas on how to pursue multilateral disarmament negotiations.",
"We are encouraged by the fact that the high-level meeting and the General Assembly follow-up resolution, resolution 65/93, have stimulated the reflection process in both Geneva and New York. Indeed, we have been encouraged by important positive developments in the areas of global disarmament and non-proliferation over the past two years, illustrated, for example, by Security Council resolution 1887 (2009), the New START Agreement, the Washington on Nuclear Security Summit, the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the intensified international public debate in which you, Mr. Secretary-General, have been personally involved, through your five-point plan. The European Union warmly welcomes these developments, though we are, naturally, aware that renewed and constant effort will be needed to ensure that the international community builds on the new momentum.",
"Indeed, now is the time to reinforce and revitalize multilateral efforts, since we all recognize that today’s global security problems require cooperative and multilateral solutions. We in the European Union are fully committed to maintaining and strengthening the momentum and committed to implementing agreed outcomes in full cooperation with other States, both because this is in keeping with our EU strategy against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and because this is more than ever a key condition of international peace and security.",
"Notwithstanding the positive trends overall, the European Union remains deeply troubled by the apparent dysfunction of a crucial part of the disarmament machinery: the ongoing stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament. The adoption in 2009 of the programme of work would have been an important breakthrough which would have allowed Conference members to start negotiations on a multilateral and verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices. For the European Union, launching these negotiations remains important and urgent. The EU thus continues to urge the last remaining State so far unwilling to join the consensus to begin negotiation of a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). Doing so would allow the Conference to resume its negotiating role and thereby regain credibility and continue to pursue its fundamental purpose.",
"All States members of the Conference on Disarmament should, we believe, appreciate the fact that starting FMCT negotiations is the beginning of a process of identifying and protecting specific national security concerns, rather than the outcome of such a process. The European Union considers the blockage of the whole Conference on Disarmament forum by a refusal even to start negotiations to be an unacceptable practice. It seriously undermines the principle of multilateral cooperation.",
"We also consider that there are confidence-building measures that can be taken immediately, without waiting for the beginning of formal negotiations. That is why we call on all States possessing nuclear weapons to declare and then uphold a moratorium on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.",
"The EU thus reaffirms once more its commitment to engaging in substantive discussions on all the other core issues on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"We deeply regret that despite clear manifestations of strong political will on the part of the majority of Conference on Disarmament members and firm support for negotiations and clear calls at both the current session of the General Assembly and the 2010 NPT Review Conference, the Conference has not yet been able to build upon the momentum in global disarmament and non-proliferation. We acknowledge the security concerns of all States, but at the same time we firmly believe that the consensus rule must not be subject to abuse. The world cannot afford to stand still on the crucial issues of disarmament and non‑proliferation or to allow procedural issues to stymie real political progress. A review of working methods is therefore part of the EU’s proposals to improve the functioning of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"Let me use this occasion to reiterate the EU’s longstanding attachment to the enlargement of the Conference on Disarmament. The European Union supports the call made by the informal group of observer States to the Conference, including some States members of the EU, to appoint, during the current session, a special coordinator on expansion of the membership of the Conference.",
"Consistent with the EU’s engagement with civil society, we are also keen to explore ways to strengthen the voice of non-governmental organizations and to associate research institutions with the work of the Conference.",
"The First Committee is another important body where discussion of current topics and potential initiatives on non-proliferation and disarmament issues can fruitfully take place. States Members of the United Nations share responsibility for maintaining the relevance of this forum, and we believe that the First Committee should therefore improve its working methods so as to be capable of debating contemporary security challenges and developing concrete measures to address them.",
"I would also like to make mention of the United Nations Disarmament Commission. We believe that its procedures and operating principles should also be thoroughly reviewed and enhanced.",
"Greater involvement of civil society in the work of that body should also be welcome. The aim of the United Nations Disarmament Commission is to submit recommendations on issues of disarmament and arms control to the General Assembly and, through it, to the Conference on Disarmament. Indeed, it is with great regret that the EU notes that both the deliberative and the negotiating bodies set up under the auspices of the General Assembly have been falling short of their agreed goals for more than a decade.",
"The Conference on Disarmament, in accordance with the mandate it received, should be the place to forge multilateral treaties shared by nuclear-weapon States and non-nuclear-weapon States alike. However, given the continuing stalemate in the Conference, the international community needs to reflect on options and, if necessary, identify other ways to ensure progress. In sum, Mr. President, the European Union is ready to engage with you and with all States Members of the United Nations to identify ways and means to overcome the deadlock in the Conference.",
"Let me summarize the European Union’s concrete proposals. First, we call on all States Members of the Conference on Disarmament to start negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty without delay and to begin work on the other issues on the agenda. Secondly, we call on all States possessing nuclear weapons to declare and uphold an immediate moratorium on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. Thirdly, we call on the Conference on Disarmament, the First Committee and the United Nations Disarmament Commission to review their working methods and to duly reflect on this issue in their reports to the General Assembly. We naturally encourage the Assembly to remain seized of the issue. Fourthly, we call on the Conference on Disarmament to include the current observer States as full members. Lastly, we call on the Conference on Disarmament to explore ways to strengthen the contribution of non‑governmental organizations in the Conference and to increase contacts with research institutions.",
"In conclusion, we reaffirm our commitment to making the United Nations and the disarmament machinery able to deliver tangible results. We also stand ready to work with all delegations on further steps to make other operational suggestions and to envisage other concrete and operational options. The effective functioning of multilateral disarmament institutions is vital to our security. The long-term deadlock of core disarmament forums such as the Conference on Disarmament poses a serious problem which it calls all States to overcome. Moreover, time is running out. The Conference on Disarmament needs to resume its work without delay. We reiterate our call for a substantive follow-up and for the disarmament machinery to do what it was created to do.",
"Mr. Araud (France): Allow me, Mr. President, on behalf of the People’s Republic of China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America, to thank you for convening this follow-up meeting to the High-level Meeting held on 24 September 2010. We welcome the personal commitment and leadership you have shown on disarmament and non-proliferation. We fully support your continuing efforts to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament. We are deeply concerned by its long-running stalemate and lack of progress since last year’s meeting. It is crucial to reaffirm the negotiating role of the Conference and to allow it to resume its substantive work without delay.",
"Ten months after the High-level Meeting, today’s follow-up meeting is a timely opportunity to reflect on the situation of the disarmament machinery and to consider ways to make further progress on disarmament and international peace and security.",
"We welcome the numerous positive developments in the area of arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation. In particular, the adoption of a concrete and balanced action plan on all three pillars of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) at the Review Conference of the Parties to the NPT in 2010 has shown the international community’s firm commitment to reinforcing the international nuclear non-proliferation regime and addressing nuclear issues with a global and pragmatic approach.",
"Now, all State parties must work together to advance the implementation of the NPT action plan. In this context, the permanent five States members of the Security Council are strongly determined to assume their responsibilities and play their part. At the High-level Meeting in September last year, France undertook to organize the first permanent five follow-up meeting to the 2010 NPT Review Conference.",
"Accordingly, on 30 June and 1 July, the permanent five met in Paris at the Director Generals and experts level with a view to considering progress on the commitment they made at the NPT Review Conference and to contributing to the preparation of the next NPT review cycle. They discussed a wide range of issues relating to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. That was the second time that the permanent five got together in that format with that agenda, the first being the London conference on confidence-building measures in 2009. The Paris conference was therefore a significant and vital opportunity to further build mutual trust and confidence on nuclear matters.",
"We would like to share with the Assembly the general outcomes of our discussions, which were reflected in the final joint press statement issued at the end of the conference. As nuclear-weapon States, we discussed how we intend to meet our disarmament obligations under the NPT, including engagement on the efforts called for in the 2010 NPT action plan, particularly the steps outlined in action 5, as well as reporting and other efforts.",
"We continued our previous discussions on the issues of transparency and mutual confidence, including nuclear doctrine and capabilities, and on verification. Such measures are important for establishing a firm foundation for further disarmament efforts.",
"We also shared views on measures to uphold the NPT’s non-proliferation pillar to include how to respond to notifications of withdrawal from the NPT, while recognizing the provisions of article 10, and stressed the need to strengthen the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards, including by promoting the adoption of the Additional Protocol and the reinforcement of IAEA resources and capabilities for deterring and detecting non-compliance.",
"All States — NPT parties and non-parties — must contribute to fulfilling the overall objective of disarmament by creating the necessary security environment, resolving regional tensions, promoting collective security, ensuring that the international nuclear non-proliferation regime remains robust and reliable, and making progress in all areas of disarmament.",
"We are convinced that, as the sole standing multilateral disarmament negotiating forum of the international community, the Conference on Disarmament should maintain the primary role in substantive negotiations on priority questions of disarmament. We call on all Conference member States to agree without delay on the comprehensive and balanced programme of work, allowing the Conference to resume its substantive work.",
"We recognized that the one key element in the effective implementation of article 6 of the NPT and in the prevention of nuclear proliferation is the negotiation of a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). An FMCT would help cut off the most important building blocks needed for nuclear weapons. We reiterate our support for the immediate commencement of negotiation at the Conference on Disarmament of an FMCT, including verification provisions.",
"In order to sustain the potential of negotiation in the Conference, the permanent five will, prior to the next session of the General Assembly, renew their efforts with other relevant partners to promote such negotiation. Furthermore, the permanent five recall their commitment to promoting and ensuring the swift entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and its universalization.",
"(spoke in French)",
"I would like at this juncture to make some brief remarks in my national capacity. I fully endorse the European Union’s statement. France, in all forums, including the Group of Eight (G-8) which we are chairing, supports any initiative seeking to improve international security in all areas: nuclear, biological, chemical, conventional, ballistic proliferation and space.",
"We must continue to jointly insist to those who may seek to take advantage of the stalemate in the work of the Conference on Disarmament that they are going against history. Today there is a consensus, minus one, for opening negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty. Needless to say, we hope that those negotiations will be conducted under the auspices of the Conference, since that is what it exists for.",
"With regard to the start of negotiations, we must demonstrate visibly our commitment to ending production of fissile material for nuclear weapons. Four nuclear-weapon States have already declared a moratorium on production of such material. We call earnestly on all nuclear Powers to declare a similar moratorium immediately. And we must go even further by making this halt to fissile material production irreversible. France has been a pioneer in this area by dismantling its production facilities irreversibly.",
"In the interests of saving time, I will stop here. The full version of my statement will be available on the website of France’s Permanent Mission to the United Nations.",
"Mr. Quinlan (Australia): I have the privilege today of speaking on behalf of the Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Initiative (NPDI), whose current members are Australia, Canada, Chile, Germany, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates.",
"We are very grateful to you for convening this debate, Mr. President, as well as for your personal efforts towards the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament, including through your visit to Geneva this year. We also welcome the Secretary-General’s commitment to this critical task.",
"This debate comes at an appropriate moment. At the conclusion of the second part of the Conference’s annual session and sufficiently ahead of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, it is the right time to jointly assess the developments that have taken place since last September’s High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and to exchange views on how to facilitate the Conference’s resumption of substantive work. We should capitalize on a period of reflective momentum that has prevailed in New York and Geneva in recent months, and for which the meeting itself was a constructive stimulus.",
"The Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Initiative was established in September 2010 in order to build on the renewed momentum in disarmament and non-proliferation resulting from, in particular, the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). At their second foreign ministers’ meeting in Berlin on 30 April, the NPDI member States reaffirmed their intention to work towards achieving nuclear disarmament and strengthening the international non‑proliferation regime. Recognizing the danger to all humankind posed by the possibility of the use of nuclear weapons and the necessity of addressing increased proliferation risks, decreasing nuclear arsenals, strengthening nuclear security and improving nuclear safety, we continue to consider it compelling and urgent to reduce nuclear risks and achieve tangible progress on the path towards a world free of nuclear weapons. In Berlin, the NPDI foreign ministers reiterated their determination to support and help drive implementation of the consensus outcomes of last year’s NPT Review Conference.",
"NPDI members have welcomed, sometimes led and certainly actively participated in various initiatives in the first and second part of the Conference on Disarmament’s session this year aimed at facilitating work on the its current core issues. At the same time, however, we note with deep regret that the Conference has not been able to profit from broader positive trends in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation. It has so far not implemented the three actions in the NPT Review Conference’s action plan that pertain to its work: action 6 on establishing a subsidiary body to deal with nuclear disarmament; action 7 on substantive discussions on negative security assurances; and action 15 on fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) negotiations.",
"We also have to acknowledge that, instead of making progress, the Conference has actually taken a step backwards from its consensus adoption of a programme of work (CD/1864) in May 2009. We are convinced that the use of the consensus rule to prevent the start of FMCT negotiations, as well as substantive discussions on the other three core issues, has not only harmed the Conference’s already diminished credibility, but also seriously undermined the entire multilateral disarmament process and, in the long run, therefore, the security interests of the entire international community.",
"The Conference on Disarmament has been unable to fulfil the task assigned to it — the negotiation of disarmament and non-proliferation instruments — for more than a decade. In light of this situation, we reiterate our firm conviction that the Conference must immediately start negotiations on an FMCT. However, while patience is a virtue, of course, continued passivity is not. Therefore, if an agreement on launching FMCT negotiations continues to elude us in the third part of the Conference’s session, we are determined to ask the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session later this year to address the issue and consider ways to proceed with the aim of beginning FMCT negotiations.",
"We acknowledge that, of course, FMCT negotiations will be challenging from both a political and a technical point of view, no matter what venue is selected. In our view, these two aspects are closely intertwined. While we continue to consider that the earliest possible start of negotiations on an FMCT is the priority, we consider that establishing a group of scientific experts assigned to examine the technical aspects of an FMCT could facilitate and contribute to the start of negotiations. We are very willing to discuss this idea with interested parties.",
"The NPDI’s concerns are by no means limited to one specific aspect of the Conference’s work. In order to reshape it into an effectively functioning institution whose composition reflects the realities of this century, not the last, its current working methods need to be examined critically, its membership reviewed and its interaction with civil society increased.",
"While we consider the Conference’s return to substantive work to be the most urgent task we have, our interest in revitalization extends beyond it. The Disarmament Commission constitutes another theoretically important but increasingly irrelevant pillar of the United Nations disarmament machinery. It would greatly profit from a review of its current work and from well-calibrated structural reform.",
"Furthermore, we call on the General Assembly’s own First Committee to increase its practical relevance to disarmament and international security. Given the objective of today’s debate, we particularly appeal to it to move the FMCT and other disarmament core issues forward. Overall, the Assembly should, in our view, continue to play an important role in marshalling the expectations of the international community vis-à-vis the multilateral disarmament machinery and identifying possible solutions to persistent problems. We look forward to this, as well as to possible future debates on the highly relevant and critical issue of making progress on multilateral disarmament negotiations.",
"Mr. Tatham (United Kingdom): I thank you for convening this important discussion, Mr. President. The United Kingdom welcomes your personal commitment and the leadership you have shown on disarmament and non-proliferation. We are very pleased to have this opportunity to take stock since last September’s High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and Taking Forward Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations.",
"The Government of the United Kingdom remains firmly committed to the long-term goal of a world without nuclear weapons, and to making progress on multilateral disarmament. We take seriously our international disarmament obligations and have made concrete progress in the past year. In our strategic defence and security review in October 2010, we announced a number of disarmament measures around reducing the number of nuclear warheads and missiles on our submarines. We also gave a new, stronger assurance to non-nuclear weapon States.",
"There has been good progress on the international disarmament agenda in 2011. In February, the New START agreement entered into force, and a few weeks ago, the five nuclear-weapon States recognized under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) took part in a conference of the permanent five members of the Security Council in Paris. This was only the second time such a meeting has taken place, following the 2009 meeting hosted by the United Kingdom. We were delighted with the confidence-building discussions that took place and by the opportunity to look in detail at our disarmament obligations.",
"The outcomes from the conference, which my French colleague has already outlined on behalf of the permanent five, clearly demonstrate our collective determination to work together to implement the commitments made in the 2010 NPT Review Conference action plan (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). This includes practical steps taken by the United Kingdom, the United States and Russia as depositories of the NPT in our commitment towards the implementation of the 1995 NPT resolution on a Middle East free of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery.",
"We look forward to making progress on the disarmament and confidence-building initiatives agreed at the conference. As part of this follow-up work, the United Kingdom will host an expert-level meeting with our permanent five partners on lessons learned from our pioneering work with Norway on the verification of warhead dismantlement. Our work with Norway has demonstrated that nuclear-weapon and non-nuclear-weapon States alike are able to make an active contribution to their NPT obligations through research into the verification of nuclear disarmament, while still complying with their non-proliferation obligations. Indeed, the cooperation of non-nuclear-weapon States in nuclear disarmament verification research is necessary in order to achieve effective and mutually trusted technical and procedural solutions to support verifiable multilateral nuclear disarmament.",
"Despite positive progress and momentum elsewhere, the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva has so far failed to produce any substantive work since the High-level Meeting last September. There is overwhelming support for the principle of a treaty that would end the future production of fissile material for use in nuclear weapons. Starting negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) would constitute a significant achievement and necessary building block for our ultimate goal of a world without nuclear weapons. Unfortunately, as we all know, one country continues to block this step. It is for this reason, as opposed to any other, that we are here today and have made no tangible progress on FMCT since the High-level Meeting last September.",
"If we want to move forward, we must focus our collective efforts on persuading all members to agree again to set the Conference on Disarmament back to work and start negotiating an FMCT. The side events organized by our Australian and Japanese colleagues constituted a welcome and informative initiative towards this end.",
"If it is to strengthen the global disarmament and non-proliferation framework in a meaningful way, a future FMCT must prohibit the production of fissile material for use in nuclear weapons and other explosive devices by all States. For this reason, the United Kingdom wishes to re-emphasize its strong commitment to starting negotiations on an FMCT within the Conference on Disarmament. The Conference on Disarmament represents the best option we have for negotiations with all the relevant States as members. It is an institution that, through its rules of procedure, shows respect for everyone’s security. And we still have a programme of work ready to go, agreed by all except one. Document CD/1864 provides for negotiations on an FMCT as well as substantive discussions on the other agenda items on which the Conference on Disarmament has also failed to make progress in the past two years.",
"We must continue to reassure all members that the Conference on Disarmament’s well-established rules offer protection for all countries security interests, both during negotiations and in the eventual signature and ratification phase. It is to be expected that some countries will have concerns about what an FMCT might mean for them. There will be plenty of opportunities to discuss all of the issues and concerns at the negotiating table.",
"The public statement from the Paris conference of the permanent five reiterated the strong support of the five for the immediate start of FMCT negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament. The permanent five made a commitment to renew efforts with relevant partners to promote such negotiations prior to the next session of the General Assembly. We intend to pursue further detailed discussions on the main treaty issues with other relevant partners, building on the side events that have already taken place. As these discussions progress, momentum towards negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament will continue to build. We appeal to all States to sustain this momentum, and on the last remaining State to join the consensus and end its block on allowing the Conference on Disarmament to conduct its work as soon as possible. This block has been damaging for multilateralism inside the United Nations and has encouraged some to consider bypassing traditional institutions in order to try to make quick progress on an FMCT.",
"The Conference on Disarmament urgently needs to show that it is still relevant and that it can prove its potential as the best means of finding sustainable solutions for the challenges of global arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation in the twenty-first century.",
"Ms. Gottemoeller (United States of America): I thank you, sir, for the opportunity to speak today. The United States welcomed the initiative of the Secretary-General to convene last September’s High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and Taking Forward Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations, in the hopes that it would spur progress on negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) in the Conference on Disarmament. We co-sponsored resolution 65/93 on follow-up to the High-level Meeting, and we also welcome the opportunity today to take stock of where we are 10 months later. The United States shares your commitment to progress, Mr. President, and your interest in seeing this process carried forward.",
"Two years ago in his speech in Prague, President Obama affirmed the commitment of the United States “to seek the peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons” and laid out a plan of action for near-term practical steps to move in that direction. Since then, significant progress has been registered. I will not detail all of it here, but I would like to highlight a few successes because they stand in stark contrast to the continuing failure to begin negotiations on a priority objective — a ban on the production of fissile material for use in nuclear weapons.",
"A key arms control achievement of the past year was the entry into force of the New START agreement with the Russian Federation this past February. Implementation of the Treaty is well under way. As of last weekend, we and the Russian Federation had exchanged 1,000 notifications in implementation of the Treaty regime. Furthermore, we have conducted 13 inspections, six by the Russian Federation and seven by the United States. We are keeping pace in our implementation efforts.",
"In May, President Obama also submitted to the Senate for its advice and consent the protocols of the African and South Pacific nuclear-weapon-free zones Treaties. And we are in discussion with parties to the South-East Asia and Central Asia nuclear-weapon-free zones Treaties in an effort to reach agreement that would allow the United States to sign the Protocols to those treaties, as well.",
"The United States remains committed to securing ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty, and we are engaging the United States Senate and the American public on the merits of that Treaty.",
"As already reported by the representative of France, the nuclear-weapon States recognized under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) — the permanent five — met in Paris on 30 June and 1 July to engage on issues bearing on nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, and in particular steps outlined in the action plan adopted at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the NPT (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). This was a continuation of discussions begun in London in 2009 and will continue with a third conference in the context of the Preparatory Committee for the 2012 NPT Review Conference. These meetings are helping to build a process for permanent-five dialogue on transparency, nuclear doctrine and verification, recognizing that such a dialogue is needed if we are to establish a firm foundation for further disarmament efforts.",
"The United States has spared no effort to initiate negotiations in the Geneva Conference on Disarmament on a treaty banning the production of fissile material for use in nuclear weapons. The completion of such a treaty continues to be the top multilateral priority for the United States and the vast majority of others, and would be a major international achievement in non-proliferation and disarmament. At a time when significant progress has been registered in other areas of arms control and disarmament, it is all the more disappointing that a single State has prevented the Conference on Disarmament from again taking its place on the disarmament stage and undertaking negotiations to reach that long-overdue objective.",
"The preference of the United States is to negotiate the fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) within the Conference on Disarmament. We welcomed the initiative of Australia and Japan to organize serious technical FMCT discussions at the margins of the Conference on Disarmament this year. The activity proved to be productive, substantive and collegial, but this does not obscure the central fact that the Conference on Disarmament remains blocked and that we are no closer to FMCT negotiations today than we were two years ago, when a compromise programme of work was adopted by consensus by all 65 Conference on Disarmament members.",
"It is because of this continuing stalemate that we have launched consultations to move the issue forward. We are encouraged, therefore, that the permanent five agreed in Paris to take steps prior to the next General Assembly session to renew efforts with other relevant partners to promote such FMCT negotiations, and we are planning these activities now.",
"Turning to the issue of the United Nations disarmament machinery and how it functions — or does not function — I note that this is often a subject of discussion. For example, improvements motivated the 1978 decision to create the Committee on Disarmament — renamed Conference soon after — by the then-member States of the Conference on Disarmament’s predecessor body. They judged that certain changes, such as a rotating presidency and membership expansion, would render the body more representative and more productive. The decisions of those States were recalled in the Final Document of the first special session devoted to disarmament (resolution S-10/2).",
"More recently, serious thought and a number of interesting ideas have emerged regarding reform of the Conference on Disarmament and other disarmament machinery. But we should consider such proposals with our eyes wide open, realistic about what the root cause of the current deadlock is. While the machinery could certainly benefit from a tune-up, it is not the underlying cause of the breakdown in the Conference on Disarmament. The Conference has produced good results in years past: the Biological Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. Put simply, when countries share an objective, they can move it forward in the Conference on Disarmament, and this is an experience we wish to see repeated, starting with the fissile material cut-off treaty.",
"The Secretary-General has offered recommendations on how to proceed with a review of multilateral disarmament affairs, and he has provided us with a thoughtful report on the work of his Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters (A/65/228). The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research has also provided stimulating food for thought. We have a wealth of ideas.",
"A panel of eminent persons, the Conference on Disarmament itself, or some others might usefully continue their exploration to include recommendations on the following: how to revamp or reconsider the role of the United Nations Disarmament Commission, which, after yeoman’s efforts, has been unable to reach consensus for a number of years on any agenda item; and how to update the Geneva Conference on Disarmament. Its decalogue and agenda could be updated to reflect the current international security environment. Members should also review some of its other procedures and recommend changes that would encourage greater continuity and focus.",
"Also included would be recommendations on how to provide for continuity on an agreed Conference on Disarmament work programme from year to year, such as automatic rollover of an agreed programme of work; how to protect national security interests while preventing abuse of the consensus rule; and whether expansion of the Conference on Disarmament would improve its efficiency, and how to reflect universal disarmament goals in deliberative and negotiating bodies while maintaining their efficacy and ensuring that States’ security concerns are respected and protected. This is the fundamental issue. In this regard, we view that, theoretically, working with 193 members would inevitably pose complexities. I might note that the Conference on Disarmament in its current composition, expanded since 1996 to 65 member States, has yet to demonstrate its ability to function as a negotiating body.",
"In exploring new ways to proceed, we think that balance is needed. The status quo is unacceptable, but we should also guard against being overly ambitious, lest we lose our way. As we seek our way forward, we must keep our eye on the prize and, for most of the international community, that prize is a fissile material cut-off treaty as the next immediate multilateral nuclear disarmament step. Calls for yet another special session on disarmament are a distraction at best. A special session on disarmament is not the only or the most practical vehicle for reform in the light of its record of failure. Unless we have agreed objectives for such a session, we should better direct our efforts where progress can be made.",
"Mr. Wang Min (China) (spoke in Chinese): I would like to begin by thanking you, Sir, for convening this meeting. I would also like to thank you and the Secretary-General for your statements.",
"The High-level Meeting held in September 2010 held useful discussions on the work of the Conference on Disarmament and multilateral disarmament negotiations. China hopes that today’s meeting will also play an active role in facilitating multilateral disarmament negotiations.",
"Arms control and disarmament are closely related to security and have always been the barometer of changes in the international security situation. It is now the general hope of the international community that the multilateral disarmament process, and the work of the Conference on Disarmament in particular, will move forward so as to further promote the security of all States.",
"Since the beginning of this year, the parties have displayed positive intentions and adopted a constructive approach to the advancement of the work of the Conference on Disarmament. However, differences among the parties remain to be bridged and renewed efforts are required of Conference members in order to break the impasse in its work.",
"Given the current circumstances, China would like to make the following proposals on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward the multilateral disarmament process.",
"First, the authority of the Conference on Disarmament should be respected and maintained. As the single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum, the Conference is irreplaceable by any other international mechanism. Since the end of the Cold War, the Conference has negotiated and concluded the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. These two instruments have contributed greatly to the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and the advancement of the international arms control and disarmament process, and their effects have been vindicated by history. If the fissile material cut-off treaty is to fulfil its dual objective of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation and in order to ensure its authority, effectiveness and universality, it must be negotiated within the framework of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"Secondly, the legitimate security concerns of States should receive due attention and equal treatment. The Conference on Disarmament cannot work in a vacuum, and international and regional security situations are bound to have a direct and important bearing on its work. The legitimate security concerns of member States should be fully respected and appropriately addressed, both at the time of launching negotiations and during the negotiating process. It is for this very purpose that we engage in serious negotiations on multilateral arms control treaties, and it is also the necessary precondition for universal support for and compliance with such treaties.",
"Thirdly, we should maintain confidence in the Conference on Disarmament and further engage in creative thinking. Progress in the work of the Conference on Disarmament depends on the common efforts of — and especially synergy among — all member States in the framework of the Conference. Any idea or practice of resorting to another framework is obviously not conducive to the work of the Conference on Disarmament and will not produce a satisfactory fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). In the face of deadlock and difficulties, it is all the more necessary for Conference members to use political wisdom and fully mobilize diplomatic creativity to maintain the momentum on launching FMCT negotiations, and spare no effort in seeking workable ways to push the Conference to carry out substantive work on FMCT-related issues.",
"Fourthly, efforts should be made to advance the work of the Conference on Disarmament in a comprehensive manner. While negotiations on the FMCT should start at an early date, the Conference should also engage in substantive work on other important items, such as nuclear disarmament, the prevention of an arms race in outer space and security assurances for non-nuclear-weapon States. This is the wish of the great majority of Conference members. I am convinced that work on these three items will have a positive effect on promoting FMCT negotiations.",
"China has always supported the work of the Conference on Disarmament and is in favour of starting FMCT negotiations as soon as possible. During China’s tenure as President of the Conference on Disarmament this year, it has cooperated fully with other Presidents, conducted broad-based consultations with member States and made unremitting efforts to narrow differences and break the impasse. We hope that all sides will respect each other’s legitimate security concerns and continue dialogue and consultations in a serious, equal, open and transparent manner with a view to reaching agreement on the programme of work of the Conference as soon as possible so that substantive work on various items can begin.",
"Taking forward the international arms control and disarmament process is in the interests of all parties and is the historic responsibility of all States. We believe in the political will and collective wisdom of the States members of the Conference on Disarmament and remain confident that the Conference will launch FMCT negotiations and start substantive work in other areas. Meanwhile, we make an urgent call on all parties to make new efforts and attempts to that end. China is willing to work with others and redouble its efforts to promote the healthy development of the cause of multilateral arms control and disarmament and to maintain world peace and security.",
"Mr. Schaper (Netherlands): I have the honour of taking the floor on behalf of the following 41 States: Australia, Austria, Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Ireland, Japan, Kenya, the Republic of Korea, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Montenegro, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, the Republic of Moldova, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and Uruguay.",
"These States, from many regions across the globe, share the commitment to strengthen the multilateral disarmament system — and this will be the theme of my remarks today — so that this system can fulfil its purpose. We thank you, Sir, for organizing this meeting, which provides an opportunity to assess the progress made since the adoption of resolution 65/93 on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations.",
"The 41 States I just mentioned consider it regrettable that, for more than a decade, the multilateral disarmament machinery, and the Conference on Disarmament in particular, have not met the expectations of the international community, as expressed in the Final Document of the first special session devoted to disarmament (resolution S/10-2) and the decisions and recommendations contained in numerous General Assembly resolutions and in outcome documents of the Review Conferences of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The Conference on Disarmament is simply failing to fulfil its mandate. It is failing to address the pressing security challenges facing the international community through effective multilateral arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation instruments.",
"For several years now, this lack of progress on new multilateral disarmament instruments has directly affected our common security in the twenty-first century and weakened the multilateral disarmament system. While progress has been made in other multilateral disarmament forums, the Conference on Disarmament has been unable to unlock its potential or to agree on the issue of wider participation by interested States and on enhanced engagement with members of civil society.",
"Our countries find this sorry picture of stagnation, stalemate and lack of results in the Conference on Disarmament unacceptable. We see an urgent need to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament and to take forward multilateral disarmament negotiations. In this regard, we are highly appreciative of the Secretary-General’s initiatives in support of such efforts.",
"The High-level Meeting of 24 September 2010 highlighted the views of States on the causes of the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament. But above all, the High-level Meeting made it more evident that the international community wants to move beyond mere deliberations to action, and without further delay.",
"As members may be aware, during the course of 2011 Conference on Disarmament members in Geneva have increasingly voiced and documented their concerns about the deadlock, including during an interaction with you, Sir, on the occasion of your visit to Geneva in March. They have also expressed their concerns to the Secretary-General and the members of his Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters.",
"But despite the considerable efforts of consecutive Conference on Disarmament Presidents for more than a decade, despite various suggestions and initiatives of Conference members, and despite the adoption of decisions that would have seen the Conference fulfil its mandate, the Conference is still failing to undertake substantive work.",
"Here in New York, the United Nations Disarmament Commission regrettably once again failed to produce any concrete recommendations. We consider this to be an additional indicator of the continued challenges facing the wider multilateral disarmament machinery.",
"If the multilateral disarmament machinery, especially the Conference on Disarmament, is not able to overcome this crisis, the international community, and the General Assembly in particular, will need to respond and give serious consideration to ways and means to overcome it. We cannot afford to start another Conference session in January 2012 accepting that the continued impasse is a given and that we cannot do anything about it.",
"Already, States are discussing various options. Some focus on giving the General Assembly a more central and active role in advancing multilateral disarmament negotiations. Some focus on implementing agreements previously reached in the Conference on Disarmament and other relevant multilateral forums. Some seek to intensify preparations for negotiations. Some focus on efforts to motivate a formal revitalization process within the Conference on Disarmament, and some seek to include a broader reform process of the disarmament machinery.",
"Although these different initiatives point to different focuses, they are all being explored — and need to be explored — in order to improve global security, including through finding the most effective way to achieve a world without nuclear weapons. We hope that this debate can provide us with a suitable platform to keep addressing, in a transparent and inclusive manner, all possible future options for taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations effectively and in an outcome-oriented spirit. We must assume our responsibility, both in Geneva and here, to address these concerns effectively without further delay.",
"We welcome the attention of the Secretary-General and his Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters to the problems facing the disarmament machinery. At the same time, we recognize that the responsibility for current difficulties rests with States, as does the responsibility to find solutions. We stand ready to contribute actively and constructively to this forward-looking endeavour. All the States of the world have a vital interest, a right and a duty to participate in and contribute to the success of multilateral disarmament negotiations.",
"Mr. Kim Sook (Republic of Korea): At the outset, I would like to join previous speakers in expressing my sincere appreciation to you, Sir, for convening this meeting. As one of the member countries that co-signed the letter requesting this gathering, the Republic of Korea associates itself with the remarks made just now by the representative of the Netherlands. At this juncture, however, I would like to speak in my national capacity.",
"In recent years, we have taken many positive steps towards the long-awaited breakthrough in nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. Just last year alone, we witnessed the signing of the New START agreement, the Nuclear Security Summit held in Washington, D.C., and the adoption of the decade-spanning Final Document by consensus at the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). In particular, the adoption of the Final Document at the 2010 NPT Review Conference amounts to a formal recognition by the international community that disarmament and non-proliferation are once again becoming central to the global agenda.",
"After these series of positive movements in other disarmament areas, our expectation for the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament is now greater than at any other time in recent years. Reflecting the aspirations of the international community, a High-level Meeting was convened by the Secretary-General in September 2010 as a response of the international community to the Conference on Disarmament. We have also observed various efforts made by many delegations this year. Nevertheless, the Conference continues to make little progress and the patience of the international community is gradually running out. Moreover, the United Nations Disarmament Commission (UNDC) has also failed to produce any final documents or recommendations since 1999. The multilateral disarmament machinery is, in fact, in severe disarray.",
"We believe that getting the Conference on Disarmament back on track lies at the heart of any solution. Further paralysis of the Conference may not only jeopardize its status and legitimacy as the premier forum for disarmament, but also damage the very foundations of the multilateral disarmament machinery, including the UNDC. I firmly believe that the Conference on Disarmament should act quickly if it wishes to continue to play a central role.",
"To encourage the Conference on Disarmament to move forward, it is necessary above all for each country to demonstrate more political flexibility with respect to its security considerations and modus operandi. Only when countries show flexibility and a spirit of cooperation will the Conference be able to evolve significantly and keep up with the rapidly changing disarmament climate. What the Conference process needs now is not an endless and empty debate, but concrete action.",
"As the Republic of Korea proposed at the September 2010 High-level Meeting, and as the Secretary-General suggested again this morning, I would like to call for the establishment of a group of eminent persons, under the auspices of the Secretary-General, to find solutions to the current difficulties in the Conference on Disarmament.",
"In this regard, we welcome the report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters (A/65/228), in which he supports the establishment of such a group. The Secretary-General’s Advisory Board noted that a group of eminent persons could help behind-the-scenes negotiations and draw significant global attention to the issue. We have recently witnessed similar kinds of groups in the fields of Millennium Development Goals and climate change financing. These cases could be good examples.",
"As we know, the Conference on Disarmament is a child of the General Assembly, and it is natural for the Assembly to discuss the predicament of its child. In this regard, I believe that not only internal efforts of the Conference on Disarmament but also external political stimulus may be of great help in breaking the deadlock in the Conference. I hope that the First Committee of the General Assembly will continue this year to discuss ways to revitalize the multilateral disarmament machinery.",
"The Republic of Korea is of the opinion that the international community shares the common view that, among all the issues in the Conference on Disarmament, a treaty banning the production of fissile materials for weapons is most in need of negotiation. The negotiation of a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) is indispensable not only for nuclear non‑proliferation, but also for nuclear disarmament. An FMCT and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty are of vital importance, symbolically and substantively, to the global nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation regime. We are confident that once we start the negotiations on an FMCT, the momentum will lead to further discussions on other major issues, such as nuclear disarmament, the prevention of an arms race in outer space and negative security assurances, in a comprehensive and balanced way.",
"Once again, the Republic of Korea calls upon all Conference on Disarmament members to cooperate in commencing substantive work on an FMCT at the earliest possible time, to the benefit not only of nuclear non-proliferation, but also and more largely of nuclear disarmament. The Republic of Korea, for its part, will do its utmost to set the Conference on Disarmament process in motion.",
"Mr. Zhukov (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): The Russian Federation wholeheartedly supports the revitalization of the multilateral disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control machinery. We support the preservation and strengthening of the existing disarmament triad: the United Nations Disarmament Commission, the First Committee and the Conference on Disarmament. These forums have proven their necessity and their efficiency, and they have made a significant contribution to preserving international peace and security.",
"In our view, it is not now a matter of radically reorganizing them, but rather of marshalling the political will to kick-start these mechanisms to create new universal disarmament and non-proliferation agreements. We believe that the current situation of the multilateral disarmament process, specifically within the Conference on Disarmament, is the result not of any systemic breakdown in the multilateral disarmament machinery, but rather a reflection of the different priorities of States on disarmament and non‑proliferation matters and in their vision of their legitimate national interests. The roots of the Conference’s problems are extraneous to it.",
"Obviously, the Conference on Disarmament deals with very sensitive matters, namely, those of State security. Here as nowhere else, we must be willing to strike a reasonable compromise based on a balance of interests. In addition, we should not oversimplify the reasons behind the situation in the Conference on Disarmament or boil them down to procedural disagreements or clashes of ambitions and claims.",
"Significantly, notwithstanding the radical recent calls for the Conference on Disarmament to be closed down, for changes to its basic working principles or for a launch of new formats, an absolute majority of forum participants broadly recognized the importance of retaining the Conference on Disarmament as the key multilateral negotiation mechanism. The shock therapy proposed by some countries is a radical step that could not only paralyse the Conference on Disarmament definitively, but also seriously undermine the entire disarmament triad and ultimately destroy the existing disarmament machinery.",
"We cannot agree to such an approach. There is no silver bullet. Our aim must be to engage in a patient and respectful quest for mutually acceptable ways of breaking the deadlock, rather than taking rash and hasty steps and decisions. This pertains not only to procedural but also to substantive matters, not to mention punitive measures, such as the denial of financing.",
"In that regard, we support the balanced approach taken by the Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament, Mr. Tokayev, to the effect that stagnation on the disarmament track, including at the Conference, is due mainly not to shortcomings in the mechanism but to the world geopolitical situation, strategic clashes between States and the lack of political will.",
"We oppose any review of the Conference on Disarmament’s main working principle of consensus. At the same time, we are prepared to be flexible and seek fresh approaches that could break the deadlock. In that context, one interesting idea would be to broaden the membership of the Conference, to promote the greater involvement of non-governmental bodies, and to enhance public communications on disarmament matters.",
"Universal disarmament agreements can be elaborated under the auspices of the United Nations and on the basis of consensus. It is only in such circumstances that agreements become functional and adaptable to new realities and challenges. The diversion of negotiations onto parallel tracks among likeminded States is unlikely to lead to any universal or viable treaty. We are convinced that the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament would be in the interests of all Member States. We see no alternative to patient and respectful dialogue aimed at allaying the security concerns of particular Conference members, or to the achievement of agreement on the basis of the Conference agenda.",
"Document CD/1864 is a realistic basis for compromise. By supporting it, the Russian Federation demonstrated its willingness to take the positions of its partners into account and to agree to compromise. We expect the same of our partners. The Russian Federation’s priority within the Conference on Disarmament is to develop a treaty on the prohibition of all types of weapons in outer space. The draft treaty submitted by us and China takes the interests of all States into account, without exception.",
"Another important challenge is the drafting of a universal, equitable and verifiable fissile material cut-off treaty. Its adoption would be one further step towards strengthening the disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation regime.",
"Mr. Bavaud (Switzerland) (spoke in French): Allow me to thank and congratulate you, Sir, for convening this follow-up meeting to the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and Taking Forward Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations, of 24 September 2010. Your initiative and engagement will undoubtedly help us to move forward on this issue.",
"Switzerland fully subscribes to the statement delivered earlier by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of 40 countries. Allow me to add a few elements from the Swiss perspective.",
"Switzerland fully supports the Secretary-General’s initiatives to take forward multilateral disarmament negotiations and to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament. This process has already had significant effects. Since September 2010, we have seen important discussions in the First Committee, the Conference on Disarmament and the United Nations Disarmament Commission. Over the past 10 months, it has become clear that a growing number of States find the lack of progress on various issues related to disarmament unacceptable. In the course of these deliberations, it has also become evident that more and more States see the urgent need to revitalize the disarmament machinery and to start substantive work, most notably in the form of negotiations on one or several of the four core issues on the Conference’s agenda.",
"Switzerland is convinced that the ongoing lack of agreement on new multilateral disarmament and non‑proliferation instruments has undermined the multilateral disarmament system — a trend that will be in the interest of no State in the long run. To address this situation, we need to pursue complementing efforts undertaken within the Conference on Disarmament by marshalling political will and stepping up pressure outside that body. We also need to understand that the current deadlock cannot be attributed solely to external political factors, but is also linked to institutional issues. The existing mechanisms are manifestly unable to catalyze the necessary political will and to capitalize on it where it is developing.",
"To move forward, we also need to have institutions and mechanisms that reflect and capable of addressing current realities. We are living in a global, interdependent world that faces a multitude of shared disarmament and non-proliferation challenges. It is important to move from one-dimensional approaches to arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation to more holistic approaches. It is critical to recognize that disarmament and non-proliferation activities affect numerous areas of concern to the international community other than peace and security; they have an impact on human security, human rights, development, the environment and health, to name just a few. Only if we include these aspects into our considerations will we be able to confront the challenges we are facing.",
"Our institutions should no longer be based on or continuously favour a clearly outdated conception of an all-prevailing national security paradigm. If they do not change, the Conference on Disarmament may run the risk of privileging the interests of some at the expense of the interests of the overwhelming majority of States and peoples of the world. We are convinced of the need to work inclusively and to build on the views of all stakeholders, such as other interested States, expert communities or civil society representatives.",
"We need institutions that are designed to produce results and not to maintain the status quo. They must be both responsive and preventive, and thus able to produce the instruments needed to address current as well as future challenges. Switzerland therefore recalls that the international community needs mechanisms, platforms and environments that encourage meaningful, timely, inclusive and effective deliberations and negotiations on all issues relating to disarmament in a larger sense. This must be our long-term goal.",
"While the High-level Meeting of 24 September 2010 was intended to promote the debate on how to overcome the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament, the situation has not improved since then. In many ways, the deadlock is today more severe. Switzerland is of the view that we now need to complement the current dialogue with real action on various levels and on several fronts at the same time and in a sustainable manner.",
"In the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, for the remainder of the year and for the 2012 session, it is important to initiate substantive work within the existing framework and to start negotiations. The Conference must also continue the ongoing reflection on its strengths and weaknesses in a more systematic and outcome-oriented way with a view to making the necessary changes to make the Conference more functional. The Conference has no option but to demonstrate that it can produce results.",
"At the sixty-sixth session of the First Committee, Member States may want to consider launching issue-specific processes, for instance setting open-ended working groups on nuclear disarmament issues, including fissile material or the prevention of an arms race in outer space. Such processes should be anchored in Geneva, making use of the unparalleled expertise available in and around the Conference on Disarmament. If they are to be sustainable and provide an incentive to the Conference to resume its work, such processes should be complementary with possible future breakthroughs in that forum and be designed in a way that allows relevant results to be transmitted to the Conference at an appropriate stage.",
"At the broader level of the General Assembly, Member States should take forward the revitalization process by introducing fresh thinking, new ideas and pragmatic approaches. Such groundwork is essential to paving the way for the broader support needed to launch a deeper reform process. In this regard, the implementation of the recommendation contained in the recent report of the Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters on the setting-up of a high-level panel charged with the task of rapidly formulating proposals on such a reform could represent a constructive way forward.",
"To conclude, I would like to stress that as we try to move forward in our efforts to revitalize the multilateral disarmament machinery, Switzerland remains convinced of the need for a permanently available pool of disarmament delegations — supported by experts from Governments, international organizations and civil society — to review implementation issues of existing agreements and to negotiate new instruments. We also continue to believe in the need for a permanent forum, similar to the Conference on Disarmament, that addresses challenges in our field and contributes to global security in the twenty-first century.",
"Mr. Benítez Versón (Cuba) (spoke in Spanish): Cuba reaffirms the importance of promoting multilateralism as the core principle of disarmament negotiations. Multilaterally agreed solutions, in accordance with the United Nations Charter, provide the only sustainable method of addressing disarmament and international security issues.",
"Within the disarmament machinery, the Conference on Disarmament plays a crucial role in the multilateral negotiation of universally accepted disarmament treaties. If the Conference did not exist, we would have to create it without delay. We regret that the Conference has been unable to carry out substantive work for over a decade. Some insist that the causes lie in its working methods and rules of procedure. Cuba does not share that interpretation. The best vindication of our assessment is that what has happened to the Conference on Disarmament is far from an isolated situation within the disarmament machinery.",
"For instance, it is no coincidence that the United Nations Disarmament Commission concluded its work again this year, for the twelfth consecutive time, without agreeing on substantive recommendations. In addition, every year the First Committee adopts dozens of resolutions — particularly on disarmament — that are simply not implemented. The fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament has still not been convened, in spite of the fact that the Non-Aligned Movement has insisted on this matter for many years.",
"Cuba supports the optimization of the United Nations disarmament machinery, including the Conference on Disarmament. However, we are convinced that the paralysis currently affecting most of the disarmament machinery is caused first and foremost by the lack of political will on the part of some States to achieve genuine results, particularly on disarmament.",
"We are concerned about the insinuations by some delegations that the time has come to set aside the Conference on Disarmament and turn to alternative negotiation processes. Cuba opposes the replacement of the Conference with selective, improvised ad hoc arrangements outside the framework of the United Nations and managed by certain countries. If such criteria are imposed, we would be taking a dangerous step backwards. The solution is not to start disregarding the Conference on Disarmament or to minimize its importance. On the contrary, today more than ever, its preservation and strengthening are the responsibility of us all.",
"The Conference must adopt as soon as possible a comprehensive and balanced programme of work that takes real disarmament priorities into consideration. Cuba is ready to negotiate, in parallel with the Conference on Disarmament, a treaty that eliminates and prohibits nuclear weapons; a treaty that bans the arms race in outer space; a treaty that provides effective security assurances to non-nuclear-weapon States, like Cuba; and a treaty that bans the production of fissile material for the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. We believe that the Conference on Disarmament is capable of supporting these negotiations simultaneously.",
"The negotiation of a fissile material cut-off treaty for the manufacture of nuclear weapons would be a positive action, but still insufficient in and of itself if the subsequent steps to achieve nuclear disarmament are not defined.",
"Nuclear disarmament is and must remain the highest priority in disarmament. On this basis, consensus must be achieved in the framework of the Conference on Disarmament. The Conference must urgently commence negotiations on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons within a specific time frame, including a nuclear weapons convention. The mere existence of nuclear weapons and of doctrines prescribing their possession and use poses a serious threat to international peace and security. It is simply unacceptable that there are almost 23,000 nuclear weapons in the world today, 7,560 of which are ready for immediate use.",
"On 22 August, Cuba will assume the presidency of the Conference on Disarmament and the responsibility to draft and negotiate the report of that body for presentation to the First Committee. It is our firm purpose to make every possible effort to promote substantive negotiations with that body, in accordance with its mandate to negotiate international treaties on disarmament and arms control. That will require the contribution of each and every member of the Conference. The opportunity to prove our commitment to disarmament and peace through concrete actions is in our hands.",
"Mr. Sin Son Ho (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea): Let me first of all extend my appreciation to you, Sir, for having organized this important meeting today. Allow me also to express my hope that this meeting will provide a good opportunity to revitalize the Conference on Disarmament and return it to the right track.",
"My delegation fully supports the statement made by Mr. Maged A. Abdelaziz, Permanent Representative of the Arab Republic of Egypt, on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.",
"Nuclear disarmament remains a top priority in securing world peace and security. The first appearance of nuclear weapons in 1945 marked the beginning of the history of the most destructive weapons ever used against humankind. The dropping of nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, was its central event, more than amply proving to the world the destructive consequences of even a single nuclear weapon for global peace and security. Moreover, the appearance of the first nuclear-weapon State in 1945 was a fundamental root cause of nuclear proliferation to the rest of the world, resulting in a chain reaction. If the successes of a sacred human science had not been used to an ill-famed and dangerous end that could result in the destruction of all humankind, the proliferation of nuclear weapons might not be an issue today. As we can see, nuclear weapons are a matter directly relating to the survival of humankind and to the peace and security of the world.",
"The nuclear-weapon States have an unavoidable obligation to implement their commitments under the existing international norms. In 1996, the International Court of Justice made it very clear to the world that the use of nuclear weapons is a violation of international law. It brought to our attention the fact that all other existing weapons without exception are under the full control of treaties or conventions, but that nuclear weapons remain outside multilateral international laws. The same is true of negative security assurances towards non-nuclear-weapon States.",
"Recent developments cast dark shadows over the prospects for nuclear disarmament, focusing the attention of the international community. Nuclear-weapons modernization programmes are openly propelled by nuclear doctrines that recall the Cold War. I bring to members’ attention the fact that projects are under way to develop small nuclear weapons to be used like conventional weapons.",
"In addition to this, the development of a missile defence system is making steady headway, in defiance of international concerns. The system being promoted under the pretext of responding to so-called ballistic missile developments by what some call “rogue States” is far from logical, given its exorbitant funding and geographical network covering the entire world. The nature and scope of the missile defence system speak eloquently of its defender’s real target, which is none other than gaining absolute nuclear superiority and global hegemony over its nuclear rivals.",
"In the current changing world, one can easily predict that this dangerous move will eventually spark a new nuclear arms race. This shows that the world’s largest nuclear-weapon State has lost its legal and moral justification to talk of proliferation issues before the international community, on whatever grounds. If the largest nuclear-weapon State truly wants non-proliferation, it should set a good example by negotiating a treaty abolishing nuclear weapons.",
"The total and complete elimination of nuclear weapons remains the consistent policy of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. A treaty abolishing nuclear weapons should be concluded in a time-bound, verifiable, irreversible and legally binding manner. This policy of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea is a good reflection of the unique and special security environment to which the country has been exposed for decades under continuing external nuclear threat and blackmail. Since the first nuclear weapon was introduced into South Korea in 1957 by the United States, the number of nuclear weapons there has exceeded 1,000.",
"As a state member and the current President of the Conference on Disarmament, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea will do everything possible to move the Conference forward. Nuclear disarmament, negative security assurances, and the banning of outer space weapons and fissile materials are all pending issues in the Conference. It is regrettable that nuclear disarmament and negative security assurances have not yet been settled, although they have a history of decades-long discussion that began with the establishment of the United Nations.",
"The cause of the deadlock in the Conference on Disarmament, which has persisted for more than a decade, is a lack of political will. If the Conference is to move forward, the security interests of all member countries should be fully considered. In this regard, the programme of work adopted by the Conference in 2009 is something of value to be reconsidered, since it reflects on an equal basis all the pending issues on the agenda.",
"Mr. Ragaglini (Italy): Allow me at the outset to reaffirm my delegation’s gratitude to you, Sir, for having arranged this debate on the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament, in follow-up to the High-Level Meeting convened in September 2010 by the Secretary-General.",
"We fully subscribe to the statement delivered earlier by the Permanent Observer of the European Union. We also share the views presented by the delegation of the Netherlands on behalf of a number of like-minded States, including my own. I would like, however, to make a few comments in my national capacity, as a contribution to the debate and to identify a possible concrete follow-up to this initiative and to the general exercise launched last year.",
"The Conference on Disarmament has been stalled for more than a decade. It has not been able to perform its core task, which is negotiating global international instruments in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation. But I would argue that the whole international disarmament machinery is currently experiencing serious difficulties. The United Nations Disarmament Commission, while remaining a useful forum for in-depth discussion, has not been able to agree on substantial recommendations or decisions for many years.",
"In general, although we have seen significant successes in recent years, they have been achieved bilaterally, in forums other than the Conference on Disarmament or through ad hoc formats outside the established United Nations disarmament machinery. Still, Italy firmly believes in the importance and genuine need of a forum dedicated to global disarmament negotiations that will advance the cause of international peace and disarmament.",
"To continue asserting that the Conference on Disarmament is not functioning due to a lack of political will is, in our opinion, no longer credible. For example, this year two member States took it upon themselves to organize three well-attended and very successful side events on specific aspects of the fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) in an effort to overcome the procedure-driven inertia of the Conference. The side events significantly enhanced the membership’s knowledge of key topics of a future Treaty that will prove to be to everyone’s advantage once negotiations start.",
"What is thwarting the Conference on Disarmament is, rather, in our opinion, the misuse of the rules of procedure by a small number of members. In 2009, the Conference adopted by consensus a programme of work to carry out negotiations on an FMCT and to set up four ad hoc working groups, one of which was tasked with undertaking these negotiations. However, the Conference was prevented from implementing the programme of work in the absence of consensus on organizational matters, such as establishing the time, place and chair rotation for the meetings. Further thought should, therefore, be given to reviewing some of the working methods of the Conference so as to make them more effective and more efficient.",
"Other provisions of the rules of procedure of the Conference on Disarmament also warrant a reappraisal. The monthly rotation of the presidency appears to be too frequent, to the detriment of continuity in the Conference’s work. As a preliminary suggestion, two presidencies a year would appear to be more appropriate. The President’s decision-making authority could also be better specified. Furthermore, the rule requiring the adoption every year of a work programme appears to be unwise. It allows any member, immediately after 31 December, to indefinitely block negotiations. Consideration should be given to maintaining the same programme of work initially adopted by the Conference for the following years unless the membership agrees by consensus on a new one.",
"Of course, we are not blind to the hurdles in modifying the Conference’s rules of procedure. As we stated last year at the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament, there are no procedural solutions to political problems. Nonetheless, we are also convinced that the issue must be addressed with courage and commitment to succeed, while looking to solve the underlying political problems. That requires an effort by the whole membership of the Conference.",
"Resumption of the work of the Conference on Disarmament can no longer be postponed. It has become a matter of urgency. The ongoing stalemate is quickly destroying what is left of its prestige and authority.",
"If by the end of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly no decision has been taken to compel the Conference to start negotiations as indicated in CD/1864 — the work programme approved in 2009 — we fear that the proposal to move them outside the Conference will gain momentum. While not enthusiastic regarding such an outcome, Italy will certainly not oppose it, as nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation are priority areas of our foreign policy.",
"To facilitate reaching agreement on the revitalization of the Conference, Italy is open to proposals for future discussions on negative security assurances (NSAs), with a view to a possible future start of negotiations on this question. While a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) represents the tool to stem supplies of the main raw materials of nuclear weapons, NSAs would be needed to reassure non‑nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear arms.",
"Those are two goals that completely reflect our common aspiration of a world free of nuclear weapons. They also represent a way to strengthen the nuclear non-proliferation regime. In this context, we should also bear in mind that the conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions adopted last year at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol.I)) mention, as substantive tasks for the Conference, only those two items: FMCT and NSAs.",
"Today’s debate confirms the international community’s attention to the Conference and the disarmament machinery in general. The General Assembly can play a specific role in this field, while today’s discussions can actually be a catalyst for further action. We hope that as soon as in the Assembly’s next session, particularly in the First Committee, we will take this discussion forward and come up with concrete ideas on how to relaunch negotiations in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation.",
"Mr. Kmentt (Austria): I would like to express to you, Mr. President, our appreciation for scheduling today’s General Assembly debate on this important agenda item, which had been requested by Austria together with 48 other Member States. However, I would also like to express Austria’s disappointment that this debate had actually become a necessity, because it is a clear sign of failure that we have been able neither to revitalize the Conference on Disarmament nor to take forward multilateral disarmament negotiations, as requested in the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament last year.",
"We fully associate ourselves with the statement made on behalf of the European Union and also with the statement made by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of a cross-regional group of Member States. In addition, we would like to offer the following comments.",
"Like others, Austria has welcomed the recent positive momentum in international security policy. At the same time, expectations of the international community to engage in concrete multilateral disarmament and non-proliferation negotiations continue to be frustrated. The multilateral disarmament machinery, in particular the Conference on Disarmament, remains in deadlock. The momentum that we hoped to generate over the past year did not materialize. While there has been a strong convergence on diagnosing the Conference’s illnesses, no agreement on the necessary medicine has been reached so far.",
"On procedural issues, for instance, in our view the Conference’s procedural architecture, particularly its consensus rule, is inadequate for the twenty-first century. Austria finds the procedural hostage-taking of the kind that we see in the Conference unacceptable. It is our shared responsibility to find ways to prevent such a continued abuse of the consensus rule.",
"Its past successes notwithstanding, the Conference on Disarmament has become a forum where multilateral engagement on disarmament can be pretended safely, given that procedural tools seem to guarantee an unrestricted veto at all times. The Conference’s refusal to admit new members and the dismal practice regarding engagement with civil society are other examples of the Conference’s obsolete and outdated working methods.",
"The Conference is not confronted with a procedural problem alone, though. Ultimately, the Conference is and has been in paralysis for such a long time due to political issues, and insufficient political will to overcome them. States members of the Conference cannot agree to start negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT), which Austria would like to see start without delay. There is opposition today from one member State to starting those negotiations.",
"However, the political issues of the Conference on Disarmament and the reasons for its deadlock go deeper. Responsibility for the Conference and for its paralysis since 1997 is more widely shared. Furthermore, it is not only the FMCT that does not muster consensus. Nuclear disarmament, prevention of an arms race in outer space and negative security assurances are also divisive issues. The ultimate problem is therefore the lack of real political commitment to address disarmament and non-proliferation through multilateralism leading to multilateral treaties. It is this lack of commitment that the Conference on Disarmament has come to epitomize more than any other forum.",
"This begs the question whether the Conference can in fact still serve as an effective forum for multilateral disarmament negotiations. In Austria’s view, the Conference has not only lost much of its credibility but is also risking its legitimacy. For the past 14 years, the Conference has failed to deliver on the mandate. We cannot continue with this wishful-thinking approach, which makes us believe that we are just about to break the impasse in the Conference.",
"Austria is firmly committed to multilateralism and attaches great importance to the multilateral institutions. Yet those institutions are not a purpose in themselves. Ultimately, we are not committed to the Conference on Disarmament as an institution but to progress on multilateral disarmament negotiations.",
"After diagnosing the problems, is there a therapy? In our view, there are essentially two options.",
"On the one hand, we could continue to work through and within the Conference, working with and waiting for member States to finally reach consensus. However, it is clear that political will cannot be forced upon member States. After 14 years of trying in vain to bridge the gaps on a balanced programme of work, this does not look very promising.",
"States members of the Conference could also try to stimulate progress by addressing the Conference’s working methods, for instance by clarifying that the consensus rule does not apply to procedural questions such as the programme of work, or that it could be suspended in exceptional cases. States members could finally admit those States that have expressed their wish to participate in the work of the Conference and facilitate fresh thinking by opening the Conference to outside expertise and input from civil society.",
"Those would be important steps. However, they, too, have been discussed for many years without real progress. We therefore have doubts both as to the chances of finding agreement on even such modest steps within the Conference and, more importantly, about whether they would actually contribute to bringing about a political breakthrough.",
"In our view, we should therefore consider another course of action and explore options outside the framework of the Conference also. We could, for example, envisage the General Assembly playing a more active, direct and central role in disarmament negotiations.",
"The absence of political will — or worse, real commitment to multilateral progress — on the part of some should be no reason to prevent the rest of the international community from moving forward. We believe strongly that political will can also be generated through process, by starting negotiations and addressing the issues that have been stuck on the agenda for so many years. It is against this background that Austria expects that the next session of the First Committee will decide in substance on how to move forward and enable multilateral disarmament negotiations. We cannot afford to wait any longer.",
"What counts, in the final analysis, is substantive success. We have to ensure that our instruments facilitate success and do not become, to the contrary, an obstacle to success. Since last year’s Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, we have a renewed and clear commitment to achieving a world without nuclear weapons. This is a collective commitment and we need to act on it. We must begin focusing in concrete terms on the parameters that will enable us to reach this goal through the Conference on Disarmament, the General Assembly or any other constructive multilateral approach.",
"Mr. Kleib (Indonesia): Let me begin by thanking you, Sir, for convening this meeting on such an important issue.",
"Indonesia fully associates itself with the statement delivered earlier by the Permanent Representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.",
"Long committed to a world free from nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction, Indonesia expects that today’s discussion will generate clear political momentum to enable us to overcome the obstacles that have continued to hamper progress on multilateral disarmament goals.",
"At the High-level Meeting of 24 September 2010, we saw a real opportunity to resolve the deadlock in the Conference on Disarmament in the wake of the consensus adoption of the Final Document (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)) of the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the New START agreement between the United States and the Russian Federation. By any token, those were two significant and highly worthy achievements. A break in the decades-old impasse in nuclear disarmament finally seemed to be in reach. New hope was kindled that, by building on these critical achievements and emerging understanding, the international community could realize the vision of a nuclear-weapons free world in the foreseeable future.",
"The dismay at the absence of tangible progress on the global nuclear disarmament agenda since the September meeting is thus understandable. The Conference on Disarmament remains unable to agree on a balanced and comprehensive programme of work in Geneva, and the United Nations Disarmament Commission concluded yet another session in New York without agreeing to substantive recommendations.",
"Despite expressions of commitment last year, there has also been little progress on the implementation of the Final Document of the NPT Review Conference, including its mandate on holding the crucial 2012 conference on the establishment of a nuclear weapon-free zone in the Middle East.",
"Indonesia underscores the importance of delivering fully on internationally agreed commitments in the field of disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control. It is high time that that all States, particularly nuclear-weapon States, honour the commitments they have undertaken on complete nuclear disarmament. Undertaking time-bound actions to that end is the best way to build confidence and to ensure that the Conference on Disarmament can be reinvigorated and meaningful disarmament negotiations commenced.",
"We should be clear. As stated by the Secretary-General and the Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement this morning, it is not that the United Nations disarmament machinery itself is problematic, for it was this machinery which enabled the drafting of guidelines for the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones, as well as for conventional arms control, limitation and disarmament. The Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions, the NPT and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, among others, were made possible through this machinery and its predecessor system.",
"We agree that procedures are very important, but we should not have any illusions. If the will to attain goals is lacking, the best of procedures will not bear fruit. Indonesia is confident that, given the political will, the Conference on Disarmament can advance negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention, negative security assurances, a fissile material cut-off treaty in accordance with the Shannon mandate, and a treaty on the prevention of arms race in outer space.",
"We also stress the continued validity of the consensus Final Document adopted at first special session on disarmament (resolution S-10/2), which set out a comprehensive disarmament strategy by the largest-ever gathering of States. We urge all States once again to play their part in convening a fourth special session on disarmament and making it a fitting success.",
"Allow me to conclude by underlining again the significance of this meeting in galvanizing political action for achieving concrete disarmament steps. We must all work together and promote measures to abolish the scourge of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction from our planet. To this end, Indonesia, as in the past, is determined to continue to play an active role.",
"Mr. Ulibarri (Costa Rica) (spoke in Spanish): Costa Rica welcomes this opportunity for the General Assembly to assess the status of the international disarmament machinery, in particular the Conference on Disarmament. We hope that this debate will revitalize the work of the Conference, renew the political will to transform it, reform its working methods and thereby improve it.",
"Costa Rica aligns itself with the statement delivered by the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands on behalf of 41 States that sponsored resolution 65/93, which lay the groundwork for this debate. Despite its closed membership, its state of deadlock, and our inability to participate in it as a member with full rights, the Conference on Disarmament, for Costa Rica, is still the single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum. We recognize its leading role in strengthening global security and promoting international stability. We have held this view since 1994, when we expressed our legitimate but unsatisfied interest in participating in the Conference, which we reiterate now as an active member of the Geneva-based informal group of observer States.",
"Disarmament is not an isolated exercise relating only to military affairs; it is an organic process that interests and affects all of us, and on which we must constantly strive to make progress through productive negotiations. We are therefore greatly concerned at the paralysis in the Conference, its continuing repetition of the same routines and same mistakes, and the significant resources required to maintain its rituals. Through these grave failures, the Conference has compromised its capacity to address emerging security problems and generated justified dissatisfaction and impatience.",
"However, the major reasons behind the deadlock in the Conference on Disarmament are not limited to its current working methods; perhaps more important is the militaristic, as opposed to humanistic, approach that has prevailed to date. The time has come to approach disarmament in terms of its value for human security and arms control through the lens of international humanitarian law and human rights. By doing so, we could turn the conceptual thrust of the debate in a more positive — and, in our view, effective — direction.",
"The main tools for promoting and maintaining national and international security are not weapons, but respect for human security and dignity and the rule of law. We do not deny the right of countries to military defence, despite the fact that we opted to abolish our armed forces more than 60 years ago. However, we are convinced that while an essentially militaristic approach to security and disarmament might bring us closer to arms regulation and the control of international arsenals, it will never lead to global disarmament.",
"To be blunt, with the Conference on Disarmament we are experiencing only the illusion of disarmament. It is the illusion that destroying certain weapons signifies progress, despite their being immediately replaced by more powerful ones; it is the illusion whereby certain weapons are proscribed because the strategic advantage they may have is exponentially inferior to that offered by newer and more advanced ones; it is the illusion of fulfilling the requirements of civil society, when in fact the only result is a paralysed, and paralyzing, process.",
"The Conference on Disarmament, furthermore, operates like a closed club, in which only one third of the States Members of the United Nations have the responsibility of negotiating global disarmament. It is paradoxical, for example, that this group does not include a single one of the 27 countries that do not have armed forces, and thus military disarmament has taken second place to national realities.",
"Global military spending reached $1.6 trillion in 2010. On its own, this figure tells us little. Yet if we invested just 10 per cent of that sum annually until 2015, the international community would be in a position to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by that date.",
"Costa Rica believes that any efforts aimed at revitalizing and restructuring the multilateral disarmament negotiations must focus on human security, as we said earlier. That focus was key in the negotiations on banning anti-personnel landmines and cluster munitions. It was also been instrumental in the preparatory meetings for a robust arms trade treaty.",
"Nuclear weapons have already been determined to be incompatible with international law and international humanitarian law in particular. The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), as well as the unanimous decision taken by the International Court of Justice in 1996, affirm that there is a legal obligation on the part of States to commence and conclude negotiations on the global prohibition and elimination of nuclear weapons.",
"To build trust and send a signal of goodwill in order to allow for the commencement of negotiations in the Conference of Disarmament or in another body, the nuclear-weapon States should abandon their plans for the modernization, replacement or upgrading of those weapons.",
"My delegation does not consider conducive to disarmament the fact that nuclear-weapon States bring to the negotiating table a merely “representative” reduction, while channelling considerable resources into research on and the modernization of facilities that are capable of maintaining or multiplying these threats.",
"In conclusion, Costa Rica believes that the multilateral disarmament bodies and processes, such as the Conference on Disarmament, could begin to interact and cooperate with the bodies in charge of the promotion and protection of human rights and international humanitarian law, with the goal of more effectively following up on the implementation of States’ duties in those areas in the light of their commitments to disarmament.",
"Costa Rica deems it necessary that the implementation of disarmament agreements be incorporated as a factor in the universal periodic review of the Human Rights Council. We sometimes hear that seeking to create a more just and secure world on the basis of a humanitarian approach towards disarmament and arms control is but wishful thinking. We do not agree with this assessment. Rather, what we have observed, as undeniable evidence, is the paralysis in the Conference with respect to the militaristic approach. We still have time to reorient the Conference on Disarmament in such a way as to equip it with new paradigms, better working methods and real compromise.",
"Mrs. Viotti (Brazil): Revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations are essential steps towards a more secure world. The international community has repeatedly reaffirmed that the threat posed by the mere existence of nuclear arsenals must be tackled with steadfast political will. Our common purpose must be to achieve the long-sought-after goal of a world free of nuclear weapons.",
"We take note with interest of the recent report of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters. The difficulty facing the members of the Advisory Board in proposing solutions to the deadlock in the work of the Conference on Disarmament, as is evident in the document, proves that the reasons for the stalemate are political and therefore not related to institutional or procedural issues in the Conference. It is thus important to emphasize the recommendation made in the report that the Secretary-General, if he decides to convene a high-level panel of eminent persons, request a study on the means to revitalize the United Nations disarmament machinery in general.",
"Brazil believes that any reform effort should consider the United Nations disarmament machinery as a whole and not only the Conference on Disarmament. That is why we support the convening of a fourth special session of the General Assembly on Disarmament, which could examine the institutional structure established by the first special session on disarmament, held in 1978. We discourage any initiatives that try to partially amend the operation of the machinery based on a limited goal and restricted to only one subject, such as, for example, fissile material.",
"Brazil considers that the Conference on Disarmament is the only body duly constituted by the international community to negotiate nuclear disarmament. While we attach the highest priority to the elimination of nuclear weapons through the adoption of a convention on nuclear disarmament, we support the launching of negotiations on the other three core issues of the agenda of the Conference, namely, fissile materials for nuclear weapons and other explosive devices, negative security assurances and the prevention of an arms race in outer space.",
"We do not endorse the view that only the issue of a treaty on fissile material is ripe for negotiations. Nor do we support the thesis that only one country should be held responsible for the stalemate in the work of the Conference. If this is true with respect to the subject of a treaty on fissile material, other countries have blocked the negotiation of instruments related to the other agenda items.",
"Even with regard to a treaty on fissile material, there exists a clear difference of views between Member States. Brazil advocates the negotiation of a treaty that takes into consideration the issue of stocks. A treaty limited to the prohibition of production would have little or no effect on nuclear disarmament.",
"The criticism of the institutional aspects of the Conference on Disarmament, in particular regarding its rules of procedure, is not consistent. One could ask whether the countries denouncing the abuse of the rule of consensus in negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) would be ready to accept majority decisions on other issues that are under consideration by the Conference. Negotiations affecting the security of States are always sensitive and complex. The rule of consensus is a special procedure of the Conference on Disarmament that reflects this reality.",
"Brazil supports the consideration of the expansion of the membership of the Conference, as this would promote richer and more comprehensive discussions within that body. We also advocate the",
"increased participation of civil society in following the work of the Conference, since that would contribute to a greater awareness about the challenges faced in the area of nuclear disarmament.",
"It is certainly a matter of concern that the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament continues to prevail despite the efforts made in the last few years, based on positive developments in the disarmament and non-proliferation scenario, particularly the successful outcome of the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.",
"The existence of nuclear weapons constitutes the most immediate threat to the survival of humankind. The negotiation of instruments conducive to nuclear disarmament is therefore urgent. The question that one should ask, however, is the following: Would the international community be in a better position to negotiate those instruments without the Conference on Disarmament? Brazil believes that, despite its shortcomings, there really is no alternative to the Conference. That is why revitalizing the Conference on Disarmament cannot mean finding ways to circumvent it.",
"The meeting rose at 1 p.m."
] | A_65_PV.113 | [
"Chairman: Mr. Deiss (Switzerland)",
"The meeting was called to order at 10.10 a.m.",
"Agenda item 162 (continued)",
"Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and promoting multilateral disarmament negotiations",
"The President (spoke in French): At the outset of this meeting, I would like to commend the work of the Conference on Disarmament. Unfortunately, in the face of the impasse that has characterized the Conference for more than 10 years, I cannot do so. This seriously undermines disarmament, which is, let us not forget, a key element of the promotion of peace, the Conference itself and its role in global governance. If the Conference does not recover its pulse, it may well be discredited and completely useless.",
"In that context, I would like to particularly thank our Secretary-General for his efforts to revitalize the Conference, in particular through the convening of the High-level Meeting held last September. I fully support those efforts. On the other hand, I had the opportunity to convey my concern about the impasse of the Conference both during the High-level Meeting and when I went directly to the Conference in Geneva in February.",
"The High-level Meeting led to a number of initiatives that deserve to be taken into account. In particular, the fact that the follow-up to the meeting is registered in the future programmes of the First Committee and the General Assembly will provide an opportunity for Member States to consider the situation in which the Conference is located. On the other hand, it should be recalled that this follow-up is consistent with the Charter of the United Nations, which clearly states that the General Assembly",
"“may consider the general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and arms regulation. ”",
"The General Assembly is empowered to make recommendations to Member States on this matter, and I invite participants to do so today.",
"During its session in late 2010, the First Committee adopted by consensus a draft resolution and included the item in the agenda of its next session. I therefore encourage the Commission to send a clear signal to the Conference on Disarmament this year in order to overcome its impasse.",
"In order to revitalize the Conference, the Secretary-General also requested the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, during its two working meetings in 2011, to devote themselves exclusively to the situation under which the Conference on Disarmament is seized. I hope that the recommendations contained in the report prepared by the Board (A/65/228) will merit the full attention of the members of the Conference and of all Member States of the General Assembly. I believe that the establishment of a high-level panel with eminent persons can provide a new perspective and revitalize the Conference. We will soon have the opportunity, at an informal meeting, to know the details of the Board.",
"In my understanding, it is essential to get to know the true reason for this paralysis. Some blame it on the rule of consensus. This is one of the basic rules of the work of the Conference, and it is always desirable that the decisions of the Conference be broadly endorsed. However, the rule of consensus should not become a ground for stagnation or an implicit right of veto. However, this explanation is not fully conclusive. The Conference has always respected that principle. In the past, in much more complex and polarized situations, the Conference demonstrated the ability to successfully complete difficult negotiations.",
"What is missing today is a real political will to move forward. It is necessary to adopt a flexible approach, which makes use of all available disarmament instruments and is based on greater negotiating and conviction capacity to overcome resistance and generate a climate of confidence.",
"While informal methods are, in my view, a worthy way of proof, these methods and their results must, however, be taken within the framework of the Conference. We must not subtract legitimacy to the Conference by seeking to circumvent it, but on the contrary, we must help it to regain the effectiveness it had. Our efforts point to that goal, and this is what should inspire our debate today.",
"In order to overcome the current stagnation, it is appropriate, in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation, to maintain a comprehensive approach. This is one of the great virtues of the 2009 work programme. Although, regrettably, it has never developed, this programme is the result of a delicate balance between the different interests and concerns of Member States. In this regard, it should serve as a reference if we intend to move forward, and could serve as a model when the Conference outlines its new programme of work. I am sure that the States members of the Conference will eventually assume their responsibilities, negotiating a new programme of work and, moreover, carrying it into effect.",
"In recent years, the international situation has been particularly conducive to disarmament. Therefore, the expectations generated in this regard are great. It's up to us not to disappoint them. I therefore ask today ' s speakers to consider, beyond expressing their support for the Conference, real avenues for overcoming stagnation and generating the means that bring significant progress in disarmament.",
"I give the floor to the Secretary-General, His Excellency. Mr. Ban Ki-moon.",
"The Secretary-General: We are in a context of growing crisis of confidence. The multilateral disarmament mechanisms of the United Nations and, more specifically, the Conference on Disarmament have failed for too long. In the future, two fundamental questions are raised. First, what can be done when the only multilateral negotiating forum on disarmament is not capable of fulfilling its mandate? Second, how can the world resume the process of generating universal disarmament standards?",
"These questions prompted me to convene last September the High-level Meeting on the Revitalization of the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and the Promotion of Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations. The concerns raised at that meeting, together with the many initiatives proposed therein, underscore the importance that Member States attach to the challenge. I also thank the President of the General Assembly for his efforts to address this issue. In the Chairman ' s summary of that meeting (A/65/496, annex) I proposed four measures.",
"First, I strongly suggested that the Conference on Disarmament resume its 2009 work programme or a similar proposal presented during its 2010 session. To encourage progress, I addressed the Conference on Disarmament last January for the third time as Secretary-General. So far, the Conference on Disarmament has not been able to respond. I look forward to closer action by members, pending the final decision on the 2011 session of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"Secondly, I proposed that the General Assembly include in the agenda of its sixty-fifth session an item to follow up on the High-level Meeting. The Assembly approved the proposal. It has also included the item in its agenda for the next sixty-sixth session.",
"Third, I requested my Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters to consider the issues raised at the High-level Meeting. The Board has completed this review. Members have before them my report on the work of the Board (A/65/228), and I look forward to their comments.",
"Fourth, I announced that I would submit a report on the High-level Meeting and its follow-up during the first session next year of the Preparatory Committee for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.",
"Member States have identified various options for revitalizing the Conference on Disarmament and advancing multilateral disarmament negotiations. One option bets on the status quo, i.e. to continue to seek consensus within the Conference on Disarmament without substantially changing its mandate or rules. However, many States are, understandably, reluctant to follow that course, in view of the years that have passed without achieving any results. In fact, I am among the many who have warned of the risk that the status quo will simply make the Conference on Disarmament irrelevant and obsolete. A second type of option encompasses various proposals on fundamental reforms of the multilateral disarmament machinery. Some believe that such reforms could be better addressed within the framework of a fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament. There is still no consensus among Member States on such a meeting. This leads us to the third option: gradual change.",
"However, even those proposals, although modest, have found resistance. A number of States are strongly opposed to changing the rules of procedure of the Conference on Disarmament. The proposals on special mechanisms have also brought together supporters and opponents. The political priorities of States are very different. States even disagree on where reforms should be implemented: in the Conference on Disarmament, in the General Assembly and in its First Committee, outside the United Nations, at a conference on a point of disarmament or in a specific forum convened by like-minded countries?",
"As Secretary-General, I do not believe that there is any significant gap in the United Nations disarmament machinery to which this stagnation can be blamed, and certainly no gap that cannot be overcome by changing State policies. The problem is not in the vehicle, but in your driver. Above all, it is important for the policy priorities and objectives of multilateral disarmament to come closer. If divergences persist, we could consider appointing a high-level panel of personalities, as I have already suggested. Otherwise, States could enter into negotiations within a special committee of the General Assembly or at a United Nations conference.",
"There are no quick solutions. The road ahead will not be easy. However, we must not renounce multilateralism or comply with universal norms. We must be loyal to the ideals of the United Nations. In addressing disarmament, as with other global public goods, our goal is not to favour the preferences of a few but to promote the common interests of all.",
"If the Conference on Disarmament remains stagnant, the General Assembly is competent to intervene. As I have already said, the Conference on Disarmament cannot remain abducted by one or two members. Problems must be resolved through negotiation. What is at stake is too important to continue without producing results. The world expects progress. We're not gonna stop. Let us end this long cycle of stagnation. For my part, I will do my best to help achieve our common goals.",
"The President (spoke in French): I thank the Secretary-General for his statement.",
"I will now suspend the formal meeting to open the informal meeting of the General Assembly devoted to the follow-up to the High-level Meeting held on 24 September 2010 on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"The meeting was suspended at 10.25 a.m. and resumed at 10.45 a.m.",
"The President (spoke in French): There are 50 speakers on my list. This requires some discipline regarding the length of statements. I propose that statements be limited to eight minutes, but it is possible to speak for less time, only five minutes, and representatives have the freedom to do so. In the preparation of texts of that length, it can be calculated that reading a page usually takes three minutes.",
"Mr. Abdelaziz (Egypt): I have the honour to speak on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement at this important meeting. The Movement is composed of 120 countries and, if I took eight minutes for each of them, it would take me about a full day to make my statement, but I will not.",
"This meeting, convened to follow up on the high-level meeting on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the promotion of the multilateral disarmament negotiations held at the initiative of the Secretary-General on 24 September 2010, is extremely important. Mr. President: I wish to thank the Secretary-General and you for convening this meeting.",
"As has always been reiterated at the ministerial summits and conferences of the Non-Aligned Movement, including the recent sixteenth Ministerial Conference of the Movement, held in Bali, Indonesia, in May, the Movement emphasizes the absolute validity of multilateral diplomacy in the field of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. It reiterates its decision to promote multilateralism as a fundamental principle in disarmament and non-proliferation. The Movement reaffirms its principled position on nuclear disarmament, which remains its highest priority, and on related issues of nuclear non-proliferation in all its aspects, and stresses the importance of nuclear non-proliferation efforts in parallel with simultaneous efforts towards nuclear disarmament. Progress in both areas is critical to strengthening international peace and security.",
"In that regard, the Movement emphasizes that nuclear disarmament, as a top priority established at the first special session devoted to disarmament and as a legal obligation, should not be conditioned on confidence-building measures or other disarmament efforts. While emphasizing the crucial role of a firm and genuine political will in multilateral disarmament negotiations, the Movement hopes that the discussions and proposals made today by the Secretary-General and the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters will contribute to enhancing political will in support of the United Nations disarmament machinery and multilateral disarmament negotiations within the United Nations framework.",
"For the sake of a world free of nuclear weapons, free from the colossal global expenses and the energies of the nuclear-weapon States concentrated in the possession, development and modernization of nuclear weapons, which, on the contrary, use those costs to promote international development and peace, it is essential that the nuclear-weapon States comply with their nuclear disarmament obligations. Specific progress must be made in multilateral negotiations on nuclear disarmament.",
"The Movement reiterates its deep concern at the lack of progress towards nuclear disarmament, in particular by the nuclear-weapon States, in achieving the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals in accordance with relevant multilateral legal obligations. As a necessary measure for the long-standing and so dilated achievement of general and complete disarmament, the Movement stresses the need for nuclear-weapon States to fulfil their nuclear disarmament obligations and clear commitments made in 2000, subsequently reiterated at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), in order to achieve the complete elimination of their nuclear weapons. In this regard, the Movement underlines the urgent need to begin negotiations on general and complete nuclear disarmament with a time-frame and without delay.",
"The Movement notes with concern that no multilateral agreement has been reached on a number of its key priorities, including the commencement of negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention, and calls for tangible progress in this regard. The States members of the Movement that are parties to the NPT are convinced that it is essential to implement the plan of action adopted at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the NPT on aspects of nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation, the peaceful use of nuclear energy and the implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East.",
"In concluding the adoption by consensus of the detailed action plan on the Middle East, in particular the implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East and the conclusions and recommendations of the measures to follow up on the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the NPT, the States members of the Movement that are parties to the NPT call upon the Secretary-General and the sponsors of the 1995 resolution to convene, in close consultation and coordination with the States of the region, all necessary measures to be taken without delay in 2012",
"The Movement continues to fully support the multilateral disarmament agenda and the strengthening of the United Nations disarmament machinery. It is time for all countries, working together, to cooperate more and to contribute the respective political capital to revitalize that important mechanism. The promotion of the work of the United Nations disarmament machinery depends on the creation of an enabling political environment, which takes into account the security interests of all States, and not on the modification of the rules of procedure.",
"While it is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of the United Nations disarmament machinery, it is important to recall the achievements of the international community through that mechanism, including key legal instruments, resolutions, guidelines and other important documents that constitute the framework, and are a reference to the work of the United Nations in the areas of disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control. It is therefore important to preserve the character, function and objective of each part of that important mechanism.",
"The Non-Aligned Movement recognizes the need to enhance the effectiveness of the United Nations disarmament machinery. In this context, the Non-Aligned Movement notes that the main challenge facing the disarmament machinery lies in the lack of genuine political will on the part of some States with regard to real progress, including, in particular, on nuclear disarmament.",
"While it is important to recall the achievements of the international community in the Conference on Disarmament, the Non-Aligned Movement expresses its disappointment at the failure of the Conference to undertake substantive work on the issues on its agenda for so many years. In that regard, the Non-Aligned Movement believed that it was counterproductive to attribute the lack of concrete results to the Conference only to its rules of procedure, since that approach could conceal the real obstacle facing the Conference, which was the lack of political will.",
"The Non-Aligned Movement reaffirms the importance of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral negotiating body on disarmament and reiterates its call to the Conference to reach agreement on a balanced and comprehensive programme of work, creating, among others, as soon as possible and as a top priority a special committee on nuclear disarmament. The Non-Aligned Movement stresses the need to initiate negotiations without further delay on a phased programme aimed at the total elimination of nuclear weapons in a specific time, including a nuclear weapons convention. The Non-Aligned Movement reiterates the importance of the unanimous conclusion reached by the International Court of Justice that there is an obligation to conduct in good faith and bring to an end negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control.",
"The Non-Aligned Movement noted that the programme of work for the 2009 session (CD/1864) adopted at the Conference on 29 May 2009 was not implemented. The Non-Aligned Movement called on the Conference to reach agreement by consensus on a balanced and comprehensive programme of work without further delay.",
"The Non-Aligned Movement urges the Conference on Disarmament to consider appointing as soon as possible a special coordinator for the expansion of the membership of the Conference, with a view to considering the possible increase in the membership of the Conference in accordance with its rules of procedure.",
"The Non-Aligned Movement also reaffirms the importance and relevance of the Disarmament Commission as the sole specialized deliberative body in the multilateral disarmament machinery of the United Nations and reaffirms that the total elimination of nuclear weapons is the only absolute guarantee against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, as reiterated in the declaration on the total elimination of nuclear weapons adopted at the sixteenth Ministerial Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement, held in Bali.",
"The Non-Aligned Movement will consider the recommendations contained in the report of the Advisory Board and present our views during the discussions on this issue at the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.",
"The President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Observer of the European Union.",
"Mr. Serrano (European Union): I have the honour to speak on behalf of the European Union. This statement is endorsed by Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Iceland, candidate countries; Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, countries of the Stabilization and Association Process and potential candidates, as well as Ukraine, the Republic of Moldova and Georgia.",
"Mr. President: First of all, I would like to congratulate you on having scheduled this debate at this very relevant time. I would also like to thank the Secretary-General for his efforts and for his message to us today, as well as the Chairman of the Advisory Group and the President of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"The European Union was indeed disappointed by the lack of progress since the high-level meeting held last September. However, we hope that our deliberations today will demonstrate an opportunity to hear the appeals made at that meeting for concrete and forward-looking discussions on future alternatives, both to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament and to discuss practical ideas on how to conduct multilateral disarmament negotiations.",
"We are encouraged by the fact that the high-level meeting and the follow-up resolution of the General Assembly, resolution 65/93, have encouraged the process of reflection both in Geneva and in New York. In fact, we have been encouraged by the significant positive achievements in the areas of global disarmament and non-proliferation over the past two years, as evidenced, for example, Security Council resolution 1887 (2009), the New START Treaty, the Washington Nuclear Security Summit, the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the intensive international public debate in which you, Sir, have participated in five points. The European Union welcomes those achievements, but of course we are aware that a renewed and constant effort will be needed to ensure that the international community takes advantage of the new momentum.",
"Indeed, it is time to strengthen and revitalize multilateral efforts, as we all recognize that today ' s global security challenges require multilateral and cooperative solutions. We, in the European Union, are fully committed to maintaining and strengthening the momentum and to implementing the agreed results to cooperate fully with other States, because this corresponds to our strategy to combat the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and because it is now more than ever a key condition of international peace and security.",
"Despite the overall positive trends, the European Union remains deeply concerned about the apparent dysfunction of a fundamental part of the disarmament machinery: the current impasse of the Conference on Disarmament. The adoption in 2009 of the programme of work would have been an important achievement that would have enabled the members of the Conference to begin negotiations on a multilateral and verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices. For the European Union, the start of these negotiations remains important and urgent. The European Union therefore continues to urge the last remaining States to date that are unwilling to join the consensus to begin negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty. This would allow the Conference to resume its negotiating role and thereby regain credibility and continue to promote the fulfilment of its fundamental objective.",
"We believe that all member States of the Conference on Disarmament should assess the fact that the commencement of negotiations on the fissile material cut-off treaty is the beginning of a process of identifying and protecting specific national security concerns, not the outcome of that process. The European Union believes that the obstacle to the entire Conference on Disarmament forum for the refusal to even begin negotiations is an unacceptable practice, which seriously undermines the principle of multilateral cooperation.",
"We also believe that there are confidence-building measures that can be taken immediately, without waiting for the start of official negotiations. We therefore call on all nuclear-weapon States to declare and then respect a moratorium on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.",
"The European Union therefore once again reiterates its commitment to participate in substantive discussions on all other key issues on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"We deeply regret that despite the clear manifestations of strong political will on the part of the majority of the members of the Conference on Disarmament and the strong support for the negotiations and clear appeals made at both the current session of the General Assembly and the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the NPT, the Conference on Disarmament has not yet been able to build on the momentum towards global disarmament and non-proliferation. We recognize the security concerns of all States, but at the same time we are firmly convinced that the rule of consensus should not be abused. The world cannot afford to remain stagnant on the fundamental issues of disarmament and non-proliferation or to allow procedural issues to impede real political progress. The review of working methods is therefore part of the European Union ' s proposals to improve the functioning of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"Allow me to take this opportunity to reiterate the continued commitment of the European Union to the increase in the membership of the Conference on Disarmament. The European Union supported the call by the informal group of observer States to the Conference, including some member States of the European Union, to appoint a special coordinator for the expansion of the membership of the Conference during the current session.",
"In accordance with the European Union ' s commitment to civil society, we are also interested in exploring ways to strengthen the voice of non-governmental organizations and link research institutions to the work of the Conference.",
"The First Committee is another important body in which discussions on current thematic issues and possible initiatives on non-proliferation and disarmament issues can be held fruitfully. The States Members of the United Nations share responsibility for the maintenance and importance of this forum, and we therefore believe that the First Committee should improve its working methods so that it can examine contemporary security challenges and develop concrete measures to address them.",
"I would also like to mention the United Nations Disarmament Commission. We believe that its procedures and operating principles should also be thoroughly reviewed and improved.",
"Increased participation of civil society in the work of that body would also be welcomed. The United Nations Disarmament Commission aims to submit recommendations on disarmament and arms control issues to the General Assembly and through it to the Conference on Disarmament. Indeed, the European Union notes with great regret that the deliberation and negotiation bodies established under the auspices of the General Assembly have not fulfilled their agreed goals for more than a decade.",
"The Conference on Disarmament, in accordance with its mandate, should be the venue for the development of multilateral treaties equally shared by nuclear-weapon States and non-nuclear-weapon States. However, given the continuing stalemate in the Conference, it is necessary for the international community to reflect on alternatives and, if necessary, identify other ways of ensuring progress. Mr. President: In summary, the European Union is prepared to participate with you and all States Members of the United Nations in identifying ways and means to overcome the impasse of the Conference.",
"Let me summarize the concrete proposals of the European Union. First, we call on all member States of the Conference on Disarmament to begin negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty without delay and to begin working on the other issues on the agenda. Secondly, we call on all nuclear-weapon States to declare and respect an immediate moratorium on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. Thirdly, we call on the Conference on Disarmament, the First Committee and the United Nations Disarmament Commission to examine their working methods and to adequately reflect this matter in their reports to the General Assembly. Of course, we call on the Assembly to continue to address the issue. Fourthly, we call on the Conference on Disarmament to include current observer States as full members. Finally, we call on the Conference on Disarmament to continue to explore ways of strengthening the contribution of non-governmental organizations in the Conference and to increase contacts with research institutions.",
"In conclusion, we reiterate our commitment to making the United Nations and the disarmament machinery capable of delivering tangible results. We are also ready to work with all delegations on further steps to make other operational suggestions and to provide for other concrete and operational alternatives. The effective functioning of multilateral disarmament institutions is fundamental to our security. The long-term stagnation of key disarmament forums, such as the Conference on Disarmament, presents a serious problem that requires all States to overcome it. Besides, time is running out. The Conference on Disarmament needs to resume its work without delay. We reiterate our call for substantive follow-up and for the disarmament machinery to achieve the objective for which it was created.",
"Mr. Araud (France): Mr. President: Allow me on behalf of the People ' s Republic of China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America, to thank you for convening this follow-up meeting to the High-level Meeting on 24 September 2010. We welcome your personal commitment and leadership in disarmament and non-proliferation. We fully support its continued efforts to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament. We are very concerned about its long-standing stagnation and the lack of progress since the meeting last year. It is essential to reiterate the negotiating role of the Conference and to enable it to resume its substantive work without delay.",
"Ten months after the High-level Meeting, today ' s follow-up session is a timely opportunity to reflect on the situation of the disarmament machinery and to consider ways forward in the field of disarmament and international peace and security.",
"We welcome the many positive achievements in arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation. In particular, the adoption of a concrete and balanced action plan on the three pillars of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons at the 2010 NPT Review Conference has demonstrated the international community ' s strong commitment to strengthening the international nuclear non-proliferation regime and addressing nuclear issues with a comprehensive and pragmatic approach.",
"All States parties should, however, work together to promote the implementation of the NPT plan of action. In that regard, the five permanent member States of the Security Council are strongly committed to assuming their responsibilities and to playing their part. At the High-level Meeting held in September last year, France undertook to organize the first meeting of the five permanents, to follow up to the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the NPT.",
"Accordingly, on 30 June and 1 July, the five permanent members met in Paris at the level of directors-general and experts with the objective of reviewing the progress made in terms of their commitment to the NPT Review Conference and contributing to the preparations for the next NPT review cycle. They discussed a wide range of issues related to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. That was the second time that the five permanents met in that format with that programme, the first being the London Conference on Confidence-Building Measures, held in 2009. The Paris Conference was therefore an important and fundamental opportunity to continue to build mutual trust and confidence in nuclear issues.",
"I would like to share with the Assembly the general results of our discussions, which were reflected in the final joint press release issued at the end of the Conference. As nuclear-weapon States, we consider how we seek to fulfil our disarmament obligations under the NPT, including participation in the activities contained in the 2010 NPT action plan, primarily actions identified in action 5, as well as reporting and other activities.",
"We continue our previous discussions on issues of transparency and mutual trust, including nuclear doctrine and capabilities, and verification. Those measures were important in establishing a firm basis for further disarmament efforts.",
"We also share views on measures to defend the pillar of non-proliferation in order to include how to respond to the NPT withdrawal notifications, recognizing the provisions of article 10, and stress the need to strengthen the safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), including by promoting the adoption of the Optional Protocol and strengthening the resources and capacities of IAEA to prevent and detect non-compliance.",
"All States—parts and non-parties to the NPT—must contribute to the overall goal of disarmament by creating the necessary security environment, resolving regional tensions, promoting collective security, ensuring that the international nuclear non-proliferation regime remains strong and reliable, and advancing in all areas of disarmament.",
"We are convinced that, as the only permanent multilateral negotiating forum of the international community on disarmament, the Conference on Disarmament must maintain the primary role in substantive negotiations on priority disarmament issues. We call on all States members of the Conference to agree without delay on a comprehensive and balanced programme of work, enabling the Conference to resume its substantive work.",
"We recognized that the only key element in the effective implementation of article 6 of the NPT and in the prevention of nuclear proliferation is the negotiation of a fissile material cut-off treaty. That Treaty would help prohibit the production of the most important core components required for nuclear weapons. We reiterate our support for the immediate commencement of negotiations at the Conference on Disarmament of a fissile material cut-off treaty, including verification arrangements.",
"In order to maintain the possibility of negotiations at the Conference, the five permanents, before the next session of the General Assembly, will renew their efforts with the other relevant partners to promote such negotiations. In addition, the five permanents recall their commitment to promoting and ensuring the speedy entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and its universalization.",
"(spoke in French)",
"I would like at this juncture to make some brief comments at the national level. I fully support the statement of the European Union. France, in all forums, including the Group of Eight that chairs, supports any initiative aimed at improving international security in all areas: nuclear, biological, chemical, conventional, ballistic proliferation and space.",
"We must remain united to those who could take advantage of the impasse in the work of the Conference on Disarmament in the fact that they are against history. Today there is a consensus, except one, to begin negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty. Needless to say, we hope that these negotiations will take place under the auspices of the Conference, since that is the reason for their existence.",
"As for the commencement of negotiations, we must demonstrate in a tangible way our commitment to ending the promotion of fissile material for nuclear weapons. The four nuclear-weapon States have already declared a moratorium on the production of such material. We call seriously on all nuclear Powers to immediately declare a similar moratorium. In addition, we must go further and irreversibly stop the production of fissile material. France has been a pioneer in this area, irreversibly dismantling its production facilities.",
"In order to save time, I will stop here, the full version of my statement will be available on the website of the Permanent Mission of France to the United Nations.",
"Mr. Quinlan (Australia): I have the privilege to speak today on behalf of the Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Initiative, whose current members are Australia, Canada, Chile, Germany, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates.",
"Mr. We are grateful that you have convened this debate, as well as your personal efforts to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament, including by visiting Geneva this year. We also welcome the Secretary-General ' s commitment to this important task.",
"This debate occurs at an appropriate time. At the conclusion of the second part of the annual session of the Conference and well before the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, this is the precise time to jointly assess the achievements that have been achieved since the last high-level meeting on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament, held in September, and to share views on how to facilitate the resumption of the substantive work of the Conference. We must take advantage of the reflective momentum period prevailing in New York and Geneva in recent months, and for which the meeting itself was a constructive stimulus.",
"The Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Initiative was established in September 2010 to build on the renewed momentum in the areas of disarmament and non-proliferation, in particular the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). At its second meeting of the Ministers for Foreign Affairs, held in Berlin on 30 April, the States members of the Initiative reaffirmed their intention to work towards nuclear disarmament and to strengthen the international non-proliferation regime. Recognizing the danger to all humanity that presents the possibility of the use of nuclear weapons and the need to address the increased risks of proliferation, the reduction of nuclear arsenals, the strengthening of nuclear security and the improvement of nuclear security, we continue to consider nuclear risks mandatory and urgent progress towards a world free of nuclear weapons. In Berlin, the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the Initiative reiterated their decision to support and assist in the implementation of the consensus outcome of the NPT Review Conference last year.",
"The members of the Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Initiative have welcomed, at times directed and certainly participated actively in the various initiatives at the first and second part of this year ' s session of the Conference on Disarmament in order to facilitate work on its current key issues. At the same time, however, we note with deep regret that the Conference has been unable to take advantage of broad positive trends in the areas of disarmament and non-proliferation. To date, the three measures contained in the plan of action of the NPT Review Conference on its work have not been implemented: Action 6 on the establishment of a subsidiary body to deal with nuclear disarmament; action 7 on substantive reviews on negative security assurances; and action 15 on negotiations on the fissile material cut-off treaty.",
"We have also recognized that, instead of achieving progress, the Conference has actually taken a step backwards since its adoption by consensus of a programme of work (CD/1864) in May 2009. We are convinced that the use of the consensus rule to prevent the commencement of negotiations on the fissile material cut-off treaty, as well as substantive reviews on the other three key issues, has not only damaged the already diminished credibility of the Conference, but also severely undermined the entire multilateral disarmament process and, in the long run, therefore, the security interests of the entire international community.",
"For more than a decade, the Conference on Disarmament has been unable to fulfil its mandated task, namely, the negotiation of disarmament and non-proliferation instruments. In view of this situation, we reiterate our firm conviction that the Conference should immediately begin negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty. However, while patience is a virtue, of course, the constant passivity is not. Therefore, if we continue to elude an agreement on the commencement of negotiations on the fissile material cut-off treaty at the third part of the session of the Conference, we are determined to request the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session at the end of this year to address the issue and consider how to proceed with the objective of starting negotiations on that treaty.",
"Of course, we recognize that the negotiations on the fissile material cut-off treaty will be difficult from the political and technical standpoints, regardless of the headquarters selected. In our view, these two aspects are closely related. While we continue to believe that the early commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty is a priority, we believe that the establishment of a group of scientific experts to examine the technical aspects of the treaty could facilitate and contribute to the commencement of the negotiations. We are prepared to examine this idea with the parties concerned.",
"The concerns of the Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Initiative are in no way limited to a specific aspect of the work of the Conference. In order to make it an institution that works effectively with a composition that reflects the realities of this century, not of the last century, it is necessary that its current working methods be thoroughly examined, its composition reviewed and its interaction with civil society increased.",
"While we believe that the resumption of the substantive work of the Conference is the most urgent task we have, our interest in revitalizing it goes beyond it. The Disarmament Commission is another important pillar from the theoretical point of view but an increasingly less important part of the United Nations disarmament machinery. Much would benefit from a review of its current work and well-calibulated structural reform.",
"In addition, we call on the First Committee of the General Assembly itself to enhance its practical relevance to disarmament and international security. In view of the objective of today ' s debate, we rely primarily on it to advance the fissile material cut-off treaty and other fundamental disarmament issues. In general, the Assembly should, in our view, continue to play an important role in channelling the expectations of the international community against the multilateral disarmament machinery and identifying possible solutions to the remaining challenges. We look forward to this, as well as possible future discussions on the fundamental and most relevant issue of advancing multilateral disarmament negotiations.",
"Mr. Tatham (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland): Mr. President, I thank you for convening this important debate. The United Kingdom welcomes its personal commitment and leadership it has shown in disarmament and non-proliferation. We are very pleased to have this opportunity to take stock of the high-level meeting on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the promotion of multilateral disarmament negotiations.",
"The Government of the United Kingdom remains firmly committed to the long-term goal of achieving a world without nuclear weapons, and to achieving progress in multilateral disarmament. We take seriously our international disarmament obligations and have made concrete progress in the past year. In our strategic defence and security review in October 2010, we announced a series of disarmament measures to reduce the number of warheads and nuclear missiles on our submarines. We also offer a new and stronger guarantee to non-nuclear-weapon States.",
"Much progress has been made in 2011 on the international disarmament agenda. In February, the new START Treaty entered into force, and a few weeks ago, the five nuclear-weapon States recognized in the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) participated in a conference of the five permanent members of the Security Council in Paris. It was just the second time that such a meeting was held, following the meeting organized by the United Kingdom in 2009. We are very pleased with the discussions held on confidence-building and with the opportunity to carefully analyse our disarmament obligations.",
"The results of the conference, which my French colleague has already explained on behalf of the five permanent members, clearly demonstrate our collective resolve to work together to fulfil the commitments made in the plan of action of the 2010 NPT Review Conference (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). This includes practical measures taken by the United Kingdom, the United States and Russia as depositaries of the NPT in line with our commitment to implementing the 1995 NPT resolution on a Middle East free of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery.",
"We look forward to moving forward on the disarmament and confidence-building initiatives agreed upon at the conference. As part of this follow-up work, the United Kingdom will host a meeting at the expert level with the other permanent members of the Security Council on lessons learned from the pioneering work we conducted with Norway on the verification of the dismantling of nuclear warheads. Our work with Norway has shown that both nuclear-weapon States and non-nuclear-weapon States are able to contribute actively to the fulfilment of their NPT obligations through research on the verification of nuclear disarmament and, at the same time, to fulfil their non-proliferation obligations. Indeed, the cooperation of non-nuclear-weapon States in research on the verification of nuclear disarmament is necessary to achieve effective and mutually trusted technical and procedural solutions to support verifiable multilateral nuclear disarmament.",
"Despite the positive progress and momentum that has been achieved in other areas, the Geneva Conference on Disarmament has so far failed to undertake any substantive work since the High-level Meeting last September. There is general support for the principle of a treaty to end the future production of fissile material for nuclear weapons. The commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty at the Conference on Disarmament would constitute an important achievement and a necessary basis for our goal of a world without nuclear weapons. Unfortunately, as we all know, there is a country that continues to block this step. It is for this reason, and not for any other, that we are here today and that we have not achieved any tangible progress on the fissile material cut-off treaty since the High-level Meeting last September.",
"To move forward, we need to collectively focus on convincing all members to agree again that the Conference on Disarmament resume its work and begin negotiating a fissile material cut-off treaty. Parallel activities organized by our colleagues in Australia and Japan were a positive and informative initiative in that regard.",
"To strengthen the global disarmament and non-proliferation framework in a meaningful way, a future fissile material cut-off treaty should prohibit all States from producing fissile material for nuclear weapons and other explosive devices. For this reason, the United Kingdom wishes to re-emphasize its firm commitment to commence negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty at the Conference on Disarmament. The Conference on Disarmament is the best option we have to negotiate with all interested States as members. It is an institution that, through its regulations, respects the security of all. We still have a programme of work, agreed by all but one. Document CD/1864 provides for negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty, as well as substantive discussions on the other agenda items on which the Conference on Disarmament has failed to make progress in the past two years.",
"We must continue to demonstrate to all members that the consolidated rules of the Conference on Disarmament protect the security interests of all countries, both during the negotiations and in the eventual signature and phase of ratification. Some countries should be expected to be concerned about what that treaty might mean to them. There will be opportunities to deal with all issues and concerns at the negotiating table.",
"The public statement made following the Paris conference of the five permanent members reiterated the strong support of the five at the immediate commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty at the Conference on Disarmament. The five permanent members pledged to redouble efforts with relevant partners to promote those negotiations before the next session of the General Assembly. We intend to continue to discuss the main issues of the treaty with other relevant actors, based on the parallel activities that have already taken place. With the progress of these discussions, momentum towards negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament will continue to increase. We urge all States to maintain this momentum, and the last remaining State to join the consensus and end its blockade so that the Conference on Disarmament can carry out its work as soon as possible. This embargo has been detrimental to multilateralism within the United Nations and has encouraged some to explore the possibility of dispensing with traditional institutions to seek rapid progress on a fissile material cut-off treaty.",
"It is urgent that the Conference on Disarmament demonstrate that it remains relevant and that it can show its potential as the best way to find sustainable solutions to the challenges of global arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation in the twenty-first century.",
"Mrs. Gottemoeller (United States of America): President: Thank you for the opportunity to intervene today. The United States welcomed the Secretary-General ' s initiative to convene last September the high-level meeting on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the promotion of multilateral disarmament negotiations, with the hope that it would stimulate progress in negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty at the Conference on Disarmament. We were one of the sponsors of resolution 65/93 on the follow-up to the High-level Meeting, and we also welcome the opportunity today to take stock of where we are 10 months later. Mr. President: The United States shares its commitment to progress, and its interest in advancing this process.",
"Two years ago, in his speech in Prague, President Obama declared the commitment of the United States to “seek the peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons” and presented a plan of action for short-term practical measures to move forward in that regard. Since then, there has been significant progress. I am not going to explain it now in detail, but I would like to highlight some successes, as they contrast with the fact that negotiations on a priority objective are constantly failing: the prohibition of the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons.",
"A key achievement last year in arms control was the entry into force of the new START Treaty with the Russian Federation last February. The implementation of the Treaty is already under way. Until last weekend, we and the Russian Federation had exchanged 1,000 notifications on the implementation of the Treaty regime. In addition, we have carried out 13 inspections, six of which have been carried out by the Russian Federation and seven by the United States. We are at the same time in our implementation efforts.",
"In May, President Obama also presented to the Senate the protocols to the Treaties on Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones in Africa and the South Pacific for the Senate to provide advice and consent. On the other hand, we are in discussions with the parties to the Treaty on Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones in South-East Asia and Central Asia to seek to reach an agreement that would allow the United States to sign the Protocols thereto.",
"The United States remains committed to the ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, and we are sensitizing the Senate and the American public to the merits of that Treaty.",
"As already reported by the representative of France, the nuclear-weapon States recognized in the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) — the five permanent members — met in Paris on 30 June and 1 July to discuss issues related to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, in particular the measures outlined in the action plan adopted at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the NPT (NPT/CONF.2010/50). This followed up on the talks in London in 2009, and will continue with a third conference within the framework of the Preparatory Committee for the 2012 NPT Review Conference. These meetings are helping to create a process of dialogue among the five permanent members on transparency, nuclear doctrine and verification, based on the premise that such dialogue is necessary in order to provide a good basis for other disarmament efforts.",
"The United States has spared no effort to start negotiations on a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons at the Geneva Conference on Disarmament. The conclusion of such a treaty remains the main multilateral priority of the United States and the vast majority of other countries, and would be a major international achievement in the field of non-proliferation and disarmament. At a time when significant progress has been made in other areas of arms control and disarmament, it is particularly disappointing that a single State has prevented the Conference on Disarmament from assuming its rightful place in the field of disarmament and to pursue negotiations to achieve that long-standing goal.",
"The United States prefers that the fissile material cut-off treaty be negotiated within the Conference on Disarmament. We welcome the initiative of Australia and Japan to organize serious technical discussions on the fissile material cut-off treaty outside the Conference on Disarmament this year. The activity was productive, substantive and shared, but this does not conceal the primary fact that the Conference on Disarmament remains blocked and that today we are no closer to negotiations on the fissile material cut-off treaty than we were two years ago, when the 65 members of the Conference on Disarmament came to an avenue and adopted by consensus a programme of work.",
"Because of this continuing stagnation situation, we have initiated consultations to advance the issue. We are therefore pleased that the five permanent members agreed in Paris to take action before the next session of the General Assembly to renew efforts with other relevant actors to promote such negotiations on the treaty, and are currently planning activities in this regard.",
"Turning to the issue of the United Nations disarmament machinery and how it works — or does not work — I would like to point out that this is a matter that is often discussed. For example, in 1978 the improvements motivated the then member States of the body that preceded the Conference on Disarmament to take the decision to establish the Disarmament Committee, which soon became known as the Conference. They considered that certain changes, such as a rotating presidency and the expansion of membership, would make the body more representative and more productive. The decisions of those States are reflected in the Final Document of the first special session devoted to disarmament (resolution S-10/2).",
"More recently, there have been serious reflections and a number of interesting ideas on the reform of the Conference on Disarmament and other disarmament mechanisms. However, we must study these proposals with great restraint and being realistic about the root cause of the current stagnation. Although the mechanism would certainly be agreed upon, it is not the underlying cause of the rupture of the Conference on Disarmament. The Conference has been successful in recent years: the Biological Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. In short, when countries share a goal, they can promote it in the Conference on Disarmament, and this is an experience that we want to repeat, beginning with the fissile material cut-off treaty.",
"The Secretary-General has offered recommendations on how to proceed with the consideration of multilateral disarmament matters, and has provided a reflective report on the work of his Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters (A/65/228). The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research has also raised issues that invite us to reflect. We have many ideas.",
"It would be useful for a group of eminent personalities, the Conference on Disarmament itself or other actors to continue to study them to include recommendations on the following: how to modernize or re-examine the role of the United Nations Disarmament Commission, which, after valuable efforts, has for several years been unable to reach consensus on any agenda item; and how to update the Geneva Conference on Disarmament. Their decalogue and agenda could be updated to reflect current international security circumstances. Members should also review some of the other procedures and recommend changes that promote greater continuity and better approach.",
"Recommendations would also be included on how to ensure the continuity of an agreed programme of work of the Conference from year to year, such as the automatic renewal of the agreed programme of work; how to protect national security interests while avoiding the abuse of the rule of consensus; and whether the expansion of the Conference on Disarmament would improve its efficiency, and how to reflect the universal goals of disarmament in deliberation and negotiation bodies by maintaining its effectiveness and ensuring that the concerns of States are respected. This is the fundamental question. In this regard, we believe that, in theory, working with 193 members would inevitably pose complications. I would like to point out that the Conference on Disarmament in its current membership, expanded since 1996 to 65 member States, has not yet demonstrated the ability to function as a negotiating body.",
"When looking for new ways to proceed, we believe that there is a need for balance. The status quo is unacceptable, but we must also try not to be too ambitious to avoid losing our way. In seeking the way forward, we must keep the point of view and, for the majority of the international community, the point of view is placed in a fissile material cut-off treaty such as the next immediate multilateral nuclear disarmament measure. Calls for a new special session on disarmament are at best a distraction. A new special session on disarmament is not the only or most practical of the reform methods, taking into account previous failures. Unless we have agreed on the objectives of such a session, we better focus on areas where progress can be made.",
"Mr. Wang Min, China (spoke in Chinese): Mr. Chairman: I would like to begin by thanking you for convening this meeting. I would also like to thank you and the Secretary-General for their statements.",
"The High-level Meeting held in September 2010 held useful discussions on the work of the Conference on Disarmament and multilateral disarmament negotiations. China hoped that today ' s meeting would also contribute to facilitating multilateral disarmament negotiations.",
"Arms control and disarmament are closely linked to security and have always been a barometer of changes in the international security situation. The international community in general now hopes that the multilateral disarmament process, and the work of the Conference on Disarmament in particular, will advance further to promote the security of all States.",
"Since the beginning of this year, the parties have shown positive intentions and taken a constructive approach to the progress of the work of the Conference on Disarmament. However, differences between the parties have not yet been resolved, and the members of the Conference must redouble efforts to overcome the stagnation in their work.",
"Given the current circumstances, China would like to make the following proposals on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the promotion of the multilateral disarmament process.",
"First, the authority of the Conference on Disarmament must be respected and maintained. No international mechanism could replace the Conference, which was the only multilateral negotiating forum on disarmament. Since the end of the cold war, the Conference has negotiated and concluded the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. These two instruments have contributed greatly to the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and to the advancement of arms control and the disarmament process, and history has demonstrated its impact. In order for the fissile material cut-off treaty to meet its dual objective of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation and to have authority, effectiveness and universality, it must be negotiated within the framework of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"Secondly, the legitimate security concerns of States must be given due attention and equitable treatment. The Conference on Disarmament cannot work in a vacuum, and regional and international security situations will have a direct and important influence on its work. The legitimate security concerns of member States should be fully respected and adequately addressed, both at the time of the negotiations and during the negotiation process. That is why we maintain serious negotiations on multilateral arms control treaties, and it is also an indispensable condition for such treaties to be universally supported and implemented.",
"Thirdly, we must continue to rely on the Conference on Disarmament and bet more on creative thinking. The achievement of progress in the work of the Conference on Disarmament depends on the common efforts of all member States within the framework of the Conference and above all on the synergy between them. Any idea or practice of another framework obviously does not favour the work of the Conference on Disarmament and will not result in a satisfactory treaty banning the production of fissile material. In view of stagnation and difficulties, it is even more necessary for the members of the Conference to make use of their political wisdom and to maximize diplomatic creativity in order to maintain the momentum for the commencement of negotiations on the treaty, and to spare no effort in the search for viable ways to encourage the Conference to undertake substantive work on issues related to that treaty.",
"Fourth, efforts must be made to advance the work of the Conference on Disarmament in a comprehensive manner. While negotiations on the fissile material cut-off treaty should begin soon, the Conference should also undertake substantive work on other important issues, such as nuclear disarmament, the prevention of an arms race in outer space and security assurances for non-nuclear-weapon States. Such is the wish of the vast majority of the members of the Conference. I am convinced that the work on these three topics will have a positive impact on the promotion of the negotiations on that treaty.",
"China has always supported the work of the Conference on Disarmament and is in favour of starting negotiations on the fissile material cut-off treaty as soon as possible. During China ' s mandate as President of the Conference on Disarmament this year, it has cooperated fully with other Presidents, has undertaken extensive consultations with member States and has made tireless efforts to reduce differences and end the deadlock. We hope that all parties will respect the legitimate concerns of mutual security and continue dialogue and consultations in a serious, free, transparent and equal manner with a view to reaching an agreement as soon as possible on the programme of work of the Conference so that it can begin its substantive work on various topics.",
"Promoting the international arms control and disarmament process is in the interests of all parties and is the historical responsibility of all States. We believe in the political will and collective wisdom of the member States of the Conference on Disarmament, and we remain confident that the Conference will begin negotiations on the above-mentioned treaty and that it will begin to work in depth in other areas. In the meantime, we call on all parties to make further efforts and attempts to that end. China was prepared to work with other countries and to redouble its efforts to promote the sustained development of the cause of multilateral arms control and disarmament and to maintain international peace and security.",
"Mr. Schaper (Netherlands): I have the honour to speak on behalf of the following 41 States: Australia, Austria, Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Ireland, Japan, Kenya, Republic of Korea, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Montenegro, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Slovakia, Slovakia, Sweden, Slovenia,",
"These States, from different regions of the world, share a commitment to strengthening the multilateral disarmament system — and that will be the subject of my observations today — so that that system can fulfil its purpose. Mr. Chairman: We thank you for organizing this meeting, which provides an opportunity to assess the progress made since the adoption of resolution 65/93 on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the promotion of multilateral disarmament negotiations.",
"The 41 States I have just mentioned consider it regrettable that, for over a decade, the multilateral disarmament machinery and, in particular, the Conference on Disarmament has not met the expectations of the international community, as expressed in the Final Document of the First Special Session on Disarmament (resolution S/10-2) and in the decisions and recommendations contained in numerous General Assembly resolutions and in the final documents of the NPT Review Conferences. The Conference on Disarmament is no longer fulfilling its mandate, no more or less. It does not address the pressing security challenges facing the international community through effective multilateral arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation instruments.",
"For several years, this lack of progress on new multilateral disarmament instruments has directly affected our common security in the twenty-first century and has weakened the multilateral disarmament system. Although progress has been made in other multilateral disarmament forums, the Conference on Disarmament has not been able to deploy its full potential, nor to agree on the issue of increased participation by the States concerned and increased participation by members of civil society.",
"Our countries consider this unfortunate scenario of stagnation and lack of results unacceptable in the Conference on Disarmament. We see the urgent need to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament and to advance multilateral disarmament negotiations. In that regard, we are very grateful to the Secretary-General for the initiatives that support those efforts.",
"The High-level Meeting of 24 September 2010 highlighted the views of States on the causes of stagnation in the Conference on Disarmament. Above all, however, the High-level Meeting made it clear that the international community wishes to go beyond mere deliberations and act without further delay.",
"Mr. President: As members know, in the course of the Conference on Disarmament in 2011, in Geneva, members expressed and demonstrated with evidence their growing concern about stagnation, including during an interaction with you, on the occasion of their visit to Geneva in March. They have also expressed their concerns to the Secretary-General and the members of their Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters.",
"However, despite the considerable efforts made by the successive Presidents of the Conference on Disarmament for more than a decade, the suggestions and initiatives of the members of the Conference and the decision-making that would have enabled the Conference to fulfil its mandate, the Conference remains without substantive work.",
"Here, in New York, the United Nations Disarmament Commission, regrettably once again, was unable to elaborate any specific recommendations. We believe that this is an additional indicator of the continuing challenges facing the multilateral disarmament machinery as a whole.",
"If the multilateral disarmament machinery, especially the Conference on Disarmament, is unable to overcome this crisis — the international community, and in particular the General Assembly — it will have to respond and seriously consider ways to overcome it. We cannot afford to start a new session of the Conference in January 2012 by accepting that the continuing stagnation is predetermined and that we cannot do anything about it.",
"Some States are already deliberating on different options. Some focus on giving the General Assembly a more essential and active role in advancing multilateral disarmament negotiations. Some focus on the implementation agreements previously reached in the Conference on Disarmament and other relevant multilateral forums. Some seek to intensify preparations for the negotiations. Some focus on efforts to foster a process of formal revitalization within the framework of the Conference on Disarmament, and some seek to include a wider process of reform of the disarmament machinery.",
"Although these different initiatives aim at a variety of approaches, they are all being studied — and they need to be studied — in order to improve global security, including finding the most effective way to achieve a world without nuclear weapons. We hope that this debate will provide us with an appropriate platform to continue to address, in a transparent and inclusive manner, all possible future options to promote multilateral disarmament negotiations effectively and in a results-oriented spirit. We must assume our responsibility, both in Geneva and here, in order to address these concerns effectively, without further delay.",
"We welcome the attention of the Secretary-General and his Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters to the challenges facing the disarmament machinery. At the same time, we recognize that responsibility for current difficulties rests with States, as well as the responsibility to find solutions. We are prepared to contribute actively and constructively to that company with a vision of the future. All States of the world have a vital interest, the right and the obligation to participate in and contribute to the success of multilateral disarmament negotiations.",
"Mr. Kim Sook: Mr. President: At the outset, I would like to join previous speakers in expressing my sincere appreciation for the convening of this meeting. As one of the member countries that signed the letter requesting this meeting, the Republic of Korea associates itself with the comments just made by the representative of the Netherlands. However, at this juncture, I would like to speak as a representative of my country.",
"In recent years, we have taken many positive steps to achieve the long-awaited progress in nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. Only a year ago we witnessed the signing of the new START agreement of the Summit on Nuclear Safety, held in Washington, D.C., and the adoption by consensus of the Final Document, which covers a decade, at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). In particular, the adoption of the Final Document during the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons represents a formal recognition by the international community that disarmament and non-proliferation are becoming a fundamental part of the global agenda.",
"Following this serious positive developments in other areas of disarmament, our expectations regarding the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament are now even greater than they have been in recent years. As a reflection of the aspirations of the international community, the Secretary-General convened a High-level Meeting in September 2010 as a response by the international community to the Conference on Disarmament. We have also noted various efforts made by many delegations this year. However, the Conference continues to make little progress and the patience of the international community is gradually depleting. Moreover, the United Nations Disarmament Commission has not produced any final documents or recommendations since 1999. Indeed, the multilateral disarmament machinery is totally disorganized.",
"We believe that in order to achieve a solution the Conference on Disarmament needs to be redirected. The continuing paralysis of the Conference not only puts at risk its status and legitimacy as the main disarmament forum, but also puts at risk the very basis of the multilateral disarmament machinery, including the United Nations Disarmament Commission. I firmly believe that the Conference on Disarmament should act promptly in order to continue to play a vital role.",
"In order to encourage the Conference on Disarmament to move forward, it is necessary, above all, that all countries demonstrate greater political flexibility in relation to their security considerations and modus operandi. Only when countries show flexibility and a spirit of cooperation can the Conference evolve significantly and follow the pace of the rapidly changing disarmament climate. What the Conference process now needs is not an endless and hollow debate, but concrete action.",
"As the Republic of Korea proposed at the High-level Meeting held in September 2010, and as the Secretary-General once again suggested this morning, I would like to request the establishment of a group of eminent persons, under the auspices of the Secretary-General, to find solutions to current difficulties in the Conference on Disarmament.",
"In this regard, we welcome the report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters (A/65/228), in which he favours the establishment of that group. The Secretary-General ' s Advisory Board notes that a group of eminent persons could contribute to the bottom-up negotiations and attract significant global attention to the issue. We have recently witnessed similar groups in relation to the Millennium Development Goals and climate change financing. These cases are good examples.",
"As we know, the Conference on Disarmament was born from the General Assembly, and it is natural for the Assembly to address the problems of its offshoot. In this regard, I believe that not only the internal efforts of the Conference on Disarmament but also the external political stimulus can be of great help to break the impasse in the Conference. I hope that this year the First Committee of the General Assembly will continue to examine ways of revitalizing the multilateral disarmament machinery.",
"The Republic of Korea believes that the international community shares the common view that, among all the issues before the Conference on Disarmament, negotiation on a treaty banning the production of fissile material for weapons is what is most needed. Negotiation on a fissile material cut-off treaty is indispensable, not only for nuclear non-proliferation but also for nuclear disarmament. A fissile material cut-off treaty and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty are of fundamental, symbolic and substantive importance to the global nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation regime. We trust that when we begin negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty, the momentum will lead to further discussions on other important issues, such as nuclear disarmament, the prevention of an arms race in outer space and negative security assurances, in a comprehensive and balanced manner.",
"Once again, the Republic of Korea calls upon all members of the Conference on Disarmament to cooperate in order to begin substantive work on a fissile material cut-off treaty as soon as possible, for the benefit not only of nuclear non-proliferation, but also, and to a greater extent, of nuclear disarmament. For its part, the Republic of Korea will do its best to launch the CD process.",
"Mr. Zhukov (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): The Russian Federation fully supports the revitalization of the multilateral disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control mechanism. We agree with the preservation and strengthening of the existing disarmament triad: the United Nations Disarmament Commission, the First Committee and the Conference on Disarmament. These forums have proved to be necessary and efficient, and have contributed significantly to the preservation of international peace and security.",
"In our view, it is not now a matter of radically reorganizing them, but of organizing the political will to restart those mechanisms in order to create new universal agreements on disarmament and non-proliferation. We believe that the current situation of the multilateral disarmament process, specifically within the Conference on Disarmament, is not the result of any systemic collapse of the multilateral disarmament machinery, but rather a reflection of the different priorities of States in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation and their vision of their legitimate national interests. The root of the problems of the Conference is beyond it.",
"Clearly, the Conference on Disarmament deals with very sensitive issues, namely those related to the security of States. In it, as elsewhere, we must be willing to demonstrate a certain reasonable degree of compromise, based on the balance of interests. Furthermore, we should not overly simplify the reasons behind the situation in the Conference on Disarmament or reduce them to disagreements on procedure or clashes between ambitions and claims.",
"It is important to note that despite recent radical calls for the closure of the Conference on Disarmament, for the change of its basic principles of work and for the initiation of new modalities, the absolute majority of the participants in the forum widely recognizes the importance of maintaining the Conference on Disarmament, as the key multilateral negotiating mechanism. The shock therapy proposed by some countries is a radical measure that could not only paralyze the Conference on Disarmament definitively, but could also seriously undermine the triad of disarmament and, at the end of certain, destroy the existing disarmament machinery.",
"We cannot agree with that approach. There's no silver bullet. Our goal should be to seek with patience and respect the mutually acceptable means to get out of stagnation, rather than to take agrias and hasty action and decisions. This applies not only to procedural issues but also to substantive issues, not to mention punitive measures, such as denial of funding.",
"In that regard, we agree with the balanced approach adopted by the Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament, Mr. Tokayev, in the sense that the impasse in the path of disarmament, which I accuse at the Conference, is mainly due not to shortcomings of the mechanism but to the geopolitical situation of the world, to strategic clashes between States and the lack of political will.",
"We oppose a review of the main principle of work of the Conference on Disarmament, which is consensus. At the same time, we are willing to be flexible and seek new approaches that could break the deadlock. In that context, an interesting idea could be to expand the membership of the Conference in order to promote greater participation of non-governmental agencies, and to improve communication with the public on disarmament issues.",
"Universal disarmament agreements can be developed under the auspices of the United Nations and on the basis of consensus. It is only under those circumstances that the agreements will work and adapt to new realities and new challenges. Negotiations towards parallel pathways between States with similar thinking are unlikely to lead to agreement on a universal or viable treaty. We are convinced that the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament would benefit all Member States. We see no alternative to patient and respectful dialogue to calm the security concerns of some members of the Conference and to reach agreement on the basis of the agenda of the Conference.",
"CD/1864 is a realistic basis for compromise. In supporting it, the Russian Federation demonstrated its willingness to take into account the position of its partners and to seek compromise. We look forward to our partners. The priority of the Russian Federation within the Conference on Disarmament is to develop a treaty banning all types of weapons in outer space. The draft treaty submitted by the Russian Federation and China had taken into account the interests of all States, without exception.",
"Another important challenge is the development of a universal, balanced and verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material. Its adoption would be a further step towards strengthening the nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation regime.",
"Mr. Bavaud, Switzerland (spoke in French): Mr. President: Allow me to thank you and congratulate you on convening this meeting to follow up on the High-level Meeting on the Revitalization of the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and the Promotion of Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations, held on 24 September 2010. There is no doubt that your initiative and commitment will help us to move forward on this issue.",
"Switzerland fully endorses the statement made by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of 40 countries. Let me add some elements from the Swiss perspective.",
"Switzerland fully agreed with the Secretary-General ' s efforts to advance multilateral disarmament negotiations and revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament. This process has already had significant effects. Major discussions have been held in the First Committee, the Conference on Disarmament and the United Nations Disarmament Commission since September 2010. In the past 10 months it has become clear that a growing number of States consider the lack of progress on various disarmament issues to be unacceptable. In the course of these discussions, it has also become clear that more and more States see the urgent need to revitalize the disarmament machinery and to begin substantive work, especially negotiations on one or more of the four main issues on the agenda of the Conference.",
"Switzerland is convinced that the current lack of agreement on new multilateral disarmament and non-proliferation instruments has undermined the multilateral disarmament system, a trend that will not benefit any State in the long run. To address this situation, we must make complementary efforts within the Conference on Disarmament by gathering political will and intensifying pressure outside that body. We also need to understand that the current stagnation cannot be attributed only to external political factors, but is also linked to institutional issues. Existing mechanisms are obviously unable to catalyze the necessary political will and take advantage of it when it is being achieved.",
"To move forward we also need to have institutions and mechanisms that reflect the current realities and are able to address them. We live in a global and interdependent world, facing a multitude of shared challenges in disarmament and non-proliferation. It is important to move from one-dimensional approaches to arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation to broader approaches. It is essential to recognize that disarmament and non-proliferation activities affect many areas of concern for the international community, in addition to peace and security; they have implications for human security, human rights, development, the environment and health, to name a few. Only if we include those aspects in our deliberations can we address the challenges ahead.",
"Our institutions should not continue to rely on a clearly outdated concept of a national security paradigm that prevails above all, nor should they continually promote it. If it does not change, the Conference on Disarmament may be at risk of privileging the interests of some at the expense of the overwhelming majority of States and peoples of the world. We are convinced of the need to work in an inclusive manner and to take advantage of the views of stakeholders, such as other States, communities of experts or representatives of civil society.",
"We need institutions that are designed to produce results, not to maintain the status quo. They must be able, at the same time, to give answers and prevent, thus being able to produce the necessary tools to address current and future challenges. Switzerland therefore recalls that the international community needs mechanisms, platforms and environments that encourage meaningful, timely, inclusive and effective deliberations and negotiations on all disarmament issues in a broader sense. That must be our long-term goal.",
"While the High-level Meeting held on 24 September 2010 sought to promote debate on how to overcome the impasse in the Conference on Disarmament, the situation has not improved since. In many ways, stagnation is more serious today. Switzerland is of the view that we now need to complement the current dialogue with real measures at various levels and on several fronts at the same time and in a sustainable manner.",
"It is important that the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, for the rest of the year and the 2012 session, begin substantive work within the existing framework and commence negotiations. The Conference should also continue with the current reflection on its strengths and weaknesses in a more systematic way, seeking results, with a view to making the necessary changes to make the Conference more functional. The Conference has no choice but to demonstrate that it can achieve results.",
"At the sixty-sixth session of the First Committee, Member States could consider launching thematic-specific processes, such as creating open-ended working groups on nuclear disarmament issues, including fissile material or the prevention of an arms race in outer space. Those processes should be focused in Geneva and take advantage of the incomparable experience available in and around the Conference on Disarmament. If they want to be sustainable and offer an incentive to the Conference to resume their work, these processes must be complementary to the possible future progress of that forum and be developed in such a way that relevant results are made available to the Conference at the appropriate stage.",
"At the broader level of the General Assembly, Member States should pursue the revitalization process by incorporating new perspectives, new ideas and pragmatic approaches. That basis is essential to pave the way for the wider support needed to launch a deeper reform process. In that regard, the implementation of the recommendation contained in the recent report of the Secretary-General ' s Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters on the establishment of a high-level panel on the task of rapidly developing proposals on reform could provide a constructive way of achieving progress.",
"In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that, as we seek to move forward in our efforts to revitalize the multilateral disarmament machinery, Switzerland remains convinced of the need for a set of delegations specializing in disarmament to be permanently available — with the support of experts from Governments, international organizations and civil society — to discuss the issues of implementation of the current agreements and to negotiate new instruments. We also continue to believe in the need for a permanent forum, similar to the Conference on Disarmament, that addresses the challenges in our field and contributes to international security in the twenty-first century.",
"Mr. Benitez Versón (Cuba) reaffirms the importance of promoting multilateralism as a basic principle of disarmament negotiations. The multilaterally agreed solutions, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, constitute the only sustainable way to address disarmament and international security issues.",
"Within the disarmament machinery, the Conference on Disarmament has an indispensable role to play in the negotiation of universally acceptable treaties. If the Conference did not exist, it would have to be created without delay. We regret that the Conference has not been able to undertake substantive work for more than a decade. Some insist that this is due to the working methods and rules of procedure of that body. Cuba does not share that appreciation. The best evidence is that what is happening with the Conference on Disarmament is not much less an isolated fact within the disarmament machinery.",
"Just to mention a few examples, it is not simply a coincidence that the United Nations Disarmament Commission, for the twelfth consecutive occasion, will conclude its work again this year without agreeing on substantive recommendations. On the other hand, dozens of resolutions continue to be adopted every year in the First Committee of this Assembly that are simply not met, particularly those related to nuclear disarmament. The fourth special session of the Assembly on disarmament continues to be convened, despite the fact that, for many years, the Non-Aligned Movement has insisted on it.",
"Cuba supports the optimization of the United Nations disarmament machinery, including the Conference on Disarmament, but we are convinced that the paralysis currently affecting much of that mechanism is due, first of all, to the lack of political will on the part of some States to make real progress, particularly in nuclear disarmament.",
"We are concerned at the insinuations by several delegations that the time has come to put the Conference on Disarmament aside and to resort to alternative negotiating processes. Cuba is opposed to replacing the Conference on Disarmament with improvised, selective ad hoc arrangements outside the United Nations framework and managed by certain countries. If such a criterion is imposed, we would be taking a dangerous step back. The solution is not to begin ignoring the Conference on Disarmament or minimizing its importance. On the contrary: today, more than ever, it is a responsibility of all to strengthen and preserve it.",
"The Conference on Disarmament should adopt as soon as possible a comprehensive and balanced programme of work that takes into account the real priorities for disarmament. Cuba is prepared to negotiate in parallel with the Conference on Disarmament a treaty banning and eliminating nuclear weapons, a treaty banning the arms race in outer space, a treaty providing effective security assurances to States that, such as Cuba, are not nuclear weapons, and a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. We believe that the Conference on Disarmament has the capacity to cope with these negotiations.",
"Negotiating a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons would be a positive but insufficient action on its own if the subsequent steps to achieve nuclear disarmament were not defined.",
"Nuclear disarmament is and should continue to be the highest priority in disarmament. On this basis, consensus must be built within the framework of the Conference on Disarmament. The Conference on Disarmament should urgently begin negotiations on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons within a specified time frame, including a nuclear weapons convention. The very existence of nuclear weapons and the doctrines prescribing their possession and use constitutes a serious danger to international peace and security. For Cuba it is simply unacceptable that in today ' s world there are almost 23,000 nuclear weapons, 7.560 of them ready to be used immediately.",
"I would like to conclude by expressing that Cuba will assume the presidency of the Conference on Disarmament on 22 August, and we will have the responsibility to prepare and negotiate the working report of that body for submission to the First Committee of this General Assembly. It is our firm intention to make every possible effort from the Presidency to advance substantive negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament, in accordance with its mandate to negotiate international disarmament and arms control treaties, but this requires the contribution of each and every member of the Conference on Disarmament. It is in our hands to demonstrate with concrete actions our commitment to disarmament and peace.",
"Mr. Sin Son Ho (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea): Mr. President: Allow me, first of all, to express my gratitude for organizing this important meeting today. Allow me also to express the hope that this session will provide a good opportunity to revitalize the Conference on Disarmament and return it to the right track.",
"My delegation fully supports the statement made by Mr. Maged A. Abdelaziz, Permanent Representative of the Arab Republic of Egypt, on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.",
"Nuclear disarmament remains a top priority in ensuring international peace and security. The first appearance of nuclear weapons in 1945 represented the beginning of the history of the most destructive weapons ever used against humanity. The launch of nuclear bombs against Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Japan) was its main milestone, which clearly showed the world the destructive consequences of even one nuclear weapon for international peace and security. Moreover, the emergence of the first nuclear-weapon State in 1945 was one of the root causes of nuclear proliferation for the rest of the world, as it resulted in a chain reaction. If the successes of sacred human science had not been used for an infamous and dangerous end that could result in the destruction of all humanity, the proliferation of nuclear weapons could not be a problem today. As we can see, nuclear weapons are a matter directly related to the survival of humanity and to international peace and security.",
"The nuclear-weapon States have an inescapable obligation to fulfil their commitments under existing international standards. In 1996, the International Court of Justice made it very clear to the world that the use of nuclear weapons constitutes a violation of international law. He drew our attention to the fact that all other existing weapons, without exception, are subject to full control of treaties or conventions, but that nuclear weapons remain outside multilateral international laws. The same is true of negative security assurances for non-nuclear-weapon States.",
"The latest developments cast dark shadows on the prospects for nuclear disarmament, and attracted the attention of the international community. The nuclear doctrines that recall the Cold War openly promote nuclear weapons modernization programmes. I draw the attention of members to the fact that projects are under way to manufacture small nuclear weapons that will be used as conventional weapons.",
"In addition, the development of a missile defence system is ongoing, challenging the concerns of the international community. The system promoted under the pretext of responding to the manufacture of so-called ballistic missiles by which some call “renegated States” is not logical, given their exorbitant funding and their geographical network covering the entire world. The nature and scope of the missile defence system speak eloquently of the true goal of its defender, which is none other than to achieve absolute nuclear superiority and global hegemony over its nuclear rivals.",
"In the changing world today, it is easy to predict that this dangerous action will eventually unleash a new nuclear arms race. This demonstrates that the world ' s largest nuclear-weapon State has lost its legal and moral justification to discuss non-proliferation issues before the international community, whatever the reasons it alleges. If the largest nuclear-weapon State really wished for non-proliferation, it should give a good example by negotiating a treaty banning nuclear weapons.",
"The total and complete elimination of nuclear weapons remains the constant policy of the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea. A treaty banning nuclear weapons should be concluded within a specified time period, which is verifiable, irreversible and legally binding. This policy of the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea reflects the country ' s unique and special security environment for decades, subject to blackmail and the external nuclear threat on an ongoing basis. Since the United States introduced a nuclear weapon for the first time in South Korea in 1957, the number of nuclear weapons in that country has exceeded one thousand.",
"As a member State and current President of the Conference on Disarmament, the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea will make every effort to promote the work of the Conference. Nuclear disarmament, negative security assurances, the prohibition of the placement of weapons in outer space and the proscription of fissile material are outstanding issues at the Conference. It was regrettable that a solution to nuclear disarmament and negative security assurances had not yet been achieved, even though they had a record of decades of debate, which had begun with the establishment of the United Nations.",
"The cause of stagnation in the Conference on Disarmament, which has persisted for more than a decade, is the lack of political will. For the Conference to move forward, the security interests of all member States must be fully considered. In that regard, the programme of work adopted by the Conference in 2009 was valuable and should be reviewed again, as it reflected equally all the outstanding issues of the agenda.",
"Mr. Ragaglini (Italy): Mr. First of all, allow me to reaffirm my delegation ' s appreciation for organizing this debate on the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament, as a follow-up to the high-level meeting convened in September 2010 by the Secretary-General.",
"We fully subscribe to the statement made earlier by the Permanent Observer of the European Union. We also share the views presented by the delegation of the Netherlands on behalf of a number of like-minded States, including mine. However, I would like to make some comments on behalf of my country to contribute to the debate and to present a possible concrete follow-up to this initiative and the general exercise begun last year.",
"The Conference on Disarmament has been stagnant for more than a decade. It has not been able to carry out its essential task, namely to negotiate international instruments in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation. However, it would argue that the entire international disarmament machinery is facing serious difficulties. The United Nations Disarmament Commission, without failing to be a useful forum for in-depth discussion, has not been able to agree on key recommendations or decisions for many years.",
"In general, although we have witnessed significant achievements in recent years, these have been achieved bilaterally, in forums outside the Conference on Disarmament or through ad hoc formulas, outside the established United Nations disarmament machinery. However, Italy firmly believes in the importance and true need for a forum dedicated to global disarmament negotiations that will enable progress in the cause of international peace and disarmament.",
"In our view, to note that the Conference on Disarmament does not work because of the lack of political will is no longer a credible statement. For example, this year, two member States were responsible for organizing three highly contested side events and were very successful on specific aspects of the fissile material cut-off treaty, in an effort to overcome the inertia motivated by the Conference ' s procedures. Side events significantly improved the knowledge of members about the key issues of a future Treaty, which will be an advantage for all once the negotiations begin.",
"We believe that what the Conference on Disarmament is frustrating is rather the misuse of the rules of procedure by a small number of members. In 2009, the Conference adopted by consensus a programme of work to conduct negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty and established four ad hoc working groups, one of which was responsible for conducting such negotiations. However, the lack of consensus on organizational matters, such as setting the time, place and rotation of the Chair of the meetings, could not be implemented by the Conference. Therefore, some working methods of the Conference should be further discussed in order to make them more effective and efficient.",
"Other provisions of the rules of procedure of the Conference on Disarmament should also be re-evaluated. The monthly rotation of the Presidency seems too frequent and undermines the continuity of the work of the Conference. As a preliminary suggestion, it would be more appropriate to have two chairs each year. In addition, the President ' s decision-making authority could be better defined. Similarly, the rule requiring the approval of a programme of work every year does not appear to be correct, as it allows any member, immediately after 31 December, to obstruct negotiations for an indefinite period of time. Consideration could be given to maintaining the same programme of work that was initially adopted by the Conference for the following years unless its members decided by consensus to adopt a new one.",
"Of course, we do not overlook the obstacles that arise when it comes to amending the rules of procedure of the Conference. As we stated last year at the high-level meeting on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament, there are no procedural solutions to problems of a political nature. However, we also maintain that the issue must be addressed courageously and committed to success, while addressing the underlying political problems. This requires the efforts of all members of the Conference.",
"The resumption of the work of the Conference on Disarmament, which is now urgent, cannot be further postponed. The current stagnation is rapidly destroying what remains of its prestige and authority.",
"If, at the end of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, no decision is taken requiring the Conference to commence negotiations in accordance with the provisions of CD/1864 — the programme of work adopted in 2009 — we fear that the proposal for such negotiations to be held outside the framework of the Conference will be encouraged. While Italy is not enthusiastic about such a result, it will certainly not oppose it, as nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation are priority areas of its foreign policy.",
"In order to facilitate an agreement on the revitalization of the Conference, Italy is prepared to consider proposals for future discussions on negative security assurances, with a view to the possible commencement of negotiations on this issue. While a fissile material cut-off treaty is the necessary instrument to stop the supply of the major raw materials for the manufacture of nuclear weapons, negative security assurances should be given to non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of such weapons.",
"Those two objectives fully reflect our common aspiration for a world free of nuclear weapons. They also represent a way of strengthening the nuclear non-proliferation regime. In this regard, we should also bear in mind that the conclusions and recommendations on follow-up measures adopted last year at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)) only mention, as substantive tasks of the Conference, these two topics: the fissile material cut-off treaty and negative security assurances.",
"Today ' s debate confirms the international community ' s attention to the Conference and the disarmament machinery in general. The General Assembly can play a specific role in this area, while today ' s deliberations can really be a catalyst for further action. We hope that at the next session of the Assembly, in particular in the First Committee, we will continue this debate and find concrete ideas on how to resume negotiations in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation.",
"Mr. Kmentt (Austria): Mr. President: I would like to thank you for organizing today ' s debate in the General Assembly on this important agenda item, which had been requested by Austria and 48 other Member States. However, I would also like to express Austria ' s disappointment at the fact that this debate really becomes a necessity, as this is a clear sign of the failure both to revitalize the Conference on Disarmament and to promote multilateral disarmament negotiations, as requested at the high-level meeting on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament last year.",
"We fully endorse the statement made on behalf of the European Union and the statement made by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of a group of Member States from different regions. In addition, we wish to make the following observations.",
"Like others, Austria welcomed the recent positive momentum in international security policy. At the same time, the expectations of the international community for multilateral and concrete negotiations on disarmament and non-proliferation remain frustrated. The multilateral disarmament machinery, in particular the Conference on Disarmament, remains stagnant. The momentum we expected to generate over the past year did not materialize. Although much has been agreed on the diagnosis of the ills of the Conference, so far no agreement has been reached on the medicines necessary to cure them.",
"For example, with regard to procedural issues, we believe that the structure of the Conference ' s procedures, in particular its rule of consensus, is not in line with the twenty-first century. Austria considers that the procedural obstacles we observe at the Conference are unacceptable. We have a common responsibility to find ways to prevent the rule of consensus from being misused.",
"In spite of its past successes, the Conference on Disarmament has become a forum in which multilateral work on disarmament issues may appear to be involved, as procedural instruments seem to ensure unrestricted veto at all times. The fact that the Conference refuses to admit new members and the discouraging practice of civil society participation are other examples of the outdated and outdated working methods of the Conference.",
"However, the Conference does not face only a problem concerning its procedures. Lately, the Conference has been paralyzed for a long time because of political issues and the lack of political will to overcome them. The States members of the Conference cannot agree on the commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty, negotiations that Austria would like to begin without delay. There is currently a member State that opposes the commencement of such negotiations.",
"However, the political issues of the Conference on Disarmament and the reasons for its stagnation are deeper. Responsibility for the Conference and its paralysis since 1997 has been shared more broadly. Furthermore, it is not only with regard to the fissile material treaty that does not reach consensus. Nuclear disarmament, the prevention of an arms race in outer space and negative security assurances are also issues of division. Consequently, the main challenge is the lack of a genuine political commitment to address disarmament and non-proliferation through multilateralism, with a view to concluding multilateral treaties. Lack of commitment is more palpable in the Conference on Disarmament than in any other forum.",
"This leads to the question of whether the Conference can actually be an effective forum for multilateral disarmament negotiations. In Austria ' s view, the Conference has not only lost much of its credibility, but also its legitimacy is at risk. In the last 14 years, the Conference has not fulfilled its mandate. We cannot continue to apply this approach which only consists of an expression of desire, since it makes us believe that we are about to leave the impasse in the Conference.",
"Austria is firmly committed to multilateralism and attaches great importance to multilateral institutions. However, these institutions are not an end in themselves. Ultimately, we are not committed to the Conference on Disarmament as an institution, but to progress in multilateral disarmament negotiations.",
"After having diagnosed the problems, is there a treatment? We believe that, in essence, there are two options.",
"On the one hand, we could continue to work through the Conference and within its framework, working with member States and waiting for them to finally reach consensus. However, it is clear that political will cannot be imposed on member States. After 14 years of futile attempts to resolve discrepancies on a balanced programme of work, the picture is not very promising.",
"States members of the Conference could also seek to stimulate progress by addressing the working methods of the Conference, for example by clarifying that the rule of consensus does not apply to procedural issues such as the programme of work, or that the application of that rule may be suspended in exceptional cases. Member States could finally admit those States that have expressed their desire to participate in the work of the Conference and facilitate the incorporation of innovative ideas through the contributions of external experts and civil society.",
"Those would be important steps. However, these suggestions have also been discussed for many years without real progress. We therefore have doubts as much as to whether or not they would actually contribute to a real advance in the political arena.",
"In our view, we should consider other measures and consider options also outside the framework of the Conference. For example, we could foresee that the General Assembly should play a more active, direct and central role in disarmament negotiations.",
"The lack of political will — or worse still, of a real commitment to multilateral progress — of some countries should not prevent the rest of the international community from moving forward. We strongly believe that it is also possible to generate political will throughout the process, initiating negotiations and addressing the agenda issues that have been stagnated for so many years. In this context, Austria hopes that substantive decisions will be taken at the next session of the First Committee on ways forward and multilateral disarmament negotiations. We can't afford to keep waiting.",
"What counts, in the final analysis, is the concrete success. We must ensure that our instruments facilitate success and do not, on the contrary, become an obstacle to success. Since the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, held last year, we have made a renewed and clear commitment to a world without nuclear weapons. This is a collective commitment and we must act accordingly. We must begin to focus on specific terms on the parameters that will enable us to achieve this objective through the Conference on Disarmament, the General Assembly or any other constructive multilateral approach.",
"Mr. Kleib: Mr. President, I would like to begin by thanking you for convening this meeting on such an important issue.",
"Indonesia fully endorses the statement made earlier by the Permanent Representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.",
"Indonesia, which has long been engaged in a world free of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction, hopes that today ' s debate will provide a clear political impetus to overcome the obstacles that have prevented us from making progress on the goals of multilateral disarmament.",
"At the High-level Meeting of 24 September 2010, the adoption by consensus of the Final Document (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)) of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the new START agreement between the United States of America and the Russian Federation provided a real opportunity to resolve the impasse in the Conference on Disarmament. From every point of view, these were two important and highly commendable achievements. Finally, it seemed possible to end the stagnation of decades in nuclear disarmament. It was hoped that, by consolidating these crucial achievements and the emerging understanding, the international community could realize the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons in the near future.",
"The lack of tangible progress on the global nuclear disarmament agenda after the September meeting is therefore understandable. The Conference on Disarmament remains unable to agree on a balanced and comprehensive programme of work in Geneva, and the United Nations Disarmament Commission concluded another session in New York without agreeing on substantive recommendations.",
"Despite last year ' s expressions of commitment, little progress has also been made in the implementation of the Final Document of the NPT Review Conference, including its mandate to hold a crucial conference in 2012 on the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East.",
"Indonesia stresses the importance of fully implementing the internationally agreed commitments in the field of disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control. The time has come for all States, in particular the nuclear-weapon States, to fulfil their commitments to complete nuclear disarmament. To that end, the adoption of time-bound measures is the best way to build confidence and to seek the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament and the initiation of meaningful disarmament negotiations.",
"We must be clear. As noted by the Secretary-General and the Chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement this morning, the problem does not reside in the United Nations disarmament machinery, since it was the same mechanism that allowed the development of guidelines for the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones, as well as for the control, limitation and disarmament of conventional weapons. The Chemical Weapons Convention and the Biological Weapons Convention, the NPT and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, among others, were possible through that mechanism and the system that preceded it.",
"We agree that the procedures are very important, but we should not be disappointed. If there is no will to achieve the goals, even the best of the procedures may bear fruit. Indonesia hoped that, in the event of political will, the Conference on Disarmament would be able to make progress in negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention, negative security assurances, a fissile material cut-off treaty in accordance with the Shannon mandate and a treaty on the prevention of an arms race in outer space.",
"We also emphasize the validity of the Final Document adopted by consensus at the first special session on disarmament (resolution S-10/2) in which, with the participation of the largest number of States to date, a comprehensive disarmament strategy was established. We once again urge all States to participate in the convening of a fourth special session on disarmament and to make it a success.",
"Let me conclude by stressing once again the importance of this meeting in promoting political action for the achievement of concrete disarmament measures. We must all work together and promote measures to abolish the scourge of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction on our planet. To this end, Indonesia is determined to continue to play an active role, as it has done in the past.",
"Mr. Ulibarri (Costa Rica): Costa Rica welcomes the opportunity of the General Assembly to analyse the situation of the multilateral disarmament machinery, in particular the Conference on Disarmament. We hope that this debate will lead to the revitalization of the work of the Conference, the renewal of the political will to transform it, the reformulation of its working methods and, thus, progress towards its improvement.",
"Costa Rica joins the Netherlands on behalf of the 49 States that sponsored the resolution that called for this debate. Despite its closed membership, its stagnation and our inability to participate in it as full members, for Costa Rica the Conference is still the main focus on disarmament. We recognize the leading role it is called to play in strengthening global security and promoting international stability. We have made this clear since 1994, when we express our legitimate but unsuccessful interest in integrating it, and we reiterate it as an active member of the informal group of observer countries, based in Geneva.",
"Disarmament is not an isolated fact of an exclusively military nature; it is an organic process that interests and affects all of us, in which we must constantly advance through productive negotiations. That is why we are very concerned about the paralysis of the Conference; its insistence on reiterating the same routines and the same errors, and the vast resources it requires to maintain its ritual. Because of these serious shortcomings, the Conference has compromised its ability to address emerging security challenges and has led to justified dissatisfaction and impatisfaction.",
"But the main reasons behind the annulment of the Conference on Disarmament do not lie solely in the existing methods of work; perhaps even more important is its arms-based, non-humanistic approach, which has prevailed so far. It is time to address disarmament as a value for human security, and arms control from the lenses of international humanitarian law and human rights. Thus we can move the conceptual axis of the debate in a more positive sense and, we also believe, effective.",
"The main tools for promoting and strengthening national and international security are not weapons, but respect for human security and dignity and the rule of law. We do not know the military defence needs of many countries, although ours over 60 years ago abolished the armed forces. However, we are convinced that an essentially military approach to security and disarmament at most could bring us closer to arms regulation and stockpile control, but never to disarmament.",
"With the Conference on Disarmament, without euphemism, we have been living the illusion of disarmament. It is the illusion that destroying certain weapons is an advance, even though they are replaced by more powerful ones; it is the illusion of proscribing those with an exponentially lower strategic advantage than they offer new and more advanced weapons; it is the illusion of being in compliance with the demands of civil society, when the only result is a paralyzed and paralyzing process.",
"The Conference on Disarmament also acts as a closed club in which only one third of the States Members of the United Nations are attributed the responsibility to negotiate global disarmament. It is paradoxical, for example, that in that group there is not even a country of the 27 that we lack armed forces and, therefore, we have converted disarmament into national realities.",
"Global military spending reached $1.6 billion in 2010. By itself, that amount says little, but with only investing every year from now on, 10 per cent of it, the world community would be able to meet the Millennium Development Goals by 2015.",
"For Costa Rica, any action aimed at revitalizing and restructuring multilateral disarmament negotiations must be based on a human security approach. This approach was key in negotiating the ban on the use of anti-personnel mines and cluster munitions. It has also been instrumental in preparatory meetings for a robust arms trade treaty.",
"Nuclear weapons have already been declared incompatible with international law and international humanitarian law in particular. Both the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and a unanimous pronouncement of the International Court of Justice in 1996 establish the legal obligation of States to initiate and conclude negotiations on the prohibition and global elimination of nuclear weapons.",
"In order to generate confidence and give a sign of commitment to commence negotiations at the Conference on Disarmament or other eventual instances, nuclear-weapon States should cease their plans for the modernization, replacement and renewal of such weapons.",
"Costa Rica does not consider as a disarmament measure that the nuclear-weapon States place on the negotiating table a barely representative reduction while directing resources for the investigation and modernization of facilities capable of maintaining or multiplying threats.",
"In conclusion, let me say that, from the standpoint of Costa Rica, multilateral disarmament bodies and processes, such as the Conference on Disarmament, could begin to interact and cooperate with the bodies responsible for the promotion and protection of human rights and international humanitarian law, with a view to providing more effective follow-up to States ' compliance with their obligations in this regard.",
"Costa Rica considers it necessary that the implementation of the disarmament conventions be incorporated as a variable of the universal periodic review of the Human Rights Council. Sometimes we hear that creating a more just and safer world from a humanitarian approach to disarmament and arms control is something quimeric and illusory. We don't match that appreciation. Rather, what we have seen as incontrovertible evidence is that the arms approach in the Conference on Disarmament has kept it totally paralyzed. We are still in time to redirect it with new paradigms, better working methods and real commitments.",
"Mrs. Viotti (Brazil): The revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the holding of multilateral disarmament negotiations are essential steps to achieve a safer world. On repeated occasions, the international community has reaffirmed that the threat posed by the very existence of nuclear arsenals must be addressed with strong political will. We must strive to achieve the desired goal of a world free of nuclear weapons.",
"We note with interest the recent report of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters. The difficulty faced by the members of the Advisory Board in proposing solutions to the impasse in the work of the Conference on Disarmament, which is reflected in the document, demonstrates that the reasons for the impasse are political and therefore not related to the institutional or procedural issues of the Conference. It is therefore important to emphasize the recommendation made in the report that, if the Secretary-General decides to convene a high-level group of eminent persons, he should request a study on ways and means of revitalizing the United Nations disarmament machinery in general.",
"Brazil believes that any reform initiative should consider the United Nations disarmament machinery as a whole and not only the Conference on Disarmament. We therefore support the convening of a fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, which could consider the institutional structure established at the first special session devoted to disarmament, held in 1978. We are not in favour of initiatives that seek to partially modify the operation of the mechanism on the basis of a limited objective that is confined to a single subject, for example, the fissile material.",
"Brazil believes that the Conference on Disarmament is the only body duly constituted by the international community to conduct negotiations on nuclear disarmament. While giving the highest priority to the elimination of nuclear weapons through the adoption of a nuclear disarmament convention, we support the commencement of negotiations on the three other essential issues on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament, namely, fissile material for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices, negative security assurances and the prevention of an arms race in outer space.",
"We do not support the view that only the issue of a fissile material cut-off treaty is ready for consideration. Nor do we support the assumption that a country can only be held responsible for stagnation in the work of the Conference. Although this is true on the subject of a fissile material cut-off treaty, other countries have hampered negotiations on instruments relating to other agenda items.",
"Even with regard to a fissile material treaty, there was a clear divergence of views among Member States. Brazil favoured the negotiation of a treaty that took into account the issue of stocks. A treaty limiting the prohibition of production would have little effect on nuclear disarmament, or none.",
"The criticism of the institutional aspects of the Conference on Disarmament, in particular its rules of procedure, is not consistent. We could ask whether countries denouncing the misuse of the consensus rule in negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty would be willing to accept decisions taken by a majority on other matters under consideration by the Conference. Negotiations on the security of States are always delicate and complex. The rule of consensus is a special procedure of the Conference on Disarmament, which reflects this reality.",
"Brazil supported the review of the increase in the membership of the Conference, as that would promote wider and more fruitful discussions within that body. We also foster greater involvement of civil society in the follow-up to the work of the Conference, as this would help to raise awareness of the challenges facing nuclear disarmament.",
"Indeed, it is a matter of concern that the impasse in the Conference on Disarmament continues, despite the efforts that have been made in recent years, on the basis of positive developments in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation, in particular the successful outcome of the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.",
"The existence of nuclear weapons constitutes the most immediate threat to the survival of humanity. Therefore, the negotiation of instruments aimed at nuclear disarmament is urgent. However, the question to be raised is: would the international community be better able to negotiate such instruments without the Conference on Disarmament? Brazil is of the view that, despite its shortcomings, there is really no alternative but the Conference. Therefore, revitalizing the Conference on Disarmament does not mean finding ways to circumvent it.",
"The meeting rose at 1 p.m."
] |
[
"Presidente:\tSr. Deiss\t(Suiza)",
"Se abre la sesión a las 15.05 horas.",
"Tema 13 del programa (continuación)",
"Aplicación y seguimiento integrados y coordinados de los resultados de las grandes conferencias y cumbres de las Naciones Unidas en las esferas económica y social y esferas conexas",
"El Presidente (habla en francés): Los miembros recordarán que en su 52ª sesión, celebrada el 23 de noviembre de 2010, la Asamblea General celebró un debate sobre el tema 13 del programa conjuntamente con el tema 115, relativo al seguimiento de los resultados de la Cumbre del Milenio, y el tema 120, sobre el fortalecimiento del sistema de las Naciones Unidas.",
"Los miembros también recordarán que, de conformidad con los temas 13 y 115 del programa, en sus sesiones plenarias 9ª, 41ª 100ª y 105ª, respectivamente, la Asamblea aprobó las resoluciones 65/1, 65/7, 65/281 y 65/285. Asimismo, en virtud del tema 13 del programa, en sus sesiones plenarias 52ª, 72ª y 109ª, respectivamente, la Asamblea General aprobó las resoluciones 65/10, 65/234 y 65/309.",
"A modo de introducción, deseo compartir unas observaciones con los miembros de la Asamblea. Nos reunimos hoy para hacer frente a las dificultades que plantean la realización de los derechos humanos, el problema del agua y el saneamiento, así como para examinar los efectos de la realización de esos derechos en los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Deseo dar una cordial bienvenida Su Excelencia el Presidente Evo Morales, cuyo país, el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, es un ardiente defensor de estos derechos. También deseo dar una muy cordial bienvenida a la Relatora Especial de las Naciones Unidas para los derechos humanos el agua y el saneamiento, la Sra. Catarina de Albuquerque, quien participará en el debate de esta tarde.",
"En julio de 2010 la Asamblea General aprobó la resolución 64/292, sobre el derecho humano, el agua y el saneamiento. Esta decisión constituyó el primer paso hacia el reconocimiento explícito del derecho al agua potable y el saneamiento como un derecho humano. A continuación, en septiembre de 2010 el Consejo de Derechos Humanos aprobó una resolución afirmando que el derecho al agua y el saneamiento era indispensable para beneficiarse del derecho a una vida digna y a un nivel de vida adecuado.",
"Para millones de personas el acceso al agua y el saneamiento constituye una urgente necesidad de desarrollo. En el Objetivo 7 se pide que para el año 2015 ase reduzca a la mitad la población mundial sin acceso al agua potable y al saneamiento. El cumplimiento de este Objetivo es fundamental para poder lograr otros objetivos, como la reducción de la pobreza, la salud infantil y la educación para todos.",
"Los avances logrados después de 10 años de esfuerzos siguen siendo insuficientes. Todavía hay alrededor de 1.000 millones de personas sin acceso al agua potable y más de 2.000 millones sin servicios básicos de saneamiento. Acojo y apoyo con beneplácito la iniciativa “Saneamiento sostenible: cinco años para llegar al año 2015”, que fue lanzada por el Secretario General el mes pasado.",
"Estas cifras, además de la sequía que asola actualmente al Cuerno de África, nos recuerdan también las desigualdades que existen en el mundo de hoy cuando tratamos de satisfacer nuestras necesidades de agua potable. Si bien en algunas regiones del mundo hombres, mujeres y niños mueren debido a la falta de algunos litros de agua, en otras regiones el agua se malgasta. El derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento es, en consecuencia, un elemento crítico para garantizar que todo el mundo disfrute de una vida digna y libre.",
"En el día de hoy, que tenemos la oportunidad de examinar este asunto, también tenemos que enfrentar muchos retos, en muchos casos la ausencia de instituciones estatales funcionales y limitados recursos financieros. Realizar estos derechos significaría también avanzar en el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en lo tocante al agua potable y a la totalidad de los ODM.",
"El plazo de 2015 nos deja poco margen para adoptar una medida decisiva. De conformidad con el espíritu del compromiso contraído en la Reunión Plenaria de Alto Nivel sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, que inauguró el sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General en septiembre de 2010, y con el espíritu de la iniciativa del Secretario General que acabo de mencionar, debemos reafirmar cada día nuestra voluntad colectiva de alcanzar los Objetivos y de redoblar nuestros esfuerzos por conseguirlos. Espero que la Conferencia sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible que se celebrará el próximo año en Río imprima un nuevo impulso para lograr el acceso universal al agua y el saneamiento.",
"Hoy, tenemos una excelente oportunidad para enviar el mensaje de que tenemos la voluntad de triunfar. Exhorto a los oradores a que hagan hincapié en los métodos prácticos orientados a resultados para hacer realidad el derecho al agua y el saneamiento.",
"Doy ahora la palabra al Secretario General, Excmo. Sr. Ban Ki-moon.",
"El Secretario General (habla en inglés): En cualquier momento, cerca de la mitad de todas las personas en los países en desarrollo sufrirán problemas de salud ocasionados por la mala calidad del agua y la falta de saneamiento. Juntos, el agua no potable y las malas condiciones de saneamiento constituyen la segunda causa mayor del mundo de muerte de los niños. Si bien en general se ha avanzado hacia el cumplimiento de la meta del Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio relativa a reducir a la mitad el número de personas sin acceso al agua potable, el mundo no cumplirá la meta de saneamiento. Por consiguiente, acojo con satisfacción la celebración de esta sesión plenaria.",
"El pasado julio, la Asamblea General reconoció el derecho al agua y el saneamiento. Posteriormente, en septiembre, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos dejó claro que este derecho es parte del derecho a un adecuado nivel de vida. Esos fueron logros importantes. Crean un marco jurídico sólido para los Gobiernos y las Naciones Unidas por igual. La tarea ahora es traducir ese compromiso en obligaciones concretas a los niveles nacional e internacional. Sólo entonces las personas y —sobre todo los pobres— podrán ejercer ese derecho.",
"Que nos quede claro —el derecho al agua y el saneamiento no quiere decir que el agua debería ser gratuita. Por el contrario, significa que los servicios de agua y saneamiento deberían ser asequibles y estar a disposición de todos, y que los Estados harán todo lo posible para que sea así. No se puede aceptar que los habitantes de los tugurios paguen cinco y hasta 10 veces más por el agua que consumen que los residentes ricos de las mismas ciudades. No se puede aceptar que más de mil millones de personas en las comunidades rurales vivan sin baños y tengan que defecar al aire libre. No se puede aceptar que las aguas residuales de los tugurios, las granjas y la industria contaminen el medio ambiente.",
"El mes pasado, las Naciones Unidas pusieron en marcha la iniciativa “Saneamiento sostenible —campaña quinquenal hasta 2015”. Hablé entonces sobre la manera en que la falta de acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento adecuado afecta desfavorablemente la salud y el desarrollo de los niños. Hablé también sobre la manera en que un buen saneamiento puede impulsar nuestros esfuerzos en la lucha contra el VIH/SIDA y la malaria, sencillamente porque las personas que viven en condiciones higiénicas están mejor preparadas para luchar contra otras enfermedades. Señalé también que un buen saneamiento y una buena higiene pueden aumentar el rendimiento escolar y reducir el ausentismo, sobre todo entre las niñas adolescentes, contribuyendo así a su empoderamiento e igualdad. En resumen, la mejora del saneamiento puede contribuir a todos nuestros objetivos de desarrollo.",
"Muchos gobiernos ya han incluido los derechos al agua y el saneamiento en sus constituciones y legislaciones nacionales. Aquellos Gobiernos que aún no lo han hecho deberían seguir ese ejemplo sin demora. Debemos llegar a todos a los que se les ha negado los servicios de agua y saneamiento necesarios para su dignidad y bienestar. Hoy, pienso en la emergencia en el Cuerno de África. Millones de personas luchan simplemente para sobrevivir y apenas disfrutan de toda la gama de sus derechos. Necesitan asistencia de inmediato, desde alimentos y agua hasta saneamiento adecuado en los campamentos en los que muchos se han visto obligados a refugiarse.",
"Sin embargo, ese socorro a corto plazo debe vincularse a la sustentabilidad a largo plazo. Ello requerirá una transformación agrícola que mejore la capacidad de recuperación de las poblaciones rurales —sobre todo de los pastores— y reduzca al mínimo la magnitud de toda crisis futura. Ello significa que hay que trabajar para hacer realidad el derecho al agua y el saneamiento para todos. Significa que hay que crear las condiciones de seguridad necesarias para que las poblaciones y las comunidades prosperen. El agua, el saneamiento, la estabilidad, la prosperidad y la paz son objetivos que están vinculados de manera estrecha e inextricable. Podremos progresar si trabajamos de consuno.",
"El Presidente (habla en francés): Doy las gracias al Secretario General por su declaración.",
"La Asamblea escuchará ahora un discurso a cargo del Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Excmo. Sr. Evo Morales Ayma.",
"El Presidente Morales Ayma: Vengo acá para expresar mi profundo respeto y admiración a las Naciones Unidas, primero, por esta sesión, y segundo, porque hace un año la Asamblea de las Naciones Unidas por primera vez en el mundo, algo histórico, inédito, aprobó el derecho al agua como un derecho humano universal (resolución 64/292).",
"Eso me hace pensar que este nuevo milenio nos permite resarcir los daños que se hicieron contra los pueblos del mundo. Si ahora, gracias a la Asamblea de las Naciones Unidas, el agua es un derecho humano, por tanto, el agua es la madre de todos los derechos. Si los Presidentes, los Gobiernos, los Estados no garantizan el agua como un derecho humano, estoy seguro que no respetan todos los derechos de cualquier ser humano que habita el planeta Tierra. Por eso, estoy convencido de que tenemos avances significativos, desde las Naciones Unidas, para implementar esos derechos que permiten resolver las demandas que tienen nuestros pueblos.",
"Si el agua es un derecho humano, ahora el agua debe dejar de ser un negocio privado, y ser un servicio público. Si el agua es un derecho humano, no puede haber metas ni objetivos que conviertan en comercio el agua, ni fuentes ni empresas que puedan lucrar del agua. A partir de la declaración y aprobación por las Naciones Unidas del agua como un derecho humano, tenemos la obligación de trabajar de manera conjunta, compartir experiencias, para implementar estas políticas que permitan que el agua sea un derecho humano.",
"Quiero aprovechar esta oportunidad también para expresar uno de los sufrimientos de los pueblos, como hace un momento nuestro Secretario General mencionaba, la pérdida de vidas de los niños, del campesinado, por falta de agua. Así como cualquier derecho debe ser respetado. Cuando hablamos de los derechos humanos, pues los derechos humanos también tienen adversarios, que son las políticas que traen desigualdad, que traen injusticias a los pueblos del mundo. El agua también tiene su adversario y ese adversario de este recurso natural es el calentamiento global. El calentamiento global es el primer adversario del agua. ¿Por qué digo esto? En mi país, el año pasado soportamos el peor año de sequía, el peor año de helada, el peor año en el que las temperaturas bajan. Esa helada en las amazonías bolivianas deja millones de millones de peces muertos. En el altiplano, en el valle, sin agua, las comunidades tienen que abandonar y caminar detrás del agua.",
"Problemas muy serios que hemos vivido, tuvimos que enfrentar con nuestros propios esfuerzos estos efectos que trae el calentamiento global; pero también quiero ser muy responsable, una experiencia que estamos implementando desde el Gobierno nacional, con nuevas políticas y nuevos programas, llamado Mi Agua; más inversión para el agua, porque si no hay agua, no hay vida. Si no hay agua, no hay alimentos, si no hay agua, no hay planeta. Es obligación, por tanto, de Gobiernos, de Estados, de naciones cómo garantizar este recurso natural que es tan importante para la vida, importantísimo para la vida.",
"Felizmente, en Bolivia, gracias a esa conciencia del pueblo de manera democrática, hemos constitucionalizado el agua como un derecho, por tanto, es obligación ahora implantarlo. Dentro de esa política, con el programa Mi Agua, junto a nuestras alcaldías, de las 337, empezamos a ver cómo priorizar proyectos, programas, que no solamente sean iniciativas del alcalde o del Presidente, sino sean necesidades que pueden priorizar los beneficiarios de este recurso natural. Por tanto, agua potable para el ser humano, agua para riego y agua para el ganado.",
"Seguramente para algunos embajadores, algunas embajadoras, algunos representantes de las naciones, puede parecerle ridículo, ¿por qué agua para el ganado? Hay familias que dependen del ganado y ese ganado requiere agua. Cuando ha habido sequía en el altiplano, en el valle boliviano, las familias han abandonado sus comunidades, sus tierras, pero no pudieron abandonarlas con su ganado. El ganado se quedó a la suerte de la naturaleza. Cuando vuelve la época de lluvia, por supuesto, las familias vuelven a su tierra a ver, y recoger, cuánto ganado se había salvado de la sequía. Por supuesto, algunos ya eran cadáveres, esqueletos, huesos, pero algunos se salvaron. Eso trae el calentamiento global. El calentamiento global afecta el agua y destroza las familias, especialmente las comunidades campesinas.",
"Estos hechos, estas vivencias, nos han hecho despertar para implementar este programa. Es una primera experiencia, hasta ahora hay muchas expectativas. Hemos invertido 100 millones de dólares para unos 10 millones de habitantes en Bolivia. Quisiéramos profundizar, quisiéramos compartir con ustedes esta experiencia, otras experiencias que tienen sus países. Vengo a escuchar las distintas intervenciones de ustedes. Quisiera aprender de ustedes, como también de nuestros dirigentes, nuestras autoridades, de las Naciones Unidas, acerca de cómo podemos complementarnos para garantizar el agua como un servicio público, porque solos, estoy seguro de que no vamos a poder resolverlo, solos va a ser imposible enfrentar esta clase de problemas que se presentan en algunas regiones, en algunos países o en algunos continentes; pero también tenemos la obligación de hacer una profunda reflexión.",
"No es posible que en algunos países se derroche el agua, el agua sea parte del lujo, sin pensar cómo compartir el agua y no competir con el agua. Siento que es importante compartir y no entrar a la competitividad. Ahí también tenemos profundas diferencias, los llamados países en desarrollo. Cualquier competitividad no va ser una solución ni para la pobreza ni para el desempleo. Pero si vamos a complementarnos, con seguridad podremos hacerlo. Siempre el trabajo, la lucha, la tarea es buscar ese equilibrio entre los seres humanos.",
"En las Naciones Unidas se ha dado un paso importante en el mundo. He escuchado en algunos continentes que ahora se hace un referendo sobre el agua, si el agua va a ser un negocio privado o un servicio público. Claro, los pueblos con más del 80% ó el 90% van aprobando que el agua deba ser un derecho humano. Por tanto, de servicio público y no de negocio privado. No quisiéramos que algunas transnacionales como hacían en Bolivia, privatizaran el agua, que el Estado tenga que garantizar créditos para que esas transnacionales puedan privatizar y lucrar de la venta de agua. ¿Cómo podemos vender el agua? ¿Cómo el agua puede ser un negocio privado? Condenamos eso.",
"Esas luchas de los movimientos sociales del campo, de la ciudad, de los obreros, de los profesionales e intelectuales comprometidos con su pueblo, de los indígenas, de los cocaleros. Ha sido importante el año 2000. Expulsamos algunas transnacionales antes de que llegaran al Gobierno. Hay algunas empresas que querían subir el precio de las tarifas del agua con más del 500%. Bueno, eso nos ha permitido profundamente reflexionar y por esas reflexiones que hicimos desde los movimientos sociales, ahora legalizamos, constitucionalizamos, y planteamos en esta clase de foros internacionales con mucho respeto, respetando sus políticas, sus programas, los que tienen los países, pero también es mi obligación, nuestra obligación, compartir estas vivencias como cualquier país que tiene sus experiencias y vivencias para bien de la comunidad.",
"Al margen de nuestras políticas, de nuestros programas, vengo a nombre del pueblo boliviano a saludar a las autoridades de las Naciones Unidas, a las embajadoras, a los embajadores, que hace un año, con mucha inteligencia, con mucha sabiduría, declararon el agua como un derecho humano. Si es un derecho humano, ahora nuestra responsabilidad es implementar esta política definida por las Naciones Unidas. Mis respetos al Señor Secretario General, al Presidente de la Asamblea, a ustedes, por estas políticas y estaremos siempre acá para compartir nuestras experiencias.",
"El Presidente (habla en francés): He invitado a la Relatora Especial de las Naciones Unidas sobre el derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento, Sra. Catarina de Albuquerque, a participar en esta sesión.",
"De no haber objeciones, ¿puedo considerar que la Asamblea General desea, sin que ello siente un precedente, invitar a la Relatora Especial de las Naciones Unidas sobre el derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento, Sra. Catarina de Albuquerque, a formular una declaración en esta sesión?",
"Así queda acordado.",
"El Presidente (habla en francés): De conformidad con la decisión que se acaba de adoptar, y sin que ello siente un precedente, tiene la palabra la Relatora Especial de las Naciones Unidas sobre el derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento.",
"Sra. de Albuquerque (habla en francés): Sr. Presidente: Ante todo, le agradezco que me haya invitado a participar en esta importante sesión. Es para mí un honor y un placer estar hoy aquí para examinar los progresos realizados y los desafíos que persisten con respecto a la consecución del derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento en el contexto de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.",
"(continúa en inglés)",
"Cuando, hace exactamente un año, tras la histórica votación en la Asamblea General sobre el derecho al agua y el saneamiento (resolución 64/292), los periodistas me preguntaron sobre el alcance del reconocimiento de este derecho humano, recordé de inmediato las sabias palabras de Eleanor Roosevelt, quien dijo que los derechos humanos empiezan en lugares discretos, cerca de casa. Esto se debe a que, si estos derechos no significan nada allí, poco significarán en otros lugares. De modo que hoy, al reunirnos para conmemorar el primer aniversario de la aprobación de la resolución, debemos hacernos las mismas preguntas que hace un año. ¿Incidirá esta resolución en la vida de los miles de millones de personas que no tienen acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento? ¿Ayudará a evitar cada año la muerte de cerca de 1,5 millones de niños a causa de enfermedades relacionadas con el agua y el saneamiento? ¿Permitirá mejorar las escuelas que carecen de agua y a las que dejan de acudir las niñas por no disponer de baños diferenciados por sexo? ¿Ayudará a cambiar la situación de los hospitales que carecen de agua y saneamiento y cuentan con altas tasas de mortalidad materna?",
"Fátima y John son dos de los miles de millones de personas que padecen la falta de agua potable y saneamiento. Conocí a Fátima y a sus hijas en una de mis misiones. Tenían que caminar durante horas todos los días para hacer acopio de agua. No podían trabajar ni ir a la escuela pues dedicaban la mayor parte del día a esa tarea. Toda la familia sufría a menudo de diarrea y, el día antes de conocerlas, una de sus amigas casi fue violada mientras iba a buscar agua.",
"Dos años después, en otra de mis misiones, conocí a John, un hombre sin hogar. Los baños públicos en su ciudad habían sido cerrados. John se convirtió, como él mismo dijo, en un técnico de saneamiento para las personas sin hogar. Improvisó una letrina dentro de una tienda donde la gente podía defecar en bolsas de plástico. John recogía esas heces y, en bicicleta, iba en busca de un baño abierto donde vaciar las bolsas.",
"Hay que acabar con estas violaciones de los derechos humanos. La resolución 64/292 debe ser un referente con el que poner fin al sufrimiento de todas las Fátimas y Johns del mundo. ¿Espero demasiado de una resolución de la Asamblea General, al confiar en que puede tener una incidencia real en la vida de las personas? No lo creo.",
"Los retos son y seguirán siendo grandes, pero las experiencias en marcha en todo el mundo indican que el reconocimiento del derecho al agua y el saneamiento como derecho humano puede realmente traer consigo un gran cambio.",
"¿Qué se ha logrado con el reconocimiento del derecho al agua y el saneamiento? Cuando tanto la Asamblea como el Consejo de Derechos Humanos aprobaron resoluciones por las que se reconoce al agua y el saneamiento como derechos humanos fundamentales, los Estados asumieron compromisos muy claros. Reconocieron que el agua y el saneamiento derivan del derecho a una vida digna y, como ya se ha mencionado, deben darse en cantidad suficiente y ser de fácil acceso, seguros, asequibles y culturalmente aceptables para todos, sin discriminación.",
"Estas resoluciones avivaron la atención política y ayudaron a generar el sentido de premura que se requiere para mejorar el acceso al agua y el saneamiento en el mundo. En este contexto, elogio a Bolivia, Alemania y España por su liderazgo al respecto en el marco de las Naciones Unidas. Estas resoluciones suponen apuntar a una nueva realidad para el mundo en el que vivimos: un mundo en el que todos tengan acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento; un mundo en el que las personas no se enfermen a causa del agua que beben ni provoquen enfermedades a los demás al verse obligadas a defecar al aire libre; un mundo donde los padres no tengan que elegir entre llevar a su hijo al médico o pagar la facturas del agua.",
"Esta nueva perspectiva requiere un cambio en la mentalidad de los políticos, los gobiernos nacionales, las autoridades locales, las organizaciones no gubernamentales, los organismos de las Naciones Unidas, el sector privado y las propias personas. Significa que hay que lograr que los más vulnerables, los más pobres, los indígenas, los habitantes de los barrios marginales y los sin techo —aquellos que no suelen tener voz— ya no queden relegados y se conviertan en prioridades de la acción política. Esta nueva perspectiva significa que garantizar el acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento deje de ser un gesto caritativo o meramente una buena idea de los responsables de la elaboración de políticas. A diferencia de los derechos humanos, las buenas ideas están sujetas a los vaivenes políticos. Las buenas ideas no son jurídicamente vinculantes.",
"¿Significa esto que los derechos humanos no tienen en cuenta la escasez de recursos de los Estados o la incidencia de las crisis? Por supuesto que no. Al reconocer el derecho al agua y el saneamiento, se espera que los Estados tomen medidas concretas para lograr la realización paulatina de dichos derechos, aprovechando al máximo los recursos disponibles, al tiempo que ponen fin a toda forma de discriminación en el acceso al agua y el saneamiento.",
"Mucho puede hacerse, incluso en una situación de escasez de recursos como la que estamos atravesando. Algunas de estas medidas consisten, por ejemplo, en reconocer estos derechos en la legislación nacional, adoptar medidas nacionales para hacer realidad el derecho al agua y el saneamiento o dar prioridad a las comunidades sin suministro o con mal suministro con el fin de lograr un nivel mínimo de acceso para todos.",
"Desde que, el año pasado, se proclamó el derecho al agua y el saneamiento, he recibido reiteradas solicitudes de asistencia de gobiernos, organizaciones no gubernamentales, proveedores de servicios y organismos de las Naciones Unidas que pretenden hacer realidad este derecho humano pero necesitan ayuda y directrices para hacerlo.",
"En los últimos tres años, he estado recogiendo ejemplos de buenas prácticas. He recibido informes de más de 200 casos procedentes de los cinco continentes, de los que presentaré una recopilación al Consejo de Derechos Humanos en septiembre. Estas prácticas son de tipo muy variado, demostrando así que hay más de un camino y que la realización del derecho al agua y el saneamiento es factible.",
"Permítaseme citar algunos de esos ejemplos. Uno de ellos es una letrina ecológica de tipo ArborLoo que ya se usa en distintos países, entre ellos Malawi, que tiene como objetivo convertir las heces en abono directamente en un hoyo en el que se plantará un árbol frutal —en Malawi por lo general un banano— aprovechando esa tierra altamente fértil. La venta de los plátanos sirve al dueño de la ArborLoo para conseguir el dinero con el que sufragar esta forma de saneamiento.",
"Por otro lado, los instrumentos jurídicos nacionales son herramientas importantes para proteger el derecho al agua. En Botswana, por ejemplo, ha habido una reciente decisión judicial a raíz de que unas comunidades indígenas, que habían sido desalojadas de sus tierras y cuyos pozos de agua habían sido desmantelados, se ampararan con éxito en la Ley del Agua del país. El Tribunal de Apelación, aduciendo entre los varios fundamentos la resolución de la Asamblea, señaló que la Ley del Agua permite a quien ocupe una tierra perforar pozos para uso doméstico sin contar con derechos de agua específicos y que limitar este derecho puede constituir un caso de trato cruel o inhumano, prohibido por la Constitución.",
"A nivel mundial, celebro que, gracias a mi colaboración con la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), que forma parte de mi mandato, la Evaluación mundial anual del saneamiento y el agua potable que elabora ONU-Agua incluirá el año próximo más información relativa a cuestiones tales como el reconocimiento jurídico y el amparo judicial a nivel nacional del derecho al agua y el saneamiento, así como a la participación del sector público y a la no discriminación.",
"Por otro lado, el Programa conjunto de supervisión del UNICEF y la OMS, que evalúa los avances en el logro de las metas de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio relacionadas con el acceso al agua y el saneamiento, está trabajando estrechamente conmigo en el desarrollo de nuevos indicadores que tengan en cuenta criterios de derechos humanos. También estoy dirigiendo un grupo de trabajo encargado de elaborar indicadores para medir la no discriminación y la igualdad en el acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento.",
"En este sentido, deseo pedir a todos los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas que apliquen los derechos humanos al ámbito del agua y el saneamiento cuando negocien el programa de desarrollo mundial posterior a 2015. Esto es fundamental, ya que el actual marco de los ODM no mide el efecto de la discriminación en el acceso al agua y el saneamiento. De modo que un Estado puede ser modelo en el logro de los ODM sin haber cambiado la suerte de los pueblos indígenas, los habitantes de los barrios marginales o las personas con discapacidades.",
"Por otro lado, la calidad del agua aún no es objeto de control en todo el mundo. El precio y la proximidad del suministro de agua y de los servicios de saneamiento no se están evaluando a nivel mundial. Lo cierto es que, sencillamente, no sabemos cuántas personas tienen acceso al agua y el saneamiento que se ajusten a los principios, acordes con el marco de los derechos humanos, de disponibilidad, calidad, accesibilidad, asequibilidad y aceptabilidad que los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas apoyaron el año pasado. Ahora, incluso mucho después de cumplirse los plazos de los ODM, el programa de desarrollo mundial debe ajustarse a los compromisos de respeto de los derechos humanos asumidos por la Asamblea.",
"Las enseñanzas extraídas en los últimos tres años de mis misiones y reuniones con las comunidades y los responsables políticos que trabajan para mejorar el acceso al agua y el saneamiento demuestran que el ejercicio de estos derechos es, como he dicho antes, factible. Esto es cierto incluso en el caso de los países y las comunidades con escasos recursos, y también en situaciones de emergencia. Por supuesto, los desafíos siguen siendo numerosos, incluidos los obstáculos financieros y los de orden estrictamente técnico. Sin embargo, debo hacer hincapié en que la voluntad política y la buena gestión siguen siendo clave para ampliar el acceso al agua y el saneamiento de buena calidad.",
"Con este espíritu, quisiera concluir haciendo un llamamiento a todas las partes interesadas, incluidos los Estados, los organismos de las Naciones Unidas, los donantes, la sociedad civil y el sector privado para que recurran al marco de derechos humanos en todos sus esfuerzos, tanto nacionales como internacionales, a fin de garantizar el acceso al agua y el saneamiento para todos. El punto de partida que representa el reconocimiento del derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento por la Asamblea y el Consejo de Derechos Humanos es un instrumento vital en este esfuerzo. Mediante la aplicación de este marco, las intervenciones harán más efecto, los resultados serán más exitosos y su incidencia será más duradera.",
"El Presidente (habla en francés): Deseo informar a la Asamblea de que hay 35 oradores inscritos en mi lista. Pido a todos los oradores que limiten sus declaraciones a cinco minutos como máximo a fin de permitir la máxima participación posible. De lo contrario, el debate continuará a principios de la semana próxima.",
"Tiene ahora la palabra el Observador Permanente de la Unión Europea.",
"Sr. Serrano (Unión Europea): Antes de pronunciar el discurso de la Unión Europea, quiero reconocer la participación en este debate del Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Excmo. Sr. Evo Morales Ayma, así como agradecerle el liderazgo que ejerce en esta cuestión tan importante y el mensaje que ha lanzado aquí esta tarde. También agradezco el mensaje del Secretario General y la participación de la Relatora Especial sobre el derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento, Sra. Catarina de Albuquerque.",
"(continúa en inglés)",
"Tengo el honor de hablar en nombre de la Unión Europea y sus Estados miembros.",
"Hacen suya esta declaración Croacia, la ex República Yugoslava de Macedonia, Montenegro e Islandia, países candidatos; Bosnia y Herzegovina y Serbia, países del Proceso de Estabilización y Asociación y candidatos potenciales, y Liechtenstein, país de la Asociación Europea de Libre Comercio y miembro del Espacio Económico Europeo, así como Ucrania.",
"Sr. Presidente: La Unión Europea le agradece la organización de esta sesión de la Asamblea General sobre un tema de suma importancia. El acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento es esencial para que las personas puedan vivir con salud y dignidad. Todos los países deben asegurarse de que las personas disfruten plenamente de sus derechos humanos y tengan acceso en condiciones de igualdad a la atención médica, la educación, el agua potable y el saneamiento, así como a los servicios sociales y a otros servicios de carácter básico. La Unión Europea avala el reciente reconocimiento del derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento hecho por la Asamblea General y la afirmación hecha por el Consejo de Derechos Humanos en el sentido de que este derecho forma parte del derecho humano a un nivel de vida adecuado.",
"Aun teniendo presente que existen distintas posiciones entre los Miembros de las Naciones Unidas con respecto a las resoluciones en la materia, la Unión Europea considera importante que la comunidad internacional demuestre una voluntad política común para abordar la crisis mundial del agua y el saneamiento.",
"Por otro lado, la gestión de los recursos hídricos afecta a todos los sectores que inciden en el crecimiento incluyente y el desarrollo sostenible, tales como los de la producción de energía, la agricultura, la seguridad alimentaria o el medio ambiente, así como la paz y la seguridad.",
"De ahí que los responsables de la formulación de políticas sean cada vez más conscientes de la importancia del agua y el saneamiento para el desarrollo sostenible y humano, también gracias a la labor de la Relatora Especial sobre el derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento. Gracias a los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM), la comunidad internacional ha hecho del acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento una prioridad absoluta. De esta forma, hemos logrado en forma conjunta grandes avances en la consecución de ese objetivo.",
"Sin embargo, no hay motivos para dormirse en los laureles, por cuanto el acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento sigue siendo una cuestión de vida o muerte para centenares de millones de personas en todo el mundo. Alrededor de 884 millones de personas todavía carecen de acceso a fuentes seguras de agua, mientras que más de 2,6 millones de personas no pueden acceder a servicios de saneamiento aceptables.",
"Además, alrededor de un tercio de la población mundial vive en zonas afectadas por el déficit de agua, y la demanda de agua crece. Las inversiones en infraestructura hídrica están muy rezagadas en los países en desarrollo, especialmente en África, haciéndolos vulnerables a la sequía y las inundaciones, con graves consecuencias sociales, ambientales y económicas. El acceso al agua y el saneamiento es un problema particularmente grave en el contexto urbano, donde el rápido crecimiento demográfico de las ciudades del mundo en desarrollo aumenta la carga excesiva que ya pesa sobre la infraestructura y los servicios.",
"La Unión Europea es plenamente consciente de la importancia fundamental del acceso al agua y el saneamiento, ya sea desde la perspectiva de los derechos humanos como por ser una cuestión clave para el desarrollo. La seguirá dando prioridad a la gestión sostenible del agua en su futura política de desarrollo.",
"La Unión Europea y sus Estados miembros tienen un firme compromiso político y mantienen una estrecha colaboración con los países de África en el sector del agua. Así se puso de manifiesto con la estrategia conjunta de la Unión Africana y la Unión Europea acordada en Libia en noviembre del año pasado. El año pasado, la Unión Europea puso en marcha una iniciativa relacionada con los ODM, mediante la que se destinan 1.000 millones de euros a África, el Caribe y el Pacífico, y que se centra en la cuestión del agua y el saneamiento.",
"En términos generales, recientemente se ha fortalecido el compromiso de la Unión Europea y sus Estados miembros con la cuestión del agua respecto de los desafíos relacionados con el cambio climático y la necesidad de un crecimiento ecológico. Por otra parte, Alemania y Francia organizarán, respectivamente, una conferencia sobre el vínculo que existe entre el agua, la energía y la alimentación, que se celebrará en Bonn en noviembre de 2011, y el Foro Mundial del Agua, que se celebrará en Marsella en marzo de 2012.",
"Asimismo, la Unión Europea aplaude los esfuerzos dirigidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y el UNICEF para estudiar el marco de desarrollo del agua y el saneamiento después del año 2015, y reconocemos la importancia de la supervisión mundial de la calidad, la asequibilidad y la accesibilidad del agua y de los servicios de saneamiento.",
"Para concluir, quisiera señalar que la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible (Conferencia Río+20), que se celebrará en junio de 2012, ofrece una oportunidad única al mundo de renovar el compromiso político con el desarrollo sostenible.",
"La Unión Europea y sus Estados miembros están decididos a contribuir a que la Conferencia Río+20 sea un éxito. El acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento y la gestión sostenible de los recursos hídricos debe ocupar un lugar destacado en la Conferencia Río+20 y sus resultados. Esto debe complementar y apoyar nuestros esfuerzos para lograr el pleno cumplimiento de los ODM y la promoción de un crecimiento económico sostenido, incluyente y equitativo y del desarrollo sostenible.",
"Sra. Viotti (Brasil): El Brasil agradece esta oportunidad de discutir los desafíos a la plena realización del derecho humano al agua potable y al saneamiento, por iniciativa de Bolivia. Es un placer dar la bienvenida al Excmo. Sr. Evo Morales, Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. Escuchamos con toda atención e interés su presentación, y nos hacemos eco de su llamado a una mayor cooperación y acción solidaria en relación con este tema de tan gran importancia. Quisiera también agradecer a la Sra. Catarina de Albuquerque, Relatora Especial sobre el derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento, y felicitarla por su excelente trabajo.",
"El acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento es una precondición para la erradicación de la pobreza. Nuestros esfuerzos para el desarrollo de nuestras sociedades tienen estrechos vínculos con el progreso en ese tema. A nivel nacional, el Brasil está trabajando para asegurar el acceso universal al agua potable y el saneamiento. En el plano internacional estamos compartiendo nuestras experiencias y aprendiendo con otros en el manejo de los recursos hídricos, particularmente en tierras áridas y semiáridas.",
"El Brasil reconoce que el derecho al acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento está intrínsicamente relacionado con el respeto a los derechos a la vida, a la integridad física, a la salud y a la alimentación, así como a la vivienda adecuada. Como en el caso de los demás derechos económicos y sociales, es deber del Estado garantizar el pleno disfrute de dichos derechos a sus ciudadanos. El respeto a ese derecho es plenamente compatible con el derecho soberano de los Estados a la utilización de sus propios recursos hídricos, como está consagrado en la Declaración de Río sobre el Medio Ambiente y el Desarrollo Sostenible de 1992.",
"Al profundizar en nuestras consideraciones sobre los desafíos a la implementación del derecho al agua potable y el saneamiento, debemos reconocer el papel central de los organismos de las Naciones Unidas que se ocupan del tema de los derechos humanos. El Brasil apoya firmemente los esfuerzos de la Relatora Especial en pro de un mayor esclarecimiento de la naturaleza y el contenido de las obligaciones relacionadas con el acceso al agua y el saneamiento. En ese sentido, esperamos contar con su informe al venidero sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General, sobre los desafíos que enfrenta la materialización de ese derecho.",
"La realización de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible, el año próximo, será otra oportunidad para volver al tema del acceso al agua y el saneamiento, en el contexto del desarrollo sostenible. Deseamos trabajar estrechamente con todos los Estados Miembros para alcanzar resultados significativos en este tema que puedan contribuir a la realización del derecho al agua potable y el saneamiento.",
"Sr. Fernández-Arias Minuesa (España): Sr. Presidente: Quisiera en primer lugar agradecer, en nombre de mi delegación, la celebración de este debate plenario de la Asamblea General sobre el derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento y su impacto en los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, un año después de la adopción de la resolución 64/292 sobre el reconocimiento del derecho al agua y el saneamiento aprobada por esta Asamblea General.",
"La resolución citada recuerda que dicho derecho se encuentra recogido ya en el derecho internacional, y es por lo tanto jurídicamente vinculante. España se congratula de que actualmente todas las sinergias se dirijan a la implementación de este derecho, tal como queda reflejado, asimismo, en las resoluciones 15/9 y 16/2 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, ésta última de especial relevancia al renovar el mandato de la Relatora Especial del derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento. El trabajo de la Relatora Especial, y antigua Experta Independiente, Sra. Catarina de Albuquerque, facilitó la creación de las bases para el reconocimiento del acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento en la actualidad. Quisiera expresar la gratitud de España a la labor encomiable de la Relatora Especial, presente en este debate, por haber facilitado una plataforma de trabajo firme para poner en marcha el reconocimiento de este derecho desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos.",
"El reconocimiento del derecho al agua debe hacerse desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos. Si bien los esfuerzos de cooperación internacional han contribuido a mejorar la situación, ésta sólo se podrá paliar si se hace con una perspectiva de derechos. Fue precisamente este convencimiento el que impulsó a España, junto a Alemania, a tomar hace ya cinco años la iniciativa de la consideración del Derecho Humano al agua potable y el saneamiento en el Consejo de Derechos Humanos en Ginebra. Mi país reconoce la universalidad de todos los derechos humanos, ya sean civiles, políticos, económicos, sociales o culturales. Creemos, además, que existe una vinculación directa entre el respeto de todos los derechos humanos y la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, algo que ya ha señalado hoy Relatora Especial en su intervención ante esta Asamblea General.",
"Me gustaría destacar una de sus recomendaciones al respecto, esto es, la necesidad de que los Estados conozcan cómo realizar plenamente el derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento, elaborando, con este fin, planes de acción nacionales, que deben integrarse en las estrategias de reducción de la pobreza y en los marcos de gastos nacionales. No es aceptable que casi 900 millones de personas carezcan de agua potable ni tampoco que más de 2.500 millones de personas no tengan acceso a saneamiento básico.",
"Hoy, los Estados y los demás actores implicados conocen con precisión cuáles son las obligaciones de derechos humanos en esta materia. El reto actual se encuentra, por lo tanto, en su efectiva puesta en marcha y en su cumplimiento. En este sentido, puede subrayarse la necesidad de identificar buenas prácticas en la materia, como ya lo ha hecho la Relatora Especial. Los criterios que definen una buena práctica en materia de agua y saneamiento engloban tanto aspectos normativos basados en normas de derechos humanos, como criterios comunes, basados en principios, como la no discriminación, la participación, la responsabilidad, la repercusión y, por supuesto, la sostenibilidad. Esos criterios deben tenerse en cuenta a la hora de comprobar que el derecho al agua potable y el saneamiento se esté aplicando de manera efectiva.",
"España fue uno de los 122 Estados que votó a favor de la resolución que sobre esta cuestión presentó el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia ante esta Asamblea General hace ahora justo un año. Es por ello que agradecemos la celebración de este debate plenario, y nos congratulamos de que en el mismo participe, asimismo, la Relatora Especial, Sra. de Albuquerque, que tanto ha aportado a la cuestión. España considera que hay una gran cantidad de trabajo ya realizado en el que podemos apoyarnos para avanzar en realización efectiva de este derecho de la manera más eficiente.",
"Sr. Gutiérrez (Perú): Sr. Presidente: Quisiera agradecer, en primer lugar, a su Presidencia por la iniciativa de convocar a los Estados Miembros a este evento con la finalidad de reflexionar sobre un tema que debe comprometer la acción de todos los gobiernos del mundo, a saber, garantizar una adecuada implementación del derecho humano al agua. Quiero saludar, asimismo, en nombre de mi delegación y del Estado peruano, la presencia en esta Asamblea del Excmo. Sr. Evo Morales Ayma, Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia.",
"Las normas internacionales de derechos humanos comprenden obligaciones específicas en relación con el acceso al agua potable. Dichas obligaciones exigen a los Estados que garanticen a todas las personas el acceso a una cantidad suficiente de agua potable para el uso personal y doméstico, que comprende el consumo, el saneamiento, el lavado de ropa, la preparación de alimentos y la higiene personal y doméstica. Las referidas normas también exigen que los Estados aseguren progresivamente el acceso a los servicios de saneamiento adecuados, como elementos fundamentales de la dignidad humana y de la vida privada, cuidando a su vez que se protejan la calidad de los suministros y los recursos de agua potable.",
"Para el Perú, el agua es un recurso natural renovable, indispensable para la vida y estratégico para el desarrollo sostenible, el mantenimiento de los sistemas y ciclos naturales que la sustentan, así como para la seguridad de nuestra Nación. A través de nuestra legislación, se le atribuye un valor sociocultural, un valor económico y un valor ambiental al agua, por lo que se considera que su uso debe basarse en la gestión integrada y en el equilibrio de estos valores. Se considera al agua parte integrante de los ecosistemas y un recurso renovable a través del ciclo hidrológico. En tal sentido, nuestro país considera que en lo que se refiere al uso y gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos se deben tener en cuenta los siguientes principios.",
"En primer lugar, la valoración del agua y de su gestión integrada. En segundo lugar, la prioridad en el acceso al agua. En tercer lugar, la participación de la población en la toma de decisiones que afectan al agua en cuanto a calidad, cantidad, oportunidad u otros atributos del recurso. En cuarto lugar, la seguridad jurídica a la inversión relacionada con su uso, sea ésta pública, privada o en coparticipación. En quinto lugar, el respeto de los usos del agua por las comunidades campesinas y comunidades nativas. En sexto lugar, el aprovechamiento y conservación sostenible de los recursos hídricos. En séptimo lugar, la descentralización de la gestión pública del agua y, finalmente la eficiencia en el aprovechamiento y conservación del agua.",
"Con la adopción de la resolución 64/292 hace un año atrás, creemos que se ha dado un paso importante en la toma de conciencia por parte de la comunidad internacional respecto de la importancia de garantizar el acceso al agua, en particular de quienes menos la tienen. Debo señalar que el Perú ha participado activamente en todo el proceso tendiente a precisar el contenido de las obligaciones de derechos humanos relativas al acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento, con miras a lograr su posterior reconocimiento como derecho humano, tanto en Ginebra, inicialmente, como en Nueva York, durante las consultas realizadas que llevaron luego a la adopción de la resolución que he citado. El Perú apoyó la adopción de la resolución 64/292 tomando en cuenta los principios enunciados anteriormente que derivan de nuestra legislación interna y asumiendo, además, que la garantía para la vigencia de este derecho humano está sujeta a la existencia de un ordenamiento territorial, de una planificación espacial y de una adecuada asignación de recursos que permitan, precisamente, su ejercicio irrestricto. Es decir, en su instrumentalización se debe tener en cuenta una aproximación integral por parte de la administración que reconozca el impacto multidimensional del derecho humano al agua.",
"Entendemos que queda aún un camino por delante para que los Estados continúen trabajando en su implementación, a partir de una adecuada contextualización de sus implicaciones y en concordancia con las leyes y prioridades nacionales asignadas por cada Estado. El Perú reafirma que el derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento se deriva del derecho a un nivel de vida adecuado y está indisolublemente asociado al derecho al más alto nivel posible de salud física y mental, así como al derecho a la vida y a la dignidad humana. En esa línea, se permite reiterar su adhesión a estos principios y renueva aquí, una vez más, su compromiso de seguir trabajando para que ellos tengan un correlato cada día más patente en la realidad.",
"Sr. Barton (Estados Unidos de América) (habla en inglés): Los Estados Unidos están profundamente comprometidos con la búsqueda de soluciones a los problemas que enfrenta nuestro mundo en el tema del agua. En la estrategia de los Estados Unidos para alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, que fue presentada en septiembre de 2010, acogimos con beneplácito los avances registrados, al reconocer que, entre 1990 y 2005 más de 1.600 millones de personas obtuvieron acceso a fuentes de agua potable mejoradas. Al mismo tiempo, los Estados Unidos expresaron su preocupación con respecto a que en muchos países, la proporción de personas sin acceso sostenible al agua potable y al saneamiento básico sigue siendo inaceptablemente elevada.",
"En el período de sesiones de septiembre 2010 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos en Ginebra, los Estados Unidos se sumaron al consenso sobre la resolución 15/9, en la que se afirma",
"“que el derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento se deriva del derecho a un nivel de vida adecuado y está indisolublemente asociado al derecho al más alto nivel posible de salud física y mental.” (A/HRC/RES/15/9, párr. 3)",
"Ambos principios están tomados del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, y hacen un llamado a los gobiernos a adoptar medidas que apunten a la materialización progresiva de este derecho humano. En el Consejo de Derechos Humanos, en marzo, los Estados Unidos apoyaron la renovación del mandato del Experto Independiente en este tema.",
"En lo que respecta al derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento creemos lo siguiente. En primer lugar, los gobiernos deben esforzarse para lograr, de manera progresiva, el acceso universal al agua potable y el saneamiento, y deben tratar de ampliar el acceso, sobre todo el acceso de las poblaciones que no están recibiendo adecuadamente este servicio. Los gobiernos deben elaborar y aplicar políticas y estrategias nacionales, allí donde sea necesario, y deben comprometer suficientes recursos presupuestarios de manera que les sea posible registrar progresos en la consecución de este objetivo lo más rápidamente posible.",
"En segundo lugar, los gobiernos tienen la obligación de garantizar que el acceso a los servicios de agua potable y saneamiento tenga una base no discriminatoria. Los gobiernos también tienen la obligación de proporcionar o garantizar el acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento a las personas que tiene bajo su custodia.",
"En tercer lugar, el derecho al agua potable y el saneamiento se puede interpretar razonablemente para incluir en él el acceso al agua para preparar los alimentos. También ese derecho se puede interpretar razonablemente como el derecho a disponer de agua en cantidad y calidad suficiente —aunque no necesariamente de calidad potable— para satisfacer las necesidades básicas de la higiene personal.",
"Por último, en apoyo de todo eso, los gobiernos deben trabajar en pro de una mayor transparencia y rendición de cuentas en el ámbito de la prestación de los servicios de agua y saneamiento, y deben incluir al público en sus procesos de adopción de decisiones. La buena gobernanza es fundamental para conquistar el derecho al agua potable y el saneamiento.",
"En este sentido, nos gustaría reconocer y aplaudir los esfuerzos de la Junta Asesora sobre Agua y Saneamiento del Secretario General y su compromiso con la aplicación de las iniciativas relacionadas con el agua y el saneamiento por medio de su iniciativa “Saneamiento sostenible: campaña quinquenal hasta 2015”, que está dirigida a los encargados de adoptar decisiones, en un esfuerzo orientado a fomentar la voluntad política en cuanto a los programas asociados al tema del agua y el saneamiento.",
"Los Estados Unidos esperan que esta reunión plenaria, que busca propiciar el diálogo, también impulse a los gobiernos a adoptar medidas concretas que reduzcan el número de personas sin acceso sostenible al agua potable y el saneamiento básico.",
"Sr. Bonne (Francia) (habla en francés): Francia hace suya la declaración formulada en nombre de la Unión Europea. Me gustaría dar las gracias a la Misión de Bolivia por su iniciativa de convocar esta reunión. Mi país acoge con satisfacción la aprobación de la resolución 64/292, en la que la Asamblea General reconoce el derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento. Ello nos ha permitido a lo largo del último año intensificar la movilización de los gobiernos y de otras entidades en este tema. Después de este histórico avance, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos aprobó por consenso su resolución 15/9, de 30 septiembre de 2010, que vincula el derecho básico al agua al derecho a un nivel de vida adecuado.",
"Con la plena participación de todos los interesados en el tema del agua potable y el saneamiento, es necesario avanzar en la aplicación de esas resoluciones y hacer realidad el derecho de todos al agua potable y el saneamiento. Con ese espíritu, Francia se ha comprometido, en el marco de un grupo de Estados de composición abierta, carácter oficioso e integración transregional —el Grupo Azul— a promover el derecho al agua potable y el saneamiento y a trabajar en pro de la materialización de ese derecho. En ese sentido, encomiamos los magníficos esfuerzos de análisis, evaluación y promoción que ha desplegado la Relatora Especial sobre el derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento. Otras loables iniciativas buscan elevar el nivel de conciencia respecto de estos nuevos textos y los compromisos que ellos entrañan, así como avanzar en su puesta en práctica. Acojo con especial satisfacción la iniciativa del Secretario General en el tema del saneamiento.",
"Francia acoge con beneplácito la labor de la Comisión Económica de las Naciones Unidas para Europa en el contexto de su Protocolo sobre el agua y la salud, en particular los trabajos que se vienen realizando en la preparación de un manual sobre buenas prácticas en el logro del acceso equitativo al agua. También agradecemos a los muchos países que han apoyado nuestra presentación de la resolución 64/24 de la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud, apoyo que contribuyó a su aprobación por consenso. En esa resolución se insta a los Estados miembros de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y las Naciones Unidas en general, así como a otras partes interesadas, a garantizar una mejor integración del agua, el saneamiento y las políticas de salud pública con miras a lograr la materialización plena del derecho al agua potable y el saneamiento.",
"Mi país será la sede del Sexto Foro Mundial del Agua que se llevará a cabo en Marsella entre el 12 y el 17 de marzo de 2012. El derecho al agua potable y el saneamiento es una prioridad en las actividades internacionales de Francia, y el Foro nos permitirá intensificar nuestras actividades en esa esfera. Debemos recordar la responsabilidad primordial de los Estados en la creación de un marco organizativo adecuado para la realización de ese derecho y los mecanismos encargados de vigilar su cumplimiento. Asignamos una gran importancia a la delimitación de las funciones respectivas de las distintas partes interesadas.",
"Convencidos de que sólo una acción conjunta en los distintos niveles de adopción de decisiones políticas permitirán que se tomen medidas importantes adaptadas a cada contexto particular, pedimos un mayor reconocimiento del papel de las autoridades locales en la prestación de los servicios del Estado en el contexto de las leyes y reglamentos nacionales. Todos los actores públicos interesados deben movilizar y comprometerse a aplicar soluciones de cooperación que garanticen el acceso efectivo y equitativo al agua potable para todos.",
"Sr. Abdelaziz (Egipto) (habla en árabe): Me gustaría expresar el agradecimiento de Egipto por la celebración de esta reunión para debatir el problema de hacer realidad el derecho al agua potable y el saneamiento. Damos la bienvenida al Excmo. Sr. Evo Morales Ayma, Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, y le damos las gracias por su iniciativa de convocar este debate, que es apoyada por varios Estados Miembros, y por sus preparativos para esta reunión.",
"La Asamblea General aprobó la importante resolución 64/292 en su sexagésimo cuarto período de sesiones, reconociendo el derecho al agua segura y potable y al saneamiento y apoyando los esfuerzos internacionales encaminados a la plena realización de todos los derechos humanos. Egipto reafirma que todos los derechos humanos son universales, indivisibles e interdependientes, que están interrelacionados y que deben ser disfrutados en igualdad de condiciones y de manera integrada. Destaca la importancia de que los Estados Miembros adopten todas las medidas necesarias a nivel nacional para asegurar el cumplimiento de los requisitos necesarios para que todos disfruten plenamente de los derechos humanos, de conformidad con el derecho internacional humanitario y las obligaciones que emanan de los tratados internacionales.",
"En este contexto, Egipto considera que es necesario trabajar para abordar todos los desafíos que enfrentan nuestros pueblos, en especial los países en desarrollo, para garantizar el acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento, teniendo en cuenta las particularidades nacionales y regionales, y respetando al mismo tiempo las condiciones de los tratados internacionales y regionales sobre cursos de agua internacionales y recursos hídricos transfronterizos. También considera que es necesario evitar establecer subcategorías de derechos humanos que difieran de las que se establecen en los instrumentos de derechos humanos acordados a nivel internacional.",
"En el documento final de la reunión plenaria de alto nivel encargada de examinar los progresos alcanzados en la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (resolución 65/1) reafirmamos nuestro compromiso de reducir en un 50% el número de personas que carecen de acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento. A pesar de que varios informes internacionales indican la posibilidad de alcanzar esa meta para el año 2015, Egipto cree que existen distintos problemas que pueden obstaculizar el cumplimiento de este compromiso, el mayor de los cuales es la obtención de financiación para la ejecución de los programas nacionales, que se calcula en 11.200 millones de dólares al año.",
"Además, debemos redoblar nuestros esfuerzos para hacer frente a las consecuencias negativas del cambio climático; lograr el desarrollo sostenible, especialmente el desarrollo económico y social; controlar el crecimiento de la población y fortalecer la cooperación internacional en el campo de la transferencia de tecnología, la investigación científica y el desarrollo, en particular en el ámbito del agua potable y el saneamiento.",
"En este contexto, hace varios años el Gobierno de Egipto adoptó un plan nacional integrado en el ámbito de los recursos hídricos para que apoye la buena gobernanza, con el fin de garantizar la distribución equitativa y justa del agua potable y la prestación de servicios de saneamiento a su pueblo, sin perjuicio para el medio ambiente. La aplicación de este plan se basa en la descentralización, con la plena cooperación de los ministerios y organismos nacionales interesados, con el fin de mejorar la eficiencia en el uso del agua a fin de mantener la buena salud; combatir las consecuencias negativas del cambio climático; apoyar el papel de las juntas nacionales del agua y la participación del sector privado en la gestión del sector del agua; actualizar e intercambiar continuamente los datos y la información entre las entidades nacionales pertinentes; coordinar las inversiones nacionales y racionalizar el uso del agua, dando un papel más importante a las mujeres a este respecto.",
"El logro del objetivo de facilitar el acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento para todos los pueblos del mundo requiere la adopción de un enfoque amplio, internacional e integrado basado en varios pilares fundamentales, el más importante de los cuales es abordar los retos que plantea el cambio climático; promover la cooperación internacional en el campo de la tecnología del agua; proporcionar los recursos financieros y la ayuda oficial para el desarrollo necesarios para apoyar los programas y políticas nacionales para la provisión de agua potable y saneamiento; apoyar los programas de desarrollo sostenible, especialmente en los países pertinentes, y desarrollar tecnologías que impidan la contaminación.",
"En este contexto, las Naciones Unidas y la comunidad internacional deben intensificar sus esfuerzos conjuntos para desarrollar estudios integrados que permitan abordar los principales retos que impiden poner en práctica el derecho de los pueblos del mundo al agua potable y el saneamiento, teniendo en cuenta los diferentes problemas que plantean las circunstancias y las particularidades de cada Estado Miembro.",
"Sr. Benítez Versón (Cuba): Sr. Presidente: Cuba saluda la participación en este debate del querido compañero Evo Morales Ayma, Presidente del hermano Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. Por supuesto que apoyamos plenamente su intervención y le agradecemos el liderazgo mantenido por su país y personalmente por él en temas de altísima relevancia para la comunidad internacional, como el tema que debate hoy esta Asamblea.",
"La cuestión del agua se encuentra en el centro de la supervivencia de la humanidad. Como sabiamente afirmara en su intervención el Presidente Evo Morales Ayma, el agua es vida. La resolución 64/292 sobre el derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento, adoptada hace un año a iniciativa del Estado Plurinacional Bolivia, marcó un momento histórico. Por primera vez, las Naciones Unidas reconocieron el derecho al agua potable y el saneamiento como un derecho humano fundamental.",
"Mientras hacemos discursos en este Salón, existen en nuestro planeta más de 884 millones de personas sin acceso a fuentes de agua potable y 2.600 millones de personas que incluyen casi 1.000 millones de niños, no tienen acceso a servicios de saneamiento básico.",
"No podemos aceptar de manera pasiva que cada año mueran más de 3,5 millones de personas debido a enfermedades transmitidas por el agua contaminada y que una de cada ocho personas en el mundo no disponga de agua potable. Si no actuamos con rapidez y eficacia, más de 3.000 millones de personas sufrirán en el 2025 las consecuencias de la escasez del agua.",
"La mayoría de la población del planeta vive en países en desarrollo, donde el principal uso del agua está relacionado con la agricultura. Por tanto, la escasez del agua, determinada entre otras razones por el cambio climático, hará que la agricultura, la acuicultura y otras formas de producción de alimentos se vean seriamente afectadas, agravando la ya complicada seguridad alimentaria de los países en desarrollo.",
"La cooperación internacional debe ser fortalecida, deben crearse fondos y mecanismos financieros que no estén sujetos a los dictados discriminatorios y condicionantes del Banco Mundial y el Fondo Monetario Internacional. Estos fondos internacionales, patrocinados o no por las Naciones Unidas, deben suministrar recursos tangibles, tanto financieros como tecnológicos, para propiciar el incremento de la cobertura de agua potable y saneamiento ambiental, la producción agrícola y acuícola, la gestión integrada del agua y el manejo sostenible de ecosistemas.",
"Cuba, que desde 1995 alcanzó el Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio referido al uso del agua potable y el saneamiento, considera que el acceso al agua constituye un derecho humano fundamental. En nuestro país, el Estado es el responsable en la gestión y control del agua y del saneamiento. Hemos llevado adelante numerosas acciones para garantizar el derecho humano al agua. Permítame sólo mencionar algunos ejemplos.",
"Hemos mejorado el abastecimiento y la calidad del agua, incrementando su uso racional. Hemos reducido en un 30% el volumen de agua en los procesos productivos. Hemos disminuido anualmente la tasa de morbilidad atribuible a las enfermedades de origen hídrico. Hemos abastecido de agua potable a más del 96% de la población cubana. Hemos incrementado la cobertura, niveles de cloración y calidad del servicio de agua potable. Hemos desarrollado sistemas de alerta temprana para la sequía.",
"A pesar de los avances, como ocurre con el resto de los países en desarrollo, Cuba enfrenta disímiles desafíos en el enfrentamiento al cambio climático, los desastres naturales y la escasez del agua.",
"El criminal bloqueo económico, comercial y financiero impuesto por el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos contra Cuba por más de medio siglo ha traído como consecuencia importantes limitaciones y obstáculos para acceder a nuevas tecnologías y productos de la industria del agua y sus beneficios, así como para lograr una mayor capacitación profesional en estos temas.",
"Cuba no apoya los esquemas de privatización del agua ni los mecanismos del mercado que intentan promover las trasnacionales como supuesta solución a la escasez de los recursos naturales, incluida el agua. El acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento en condiciones de equidad, sin discriminación y en la cantidad y calidad suficientes, son un derecho fundamental y no deben ser manipulados como una oportunidad más para la obtención de ganancias. Las Naciones Unidas deben ser el principal foro para debatir y alcanzar acuerdos sobre este tema.",
"Sr. Askarov (Uzbekistán) (habla en ruso): El debate de hoy sobre el agua y los principales retos a la hora de hacer realidad el derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento y su repercusión en el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, nos brinda la oportunidad de examinar este tema tan importante.",
"El 20 de julio, el Consejo de Seguridad debatió el impacto del cambio climático en la seguridad (véase S/PV.6587), en el sentido más amplio de la palabra. En numerosas declaraciones formuladas en esa ocasión, se hizo alusión directa al hecho de que la escasez del agua es uno de los principales retos para muchas regiones de nuestro planeta.",
"Hoy en día, nadie cuestiona la verdad irrefutable de que nuestro planeta, cada año que pasa, lamentablemente sufre cada vez más catástrofes naturales y el impacto del cambio climático. Durante el último año, hemos visto terremotos de una fuerza destructora sin precedentes en Haití, el Japón, Chile y Nueva Zelandia. Hemos visto inundaciones en el Pakistán y en Australia. Hemos visto intensas sequías en los Estados Unidos, China y el Cuerno de África.",
"En el Asia Central, también estamos viendo síntomas alarmantes de estos fenómenos. Los glaciares de las montañas de Pamir y Tian Shan, que son las principales fuentes de los ríos Amu Darya y Sir Darya, se están derritiendo. Este año, nuestra región sufrió una sequía muy intensa, que afectó el desarrollo socioeconómico de los países de la región, incluida la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Hemos visto la reducción de la producción de alimentos, la degradación del medio ambiente y otras consecuencias negativas de la crisis ecológica.",
"Permítaseme poner un ejemplo. Lo que antes era la cuarta masa de agua continental más grande del mundo, el mar de Aral, ha desaparecido y se ha convertido en el Aralkumm un desierto gigantesco. En ese sentido, el uso racional y razonable de los recursos hídricos y energéticos es uno de los principales desafíos que afronta el Asia Central. La adopción de enfoques incoherentes y ambiguos a este desafío sólo llevará al empeoramiento de las catástrofes ecológicas.",
"Hoy en la región de Aral, estamos afrontando problemas no sólo ecológicos, sino también socioeconómicos y demográficos con consecuencias mundiales, como los que vio el Secretario General con sus propios ojos durante la visita que realizó a la región de Aral, en abril de 2010.",
"Quisiera señalar que nosotros, en Uzbekistán, estamos llevando a cabo una serie de programas para racionalizar el uso del agua y hacerlo más eficiente. En el marco de la reforma agraria, se han creado asociaciones de usuarios del agua. Hemos reducido la superficie de las tierras dedicadas al cultivo del algodón, que ahora representa sólo el 25% de la tierra cultivable. A pesar del intenso desarrollo económico de nuestro país, estamos reduciendo nuestra entrada de agua de los ríos. Hemos invertido más de 1.000 millones de dólares en la restauración de nuestros suelos en los últimos años. Como resultado, hemos aumentado nuestras tierras cultivables en 740.000 hectáreas.",
"A pesar de todo esto, hay que reconocer que en nuestra población tres millones de personas no tienen acceso al agua potable. Uzbekistán tiene casi el 50% de toda la población de la región del Asia Central y ha sufrido las consecuencias de la catástrofe de Aral. Consideramos que tenemos el derecho moral de pedir a los Estados de la región que realicen un esfuerzo coordinado para garantizar un uso racional y razonable de los recursos hídricos. Además, en el Asia Central se deben aplicar plenamente las convenciones de las Naciones Unidas sobre el agua y el uso común del agua, incluida la Convención sobre la protección y utilización de cursos de agua transfronterizos y lagos internacionales, de 17 de marzo de 1992 y la Convención sobre el derecho de los usos de los cursos de agua internacionales para fines distintos de la navegación, de 4 de abril de 1997. En ambos documentos se establece claramente que todas las decisiones sobre el uso de cursos de agua transfronterizos, incluida la construcción de centrales hidroeléctricas, no pueden en modo alguno dañar el medio ambiente ni los intereses de los países vecinos.",
"Guiado por estos principios y normas jurídicos internacionales generalmente aceptados, Uzbekistán categóricamente se opone a toda construcción de grandes centrales hidroeléctricas en la cuenca alta de los ríos del Asia Central que no tenga en cuenta los intereses de los países en las zonas más bajas de los ríos. Como dijo nuestro Presidente en la Cumbre sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, celebrada en septiembre de 2010,",
"“todo intento por ejecutar proyectos elaborados hace 30 ó 40 años en la era soviética para construir instalaciones hidroeléctricas a gran escala, incluidas enormes presas —planes que no tienen en cuenta la actividad sísmica de la zona y que la construcción propuesta podría aumentar en ocho o nueve puntos— podría ocasionar daños irreparables al medio ambiente y generar una catástrofe muy peligrosa creada por el hombre.” (A/65/PV.3, pág. 17)",
"La Comisión Internacional de Grandes Represas, a la que Uzbekistán se adhirió el año pasado, ha dicho en su investigación que las enormes represas construidas en los cursos de agua transfronterizos pueden entrañar grandes riesgos en muchos aspectos.",
"En 2008, las Naciones Unidas comenzaron a llamar la atención sobre el aumento de la escasez de alimentos. El cambio climático y la escasez de agua atentan contra la producción de alimentos y hasta ponen las vidas en peligro. Sin un abastecimiento seguro de agua, no podemos hablar de seguridad, estabilidad ni del derecho humano a la vida. Como se indica en el texto básico de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura —y Uzbekistán está totalmente de acuerdo— el agua dulce debe ser utilizada principalmente para la producción de alimentos. Esto es especialmente importante para el Asia Central, donde cada Estado debe ser sensato y responsable en el uso de los recursos hídricos, de los que dependen la vida y la seguridad de todos los países, de toda la región y de todos los seres humanos.",
"Sr. Berger (Alemania) (habla en inglés): Alemania se adhiere plenamente a la declaración formulada por el Observador Permanente de la Unión Europea.",
"Para empezar, quisiera dar las gracias a los Presidentes de la Asamblea General y de Bolivia por haber convocado esta importante sesión plenaria sobre el derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento. Es un honor especial contar con la presencia del Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Excmo. Sr. Evo Morales Ayma. Quisiera dar también una cálida bienvenida a la Relatora Especial sobre el derecho humano de acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento, Sra. Catarina de Albuquerque. El debate de hoy nos brinda la oportunidad de reflexionar sobre lo que hemos logrado y, más importante si cabe, sobre los desafíos que nos quedan por delante.",
"En los últimos 12 meses hemos visto cómo, primero en la Asamblea General y después en el Consejo de Derechos Humanos de Ginebra, se reconocía en las Naciones Unidas el derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento, que emana del derecho a un nivel de vida adecuado. Ese importante avance es fruto de años de colaboración de gobiernos nacionales interesados, organizaciones de la sociedad civil de todo el mundo, instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos y expertos a los niveles internacional y nacional.",
"Alemania se enorgullece de haber formado parte integrante del proceso desde un principio. En 2008, Alemania y España pusieron en marcha una iniciativa en el Consejo de Derechos Humanos para crear el mandato del entonces Experto Independiente sobre la cuestión. El apoyo a nuestra iniciativa ha ido aumentando y en 2011 llevó a la creación por parte del Consejo de Derechos Humanos del mandato de la Relatora Especial sobre el derecho humano de acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento. Ese importante paso no hubiera sido posible sin el apoyo crucial de muchos Estados Miembros de todos los grupos regionales que comparten el mismo parecer.",
"Ahora, el gran desafío consiste en aplicar las decisiones que adoptamos colectivamente. En relación con el derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento, no podemos dejar de reiterar la necesidad de ir más allá de las meras cuestiones de viabilidad técnica. Para hallar soluciones duraderas, también debemos enfocar el tema desde la perspectiva de los derechos humanos. Cuando busquemos soluciones para quienes lo necesiten, debemos dedicar suficiente atención a las cuestiones de la seguridad, la calidad, la suficiencia, la disponibilidad, la accesibilidad física y económica y la asequibilidad del agua y el saneamiento. Hacer caso omiso de esos parámetros significa hacer caso omiso de las necesidades reales de quienes deben ejercer esos derechos humanos.",
"El Sr. Kleib (Indonesia), Vicepresidente, ocupa la Presidencia.",
"También tenemos que tener en cuenta que no hay una sola solución que valga para todos los casos en la aplicación a situaciones nacionales concretas. Sin embargo, el denominador común sigue siendo el mismo: el ejercicio del derecho al agua potable y el saneamiento. En ese sentido, tenemos mucho interés en debatir el conjunto de mejores prácticas que la Relatora Especial presentará al Consejo de Derechos Humanos en septiembre. En ese contexto, y teniendo en cuenta el vínculo que existe entre los derechos humanos y los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, destacado hoy también por el Secretario General, nos complace en particular que el Programa Conjunto de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y el UNICEF de Monitoreo del Abastecimiento de Agua y del Saneamiento haya adaptado y conciliado sus criterios en cuanto al acceso al agua y el saneamiento a los definidos por la Relatora Especial sobre el derecho humano de acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento.",
"Antes del concluir, quisiera animar a los Estados Miembros de todas las regiones del mundo que compartan esa misma perspectiva a que participen en la promoción y la aplicación del derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento y velen por que, al debatir sobre soluciones nacionales y diseñar planes de acción nacionales, la cuestión se enfoque también desde el punto de vista de los derechos humanos.",
"Sr. García González (El Salvador): Sr. Presidente: Felicitamos la iniciativa del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia y el liderazgo del Presidente Evo Morales, así como del Presidente de la Asamblea General, al convocar este debate del plenario sobre el derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento.",
"El agua es la base de cualquier forma de vida. Es esencial para los seres humanos, los animales y el medio ambiente. El acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento son necesarios para una vida digna. Muchos derechos humanos no se pueden disfrutar sin el agua. Por tanto, el agua es muy importante para el bienestar y el desarrollo social. De hecho, todas las grandes civilizaciones siempre se han desarrollado cercanas a masas de agua.",
"El acceso al agua potable es un derecho humano esencial que el Gobierno de El Salvador respalda plenamente, y el cual en la actualidad se pone en riesgo debido principalmente a dos grandes factores que afectan a este vital líquido: la escasez y la contaminación hídrica. Según investigaciones, una quinta parte de la población mundial no tiene acceso a fuentes de agua segura. Cada día mueren 6.000 personas, en su mayoría niños, debido a agua contaminada.",
"El nivel de acceso a servicios de abastecimiento de agua y saneamiento en El Salvador continúa siendo bajo, especialmente en el área rural. No obstante, se están desarrollando, bajo la presente administración del Presidente Mauricio Funes Cartagena, una serie de proyectos en diferentes áreas encaminados a mejorar el abastecimiento y la calidad del vital líquido en el país. La gestión sustentable e integral del agua es concebida por el Gobierno de nuestro país como un proceso participativo dirigido a alcanzar objetivos mundialmente aceptados de protección, conservación, defensa y prevención de la calidad y disponibilidad del agua salubre, a fin de garantizar el derecho de acceso a toda la población y a las generaciones venideras, mediante una eficiente articulación de políticas públicas.",
"El 28 de julio de 2010, El Salvador se unió a un importante grupo de patrocinadores para aprobar, en el marco del plenario de la Asamblea General, la resolución 64/292, “El derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento”, sin lugar a dudas un paso importante en los esfuerzos internacionales para promover el desarrollo humano sostenible.",
"No obstante, para lograr la efectividad de dicha declaración del agua como derecho humano, ésta debe ir acompañada en la práctica de una serie de medidas para evitar el derroche, la contaminación de las aguas y el lucrarse de dicho líquido. Cada vez con más frecuencia el agua está siendo protagonista de numerosos conflictos que pueden desembocar en violencia social.",
"El acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento como derecho humano debe ser equitativo y no discriminatorio, apropiado en cantidad y calidad, económica, social y ambientalmente sustentable y de costo accesible. Por lo tanto, es obligación del Estado proteger a la gente de la desconexión a los servicios de aguas y de la contaminación y prohibir que individuos o empresas lesionen los derechos de otros.",
"No se puede dejar de lado el papel que juegan los bosques en la conservación del agua. Cuando grandes superficies de bosques son destruidas, ello impacta negativamente sobre el régimen hidrológico en su totalidad, lo cual conlleva una disminución de la disponibilidad y la calidad del agua. Es igualmente importante regular las actividades relacionadas con la minería, la explotación petrolera y la agricultura industrial, las cuales son contaminantes directos de los recursos hídricos.",
"Todos somos responsables de garantizar que todas las personas, especialmente las más necesitadas y los colectivos excluidos, vean satisfechas sus necesidades básicas y de acceso al agua potable y saneamiento. La aplicación de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio debería contribuir a la satisfacción de estas necesidades. No obstante, queda mucho por hacer hasta que todas las personas puedan ejercer su derecho efectivo al agua y al saneamiento. En opinión de nuestra delegación, el tema debería formar parte importante de las discusiones respecto al contenido sustantivo de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible de 2012.",
"Para concluir, el Gobierno de El Salvador comparte la visión de que los Estados implementen medidas para una explotación más racional de este recurso.",
"Sra. Burgstaller (Suecia) (habla en inglés): Suecia suscribe plenamente la declaración formulada en nombre de la Unión Europea.",
"Suecia celebra que se haya convocado el debate plenario de hoy sobre el derecho al agua y el saneamiento. El acceso al agua potable y a un saneamiento adecuado es absolutamente fundamental para la vida, la salud y la dignidad humanas. El derecho al agua y el saneamiento ya se reconoce en todo el mundo como un derecho humano, que emana de los derechos a la salud y a un nivel de vida adecuado previstos en el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales y que se corrobora en las decisiones adoptadas por la Asamblea General y el Consejo de Derechos Humanos.",
"En vista de ello, Suecia celebra que en marzo de este año en el Consejo de Derechos Humanos se aprobara por consenso la resolución en virtud de la cual se creó el cargo de Relator Especial sobre el derecho humano de acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento. Encomiamos a la Relatora Especial por su excelente trabajo y le damos las gracias por la exposición que nos ha ofrecido hoy.",
"Los Estados deben velar por que todas las personas tengan acceso al agua potable para uso personal básico y que el suministro de agua esté organizado de manera no discriminatoria. La gestión eficiente, justa y sostenible de los recursos hídricos es un requisito importante para el desarrollo sostenible, un crecimiento económico inclusivo y la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. La próxima Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible que se celebrará en 2012 nos ofrece a todos una oportunidad estratégica de seguir abordando el desafío de mejorar la gestión de los recursos hídricos a todos los niveles y proporcionar acceso al agua potable y saneamiento básico a todas las personas, en particular a las mujeres, que a menudo desempeñan un papel central para garantizar el suministro de agua a nivel local y para uso doméstico.",
"Hasta ahora, la labor que se ha realizado en el Consejo de Derechos Humanos y otros órganos de derechos humanos de las Naciones Unidas nos ha ayudado a definir las obligaciones de los Estados en relación con el derecho al agua y el saneamiento, y nos ha proporcionado una buena base para la labor que queda por delante: respetar y aplicar sobre el terreno este derecho reconocido recientemente para que sea una realidad para todos.",
"Sr. Gonsalves (San Vicente y las Granadinas) (habla en inglés): Ante todo, San Vicente y las Granadinas da una cálida bienvenida al Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Excmo. Sr. Evo Morales Ayma. Le estamos agradecidos por su compromiso personal y por el hecho de que Bolivia promueva esta valiosa iniciativa.",
"El año pasado, San Vicente y las Granadinas patrocinó con entusiasmo la resolución 64/292, en la que la Asamblea General reconoce el derecho al agua potable y limpia y el saneamiento como un derecho humano esencial para el pleno ejercicio de todos los derechos humanos y de la vida. La resolución 64/292 se basaba en resoluciones anteriores del Consejo de Derechos Humanos y, posteriormente, se ha afianzado con la resolución 15/9 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, que fortalece el marco jurídico que gira en torno al reconocimiento por parte de la Asamblea General de este derecho humano crítico.",
"En los últimos años San Vicente y las Granadinas ha dedicado cuantiosos recursos a hacer realidad el derecho al agua y el saneamiento. En el último decenio, hemos incrementado el acceso al agua suministrada por cañerías del 70% a más del 98% mediante prudentes inversiones en infraestructura y organización. Hemos mejorado considerablemente el saneamiento con el establecimiento de nuevos sistemas de distribución del agua, servicios modernos de tratamiento de aguas residuales y sistemas muy mejorados de recogida y desecho de la basura.",
"Nuestro modesto éxito a escala nacional para hacer realidad y afianzar este derecho humano nos ha enseñado que el derecho al agua y el saneamiento es eminentemente factible si existen los recursos y la voluntad política necesarios. La comunidad internacional a menudo ha proclamado un compromiso político de lograr este derecho, pero con demasiada frecuencia ha dejado la parte más ardua de esa labor en manos de heroicas organizaciones de la sociedad civil y pequeños empresarios que carecen de la capacidad para lograr el tipo de cambios multisectoriales que hacen falta.",
"Ahora debemos actuar para llevar a la práctica el llamamiento de la resolución del año pasado para que se",
"“proporcionen recursos financieros y propicien el aumento de la capacidad y la transferencia de tecnología por medio de la asistencia y la cooperación internacionales, en particular a los países en desarrollo, a fin de intensificar los esfuerzos por proporcionar a toda la población un acceso económico al agua potable y el saneamiento” (resolución 64/292, párr. 2)",
"Nuestra capacidad de responder a este llamamiento será el parámetro en función del cual nos juzgarán los 884 millones de personas que carecen de acceso al agua potable y los 2.600 millones de personas que no tienen acceso a un saneamiento básico.",
"En esta reunión también debe reconocerse la fragilidad de los recientes logros que se han obtenido en países en desarrollo como San Vicente y las Granadinas, y la urgencia de las amenazas que se avecinan en relación con el derecho al agua potable. El cambio climático y la desertización podrían echar por la borda los recientes progresos hacia el derecho al agua y obstaculizar aún más los esfuerzos por proporcionar agua y saneamiento a cientos de millones de personas que viven inexcusablemente sin esos servicios básicos.",
"Las recientes sequías impropias de la estación que han ocurrido en San Vicente y las Granadinas han obligado al Gobierno a transportar por barco agua potable hacia otras islas de nuestro archipiélago y han afectado nuestra capacidad agrícola y capacidad de generar hidroelectricidad. El aumento del nivel del mar amenaza las capas freáticas de los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo y pronto podría tener un efecto desastroso para el acceso al agua potable, la agricultura y la ganadería en esas comunidades.",
"Según ONU-Agua, el número de Estados que se considera que están afectados por “escasez de agua” aumentará un 50% para el año 2025. Esta escasez y las tensiones que inevitablemente generará tendrán repercusiones obvias para la seguridad en los próximos años.",
"Para el ejercicio del derecho al agua, la cooperación para el desarrollo y el aumento de los recursos son críticos. Además, la comunidad internacional debe empezar a incorporar la cuestión del agua en el programa político mundial, vincular el cambio climático de manera más estrecha al acceso al agua y estudiar el verdadero valor del agua que se utiliza, se abusa y se desperdicia en muchos países, en particular en los países desarrollados.",
"En las Naciones Unidas, no faltan importantes resoluciones y declaraciones bienintencionadas sobre la cuestión del agua y el saneamiento. Contamos con resoluciones de la Asamblea General, resoluciones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos e informes de expertos independientes y relatores especiales. En los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio se fijó la meta de disminuir a la mitad para el año 2015 la proporción de población que vive sin un acceso sostenible al agua potable y a servicios básicos de saneamiento, una meta que lamentablemente parece estar lejos de nuestro alcance.",
"Hace tres años, el Secretario General Ban Ki‑moon declaró el año 2008 año de los mil millones más pobres. Para los casi 1.000 millones de personas que carecen de agua potable, ya hace mucho tiempo que ha pasado el momento de los nobles sentimientos. Mientras con toda tranquilidad seguimos tirando de la cadena, desechando a la basura botellas a medio consumir de agua de manantial importada y disfrutando de otra larga ducha, comprometámonos a actuar a conciencia en favor de quienes arriesgan la vida y dedican días enteros simplemente a buscar un poco de agua no contaminada.",
"Sra. Rubiales de Chamorro (Nicaragua): Reciba el hermano Presidente Evo Morales Ayma un caluroso saludo del pueblo y el Gobierno nicaragüenses, que reconocen y agradecen su liderazgo y el del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia en la consecución del reconocimiento del derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento como un derecho humano esencial para el pleno disfrute de la vida. Nicaragua se enorgullece de haber apoyado desde sus inicios este esfuerzo, que culminó con la aprobación de la resolución 64/292 por la Asamblea General.",
"Para el Gobierno de Reconciliación y Unidad Nacional, presidido por el Comandante Daniel Ortega, lo más importante es reconocer al ser humano corno centro del desarrollo, y eso se logra a través del pleno respeto de los derechos humanos de los y las nicaragüenses, particularmente la implementación de sus derechos económicos, sociales y culturales, lo que les permitirá el disfrute de un nivel de vida adecuado. En ese sentido, teniendo en cuenta que el agua y el saneamiento son esenciales para la salud y la dignidad de las personas, mi Gobierno ha realizado esfuerzos para invertir y elaborar planes nacionales de mejoramiento en el acceso al agua y el saneamiento. De igual forma, nos hemos opuesto vehementemente al proceso de privatización que había dado inicios durante los gobiernos anteriores. El derecho humano al agua, la vida de los seres humanos no pueden nunca ser privatizados.",
"Existen 884 millones de personas que carecen aún de agua potable y más de 2.600 millones de personas que no tienen saneamiento básico. El abastecimiento de agua potable insuficiente e inadecuado representa un problema constante sobre la salud de la población mundial. El 80% de todas las enfermedades en el mundo en desarrollo son causadas por la falta de agua limpia y saneamiento adecuado, siendo ésta una de las causas principales de enfermedades y muertes, sobre todo en los niños.",
"Todo este escenario gris nos invita a los Estados Miembros a seguir trabajando unidos en la búsqueda de la plena realización del derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento, y a la comunidad internacional a movilizar la cooperación y asistencia técnica para apoyar las iniciativas y planes de acción nacionales relacionados con el acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento. Las metas relacionadas al agua y el saneamiento son objetivos vitales para el desarrollo humano y también son indispensables para el logro de estos Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. En tal sentido, el agua y el saneamiento han carecido de la atención necesaria para intensificar y sostener el progreso hacia la consecución de una parte importante de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio estrechamente relacionados a ella.",
"Es preciso planificar y llevar a cabo las actividades de cooperación y asistencia para el desarrollo, de conformidad con las normas y los principios de derechos humanos, incluidos el derecho al agua y el saneamiento, así como las obligaciones de derechos humanos relativas a la no discriminación, entre otras cosas, asegurando que se adopten medidas adecuadas y eficaces para identificar y abordar las consecuencias negativas para los derechos humanos.",
"Sin un manejo sostenible del agua que integre todas las necesidades de !as generaciones presentes y futuras, corremos el riesgo, cada día más, de encontrarnos en un impasse, no solamente de desarrollo y supervivencia para muchos de los más desposeídos del planeta, sino también en potenciales situaciones de amenazas a la paz y la seguridad internacionales. Sólo el despertar de los pueblos y la toma de conciencia de que ya no se puede seguir con patrones insostenibles de consumo y de producción permitirá salvar a la Madre Tierra y, por ende, a todos los seres vivos que el planeta alberga.",
"Sr. Andrianarivelo-Razafy (Madagascar) (habla en francés): Sr. Presidente: Permíteme que le exprese el agradecimiento del Gobierno de Madagascar por haber organizado esta importante sesión, que permitirá a los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas debatir el tema fundamental del derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento.",
"Un año después de que la Asamblea General aprobara en julio de 2010 su histórica resolución 64/292 sobre el derecho fundamental al agua y el saneamiento, ha llegado el momento de poner en marcha un verdadero diálogo destinado a trazar el camino que lleve directamente a la aplicación plena y efectiva de ese derecho, tan esencial para el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y, sobre todo, para identificar los desafíos y obstáculos para los que debemos encontrar soluciones duraderas. Junto con todas las decisiones y medidas previas, la resolución ha contribuido significativamente a los esfuerzos desplegados por lograr nuestro objetivo establecido de reducir a la mitad el número de personas que no tienen acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento básico para 2015.",
"El agua es esencial para la vida humana. Madagascar estima que el acceso al agua y el saneamiento es un derecho fundamental genuino que debe respetarse sin excepciones ni discriminación alguna. Siendo eso así, todos los Estados y Gobiernos tienen el deber y la obligación de garantizar que todos y cada uno de sus ciudadanos disfruten plenamente de ese derecho. Con esa perspectiva como principio rector de su actuación, el Gobierno de Madagascar, que concede gran importancia a los retos estratégicos y las cuestiones relacionadas con el agua potable en el desarrollo y en la lucha contra la pobreza, cumplió sus compromisos al más alto nivel con su promulgación en 1999 de un código de leyes sobre el agua y la creación en 2008 de un Ministerio del Agua. El mandato del Ministerio consiste en promover un desarrollo sostenible y que goce de apoyo en Madagascar, con un enfoque basado en los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, y cuyo fin es garantizar las condiciones para el crecimiento económico y el bienestar del pueblo malgache, y asegurar el acceso al agua potable y construir la infraestructura del saneamiento.",
"De manera similar, con el objetivo principal de prevenir enfermedades relacionadas con condiciones de vida deficientes, el departamento del servicio de saneamiento e ingeniería del Ministerio de la Salud creó un servicio para la salud y el medio ambiente. En otros numerosos departamentos ministeriales, como los ministerios de la gestión de la tierra y del medio ambiente, se aportan esfuerzos de apoyo para esos ámbitos. Nuestra política y estrategia nacional de saneamiento, adoptada en noviembre de 2008, fortalece el marco legislativo y reglamentario del Gobierno de Madagascar. Con el fin primordial de mejorar la eficacia de los servicios sanitarios y los esfuerzos en materia de higiene en todo Madagascar, es responsable de la gestión de los recursos hídricos, especialmente para proteger el agua, conservar los recursos hídricos, proteger el medio ambiente, haciendo el mejor uso posible de los recursos hídricos, y suministrando agua potable y saneamiento para el agua residual doméstica.",
"Con el fin de hacer frente a los peligros omnipresentes de las enfermedades y otras consecuencias de la falta de suministro de agua potable y del acceso al saneamiento, hemos sido capaces de intensificar medidas concretas con el apoyo de diversos asociados y amigos de Madagascar de entre las naciones, junto con los esfuerzos de nuestro Gobierno. Por citar sólo algunos ejemplos, la Iniciativa Diorano WASH de Madagascar —una plataforma para el diálogo y el intercambio de experiencias que reúne a órganos gubernamentales, organizaciones no gubernamentales nacionales e internacionales, asociados técnicos y financieros bilaterales y multilaterales, que se guían por una Estrategia y una Carta Diorano WASH nacionales— nos ha permitido lograr grandes avances en el suministro de agua potable a la población y en la promulgación de una higiene y de prácticas sanitarias adecuadas. Desde el año 2007, también hemos creado centenares de clínicas de atención sanitaria básicas en el marco de WASH, que ponen en práctica un enfoque integrado del agua, el saneamiento y la higiene. Hemos añadido a esa iniciativa un programa de atención medioambiental primaria relativo al saneamiento y el agua potable segura, por lo que estamos buscando un mayor apoyo de los asociados.",
"Madagascar ha desplegado esfuerzos considerables, pero nuestro país sigue afrontado numerosos retos para lograr los ODM. Todos los años la sequía afecta la parte meridional del país, lo que representa una amenaza constante para miles de personas, especialmente los niños. En 2010, el 43% de la población tenía acceso al agua potable segura, y el 48% de los hogares tenía acceso al saneamiento. Esos datos distan mucho de la meta que el mismo Gobierno estableció, a saber, lograr para 2015 el acceso al agua potable para el 63% de la población y el saneamiento para el 56%.",
"Teniendo en cuenta esos desafíos, que se han visto exacerbados por múltiples obstáculos, tales como la falta de financiación, la insuficiente capacidad de recursos humanos, la carencia de datos actualizados sobre las necesidades en el ámbito del saneamiento y la higiene, los factores relacionados con el cambio de comportamiento, particularmente en las zonas rurales, y los factores culturales, nuestro Gobierno está fomentando una mayor participación de las organizaciones no gubernamentales y de la sociedad civil en las actividades relacionadas con la organización, el funcionamiento y la gestión de las instalaciones de abastecimiento de agua y de saneamiento.",
"El Gobierno de Madagascar pide una mayor movilización de recursos financieros para permitir que todos los pueblos del mundo, en particular los de los países en desarrollo y de África, disfruten plenamente de su derecho fundamental al agua y el saneamiento. Nuestro Gobierno insta también a todos los Estados Miembros a que cumplan efectivamente los compromisos que han contraído con el fin de asegurar que ese derecho se convierta en realidad y no se limite a existir solamente en teoría.",
"Sr. Diallo (Senegal) (habla en francés): Ante todo, deseo dar las gracias sinceramente a los organizadores de esta sesión, sobre todo a Bolivia, y expresarles nuestra profunda satisfacción por esta iniciativa, que acogemos con beneplácito.",
"En su resolución 64/292, la Asamblea General declaró que el acceso al agua potable segura y el saneamiento constituye un derecho humano que es esencial para el pleno disfrute de la vida y de los derechos humanos. Ese importante avance, junto con la proclamación del Decenio Internacional para la Acción “El agua, fuente de vida”, 2005-2015, ha colocado definitivamente el tema del agua y el saneamiento entre las prioridades del programa de las Naciones Unidas.",
"En ese contexto, mi país reitera periódicamente su compromiso y determinación de lograr los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM), en particular el objetivo de reducir a la mitad, para 2015, el porcentaje de personas sin acceso sostenible al agua potable segura o a los servicios de saneamiento.",
"Por ello, el acceso al agua potable y a los servicios de saneamiento adecuados, que es un gran reto en el programa internacional de desarrollo, tiene mucha prioridad en nuestras políticas nacionales de desarrollo. En ese sentido, el Senegal, desde hace varios decenios, ha estado aplicando una política de abastecimiento de agua encaminada a proporcionar agua en cantidad y calidad suficientes para los distintos usuarios al menor costo posible. Esa política ha llevado a una reforma institucional y legislativa que intensificó la eficacia del sector, con especial hincapié en la mejora de la gestión, y ha proporcionado acceso al agua a los sectores de la población más marginados.",
"Además, ese mecanismo se ve fortalecido por una dinámica del sector privado y la ejecución de un plan de acción para la gestión integrada de recursos hídricos. Además de esos esfuerzos, se ha producido otro acontecimiento positivo: la creación, en el marco del Programa de Agua Potable y Saneamiento del Milenio (PEPAM), de diversos tipos de infraestructura hidráulica, especialmente en zonas periurbanas pobres y en zonas rurales. La ejecución del programa ya nos ha permitido lograr resultados sorprendentes. A pesar de esos resultados positivos, que son prometedores en términos del logro de los ODM en ese ámbito particular, aún queda mucho por hacer en el ámbito de la calidad y el abastecimiento del agua, así como en el del saneamiento, especialmente en las zonas rurales.",
"Con el fin de reducir las desigualdades en el acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento entre las zonas urbanas y las zonas rurales, hemos llevado a cabo actividades destinadas a aprovechar las aguas superficiales y de escorrentía, sobre todo respecto de las zonas de captación.",
"No ganaremos en esta lucha si no tenemos en cuenta los fenómenos relacionados con el clima, como la sequía y las inundaciones, que pueden exacerbar la escasez de recursos hídricos, así como el problema del acceso al agua y el saneamiento. Por ello, exijo una mayor cooperación y asistencia internacionales, que son indispensables para prestar apoyo en las actividades de los países en desarrollo encaminadas a aplicar los objetivos establecidos a ese respecto.",
"Para concluir, quisiera reiterar a la Relatora Especial sobre el derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento, Sra. Catarina de Albuquerque, la disponibilidad de las autoridades del Senegal a darle la bienvenida a nuestro país en el marco de la visita que prevé hacernos en breve.",
"Sr. Olhaye (Djibuti) (habla en inglés): Ante todo, deseo felicitar al Presidente Deiss por haber facilitado la celebración de esta sesión a iniciativa de Bolivia, a la que se sumaron más de 20 Estados, incluido el mío, con el objetivo de facilitar un diálogo sobre los retos principales relacionados con la materialización del derecho humano al agua potable y segura y el saneamiento y con sus efectos en el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, un año después de la aprobación de la resolución 64/292, titulada “El derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento”.",
"La presencia en esta sesión del Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Excmo. Sr. Evo Morales Ayma, añade importancia a nuestro encuentro de hoy y subraya el compromiso político de alto nivel con los temas del agua y el saneamiento al integrarlos en el programa internacional.",
"El momento de esta sesión también es muy importante, ya que se celebra en el contexto de la grave sequía actual en el Cuerno de África, que abarca Somalia, Etiopía, Kenya y Djibouti, donde más de 10 millones de personas afrontan una grave hambruna. Es lamentable que, a pesar de las medidas de alerta temprana adoptadas y de los llamamientos hechos en los últimos seis meses, el mundo haya tardado en reconocer la catástrofe humanitaria que se desencadenaba, a raíz de la cual los recursos de agua potable, los alimentos, el albergue y los servicios de salud se han visto gravemente reducidos.",
"Estamos a solo unos pocos años de la fecha límite para alcanzar los compromisos asumidos por la comunidad internacional de lograr totalmente el Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio de reducir a la mitad, para 2015, la proporción de personas que no tienen acceso o no pueden afrontar el costo de agua potable segura o de servicios de saneamiento básicos. Por consiguiente, a menos que exista suficiente buena voluntad de la comunidad internacional, es impensable que esa brecha se colme, ya que casi 1.000 millones de personas carecen de acceso a mejores fuentes de agua y más de 2.600 millones de personas no tienen acceso a un mejor saneamiento.",
"Sin embargo, es muy alentador que muchos países se hayan comprometido a reconocer el acceso al agua y el saneamiento como derechos humanos y hayan adoptado, con la voluntad política propia del caso, medidas tanto a corto como a largo plazo para cumplir esos objetivos.",
"Al igual que con respecto a otras cuestiones, a la hora de hacer realidad el derecho al agua potable y el saneamiento, no podemos pasar por alto el hecho de que el mundo está dividido entre quienes tienen y quienes no tienen. No obstante, no podemos olvidar que tenemos una obligación. Esas diferencias deben ceder ante compromisos políticos concretos y racionales que garanticen el acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento a una gran parte de la población, independientemente de su posición social o del lugar donde le haya tocado vivir.",
"Según la Experta Independiente en derechos humanos, los derechos humanos prohíben la discriminación de cualquier grupo o persona, así como su exclusión o el desconocimiento de sus derechos, aun cuando vivan en zonas rurales, en barrios marginales o en la pobreza. Es por ello que en el marco de los derechos humanos se asigna la responsabilidad primordial de la realización de los derechos humanos al Estado, que debe garantizar el logro progresivo del acceso universal y crear un entorno general favorable para la materialización de esos derechos.",
"Mi país es uno de los países con la mayor escasez de recursos de agua fresca, y corremos el riesgo de quedarnos sin agua en los próximos 25 años. Somos uno de los países con la menor cantidad de agua disponible per cápita. De los 186 países considerados como países con déficit de agua, Djibouti figura entre los 17 países con mayor riesgo a escala mundial, a los que se señala como países con “riesgo extremo”. En nuestro caso, al igual que en el caso de otros países en una situación similar, se pronostica que los patrones de comportamiento cambiantes como resultado del cambio climático provocarán sequías e inundaciones cada vez más frecuentes. Se prevé que esta situación de escasez de agua se agrave cada vez más.",
"Debido al crecimiento de la población mundial, es inevitable que se produzca un aumento del consumo de agua potable, a lo hay que añadir actividades de riego más intensas e ineficientes, la corrupción y la gestión inadecuada de los recursos. Por ello, los problemas de la escasez de agua se agravarán. Si bien es posible que algunos países que carecen de agua suficiente estén dotados de otros recursos que les permiten invertir en plantas de desalinización, embalses de agua o la seguridad alimentaria por otros medios, muchos países tienen ante sí el desafío de su supervivencia.",
"Un año después de la aprobación de la resolución 64/292, sobre el agua potable y el saneamiento, resulta alentador participar en esta reunión, en la que se pasa revista a los progresos alcanzados en el marco de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Ciertamente, hemos recorrido un largo camino para hacer realidad plenamente el derecho al agua potable y el saneamiento, pero esa perspectiva no debe impedir que sigamos esforzándonos al máximo para lograr que los millones de personas que hoy no tienen agua potable o carecen de condiciones sanitarias adecuadas puedan disfrutar de sus derechos humanos.",
"Sr. Ngculu (Sudáfrica) (habla en inglés): Mi delegación desea expresar su agradecimiento al Presidente de la Asamblea General por haber convocado esta reunión sobre los desafíos que se enfrentan respecto de la realización del derecho al acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento en el marco de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.",
"Sudáfrica desea encomiar a la delegación del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, en particular a su Presidente, Excmo. Sr. Evo Morales Ayma, por sus esfuerzos y su compromiso de garantizar el derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento.",
"En la Declaración de Derechos de la Constitución de Sudáfrica se establece un marco legislativo para el pleno disfrute de todos los derechos humanos y libertades fundamentales, incluido el derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento. Además, en la Constitución de Sudáfrica se establece el carácter jurídico de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales, que deriva de las disposiciones del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, en especial sobre la base de la realización progresiva de esos derechos, incluido el derecho al acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento.",
"En este sentido, nuestro Gobierno tiene la obligación de crear el entorno favorable necesario para garantizar que todos los sudafricanos tengan acceso a niveles aceptables de agua y saneamiento. Nuestro Gobierno ha puesto en marcha programas, políticas, criterios y leyes especialmente dedicados a garantizar la realización y el disfrute del derecho al acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento, y desde 1994 se ha comprometido a garantizar la prestación de servicios básicos de agua y saneamiento a las personas que antes eran desfavorecidas y sufrían la discriminación racial.",
"El carácter amplio de este derecho también tiene repercusiones en otros, tales como los derechos a una vivienda digna y a un nivel de vida adecuado, así como el derecho a disfrutar del más alto nivel posible de salud. El enfoque adoptado por el Gobierno de Sudáfrica para abordar la cuestión de los asentamientos humanos no se relaciona meramente con la construcción de cuatro paredes, sino que también incluye la garantía del acceso a servicios esenciales como los de saneamiento básico, atención de la salud y suministro de agua.",
"El agua y el medio ambiente son elementos catalizadores para el crecimiento económico y el desarrollo de Sudáfrica. La función del Departamento de Asuntos Hídricos, que tiene el mandato nacional relativo al derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento, es garantizar que el país disponga de suficiente agua y que el medio ambiente esté protegido, de manera que nuestro país pueda dar respuesta a las necesidades de su desarrollo, incluido el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.",
"Además, el Gabinete de Sudáfrica aprobó en 2003 el Marco Estratégico para los Servicios de Agua y se comprometió a alcanzar las siguiente metas relacionadas con el saneamiento: que toda la población sudafricana tenga acceso a instalaciones de saneamiento básicas y funcionales; que todas las escuelas cuenten con un suministro de agua potable adecuado y seguro y con servicios de saneamiento; que todas las clínicas cuenten con un suministro de agua potable adecuado y seguro y con servicios de saneamiento y que se eliminen todos los inodoros portátiles.",
"Bajo los auspicios del Consejo Ministerial Africano sobre el Agua, Sudáfrica trabaja y colabora activamente con los demás países africanos en el uso y la gestión de los recursos hídricos a fin de lograr el desarrollo social y económico sostenible y la conservación de los ecosistemas africanos. Sudáfrica también utiliza el programa de infraestructura para el agua y el saneamiento de la Nueva Alianza para el Desarrollo de África y el programa de agua y saneamiento de la Comunidad del África Meridional para el Desarrollo a fin de seguir haciendo realidad el derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento para los africanos. En respuesta a las promesas relativas a los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, Sudáfrica se ha comprometido a poner en práctica un programa especial de servicios de agua. Habida cuenta de que somos un país con escasos recursos hídricos, Sudáfrica también se ha situado a la vanguardia de la gestión paulatina de los recursos hídricos.",
"Nos complace anunciar que Sudáfrica está en buen camino. En lo que respecta al logro del ODM relativo al suministro básico de agua, hemos reducido a la mitad el atraso que teníamos en 2005; y, en relación con el saneamiento básico, el ODM respectivo se alcanzó en 2008. Los logros del Gobierno de Sudáfrica son resultado de acciones estratégicas concretas y de una firme voluntad y compromisos políticos. No obstante, si bien reconocemos que se han registrado enormes avances con respecto a la prestación de servicios básicos como el suministro de agua a los hogares pobres, aún hay muchos que no tienen acceso al agua o que tienen un acceso insuficiente.",
"Los esfuerzos por hacer realidad el derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento encaran importantes desafíos relacionados con el cambio climático, fenómeno que tiene repercusiones para numerosas personas y supone una amenaza para el desarrollo sostenible, el crecimiento económico, la calidad de vida, la migración y la urbanización de Sudáfrica a largo plazo.",
"Sudáfrica sigue comprometida a garantizar que el derecho al acceso al agua siga siendo sagrado. En este sentido, nos sumamos a otras delegaciones para exhortar a los Estados y a las organizaciones internacionales a proporcionar recursos financieros, fomentar la capacidad y transferir tecnología, por medio de la asistencia y la cooperación internacionales, sobre todo a los países en desarrollo. De ese modo se intensificarían los esfuerzos dirigidos a proporcionar agua potable y segura y servicios de saneamiento accesibles y asequibles a todos, a fin de cumplir el séptimo Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio y otros objetivos de desarrollo sostenible más generales.",
"Sr. Körösi (Hungría) (habla en inglés): Hungría hace suya la declaración formulada por la Unión Europea.",
"Los oradores que me precedieron ya han hablado extensamente del tema y, por supuesto, los Estados Miembros coinciden ampliamente sobre una amplia gama de cuestiones. Ello me lleva a ser muy breve y a centrarme en algunos aspectos y mensajes que consideramos particularmente importantes.",
"La protección de los recursos hídricos y la gestión integrada y sostenible de dichos recursos, incluido el saneamiento, son prioridades esenciales para mi país. Estamos comprometidos a seguir compartiendo con nuestros asociados la experiencia que hemos adquirido en esos ámbitos.",
"Hungría considera que una base jurídica firme reviste una importancia fundamental para el éxito en la gestión de los recursos hídricos y el saneamiento tanto en el plano nacional como en el plano internacional. Hungría está a favor del fortalecimiento de una alianza internacional sobre todas las cuestiones relativas al agua, en relación con la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible (Conferencia Río+20), que tendrá lugar el año próximo.",
"El acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento debe ser universal, pero hoy eso dista mucho de ser una realidad, pues centenares de millones de personas en todo el mundo continúan sufriendo debido a la falta de algo que consideramos esencial para tener una vida humana digna. Creemos que se trata de proteger un derecho universal. Ello requiere inversiones en instituciones encargadas de la gestión, políticas e infraestructura en todas las zonas vulnerables. Las devastadoras consecuencias humanitarias, económicas y sociales de este problema tendrán un precio mucho más alto si no adoptamos medidas preventivas de inmediato.",
"Sr. Vigny (Suiza) (habla en francés): La proclamación por la Asamblea General, en su resolución 64/292, de 28 de julio de 2010, del derecho al agua potable y el saneamiento como un derecho humano esencial para el pleno disfrute de la vida y de todos los derechos humanos fue un paso histórico en lo que respecta a la cuestión del agua.",
"Suiza participó activamente en esas negociaciones y apoyó la resolución, a la vez que hizo hincapié en la necesidad de coordinar la labor de la Asamblea General con la del Consejo de Derechos Humanos. Las resoluciones aprobadas por ambos órganos de las Naciones Unidas añaden una nueva dimensión ética y cualitativa en relación con el acceso físico, económico y no discriminatorio a servicios de calidad aceptable. Suiza está convencida de que, teniendo en cuenta los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) y los nuevos objetivos que tendremos que definir para el período posterior a 2015, es esencial aplicar un enfoque basado en los derechos humanos.",
"Teniendo esto presente, acogemos con beneplácito el informe (A/65/254) presentado por la Experta independiente durante el sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General, sobre la importancia del derecho al agua potable y el saneamiento para la consecución de los ODM, en particular para el logro del Objetivo 7.c, que apunta a la reducción a la mitad, para 2015, de la proporción de la población sin acceso al agua potable y a los servicios básicos de saneamiento. En los parámetros del Programa Mixto de Vigilancia del Abastecimiento de Agua y del Saneamiento de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y el UNICEF, establecidos para supervisar los avances registrados en los ODM que tienen relación con el agua y el saneamiento, es preciso incorporar ahora estas nuevas dimensiones.",
"Suiza, junto con varios otros países, apoya el Programa Mixto de Vigilancia en esta tarea, que nos permitirá supervisar los progresos registrados en el ámbito del acceso al agua y el saneamiento desde la perspectiva de los derechos humanos. La situación actual, tal como se describe en el Programa, revela grandes desigualdades en el acceso al agua y enormes carencias en lo que respecta al saneamiento. Existe una brecha verdaderamente grande entre las necesidades sobre el terreno y los recursos financieros de que se dispone. La situación exige una mayor financiación destinada al ámbito del agua potable y el saneamiento por los países de bajos ingresos y para ellos.",
"El Equipo de Tareas Agua y Saneamiento para Todos, que cuenta con el apoyo de muchos asociados, incluida Suiza, aspira a fomentar el diálogo y el compromiso con respecto a esta cuestión a escala mundial.",
"A inicios de este año, el Parlamento suizo acordó aumentar nuestra asistencia oficial para el desarrollo. El aumento estará dirigido primordialmente a la cuestión del agua. El Organismo Suizo para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación decidió apoyar la creación y la financiación conjunta de un consorcio de organizaciones no gubernamentales suizas que se centrará en los países en los que los servicios de agua y saneamiento son extremadamente escasos, sobre todo en países vulnerables.",
"Los progresos que se han registrado en cuanto al reconocimiento del derecho al agua deben plasmarse en soluciones concretas que se ajusten a las necesidades de cada caso. Ello deberá ser un tema fundamental en el próximo Foro Mundial del Agua, que tendrá lugar en 2012, y estará también en el centro de la labor de la Relatora Especial sobre el derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento, Sra. Catarina de Albuquerque, a quien agradezco su declaración tan detallada, concreta y significativa.",
"El Protocolo sobre el Agua y la Salud, ratificado y apoyado por Suiza, es un buen ejemplo de una solución concreta. En este instrumento internacional, que es parte de la Convención sobre la protección y utilización de cursos de agua transfronterizos y lagos internacionales, se pone de relieve el estrecho vínculo que existe entre los derechos humanos, la salud, la protección del medio ambiente y el desarrollo sostenible.",
"En ese sentido, El Organismo Suizo para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación y sus asociados están abocados a la elaboración de directrices encaminadas a abordar las distintas dimensiones del derecho al agua en el marco de proyectos relacionados con el agua potable, el saneamiento y la gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos.",
"Sr. Quinlan (Australia) (habla en inglés): Para comenzar, deseo agradecer al Presidente de la Asamblea General el haber convocado este importante diálogo y, por supuesto, agradecer también al Secretario General y a la Relatora Especial los comentarios que formularon antes. Además, deseo dar las gracias al Presidente Evo Morales y al Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia por haber presentado ante la Asamblea General este tema sobre una necesidad humana que es vital para el mantenimiento de la vida o, dicho de otro modo, para la creación de la vida.",
"Los australianos entendemos algo en materia de agua. Somos el continente más seco de los continentes habitados de la Tierra. Tenemos uno de los niveles de precipitación más bajos, y aproximadamente las tres cuartas partes de nuestra tierra —que es bastante extensa— es árida o semiárida. En el último decenio hemos experimentado lo que los científicos estiman ha sido nuestra peor sequía en 1.000 años.",
"Aunque, por supuesto, Australia es un país rico y desarrollado, nuestra geología y nuestro clima son difíciles, y nuestros ciudadanos están acostumbrados a las restricciones de agua en nuestras principales ciudades debido al cambio climático, la sequía y la degradación de nuestras vías fluviales. Por supuesto, como país desarrollado y rico, lo que nos afecta no tiene, ni remotamente, la magnitud del problema que tan elocuentemente describió hace unos minutos el Representante Permanente de Djibouti.",
"Sin embargo, como nación, comprendemos la importancia que tiene el agua para la supervivencia y la subsistencia de las personas, así como la necesidad imperativa del agua y el saneamiento para la salud humana, la sostenibilidad de las comunidades —particularmente de las comunidades remotas e indígenas— y el medio ambiente. Reconocemos que el acceso al agua y al saneamiento es fundamental para la realización de los derechos humanos consagrados en la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos y el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales.",
"Hoy otros oradores hablaron con elocuencia acerca de las cifras a que nos enfrentamos —más de 2.000 millones de personas que no tienen acceso al saneamiento básico— debido en parte a la escasez de agua, pero también a las políticas y la gestión inadecuadas que no han logrado garantizar que todos, independientemente de quiénes sean y dónde vivan, puedan tener acceso al agua potable y asequible y a los suministros y servicios de saneamiento.",
"Las consecuencias para los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) son claras; simplemente no podemos alcanzar los ODM si no proporcionamos agua potable y un saneamiento efectivo. Australia celebra que el mundo esté cerca de cumplir la meta del séptimo ODM de brindar agua potable a centenares de millones de personas, pero resulta alarmante que probablemente la cifra que alcanzaremos en la meta del saneamiento estará 1.000 millones por debajo de lo deseado. Debemos hacer mejoras.",
"Mi Gobierno ha invertido más de 330 millones de dólares en agua, saneamiento e higiene en los países en desarrollo en los últimos dos años, y tenemos previsto gastar otros 1.000 millones de dólares en los próximos cuatro años para hacer mucho más. Nuestras organizaciones no gubernamentales también dan prioridad a la cuestión del agua.",
"La variación en los regímenes de precipitaciones, la contaminación de las existencias de agua, el uso ineficiente y las fugas de los suministros de agua, la infraestructura deficiente, el alto crecimiento demográfico, la rápida urbanización, la discriminación y la marginación son grandes obstáculos, sobre los que ya se ha hablado hoy, para el logro de la meta de suministrar agua potable y saneamiento. Para abordar esos desafíos, es necesario mejorar la política y la gestión, incrementar las inversiones a través de la financiación y el apoyo a la capacidad, utilizar servicios de saneamiento innovadores y rentables y tecnologías del agua, y centrar la atención en los derechos de las personas más vulnerables y marginadas.",
"Tenemos que mejorar la planificación de los servicios de agua y saneamiento en las zonas urbanas y salvar las diferencias en el nivel de acceso entre la población urbana y la población rural. Tenemos que ampliar la recolección de aguas pluviales y las instalaciones de almacenamiento en las comunidades necesitadas, sobre todo, como he dicho, en las comunidades remotas e indígenas. Tenemos que capacitar a las comunidades locales para gestionar sus propias iniciativas locales sobre el agua y el saneamiento.",
"Debemos hacer más para apoyar la gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos, incluida la eliminación segura de las aguas residuales y los acuerdos sobre la distribución del agua. Tenemos que abordar sin demora el efecto desproporcionado que tienen la falta de acceso al agua y a los servicios de saneamiento en la salud, la educación y las oportunidades económicas para las mujeres, las niñas y las personas con discapacidad.",
"Para concluir, los australianos saben que el agua es un recurso muy valioso —la fuente de vida— y que debe ser gestionado cuidadosamente. Seguiremos dando prioridad a esta cuestión y prestando la asistencia que podamos para ayudar a enfrentar los obstáculos que impiden el acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento para centenares de millones de personas. Seguiremos participando en debates cruciales, como el de hoy, y alentamos a la Asamblea General a mantener este tema de vital importancia en su programa.",
"Sr. Kafando (Burkina Faso) (habla en francés): En primer lugar, deseo dar las gracias a la delegación del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia por haber convocado esta sesión y al Presidente Deiss por promover la muy justa causa de los derechos fundamentales al agua y el saneamiento.",
"El acceso al agua potable y al saneamiento es hoy un derecho humano básico, como todos los oradores han dicho aquí. Por desgracia, en el mundo de hoy, más de 884 millones de personas aún carecen de acceso al agua potable, mientras que 2.500 millones aún no tienen acceso a instalaciones de saneamiento adecuadas, de acuerdo con un informe preparado en 2008 por el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia y la Organización Mundial de la Salud.",
"Teniendo en cuenta esta situación, el Gobierno de Burkina Faso ha puesto en marcha una empresa de propiedad del Estado —la Oficina Nacional de Agua y Saneamiento— encargada de construir, gestionar y proteger las instalaciones de recolección, transferencia, tratamiento y distribución de agua potable para satisfacer las necesidades urbanas e industriales. También construye, promueve, gestiona y mejora las instalaciones colectivas, individuales y autónomas de saneamiento para la evacuación de aguas residuales y desechos sólidos en zonas urbanas y semiurbanas.",
"Debido a los notables progresos realizados por mi país en los últimos años en relación con el acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento, hemos recibido el Premio “Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio” en septiembre de 2010. Nos gustaría agradecer nuevamente a los asociados, cuyo apoyo a nuestro Gobierno le ha permitido alcanzar esos resultados.",
"Sin embargo, los esfuerzos de Burkina Faso para la gestión del agua se han visto limitados por la lluvia, que es insuficiente y muy desigual en todo el territorio nacional. Esta situación nos llevó a poner en marcha en 1998 la Operación SAGA, en cooperación con el Reino de Marruecos, con el objetivo de crear lluvia artificial utilizando técnicas probadas. El experimento fue un éxito y actualmente es un programa en curso.",
"Como país del Sahel que ha sufrido la sequía, Burkina Faso aprovecha esta oportunidad para alertar a la comunidad internacional acerca de la expansión del desierto y sus nefastas consecuencias. La actual situación difícil e incluso trágica en el Cuerno de África, y en Somalia en particular, da una idea de las consecuencias.",
"Esperamos que la reunión de alto nivel prevista para el 20 de septiembre sobre la lucha contra la desertificación, la degradación de las tierras y la sequía en el contexto del desarrollo sostenible y la erradicación de la pobreza nos ofrezca la oportunidad de abordar la raíz del problema y, en particular, la cuestión del acceso al agua potable y a instalaciones de saneamiento apropiadas.",
"La falta de acceso al agua y el saneamiento tiene graves consecuencias para la educación, la vivienda, el trabajo, la igualdad entre los géneros y la vida en general. Por tanto, es muy urgente encontrar soluciones apropiadas y duraderas para este problema, cuyas causas y consecuencias son múltiples y complejas. Sin embargo, a través de esfuerzos concertados e incluyentes, los Estados Miembros, con la asistencia del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y otras partes interesadas, en nuestra opinión podrán crear las condiciones propicias para garantizar el acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento a las poblaciones que todavía no lo tienen.",
"Sra. Hussain (Maldivas) (habla en inglés): Maldivas acoge con satisfacción la celebración de este importante debate sobre el derecho al agua y el saneamiento. Damos las gracias al Presidente por su liderazgo al iniciar este importante debate.",
"Maldivas tiene la política de asegurar que todas las islas habitadas tengan acceso al agua potable. El agua es muy escasa y su gestión resulta muy cara para nosotros debido a la formación geológica y la geografía del archipiélago de Maldivas. No hay ríos ni arroyos. Los pocos pantanos pequeños o lagos de agua dulce que tenemos todavía no están aprovechados. Nuestro principal recurso de agua dulce es el agua subterránea de las delgadas capas freáticas que se encuentran a muy poca profundidad. Por lo tanto, son altamente vulnerables a la intrusión salina y la contaminación debida a los procesos de saneamiento y requieren una gestión intensiva, que a menudo es extremadamente complicada y costosa, para evitar la sobreexplotación. La lección que aprendimos es que los beneficios para la salud y la repercusión social de este esfuerzo son muy superiores a los costos.",
"Maldivas está profundamente preocupada porque, según el informe de 2010 del Programa Conjunto de Supervisión de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia, unos 884 millones de personas no tienen acceso a fuentes mejoradas de agua y 2.600 millones de personas no tienen acceso a servicios de saneamiento. Nos alarma que, debido a enfermedades relacionadas con el agua y el saneamiento, mueran aproximadamente 1,5 millones de niños menores de cinco años y que todos los días 443 millones de niños estén ausentes de las escuelas. Es necesario tomar medidas urgentes e innovadoras para luchar contra estos problemas mundiales.",
"No hay duda de que el agua es un bien escaso en todo el mundo. Es aún más escaso en los países como Maldivas, que son muy vulnerables al cambio climático, lo que añade aun más presión a las actuales amenazas a la sostenibilidad de nuestros recursos hídricos. Para los pequeños Estados insulares como Maldivas, las consecuencias del cambio climático en los recursos hídricos no son una realidad distante, sino un grave problema que enfrentamos en la actualidad. Nuestro compromiso de contribuir a solucionar este problema sumamente crítico está directamente relacionado con el bienestar y el desarrollo socioeconómico de nuestro pueblo.",
"Maldivas acogió con beneplácito la aprobación de la resolución 64/292 y la resolución 15/9 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, en las que se reconoce el derecho humano al agua y al saneamiento y se reafirma, entre otras cosas, que el derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento se deriva del derecho a un nivel de vida adecuado y está estrechamente vinculado al más alto nivel posible de salud física y mental, así como al derecho a la vida y la dignidad humana.",
"Reafirmamos que el derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento se establece en los tratados de derechos humanos vigentes y, por lo tanto, implica obligaciones jurídicamente vinculantes. Durante mucho tiempo Maldivas ha tomado medidas encaminadas a proteger y garantizar el derecho al agua. Nuestra política nacional es asegurar que todas las islas habitadas tengan servicios adecuados de agua y saneamiento.",
"Reconocemos este derecho y hemos puesto en marcha planes para mejorar la gestión de nuestros recursos hídricos a fin de combatir las consecuencias del cambio climático y el aumento del nivel del mar. Maldivas cree que las medidas existentes para garantizar el derecho al agua deben ser evaluadas nuevamente a fin de determinar su sostenibilidad en el contexto del aumento del nivel del mar, la mayor frecuencia de fenómenos climáticos extremos y los cambios en los niveles de precipitación.",
"Consideramos que el reconocimiento del derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento es un avance que muestra la voluntad política y la aspiración decidida de la comunidad internacional a solucionar esta importante cuestión.",
"Sr. Loulichki (Marruecos) (habla en francés): Para comenzar, quiero dar las gracias al Presidente de la Asamblea General por haber organizado esta importante reunión sobre la cuestión fundamental del derecho al agua y el saneamiento, que es un gran desafío para la comunidad internacional. Este derecho es crucial para la realización de los derechos económicos y sociales a los que Marruecos otorga gran importancia. Nos complace saber que se ha encomendado a la Sra. Catarina de Albuquerque defender este derecho, lo que está haciendo con gran dedicación y profesionalidad.",
"Todos sabemos que los llamamientos cada vez más numerosos para que se reconozca y se haga realidad el derecho al agua son legítimos y esenciales para el pleno y efectivo ejercicio de los derechos humanos. La vida no es posible ni concebible sin acceso al agua. Esta afirmación no es política, ideológica o moral. Es un llamamiento solemne a favor del derecho a la vida. Al consagrar el derecho al agua en las normas internacionales, ¿no estamos simplemente ayudando a proteger la vida? ¿No es ésta la razón de ser del sistema de las Naciones Unidas? ¿Podemos legítimamente aceptar que millones de hombres, mujeres y niños, principalmente en los países en desarrollo, no tengan acceso suficiente al agua por razones económicas, geográficas o ambientales? ¿Es esa la manera en que entendemos el respeto de la dignidad humana? ¿Es aceptable que en África y Asia la distancia promedio que una mujer o un niño deben recorrer para encontrar agua sea de seis kilómetros?",
"Me siento orgulloso de haber experimentado personalmente esa carencia y de haber vivido en circunstancias muy difíciles. Cuando hablo sobre el derecho al agua, sé de lo que estoy hablando.",
"Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, la mitad de las camas de hospitales en todo el mundo están ocupadas por pacientes que sufren de enfermedades transmitidas por el agua. De acuerdo con el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, la falta de acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento tiene graves consecuencias para el derecho a la salud. Cada año, 1,8 millones de niños mueren de enfermedades causadas por el agua insalubre y la falta de higiene; esa cifra es mucho mayor que el número de muertes causadas por los conflictos violentos. Cuatro de cada 10 personas en el mundo en desarrollo se ven afectadas por la escasez de agua. La situación se está deteriorando debido al crecimiento demográfico, la expansión urbana, la contaminación y los efectos del cambio climático.",
"¿Acaso la comunidad internacional debe resignarse a esta evaluación angustiosa? Esperamos que no. Ha llegado el momento de que despertemos, apelemos a la conciencia de los pueblos y nos movilicemos en busca de soluciones sostenibles. La organización de esta reunión es, en sí misma, una forma de reconocer la gravedad de la situación y un llamado a la acción. No podemos limitarnos a las palabras, sino que debemos actuar en conjunto, y con rapidez.",
"No puedo sino lamentar el hecho de que este debate, que es tan importante para la vida de millones de personas en todo el planeta, tenga lugar en un Salón de la Asamblea General que se encuentra prácticamente vacío. Ello no muestra ningún compromiso profundo o masivo de la comunidad internacional con este derecho fundamental.",
"Marruecos es un participante activo y lleno de energía en esta nueva toma de conciencia colectiva. Mi país apoya los esfuerzos internacionales para reconocer plenamente el derecho universal al agua y el saneamiento. Marruecos acogió con beneplácito la aprobación de la resolución 64/292, en julio de 2010.",
"El compromiso de mi país con el reconocimiento del derecho al agua no es nuevo. Desde que alcanzó su independencia, Marruecos ha dado prioridad al acceso al agua. En el decenio de 1960 pusimos en marcha un programa de construcción de represas que nos ha permitido aumentar nuestra capacidad de almacenamiento a 17.000 millones de metros cúbicos. Casi toda la población urbana en Marruecos tiene acceso al agua potable; en las zonas rurales, sólo el 60% tiene acceso a ella. Mediante la construcción de centenares de plantas de purificación de agua en ciudades marroquíes se han alcanzado grandes logros en el tratamiento de aguas residuales.",
"La modernización del marco legislativo y administrativo ha permitido realizar cambios en la gestión de los recursos hídricos, aumentando la oferta a través de la gestión de la demanda y la protección de los recursos. En octubre de 2009, Su Majestad Mohammed VI declaró que",
"“Nuestro reto presente y futuro es trabajar sin descanso para llegar a dominar nuestros recursos, ya que la economía en su uso, la maximización de su valor, su organización adecuada y la preservación de su calidad serán la base de nuestros métodos de desarrollo.”",
"A nivel regional e internacional, mi país siempre ha ayudado a los países que enfrentan dificultades en los ámbitos económico, social y humanitario vinculadas al acceso al agua. Mediante la cooperación Sur-Sur de carácter activo, voluntario y dinámico, en particular el intercambio de experiencia, Marruecos ha prestado asistencia a países hermanos, en especial en África, por ejemplo en relación con la lluvia artificial. Mi país también ha sido consciente de la situación de los países afectados por el cambio climático, en particular los países insulares, y por la sequía, como ocurre actualmente en el Cuerno de África. Esta situación es lamentable.",
"Solamente mediante la acción internacional conjunta se podrá lograr que las generaciones venideras tengan suficiente acceso al agua. Sin embargo, ¿cómo podremos no preocuparnos ante la afirmación de las Naciones Unidas de que, para 2025, dos tercios de la población mundial, o 5.500 millones de personas, podrían vivir en zonas afectadas por una escasez de agua moderada o grave? En África, el 25% de la población ya padece una situación de grave escasez de agua. El éxodo del Cuerno de África motivado por la sequía justifica plenamente el debate de hoy. El respeto de la dignidad humana empieza por la consagración del derecho universal al agua. Ya es hora de unirse y de actuar, ya que en este órgano tenemos la responsabilidad primordial de contribuir a salvar la vida de muchas personas garantizando el acceso a la fuente de toda vida en la Tierra. Diría que el agua es esencial para la vida en la Tierra.",
"Cuando hice el comentario de que este debate se estaba celebrando en un Salón de la Asamblea prácticamente vacío, no lo hice para señalar a nadie con el dedo, sino tan solo para expresar que deploro el hecho de que un derecho tan básico, fundamental y esencial se aborde con tan poco entusiasmo, por no decir indiferencia.",
"Sr. Valero Briceño (República Bolivariana de Venezuela): Al agradecer al Presidente la convocación a esta sesión plenaria, me permito, por su intermedio, saludar la participación del Excelentísimo Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, compañero y hermano Evo Morales Ayma, en el debate de esta tarde.",
"Los informes que han presentado organismos y órganos de las Naciones Unidas señalan que el acceso al agua y el saneamiento en el mundo es desigual. Revelan la polaridad existente entre regiones y países del mundo en cuanto al disfrute de esos derechos. El acceso al agua y el saneamiento constituye un derecho humano que debe ser garantizado para todos los hombres y mujeres que pueblan la Tierra. Es condenable que una minoría opulenta del mundo monopolice el bienestar y el disfrute de los bienes que nos ofrece la Madre Tierra, mientras que 1.100 millones de personas no tienen acceso al agua potable; que 2.600 millones de personas carezcan de instalaciones de saneamiento aceptables, mientras que esa misma minoría se solaza en la obscena extravagancia que se consume en el artificioso y alienante mercado capitalista.",
"Entre 4.000 y 5.000 niños mueren todos los días como consecuencia de la falta de acceso al agua potable. Las causas raigales se encuentran en la pobreza, la desigualdad económica y social, el cambio climático, la destrucción de los recursos naturales y las injustas relaciones de poder que caracterizan al sistema capitalista mundial.",
"¿Podrá la humanidad derrotar estas tendencias destructivas, aniquiladoras de la vida, y crear una sociedad más democrática y equitativa, plural y compatible con la preservación de la vida? Pensamos que sí es posible. Para garantizar que la humanidad pueda ejercer los derechos humanos fundamentales, incluido el acceso al agua y el saneamiento, y alcanzar su emancipación, hay que rebasar los estrechos y mezquinos establecimientos de la competencia económica y del fundamentalismo de mercado y dar la bienvenida al reino terrenal de la solidaridad.",
"En Venezuela, el derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento está garantizado. Nuestro país cuenta con una normativa legal en la cual se reconoce que la nación ejerce soberanía plena sobre las aguas, establece que el acceso al agua es un derecho fundamental, que el agua es insustituible para la vida y el bienestar humano, y un recurso indispensable para alcanzar el desarrollo.",
"El Excelentísimo Presidente Evo Morales Ayma nos dijo esta tarde —y oigámosle— que el agua es la madre de todos los derechos y que, si no se respeta ese derecho, no se respeta ningún derecho humano. Agregó que el agua debe ser un servicio público y no una fuente de riqueza y de comercio. Nos invitó a buscar un equilibrio entre el ser humano y la naturaleza. Compartimos plenamente estos postulados humanistas.",
"La Ley de aguas de Venezuela establece que el agua es un bien social. En consecuencia, el Estado garantiza el acceso al agua a todas las comunidades, tanto urbanas como rurales, incluidos los indígenas y todos los grupos sociales vulnerables. La Ley garantiza asimismo que, en ejercicio pleno de la soberanía y la seguridad nacional, no podrá otorgarse el aprovechamiento del agua en ningún momento ni lugar, en cualquiera de sus fuentes, a empresas extranjeras. El agua, al ser un bien de dominio público, no podrá formar parte del dominio privado de ninguna persona natural o jurídica.",
"Las Naciones Unidas establecieron en los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio que se debe reducir a la mitad para 2015 el porcentaje de personas que carezcan de acceso sostenible al agua potable. Venezuela ya alcanzó el Objetivo de cobertura del agua potable en 2001, al disminuir el déficit de la población no abastecida de agua potable a través de redes al 15%. La meta de cobertura de aguas servidas se alcanzó en 2005, al disminuir el déficit de la población no abastecida de recolección de aguas servidas a través de redes.",
"Más del 95% de la población venezolana cuenta hoy con acceso al agua potable. Nuestro país, en el marco de la Revolución Bolivariana, ha creado una importante infraestructura de captación, potabilización y conducción de agua potable, con una capacidad de producción total de agua suficiente para abastecer a los 30 millones de seres humanos que viven en Venezuela. Nuestro país también cumplió con la meta del saneamiento; ha logrado una cobertura del 92% a través del plan nacional para ampliar el acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento.",
"Concluyo mis palabras expresando que mi país espera que los aportes de las diferentes delegaciones que han intervenido en este debate sean un acicate para que el derecho al agua y el saneamiento se convierta en un derecho de verdad ejercido por todos los seres humanos que pueblan el planeta Tierra.",
"Se levanta la sesión a las 18.05 horas."
] | [
"President:\tMr. Deiss\t(Switzerland)",
"The meeting was called to order at 3.05 p.m.",
"Agenda item 13 (continued)",
"Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields",
"The President (spoke in French): Members will recall that the General Assembly held a debate on agenda item 13 jointly with agenda items 115 on the follow-up to the outcome of the Millennium Summit and 120 on the strengthening of the United Nations system at its 52nd plenary meeting on 23 November 2010.",
"Members will also recall that, under agenda items 13 and 115, the Assembly adopted resolutions 65/1, 65/7, 65/281 and 65/285 at its 9th, 41st, 100th and 105th plenary meetings, respectively. Also under agenda item 13, the Assembly adopted resolutions 65/10, 65/234 and 65/309 at its 52nd, 72nd and 109th plenary meetings, respectively.",
"By way of an opening remark, I would like to share some thoughts with the Assembly. We have met today to address the challenges related to realizing the human right to water and sanitation and to consider the impact of the realization of that right on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). I extend a very cordial welcome to His Excellency President Evo Morales Ayma, whose country, the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is an ardent upholder of this right. I also extend my warmest welcome to Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, who will also be participating in this afternoon’s discussions.",
"In July 2010, the General Assembly adopted resolution 64/292 on the human right to water and sanitation. That decision was a first step towards the explicit acknowledgment of the right to drinking water and sanitation as a human right. Thereafter, in September 2010, the Human Rights Council adopted a resolution asserting the right to water and sanitation as deriving from the right to a dignified life and an acceptable standard of living.",
"For millions of people, access to safe drinking water and sanitation is an urgent development need. MDG 7 calls for the halving by 2015 of the proportion of the global population with no access to drinking water and sanitation. The realization of this Goal is crucial to achieving others, such those concerning poverty reduction, child health and education for all.",
"The progress achieved after 10 years of effort has been inadequate. There are still 1 billion people with no access to drinking water and more than 2 billion without basic sanitation services. I welcome and support the initiative “Sustainable sanitation — the five-year drive to 2015”, launched by the Secretary-General last month.",
"These figures, along with the drought currently afflicting the Horn of Africa, recall for us the scale of the inequality in today’s world with respect to meeting our water needs. While in some regions men, women and children die because they lack just a few litres of water, in other regions water is wasted. The human right to water and sanitation is therefore critical to ensuring that everybody enjoys a dignified and free life.",
"As we will have the opportunity to discuss today, we face many challenges, such as, in many cases, the absence of functional State institutions and limited technical and financial resources. Realizing these rights would represent progress in meeting the Millennium Development Goal on water and the totality of the MDGs.",
"The 2015 deadline leaves us very little time to take decisive action. In the spirit of the commitment that we made at the High-level Plenary Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals, which opened the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly in September 2010, and in the spirit of the Secretary-General’s initiative that I just mentioned, we should daily reaffirm our collective will to achieve the Goals and redouble our efforts to do so. I hope that the Conference on Sustainable Development to be held next year in Rio will spark a new impetus to achieve universal access to water and sanitation.",
"Today, we have an excellent opportunity to send the message that we have the will to succeed. I encourage speakers to emphasize practical, results-oriented approaches to making the right to water and sanitation a reality.",
"I now give the floor to the Secretary-General, His Excellency Mr. Ban Ki-moon.",
"The Secretary-General: At any one time, close to half of all people in developing countries are suffering from health problems caused by poor water and sanitation. Together, unclean water and poor sanitation are the world’s second biggest killers of children. While progress is broadly on track to meet the Millennium Development Goal target of reducing by half the number of people without access to safe drinking water, the world will miss the sanitation target. I therefore welcome this plenary meeting.",
"Last July, the General Assembly recognized the right to water and sanitation. Then, in September, the Human Rights Council specified that this right is derived from the right to an adequate standard of living. Those were important advances. They provide a solid legal framework for Governments and the United Nations system alike. The task now is to translate that commitment into specific obligations at the international and national levels. Only then can people — and especially the poor — realize this right.",
"Let us be clear — a right to water and sanitation does not mean that water should be free. Rather, it means that water and sanitation services should be affordable and available to all, and that States must do everything in their power to make that happen. It is not acceptable that poor slum-dwellers pay five or even 10 times as much for their water as wealthy residents of the same cities. It is not acceptable that more than 1 billion people in rural communities live without toilets and have to defecate in the open. It is not acceptable that wastewater from slums, farms and industry is allowed to pollute the environment.",
"Last month, the United Nations launched the “Sustainable sanitation — the five-year drive to 2015” initiative. I spoke then of how the lack of access to safe water and adequate sanitation adversely affects children’s health and development. I also told of how good sanitation can boost our efforts to combat HIV/AIDS and malaria, simply because people living in hygienic conditions are better prepared to fight off other diseases. I also pointed out that good sanitation and hygiene can increase school performance and reduce absenteeism, especially among adolescent girls, thereby contributing to their empowerment and equality. In short, improved sanitation can contribute to all our development goals.",
"Many Governments have already included the rights to water and sanitation in their constitutions and domestic legislation. Those Governments that have yet to do so should follow suit without delay. We must reach all those who are denied the water and sanitation services that are necessary for their dignity and well-being. Today, my mind is on the emergency in the Horn of Africa. Millions are struggling merely to survive and scarcely enjoying the full range of their rights. They need immediate assistance, from food and water to adequate sanitation in the camps to which many have been forced to flee.",
"Such short-term relief, however, must be linked to long-term sustainability. That will require an agricultural transformation that improves the resilience of rural people — especially pastoralists — and minimizes the scale of any future crisis. It means working to realize the right to water and sanitation for all. It means creating the conditions of security necessary for people and communities to thrive. Water, sanitation, stability, prosperity and peace — these goals are closely, inextricably linked. Progress can be ours if we work together.",
"The President (spoke in French): I thank the Secretary-General for his statement.",
"The Assembly will now hear an address by His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.",
"President Morales Ayma (spoke in Spanish): I come here today to express my deepest respect and admiration for the United Nations, first of all for holding this meeting, and also because a year ago here in the General Assembly adopted an historic and unprecedented declaration on the right to water as a universal human right (resolution 64/292).",
"That leads me to believe that this new millennium will offer the chance to make up for the harm inflicted on the peoples of the world. If today water is a human right thanks to the General Assembly, then water is the mother of all rights. If presidents, Governments and States do not guarantee water as a human right, they will certainly respect no human right anywhere in the world. I therefore believe that we can make significant progress in the United Nations in ensuring the enjoyment of human rights, fulfilling the aspirations of our peoples.",
"If water is a human right, it must stop being a commodity in private trade. It must be a public service. If water is a human right, it cannot be subject to commerce in the hands of mercenary companies. In issuing this declaration on water as a human right with the approval of the United Nations, we share the obligation to work together and share our experience in order to implement policies to ensure that water can be enjoyed as a human right.",
"I take this opportunity to give voice to the suffering of the peoples mentioned by the Secretary-General. Children lose their lives and farmers cannot work because of a lack of water. As is the case with any right, the right to water must be respected. And human rights have opponents — policies that lead to inequalities or inflict injustice on people. Water, too, has its opponent; the enemy of this natural resource is global warming. Global warming is water’s chief enemy, thanks to which last year my country endured the worst year of drought, frost, and low temperatures. In Bolivia’s Amazon region, millions of fish died as a result. On the high plateau, people have had to leave their homes and travel in search of water.",
"The effects of global warming are a very serious problem that we have had to address through our own efforts. However, as a responsible Government, we are experimenting with new policies under the My Water programme. We are investing more in water, for without water there can be no life. Without water, there can be no food. Without water, there can be no planet Earth. It is thus the obligation of the Governments of nations to guarantee this natural resource, so vital to life.",
"Fortunately, in Bolivia, thanks to the conscience of our people and our democratic nation, the right to water is enshrined in our Constitution and we therefore have a duty to implement it. With this policy, through our My Water programme, together with our 337 municipalities, we are beginning to prioritize projects and programmes that are not just the initiative of one mayor or one President but respond to the needs of the beneficiaries of our natural resources, such as drinking water for people and water for crops and livestock.",
"Some representatives may say that providing water for livestock is ridiculous, but there are families whose livelihood depends on animals, and those animals need water. When there is no water on the Bolivian high plateau, families can abandon their communities and their land, but they cannot abandon their livestock. Their livestock are at the mercy of nature. During the rainy season, of course, families return to their lands and recover those animals that have survived the drought. The bodies and skeletons of dead animals strew the fields, but some survive. This is a result of global warming. It affects water; it destroys families, particularly those of poor peasant farmers.",
"This experience has been a wake-up call to us to implement this programme. Our expectations are high. We have invested $100 million for 10 million inhabitants of Bolivia. We wish to go further by sharing this experience with the Assembly, and to share in other experiences from other countries. I have come here to learn from other speakers. I want to learn from those here and from other leaders in the United Nations how we can complement one another in guaranteeing water as a public service. Alone, we surely cannot solve this problem or those that occur in other regions, countries and continents. We have a duty to think hard and long.",
"It must not be that in some countries water can be wasted as a luxury, as it is in some countries where people are heedless of how it should be shared but rather compete for it. There is no place for competition here. As developing countries, we have major differences that divide us. Competition of any kind will not solve the problems of poverty or unemployment. But if we can work by cooperating with one another, surely we can do it. Our work, struggle and task are to seek a balance among all human beings.",
"The United Nations has taken important measures around the world. We have heard that, in some regions, referendums will be held to decide whether water will be a right, a private commodity or a public service. Some 80 or 90 per cent of the people will vote for water as a human right and a public service, and not a private commodity. We do not want to see some multinational companies, as has happened in Bolivia, privatizing water to profit from its sale. How can we sell water? How can water be a private commodity?",
"We — rural and urban social movements, workers, professionals and intellectuals committed to their countries, indigenous peoples, coca growers — condemn such competition. The year 2000, when we expelled some multinational companies, was a momentous time for us. Some businesses had sought to increase the price of water by 500 per cent. These events led us to think hard and deeply. Through these social movements, we organized and rewrote our Constitution; and we have come to raise these issues in international forums with great respect for the policies and programmes of every country. It is our obligation to share our experiences, as it is for every country to do for the good of the community.",
"I come from the Bolivian people with our policies to greet the leaders and ambassadors of the United Nations, who a year ago declared here, with great wisdom and intelligence, that water is a human right. If it is a human right, it is now our responsibility to implement that policy defined by the United Nations. I commend the Secretary-General and the Assembly for those policies. We will always be willing to share our experience here.",
"The President (spoke in French): I have invited the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, to participate in this meeting.",
"If there is no objection, may I take it that it is the wish of the General Assembly, without setting a precedent, to invite the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, to make a statement at this meeting?",
"It was so decided.",
"The President (spoke in French): In accordance with the decision just taken and without setting a precedent, I now give the floor to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation.",
"Ms. De Albuquerque (spoke in French): At the outset, I thank you, Sir, for inviting me to participate in this important meeting. It is an honour and a pleasure to be here today to assess the progress achieved and the continuing challenges with regard to the realization of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation in the context of the Millennium Development Goals.",
"(spoke in English)",
"When, exactly one year ago, following the historic General Assembly vote on the right to water and sanitation (resolution 64/292), journalists asked me about the impact of the recognition of this human right, I immediately recalled the wise words of Eleanor Roosevelt, who said that human rights begin in small places, close to home. And unless these rights have meaning there, they have little meaning anywhere. Hence today, as we gather to celebrate the first anniversary of the adoption of the resolution, we must ask ourselves the same questions. Will this resolution have any impact on the lives of the billions of people who do not have access to safe water and sanitation? Will it help to prevent the roughly 1.5 million child deaths that occur each year due to water- and sanitation-related diseases? Will it lead to improvements in schools where water is lacking and girls drop out because there are no sex-segregated toilets? Will it help to change the situation in hospitals that are without water and sanitation and face high rates of maternal mortality?",
"Fatima and John are examples of the billions of people suffering from a lack of safe water and sanitation. I met Fatima and her daughters in one of my country missions. They had to walk for hours every day to fetch water. They could not work or attend school because much of the day was spent in this task. The family often suffered from diarrhoea, and one friend had almost been raped the day before I met them while walking to fetch water.",
"Two years later, I met John, a homeless man, during another of my missions. The public restrooms in his city had been shut down. John became, as he put it, the sanitation technician for the local homeless community. He improvised a toilet inside a tent where people would defecate into plastic bags. John would then collect and carry away the faeces on his bike, trying to find an open toilet where he could empty the bags.",
"These human rights violations must be stopped. Resolution 64/292 must serve as the guide for putting an end to the suffering of all the Fatimas and Johns in the world. Am I expecting too much from a resolution of the General Assembly when I expect it to have a tangible impact on people’s lives? I do not think so.",
"The challenges are and will remain great, but the experiences already occurring around the world show that the recognition of water and sanitation as human rights can truly make a difference.",
"What has the recognition of the right to water and sanitation achieved? When both the Assembly and the Human Rights Council adopted resolutions recognizing water and sanitation as fundamental human rights, States undertook very clear commitments. They recognized that water and sanitation are derived from the right to an adequate standard of living and must, as has already been mentioned, be available in sufficient quantity, accessible, safe, affordable and culturally acceptable to all, without discrimination.",
"These resolutions raised political attention and helped to crate the sense of urgency that is badly needed to improve access to water and sanitation in the world. In this context, I praise Bolivia, Germany and Spain for their leadership in this regard at the United Nations level. These resolutions entail a new vision for the world we live in — a world where everyone has access to safe water and sanitation; a world where people do not get sick from the water they drink or make other people sick because they are forced to defecate in the open; a world where people do not have to choose between taking their child to the doctor and paying their water bills.",
"This new vision requires a shift in the mindset of policymakers, national Governments, local authorities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), United Nations agencies, the private sector and the people themselves. It means that the most vulnerable, the poorest, the indigenous, the slum-dwellers and the homeless — those who are usually voiceless — are no longer left behind and are prioritized in policymaking. This new vision means that ensuring access to safe drinking water and sanitation is not a gesture of charity or simply a good idea for policymakers. Unlike human rights, good ideas are subject to changing political currents. Good ideas are not legally binding.",
"Does this mean that human rights ignore the resource limitations every State may face, or the impact of crises? Of course it does not. By recognizing the rights to water and sanitation, States are expected to take deliberate steps to progressively realize these rights, making maximum use of available resources while putting an end to all forms of discrimination in providing access to water and sanitation.",
"A great deal of progress can be made, even within a climate of limited resources, such as that which we are facing right now. Some of these steps are, for example, the recognition of these rights in national legislation, the adoption of national action plans for the realization of the rights to water and sanitation, and putting the priority on unserved or under-served communities so as to provide a minimal level of access for everyone.",
"Since the explicit recognition of the right to water and sanitation last year, I have received repeated requests for help from Governments, NGOs, service providers and United Nations agencies that want to implement these human rights but need assistance and guidance in doing so.",
"Over the past three years, I have been collecting good practices. I have received over 200 submissions from the five continents, and I will present a compendium to the Human Rights Council in September. These practices cover a diverse array, demonstrating that there is no single path and showing that the realization of the rights to water and sanitation is within reach.",
"Let me share some of the examples that I came across. One of them is the arbor loo ecological type of sanitation introduced in different countries, including Malawi, which aims to compost faeces directly in a pit and to subsequently grow a fruit tree — normally a banana tree in Malawi — on this very fertile soil. Selling the bananas becomes a way for the arbor loo owner to make money to pay for this sanitation solution.",
"Equally, national legal instruments are important tools for the protection of the right to water. In a recent court decision in Botswana, for example, indigenous communities who were evicted from their land and saw their water borehole dismantled successfully brought suit under the country’s Water Act. The Appellate Court, informed inter alia by the Assembly’s resolution, noted that the water law allowed anyone occupying land to drill boreholes for domestic use without specific water rights and that limiting this right could amount to cruel or inhumane treatment prohibited under the Constitution.",
"At the global level, I am glad that, thanks to my mandated cooperation with the World Health Organization (WHO), the UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water report will next year include more information related to issues such as national recognition and justifiability of the rights to water and sanitation, as well as public participation and non-discrimination.",
"Also, the UNICEF-WHO joint monitoring programme, which reviews progress in the achievement of the Millennium Development Goal targets related to access to water and sanitation, is working closely with me in the development of new indicators that will take into account human rights criteria. I am also leading a task force charged with developing indicators to measure non-discrimination and equality in the access to safe water and sanitation.",
"In this context, let me call on all States Members of the United Nations to apply human rights to the water and sanitation framework when negotiating the post-2015 global development agenda. This is crucial because the current MDG framework does not measure the impact of discrimination on access to water and sanitation. Hence a State can be an MDG hero while having left unchanged the fate of indigenous peoples, slum dwellers, or people with disabilities.",
"Furthermore, water quality is not yet being monitored worldwide. Affordability of, and the distance to, water and sanitation services are not being assessed at the global level. The harsh reality is that we simply do not know how many people have access to water and sanitation that meets the standards stipulated by the human rights framework of availability, quality, accessibility, affordability and acceptability that the States Members of the United Nations supported last year. Now, and even long after the MDG timeframe has expired, the global development agenda must be aligned with the human rights commitments undertaken by the Assembly.",
"The lessons I learned over the past three years while conducting missions and meeting with communities and policymakers who work to improve access to water and sanitation demonstrate that these rights are, as I said earlier, within reach. This is true even in countries and communities with very limited resources, even in emergency situations. Of course, numerous challenges remain, including financial and purely technical obstacles. However, I must emphasize that political will and sound management continue to play the most decisive role in the expansion of access to water and sanitation of good quality.",
"In this spirit, I would conclude by calling on all relevant stakeholders, including States, United Nations agencies, donors, civil society and the private sector to use the human rights framework in all their efforts, at the national and global levels, to ensure access to water and sanitation for all. The point of departure provided by the recognition of the human rights to water and sanitation by both the Assembly and the Human Rights Council is a vital tool in this endeavour. By applying this framework, the results of interventions will be better, outcomes will be more successful and impacts will be more sustained.",
"The President (spoke in French): I should like to inform the Assembly that there are 35 speakers inscribed on my list. I call on all speakers to limit their statements to no more than five minutes in order to enable maximum participation, otherwise the debate will continue early next week.",
"I now give the floor to the Permanent Observer of the European Union.",
"Mr. Serrano (European Union) (spoke in Spanish): Before I speak on behalf of the European Union (EU), I should like to welcome the participation in this meeting of the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales, and to thank him for the leadership he has shown in connection with this very important issue and for his statement this afternoon. I welcome also the statement made by the Secretary-General and the participation of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque.",
"(spoke in English)",
"I have the honour to speak on behalf of the European Union and its member States.",
"The candidate countries Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Iceland, the countries of the Stabilization and Association Process and potential candidates Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, and the European Free Trade Association country Liechtenstein, member of the European Economic Area, as well as Ukraine, align themselves with this declaration.",
"Mr. President, the European Union would like to thank you for having organized this meeting of the General Assembly on a topic of the utmost importance. Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is essential for people to live in health and dignity. All countries bear the responsibility of ensuring that people enjoy their full human rights and that they have equal access to health care, education, safe drinking water and sanitation, and social and other basic services. The European Union acknowledges the recent recognition of the human right to water and sanitation by the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council’s specification that this right is part of the human right to an adequate standard of living.",
"While also recalling that there are different positions within the United Nations membership on the relevant resolutions, the European Union believes that it is important that the international community demonstrate united political will to address the global water and sanitation crisis.",
"In addition, the management of water resources affects all sectors that are important for inclusive growth and sustainable development, such as energy generation, agriculture, food security and the environment, as well as peace and security.",
"As a result, there has been a growing international recognition among policymakers of the importance of water and sanitation for sustainable and human development, including thanks to the work of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. Through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the international community made access to safe drinking water and sanitation a top priority. On this basis, we have collectively made substantial headway towards reaching this goal.",
"However, there is no room for complacency, as access to safe drinking water and sanitation remains a matter of life and death for hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Some 884 million people still lack access to improved water sources, while more than 2.6 billion people lack access to acceptable sanitation.",
"Furthermore, about a third of the world’s population lives in areas affected by water stress, and the demand for water is increasing. Investments in water infrastructure are lagging far behind in developing countries, especially in Africa, making them vulnerable to droughts and floods, with dramatic social, environmental and economic impacts. Access to water and sanitation is a particularly acute problem in the urban environment, where rapid population growth in cities in the developing world is putting additional pressure on infrastructure and services.",
"The EU is fully aware of the fundamental importance of access to water and sanitation, both from the human rights perspective and as a key development issue. The EU will further prioritize sustainable water management in its future development policy.",
"The EU and its member States have a strong political commitment to and a close collaboration with African countries in the water sector. This was reflected in the African Union/EU Joint Strategy agreed in Libya in November last year. Last year, the EU also launched an MDG initiative which provides €1 billion for African, Caribbean and Pacific countries and has a focus on water and sanitation.",
"Overall, we have recently witnessed a reinforced commitment from the EU and its member States to water in recognition of the challenges related to climate change and the need for green growth. Furthermore, Germany and France will host, respectively, a conference on the water-energy-food nexus, to be held in Bonn in November 2011, and the World Water Forum in Marseille, in March 2012.",
"The EU also welcomes the efforts being led by the World Health Organization and UNICEF to look at the post-2015 development framework for water and sanitation, and we acknowledge the importance of the global monitoring of the quality, affordability and accessibility of water and sanitation services.",
"To conclude, let me point out that the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20 Conference), to be held in June 2012, offers a unique opportunity for the world to secure a renewed political commitment for sustainable development.",
"The EU and its member States are determined to contribute to making the Rio+20 Conference a success. Access to safe drinking water and sanitation and the sustainable management of water resources should figure prominently in the Rio+20 Conference and its outcome. This should complement and support our efforts to secure the full realization of the MDGs and the promotion of sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth and sustainable development.",
"Mrs. Viotti (Brazil) (spoke in Spanish): Brazil welcomes this opportunity to discuss challenges to the full realization of the right to drinking water and sanitation, at the initiative of Bolivia. It is a pleasure to welcome His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. We listened very carefully and with great interest to his statement, and we echo his call for greater cooperation, action and solidarity in connection with this very important issue. I should like also to thank Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, and I commend her for her outstanding work.",
"Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is a precondition for poverty eradication. Our efforts to develop our societies are closely linked to progress in this area. At the national level, Brazil is working to ensure universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Internationally, we have shared our experience and have learned from others in the management of water resources, in particular in arid and semi-arid areas.",
"Brazil recognizes the right to access to drinking water and sanitation as intrinsically related to respect for the rights to life, physical integrity, health, food and adequate housing. As with rights in the social and economic field, it is the responsibility of the State to guarantee the full enjoyment of those rights for their citizens. Respect for this right is fully compatible with the principle of the sovereign right of States to make use of their own water resources, as enshrined in the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development.",
"In deepening our consideration of the challenges that implementing the right to drinking water and sanitation presents, we must recognize the central role of the human rights entities of the United Nations. Brazil firmly supports the efforts of the Special Rapporteur to clarify the nature and content of the obligations associated with the right to water and sanitation. In this regard, we look forward to considering, through her report to the sixty-sixth session, the challenges related to the achievement of this right.",
"The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held next year, will offer another opportunity to return to the subject of access to water and sanitation in the context of sustainable development. We hope to work intensively with all Member States to achieve meaningful results in this area that can lead to realization of the right to drinking water and sanitation.",
"Mr. Fernández-Arias Minuesa (Spain) (spoke in Spanish): First, on behalf of my delegation, I would like to welcome this debate on the human right to drinking water and sanitation and its impact on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), a year after the adoption of resolution 64/292 on the recognition of the right to water and sanitation.",
"The resolution reminds us that this right is already recognized in international law and thus legally binding. Spain commends the fact that all our synergies are focused today on implementing this right, as reflected in resolutions 15/9 and 16/2 of the Human Rights Council. The latter is particularly relevant, since it renewed the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the right to safe drinking water and sanitation. The work of the Special Rapporteur and former Independent Expert, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, has made it possible to lay the foundations for recognition of access to drinking water and sanitation today. I would like to express Spain’s gratitude for the commendable work of the Special Rapporteur, who is here today, which has given us a solid working base from which to implement this right as a human right.",
"The recognition of the right to water must be considered from the human rights perspective. While international cooperative efforts have helped to mitigate the situation, it can be improved only if tackled from this perspective. It was exactly this conviction that moved Spain, together with Germany, to take the initiative five years ago of considering the human right to drinking water and sanitation in the Human Rights Council in Geneva. My country recognizes the universality of all human rights, be they civil, political, economic, social or cultural. Moreover, we believe that there is a direct link between respect for all human rights and the achievement of the MDGs, as the Special Rapporteur indicated in her statement today.",
"I wish to highlight her recommendation that States need to understand how to fully realize the human right to water and sanitation by drawing up national action plans that must be integrated into poverty reduction strategies and national budgets. It is not acceptable that nearly 900 million people lack drinking water and that more than 2.5 billion have no access to basic sanitation.",
"Today, States and other actors involved understand exactly what their human rights obligations are in this area. The current challenge, therefore, is in their effective implementation and achievement. In this regard, we emphasize the importance of identifying best practices, as the Special Rapporteur did. The criteria for best practices in water and sanitation include the identification of standards based on human rights norms, as well as shared criteria based on such principles as non-discrimination, participation, responsibility, impact and, of course, sustainability. These criteria must be taken into account while ensuring that the right to drinking water and sanitation is being effectively implemented.",
"Spain was among the 122 States that voted in favour of the resolution on this issue presented to the Assembly by the Plurinational State of Bolivia exactly one year ago. We therefore welcome today’s debate and the presence of Special Rapporteur Catarina de Albuquerque, who has contributed so much to the issue. Spain believes that a great deal of work has been done that we can support in order to further the full realization of this right as effectively as possible.",
"Mr. Gutiérrez (Peru) (spoke in Spanish): At the outset, Mr. President, I would like to thank you for taking the initiative of convening Member States for this event in order to enable us to reflect together on a subject that requires commitment on the part of every Government worldwide to ensuring the due realization of the human right to water. On behalf of my delegation and the State of Peru, I would also like to welcome the presence here of His Excellency the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Mr. Evo Morales Ayma.",
"International human rights norms include specific obligations regarding access to drinking water. They require States to guarantee access for all to sufficient drinking water for personal and domestic use, which includes consumption, sanitation, washing clothes, preparing food and personal and domestic hygiene. These norms also require States to continue progressively to ensure improved access to adequate sanitation services as a prerequisite for human dignity and private life, and to protect the quality of drinking water supplies and resources.",
"In the view of Peru, water is a renewable natural resource, essential to life and a strategic part of sustainable development and the maintenance of the systems and natural cycles that sustain it, as well as being essential to our nation’s security. Through our legislation, it is endowed with sociocultural, economic and environmental value and must therefore be exploited through integrated management that balances all those values. We consider water to be an integral part of our ecosystems and a resource that is renewed by the hydrological cycle. In that context, Peru believes that the use and integrated management of water resources must take the following principles into consideration.",
"The first of these is the valuation of water and its integrated management. Second, access to water must be prioritized. Third, the public should participate in making decisions that affect the quality, quantity and availability of water, and any other water-related issues. Fourth, investments in water — be they public, private or a combination of the two — must be legally secured. Fifth, the water rights of peasant and indigenous communities must be respected. Sixth, water resources must be used and conserved in a sustainable way. Seventh, water resource management should be decentralized. Finally, efficiency in water use and conservation must be a priority.",
"With the adoption of resolution 64/292 a year ago, the international community took a significant step forward in raising awareness of the importance of guaranteed access to water, especially to those for whom it is scarce. Peru played an active role throughout the process of identifying the obligations surrounding the right to drinking water and sanitation, with a view to its ultimate recognition as a human right. We participated in the consultations that were held first in Geneva and then in New York, and that led to the resolution’s adoption. Peru supported that adoption in keeping with the principles I enumerated earlier, which are based on our domestic legislation and on the assumption that the guarantee of that human right must be subject to the local management, planning and adequate allocation of resources necessary to full enjoyment of that right. In other words, in realizing that right, administrations must adopt a comprehensive approach that recognizes the multidimensional impact of the human right to water.",
"Much remains to be done for States to implement this right, beginning with their full understanding of its implications in line with national laws and priorities. Peru reaffirms that the human right to water and sanitation derives from the right to an adequate standard of living and is inextricably linked to the highest attainable level of physical and mental health, and to the right to life and human dignity. In that vein, we assert our adherence to those principles and renew our promise to keep working to ensure that they become an increasingly palpable reality.",
"Mr. Barton (United States of America): The United States is deeply committed to finding solutions to our world’s water challenges. In the United States Strategy for Meeting the Millennium Development Goals, released in September 2010, we welcomed progress, recognizing that over 1.6 billion people gained access to improved sources of drinking water between 1990 and 2005. At the same time, the United States expressed its concern that in many countries, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation remains unacceptably high.",
"At the September 2010 session of the Human Rights Council in Geneva, the United States joined consensus on resolution 15/9, which affirms",
"“that the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation is derived from the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health” (A/HRC/RES/15/9, para. 3).",
"Both tenets are drawn from the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and they call upon Governments to take steps towards the progressive realization of this human right. At the Human Rights Council in March, the United States supported the renewal of the mandate of the Independent Expert on this issue.",
"In the context of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, we believe the following. First, Governments should strive to progressively realize universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation and should seek to expand access, especially for underserved populations. Governments should develop and implement national policies and strategies, where needed, and commit sufficient budgetary resources so that they will be able to advance this goal as quickly as possible.",
"Secondly, Governments have an obligation to ensure that access to safe drinking water and sanitation services is provided on a non-discriminatory basis. Governments also have obligations to provide or ensure access to safe drinking water and sanitation to persons in their custody.",
"Thirdly, the right to safe drinking water and sanitation can reasonably be interpreted to include access to cooking water. It can also be reasonably understood to mean water in sufficient quantity and quality — although not necessarily potable quality — to meet basic needs regarding personal hygiene.",
"Finally, in support of all of that, Governments should work towards greater transparency and accountability in water and sanitation service provision, and include the public in Government decision-making. Good governance is fundamental to the achievement of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation.",
"In this regard, we would like to recognize and applaud the efforts of the Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation and its commitment to implementing water and sanitation initiatives through its “Sustainable sanitation — five-year drive to 2015” initiative, which targets decision-makers in an effort to build political will for water and sanitation programmes.",
"The United States hopes that this plenary meeting, aimed at providing dialogue, will also lead Governments to take concrete action to reduce the number of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.",
"Mr. Bonne (France) (spoke in French): France aligns itself with the statement made on behalf of the European Union. I would like to thank the Bolivian Mission for the initiative to convene this meeting. My country welcomed the adoption of resolution 64/292, whereby the General Assembly recognized the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. It has enabled us over the past year to intensify mobilization of Governments and others on this issue. Following that historic step forward, the Human Rights Council adopted by consensus its resolution 15/9 of 30 September 2010, which links the basic right to water to the right to an adequate standard of living.",
"With the full involvement of all stakeholders on the issue of safe drinking water and sanitation, we need to move forward by implementing those resolutions and making the right of all to safe drinking water and sanitation a reality. In that spirit, France is committed, in the framework of an open, informal and trans-regional group of States — the Blue Group — to promoting the right to drinking water and sanitation and to working for its implementation. In that regard, we commend the excellent analysis, assessment and advocacy efforts of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. Other praiseworthy initiatives seek to raise awareness of these new texts and the commitments they entail, and seek to work for their implementation. I especially welcome the Secretary-General’s initiative on sanitation.",
"France welcomes the work of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe in the context of its Protocol on Water and Health, particularly the preparations under way for a handbook on good practices for equitable access to water. We also thank the many countries that supported our introduction of World Health Assembly resolution 64/24, enabling its adoption by consensus. That resolution calls on States members of the World Health Organization and the United Nations generally, as well as other stakeholders, to ensure enhanced integration of water, sanitation and public health policies with a view to achieving full realization of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation.",
"My country will host the sixth World Water Forum in Marseille from 12 to 17 March 2012. The right to drinking water and sanitation is a priority of France’s international activities, and the Forum will be an opportunity to step up our mobilization in this area. We must recall the prime responsibility of States in creating an adequate organizational framework for realizing that right and mechanisms for monitoring its enforcement. We attach particular importance to delineating the respective roles of the various stakeholders.",
"Convinced that only joint action at the various levels of political decision-making will enable significant steps forward adapted to each individual context, we call for greater recognition of the role of local authorities in delivering State services in the context of national laws and regulations. All public stakeholders concerned must mobilize and commit to implementing cooperative solutions that will guarantee effective and equitable access to drinking water for all.",
"Mr. Abdelaziz (Egypt) (spoke in Arabic): I would like to express Egypt’s appreciation for the convening of this meeting to discuss the challenges of realizing the right to safe drinking water and sanitation. We welcome His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, and thank him for his initiative to call for this debate, which is supported by a number of Member States, and for his preparations for this meeting.",
"The General Assembly adopted the important resolution 64/292 at its sixty-fourth session, recognizing the human right to safe and clean water and sanitation and supporting international efforts towards the full realization of all human rights. Egypt reaffirms that all human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated, and must be enjoyed on an equal basis and in an integrated manner. It stresses the importance for Member States to take all necessary measures at the national level to ensure the fulfilment of the requirements to achieve human rights for all, in accordance with international humanitarian law and obligations under international treaties.",
"In this context, Egypt believes that it is necessary to work towards addressing all the challenges faced by our peoples, especially in developing countries, in ensuring access to clean drinking water and sanitation, taking into account national and regional particularities, while adhering to the terms of international and regional treaties on international watercourses and transboundary water resources, and avoiding the identification of sub-categories of human rights that differ from those stipulated in internationally agreed human rights instruments.",
"The outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting to review the progress made on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (resolution 65/1) reaffirmed our commitment to reducing the number of people lacking access to clean drinking water and sanitation by 50 per cent. Although several international reports indicate the possibility of achieving this goal by 2015, Egypt believes that several challenges could hinder the fulfilment of this commitment, the biggest of which is obtaining the funding for the implementation of relevant national programmes, which is estimated at $11.2 billion annually.",
"In addition, we need to redouble our efforts to address the negative consequences of climate change; achieve sustainable development, especially economic and social development; control population growth; and strengthen international cooperation in the field of technology transfer, scientific research and development, particularly in the field of drinking water and sanitation.",
"In this context, several years ago the Government of Egypt adopted an integrated national plan in the field of water resources in a manner that supports good governance, in order to ensure the equitable and fair distribution of clean drinking water and the provision of sanitation services to its people, without prejudice to the environment. The implementation of this plan is based on decentralization, with the full cooperation of concerned ministries and national agencies, in order to improve the efficiency of water use to sustain good health; combat the negative consequences of climate change; support the role of national water boards and the participation of the private sector in managing the water sector; continuously update and exchange data and information among the relevant national entities; coordinate national investments; and rationalize water usage, giving a bigger role to women in this regard.",
"Realizing the goal of providing access to clean drinking water and sanitation for all the peoples of the world will require the adoption of a comprehensive and integrated international approach based on several main pillars, the most important of which are addressing the challenges posed by climate change; promoting international cooperation in the field of water technology; providing the needed financial resources and official development assistance to support national programmes and policies for the provision of clean drinking water and sanitation; supporting sustainable development programmes, especially in relevant countries; and developing technologies that prevent pollution.",
"In this context, the United Nations and the international community must intensify their joint endeavours to develop integrated studies in order to address the major challenges hindering the realization of the right of the peoples of the world to clean drinking water and sanitation, taking into account the different challenges posed by the circumstances and particularities of each Member State.",
"Mr. Benítez Versón (Cuba) (spoke in Spanish): Cuba welcomes the participation in this debate of our dear comrade, President Evo Morales Ayma of the brotherly Plurinational State of Bolivia. Of course, we fully support his statement and thank him for his personal leadership and that of his country on matters of the greatest importance to the international community, such as that under consideration by the Assembly today.",
"Water is at the very heart of the survival of humankind. As was wisely affirmed by President Morales Ayma, water is life. Resolution 64/292 on the human right to water and sanitation, adopted a year ago upon the initiative of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, was a milestone. For the first time, the United Nations recognized the right to drinking water and sanitation as a fundamental human right.",
"As we speechify in this Hall, more than 884 million people on this planet are without access to sources of drinking water, and 2.6 billion people, almost 1 billion of them children, are without access to basic sanitation. We cannot passively accept the fact that each year more 3.5 million people die of diseases borne by polluted water, and that one out of every eight people in the world are without drinking water. Unless we act rapidly and effectively, more than 3 billion will suffer water shortages by 2025.",
"Most people on this planet live in developing countries where the main use of water is for agriculture. Hence, a shortage of water due, inter alia, to climate change means that agriculture, aquaculture and other forms of food production will be seriously affected, worsening the already parlous food security of developing countries.",
"International cooperation must be enhanced, and financial funds and mechanisms that are not subject to the discriminatory dictates and conditionalities of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund need to be created. These international funds, whether or not they are sponsored by the United Nations, must provide tangible financial and technological resources to extend the coverage of drinking water, sanitation, agricultural and aquacultural production, integrated water production and the sustainable management of ecosystems.",
"In 1995, Cuba achieved the Millennium Development Goal on access to drinking water and sanitation and believes that access to water is a fundamental human right. In our country, the State is responsible for the management and control of water and sanitation. We have taken many measures to guarantee the human right to water. Allow me to mention just a few.",
"We have improved the supply and quality of water, increasing its rational use. We have reduced by 30 per cent the volume of water used in production-related processes. We have achieved annual decreases in the morbidity rate associated with waterborne diseases. We have supplied drinking water to more than 96 per cent of the population. We have increased the coverage, chlorination levels and quality of drinking water. We have developed early warning systems for drought.",
"Despite this progress, and as is the case for other developing countries, Cuba faces varied challenges with respect to climate change, natural disasters and water shortages.",
"The criminal economic, financial and trade blockade imposed by the United States Government on Cuba for over half a century has entailed considerable limitations and obstacles to access to new technology, water industry products and their benefits, as well as to achieving increased professional training in these areas.",
"Cuba does not support plans to privatize water or market mechanisms promoted by multinational corporations as an alleged solution to shortages of natural resources, including water. Equitable access to water and sanitation, without discrimination and in sufficient quantities, is a fundamental right and must not be manipulated as yet another opportunity to make a profit. The United Nations must be the principal forum in which to debate this issue and achieve agreements on it.",
"Mr. Askarov (Uzbekistan) (spoke in Russian): Today’s debate on water and the main challenges in realizing the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation and their impact on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) gives us an opportunity to discuss this very important topic.",
"On 20 July, the Security Council discussed the impact of climate change on security (see S/PV.6587) in the broader sense of the term. In many statements made on that occasion, direct allusion was made to the fact that water shortages are one of the main challenges to many regions of our planet.",
"Today, nobody disputes the incontrovertible truth that our planet, with each passing year, is unfortunately experiencing increasing numbers of natural catastrophes and the impact of climate change. Over the past year, we have seen earthquakes of unprecedented destructive force in Haiti, Japan, Chile and New Zealand. We have seen floods in Pakistan and Australia. We have seen severe droughts in the United States, China and the Horn of Africa.",
"In Central Asia, we are also seeing alarming symptoms of these phenomena. The glaciers of the Pamir and Tian Shan mountains, which are the main sources for the Amu Darya and Sir Darya rivers, are melting. This year, our region experienced an extremely severe drought, which affected the socioeconomic development of the countries of the region, including the achievement of the MDGs. We have seen reduced food production, degradation of the environment and other negative consequences of ecological crises.",
"Allow me to provide just one example. What was once the fourth-largest continental body of water in the world, the Aral Sea, has disappeared and has turned into the Aralkum — a gigantic desert. In that regard, the rational and reasonable use of water and energy resources is one of the main challenges facing Central Asia. Haphazard and ambiguous approaches to this challenge will only lead to a worsening of ecological disasters.",
"Today in the Aral region, we are experiencing not just ecological but also socioeconomic and demographic problems with global consequences, as the Secretary-General saw with his own eyes during his visit to the Aral region in April 2010.",
"I would like to note that we in Uzbekistan are implementing a series of programmes for rationalizing water use and making it more efficient. In the context of agricultural reform, we have set up water users’ associations. We have reduced the land area dedicated to cotton growing, which now accounts for only 25 per cent of our arable land. Despite the intensive economic development of our country, we are reducing our water intake from rivers. We have spent over $1 billion on restoring our soil over the past few years. As a result, we have now increased our arable land by 740,000 hectares.",
"Despite all this, it must be acknowledged that 3 million of our people do not have access to clean drinking water. Uzbekistan has almost 50 per cent of the entire population of the Central Asian region and has endured the brunt of the Aral disaster. We feel that we have the moral right to call for coordinated efforts on the part of States of the region to ensure a rational and reasonable use of water resources. Furthermore, Central Asia must fully implement the United Nations conventions on water and joint water use, including the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes of 17 March 1992 and the Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses of 21 May 1997. Both documents clearly stipulate that all decisions on the use of transboundary watercourses, including the construction of hydroelectric power stations, must in no way harm the environment and or the interests of neighbouring countries.",
"Guided by these generally accepted international legal principles and norms, Uzbekistan categorically opposes any construction of large hydroelectric power stations in the high reaches of the rivers of Central Asia that does not take into account the interests of the countries in the lower regions of the rivers. As stated by our President at the MDG summit in September 2010,",
"“any attempt to implement projects drafted 30 to 40 years ago in the Soviet period to build large-scale hydropower facilities upstream, including enormous dams — plans that do not take into account the seismicity of the area, which the proposed construction could raise by eight to nine points — could inflict irreparable damage on the environment and create a very dangerous man-made catastrophe” (A/65/PV.3, p. 15).",
"The International Commission on Large Dams, which Uzbekistan joined last year, has said in its research that major dams built on transboundary watercourses can entail great risks in many respects.",
"In 2008, the United Nations began raising the alarm on increasing food shortages. Climate change and water shortages are undermining food production and even endangering lives. Without secure water supplies, we cannot talk about security, stability or the human right to life. As is stated in the basic text of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations — and Uzbekistan fully agrees — fresh water should be used primarily for the production of food. This is particularly relevant for Central Asia, where every State must be rational and responsible in its use of water resources, on which the life and security of every country, the entire region and every human being depend.",
"Mr. Berger (Germany): Germany fully aligns itself with the statement made by Permanent Observer of the European Union.",
"Let me start by thanking the Presidents of the General Assembly and of Bolivia for convening this important plenary meeting on the human right to water and sanitation. We are particularly honoured today by the presence of His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. I would also like to extend a warm welcome to Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. The debate today gives us an opportunity to reflect on what we have achieved and, more important, on the challenges ahead.",
"The past 12 months have witnessed the recognition, first in the General Assembly and then in the Human Rights Council in Geneva, of the human right to water and sanitation that is derived from the right to an adequate standard of living at the United Nations. That breakthrough is the result of years of engagement of interested national Governments, civil society organizations around the globe, national human rights institutions and experts at the international and national levels.",
"Germany is proud to have been part and parcel of the process right from the beginning. In 2008, Germany and Spain launched an initiative in the Human Rights Council to create the mandate of the then Independent Expert on the question. We have witnessed growing support for our initiative, which in 2011 led to the creation by the Human Rights Council of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. That important step forward would not have been possible without the crucial support of many like-minded Member States from all regional groups.",
"The great challenge now is to implement the decisions that we collectively took. Talking about the human right to water and sanitation, we cannot but reiterate the necessity to think in broader terms than simply technical feasibility questions. We must use a human rights approach if we want to create sustainable solutions. The questions of safety, quality, sufficiency, availability, the physical and economic accessibility and the affordability of water and sanitation must receive adequate attention when we create solutions for those in need. Ignoring such parameters means ignoring the real needs of those who are the bearers of such human rights.",
"Mr. Kleib (Indonesia), Vice-President, took the Chair.",
"We should also take into account that there is no one size fits all when it comes to implementation in individual country situations. However, the common denominator remains the same — the realization of the right to safe water and sanitation. In that regard, we look forward to discussing the compendium of best practices that will be presented by the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council in September. In that context, and taking into account the link between human rights and the Millennium Development Goals, highlighted also today by the Secretary-General, we are particularly pleased by the fact that the World Health Organization/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for the Water and Sanitation Sector has adapted and aligned its criteria regarding access to water and sanitation to those defined by the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation.",
"Before I close, I would like to encourage like-minded Member States of all regions of the world to engage in the promotion and implementation of the human right to water and sanitation and to make sure that a human rights approach is maintained when discussing national solutions and designing national action plans.",
"Mr. García González (El Salvador) (spoke in Spanish): We commend the initiative of the Plurinational State of Bolivia and the leadership of President Evo Morales and of the President of the General Assembly to convene this plenary debate on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation.",
"Water is the basis of all forms of life. It is vital to human beings, animals and the environment. Access to drinking water and sanitation is necessary for a dignified life. Many human rights cannot be enjoyed without water. Hence, water is very important for well-being and social development. In fact, all great civilizations have always developed close to large water supplies.",
"Access to drinking water is a fundamental human right that the Government of El Salvador fully supports and that currently is jeopardized principally by two major factors that affect that vital liquid: shortage and pollution. According to research, one-fifth of the world population does not have access to sources of safe water. Every day, 6,000 people, most of them children, die because of polluted water.",
"The level of access to water and sanitation supply services in El Salvador remains low, in particular in rural areas. However, under the current Administration of President Mauricio Funes Cartagena, a series of projects is being developed in various areas to improve the supply and quality of the vital fluid in the country. The sustainable and comprehensive management of water is seen by the Government of our country as a participatory process aimed at achieving the internationally agreed goals of protection, conservation, defence and prevention regarding the quality and availability of clean water in order to ensure the right of access for the entire population and future generations through efficient coordination of public policies.",
"On 28 July 2010, El Salvador joined a large group of sponsors in adopting resolution 64/292, entitled “The human right to water and sanitation”, in the plenary of the General Assembly. That was certainly an important step in international efforts to promote sustainable human development.",
"However, in order to effectively implement that declaration of water as a human right, in practice it must go hand in hand with a series of measures to prevent the waste, pollution and financial exploitation of water. Water is increasingly becoming the key element in numerous conflicts that may result in social violence.",
"Access to drinking water and sanitation as a human right must be fair, non-discriminatory, adequate in terms of quantity and quality, economically, socially and environmentally sustainable, and affordable. It is therefore the duty of the State to protect people from being disconnected from water services and from pollution and to prevent violation of the rights of others by individuals or companies.",
"We cannot ignore the role of forests in the conservation of water. When large areas of forest are destroyed, that has a negative impact on the entire water system, leading to a drop in the availability and quality of the water. It is equally important to regulate activities connected to mining, oil prospecting and industrial agriculture, which are direct sources of water pollution.",
"We are all responsible for ensuring that everyone, in particular the most needy and excluded groups, can enjoy their basic needs and access to drinking water and sanitation. Achieving the Millennium Development Goals should help to meet such needs. However, much remains to be done until everyone can exercise their full right to water and sanitation. In our delegation’s opinion, the issue should be a significant part of the discussions on the substantive content of the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.",
"To conclude, the Government of El Salvador shares the view that States should implement measures for a more rational use of that resource.",
"Ms. Burgstaller (Sweden): Sweden fully aligns itself with the statement delivered on behalf of the European Union.",
"Sweden welcomes the convening of today’s plenary discussion on the right to water and sanitation. Access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation is absolutely central for human life, health and dignity. The right to water and sanitation is now recognized the world over as a human right, derived from the rights to health and to an adequate standard of living in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and confirmed by decisions taken by the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council.",
"In light of this, Sweden welcomed the consensus adoption of a resolution in the Human Rights Council in March this year that established the post of Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. We commend the Special Rapporteur for her excellent work, and we thank her for her presentation here today.",
"States must now ensure that everyone has access to safe drinking water for basic personal use and that water supply is organized in a non-discriminatory way. The efficient, fair and sustainable management of water resources is an important prerequisite for sustainable development, inclusive economic growth and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. The upcoming 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development offers a strategic opportunity for all of us to further address the challenge of improving water resource management at all levels, and to make safe water and basic sanitation accessible to all, in particular to women, who often play a central role in securing the water supply at the local level and for households needs.",
"Up to now, the work that has been done in the Human Rights Council and other United Nations human rights bodies has helped us define the obligation of States in relation to the right to water and sanitation, and has given us a strong basis for the work that lies ahead — respecting and implementing this recently recognized right on the ground to make it a reality for everyone.",
"Mr. Gonsalves (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines): At the outset, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines warmly welcomes His Excellency Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. We are grateful for his personal involvement and for Bolivia’s championing of this worthy initiative.",
"Last year, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was an enthusiastic sponsor of resolution 64/292, in which the General Assembly recognized the right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right that is essential to the full enjoyment of life and all human rights. Resolution 64/292 built upon previous resolutions of the Human Rights Council, and has subsequently been reinforced by Human Rights Council resolution 15/9, which strengthened the legal framework surrounding the General Assembly’s recognition of this critical human right.",
"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has devoted tremendous resources to the achievement of the right to water and sanitation in recent years. In the past decade, we have increased access to pipe-borne water from 70 per cent to over 98 per cent through prudent infrastructural and organizational investments. We have markedly improved sanitation through the establishment of new water distribution systems, modern sewage treatment facilities, and vastly enhanced garbage collection and disposal.",
"Our modest national success in realizing and entrenching this human right has taught us that the right to water and sanitation is eminently achievable if the requisite resources and political will are present. The international community has often given voice to a political commitment to the achievement of this right, but too often we have left much of the hard work in this regard to heroic civil society organizations and small business-persons that lack the capacity to effect the sort of multisectoral change that is needed.",
"We must now act to operationalize the call of last year’s resolution",
"“to provide financial resources, capacity-building and technology transfer, through international assistance and cooperation, in particular to developing countries, in order to scale up efforts to provide safe, clean, accessible and affordable drinking water and sanitation for all” (resolution 64/292, para. 2).",
"Our ability to answer this call will be the standard upon which we will be judged by the 884 million people who lack access to safe drinking water and the 2.6 billion who do not have access to basic sanitation.",
"This meeting must also recognize the fragility of recent gains in developing countries like Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and the urgency of looming threats to the right to safe drinking water. Climate change and desertification threaten to undo recent progress in achieving the right to water, and will further stymie efforts to extend water and sanitation to the hundreds of millions who inexcusably live without these basic necessities.",
"Recent unseasonal droughts in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines have forced the Government to transport drinking water by ship to other islands in our archipelago, and have affected our agricultural capacity and our ability to generate hydroelectricity. Sea-level rise is threatening the water tables in small island developing States, and may soon have a disastrous effect on access to drinking water, farming and livestock in those communities.",
"According to UN-Water, the number of States categorized as “water scarce” will increase by 50 per cent by 2025. This scarcity, and the tensions that it will inevitably engender, will have obvious security implications in the coming years.",
"In fulfilment of the right to water, development cooperation and increased resources are critical. Additionally, the international community must begin to mainstream the issue of water in the global political agenda, link climate change more closely to water access, and consider the true value of the water that is used, overused and wasted in many countries, particularly developed countries.",
"At the United Nations, there is no shortage of important and well-meaning resolutions and declarations on the topic of water and sanitation. We have General Assembly resolutions, Human Rights Council resolutions, and reports of independent experts and special rapporteurs. The Millennium Development Goals have established a target of halving by 2015 the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation — a target that unfortunately appears to be woefully out of reach.",
"Three years ago, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon declared 2008 the year of the bottom billion. For the nearly 1 billion who lack safe drinking water, the time for noble sentiments is long past. As we continue to casually flush our toilets, toss our half-consumed bottles of imported spring water into the trash and luxuriate in another long shower, let us resolve to act meaningfully for those who risk their lives and consume their days simply in search of a mouthful of unpolluted water.",
"Mrs. Rubiales de Chamorro (Nicaragua) (spoke in Spanish): I convey the warm regards of the people and Government of Nicaragua to President Evo Morales Ayma, and acknowledge and thank him for the leadership of the Plurinational State of Bolivia in the recognition of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation as a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life. From the outset, Nicaragua was a proud supporter of this initiative, which culminated in the adoption of resolution 64/292.",
"The Government of Reconciliation and National Unity headed by Commandante Daniel Ortega Saavedra considers it essential that the human being be seen as the central focus of development, in full respect for the human rights of Nicaraguans, particularly in the implementation of the economic, social and cultural rights that enable them to enjoy a decent standard of living. In this regard, and considering that water and sanitation are vital to individual health and dignity, my Government has striven to invest in and draw up national plans for improving access to water and sanitation. Similarly, we are firmly opposed to the privatization efforts initiated under previous Governments. The human right to water, the life of human beings, can never be privatized.",
"There are 884 million people who still lack drinking water and 2.6 billion without basic sanitation. The insufficient and inadequate supply of drinking water is a persistent health issue worldwide. Eighty per cent of diseases in the developing world are the result of a lack of clean water and adequate sanitation, and thus one of the chief causes of sickness and death, particularly in children.",
"This grim picture should inspire Member States to continue to work together in the quest for full attainment of the human right to drinking water and sanitation. It should also inspire the international community to mobilize technical assistance and cooperation in support of national action plans and initiatives related to the provision of access to drinking water and sanitation. Achieving access to water and sanitation is essential to human development and the realization of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In that regard, water and sanitation have not been accorded the attention necessary to increase and sustain progress towards the attainment of an important part of the MDGs, to which they are closely linked.",
"What must be done is to plan and implement cooperation and development assistance efforts in accordance with human rights standards and principles, including the right to water and sanitation, as well as with human rights obligations relating to non-discrimination, among others, ensuring that adequate and effective measures are taken to identify and address any negative consequences for human rights.",
"Without sustainable management of water that takes all the needs of present and future generations into account, we run the growing risk of finding ourselves trapped, not only as concerns development and survival for many of the world’s most dispossessed peoples, but also in situations that are a potential threat to international peace and security. Only the dawning awareness of our peoples that it is impossible to continue with unsustainable models of consumption and production will enable us to save Mother Earth and, eventually, all the human beings on our planet.",
"Mr. Andrianarivelo-Razafy (Madagascar) (spoke in French): Allow me to offer the Government of Madagascar’s thanks to the President for organizing this important meeting, which will enable the States Members of the United Nations to discuss the crucial subject of the human right to water and sanitation.",
"One year after the General Assembly’s adoption in July 2010 of its historic resolution 64/292 on the fundamental right to water and sanitation, the time has come to launch a genuine dialogue designed to map the road that leads directly to the full and effective implementation of that right, so essential to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and above all to identify the challenges and obstacles to which we must find lasting solutions. Along with all earlier decisions and actions, the resolution has contributed significantly to efforts to achieve our stated goal of halving the number of those lacking access to drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015.",
"Water is essential to human life. Madagascar believes that access to water and sanitation is a genuine basic right that should be respected without exception or discrimination. That being the case, every State and Government has the duty and obligation to ensure each of its citizens’ full enjoyment of that right. With this vision as the guiding principle for its actions, the Government of Madagascar, which attaches great importance to the strategic challenges and issues related to drinking water in development and in combating poverty, put its commitments into practice at the highest level with its enactment in 1999 of a code of laws on water and its creation in 2008 of a Ministry of Water. The Ministry’s mandate is to promote sustainable and supported development in Madagascar with an approach based on the MDGs, designed to ensure conditions for economic growth and the welfare of the Malagasy people, and to secure access to drinking water and develop sanitation infrastructure.",
"Similarly, with the chief aim of preventing diseases linked to substandard living conditions, the Ministry of Health’s sanitation service and engineering department has established a health and environment service. Various other ministerial departments, such as the ministries for land management and the environment, provide backup efforts in these areas. Our national sanitation policy and strategy, adopted in November 2008, strengthens the Government of Madagascar’s legislative and regulatory framework. With the main aim of improving the effectiveness of sanitation and hygiene efforts throughout Madagascar, it is responsible for managing water resources, particularly in protecting water, conserving water resources, protecting the environment, making the best use of water resources, and supplying drinking water and sanitation for domestic waste water.",
"In order to deal with the omnipresent dangers of disease and other consequences of a lack of drinking water supplies and access to sanitation, we have been able to increase concrete action with the support of various partners and friends to Madagascar among nations, alongside the efforts of our Government. To cite just a few examples, the Diorano-WASH Madagascar initiative — a platform for dialogue and sharing experience that brings together Government bodies, national and international non-governmental organizations, bilateral and multilateral technical and financial partners, regulated by a national Dioran WASH strategy and charter — has enabled us to make great progress in providing the population with drinking water and promulgating good hygiene and sanitary practices. Since 2007, we have also set up hundreds of basic health clinics within the WASH framework that practice an integrated water-sanitation-hygiene approach. We have added a sanitation and safe drinking water primary environment care programme to this initiative, for which we are seeking more partnership support.",
"Madagascar has deployed considerable efforts, but our country continues to face many challenges in terms of achieving the MDGs. Every year drought affects the southern part of the country, posing a continuing threat to thousands of people, especially children. In 2010, 43 per cent of the population had access to safe drinking water, and 48 per cent of households had access to sanitation. That is far from the goal that the Government has set itself, which is to achieve access to safe drinking water for 63 per cent of the population and to sanitation for 56 per cent by 2015.",
"Bearing in mind these challenges, which are exacerbated by myriad obstacles, including lack of financing; insufficient capacity in terms of human resources; lack of current data on requirements in the area of sanitation and hygiene; factors related to behaviour change, particularly in rural areas; and cultural factors, our Government is encouraging increased involvement on the part of non-governmental organizations and of civil society in activities relating to the organization, operation and management of water supply installations and sanitation facilities.",
"The Government of Madagascar calls for a greater mobilization of financial resources so as to enable all peoples of the world, particularly those in the developing countries and in Africa, to fully realize their basic rights to water and to sanitation. Our Government calls also on all Member States to effectively implement the commitments that they have undertaken to ensure that this right becomes reality and does not remain only theoretical.",
"Mr. Diallo (Senegal) (spoke in French): I should like at the outset to warmly thank the organizers of this meeting, Bolivia most of all, and to express our deep satisfaction at this welcome initiative.",
"In its resolution 64/292, the General Assembly stated that access to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation is a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights. This major advance, along with the proclamation of the International Decade for Action, “Water for Life”, 2005-2015, definitively placed the issue of water and sanitation high on the agenda of the United Nations.",
"In that context, my country regularly reiterates its commitment and determination to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), particularly Goal 7 — to reduce by half, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water or sanitation services.",
"That is why access to safe drinking water and to adequate sanitation services, which is a major challenge on the international development agenda, has high priority in terms of our national development policies. In the same vein, Senegal, for several decades, has been implementing a water-supply policy aimed at providing a sufficient quantity and quality of water to various users at the lowest possible cost. That policy has led to an institutional and legislative reform that enhanced the effectiveness of the sector, with a particular focus on improved management and providing the most marginalized sectors of the population with access to water.",
"Moreover, this mechanism is buttressed by a dynamic private sector and the implementation of a plan of action for the integrated management of water resources. In addition to those efforts, another positive development has taken place: the establishment, in the framework of the Millennium Water and Sanitation Programme (PEPAM), of several hydraulic infrastructures, particularly in poor peri-urban zones and in rural areas. The implementation of the programme has already enabled us to achieve quite striking results. Despite these positive results, which are promising in terms of the achievement of the MDGs in this particular domain, much remains to be done in the area of water quality and delivery, as well as sanitation, especially in rural areas.",
"With a view to reducing inequalities in terms of access to drinking water and sanitation between urban and rural areas, we have undertaken activities aimed at harnessing surface and run-off water, particularly with respect to catchment areas.",
"We will not win this fight if we do not take account of climate-related phenomena such as droughts and floods, which can exacerbate constraints on water resources as well as the problem of access to water and sanitation. That is why I call for increased international cooperation and assistance, which are imperative necessities for supporting the activities of developing countries in the implementation of the objectives set in that respect.",
"In conclusion, I should like to reiterate to Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, the readiness of the authorities of Senegal to welcome her to our country in the context of the visit she is planning to pay us soon.",
"Mr. Olhaye (Djibouti): I wish at the outset to commend President Deiss for having facilitated the holding of this meeting at the initiative of Bolivia, joined by more than 20 States, including my own, with the aim of providing a dialogue on the principal challenges related to the realization of the human right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation and their impact on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, one year after the adoption of resolution 64/292, entitled “The human right to water and sanitation”.",
"The presence at this meeting of His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, adds significance to our gathering here today and underscores the high-level political commitment to the issues of water and sanitation by placing them on the international agenda.",
"The timing of this meeting is also quite significant, as it is taking place against the backdrop of the current severe drought in the Horn of Africa region, which straddles Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya and Djibouti, where more than 10 million people are facing severe starvation. It is unfortunate that, despite the early warnings issued and the appeals made over the past six months, the world has been slow to recognize the unfolding humanitarian catastrophe, where resources for clean water, food, shelter and health services have been acutely depleted.",
"We are only a few years away from the deadline for the commitments made by the international community to achieve fully the Millennium Development Goal of halving, by 2015, the proportion of people unable to reach or afford safe drinking water or access basic sanitation. Unless, therefore, there is sufficient goodwill on the part of the international community, it is inconceivable that that gap will be bridged, given that almost a billion people lack access to improved water sources and that more than 2.6 billion people do not have access to improved sanitation.",
"It is quite encouraging, however, that many countries are committing to recognizing access to water and sanitation as human rights and taking, with appropriate political will, both short- and long-term measures to fulfil these goals.",
"As with everything else, we cannot escape the reality that the world is divided into haves and have-nots when it comes to the full realization of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation. But we need to bear in mind that we have an obligation. These differences must give way to rational and concrete political commitments to ensure access to safe drinking water and sanitation for large parts of the population, irrespective of their station in life or where they live.",
"According to the Independent Expert on human rights, human rights prohibit discrimination against and the exclusion and deprivation of any group or individual, whether living in rural areas, in slums or in poverty. This is why the human rights framework places primary responsibility for the realization of human rights on the State, which should ensure the progressive achievement of universal access and create an overall enabling environment.",
"My country is one of the most deficient in freshwater resources, and we risk running out of water in the next 25 years. We are one of the countries with the least water available per capita. Out of the 186 countries reviewed for water stress, Djibouti is included among the 17 most at-risk countries in the world, described as being at “extreme risk”. For us and other countries in similar situations, the changing patterns of climate change are expected to cause increased drought and flooding. The water shortage situation is predicted to become ever more intense.",
"With the growth of the world population, an increase in drinking water consumption is inevitable, and, taken together with increased and inefficient irrigation, corruption and poor resource management, the problems of water shortage will be exacerbated. While some water-deficit countries may be endowed with other resources to enable them to invest in desalination plants, build water reservoirs or secure food in other ways, most countries face real challenges for survival.",
"One year after the adoption of resolution 64/292 on safe drinking water and sanitation, it is gratifying to participate in this meeting to assess the progress achieved within the context of the Millennium Development Goals. We have indeed a long way to go to fully realize the right to drinking water and sanitation, but that prospect should not deter us from striving hard to enable the millions without drinking water or lacking acceptable sanitation conditions to enjoy their human rights.",
"Mr. Ngculu (South Africa): My delegation wishes to express its appreciation to the President of the General Assembly for convening this meeting on the challenges with regard to the realization of the right of access to safe drinking water and sanitation in the context of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).",
"South Africa also wishes to commend the delegation of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, and in particular His Excellency President Evo Morales Ayma, for their efforts and commitment to ensuring the human right to water and sanitation.",
"The Bill of Rights of the South African Constitution provides a legislative framework for the full enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the human right to water and sanitation. In addition, the South African Constitution provides for the justiciability of economic, social and cultural rights, which derives from the provisions of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, especially based on the progressive realization of these rights, including the right of access to safe drinking water and sanitation.",
"In this regard, our Government has an obligation to create the enabling environment necessary to ensure that all South Africans have access to acceptable levels of water and sanitation. Our Government has established dedicated programmes, policies, criteria and legislation to ensure the realization and enjoyment of the right of access to safe drinking water and sanitation, and has committed itself to ensuring access to basic water services since 1994 by creating access to basic water and sanitation to previously disadvantaged people and the victims of racial discrimination.",
"The comprehensive nature of this right also touches upon other rights, such as the right to adequate housing and an adequate standard of living, and the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health. The approach undertaken by the Government of South Africa when dealing with the issue of human settlement is not only about the four walls, but also includes the provision of access to basic services such as basic sanitation, health and water.",
"Water and environment are catalysts for South Africa’s economic growth and development. The role of the Department of Water Affairs, which holds the national mandate on the human right to water and sanitation, is to ensure that the country has enough water and that the environment is protected in order to meet our country’s development needs, including the MDGs.",
"The South African Cabinet further approved the Strategic Framework for Water Services in 2003 and committed itself to the following sanitation targets: all people in South Africa shall have access to a functional basic sanitation facility; all schools shall have adequate and safe water supply and sanitation services; all clinics shall have adequate and safe water supply and sanitation services; and all bucket toilets shall be eradicated.",
"South Africa actively works and collaborates with fellow African countries, under the auspices of the African Ministerial Council on Water, in the use and management of water resources for sustainable social and economic development and maintenance of African ecosystems. South Africa also uses the New Partnership for Africa’s Development water and sanitation infrastructure programme and the Southern African Development Community water and sanitation programme to further realize the human right to water and sanitation for the African people. In response to the Millennium Development Goals pledge, South Africa has committed itself to implementing a dedicated water services programme. Considering that we are a water-scarce country, South Africa also placed itself at the forefront of progressive water resource management.",
"We are pleased to announce that South Africa has done well. In terms of achieving the MDG of formal basic water supply, we halved the formal backlog in 2005; and in terms of basic sanitation, the MDG was achieved in 2008. The achievements of the South African Government can be ascribed to specific strategic actions and strong political will and commitment. However, while we acknowledge that great strides have been made in bringing basic services such as water to poor households, many still do not have access to water or have insufficient access.",
"Important challenges with regard to the realization of the human right to water and sanitation are related to climate change, which is a reality that impacts a great number of people and represents a threat to South Africa’s long-term sustainable development, economic growth, quality of life, migration and urbanization.",
"South Africa remains committed to ensuring that the right to access to water remains sacrosanct, and in this connection we join other delegations in calling on States and international organizations to provide financial resources, capacity-building and technology transfer through international assistance and cooperation, in particular to developing countries, in order to scale up efforts to provide safe, clean, accessible and affordable drinking water and sanitation for all, for the achievement of Millennium Development Goal 7 and broader sustainable development goals.",
"Mr. Körösi (Hungary): Hungary fully aligns itself with the statement made by the European Union.",
"Much has been said already by previous speakers, and, obviously, there is a strong convergence among Member States on a broad spectrum of issues, and it encourages me to be very brief and to focus on some points and messages we deem particularly important.",
"Protection of water resources and integrated, sustainable water management, including sanitation, are key priorities for my country. We are committed to further sharing with our partners our experiences in these fields.",
"Hungary is of the view that a firm legal basis is of vital importance for successful water management and sanitation at both the national and international levels. Hungary encourages the reinforcement of the international partnership on all water-related issues, also in relation to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20 Conference), to be held next year.",
"Access to clean drinking water and sanitation should be universal, but this is far from a reality today, as hundreds of millions of people around the world continue to suffer, having been deprived of what we deem essential to a decent human life. We believe that it is a right of all that needs to be protected. It requires investments in management institutions, policies and infrastructure throughout vulnerable areas. The devastating humanitarian, economic and social consequences will come at a much higher cost if we do not take preventive measures now.",
"Mr. Vigny (Switzerland) (spoke in French): The proclamation on 28 July 2010 by the General Assembly, in its resolution 64/292, of the right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights was a historic step with respect to the issue of water",
"Switzerland actively participated in those negotiations and supported the resolution, while highlighting the need for coordination between the work of the General Assembly and that of the Human Rights Council. The resolutions adopted by these two United Nations bodies bring new ethical and qualitative dimensions in terms of physical, economic and non-discriminatory access to services of acceptable quality. Switzerland firmly believes that, in view of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the new goals we need to define for the period following 2015, a human rights-based approach is of the essence.",
"With that in mind, we welcome the report (A/65/254) submitted by the independent expert, during the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly, on the importance of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation to the realization of the MDGs, particularly Goal 7.C, which seeks to halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population with no access to safe drinking water or basic sanitation services. The benchmarks of the World Health Organization/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, put in place to monitor the achievement of the MDGs related to water and sanitation, must now incorporate these new dimensions.",
"Switzerland, along with several other countries, supports the Joint Monitoring Programme in this task, which will enable us to monitor the progress made in the area of access to water and sanitation from a human rights perspective. The current situation as described by the Programme reveals major inequalities in terms of access to water and a massive shortfall as concerns sanitation. There is a very wide gap between the needs in the field and the financial resources available. The situation calls for increased financing for drinking water and sanitation by and for low-income countries.",
"The Water and Sanitation for All Task Force, supported by numerous partners, including Switzerland, seeks to promote dialogue and commitments with respect to this issue at the global level.",
"At the beginning of this year, the Swiss Parliament agreed to increase our official development assistance. The increase will be devoted primarily to water. The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation decided to support the establishment and joint financing of a consortium of Swiss non‑governmental organizations that will focus on countries where water and sanitation coverage is extremely sparse, notably in vulnerable countries.",
"The progress made in terms of recognizing the right to water must be translated into concrete solutions that must be adjusted to scale. That will be a key topic at the forthcoming World Water Forum, to be held in 2012, and will also lie at the heart of the work of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, whom I thank for her very detailed, specific and meaningful statement.",
"The Protocol on Water and Health, ratified and supported by Switzerland, is a good example of a concrete solution. This international instrument, which pertains to the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, enshrines the close link that exists between human rights, health, protection of the environment and sustainable development.",
"In that context, the Swiss Development and Cooperation Agency and its partners are in the process of elaborating guidelines aimed at taking better account of the various dimensions of the right to water in the framework of projects related to safe drinking water sanitation and to the integrated management of water resources.",
"Mr. Quinlan (Australia): I would like first of all to thank the President of the General Assembly for having convened this important dialogue, and, of course, the Secretary-General and the Special Rapporteur for their comments earlier today. I would also like to thank President Evo Morales and the Plurinational State of Bolivia for having brought this life-sustaining, indeed, life-creating, human need before the General Assembly.",
"Australians understand something about water. We are the driest inhabited continent on Earth. We have one of the lowest rainfalls, and about three quarters of our land — and there is a lot of it — is arid or semi-arid. Over the past decade we have experienced what scientists estimate to have been our worst drought in 1,000 years.",
"But of course Australia is a wealthy country, and a developed country; our geology and climate, however, are tough, and our citizens are accustomed to water restrictions in all our major cities as a result of climate change, drought and the degradation of our waterways. Of course, as a developed country that is wealthy, we suffer nothing like the magnitude of the problem so eloquently defined a few minutes ago by the Permanent Representative of Djibouti.",
"But we do hope that, as a nation, we understand the importance of water to survival and people’s livelihoods and the imperative of water and sanitation to people’s health, the sustainability of communities — particularly remote and indigenous communities — and the environment. We recognize that access to water and sanitation is fundamental to the realization of human rights, as enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.",
"Other speakers today have spoken eloquently about the figures we confront — more than 2 billion people with no access to basic sanitation — due, in part, to water scarcity but also due, in part, to poor policies and management that have failed to ensure that everyone, regardless of who they are and where they live, can gain access to safe, affordable water and sanitation supplies and services.",
"The implications for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are clear; we simply cannot attain the MDGs without providing safe water and effective sanitation. Australia is encouraged that the world is on track to meet the MDG 7 target to deliver safe drinking water to hundreds of millions of people, but we are alarmed that the sanitation target is likely to be missed by 1 billion. We must do better.",
"My own Government has invested over $330 million in water, sanitation and hygiene in developing countries in the past two years, and we are planning to spend another $1 billion in the next four to do much more. Our non-governmental organizations also give priority to water.",
"Variable rainfall patterns, pollution of water supplies, inefficient use and leakage of water supplies, poor infrastructure, high population growth, rapid urbanization, discrimination and marginalization are all big challenges, which others have spoken about today, to achieving the goal of delivering safe drinking water and sanitation. Addressing those challenges requires enhanced policy and management, increased investments through funding and capacity support, the application of innovative and cost-effective sanitation and water technologies, and an improved focus on the rights of the most vulnerable and marginalized.",
"We need to improve water and sanitation planning for urban settings and close the gap in the level of access between urban and rural populations. We need to expand rainwater catchment and storage facilities to communities in need, particularly, as I have said, to remote and indigenous communities. We need to empower local communities to enact their own local water and sanitation initiatives.",
"We need to do more to support integrated water resource management, including safe waste disposal and water-sharing arrangements. And without delay, we need to address the disproportionate impact that poor water and sanitation access has on health, education and economic opportunities for women, young girls and people with disabilities.",
"To conclude, Australians know that water is a precious resource — the life source — and that it must be carefully managed. We ourselves will continue to give what priority and assistance we can to help meet the challenges that impede access to safe drinking water and sanitation for many hundreds of millions of people. We will continue to participate in vital debates, such as today’s, and we would encourage the General Assembly to keep this vital subject on its agenda.",
"Mr. Kafando (Burkina Faso) (spoke in French): At the outset, I would like to thank the delegation of the Plurinational State of Bolivia for having called for this meeting and President Deiss for rallying to the very just cause of the fundamental right to water and sanitation.",
"Access to drinking water and sanitation is today a basic human right, as all speakers here have stated. Alas, in today’s world, more than 884 million people still lack access to drinking water, while 2.5 billion still lack access to appropriate sanitation facilities, according to a report prepared in 2008 by the United Nations Children’s Fund and the World Health Organization.",
"Bearing this situation in mind, the Government of Burkina Faso has set up a State-owned company — the National Water and Sanitation Office — tasked with building, managing and protecting facilities for capturing, transferring, treating and delivering drinking water to meet urban and industrial needs. It also builds, promotes, improves and manages collective, individual and autonomous sanitation facilities for the evacuation of waste water and solid waste in urban and semi-urban areas.",
"Notable progress made by my country over the past few years in terms of access to drinking water and sanitation led to our being honoured with a Millennium Development Goals Award in September 2010. We would like once again to thank the partners whose support for our Government enabled it to achieve these results.",
"However, Burkina Faso’s efforts to manage water have been limited by rainfall that is inadequate and very unequal across the national territory. This situation led us, in cooperation with the Kingdom of Morocco, in 1998 to launch Operation SAGA, which aims to create artificial rainfall using proven techniques. The experiment was quite successful and is now an ongoing programme.",
"As a Sahelian country that has suffered from drought, Burkina Faso takes this opportunity to alert the international community to the expansion of the desert and its nefarious consequences. The current dramatic and even tragic situation in the Horn of Africa, and Somalia in particular, gives some idea of those consequences.",
"We hope that the high-level meeting scheduled for 20 September, on the theme “Addressing desertification, land degradation and drought in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication”, will be an opportunity for us to address the core of the problem and, in particular, the matter of access to drinking water and appropriate sanitation facilities.",
"Lack of access to water and sanitation has serious consequences for education, housing, work, gender parity and life in general. It is thus very urgent to identify appropriate and sustainable solutions to this problem, whose causes and consequences are many and complex. Nevertheless, through concerted and inclusive efforts, the Member States, with the assistance of the United Nations system and other stakeholders, will be able to create, in our opinion, the conditions conducive to guaranteeing access to safe drinking water and sanitation to populations that still lack them.",
"Ms. Hussain (Maldives): The Maldives welcomes the convening of this very important debate on the right to water and sanitation. We thank the President for his leadership in initiating this important discussion.",
"The Maldives has a policy towards ensuring that all inhabited islands have access to clean water. Water is very scarce and extremely expensive for us to manage due to the geological formation and geography of the Maldives archipelago. There are no rivers or streams. The few small wetlands or freshwater lakes that we have yet to be managed. Our main freshwater resource is groundwater in the form of a thin freshwater lens found in very shallow depths. It is therefore highly susceptible to saline intrusion and contamination due to sanitation processes and needs intensive management, which is often extremely involved and expensive, to avoid overexploitation. Our lesson is that the health benefits and social impacts of this effort far outweigh the expense.",
"The Maldives is deeply concerned that, according to the 2010 Joint Monitoring Programme report of the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund, approximately 884 million people lack access to improved water sources and that over 2.6 billion people do not have access to sanitation. We are very alarmed that approximately 1.5 million children under the age of five die and that 443 million school days are lost every day as a result of water- and sanitation-related diseases. Urgent and transformational action is needed now to combat these global issues.",
"There is no doubt that water is a scarce commodity all over the globe. It is even more so for countries like the Maldives, which are highly vulnerable to climate change, adding further pressure to existing threats to the sustainability of our freshwater resources. For small island States like the Maldives, the impact of climate change on our water resources is not a distant reality but an acute problem that we are faced with in the present. Our commitment to contributing to resolve this most critical of issues is directly related to the well-being and socio-economic development of our people.",
"The Maldives welcomed the adoption of resolution 64/292 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/9, which recognize the human right to water and sanitation and reaffirm, inter alia, that the human right to water and sanitation is derived from the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably linked to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, as well as the right to life and human dignity.",
"We reaffirm that the human right to water and sanitation is set out in existing human rights treaties and therefore entails legally binding obligations. The Maldives has long been engaged in taking measures to protect and ensure the right to water. Our national policy is to ensure that all inhabited islands have adequate water and sanitation services.",
"We acknowledge that right and have put plans in place to enhance the management of our water resources in order to combat the impact of climate change and sea-level rise. The Maldives believes that existing measures to ensure the right to water must be evaluated further in order to determine their sustainability in the context of sea-level rise, the increased frequency of extreme weather events and changes in precipitation levels.",
"We consider that the recognition of the human right to water and sanitation is a breakthrough that demonstrates the political will and determined aspiration of the international community’s to resolve this important issue.",
"Mr. Loulichki (Morocco) (spoke in French): I would like at the outset to thank the President of the General Assembly for having organized this important meeting on the critical issue of the right to water and sanitation, which is a major challenge to the international community. It is at the heart of the realization of the economic and social rights that Morocco holds dear. We are delighted to learn that Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque has been tasked to advocate this right, which she is doing with great commitment and professionalism.",
"We all know that the increasingly numerous calls for the recognition and realization of the right to water are legitimate and essential to the full and effective exercise of human rights. No life is possible or conceivable without access to water. This claim is not political, ideological or moral. It is a solemn appeal in favour of the right to life. By enshrining the right to water in international norms, are we not simply helping to protect life? Is that not the raison d’être of the United Nations system? Can we legitimately accept that millions of women, men and children, mostly in developing countries, are deprived of sufficient access to water for economic, geographic or environmental reasons? Is that our understanding of respect for human dignity? Is it acceptable that, in Africa and Asia, the average distance that a woman or a child must walk in order to find water is six kilometres?",
"I am proud of having personally experienced that trial and of having lived in very difficult circumstances. When I talk about the right to water, I know what I am talking about.",
"According to the World Health Organization, half of all hospital beds across the world are occupied by patients suffering from waterborne diseases. According to the United Nations Development Programme, the lack of access to drinking water and sanitation has grave consequences for the right to health. Every year, 1.8 million children die of diseases caused by unsafe water and poor hygiene; that figure is far higher than the number of deaths caused by violent conflict. Four people out of every 10 in the developing world are affected by water shortages. The situation is deteriorating because of demographic growth, urban sprawl, pollution and the impact of climate change.",
"Should the international community resign itself to this sorrowful assessment? We hope not. The time has come for us to come to our senses, appeal to people’s consciences and mobilize the search for sustainable solutions. The organization of this meeting is already, in and of itself, a form of recognition of the gravity of the situation and a call to action. We must not stop at words but act together, and quickly.",
"I cannot but regret the fact that this debate, which is so important to the lives of millions of people across the planet, is taking place in a General Assembly Hall that is practically empty. That does not herald any deep or massive commitment on the part of the international community to this fundamental right.",
"Morocco is a willing and energetic participant in this new collective awareness-raising. My country supports any international effort to give full recognition to the universal right to water and sanitation. Morocco welcomed the adoption of resolution 64/292 in July 2010.",
"My country’s commitment to recognizing the right to water is not new. Since winning its independence, Morocco has made access to water a priority. In the 1960s, we launched a dam construction programme that has enabled us to increase our storage capacity to 17 billion cubic metres. Almost all of our urban population in Morocco has access to drinking water; in rural areas, 60 per cent have such access. The construction of hundreds of water purification plants in small and medium-sized Moroccan towns has led to great achievements in terms of wastewater treatment.",
"The modernization of the legislative and administrative framework has allowed for changes to water resource management by increasing supply through demand management and resource protection. In October 2009, His Majesty Mohammed VI declared that",
"“our present and future challenge is to work tirelessly to master our resources, where economy in their use, the maximization of their value, expediency in their organization and preservation of their quality will be the basis of our development methods”.",
"At the regional and international levels, my country has always stood shoulder to shoulder with countries facing economic, social and human difficulties linked to access to water. In the context of active, voluntary and dynamic South-South cooperation characterized by exchanges of experience, Morocco has provided assistance to brother countries, in particular in Africa, such as on artificial rainfall. My country has also been very aware of the situation of countries affected by climate change, in particular island countries, and by drought, as is unfortunately currently the case in the Horn of Africa.",
"Only international joint action will enable future generations to have adequate access to water. However, how can we not be concerned when the United Nations declares that by 2025, two-thirds of the global population, or 5.5 billion people, could live in areas affected by moderate or serious water stress. In Africa, 25 per cent of the population is already in a situation of extreme water stress. The drought-driven exodus from the Horn of Africa fully justifies today’s debate. Respect for human dignity begins with the enshrinement of the universal right to water. It is time to unite and to act, since our prime responsibility in this body is, above all, to help save lives by ensuring access to the source of all life on Earth. I would say that water is essential to all life on Earth.",
"When I commented on the fact that this debate is taking place before an almost empty Assembly Hall, it was not to single anybody out, but only to deplore the fact that such a basic, fundamental and seminal human right can be addressed with, I will not say indifference, but little enthusiasm.",
"Mr. Valero Briceño (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) (spoke in Spanish): I would like to thank the President for having convened this plenary. Allow me, through him, to welcome the participation of His Excellency the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, our companion and brother Evo Morales Ayma, in this afternoon’s debate.",
"The reports of United Nations agencies and bodies indicate that access to water and sanitation is unequal across the world. They reveal the existing polarities among regions and countries with regard to the enjoyment of such rights. Access to water and sanitation is a human right that must be ensured for all men and women on Earth. The fact that a wealthy minority monopolizes the benefits and enjoyment of the gifts of Mother Earth, while almost a billion people lack access to drinking water, is to be condemned. Some 2.6 billion people lack acceptable sanitation facilities, while that same minority flaunts the obscene extravagances that they enjoy in the contrived and alienating capitalist market.",
"Every day, between 4,000 and 5,000 children die as a result of lack of access to drinking water. The root causes can be found in poverty, economic and social inequality, climate change, the destruction of natural resources and the unfair balance of power that characterize the global capitalist system.",
"Will humankind be able to reverse such destructive trends, which annihilate life, and to create a more democratic, just and pluralistic society conducive to the preservation of life? We believe that that is possible. In order to ensure that humankind can exercise fundamental human rights, including access to water and sanitation, and achieve its freedom, we must uproot the narrow and miserly foundation of economic competition and market fundamentalism and make way for the reign of world solidarity.",
"In Venezuela, the human right to water and sanitation is ensured. Our country has a legal provision that recognizes the nation’s full sovereignty over water, that access to water is a fundamental right and that water is vital to life and human well-being and an essential resource for development.",
"This afternoon, His Excellency President Evo Morales Ayma said that water is the mother of all rights. We hear him. If that right is not upheld, no human right will be respected. I would add that water delivery must be a public service, not a source of wealth and trade. He called on us to seek a balance between human beings and nature. We fully share such humanist principles.",
"Venezuela’s water-related legislation establishes that water is a social good. Therefore, the State ensures access to water to all communities, urban and rural, including indigenous peoples and all vulnerable social groups. The law also guarantees that, in full exercise of sovereignty and national security, foreign companies can never be allowed to exploit any water source anywhere. Water is a public good. It cannot be privately owned by any natural or legal person.",
"The United Nations established a Millennium Development Goal aimed at halving the percentage of people without sustainable access to drinking water by 2015. Venezuela achieved the Goal of drinking water coverage in 2001 by building networks to reduce to 15 per cent the number of people without drinking water. The goal of sanitation service coverage was",
"reached in 2005 by building networks to reduce the number of people without sanitation services.",
"More than 95 per cent of the population of Venezuela today has access to drinking water. Our country, in the context of the Bolivarian revolution, has established major infrastructures for the capture, harnessing, purification and supply of drinking water, resulting in a total production capacity that can provide enough water for the 30 million people living in Venezuela. Our country also met the sanitation objective, achieving coverage of 92 per cent by means of our national plan aimed at expanding access to drinking water and sanitation.",
"Allow me to conclude by voicing my country’s hope that the contributions made by the various delegations that have spoken in this debate will serve as an incentive to ensure that the right to water and sanitation can be enjoyed by all human beings on this planet.",
"The meeting rose at 6.05 p.m."
] | A_65_PV.114 | [
"Chairman: Mr. Deiss (Switzerland)",
"The meeting was called to order at 3.05 p.m.",
"Agenda item 13 (continued)",
"Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields",
"The President (spoke in French): Members will recall that at its 52nd meeting, on 23 November 2010, the General Assembly held a debate on agenda item 13 in conjunction with item 115, on the follow-up to the outcome of the Millennium Summit, and item 120, on the strengthening of the United Nations system.",
"Members will also recall that, in accordance with agenda items 13 and 115, the Assembly adopted resolutions 65/1, 65/7, 65/281 and 65/285, respectively, at its 9th, 41th and 105th plenary meetings. Also, under agenda item 13, at its 52nd, 72nd and 109th plenary meetings, respectively, the General Assembly adopted resolutions 65/10, 65/234 and 65/309.",
"As an introduction, I would like to share some comments with the members of the Assembly. We meet today to address the challenges posed by the realization of human rights, the problem of water and sanitation, as well as to examine the impact of the realization of those rights on the Millennium Development Goals. I would like to warmly welcome His Excellency President Evo Morales, whose country, the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is an ardent defender of these rights. I would also like to extend a warm welcome to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on human rights, water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, who will participate in the debate this afternoon.",
"In July 2010, the General Assembly adopted resolution 64/292 on human rights, water and sanitation. This decision was the first step towards the explicit recognition of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation as a human right. Subsequently, in September 2010, the Human Rights Council adopted a resolution stating that the right to water and sanitation was essential to benefit from the right to a decent life and an adequate standard of living.",
"For millions of people access to water and sanitation is an urgent need for development. Goal 7 calls for a halving of the world ' s population without access to safe drinking water and sanitation by 2015. The implementation of this objective is essential to achieving other goals, such as poverty reduction, child health and education for all.",
"Progress achieved after 10 years of efforts remains insufficient. There are still about 1 billion people without access to safe drinking water and over 2 billion without basic sanitation. I welcome and support the initiative “Sustainable sanitation: five years to reach 2015”, launched by the Secretary-General last month.",
"These figures, in addition to the drought that currently plagues the Horn of Africa, also remind us of the inequalities that exist in the world today when we try to meet our needs for drinking water. Although in some regions of the world men, women and children die because of the lack of some litres of water, in other regions the water is wasted. The human right to water and sanitation is therefore a critical element in ensuring that everyone enjoys a decent and free life.",
"Today, which we have the opportunity to discuss this issue, we also have to face many challenges, in many cases the absence of functional state institutions and limited financial resources. Realizing these rights would also mean moving towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals in terms of drinking water and the full MDGs.",
"The 2015 deadline leaves us little room for decisive action. In accordance with the spirit of the commitment made at the High-level Plenary Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals, which opened the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly in September 2010, and in the spirit of the initiative of the Secretary-General I have just mentioned, we must reaffirm our collective will to achieve the Goals and to redouble our efforts to achieve them. I hope that the Conference on Sustainable Development to be held next year in Rio will provide a new impetus for achieving universal access to water and sanitation.",
"Today, we have an excellent opportunity to send the message that we have the will to succeed. I call on speakers to emphasize results-oriented practical methods to realize the right to water and sanitation.",
"I now give the floor to the Secretary-General, His Excellency. Mr. Ban Ki-moon.",
"The Secretary-General: At any time, about half of all people in developing countries will suffer health problems caused by poor water quality and lack of sanitation. Together, unsafe water and poor sanitation constitute the second largest cause in the world of children ' s death. While progress has generally been made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goal target on halving the number of people without access to safe drinking water, the world will not meet the sanitation target. I therefore welcome the holding of this plenary meeting.",
"Last July, the General Assembly recognized the right to water and sanitation. Subsequently, in September, the Human Rights Council made it clear that this right is part of the right to an adequate standard of living. Those were important achievements. They create a strong legal framework for Governments and the United Nations alike. The task now is to translate that commitment into specific obligations at the national and international levels. Only then can people and — especially the poor — exercise that right.",
"Make it clear to us—the right to water and sanitation does not mean that water should be free. On the contrary, it means that water and sanitation services should be affordable and available to all, and that States will do their best to do so. It cannot be accepted that the slum dwellers pay five and up to 10 times more for the water they consume than the rich residents of the same cities. It cannot be accepted that more than one billion people in rural communities live without baths and have to defecate outdoors. It cannot be accepted that wastewater from the slums, farms and industry will contaminate the environment.",
"Last month, the United Nations launched the initiative “Sustainable sanitation — a five-year campaign until 2015.” I then talked about how lack of access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation adversely affects the health and development of children. I also talked about how good sanitation can boost our efforts in combating HIV/AIDS and malaria, simply because people living in hygienic conditions are better prepared to fight other diseases. I also noted that good sanitation and good hygiene can increase school performance and reduce absenteeism, especially among adolescent girls, thus contributing to their empowerment and equality. In short, improving sanitation can contribute to all our development goals.",
"Many Governments have already included the rights to water and sanitation in their national constitutions and legislation. Those Governments that have not yet done so should follow that example without delay. We must reach all who have been denied the necessary water and sanitation services for their dignity and well-being. Today, I think of the emergency in the Horn of Africa. Millions of people struggle simply to survive and barely enjoy the full range of their rights. They need immediate assistance from food and water to adequate sanitation in camps where many have been forced to take shelter.",
"However, short-term relief must be linked to long-term sustainability. This will require an agricultural transformation that improves the resilience of rural populations — particularly pastoralists — and minimizes the magnitude of any future crisis. This means that work must be done to realize the right to water and sanitation for all. It means that the necessary security conditions must be created for populations and communities to prosper. Water, sanitation, stability, prosperity and peace are objectives that are closely and inextricably linked. We can progress if we work together.",
"The President (spoke in French): I thank the Secretary-General for his statement.",
"The Assembly will now hear an address by the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, His Excellency. Mr. Evo Morales Ayma.",
"President Morales Ayma: I come here to express my deep respect and admiration to the United Nations, first, for this meeting, and second, because a year ago the United Nations Assembly for the first time in the world, something historic, unprecedented, adopted the right to water as a universal human right (resolution 64/292).",
"That makes me think that this new millennium allows us to rescuing the damages that were done against the peoples of the world. If now, thanks to the United Nations Assembly, water is a human right, therefore water is the mother of all rights. If the Presidents, the Governments, the States do not guarantee water as a human right, I am sure they do not respect all the rights of any human being who inhabits the planet Earth. Therefore, I am convinced that we have significant progress, from the United Nations, in implementing those rights that allow us to resolve the demands of our peoples.",
"If water is a human right, now water must stop being a private business, and be a public service. If water is a human right, there can be no goals or objectives that convert water into trade, neither sources nor companies that can profit from water. Based on the United Nations declaration and approval of water as a human right, we have an obligation to work together, share experiences, to implement these policies that allow water to be a human right.",
"I would also like to take this opportunity to express one of the sufferings of the peoples, as our Secretary General once mentioned, the loss of the lives of the children, of the peasantry, for lack of water. Just as any right must be respected. When we talk about human rights, human rights also have adversaries, which are policies that bring inequality, which bring injustice to the peoples of the world. Water also has its adversary and that opponent of this natural resource is global warming. Global warming is the first adversary of water. Why do I say this? In my country, last year we endured the worst year of drought, the worst year of frost, the worst year in which temperatures drop. That frost in the Bolivian Amazon leaves millions of dead fish. In the highland, in the valley, without water, communities have to leave and walk behind the water.",
"Very serious problems that we have experienced, we had to face with our own efforts these effects that bring global warming; but I also want to be very responsible, an experience that we are implementing from the national government, with new policies and new programs, called Mi Agua; more investment for water, because if there is no water, there is no life. If there is no water, there is no food, if there is no water, there is no planet. It is therefore the duty of Governments, States, nations to guarantee this natural resource that is so important to life, very important to life.",
"Happily, in Bolivia, thanks to this democratic awareness of the people, we have constitutionalized water as a right, therefore, it is now an obligation to implement it. Within this policy, with the Mi Agua program, together with our mayors, of the 337, we started to see how to prioritize projects, programs, which are not only initiatives of the mayor or the president, but are needs that can prioritize the beneficiaries of this natural resource. Therefore, drinking water for humans, water for irrigation and water for livestock.",
"Surely for some ambassadors, some ambassadors, some representatives of the nations, it may seem ridiculous, why water for the cattle? There are families that depend on cattle and that cattle requires water. When there has been drought in the highlands, in the Bolivian valley, families have abandoned their communities, their lands, but could not leave them with their cattle. The cattle stayed to the fate of nature. When the rainy season returns, of course, families return to their land to see, and collect, how much cattle had been saved from the drought. Of course, some were already dead bodies, skeletons, bones, but some were saved. That brings global warming. Global warming affects water and destroys families, especially peasant communities.",
"These facts, these experiences, have made us wake up to implement this program. It is a first experience, so far there are many expectations. We've invested $100 million for about 10 million people in Bolivia. We would like to deepen, we would like to share with you this experience, other experiences that your countries have. I come to listen to your different interventions. I would like to learn from you, as well as from our leaders, our authorities, from the United Nations, about how we can complement ourselves to ensure water as a public service, because alone, I am sure that we will not be able to solve it, it will only be impossible to face this kind of problems that arise in some regions, in some countries or on some continents; but we also have the obligation to make a deep reflection.",
"It is not possible for some countries to waste water, water to be part of luxury, without thinking how to share water and not compete with water. I feel it is important to share and not to enter competitiveness. There we also have profound differences, the so-called developing countries. Any competitiveness is not a solution to poverty or unemployment. But if we're going to complement each other, we can certainly do it. Always work, struggle, the task is to seek that balance between human beings.",
"The United Nations has taken an important step in the world. I have heard on some continents that now a referendum on water, whether water will be a private business or a public service. Of course, people with more than 80% or 90% are adopting that water must be a human right. Therefore, public service and not private business. We do not want some transnational corporations like Bolivia to privatize water, that the State has to guarantee credits so that these transnational corporations can privatize and profit from the sale of water. How can we sell the water? How can water be a private business? We condemn that.",
"These struggles of the social movements of the countryside, of the city, of the workers, of the professionals and intellectuals committed to their people, of the indigenous, of the coca growers. It was important in 2000. We expelled some TNCs before they reached the Government. There are some companies that wanted to raise the price of water tariffs with more than 500%. Well, that has allowed us to reflect deeply and for those reflections that we did from the social movements, now legalize, constitutionalize, and put forward in this kind of international forums with great respect, respecting their policies, programs, those that have countries, but it is also my obligation, our obligation, to share these experiences as any country that has their experiences and experiences for the good of the community.",
"Apart from our policies, our programmes, I come to the name of the Bolivian people to greet the United Nations authorities, the ambassadors, the ambassadors, who a year ago, with much intelligence, with much wisdom, declared water a human right. If it is a human right, now our responsibility is to implement this policy defined by the United Nations. My respects to the Secretary-General, the President of the Assembly, to you, for these policies and we will always be here to share our experiences.",
"The President (spoke in French): I have invited the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, to participate in this session.",
"If there is no objection, may I take it that the General Assembly wishes, without setting a precedent, to invite the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, to make a statement at this meeting?",
"It was so decided.",
"The President (spoke in French): In accordance with the decision just taken, and without a precedent, I give the floor to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation.",
"Ms. de Albuquerque (spoke in French): Mr. President: First of all, I thank you for inviting me to participate in this important meeting. It is my honour and pleasure to be here today to review the progress and challenges that persist with regard to the realization of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation in the context of the Millennium Development Goals.",
"(spoke in English)",
"When, exactly a year ago, following the historic vote in the General Assembly on the right to water and sanitation (resolution 64/292), journalists asked me about the scope of recognition of this human right, I immediately recalled the wise words of Eleanor Roosevelt, who said that human rights begin in discreet places, near home. This is because, if these rights mean nothing there, little will mean in other places. So today, as we meet to commemorate the first anniversary of the adoption of the resolution, we must ask ourselves the same questions as a year ago. Will this resolution affect the lives of the billions of people who do not have access to safe drinking water and sanitation? Will it help prevent the deaths of about 1.5 million children every year from water and sanitation-related diseases? Will it allow to improve schools that lack water and those that girls fail to attend because they do not have sex-differentiated bathrooms? Will it help to change the situation of hospitals that lack water and sanitation and have high rates of maternal mortality?",
"Fatima and John are two of the billions of people suffering from the lack of drinking water and sanitation. I met Fatima and her daughters in one of my missions. They had to walk for hours every day to collect water. They could not work or go to school because they devoted most of the day to that task. The whole family often suffered from diarrhea and, the day before meeting them, one of her friends was almost raped while she was going to look for water.",
"Two years later, in another of my missions, I met John, a homeless man. The public bathrooms in his city had been closed. John became, as he himself said, a sanitation technician for homeless people. He put a latrine inside a store where people could defecate in plastic bags. John picked up those feces and, by bike, he was looking for an open bathroom where he emptied the bags.",
"These human rights violations must be ended. Resolution 64/292 should be a reference with which to put an end to the suffering of all the Fatimas and Johns of the world. Do I hope too much of a General Assembly resolution, by trusting that it can have a real impact on people ' s lives? I don't think so.",
"The challenges are and will continue to be great, but the ongoing experiences around the world indicate that the recognition of the right to water and sanitation as a human right can really bring about a great change.",
"What has been achieved with the recognition of the right to water and sanitation? When both the Assembly and the Human Rights Council adopted resolutions recognizing water and sanitation as fundamental human rights, States made very clear commitments. They recognized that water and sanitation derive from the right to a decent life and, as already mentioned, must be given in sufficient quantity and easily accessible, safe, affordable and culturally acceptable to all, without discrimination.",
"These resolutions fueled political attention and helped to generate the sense of premura required to improve access to water and sanitation in the world. In this context, I commend Bolivia, Germany and Spain for their leadership within the United Nations framework. These resolutions point to a new reality for the world in which we live: a world in which everyone has access to safe drinking water and sanitation; a world in which people do not get sick because of water that drink or cause disease to others when they are forced to defecate outdoors; a world where parents do not have to choose between taking their child to the doctor or paying water bills.",
"This new perspective requires a change in the mentality of politicians, national Governments, local authorities, non-governmental organizations, United Nations agencies, the private sector and individuals themselves. It means that the most vulnerable, the poorest, the indigenous, the slum-dwellers and the homeless—those who do not have a voice—are no longer left behind and become priorities for political action. This new perspective means that ensuring access to safe drinking water and sanitation ceases to be a charitable gesture or merely a good idea of policymakers. Unlike human rights, good ideas are subject to political hives. Good ideas are not legally binding.",
"Does this mean that human rights do not take into account the shortage of resources of States or the incidence of crises? Of course not. Recognizing the right to water and sanitation, States are expected to take concrete steps to achieve the progressive realization of these rights, making the most of available resources, while ending all forms of discrimination in access to water and sanitation.",
"Much can be done, even in a situation of scarce resources like the one we are going through. Some of these measures include, for example, recognizing these rights in national legislation, taking national measures to realize the right to water and sanitation or giving priority to communities without supply or with poor supply in order to achieve a minimum level of access for all.",
"Since last year, the right to water and sanitation has been proclaimed, I have received repeated requests for assistance from Governments, non-governmental organizations, service providers and United Nations agencies seeking to realize this human right but need help and guidance to do so.",
"Over the past three years, I've been collecting examples of good practices. I have received reports of more than 200 cases from the five continents, of which I will present a compilation to the Human Rights Council in September. These practices are of a very varied nature, thus demonstrating that there is more than one way and that the realization of the right to water and sanitation is feasible.",
"Let me quote some of these examples. One of them is an ecological latrine of the ArborLoo type that is already used in different countries, including Malawi, which aims to turn the feces into fertilizer directly into a pit where a fruit tree will be planted — in Malawi usually a banana — taking advantage of that highly fertile land. The sale of bananas serves the owner of the ArborLoo to obtain the money to cover this form of sanitation.",
"On the other hand, national legal instruments are important tools to protect the right to water. In Botswana, for example, there has been a recent judicial decision that indigenous communities, who had been evicted from their lands and whose water wells had been dismantled, are successfully protected under the Water Act of the country. The Court of Appeal, on the basis of the various grounds of the Assembly ' s resolution, stated that the Water Act allows a landowner to drill wells for domestic use without specific water rights and that limiting this right may constitute a case of cruel or inhumane treatment prohibited by the Constitution.",
"At the global level, I welcome the fact that, through my collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO), which is part of my mandate, the annual global assessment of sanitation and drinking water produced by UN-Water will include in the coming year more information on issues such as legal recognition and judicial protection at the national level of the right to water and sanitation, as well as participation by the public sector and non-discrimination.",
"On the other hand, the Joint Monitoring Programme of UNICEF and WHO, which assesses progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals related to access to water and sanitation, is working closely with me on the development of new indicators that take into account human rights criteria. I am also leading a working group to develop indicators to measure non-discrimination and equality in access to safe drinking water and sanitation.",
"In this regard, I would like to request all States Members of the United Nations to implement human rights in the field of water and sanitation when they deny the post-2015 global development agenda. This is crucial, as the current MDG framework does not measure the impact of discrimination on access to water and sanitation. Thus, a State can be a model in achieving the MDGs without changing the fate of indigenous peoples, slum dwellers or persons with disabilities.",
"On the other hand, water quality is not yet controlled worldwide. The price and proximity of water supply and sanitation services are not being assessed globally. The truth is that we simply do not know how many people have access to water and sanitation that conform to the principles, in line with the human rights framework, of availability, quality, accessibility, affordability and acceptability that United Nations Member States supported last year. Now, even long after the MDG deadlines are met, the global development agenda must be in line with the commitments of respect for human rights assumed by the Assembly.",
"The lessons learned over the past three years from my missions and meetings with communities and political leaders working to improve access to water and sanitation demonstrate that the exercise of these rights is, as I have said before, feasible. This is true even in the case of low-income countries and communities, and also in emergency situations. Of course, the challenges remain numerous, including financial and strictly technical obstacles. However, I must emphasize that political will and good management remain key to expanding access to good quality water and sanitation.",
"In this spirit, I would like to conclude by appealing to all stakeholders, including States, United Nations agencies, donors, civil society and the private sector, to use the human rights framework in all their national and international efforts to ensure access to water and sanitation for all. The starting point for the recognition of the human right to water and sanitation by the Assembly and the Human Rights Council is a vital tool in this effort. Through the implementation of this framework, interventions will make more effective, the results will be more successful and their impact will be more durable.",
"The President (spoke in French): I should like to inform the Assembly that there are 35 speakers on my list. I request all speakers to limit their statements to a maximum of five minutes in order to enable the maximum possible participation. Otherwise, the debate will continue early next week.",
"I now give the floor to the Permanent Observer of the European Union.",
"Mr. Serrano (European Union): Before I address the European Union, I would like to acknowledge the participation of the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, His Excellency. Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, as well as thanking you for your leadership in this very important issue and the message you have launched here this afternoon. I also appreciate the message of the Secretary-General and the participation of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Albuquerque Catarina.",
"(spoke in English)",
"I have the honour to speak on behalf of the European Union and its member States.",
"This statement is endorsed by Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Iceland, candidate countries; Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, countries of the Stabilization and Association Process and potential candidates; and Liechtenstein, country of the European Free Trade Association and member of the European Economic Area, as well as Ukraine.",
"Mr. Chairman: The European Union thanked you for organizing this meeting of the General Assembly on a very important item. Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is essential for people to live with health and dignity. All countries must ensure that people fully enjoy their human rights and have equal access to health care, education, safe drinking water and sanitation, as well as social services and other basic services. The European Union endorses the recent recognition of the human right to water and sanitation by the General Assembly and the statement made by the Human Rights Council that this right is part of the human right to an adequate standard of living.",
"While bearing in mind that there are different positions among Members of the United Nations regarding relevant resolutions, the European Union considers it important that the international community demonstrate a common political will to address the global water and sanitation crisis.",
"On the other hand, water management affects all sectors that affect inclusive growth and sustainable development, such as energy production, agriculture, food security or the environment, as well as peace and security.",
"Hence, policymakers are increasingly aware of the importance of water and sanitation for sustainable and human development, also through the work of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. Through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the international community has made access to safe drinking water and sanitation an absolute priority. In this way, we have jointly made great strides in achieving this goal.",
"However, there is no reason to sleep in the laurels, because access to safe drinking water and sanitation remains a matter of life or death for hundreds of millions of people around the world. About 884 million people still lack access to safe water sources, while more than 2.6 million people are unable to access acceptable sanitation.",
"In addition, about one third of the world ' s population lives in areas affected by the water deficit, and water demand grows. Investments in water infrastructure are far behind in developing countries, especially in Africa, making them vulnerable to drought and flooding, with serious social, environmental and economic consequences. Access to water and sanitation is a particularly serious problem in the urban context, where rapid population growth in the cities of the developing world increases the already heavy burden on infrastructure and services.",
"The European Union is fully aware of the fundamental importance of access to water and sanitation, whether from a human rights perspective as a key issue for development. It will continue to give priority to sustainable water management in its future development policy.",
"The European Union and its member States have a strong political commitment and are working closely with African countries in the water sector. This was demonstrated by the joint strategy of the African Union and the European Union agreed in Libya in November of last year. Last year, the European Union launched an MDG-related initiative, which targets Euro1 billion for Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific, focusing on water and sanitation.",
"Generally speaking, the commitment of the European Union and its member States to the water issue to climate change challenges and the need for green growth has recently been strengthened. Furthermore, Germany and France will organize, respectively, a conference on the link between water, energy and food, to be held in Bonn in November 2011, and the World Water Forum, to be held in Marseille in March 2012.",
"The European Union also applauds the efforts of the World Health Organization and UNICEF to study the post-2015 framework for water development and sanitation, and we recognize the importance of global monitoring of quality, affordability and accessibility of water and sanitation.",
"In conclusion, I would like to point out that the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20 Conference), to be held in June 2012, offers a unique opportunity for the world to renew political commitment to sustainable development.",
"The European Union and its member States are determined to contribute to the success of the Rio+20 Conference. Access to safe drinking water and sanitation and sustainable water resources management should be prominent at the Rio+20 Conference and its outcomes. This should complement and support our efforts to achieve full implementation of the MDGs and the promotion of sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth and sustainable development.",
"Mrs. Viotti (Brazil): Brazil appreciates this opportunity to discuss the challenges to the full realization of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, at the initiative of Bolivia. It is a pleasure to welcome His Excellency. Mr. Evo Morales, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. We listen with great attention and interest to his presentation, and we echo his call for greater cooperation and solidarity in relation to this issue of such great importance. I would also like to thank Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, and congratulate her on her excellent work.",
"Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is a precondition for poverty eradication. Our efforts for the development of our societies have close ties to progress on this issue. At the national level, Brazil is working to ensure universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation. At the international level we are sharing our experiences and learning with others in the management of water resources, particularly in arid and semi-arid lands.",
"Brazil recognizes that the right to access to safe drinking water and sanitation is inherently related to respect for the rights to life, physical integrity, health and food, as well as adequate housing. As in the case of other economic and social rights, it is the duty of the State to guarantee the full enjoyment of those rights to its citizens. Respect for that right is fully consistent with the sovereign right of States to use their own water resources, as enshrined in the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Sustainable Development.",
"In deepening our considerations on the challenges to the implementation of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation, we must recognize the central role of United Nations agencies dealing with human rights. Brazil strongly supports the efforts of the Special Rapporteur to further clarify the nature and content of obligations related to access to water and sanitation. In that regard, we hope to have your report to the forthcoming sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly on the challenges facing the realization of that right.",
"The convening of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development next year will be another opportunity to revert to the issue of access to water and sanitation in the context of sustainable development. We wish to work closely with all Member States to achieve significant results on this issue that can contribute to the realization of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation.",
"Mr. Fernández-Arias Minuesa (Spain): Mr. President: I should like first to thank, on behalf of my delegation, for holding this plenary debate of the General Assembly on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation and its impact on the Millennium Development Goals, one year after the adoption of resolution 64/292 on the recognition of the right to water and sanitation adopted by the General Assembly.",
"The above-mentioned resolution recalls that this right is already reflected in international law, and is therefore legally binding. Spain welcomes the fact that all synergies are currently aimed at the implementation of this right, as reflected in Human Rights Council resolutions 15/9 and 16/2, the latter of particular relevance in renewing the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the right to safe drinking water and sanitation. The work of the Special Rapporteur, and former Independent Expert, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque facilitated the creation of the bases for the recognition of access to drinking water and sanitation today. I would like to express Spain ' s gratitude for the commendable work of the Special Rapporteur, who is present in this debate, for providing a firm platform of work to implement the recognition of this right from a human rights perspective.",
"The recognition of the right to water must be done from a human rights perspective. While international cooperation efforts have helped to improve the situation, it can only be alleviated if it is done with a rights perspective. It was precisely this conviction that prompted Spain, together with Germany, to take five years ago the initiative of the consideration of the Human Right to Drinking Water and Sanitation in the Human Rights Council in Geneva. My country recognizes the universality of all human rights, whether civil, political, economic, social or cultural. We also believe that there is a direct link between respect for all human rights and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, something that has already been pointed out today by the Special Rapporteur in his intervention with this General Assembly.",
"I would like to highlight one of its recommendations in this regard, that is, the need for States to know how to fully realize the human right to water and sanitation, developing national action plans, which should be integrated into poverty reduction strategies and national expenditure frameworks. It is not acceptable that nearly 900 million people lack safe drinking water or that more than 2.5 billion people do not have access to basic sanitation.",
"Today, States and other actors involved know precisely what human rights obligations are in this area. The current challenge is therefore in its effective implementation and compliance. In this regard, the need to identify good practices in this area, as the Special Rapporteur has already done, can be stressed. The criteria that define good practice in water and sanitation encompass both normative aspects based on human rights standards, as common criteria based on principles such as non-discrimination, participation, responsibility, impact and, of course, sustainability. Such criteria should be taken into account when checking that the right to safe drinking water and sanitation is being effectively implemented.",
"Spain was one of the 122 States that voted in favour of the resolution submitted by the Plurinational State of Bolivia to this General Assembly just a year ago. That is why we appreciate the holding of this plenary debate, and we welcome the participation of the Special Rapporteur, Ms. de Albuquerque, who has contributed so much to the issue. Spain considers that there is a lot of work already done in which we can support ourselves to advance in the effective realization of this right in the most efficient way.",
"Mr. Gutierrez (Peru): Mr. President: I would like to thank, first of all, your presidency for the initiative to convene Member States to this event in order to reflect on an issue that must compromise the action of all the governments of the world, namely to ensure the proper implementation of the human right to water. I would also like to greet, on behalf of my delegation and the Peruvian State, the presence in this Assembly of His Excellency. Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.",
"International human rights standards include specific obligations in relation to access to safe drinking water. Such obligations require States to ensure access to sufficient drinking water for personal and domestic use, including consumption, sanitation, laundry, food preparation and personal and domestic hygiene. These standards also require States to progressively ensure access to adequate sanitation, as fundamental elements of human dignity and private life, while ensuring that the quality of supplies and potable water resources are protected.",
"For Peru, water is a renewable natural resource, indispensable for life and strategic for sustainable development, the maintenance of the natural systems and cycles that sustain it, as well as for the security of our Nation. Through our legislation, it is attributed a sociocultural value, an economic value and an environmental value to water, so it is considered that its use should be based on integrated management and the balance of these values. Water is considered an integral part of ecosystems and a renewable resource through the hydrological cycle. In this regard, our country believes that the following principles should be taken into account in terms of the use and integrated management of water resources.",
"First, water valuation and integrated management. Second, the priority in accessing water. Thirdly, the participation of the population in decision-making affecting water in terms of quality, quantity, opportunity or other attributes of the resource. Fourthly, legal security for investment related to its use, whether public, private or in partnership. Fifthly, respect for the uses of water by peasant communities and native communities. Sixth, the sustainable use and conservation of water resources. Seventh, the decentralization of public water management and, finally, efficiency in water development and conservation.",
"With the adoption of resolution 64/292 a year ago, we believe that an important step has been taken in the international community ' s awareness of the importance of ensuring access to water, particularly those who have less access to water. I should note that Peru has actively participated in the entire process to clarify the content of human rights obligations relating to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, with a view to achieving its subsequent recognition as a human right, both in Geneva, initially, and in New York, during the consultations that led to the adoption of the above-mentioned resolution. Peru supported the adoption of resolution 64/292, taking into account the principles set forth above that derive from our domestic legislation, and also assuming that the guarantee for the realization of this human right is subject to the existence of a territorial system, spatial planning and adequate allocation of resources that allow, precisely, its unrestricted exercise. That is to say, in its instrumentalization a comprehensive approach must be taken into account by the administration that recognizes the multidimensional impact of the human right to water.",
"We understand that there is still a way forward for States to continue to work on their implementation, based on adequate contextualization of their implications and in accordance with national laws and priorities assigned by each State. Peru reaffirms that the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation derives from the right to an adequate standard of living and is inextricably associated with the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, as well as the right to life and human dignity. In that line, it is allowed to reiterate their adherence to these principles and renew here, once again, their commitment to continue working for them to have an increasingly clear correlate in reality.",
"Mr. Barton (United States of America): The United States is deeply committed to finding solutions to the problems facing our world in the water issue. In the United States strategy to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, which was launched in September 2010, we welcomed the progress made, recognizing that over 1.6 billion people gained access to improved drinking water sources between 1990 and 2005. At the same time, the United States expressed concern that in many countries, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation remains unacceptably high.",
"At the September 2010 session of the Human Rights Council in Geneva, the United States joined the consensus on resolution 15/9, which states",
"“that the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation is derived from the right to an adequate standard of living and is inextricably associated with the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.” (A/HRC/RES/15/9, para. 3)",
"Both principles are taken from the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and call upon Governments to take measures aimed at the progressive realization of this human right. In the Human Rights Council in March, the United States supported the renewal of the mandate of the Independent Expert on this issue.",
"With regard to the human right to water and sanitation, we believe the following. First, Governments should strive to achieve, on a progressive basis, universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation, and should seek to expand access, especially to populations that are not adequately receiving this service. Governments should develop and implement national policies and strategies, wherever necessary, and should commit sufficient budgetary resources to enable them to make progress in achieving this goal as quickly as possible.",
"Second, Governments have an obligation to ensure that access to safe drinking water and sanitation has a non-discriminatory basis. Governments also have an obligation to provide or ensure access to safe drinking water and sanitation to persons in their custody.",
"Third, the right to safe drinking water and sanitation can be reasonably interpreted to include access to water to prepare food. This right can also be reasonably interpreted as the right to have sufficient quality and quantity of water — but not necessarily of safe quality — to meet the basic needs of personal hygiene.",
"Finally, in support of all this, Governments should work towards greater transparency and accountability in the delivery of water and sanitation services, and should include the public in their decision-making processes. Good governance is essential to conquering the right to safe drinking water and sanitation.",
"In this regard, we would like to acknowledge and applaud the efforts of the Secretary-General ' s Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation and its commitment to the implementation of water and sanitation initiatives through its " Sustainable sanitation: five-year campaign through 2015 " initiative, which is aimed at decision makers, in an effort to promote political will on water and sanitation programmes.",
"The United States hopes that this plenary meeting, which seeks to foster dialogue, will also encourage Governments to take concrete measures to reduce the number of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.",
"Mr. Bonne (France) (spoke in French): France endorses the statement made on behalf of the European Union. I would like to thank the Bolivian Mission for its initiative to convene this meeting. My country welcomes the adoption of resolution 64/292, in which the General Assembly recognizes the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. This has enabled us over the past year to intensify the mobilization of Governments and other entities on this issue. Following this historic advance, the Human Rights Council adopted by consensus its resolution 15/9 of 30 September 2010, which links the basic right to water to the right to an adequate standard of living.",
"With the full participation of all stakeholders in the area of safe drinking water and sanitation, it is necessary to advance the implementation of those resolutions and to realize the right of all to safe drinking water and sanitation. In that spirit, France has undertaken, within the framework of an open-ended group of States, an informal nature and transregional integration — the Blue Group — to promote the right to safe drinking water and sanitation and to work towards the realization of that right. In that regard, we commend the magnificent efforts of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation for the analysis, evaluation and promotion. Other praiseworthy initiatives seek to raise awareness of these new texts and their commitments, as well as to advance their implementation. I particularly welcome the Secretary-General ' s initiative on sanitation.",
"France welcomes the work of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe in the context of its Protocol on Water and Health, in particular the work being done in the preparation of a handbook on good practices in achieving equitable access to water. We also thank the many countries that have supported our presentation of World Health Assembly resolution 64/24, which contributed to its adoption by consensus. That resolution calls upon the States members of the World Health Organization and the United Nations in general, as well as other stakeholders, to ensure better integration of water, sanitation and public health policies with a view to achieving the full realization of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation.",
"My country will host the Sixth World Water Forum to be held in Marseille between 12 and 17 March 2012. The right to safe drinking water and sanitation is a priority in France ' s international activities, and the Forum will enable us to intensify our activities in this area. We must recall the primary responsibility of States in creating an appropriate organizational framework for the realization of that right and the mechanisms responsible for monitoring its implementation. We attach great importance to the delimitation of the respective functions of the different stakeholders.",
"Convinced that only joint action at the various levels of political decision-making will allow for significant measures adapted to each particular context, we call for greater recognition of the role of local authorities in the provision of State services in the context of national laws and regulations. All concerned public actors must mobilize and commit themselves to implementing cooperative solutions that guarantee effective and equitable access to safe drinking water for all.",
"Mr. Abdelaziz (Egypt) (spoke in Arabic): I would like to express Egypt ' s appreciation for the holding of this meeting to discuss the problem of realizing the right to safe drinking water and sanitation. We welcome His Excellency. Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, and we thank him for his initiative to convene this debate, which is supported by several Member States, and for his preparations for this meeting.",
"The General Assembly adopted the important resolution 64/292 at its sixty-fourth session, recognizing the right to safe and safe water and sanitation and supporting international efforts aimed at the full realization of all human rights. Egypt reaffirms that all human rights are universal, indivisible and interdependent, interrelated and that they must be enjoyed on an equal basis and in an integrated manner. It stresses the importance of Member States taking all necessary measures at the national level to ensure compliance with the necessary requirements for the full enjoyment of human rights, in accordance with international humanitarian law and the obligations arising from international treaties.",
"In this context, Egypt believes that it is necessary to work to address all the challenges facing our peoples, especially developing countries, to ensure access to safe drinking water and sanitation, taking into account national and regional particularities, while respecting the conditions of international and regional treaties on transboundary watercourses and water resources. It also considers that it is necessary to avoid establishing human rights subcategories that differ from those set out in the international human rights instruments.",
"In the outcome document of the high-level plenary meeting to review progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (resolution 65/1), we reaffirm our commitment to reduce by 50 per cent the number of people without access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Despite the fact that several international reports indicate the possibility of achieving this target by 2015, Egypt believes that there are different problems that can hinder the implementation of this commitment, the greatest of which is obtaining funding for the implementation of national programmes, which is estimated at $11.2 billion per year.",
"In addition, we must redouble our efforts to address the negative consequences of climate change; to achieve sustainable development, especially economic and social development; to control population growth and to strengthen international cooperation in the field of technology transfer, scientific research and development, in particular in the area of safe drinking water and sanitation.",
"In this context, several years ago the Government of Egypt adopted an integrated national water resource plan to support good governance, in order to ensure the equitable and fair distribution of drinking water and the provision of sanitation services to its people, without prejudice to the environment. The implementation of this plan is based on decentralization, with the full cooperation of concerned ministries and national agencies, in order to improve efficiency in water use in order to maintain good health; combat the negative impacts of climate change; support the role of national water boards and private sector participation in water sector management; update and continuously exchange data and information among relevant national entities; coordinate national investments and streamline the use of water more importantly.",
"Achieving the goal of facilitating access to safe drinking water and sanitation for all peoples of the world requires a comprehensive, international and integrated approach based on a number of key pillars, the most important of which is to address the challenges posed by climate change; to promote international cooperation in the field of water technology; to provide the financial resources and official development assistance necessary to support national programmes and policies for the provision of safe drinking water and sanitation; to support relevant developing countries,",
"In this context, the United Nations and the international community should intensify their joint efforts to develop integrated studies to address the main challenges that prevent the implementation of the right of peoples of the world to safe drinking water and sanitation, taking into account the different challenges posed by the circumstances and particularities of each Member State.",
"Mr. Benítez Versón (Cuba) (spoke in Spanish): President: Cuba welcomes the participation in this debate of dear colleague Evo Morales Ayma, President of the brother Plurinational State of Bolivia. Of course, we fully support his intervention and thank him for his country ' s leadership and personally for him on issues of great relevance to the international community, such as the theme of the Assembly today.",
"The question of water is at the centre of the survival of humanity. As President Evo Morales Ayma said in his statement, water is life. Resolution 64/292 on the human right to water and sanitation, adopted a year ago at the initiative of the Bolivian Plurinational State, marked a historic moment. For the first time, the United Nations recognized the right to safe drinking water and sanitation as a fundamental human right.",
"As we make speeches in this Hall, there are more than 884 million people on our planet without access to drinking water sources and 2,600 million people who include almost 1 billion children, have no access to basic sanitation services.",
"We cannot passively accept that more than 3.5 million people die every year because of contaminated water-borne diseases and that one in eight people in the world does not have drinking water. If we do not act quickly and effectively, more than 3 billion people will suffer in 2025 the consequences of water shortages.",
"Most of the world ' s population lives in developing countries, where the main use of water is related to agriculture. Therefore, water scarcity, determined among other reasons for climate change, will cause agriculture, aquaculture and other forms of food production to be seriously affected, exacerbating the already complicated food security of developing countries.",
"International cooperation should be strengthened, funds and financial mechanisms should be created that are not subject to the discriminatory and conditional dictates of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. These international funds, sponsored or not by the United Nations, should provide tangible resources, both financial and technological, to promote increased coverage of safe drinking water and environmental sanitation, agricultural and aquaculture production, integrated water management and sustainable ecosystem management.",
"Since 1995, Cuba had achieved the Millennium Development Goal on the use of drinking water and sanitation, believed that access to water was a fundamental human right. In our country, the State is responsible for managing and controlling water and sanitation. We have carried out numerous actions to guarantee the human right to water. Let me just mention a few examples.",
"We have improved water supply and quality, increasing its rational use. We have reduced the volume of water by 30% in the production processes. We have decreased annually the rate of morbidity attributable to water-based diseases. We have supplied more than 96% of the Cuban population with drinking water. We have increased the coverage, levels of chlorination and quality of the drinking water service. We have developed early warning systems for drought.",
"Despite the progress made, as with the rest of the developing countries, Cuba faces dissimilar challenges in addressing climate change, natural disasters and water shortages.",
"The criminal economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed by the United States Government against Cuba for more than half a century has resulted in significant constraints and obstacles to accessing new technologies and products from the water industry and their benefits, as well as to further professional training on these issues.",
"Cuba does not support the schemes of water privatization or market mechanisms that attempt to promote transnational corporations as a solution to the shortage of natural resources, including water. Access to safe drinking water and sanitation in conditions of fairness, without discrimination and in sufficient quantity and quality, are a fundamental right and should not be manipulated as yet another opportunity for profit. The United Nations should be the main forum for discussing and reaching agreements on this issue.",
"Mr. Askarov (Uzbekistan) (spoke in Russian): Today ' s debate on water and the main challenges in realizing the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation and its impact on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals gives us the opportunity to discuss this important issue.",
"On 20 July, the Security Council discussed the impact of climate change on security (see S/PV.6587), in the broadest sense of the word. In numerous statements made on that occasion, direct reference was made to the fact that water scarcity is one of the main challenges for many regions of our planet.",
"Nowadays, no one questions the irrefutable truth that our planet, every passing year, unfortunately suffers more and more natural disasters and the impact of climate change. Over the past year, we have seen earthquakes of an unprecedented destructive force in Haiti, Japan, Chile and New Zealand. We've seen floods in Pakistan and Australia. We have seen intense droughts in the United States, China and the Horn of Africa.",
"In Central Asia, we are also seeing alarming symptoms of these phenomena. The glaciers of the Pamir and Tian Shan mountains, which are the main sources of the Amu Darya and Sir Darya rivers, are melting. This year, our region suffered a very intense drought, which affected the socio-economic development of the countries of the region, including the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. We have seen the reduction of food production, environmental degradation and other negative consequences of the ecological crisis.",
"Let me put an example. What was once the fourth largest continental water mass in the world, the Aral Sea, has disappeared and has become the Aralkumm a giant desert. In this regard, the rational and reasonable use of water and energy resources is one of the main challenges facing Central Asia. The adoption of incoherent and ambiguous approaches to this challenge will only lead to the worsening of ecological catastrophes.",
"Today in the Aral region, we are facing problems not only ecological, but also socio-economic and demographic with global consequences, as the Secretary-General saw with his own eyes during his visit to the Aral region in April 2010.",
"I would like to point out that we in Uzbekistan are carrying out a number of programmes to rationalize the use of water and make it more efficient. As part of the agrarian reform, water user associations have been established. We have reduced the land area dedicated to cotton cultivation, which now represents only 25% of the cultivable land. Despite the intense economic development of our country, we are reducing our water in the rivers. We've invested over $1 billion in restoring our soils in recent years. As a result, we have increased our arable land by 740,000 hectares.",
"Despite all this, we must recognize that in our population three million people do not have access to safe drinking water. Uzbekistan has nearly 50 per cent of the entire population in Central Asia and has suffered the consequences of the Aral catastrophe. We believe that we have the moral right to ask the States of the region to make a coordinated effort to ensure the rational and reasonable use of water resources. In addition, Central Asia should fully implement the United Nations conventions on water and the common use of water, including the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, of 17 March 1992 and the Convention on the Law of the Uses of International Watercourses for Non-navigational Purposes of 4 April 1997. Both documents clearly state that all decisions on the use of transboundary watercourses, including the construction of hydropower plants, cannot in any way damage the environment or the interests of neighbouring countries.",
"Guided by these generally accepted international legal principles and norms, Uzbekistan categorically opposes any construction of large hydroelectric power plants in the high basin of the Central Asian rivers that does not take into account the interests of countries in the lower river areas. As stated by our President at the Millennium Development Goals Summit in September 2010,",
"“every attempt to execute projects that were developed 30 or 40 years ago in the Soviet era to build large-scale hydroelectric installations, including huge dams—plans that do not take into account the seismic activity of the area and that the proposed construction could increase by eight or nine points—could cause irreparable damage to the environment and generate a very dangerous catastrophe created by man.” (A/65/PV.3, p. 17)",
"The International Commission of Great Dams, to which Uzbekistan acceded last year, has stated in its research that the enormous dams built in transboundary watercourses may pose great risks in many respects.",
"In 2008, the United Nations began to draw attention to increasing food shortages. Climate change and water shortages threaten food production and even endanger lives. Without safe water supply, we cannot talk about security, stability or the human right to life. As indicated in the basic text of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations — and Uzbekistan fully agrees — freshwater should be used primarily for food production. This is particularly important for Central Asia, where each State must be sensible and responsible for the use of water resources, which depend on the lives and security of all countries, the whole region and all human beings.",
"Mr. Berger: Germany fully endorses the statement made by the Permanent Observer of the European Union.",
"I would like to begin by thanking the Presidents of the General Assembly and Bolivia for convening this important plenary meeting on the human right to water and sanitation. It is a special honour to have the presence of the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, His Excellency. Mr. Evo Morales Ayma. I would also like to warmly welcome the Special Rapporteur on the human right to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Albuquerque Catarina. Today's debate gives us the opportunity to reflect on what we have achieved and, more importantly, on the challenges ahead.",
"In the past 12 months we have seen how, first in the General Assembly and then in the Geneva Human Rights Council, the human right to water and sanitation was recognized in the United Nations, which emanates from the right to an adequate standard of living. This important development is the result of years of collaboration by interested national Governments, civil society organizations worldwide, national human rights institutions and experts at the international and national levels.",
"Germany is proud to have been an integral part of the process from the outset. In 2008, Germany and Spain launched an initiative in the Human Rights Council to create the mandate of the then Independent Expert on the issue. Support for our initiative has been increasing and in 2011 it led to the establishment by the Human Rights Council of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to access to safe drinking water and sanitation. That important step would not have been possible without the crucial support of many Member States from all regional groups that share the same view.",
"Now, the big challenge is to implement the decisions we make collectively. With regard to the human right to water and sanitation, we cannot fail to reiterate the need to go beyond mere technical feasibility issues. To find durable solutions, we must also focus the issue from a human rights perspective. When we seek solutions for those who need it, we must devote sufficient attention to security, quality, sufficiency, availability, physical and economic accessibility and affordability of water and sanitation. To ignore those parameters means to ignore the real needs of those who must exercise those human rights.",
"Mr. Kleib (Indonesia), Vice-President, took the Chair.",
"We also need to bear in mind that there is not a single solution worth all cases in the implementation of specific national situations. However, the common denominator remains the same: the exercise of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation. In that regard, we are keen to discuss the set of best practices that the Special Rapporteur will present to the Human Rights Council in September. In this context, and taking into account the link between human rights and the Millennium Development Goals, also highlighted today by the Secretary-General, we are particularly pleased that the Joint Programme of the World Health Organization and UNICEF for Monitoring Water Supply and Sanitation has adapted and reconciled its criteria for access to water and sanitation to those defined by the Special Rapporteur on the human right to access to safe drinking water and sanitation.",
"Before concluding, I would like to encourage Member States from all regions of the world to share that same perspective to participate in the promotion and implementation of the human right to water and sanitation and to ensure that, in discussing national solutions and designing national action plans, the issue is also human rights-based.",
"Mr. García González (El Salvador): Mr. President: We congratulate the initiative of the Plurinational State of Bolivia and the leadership of President Evo Morales, as well as the President of the General Assembly, in convening this debate of the plenary on the human right to water and sanitation.",
"Water is the basis of any form of life. It is essential for humans, animals and the environment. Access to safe drinking water and sanitation are necessary for a decent life. Many human rights cannot be enjoyed without water. Water is therefore very important for welfare and social development. In fact, all great civilizations have always developed close to masses of water.",
"Access to safe drinking water is an essential human right that the Government of El Salvador fully supports, and which is currently at risk due mainly to two major factors affecting this vital liquid: scarcity and water pollution. According to research, one fifth of the world ' s population has no access to safe water sources. Every day 6,000 people die, mostly children, because of contaminated water.",
"The level of access to water and sanitation services in El Salvador remains low, especially in rural areas. However, a number of projects in different areas aimed at improving the supply and quality of the vital liquid in the country are being developed under the current administration of President Mauricio Funes Cartagena. Sustainable and comprehensive water management is conceived by the Government of our country as a participatory process aimed at achieving globally accepted goals for the protection, conservation, defence and prevention of the quality and availability of safe water, in order to guarantee the right of access to the entire population and generations to come, through efficient coordination of public policies.",
"On 28 July 2010, El Salvador joined an important group of sponsors to adopt, in the context of the plenary of the General Assembly, resolution 64/292, “Human right to water and sanitation”, undoubtedly an important step in international efforts to promote sustainable human development.",
"However, in order to achieve the effectiveness of such a declaration of water as a human right, it must be accompanied in practice by a number of measures to prevent waste, pollution of the water and the profitability of that liquid. More and more water is becoming the protagonist of numerous conflicts that can lead to social violence.",
"Access to safe drinking water and sanitation as a human right must be equitable and non-discriminatory, appropriate in quantity and quality, economically, socially and environmentally sustainable and affordable. It is therefore the duty of the State to protect people from disconnection to water services and pollution and to prohibit individuals or companies from harming the rights of others.",
"The role of forests in water conservation cannot be left aside. When large areas of forests are destroyed, this has a negative impact on the hydrological regime as a whole, resulting in a decrease in the availability and quality of water. It is equally important to regulate activities related to mining, oil exploitation and industrial agriculture, which are direct pollutants of water resources.",
"We are all responsible for ensuring that all people, especially those most in need and excluded groups, are satisfied with their basic needs and access to safe drinking water and sanitation. The implementation of the Millennium Development Goals should contribute to meeting those needs. However, much remained to be done until all persons could exercise their effective right to water and sanitation. In our delegation ' s view, the item should be an important part of the discussions on the substantive content of the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.",
"In conclusion, the Government of El Salvador shares the view that States implement measures for a more rational exploitation of this resource.",
"Mrs. Burgstaller: Sweden fully endorses the statement made on behalf of the European Union.",
"Sweden welcomes the convening of today ' s plenary debate on the right to water and sanitation. Access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation is absolutely fundamental to human life, health and dignity. The right to water and sanitation is now recognized around the world as a human right, which emanates from the rights to health and an adequate standard of living provided for in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and is corroborated by the decisions taken by the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council.",
"In view of this, Sweden welcomes the adoption by consensus in March this year of the Human Rights Council of the resolution establishing the post of Special Rapporteur on the human right to access to safe drinking water and sanitation. We commend the Special Rapporteur for her excellent work and thank her for the presentation she has offered us today.",
"States should ensure that all persons have access to safe drinking water for basic personal use and that water supply is organized in a non-discriminatory manner. Efficient, fair and sustainable management of water resources is an important requirement for sustainable development, inclusive economic growth and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. The upcoming United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 provides a strategic opportunity for all to continue to address the challenge of improving water management at all levels and providing access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation to all people, particularly women, who often play a central role in ensuring local and domestic water supply.",
"To date, the work done in the Human Rights Council and other United Nations human rights bodies has helped us to define the obligations of States in relation to the right to water and sanitation, and has provided us with a good basis for the work ahead: to respect and apply on the ground this newly recognized right to be a reality for all.",
"Mr. Gonsalves (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines): First of all, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines warmly welcomes the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, His Excellency. Mr. Evo Morales Ayma. We are grateful to you for your personal commitment and the fact that Bolivia promotes this valuable initiative.",
"Last year, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines enthusiastically sponsored resolution 64/292, in which the General Assembly recognizes the right to safe and clean water and sanitation as an essential human right for the full realization of all human rights and life. Resolution 64/292 was based on previous Human Rights Council resolutions and subsequently strengthened by Human Rights Council resolution 15/9, which strengthens the legal framework that revolves around the recognition by the General Assembly of this critical human right.",
"In recent years, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has devoted considerable resources to the realization of the right to water and sanitation. Over the past decade, we have increased access to water supplied by pipes from 70 per cent to over 98 per cent through prudent investments in infrastructure and organization. We have improved considerably with the establishment of new water distribution systems, modern wastewater treatment services and improved waste collection and disposal systems.",
"Our modest success at the national level to realize and strengthen this human right has taught us that the right to water and sanitation is eminently feasible if the necessary resources and political will exist. The international community has often proclaimed a political commitment to achieve this right, but it has too often left the hardest part of this work in the hands of heroic civil society organizations and small entrepreneurs who lack the capacity to achieve the kind of multisectoral changes that are needed.",
"We must now act to implement last year ' s call for resolution",
"“providing financial resources and promoting capacity-building and technology transfer through international assistance and cooperation, in particular to developing countries, in order to enhance efforts to provide the entire population with economic access to safe drinking water and sanitation” (resolution 64/292, para. 2)",
"Our ability to respond to this call will be the parameter in which the 884 million people who lack access to safe drinking water and the 2.6 billion people who do not have access to basic sanitation will judge us.",
"This meeting should also recognize the fragility of recent achievements in developing countries such as Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and the urgency of threats to the right to safe drinking water. Climate change and desertization could override recent progress towards the right to water and further hamper efforts to provide water and sanitation to hundreds of millions of people living inexcusably without those basic services.",
"The recent improper droughts of the station that have occurred in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines have forced the Government to transport drinking water by boat to other islands of our archipelago and have affected our agricultural capacity and capacity to generate hydroelectricity. The rise in the sea level threatens the watersheds of small island developing States and could soon have a disastrous effect on access to safe drinking water, agriculture and livestock in those communities.",
"According to UN-Water, the number of States considered to be affected by “water shortages” will increase by 50 per cent by 2025. This scarcity and the tensions that will inevitably generate will have obvious implications for security in the coming years.",
"For the exercise of the right to water, development cooperation and resource growth are critical. Furthermore, the international community should begin to incorporate the water issue into the global political agenda, link climate change in a closer way to access to water and study the true value of water used, abused and wasted in many countries, particularly in developed countries.",
"In the United Nations, there are no significant resolutions and well-meaning statements on the issue of water and sanitation. We have General Assembly resolutions, Human Rights Council resolutions and reports of independent experts and special rapporteurs. The Millennium Development Goals set the target of halving by 2015 the proportion of population living without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation, a goal that unfortunately seems to be far from our reach.",
"Three years ago, Secretary General Ban Ki‐moon declared 2008 the year of the poorest billions. For almost 1 billion people without drinking water, it has been a long time since the moment of noble feelings has passed. While quietly we keep pulling the chain, throwing away bottles in the trash, half-consuming imported spring water and enjoying another long shower, let's commit ourselves to acting consciously in favor of those who risk life and dedicate whole days simply to looking for some uncontaminated water.",
"Mrs. Rubiales de Chamorro (Nicaragua): Brother President Evo Morales Ayma received a warm greeting from the Nicaraguan people and Government, which recognize and appreciate his leadership and that of the Plurinational State of Bolivia in the realization of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation as an essential human right for the full enjoyment of life. Nicaragua is proud to have supported this effort since its inception, culminating in the adoption of General Assembly resolution 64/292.",
"For the Government of Reconciliation and National Unity, chaired by Commander Daniel Ortega, the most important thing is to recognize the human being central to development, and that is achieved through full respect for the human rights of Nicaraguans, particularly the implementation of their economic, social and cultural rights, which will allow them to enjoy an adequate standard of living. In that regard, given that water and sanitation are essential to the health and dignity of people, my Government has made efforts to invest and develop national plans to improve access to water and sanitation. Likewise, we have vehemently opposed the privatization process that had begun during previous governments. The human right to water, human life can never be privatized.",
"There are 884 million people who still lack safe drinking water and more than 2.6 billion people who do not have basic sanitation. Inadequate and inadequate drinking water supplies pose a constant challenge to the health of the world ' s population. Eighty per cent of all diseases in the developing world are caused by lack of clean water and adequate sanitation, one of the main causes of diseases and deaths, especially in children.",
"This whole grey scenario invites Member States to continue to work together in the search for the full realization of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, and the international community to mobilize cooperation and technical assistance to support national initiatives and action plans related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Water and sanitation targets are vital targets for human development and are also indispensable for achieving these Millennium Development Goals. In this regard, water and sanitation have lacked the necessary attention to intensifying and sustaining progress towards a significant part of the closely related Millennium Development Goals.",
"Development cooperation and assistance activities need to be planned and implemented in accordance with human rights standards and principles, including the right to water and sanitation, as well as human rights obligations relating to non-discrimination, inter alia, by ensuring that appropriate and effective measures are taken to identify and address negative human rights consequences.",
"Without sustainable water management that integrates all the needs of present and future generations, we are at risk, more and more, of finding ourselves in an impasse, not only of development and survival for many of the most deprived of the planet, but also in potential situations of threats to international peace and security. Only the awakening of the peoples and the awareness that it can no longer be followed by unsustainable patterns of consumption and production will allow the saving of Mother Earth and, therefore, all the living beings that the planet hosts.",
"Mr. Andrianarivelo-Razafy (Madagascar) (spoke in French): Mr. President: Allow me to express to you the gratitude of the Government of Madagascar for having organized this important meeting, which will enable States Members of the United Nations to discuss the fundamental theme of the human right to water and sanitation.",
"One year after the adoption by the General Assembly in July 2010 of its historic resolution 64/292 on the fundamental right to water and sanitation, the time has come to launch a genuine dialogue aimed at charting the road that leads directly to the full and effective implementation of that right, so essential to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and, above all, to identify the challenges and obstacles to which we must find durable solutions. Along with all previous decisions and measures, the resolution has significantly contributed to the efforts made to achieve our established goal of halving the number of people who do not have access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015.",
"Water is essential to human life. Madagascar believes that access to water and sanitation is a genuine fundamental right that must be respected without exceptions or discrimination. That being so, all States and Governments have a duty and an obligation to ensure that each and every one of their citizens fully enjoy that right. With this perspective as the guiding principle of its action, the Government of Madagascar, which attaches great importance to the strategic challenges and issues related to safe drinking water in development and the fight against poverty, fulfilled its commitments at the highest level with its enactment in 1999 of a water code and the establishment in 2008 of a Ministry of Water. The Ministry ' s mandate is to promote sustainable and supportive development in Madagascar, with a Millennium Development Goals-based approach, aimed at ensuring conditions for economic growth and the well-being of the Malagasy people, and ensuring access to safe drinking water and building the sanitation infrastructure.",
"Similarly, with the main objective of preventing diseases related to poor living conditions, the Ministry of Health ' s Department of Sanitation and Engineering established a health and environmental service. In many other ministerial departments, such as the ministries of land management and the environment, there are supportive efforts in these areas. Our national sanitation policy and strategy, adopted in November 2008, strengthens the legislative and regulatory framework of the Government of Madagascar. In order to improve the effectiveness of health services and hygiene efforts throughout Madagascar, Madagascar is responsible for water resources management, especially to protect water, preserve water resources, protect the environment, make the best possible use of water resources, and provide safe drinking water and sanitation for domestic waste water.",
"In order to address the pervasive dangers of diseases and other consequences of the lack of safe water supply and access to sanitation, we have been able to intensify concrete measures with the support of various partners and friends in Madagascar from among nations, together with the efforts of our Government. To cite only a few examples, the WASH Dioran Initiative in Madagascar—a platform for dialogue and exchange of experiences that brings together government bodies, national and international non-governmental organizations, bilateral and multilateral technical and financial partners, which are guided by a National WASH Dioran Strategy and Charter—has enabled us to make great strides in providing safe water to the population and in enacting appropriate hygiene and health practices. Since 2007, we have also created hundreds of basic health care clinics within the framework of WASH, which implement an integrated approach to water, sanitation and hygiene. We have added to that initiative a primary environmental care programme on sanitation and safe drinking water, so we are looking for increased support from partners.",
"Madagascar has made considerable efforts, but our country continues to face many challenges in achieving the MDGs. Every year drought affects the southern part of the country, which poses a constant threat to thousands of people, especially children. In 2010, 43 per cent of the population had access to safe drinking water, and 48 per cent of households had access to sanitation. These data are far from the Government ' s goal of achieving access to drinking water by 2015 for 63 per cent of the population and sanitation by 56 per cent.",
"Taking into account these challenges, which have been exacerbated by multiple obstacles, such as lack of funding, insufficient human resources capacity, the lack of up-to-date data on sanitation and hygiene needs, factors related to behavioural change, particularly in rural areas, and cultural factors, our Government is fostering greater involvement of non-governmental organizations and civil society in water facilities, sanitation and management activities.",
"The Government of Madagascar calls for increased mobilization of financial resources to enable all peoples of the world, in particular those of developing and African countries, to fully enjoy their fundamental right to water and sanitation. Our Government also urges all Member States to effectively fulfil their commitments to ensure that this right becomes a reality and does not simply exist only in theory.",
"Mr. Diallo (Senegal) (spoke in French): First of all, I sincerely wish to thank the organizers of this meeting, especially Bolivia, and to express our deep satisfaction at this initiative, which we welcome.",
"In its resolution 64/292, the General Assembly stated that access to safe drinking water and sanitation is a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life and human rights. This important step forward, together with the proclamation of the International Decade for Action " Water for Life " , 2005-2015, has definitively placed the subject of water and sanitation among the priorities of the United Nations agenda.",
"In that context, my country regularly reiterates its commitment and determination to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), in particular the goal of halving by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water or sanitation.",
"Thus, access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation services, which is a major challenge in the international development agenda, has a high priority in our national development policies. In that regard, Senegal, for several decades, has been implementing a water supply policy aimed at providing water in sufficient quantity and quality for individual users at the lowest possible cost. This policy has led to institutional and legislative reform that intensified the effectiveness of the sector, with particular emphasis on improving management, and has provided access to water for the most marginalized sectors of the population.",
"In addition, this mechanism is strengthened by a private sector dynamic and the implementation of an action plan for integrated water resources management. In addition to these efforts, there has been another positive development: the creation, under the Millennium Water and Sanitation Programme (PEPAM), of various types of hydraulic infrastructure, especially in poor peri-urban areas and in rural areas. The implementation of the programme has already enabled us to achieve surprising results. Despite these positive results, which are promising in terms of achieving the MDGs in this particular area, much remains to be done in the area of quality and water supply, as well as in sanitation, especially in rural areas.",
"In order to reduce inequalities in access to safe drinking water and sanitation between urban and rural areas, we have undertaken activities aimed at seizing surface and runaway waters, particularly in respect of catchment areas.",
"We will not win in this struggle if we do not take into account climate-related phenomena, such as drought and flooding, which can exacerbate water shortages, as well as the problem of access to water and sanitation. I therefore call for increased international cooperation and assistance, which are indispensable for supporting the efforts of developing countries to implement the goals set in this regard.",
"In conclusion, I would like to reiterate to the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, the availability of the Senegalese authorities to welcome our country in the framework of the visit it intends to make us soon.",
"Mr. Olhaye (Djibuti): First of all, I would like to congratulate President Deiss on facilitating the holding of this meeting at the initiative of Bolivia, which was joined by more than 20 States, including mine, with the aim of facilitating a dialogue on the main challenges related to the realization of the human right to safe and safe drinking water and sanitation and its impact on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, one year after the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals, the adoption of the adoption of the resolution 64/292",
"The presence at this meeting of the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, His Excellency. Mr. Evo Morales Ayma adds importance to our meeting today and underlines the high-level political commitment to water and sanitation issues by integrating them into the international agenda.",
"The time of this session is also very important, as it is being held in the context of the current severe drought in the Horn of Africa, which covers Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya and Djibouti, where more than 10 million people face serious famine. It was regrettable that, despite the early warning measures taken and the appeals made in the past six months, the world had slowed to recognize the humanitarian catastrophe that had been triggered, following which drinking water resources, food, shelter and health services had been severely reduced.",
"We are only a few years from the deadline for achieving the commitments made by the international community to achieve the Millennium Development Goal totally by half, by 2015, the proportion of people who have no access to or cannot afford the cost of safe drinking water or basic sanitation. Therefore, unless there is sufficient goodwill on the part of the international community, it is unthinkable that this gap is met, as nearly 1 billion people lack access to better water sources and more than 2.6 billion people do not have access to better sanitation.",
"However, it was very encouraging that many countries had committed to recognizing access to water and sanitation as human rights and had taken, with the political will of the case, short- and long-term measures to achieve those goals.",
"As with other issues, in realizing the right to safe drinking water and sanitation, we cannot ignore the fact that the world is divided between those who have and who do not have. However, we cannot forget that we have an obligation. Such differences must yield to specific and rational political commitments that guarantee access to safe drinking water and sanitation to a large part of the population, regardless of their social position or the place where they have lived.",
"According to the Independent Expert on Human Rights, human rights prohibit discrimination against any group or person, as well as their exclusion or disregard of their rights, even if they live in rural areas, in slums or in poverty. That is why the human rights framework assigns the primary responsibility for the realization of human rights to the State, which must ensure the progressive attainment of universal access and create a general enabling environment for the realization of those rights.",
"My country is one of the countries with the greatest shortage of fresh water resources, and we are at risk of running out of water in the next 25 years. We are one of the countries with the least amount of water available per capita. Of the 186 countries considered to be water-deficit countries, Djibouti is among the 17 most at-risk countries worldwide, which are identified as “extreme risk” countries. In our case, as in the case of other countries in a similar situation, it is predicted that changing patterns of behaviour as a result of climate change will cause increasingly frequent droughts and floods. This water scarcity is expected to deteriorate.",
"Owing to the growth of the world ' s population, increased consumption of drinking water is inevitable, adding more intense and inefficient irrigation activities, corruption and inadequate management of resources. Therefore, the problems of water shortages will worsen. While some countries that lack sufficient water may be endowed with other resources that enable them to invest in desalination plants, water reservoirs or food security by other means, many countries face the challenge of their survival.",
"One year after the adoption of resolution 64/292 on drinking water and sanitation, it was encouraging to participate in the meeting, which reviewed the progress made in the framework of the Millennium Development Goals. Certainly, we have come a long way to fully realize the right to safe drinking water and sanitation, but that perspective should not prevent us from continuing to do our utmost to ensure that the millions of people who today do not have safe drinking water or lack adequate sanitation can enjoy their human rights.",
"Mr. Ngculu (South Africa): My delegation wishes to express its appreciation to the President of the General Assembly for convening this meeting on the challenges facing the realization of the right to access to safe drinking water and sanitation within the framework of the Millennium Development Goals.",
"South Africa wishes to commend the delegation of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, in particular its President, His Excellency. Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, for his efforts and commitment to guarantee the human right to water and sanitation.",
"The Declaration of Rights of the Constitution of South Africa establishes a legislative framework for the full enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the human right to water and sanitation. Furthermore, the Constitution of South Africa establishes the legal nature of economic, social and cultural rights, which derives from the provisions of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, especially on the basis of the progressive realization of those rights, including the right to access to safe drinking water and sanitation.",
"In this regard, our Government has an obligation to create the necessary enabling environment to ensure that all South Africans have access to acceptable levels of water and sanitation. Our Government has put in place programmes, policies, criteria and laws specifically dedicated to ensuring the realization and enjoyment of the right to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, and since 1994, it has been committed to ensuring the provision of basic water and sanitation services to those previously disadvantaged and suffering from racial discrimination.",
"The broad nature of this right also has implications for others, such as the rights to decent housing and an adequate standard of living, as well as the right to enjoy the highest attainable standard of health. The approach taken by the Government of South Africa to address the issue of human settlements is not merely related to the construction of four walls, but also includes ensuring access to essential services such as basic sanitation, health care and water supply.",
"Water and the environment are catalysts for South Africa ' s economic growth and development. The role of the Department of Water Affairs, which has the national mandate on the human right to water and sanitation, is to ensure that the country has sufficient water and that the environment is protected so that our country can respond to the needs of its development, including the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals.",
"In addition, the South African Cabinet approved the Strategic Framework for Water Services in 2003 and undertook to achieve the following sanitation targets: that all the South African population have access to basic and functional sanitation facilities; that all schools have adequate and safe drinking water and sanitation facilities; that all clinics have adequate and safe drinking water supply and that all clinics have adequate and safe drinking water and sanitation facilities.",
"Under the auspices of the African Ministerial Council on Water, South Africa is actively working and working with other African countries on the use and management of water resources to achieve sustainable social and economic development and conservation of African ecosystems. South Africa also uses the Water and Sanitation Infrastructure Programme of the New Partnership for Africa ' s Development and the Southern African Development Community Water and Sanitation Programme to further realize the human right to water and sanitation for Africans. In response to the MDG pledges, South Africa is committed to implementing a special water services programme. Since we are a country with scarce water resources, South Africa has also been at the forefront of the gradual management of water resources.",
"We are pleased to announce that South Africa is on track. With regard to the achievement of the MDG on basic water supply, we have halved the backlog we had in 2005; and, with regard to basic sanitation, the respective MDG was achieved in 2008. The achievements of the Government of South Africa are the result of concrete strategic actions and strong political will and commitments. However, while acknowledging that there have been tremendous progress in providing basic services such as water supply to poor households, there are still many who do not have access to water or have insufficient access.",
"Efforts to realize the human right to water and sanitation face major challenges related to climate change, which has implications for many people and poses a threat to sustainable development, economic growth, quality of life, migration and long-term urbanization in South Africa.",
"South Africa remains committed to ensuring that the right to access to water remains sacred. In this regard, we join other delegations in calling upon States and international organizations to provide financial resources, build capacity and transfer technology, through international assistance and cooperation, especially to developing countries. This would enhance efforts to provide safe and safe drinking water and affordable sanitation to all, in order to achieve Millennium Development Goal 7 and other broader sustainable development goals.",
"Mr. Körösi (Hungary): Hungary endorses the statement made by the European Union.",
"Speakers who preceded me have already spoken extensively about the item and, of course, Member States agree widely on a wide range of issues. This leads me to be very brief and to focus on some aspects and messages that we consider particularly important.",
"The protection of water resources and the integrated and sustainable management of water resources, including sanitation, are essential priorities for my country. We are committed to continuing to share with our partners the experience we have gained in these areas.",
"Hungary believes that a strong legal basis is of fundamental importance for success in water resource management and sanitation at both the national and international levels. Hungary is in favour of strengthening an international partnership on all water issues, in connection with the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20 Conference), to be held next year.",
"Access to safe drinking water and sanitation must be universal, but today that is far from being a reality, as hundreds of millions of people around the world continue to suffer because of the lack of something that we consider essential to a decent human life. We believe this is about protecting a universal right. This requires investments in management, policies and infrastructure institutions in all vulnerable areas. The devastating humanitarian, economic and social consequences of this problem will have a much higher price if we do not take immediate preventive measures.",
"Mr. Vigny (Switzerland) (spoke in French): The proclamation by the General Assembly, in its resolution 64/292 of 28 July 2010, of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation as an essential human right for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights was a historic step in the question of water.",
"Switzerland actively participated in those negotiations and supported the resolution, while emphasizing the need to coordinate the work of the General Assembly with that of the Human Rights Council. Resolutions adopted by both United Nations bodies add a new ethical and qualitative dimension in relation to physical, economic and non-discriminatory access to acceptable quality services. Switzerland is convinced that, taking into account the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the new goals that we will have to define for the post-2015 period, it is essential to apply a human rights-based approach.",
"With this in mind, we welcome the report (A/65/254) submitted by the Independent Expert during the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly on the importance of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation for the achievement of the MDGs, in particular for the achievement of Goal 7.c, which points to the halving by 2015, of the proportion of the population without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. The parameters of the Joint Water Supply and Sanitation Monitoring Programme of the World Health Organization and UNICEF, established to monitor progress on the MDGs related to water and sanitation, need to now incorporate these new dimensions.",
"Switzerland, together with several other countries, supports the Joint Monitoring Programme in this task, which will enable us to monitor progress in the area of access to water and sanitation from a human rights perspective. The current situation, as described in the Programme, reveals great inequalities in access to water and enormous gaps in sanitation. There is a truly large gap between the needs on the ground and the available financial resources. The situation calls for increased funding for the area of safe drinking water and sanitation by and for low-income countries.",
"The Water and Sanitation for All Task Force, which is supported by many partners, including Switzerland, seeks to foster dialogue and commitment on this issue at the global level.",
"Earlier this year, the Swiss Parliament agreed to increase our official development assistance. The increase will be directed primarily to the question of water. The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation decided to support the establishment and joint funding of a consortium of Swiss non-governmental organizations that will focus on countries where water and sanitation services are extremely low, particularly in vulnerable countries.",
"Progress in the recognition of the right to water must be reflected in concrete solutions that meet the needs of each case. This should be a key theme at the next World Water Forum in 2012, and will also be at the heart of the work of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, whom I thank for your statement so detailed, concrete and meaningful.",
"The Protocol on Water and Health, ratified and supported by Switzerland, is a good example of a concrete solution. This international instrument, which is part of the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, highlights the close link between human rights, health, environmental protection and sustainable development.",
"In this regard, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation and its partners are engaged in the development of guidelines to address the different dimensions of the right to water within the framework of projects related to drinking water, sanitation and integrated water resources management.",
"Mr. Quinlan (Australia): At the outset, I would like to thank the President of the General Assembly for convening this important dialogue and, of course, thank the Secretary-General and the Special Rapporteur for the comments they made earlier. In addition, I would like to thank President Evo Morales and the Plurinational State of Bolivia for presenting to the General Assembly this item on a human need that is vital to the maintenance of life or, in other words, to the creation of life.",
"Australians understand something about water. We are the driest continent of the inhabited continents of the Earth. We have one of the lowest levels of precipitation, and about three quarters of our land — which is quite extensive — is arid or semi-arid. In the past decade we have experienced what scientists estimate has been our worst drought in 1,000 years.",
"Although, of course, Australia is a rich and developed country, our geology and climate are difficult, and our citizens are accustomed to water restrictions in our major cities due to climate change, drought and degradation of our river paths. Of course, as a developed and rich country, what affects us has neither remotely the magnitude of the problem that the Permanent Representative of Djibouti so eloquently described a few minutes ago.",
"However, as a nation, we understand the importance of water for people ' s survival and livelihood, as well as the imperative need for water and sanitation for human health, the sustainability of communities — particularly remote and indigenous communities — and the environment. We recognize that access to water and sanitation is essential for the realization of the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.",
"Today, other speakers spoke with eloquence about the numbers we face—more than 2 billion people who do not have access to basic sanitation—partly because of water shortages, but also inadequate policies and management that have failed to ensure that everyone, regardless of who they are and where they live, can have access to safe and affordable water and sanitation supplies and services.",
"The implications for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are clear; we simply cannot achieve the MDGs if we do not provide safe water and effective sanitation. Australia welcomes the closeness of the world to meeting the goal of the seventh MDG of providing drinking water to hundreds of millions of people, but it is alarming that the figure we will achieve in the sanitation target will probably be $1 billion below the target. We must make improvements.",
"My Government has invested more than $330 million in water, sanitation and hygiene in developing countries over the past two years, and we plan to spend a further $1 billion over the next four years to do much more. Our non-governmental organizations also give priority to the issue of water.",
"The variation in precipitation regimes, pollution of water stocks, inefficient use and leakage of water supplies, poor infrastructure, high population growth, rapid urbanization, discrimination and marginalization are major obstacles, which have already been discussed today, to achieve the goal of providing safe drinking water and sanitation. To address those challenges, there is a need to improve policy and management, increase investments through financing and capacity support, use innovative and cost-effective sanitation and water technologies, and focus on the rights of the most vulnerable and marginalized people.",
"We need to improve the planning of urban water and sanitation services and to bridge the gap between urban and rural populations. We need to expand the collection of rainwater and storage facilities in communities in need, especially, as I have said, in remote and indigenous communities. We need to train local communities to manage their own local water and sanitation initiatives.",
"We must do more to support integrated water resources management, including safe disposal of wastewater and water distribution agreements. We need to address without delay the disproportionate impact of lack of access to water and sanitation in health, education and economic opportunities for women, girls and persons with disabilities.",
"In conclusion, Australians know that water is a very valuable resource — the source of life — and that it must be carefully managed. We will continue to give priority to this issue and provide the assistance we can to help address obstacles to access to safe drinking water and sanitation for hundreds of millions of people. We will continue to participate in crucial discussions, such as today ' s, and encourage the General Assembly to keep this item of vital importance on its agenda.",
"Mr. Kafando (Burkina Faso) (spoke in French): First of all, I would like to thank the delegation of the Plurinational State of Bolivia for convening this meeting and President Deiss for promoting the very just cause of the fundamental rights to water and sanitation.",
"Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is now a basic human right, as all speakers have said here. Unfortunately, in today ' s world, more than 884 million people still lack access to safe drinking water, while 2.5 billion still have no access to adequate sanitation facilities, according to a report prepared in 2008 by the United Nations Children ' s Fund and the World Health Organization.",
"Taking into account this situation, the Government of Burkina Faso has launched a State-owned company — the National Office for Water and Sanitation — to build, manage and protect the collection, transfer, treatment and distribution of drinking water to meet urban and industrial needs. It also builds, promotes, manages and improves collective, individual and autonomous sanitation facilities for the evacuation of wastewater and solid waste in urban and semi-urban areas.",
"Due to the remarkable progress made by my country in recent years in terms of access to safe drinking water and sanitation, we have received the “Millennial Development Goals” Award in September 2010. We would like to thank the partners again, whose support to our Government has enabled them to achieve those results.",
"However, Burkina Faso ' s efforts to manage water have been limited by rain, which is insufficient and very unequal throughout the national territory. This situation led us to launch in 1998 Operation SAGA, in cooperation with the Kingdom of Morocco, with the aim of creating artificial rain using proven techniques. The experiment was a success and is currently an ongoing program.",
"As a country in the Sahel, Burkina Faso takes this opportunity to alert the international community to the expansion of the desert and its dire consequences. The current difficult and even tragic situation in the Horn of Africa, and in Somalia in particular, gives an idea of the consequences.",
"We hope that the high-level meeting scheduled for 20 September on combating desertification, land degradation and drought in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication will provide an opportunity to address the root of the problem and, in particular, the issue of access to safe drinking water and appropriate sanitation facilities.",
"Lack of access to water and sanitation has serious implications for education, housing, work, gender equality and overall life. It is therefore very urgent to find appropriate and durable solutions to this problem, the causes and consequences of which are multiple and complex. However, through concerted and inclusive efforts, Member States, with the assistance of the United Nations system and other interested parties, may, in our view, create conditions conducive to ensuring access to safe drinking water and sanitation for populations that do not yet have it.",
"Mrs. Hussain (Maldives): Maldives welcomes the holding of this important debate on the right to water and sanitation. We thank the President for his leadership in starting this important debate.",
"Maldives has a policy of ensuring that all inhabited islands have access to safe drinking water. The water is very low and its management is very expensive for us due to the geological formation and geography of the Maldives archipelago. There are no rivers or streams. The few small swamps or freshwater lakes we have are not yet used. Our main freshwater resource is the groundwater of the thin layers of water that are at very little depth. They are therefore highly vulnerable to saline intrusion and contamination due to sanitation processes and require intensive management, which is often extremely complicated and costly, to avoid overexploitation. The lesson we learned is that the health benefits and social impact of this effort are far higher than the costs.",
"Maldives is deeply concerned that, according to the 2010 report of the Joint Monitoring Programme of the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children ' s Fund, some 884 million people do not have access to improved water sources and 2.6 billion people do not have access to sanitation. We are alarmed that, due to water and sanitation-related diseases, approximately 1.5 million children under five die and that 443 million children are absent from schools every day. Urgent and innovative action is needed to address these global challenges.",
"There is no doubt that water is a scarce good all over the world. It is even more scarce in countries such as Maldives, which are highly vulnerable to climate change, adding even more pressure to the current threats to the sustainability of our water resources. For small island States such as Maldives, the impact of climate change on water resources is not a distant reality, but a serious problem that we are facing today. Our commitment to contribute to solving this highly critical problem is directly related to the well-being and socio-economic development of our people.",
"Maldives welcomed the adoption of Human Rights Council resolution 64/292 and resolution 15/9, which recognizes the human right to water and sanitation and reaffirms, inter alia, that the human right to water and sanitation derives from the right to an adequate standard of living and is closely linked to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health and the right to life and human dignity.",
"We reaffirm that the human right to water and sanitation is established in the existing human rights treaties and therefore implies legally binding obligations. For a long time, Maldives has taken measures to protect and guarantee the right to water. Our national policy is to ensure that all inhabited islands have adequate water and sanitation services.",
"We recognize this right and have launched plans to improve the management of our water resources in order to combat the consequences of climate change and sea-level rise. Maldives believes that existing measures to ensure the right to water should be re-evaluated in order to determine their sustainability in the context of sea-level rise, increased frequency of extreme weather events and changes in precipitation levels.",
"We believe that the recognition of the human right to water and sanitation is a step forward that shows the political will and determined aspiration of the international community to resolve this important issue.",
"Mr. Loulichki (Morocco) (spoke in French): At the outset, I would like to thank the President of the General Assembly for organizing this important meeting on the fundamental question of the right to water and sanitation, which is a major challenge for the international community. This right is crucial for the realization of the economic and social rights to which Morocco attaches great importance. We are pleased to know that Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque defends this right, which is doing with great dedication and professionalism.",
"We all know that the increasing calls for the recognition and realization of the right to water are legitimate and essential for the full and effective exercise of human rights. Life is not possible or conceivable without access to water. This assertion is not political, ideological or moral. It is a solemn appeal for the right to life. By enshrining the right to water in international standards, are we not simply helping to protect life? Is this not the reason for being the United Nations system? Can we legitimately accept that millions of men, women and children, mainly in developing countries, do not have sufficient access to water for economic, geographical or environmental reasons? Is that the way we understand respect for human dignity? Is it acceptable that in Africa and Asia the average distance that a woman or a child should travel to find water is six kilometres?",
"I am proud to have personally experienced this lack and to have lived in very difficult circumstances. When I talk about the right to water, I know what I'm talking about.",
"According to the World Health Organization, half of the hospital beds worldwide are occupied by patients suffering from water-borne diseases. According to the United Nations Development Programme, lack of access to safe drinking water and sanitation has serious implications for the right to health. Every year, 1.8 million children die from diseases caused by unhealthy water and lack of hygiene; that figure is much higher than the number of deaths caused by violent conflict. Four out of 10 people in the developing world are affected by water shortages. The situation is deteriorating due to population growth, urban expansion, pollution and the effects of climate change.",
"Should the international community be resigned to this appalling assessment? We hope not. The time has come for us to wake up, appeal to the conscience of the people and mobilize ourselves in search of sustainable solutions. The organization of this meeting is, in itself, a way of recognizing the seriousness of the situation and a call to action. We cannot limit ourselves to words, but we must act together, and quickly.",
"I cannot but regret the fact that this debate, which is so important to the lives of millions of people all over the planet, takes place in a General Assembly Hall that is practically empty. This does not show any deep or massive commitment by the international community to this fundamental right.",
"Morocco is an active and energetic participant in this new collective awareness. My country supports international efforts to fully recognize the universal right to water and sanitation. Morocco welcomed the adoption of resolution 64/292 in July 2010.",
"My country ' s commitment to the recognition of the right to water is not new. Since its independence, Morocco has given priority to access to water. In the 1960s, we launched a dam construction programme that has allowed us to increase our storage capacity to 17 billion cubic metres. Almost all urban populations in Morocco have access to safe drinking water; in rural areas only 60 per cent have access to it. Through the construction of hundreds of water purification plants in Moroccan cities, great achievements have been made in the treatment of wastewater.",
"The modernization of the legislative and administrative framework has led to changes in water resources management, increasing supply through demand management and resource protection. In October 2009, His Majesty Mohammed VI declared that",
"“Our present and future challenge is to work tirelessly to master our resources, as the economy in its use, the maximization of its value, its proper organization and the preservation of its quality will be the basis of our development methods. ”",
"At the regional and international levels, my country has always helped countries facing difficulties in the economic, social and humanitarian fields linked to access to water. Through active, voluntary and dynamic South-South cooperation, in particular the exchange of experience, Morocco has assisted sister countries, especially in Africa, for example in relation to artificial rain. My country has also been aware of the situation of countries affected by climate change, in particular island countries, and drought, as is currently the case in the Horn of Africa. This situation is regrettable.",
"Only through joint international action will it be possible for generations to come to have sufficient access to water. However, how can we not worry about the United Nations claim that by 2025, two thirds of the world ' s population, or 5.5 billion people, could live in areas affected by moderate or severe water shortages? In Africa, 25 per cent of the population already suffer from severe water shortages. The exodus of the Horn of Africa motivated by drought fully justified today ' s debate. Respect for human dignity begins with the consecration of the universal right to water. It is time to join and act, as in this body we have the primary responsibility to help save the lives of many people by guaranteeing access to the source of all life on Earth. I would say that water is essential to life on Earth.",
"When I commented that this debate was taking place in a virtually empty Assembly Hall, I did not do so to point anyone to the finger, but only to express that I deplore the fact that such a basic, fundamental and essential right is addressed with such little enthusiasm, not to say indifference.",
"Mr. Valero Briceño (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela): In thanking the President for convening this plenary meeting, I would like, through him, to welcome the participation of His Excellency President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, colleague and brother Evo Morales Ayma, in the debate this afternoon.",
"Reports submitted by United Nations agencies and bodies indicate that access to water and sanitation in the world is uneven. They reveal the polarity between regions and countries of the world in the enjoyment of these rights. Access to water and sanitation is a human right that must be guaranteed for all men and women who populate the Earth. It is condemnable that an opulent minority of the world monopolizes the well-being and enjoyment of the goods offered to us by Mother Earth, while 1.1 billion people do not have access to safe drinking water; that 2.6 billion people lack acceptable sanitation facilities, while that same minority overlaps in the obscene extravagance consumed in the artific and alienating capitalist market.",
"Between 4,000 and 5,000 children die every day as a result of lack of access to safe drinking water. The root causes are in poverty, economic and social inequality, climate change, the destruction of natural resources and the unjust power relations that characterize the world capitalist system.",
"Can humanity defeat these destructive, annihilating tendencies of life, and create a more democratic and equitable, plural and compatible society with the preservation of life? We think it's possible. In order to ensure that humanity can exercise fundamental human rights, including access to water and sanitation, and achieve its emancipation, we must go beyond the narrow and petty establishments of economic competition and market fundamentalism and welcome the earthly realm of solidarity.",
"In Venezuela, the human right to water and sanitation is guaranteed. Our country has a legal regulation in which it is recognized that the nation exercises full sovereignty over water, establishes that access to water is a fundamental right, that water is irreplaceable for life and human well-being, and an indispensable resource for achieving development.",
"His Excellency President Evo Morales Ayma told us this afternoon—and let us hear him—that water is the mother of all rights and that, if that right is not respected, no human right is respected. He added that water must be a public service and not a source of wealth and trade. He invited us to seek a balance between human beings and nature. We fully share these humanistic postulates.",
"The Venezuelan Water Act states that water is a social good. Consequently, the State guarantees access to water for all urban and rural communities, including indigenous peoples and all vulnerable social groups. The Act also ensures that, in full exercise of sovereignty and national security, the use of water at any time or place, in any of its sources, may not be granted to foreign companies. Water, being a public domain asset, may not be part of the private domain of any natural or legal person.",
"The United Nations established the Millennium Development Goals that the proportion of people who lack sustainable access to safe drinking water should be halved by 2015. Venezuela has already reached the target of drinking water coverage in 2001, with a decrease in the deficit of the population without drinking water through networks to 15%. The target of sewage coverage was achieved in 2005, as the deficit in the unsupplied population of sewage collection through networks decreased.",
"More than 95% of the Venezuelan population has access to drinking water today. Our country, in the framework of the Bolivarian Revolution, has created an important infrastructure for capturing, polluting and driving drinking water, with a total production capacity of sufficient water to supply the 30 million human beings living in Venezuela. Our country also met the sanitation target; it has achieved a 92% coverage through the national plan to expand access to safe drinking water and sanitation.",
"I conclude my words by expressing that my country hopes that the contributions of the different delegations that have intervened in this debate will be an acclaim for the right to water and sanitation to become a right of truth exercised by all human beings that populate planet Earth.",
"The meeting rose at 6.05 p.m."
] |
[
"Comité para el ejercicio de los derechos inalienables del pueblo palestino",
"Acta resumida de la 334ª sesión",
"Celebrada en la Sede, Nueva York, el miércoles 27 de julio de 2011, a las 10.30 horas",
"Presidente: Sr. Diallo (Senegal)",
"Sumario",
"Aprobación del orden del día",
"Información actualizada sobre lo ocurrido desde la anterior sesión del Comité",
"La situación en el territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, y evolución del proceso político",
"Informe del Presidente de la Reunión internacional de las Naciones Unidas en apoyo del proceso de paz israelo-palestino, Bruselas, 28 y 29 de junio de 2011",
"Otros asuntos",
"Se declara abierta la sesión a las 10.40 horas.",
"Aprobación del orden del día",
"1. Queda aprobado el orden del día.",
"Información actualizada sobre lo ocurrido desde la anterior sesión del Comité",
"2. El Presidente hace un resumen de algunas de las actividades realizadas y hechos ocurridos desde la anterior sesión del Comité y dice que el 23 de junio el Sr. Pascoe, Secretario General Adjunto de Asuntos Políticos, informó al Consejo de Seguridad sobre la situación en el Oriente Medio, incluida la cuestión palestina. El 28 de junio, el Senado de los Estados Unidos aprobó una resolución en que amenazaba con suspender la asistencia financiera a la Autoridad Palestina si esta seguía adelante en septiembre con su intención de solicitar la condición de Estado ante las Naciones Unidas.",
"3. Los días 28 y 29 de junio, el Comité convocó en Bruselas la Reunión internacional de las Naciones Unidas en apoyo del proceso de paz israelo-palestino. Del 28 al 30 de junio se celebró en Astana el 38º período de sesiones del Consejo de Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores de la Organización de la Conferencia Islámica; el Sr. Daou (Mali) representó al Comité en ese período de sesiones y presentará una exposición en fecha ulterior.",
"4. El 5 de julio, el Gobierno de Israel publicó llamados a licitación para la construcción de unas 400 viviendas en asentamientos ubicados en la Ribera Occidental. El 7 de julio, la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos aprobó una resolución en que reitera su firme oposición a todo intento por establecer o buscar reconocimiento para un Estado palestino fuera de un acuerdo negociado entre Israel y los palestinos e insta a la Administración a considerar la suspensión de la asistencia a la Autoridad Palestina, en espera de un examen del acuerdo de unidad. El 11 de julio, los máximos responsables del Cuarteto celebraron una reunión en Washington, D.C., pero no formularon declaración alguna.",
"5. El 12 y el 13 de julio, el Departamento de Información Pública celebró en Budapest el 19º seminario internacional anual para los medios de comunicación sobre la paz en el Oriente Medio; el Presidente del Comité envió a dicho seminario un mensaje, y se distribuyeron copias de ese mensaje a los miembros del Comité.",
"6. Durante el mes previo, los dirigentes palestinos perseveraron en sus esfuerzos por recibir reconocimiento internacional para Palestina como Estado, sobre la base de las fronteras de 1967, y por recabar el apoyo de la comunidad internacional para la solicitud de Palestina de pasar a ser Miembro de las Naciones Unidas. Recientemente, la República Árabe Siria reconoció el Estado de Palestina. Los gobiernos de Azerbaiyán, España, Islandia, Noruega y Turquía ratificaron su respaldo a la solicitud de Palestina de pasar a ser Miembro de la Organización. Además, Islandia y Noruega han elevado el rango de la representación diplomática palestina en sus respectivos países.",
"7. El 26 de julio, el Consejo de Seguridad celebró un debate abierto sobre la situación en el Oriente Medio, incluida la cuestión palestina.",
"La situación en el territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, y evolución del proceso político",
"8. El Sr. Mansour (Observador de Palestina) dice que el 26 de julio de 2011 informó al Consejo de Seguridad sobre la situación en el territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, en particular con respecto al aumento de las actividades de construcción de asentamientos, la difícil situación de los presos políticos palestinos en prisiones israelíes y el inmoral bloqueo de la Franja de Gaza. El orador señala que visitó dos veces durante el mes previo el territorio ocupado: en cada ocasión, sostuvo debates constructivos e informativos con el Ministro de Asuntos Penitenciarios y con activistas de ese Ministerio sobre el recrudecimiento de la represión israelí en el territorio ocupado y el sufrimiento de los presos políticos palestinos y destacó la constante preocupación del Comité por la difícil situación de los presos y los esfuerzos del Comité por promover la causa de los presos a nivel internacional. También señaló a la atención la decisión de la Mesa del Comité de celebrar en Ginebra, posiblemente en 2012, otra reunión sobre la cuestión de los presos. El Ministerio reiteró su deseo de seguir fortaleciendo sus relaciones con el Comité y expresó mensajes de los presos políticos palestinos en prisiones israelíes en que estos expresan gratitud por los esfuerzos del Comité para promover la causa de esos presos.",
"9. Recientemente, el orador visitó la aldea de Bil’in, cuyos residentes realizaron protestas no violentas que dieron lugar a que se modificara el trazado del muro construido por Israel en el territorio palestino ocupado. Se reunió con el Comité Popular en ese lugar y alentó a sus miembros a que prosiguieran sus esfuerzos por desmantelar dicho muro, con arreglo a la opinión consultiva de la Corte Internacional de Justicia.",
"10. Su delegación sigue esforzándose por lograr que se reconozca a Palestina como Estado independiente a partir del sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas. A ese respecto, es importante reconocer y consolidar los logros que ha alcanzado el pueblo palestino, entre ellos el haber completado un plan de dos años para el establecimiento del Estado, programa que estuvo dirigido por el Sr. Fayyad, Primer Ministro de la Autoridad Palestina. La Autoridad Palestina ha cumplido su parte del acuerdo contraído con la comunidad internacional en que se dispuso la creación de instituciones del Estado Palestino, el fin de la ocupación israelí y la independencia de Palestina, y está lista ahora para ejercer funciones de gobierno como Estado independiente de medianos ingresos. Es hora de que la comunidad internacional ayude a poner fin a la ocupación y reconozca a Palestina como Estado independiente. Más de 120 países han invertido en la paz que se obtendría al reconocer el Estado de Palestina. Claro está, existen obstáculos de envergadura en el camino de Palestina hacia la condición de Estado; sin embargo, si el país que constituye el mayor obstáculo sigue negando el derecho de Palestina a sumarse a la comunidad de naciones, su delegación recurrirá a sus otras opciones, la primera de las cuales será continuar las negociaciones del proceso de paz.",
"Informe del Presidente de la Reunión internacional de las Naciones Unidas en apoyo del proceso de paz israelo-palestino, Bruselas, 28 y 29 de junio de 2011",
"11. El Presidente dice que la Reunión internacional de las Naciones Unidas en apoyo del proceso de paz israelo-palestino se celebró en Bruselas los días 28 y 29 de junio de 2011. A la Reunión asistieron representantes de gobiernos, de Palestina, de organizaciones intergubernamentales, de entidades de las Naciones Unidas, de organizaciones de la sociedad civil y los medios de comunicación, así como una delegación del Comité.",
"12. Los participantes destacaron la necesidad de que las partes reanudaran las negociaciones directas. El representante de la Unión Europea señaló la importancia de que el Cuarteto tomara como guía los principios formulados por el Presidente de los Estados Unidos, el Sr. Obama, en su declaración del 19 de mayo de 2011 y de que la reconciliación entre los palestinos condujera a la constitución de un gobierno de transición.",
"13. En sesiones plenarias, 14 expertos presentaron exposiciones sobre las medidas que Europa ha adoptado para promover la paz entre israelíes y palestinos. Al tiempo que destacaron la urgente necesidad de lograr una solución de dos Estados, los participantes formularon preguntas sobre el resultado de las negociaciones en el caso de que Palestina fuera reconocida y admitida como Estado en las Naciones Unidas. Algunos alegaron que las negociaciones y la admisión de Palestina como Estado Miembro no se excluían mutuamente y que el derecho a la libre determinación era un derecho inalienable del pueblo palestino y por lo tanto no era negociable.",
"14. Se expresó preocupación respecto del plazo para hacer realidad la solución de dos Estados. Se señaló que en el seno de la Unión Europea no existía consenso sobre el reconocimiento del Estado de Palestina y que la decisión de reconocerlo incumbía a cada miembro por separado. Ciertos participantes destacaron que los palestinos no debían constituir una excepción en lo que respecta a recibir el apoyo de la Comunidad Europea a las legítimas aspiraciones democráticas del Oriente Medio.",
"15. Al tiempo que instaron a los donantes a continuar prestando ayuda humanitaria al pueblo palestino, muchos participantes afirmaron que Europa, incluso mediante su política comercial, debe ejercer influencia sobre Israel para que respete el derecho internacional. Se hizo hincapié en el papel decisivo que corresponde desempeñar a los parlamentos nacionales, al Parlamento Europeo y a la sociedad civil en la promoción de los derechos del pueblo palestino. Se distribuyeron copias de las conclusiones de la Reunión a los miembros del Comité.",
"16. Además de participar en la Reunión, los representantes del Comité celebraron consultas con organizaciones de la sociedad civil, las cuales saludaron la labor realizada por el Comité y pidieron que este perseverara en sus esfuerzos por ayudar a la sociedad civil a fortalecer la coordinación de su labor a nivel internacional y con la Autoridad Palestina.",
"17. Los representantes del Comité celebraron reuniones también con funcionarios del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Bélgica y de varias instituciones europeas. Esas reuniones centraron su atención en la urgente necesidad de lograr una solución de dos Estados. Los representantes del Comité instaron a que se adoptaran medidas prácticas a los niveles nacionales y europeo con miras a reanudar las negociaciones relativas al estatuto permanente y a promover el establecimiento del Estado de Palestina.",
"18. El Comité toma nota del informe.",
"Otros asuntos",
"19. El Sr. Ferdous (Departamento de Información Pública) dice que el seminario para los medios de comunicación sobre la paz en el Oriente Medio, organizado por el Departamento de Información Pública y celebrado en Budapest los días 12 y 13 de julio de 2011, atrajo a un centenar de participantes, entre los cuales hubo encargados de formular políticas de Israel y de la Autoridad Palestina, representantes de los medios de comunicación internacionales y miembros de instituciones académicas y de la sociedad civil. En el seminario se examinaron los cambios radicales de índole política en el Oriente Medio y en el África septentrional y la función cada vez mayor que desempeñan los nuevos medios como Twitter y Facebook en el fomento de los cambios políticos. Además de las declaraciones iniciales presentadas por el Secretario General y el Presidente del Comité, se celebraron cinco reuniones de mesas redondas sobre varios temas, entre ellos el estancamiento del proceso de paz en el Oriente Medio y formas de superarlo y el papel que corresponde a la cultura y a los medios de comunicación en la promoción de un entendimiento entre israelíes y palestinos. El seminario concluyó con una declaración del Secretario General Adjunto de Información Pública. La cobertura que los medios de comunicación internacionales ofrecieron sobre el seminario fue muy positiva. El orador da las gracias al Presidente y a la secretaría del Comité, así como al Observador Permanente de Palestina, por el apoyo y la orientación que brindaron, gracias a los cuales el seminario fue un éxito.",
"20. En cuanto al proyecto del Departamento de Información Pública de actualizar su exhibición permanente sobre la cuestión de Palestina y las Naciones Unidas, dice que se entregó una copia del texto actualizado y del diseño revisado a la secretaría del Comité para su examen. Muy pronto se presentará una versión revisada de ese texto, basada en las observaciones recibidas. Expresa la esperanza de que, como ha ocurrido en el pasado, el Departamento pueda contar con el apoyo del Comité en cuanto a proporcionar capital generador para las traducciones de la exhibición a idiomas locales, preferiblemente con tiempo suficiente para la celebración del Día Internacional de Solidaridad con el Pueblo Palestino, el 29 de noviembre de 2011.",
"Se levanta la sesión a las 11.25 horas."
] | [
"Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People",
"Summary record of the 334th meeting",
"Held at Headquarters, New York, on Wednesday, 27 July 2011, at 10.30 a.m.",
"Chair: Mr. Diallo (Senegal)",
"Contents",
"Adoption of the agenda",
"Update on developments since the previous meeting of the Committee",
"The situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and developments in the political process",
"Report of the Chair on the United Nations International Meeting in Support of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process, Brussels, 28 and 29 June 2011",
"Other matters",
"The meeting was called to order at 10.40 a.m.",
"Adoption of the agenda",
"1. The agenda was adopted.",
"Update on developments since the previous meeting of the Committee",
"2. The Chair, summarizing some of the activities and development that had taken place since the Committee’s previous meeting, said that, on 23 June, Mr. Pascoe, the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, had briefed the Security Council on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question. On 28 June, the United States Senate had passed a resolution threatening to suspend financial assistance to the Palestinian Authority if it went ahead with its September bid for statehood at the United Nations.",
"3. On 28 and 29 June, the Committee had convened the United Nations International Meeting in Support of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process in Brussels. From 28 to 30 June, the thirty-eighth session of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Organization of the Islamic Conference had been held in Astana; Mr. Daou (Mali), who had represented the Committee at the meeting, would provide a briefing at a later date.",
"4. On 5 July, the Government of Israel had published tenders for the construction of some 400 housing units in settlements in the West Bank. On 7 July, the United States House of Representatives had passed a resolution “[reiterating] its strong opposition to any attempt to establish or seek recognition of a Palestinian state outside of an agreement negotiated between Israel and the Palestinians” and “[urging] the administration to consider suspending assistance to the Palestinian Authority pending a review of the unity agreement”. On 11 July, the Quartet principals had met in Washington, D.C., but had issued no statement.",
"5. On 12 and 13 July, the Department of Public Information had held the nineteenth annual International Media Seminar on Peace in the Middle East in Budapest; as Chair of the Committee, he had sent a message, a copy of which had been distributed to the members of the Committee.",
"6. Over the past month, the Palestinian leadership had continued its efforts to gain international recognition of Palestine as a State on the basis of the 1967 borders and to ask for the international community’s support of the Palestine request for membership in the United Nations. The Syrian Arab Republic had recently recognized the State of Palestine. The Governments of Azerbaijan, Iceland, Norway, Spain and Turkey had confirmed their support for Palestine’s request for membership in the Organization. Norway and Iceland had also raised the status of the Palestinian diplomatic representation in their respective countries.",
"7. On 26 July, the Security Council had held an open debate on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question.",
"The situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and developments in the political process",
"8. Mr. Mansour (Observer for Palestine) said that he had briefed the Security Council on 26 July 2011 on the situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, in particular with regard to the increased settlement activity, the plight of Palestinian political prisoners in Israeli prisons, and the immoral blockade of the Gaza Strip. He had been to the Occupied Territory twice in the last month: each time, he had enjoyed a constructive, informative discussion with the Minister for Prisoners’ Affairs and activists in that Ministry on the intensification of the Israeli repression in the Occupied Territory and the suffering of Palestinian political prisoners. He had reiterated the Committee’s continued concern at the prisoners’ plight and its efforts to advance their cause internationally. He had also drawn their attention to the Committee Bureau’s decision to hold another meeting in Geneva on the question of prisoners, possibly in 2012. The Ministry had expressed its desire to continue strengthening its relationship with the Committee and had informed him of messages of gratitude from Palestinian political prisoners in Israeli prisons to the Committee for advancing their cause.",
"9. Recently, he had visited the village of Bil’in, whose residents’ non-violent protests had resulted in the re-routing of the wall being built by Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. He had met with the Popular Committee there, encouraging its members to continue their efforts to dismantle the wall, in accordance with the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice.",
"10. His delegation continued its efforts towards the recognition of Palestine as an independent State beginning with the sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly. In that connection, it was important to recognize and consolidate the accomplishments made by the Palestinian people, namely, the completion of a two-year State-building programme headed by Mr. Fayyad, Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority. The Palestinian Authority had delivered on its end of the agreement with the international community, which provided for the building of Palestinian State institutions, the end of the Israeli occupation, and the independence of Palestine; it was now ready to govern as an independent, middle-income State. It was now time for the international community to help end occupation and to recognize Palestine as an independent State. Over 120 countries had invested in peace through the recognition of the State of Palestine. There were, clearly, major obstacles in Palestine’s path to statehood, however: if the country that constituted the greatest obstacle continued to deny Palestine the right to join the community of nations, his delegation would turn to its other options, the first of which would be to continue negotiation of the peace process.",
"Report of the Chair on the United Nations International Meeting in Support of the Israeli‑Palestinian Peace Process, Brussels, 28 and 29 June 2011",
"11. The Chair said that the United Nations International Meeting in Support of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process had been held in Brussels on 28 and 29 June 2011. The Meeting had been attended by representatives of Governments, Palestine, inter‑governmental organizations, United Nations entities, civil society organizations and the media, as well as a delegation from the Committee.",
"12. Participants had stressed the need for the parties to resume direct negotiations. The representative of the European Union had said it was important for the Quartet to be guided by the principles outlined by United States President Obama in his statement of 19 May 2011 and for the inter-Palestinian reconciliation to lead to the formation of a transitional Government.",
"13. In plenary meetings, 14 experts had given presentations on steps taken by Europe to promote peace between Israelis and Palestinians. Highlighting the urgent need to bring about a two-State solution, participants had enquired as to the outcome of negotiations in the event that Palestine was recognized and admitted as a State into the United Nations. It had been noted by some that the negotiations and the membership of Palestine as a Member State were not mutually exclusive; the right to self-determination was an inalienable right of the Palestinian people and therefore itself was not negotiable.",
"14. Concern had been expressed regarding the time frame for making the two-State solution a reality. It had been noted that there was no consensus within the European Union regarding the recognition of the State of Palestine and that the decision to recognize it should be made by each member individually. Participants had stressed that Palestinians should not constitute an exception to receiving support from the European community for the legitimate democratic aspirations of the Middle East.",
"15. While urging donors to continue providing humanitarian aid to the Palestinian people, many participants had said that Europe should attempt to influence Israel, including through its trade policy, to respect international law. The crucial role of national parliaments, the European Parliament and civil society in promoting the rights of the Palestinian people had been emphasized. A copy of the conclusions of the Meeting had been distributed to Committee members.",
"16. In addition to participating in the Meeting, the Committee’s representatives had held consultations with civil society organizations. Those organizations had welcomed the work of the Committee and asked it to continue its efforts to help civil society strengthen its coordination internationally and with the Palestinian Authority.",
"17. The Committee’s representatives had also held meetings with officials of the Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and of European institutions. Those meetings had focused on the urgent need to achieve a two-State solution. The Committee’s representatives had urged the adoption of practical measures at the national and European levels with a view to restarting permanent status negotiations and promoting the establishment of the State of Palestine.",
"18. The Committee took note of the report.",
"Other matters",
"19. Mr. Ferdous (Department of Public Information) said that the media seminar on peace in the Middle East organized by the Department of Public Information and held in Budapest on 12 and 13 July 2011 had drawn some 100 participants, including policymakers from Israel and the Palestinian Authority, representatives of the international media, and members of academia and civil society. The media seminar had examined the sweeping political changes in the Middle East and North Africa and the growing role of new media such as Twitter and Facebook in fostering political change. In addition to opening statements by the Secretary-General and the Chair of the Committee, a total of five panels had been held on a range of topics, including the standstill in the Middle East peace process and ways to overcome it, and the role of culture and media in promoting understanding between Israelis and Palestinians. The meeting had ended with a statement by the Under-Secretary-General for Public Information. International media coverage of the seminar had been very positive. He thanked the Chair and the secretariat of the Committee, as well as the Permanent Observer for Palestine, for their support and guidance in making the seminar a success.",
"20. Referring to the project of the Department of Public Information to update its permanent exhibit on the question of Palestine and the United Nations, he said that a copy of the updated text and revised design had been forwarded to the Committee secretariat for review. On the basis of the comments received, a revised version of that text would be submitted shortly. He hoped that, as in the past, the Department could count on the support of the Committee in providing seed money for local language translations of the exhibit, preferably in time for the observance of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People on 29 November 2011.",
"The meeting rose at 11.25 a.m."
] | A_AC.183_SR.334 | [
"Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People",
"Summary record of the 334th meeting",
"Held at Headquarters, New York, on Wednesday, 27 July 2011, at 10.30 a.m.",
"Chairman: Mr. Diallo, Senegal",
"Contents",
"Adoption of the agenda",
"Update on developments since the previous meeting of the Committee",
"The situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and developments in the political process",
"Report of the President of the United Nations International Meeting in Support of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process, Brussels, 28 and 29 June 2011",
"Other matters",
"The meeting was called to order at 10.40 a.m.",
"Adoption of the agenda",
"1. The agenda was adopted.",
"Update on developments since the previous meeting of the Committee",
"2. The Chairman summarized some of the activities and events that had taken place since the Committee ' s previous meeting and said that on 23 June Mr. Pascoe, Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, briefed the Security Council on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question. On 28 June, the United States Senate adopted a resolution threatening to suspend financial assistance to the Palestinian Authority if it continued in September with its intention to apply for State status to the United Nations.",
"3. On 28 and 29 June, the Committee convened the United Nations International Meeting in Brussels to support the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. The thirty-eighth session of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Organization of the Islamic Conference was held in Astana from 28 to 30 June; Mr. Daou (Mali) represented the Committee at that session and will present a presentation at a later date.",
"4. On 5 July, the Government of Israel issued invitations to bid for the construction of some 400 settlements in the West Bank. On 7 July, the United States House of Representatives adopted a resolution reiterating its strong opposition to any attempt to establish or seek recognition for a Palestinian State outside a negotiated agreement between Israel and the Palestinians, and urges the Administration to consider the suspension of assistance to the Palestinian Authority, pending a review of the unity agreement. On 11 July, the Quartet’s top officials held a meeting in Washington, D.C., but made no statement.",
"5. On 12 and 13 July, the Department of Public Information held in Budapest the nineteenth annual international media seminar on peace in the Middle East; the Chairman of the Committee sent a message to the seminar, and copies of that message were circulated to the members of the Committee.",
"6. During the previous month, the Palestinian leaders continued their efforts to receive international recognition for Palestine as a State, on the basis of the 1967 borders, and to seek the support of the international community for the request of Palestine to become a Member of the United Nations. Recently, the Syrian Arab Republic recognized the State of Palestine. The Governments of Azerbaijan, Iceland, Norway and Turkey ratified their support for the request of Palestine to become a Member of the Organization. Furthermore, Iceland and Norway have raised the ranks of Palestinian diplomatic representation in their respective countries.",
"7. On 26 July, the Security Council held an open debate on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question.",
"The situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and developments in the political process",
"8. Mr. Mansour (Observer for Palestine) said that on 26 July 2011 he informed the Security Council of the situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, in particular with regard to the increase in settlement construction, the plight of Palestinian political prisoners in Israeli prisons and the immoral blockade of the Gaza Strip. He noted that he had twice visited the occupied territory during the previous month: on each occasion, he had constructive and informative discussions with the Minister of Prison Affairs and with activists from that Ministry on the escalation of Israeli repression in the occupied territory and the suffering of Palestinian political prisoners and stressed the Committee ' s continued concern about the plight of prisoners and the Committee ' s efforts to promote the cause of prisoners internationally. He also drew attention to the Committee ' s Bureau ' s decision to hold another meeting on the issue of prisoners in Geneva, possibly in 2012. The Ministry reiterated its desire to further strengthen its relations with the Committee and expressed messages from Palestinian political prisoners in Israeli prisons that they express gratitude for the Committee ' s efforts to promote the cause of those prisoners.",
"9. He had recently visited the village of Bil’in, whose residents had conducted non-violent protests that had led to a change in the layout of the wall built by Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. He met with the People ' s Committee in that place and encouraged its members to continue their efforts to dismantle the wall, in accordance with the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice.",
"10. His delegation continued its efforts to ensure that Palestine was recognized as an independent State from the sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly. In that regard, it was important to recognize and consolidate the achievements of the Palestinian people, including the completion of a two-year plan for the establishment of the State, which was led by Mr. Fayyad, Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority. The Palestinian Authority has fulfilled its part of the agreement with the international community that provided for the establishment of Palestinian State institutions, the end of the Israeli occupation and the independence of Palestine, and is now ready to serve as an independent middle-income State. It is time for the international community to help end the occupation and recognize Palestine as an independent State. More than 120 countries have invested in the peace to be achieved by recognizing the State of Palestine. Of course, there are major obstacles in the way of Palestine to statehood; however, if the country that constitutes the greatest obstacle continues to deny the right of Palestine to join the community of nations, his delegation will resort to its other options, the first of which will be to continue negotiations on the peace process.",
"Report of the President of the United Nations International Meeting in Support of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process, Brussels, 28 and 29 June 2011",
"11. The President said that the United Nations International Meeting in Support of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process was held in Brussels on 28 and 29 June 2011. The Meeting was attended by representatives of Governments, Palestine, intergovernmental organizations, United Nations entities, civil society organizations and the media, as well as a delegation of the Committee.",
"12. Participants stressed the need for the parties to resume direct negotiations. The representative of the European Union noted the importance of the Quartet guiding the principles formulated by the President of the United States, Mr. Obama, in his statement of May 19, 2011 and that reconciliation among the Palestinians would lead to the constitution of a transitional government.",
"13. In plenary meetings, 14 experts presented presentations on the measures that Europe has taken to promote peace between Israelis and Palestinians. While stressing the urgent need for a two-State solution, participants asked questions about the outcome of the negotiations in the event that Palestine was recognized and admitted as a State to the United Nations. Some argued that the negotiations and admission of Palestine as a Member State were not mutually exclusive and that the right to self-determination was an inalienable right of the Palestinian people and was therefore not negotiable.",
"14. Concern was expressed regarding the time frame for achieving the two-State solution. It was pointed out that within the European Union there was no consensus on the recognition of the State of Palestine and that the decision to recognize it was incumbent on each member separately. Some participants stressed that Palestinians should not constitute an exception in terms of receiving European Community support for the legitimate democratic aspirations of the Middle East.",
"15. While urging donors to continue to provide humanitarian aid to the Palestinian people, many participants stated that Europe, including through its trade policy, must exert influence on Israel to respect international law. The critical role of national parliaments, the European Parliament and civil society in promoting the rights of the Palestinian people was emphasized. Copies of the conclusions of the Meeting were circulated to the members of the Committee.",
"16. In addition to participating in the Meeting, the representatives of the Committee held consultations with civil society organizations, which welcomed the work of the Committee and called for the Committee to continue its efforts to help civil society strengthen the coordination of its work at the international level and with the Palestinian Authority.",
"17. The representatives of the Committee also held meetings with officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belgium and several European institutions. These meetings focused on the urgent need for a two-State solution. The representatives of the Committee called for practical measures at the national and European levels to resume negotiations on permanent status and to promote the establishment of the State of Palestine.",
"18. The Committee takes note of the report.",
"Other matters",
"19. Mr. Ferdous (Department of Public Information) said that the Media Seminar on Peace in the Middle East, organized by the Department of Public Information and held in Budapest on 12 and 13 July 2011, attracted a hundred participants, including policymakers from Israel and the Palestinian Authority, representatives of the international media and members of academic institutions and civil society. The seminar discussed radical political changes in the Middle East and North Africa and the growing role of new media such as Twitter and Facebook in promoting political changes. In addition to the initial statements submitted by the Secretary-General and the Chairman of the Committee, five round-table meetings were held on a number of topics, including the impasse in the Middle East peace process and ways to overcome it and the role of culture and the media in promoting an understanding between Israelis and Palestinians. The seminar concluded with a statement by the Under-Secretary-General for Public Information. The international media coverage of the seminar was very positive. He thanked the Chairman and the secretariat of the Committee, as well as the Permanent Observer of Palestine, for the support and guidance they provided, thanks to which the seminar was a success.",
"20. With regard to the Department of Public Information project to update its permanent exhibition on the question of Palestine and the United Nations, he said that a copy of the updated text and the revised design was provided to the Committee secretariat for its consideration. A revised version of that text would soon be submitted, based on comments received. He expressed the hope that, as had happened in the past, the Department would be able to count on the Committee ' s support in providing generating capital for the translation of the exhibit into local languages, preferably with sufficient time for the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People on 29 November 2011.",
"The meeting rose at 11.25 a.m."
] |
[
"Carta de fecha 22 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Secretario General",
"Tengo el honor de referirme a la Misión de las Naciones Unidas para el Referéndum del Sáhara Occidental (MINURSO), establecida por el Consejo de Seguridad en su resolución 690 (1991), de 29 de abril de 1991, y prorrogada recientemente por el Consejo en su resolución 1979 (2011), de 27 de abril de 2011.",
"Tras las consultas habituales, deseo comunicarle que tengo la intención de nombrar al General de División Abdul Hafiz (Bangladesh) Comandante de la MINURSO. El General Hafiz reemplaza al General de División Jingmin Zhao (China), que concluyó su misión el 10 de abril de 2011. Aprovecho la oportunidad para expresar mi agradecimiento al General Zhao por su dedicación y su eficaz dirección del componente militar de la MINURSO.",
"Le agradecería que tuviera a bien señalar este asunto a la atención de los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad.",
"(Firmado) BAN Ki-moon"
] | [
"Letter dated 22 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council",
"I have the honour to refer to the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), established by the Security Council in its resolution 690 (1991) of 29 April 1991 and most recently extended in its resolution 1979 (2011) of 27 April 2011.",
"Following the usual consultations, I would like to inform you of my intention to appoint Major General Abdul Hafiz (Bangladesh) as Force Commander of MINURSO. He replaces Major General Jingmin Zhao (China) who completed his assignment on 10 April 2011. I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to Major General Zhao for his dedication and effective leadership of the MINURSO military component.",
"I should be grateful if you would bring this matter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.",
"(Signed) BAN Ki-moon"
] | S_2011_459 | [
"Letter dated 22 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council",
"I have the honour to refer to the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), established by the Security Council in its resolution 690 (1991) of 29 April 1991, and recently extended by the Council in its resolution 1979 (2011) of 27 April 2011.",
"Following the usual consultations, I would like to inform you that I intend to appoint Major General Abdul Hafiz (Bangladesh) as Commander of MINURSO. General Hafiz replaces Major General Jingmin Zhao, China, who completed his mission on 10 April 2011. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to General Zhao for his dedication and effective leadership of the MINURSO military component.",
"I should be grateful if you would bring this matter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.",
"(Signed) BAN Ki-moon"
] |
[
"Carta de fecha 26 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad",
"Tengo el honor de informarle de que su carta de fecha 22 de julio de 2011 (S/2011/459), relativa a su intención de nombrar al General de División Abdul Hafiz (Bangladesh) Comandante de la Misión de las Naciones Unidas para el Referéndum del Sáhara Occidental (MINURSO), ha sido señalada a la atención de los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad, que toman nota de la intención expresada en ella.",
"(Firmado) Peter Wittig Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad"
] | [
"Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General",
"I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 22 July 2011 (S/2011/459) concerning your intention to appoint Major General Abdul Hafiz (Bangladesh) as Force Commander of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) has been brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council. They take note of the intention expressed in your letter.",
"(Signed) Peter Wittig President of the Security Council"
] | S_2011_460 | [
"Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General",
"I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 22 July 2011 (S/2011/459) concerning your intention to appoint Major General Abdul Hafiz (Bangladesh) Commander of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), has been brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council, taking note of the intention expressed therein.",
"(Signed) Peter Wittig President of the Security Council"
] |
[
"Carta de fecha 22 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Secretario General",
"Tengo el honor de referirme al mando de la Fuerza Provisional de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas para Abyei (UNISFA), establecida por el Consejo de Seguridad en su resolución 1990 (2011), de 27 de junio de 2011.",
"Tras las consultas habituales, me propongo nombrar al Teniente General Tadesse Werede Tesfay (Etiopía) Jefe de la Misión y Comandante de la UNISFA.",
"Le agradecería que tuviera a bien señalar la presente carta a la atención de los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad.",
"(Firmado) BAN Ki-moon"
] | [
"Letter dated 22 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council",
"I have the honour to refer to the command of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA), which the Security Council established under its resolution 1990 of 27 June 2011.",
"Following the usual consultations, I intend to appoint Lieutenant General Tadesse Werede Tesfay (Ethiopia) as Head of Mission and UNISFA Force Commander.",
"I should be grateful if you would bring the present letter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.",
"(Signed) BAN Ki-moon"
] | S_2011_461 | [
"Letter dated 22 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council",
"I have the honour to refer to the command of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA), established by the Security Council in its resolution 1990 (2011) of 27 June 2011.",
"Following the usual consultations, I intend to appoint Lieutenant-General Tadesse Werede Tesfay (Ethiopia) as Head of Mission and Commander of UNISFA.",
"I should be grateful if you would bring the present letter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.",
"(Signed) BAN Ki-moon"
] |
[
"Carta de fecha 26 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad",
"Tengo el honor de comunicarle que su carta de fecha 22 de julio de 2011 (S/2011/461), relativa a su intención de nombrar al Teniente General Tadesse Werede Tesfay (Etiopía) Jefe de la Misión y Comandante de la Fuerza Provisional de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas para Abyei (UNISFA), ha sido señalada a la atención de los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad, que toman nota de la intención expresada en ella.",
"(Firmado) Peter Wittig Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad"
] | [
"Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General",
"I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 22 July 2011 (S/2011/461) concerning your intention to appoint Lieutenant General Tadesse Werede Tesfay (Ethiopia) as Head of Mission and Force Commander of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has been brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council. They take note of the intention expressed in your letter.",
"(Signed) Peter Wittig President of the Security Council"
] | S_2011_462 | [
"Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General",
"I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 22 July 2011 (S/2011/461) concerning your intention to appoint Lieutenant-General Tadesse Werede Tesfay (Ethiopia) Head of the Mission and Commander of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has been brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council, who take note of the intention expressed therein.",
"(Signed) Peter Wittig President of the Security Council"
] |
[
"Orden del día provisional de la 6591ª sesión del Consejo de Seguridad",
"Que se celebrará el miércoles 27 de julio de 2011, a las 10.45 horas",
"1. Aprobación del orden del día.",
"2. La situación en Côte d’Ivoire",
"Vigésimo octavo informe del Secretario General sobre la Operación de las Naciones Unidas en Côte d’Ivoire (S/2011/387)."
] | [
"Provisional agenda for the 6591st meeting of the Security Council",
"To be held on Wednesday, 27 July 2011, at 10.45 a.m.",
"1. Adoption of the agenda.",
"2. The situation in Côte d’Ivoire",
"Twenty-eighth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (S/2011/387)."
] | S_AGENDA_6591 | [
"Provisional agenda for the 6591st meeting of the Security Council",
"To be held on Wednesday, 27 July 2011, at 10.45 a.m.",
"1. Adoption of the agenda.",
"2. The situation in Côte d’Ivoire",
"Twenty-eighth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire (S/2011/387)."
] |
[
"Segundo período ordinario de sesiones de 2011",
"Nueva York, 6 a 9 de septiembre de 2011",
"Tema 6 del programa provisional",
"UNFPA – Informe de la Directora Ejecutiva",
"Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas",
"Examen de mitad de período del plan estratégico del UNFPA, 2008-2013",
"Informe de la Directora Ejecutiva",
"Resumen",
"El presente informe sobre el examen de mitad de período del plan estratégico del UNFPA se presenta en respuesta a la decisión 2009/16 de la Junta Ejecutiva, en que se prorrogó el plan estratégico, 2008-2011, hasta 2013. También a la orientación brindada por la Asamblea General en su resolución 63/232. El examen de mitad de período define con mayor precisión la dirección estratégica de la organización para guiar al UNFPA en su labor durante 2012 y 2013, sobre la base de la experiencia adquirida.",
"Basándose en una combinación de una serie de exámenes internos y externos, y un amplio proceso consultivo en que participaron numerosas partes interesadas importantes del interior de la organización y fuera de ella, el examen de mitad de período examina la evolución del contexto dentro del cual opera el UNFPA, así como los avances, logros y desafíos en la ejecución del plan estratégico de 2008 a 2010. En ese sentido, complementa el análisis detallado que figura en el informe anual de la Directora Ejecutiva, DP/FPA/2011/3 (Part I) y su anexo (que se puede consultar por separado en el sitio web del UNFPA) y DP/FPA/2011/3 (Part I)/Add.1.",
"La conclusión general del examen de mitad de período es que, si bien el UNFPA tiene mucho de qué enorgullecerse, todo el potencial de la organización aún no se ha aprovechado. Se ha identificado una serie de retos clave relacionados con la capacidad de la organización para lograr resultados tanto en materia de desarrollo como de gestión. La propuesta de revisión de la orientación estratégica y de los marcos de resultados aborda estos retos, fortaleciendo el centro de atención de la organización y priorizando los problemas que esta encara para presentar un conjunto racionalizado de resultados y productos. También se incluyen indicadores claros que fortalecen la rendición de cuentas de la organización en relación con los resultados. La estimación de los recursos necesarios para ejecutar el resto del plan se presenta en un marco integrado de recursos financieros.",
"En el presente informe figuran los elementos para la adopción de una decisión.",
"Índice",
"Página\nI.Introducción 5II.Alcance 5 y proceso del examen de mitad de \nperíodo \nIII.Contexto 7IV.Resumen 8 de los avances, algunos logros y principales desafíos para \n2008-2010 A.Resultados 9 de \ndesarrollo \n1.Avances 92.Algunos 9 \nlogros 3.Principales 10 \nretos B.Resultados 11 de la \ngestión \n1.Avances 112.Algunos 12 \nlogros 3. Retos 13 \nfundamentales V.Direcciones 15 futuras, \n2012-2013 A. Dirección 15 \nestratégica B.Mejora 16 de la rendición de cuentas con respecto a los \nresultados 1. Marco 16 conceptual: vinculación del marco de resultados de desarrollo y el marco de resultados de \ngestión 2.Principios 18 clave para la revisión de los marcos de \nresultados C.Definir 19 con mayor precisión el aspecto central de los resultados de \ndesarrollo 1.Centrar 19 la atención del marco de resultados de \ndesarrollo 2.Resultados 20 y productos del marco de resultados de \ndesarrollo 3.Cuestiones 22 \ntransversales D.Consecución 24 de la excelencia \noperacional 1.Concentrar 24 la atención del marco de resultados de \ngestión 2. Productos 24 del marco de resultados de \ngestión VI. Marco 26 integrado de recursos \nfinancieros A.Necesidades 26 y corrientes de recursos para la \n CIPD B.Recursos 26 necesarios para el período \n2012-2013 1.Proyecciones 26 de \ningresos 2.Vínculos 27 entre los marcos de resultados y los \nrecursos 3.Recursos 27 \nnecesarios VII. Puesta 28 en práctica del plan estratégico \nrevisado A.Plan 29 de \nactividades B.Armonización 29 de los planos mundial, regional y \nnacional 1. Plano 29 \nnacional 2.Planos 30 mundial y \nregional \n3.Reorganización 30C.Fortalecimiento 30 de los sistemas de \nmedición D.Elaboración 30 de un nuevo plan \nestratégico VIII. Elementos 31 de una \ndecisión \nAnexos I. Marco 32 revisado de resultados de \ndesarrollo II. Marco 38 revisado de resultados de \ngestión",
"I. Introducción",
"1. Este informe se presenta en respuesta a las decisiones de la Junta Ejecutiva 2009/16, en que se prorrogó el plan estratégico, 2008-2011, hasta 2013, y 2011/13 (en relación con el tema 9), en que se aplazó la presentación del examen de mitad de período del plan estratégico al segundo período ordinario de sesiones de 2011. También responde a la orientación dada por la Asamblea General en su resolución 63/232. En el informe sobre el examen de mitad de período se analiza el contexto cambiante en que el UNFPA realiza su labor y se examinan los avances, logros y desafíos presentes en la ejecución del plan estratégico de 2008 a 2010, aspectos que complementan el análisis detallado que figura en el informe anual de la Directora Ejecutiva, DP/FPA/2011/3 (Part I) y su anexo (disponible por separado en el sitio web del UNFPA) y DP/FPA/2011/3 (Part I)/Add.1, y se expone una orientación estratégica revisada para la organización, incluyendo el marco revisado de resultados de desarrollo y el marco revisado de resultados de gestión, sobre la base de la experiencia adquirida.",
"2. En la sección II del presente informe, que sigue a la introducción, se describe el alcance y el proceso del examen de mitad de período. La sección III se centra en el contexto. En la sección IV se presenta un resumen de los avances, algunos logros y desafíos clave durante el período 2008-2010. La sección V, titulada “Direcciones futuras, 2012-2013”, se centra en los elementos prospectivos, incluyendo la orientación estratégica de la organización, el nuevo marco conceptual y una descripción del marco revisado de resultados de desarrollo y del marco revisado de resultados de gestión. En la sección VI se presenta el marco integrado de recursos financieros y se describen los recursos necesarios para lograr los resultados del plan estratégico. La sección VII se centra en la puesta en marcha del plan estratégico revisado, incluidos los pasos necesarios para elaborar el nuevo plan estratégico, 2014-2017. En la sección VIII figuran los elementos para la adopción de una decisión. El marco revisado de resultados de desarrollo y el marco revisado de resultados de gestión figuran en el anexo I y el anexo II, respectivamente.",
"II. Alcance y proceso del examen de mitad de período",
"3. El proceso de examen de mitad de período ha tenido a la vez elementos retrospectivos y elementos prospectivos. En la parte retrospectiva se examinaron los logros y desafíos que se plantearon en la ejecución del plan estratégico de 2008 a 2010 y las implicaciones del contexto mundial cambiante. Esto se hizo mediante una combinación de trabajo analítico (tanto interno como externo) y consultas (véase el gráfico 1).",
"Gráfico 1 Proceso de examen de mitad de período",
"4. En la parte orientada hacia el futuro se examinó cómo el UNFPA podría cumplir mejor su misión definiendo con mayor precisión el centro estratégico de la organización (incluida la revisión de los marcos de resultados) y actualizando las estimaciones de recursos para el período restante del plan. El proceso examinó una gama de cuestiones de orden general que plantearon los interesados internos y externos (incluida la Junta Ejecutiva), aunque el ejercicio tenía como objetivo fortalecer el plan estratégico en lugar de revisarlo en lo fundamental.",
"5. Los temas tratados incluyen en qué cuestiones debería trabajar la organización (por ejemplo, si la organización debería mantener las tres esferas prioritarias de población y desarrollo, salud y derechos reproductivos, e igualdad entre los géneros, o si por el contrario debería reducir su centro de atención), qué papel debería desempeñar la organización (por ejemplo, si puede apoyar mejor a los países mediante la prestación de servicios, la creación de pruebas, el fomento de la capacidad o mediante la promoción, el asesoramiento normativo y ayudando a impulsar la innovación), y dónde debería trabajar la organización (por ejemplo, si debería seguir trabajando extensamente en todo el mundo o reducir su cobertura geográfica).",
"6. Al igual que con el examen retrospectivo, se examinaron las direcciones futuras tanto a escala interna como con los interesados mencionados anteriormente. Las aportaciones pertinentes de estos asociados que rebasen el alcance de esta revisión del plan estratégico se tendrán en cuenta en la elaboración del próximo plan estratégico, 2014-2017.",
"III. Contexto",
"7. El mandato general del UNFPA —basado en el Programa de Acción de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Población y el Desarrollo (CIPD) y los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM)— y la orientación de la resolución 62/208, otras resoluciones pertinentes de la Asamblea General y el Consejo Económico y Social, así como las decisiones de la Junta Ejecutiva, sirven de guía al plan estratégico. Pero el mundo ha cambiado desde la creación del plan y las tendencias y los acontecimientos externos e internos repercuten en la labor del UNFPA. En consecuencia, estos acontecimientos se han tenido en cuenta en la elaboración de la orientación futura de la organización, de manera que el UNFPA esté en una mejor posición para apoyar a los países en la ejecución del Programa de Acción de la CIPD y el logro de los ODM.",
"8. Elementos clave del programa de la CIPD no se han cumplido aún y muchas de las metas fijadas en relación con los ODM están lejos de alcanzarse, aun cuando solo quedan unos pocos años hasta 2015, la fecha fijada para su cumplimiento. Preocupa en particular el hecho de que el Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio al que el UNFPA contribuye más directamente, el quinto ODM, sobre la mejora de la salud materna, sea el que más dista de ser alcanzado, según datos recientes[1]. En parte como resultado, la salud materna, y en términos más generales, la salud sexual y reproductiva, ha sido el foco de una renovada atención en los últimos años, tanto en las Naciones Unidas como en los niveles regional y nacional, lo que crea una oportunidad para el UNFPA.",
"9. En un momento en que la población del mundo se acerca a los 7.000 millones de personas en 2011 y en que crecen las preocupaciones acerca de la sostenibilidad del desarrollo, la dinámica de población y la planificación de la familia suscitan gran atención. El crecimiento de la población mundial se ha lentificado, pero la fecundidad sigue siendo alta en muchos países. Al mismo tiempo, el mundo está viendo la mayor cohorte de jóvenes de la historia. Mientras tanto, muchos países enfrentan problemas relacionados con la baja fecundidad, lo que conduce al envejecimiento de las poblaciones. El aumento de la migración y la urbanización son especialmente importantes en la actualidad.",
"10. A pesar de la atención que se presta a estas cuestiones, un clima político cambiante significa que, si bien había un amplio consenso sobre el programa de la CIPD en 1994, esa unanimidad no se puede dar por sentada en la actualidad, lo que plantea un reto para la siguiente etapa de la labor del UNFPA.",
"11. El entorno geopolítico y económico más amplio también ha cambiado desde la elaboración del plan estratégico en 2007. Un número de países que tradicionalmente recibían ayuda ahora son países de ingresos medianos, y, teniendo en cuenta las fuertes tasas de crecimiento en muchas partes del mundo, muchos otros están pasando a la categoría de países de ingresos medianos. Esta situación sugiere nuevas modalidades para la participación de las Naciones Unidas, en particular porque algunos de estos países son donantes potenciales y/o proveedores importantes de la cooperación Sur-Sur. La crisis financiera mundial planteó muchos desafíos financieros para muchos donantes, pero, aunque esta situación ejerció presión sobre los presupuestos de asistencia para el desarrollo, la asistencia oficial para el desarrollo alcanzó la cifra récord de 128.700 millones de dólares en 2010[2].",
"12. Estos cambios afectan al papel de la asistencia para el desarrollo, en un momento en que los compromisos de París y Accra ponen un mayor acento en el desarrollo de la capacidad y en la implicación y la ejecución nacionales. En las Naciones Unidas esta situación se ha visto reflejada mediante una tendencia a trasladar la atención a las fuentes iniciales, pasando del suministro de cosas al suministro de ideas. Esto presenta retos importantes para el papel y el modelo institucional básico de la organización, lo que implica una nueva forma de trabajar con los asociados y de evaluar el desempeño. Al mismo tiempo, también existe una creciente demanda de una mayor rendición de cuenta por los resultados, como se pone de manifiesto en el surgimiento de iniciativas de evaluación del desempeño organizadas por donantes y otras partes interesadas.",
"13. En el interior de las Naciones Unidas, algunos acontecimientos también afectan al UNFPA. Continúan las iniciativas de reforma, que ponen el acento en la iniciativa “Unidos en la acción”. Si bien la creación de ONU-Mujeres puede influir en el papel del UNFPA en la esfera de la igualdad entre los géneros, las consecuencias aún no se conocen.",
"14. Esta situación pone de relieve tanto los retos como las oportunidades para el UNFPA, que se han tenido en cuenta en la elaboración de las orientaciones futuras que se describen más adelante.",
"IV. Resumen de los avances, algunos logros y principales desafíos para 2008-2010",
"15. La conclusión general del examen de mitad de período es que, si bien el UNFPA tiene mucho de qué enorgullecerse, todo el potencial de la organización aún no se ha aprovechado. Como se señaló en la sección I, el análisis detallado de la ejecución del plan estratégico 2008 a 2010 figura en el informe anual de la Directora Ejecutiva. En esta sección se presenta un breve resumen de los avances y se destacan algunos logros. Se centra principalmente en la experiencia adquirida en el examen de mediano plazo en esferas clave en que el UNFPA tiene que introducir mejoras para acelerar los avances en relación con el programa de la CIPD y los ODM y para aumentar su eficiencia y su eficacia. Estas esferas constituyen el centro de atención de la revisión del plan estratégico.",
"16. La presentación de las conclusiones se basa en la estructura de los dos marcos de resultados del plan estratégico:",
"• En el marco de resultados de desarrollo se define la labor de la organización en relación con el programa de la CIPD y se establecen las esferas en que el UNFPA está tratando de prestar asistencia a los países para mejorar los resultados en materia de desarrollo y salud de alto nivel.",
"• El marco de resultados de gestión se centra en las cuestiones operativas que son necesarias para que el UNFPA contribuya de manera eficaz y eficiente a la obtención de resultados más amplios en materia de desarrollo.",
"A. Resultados de desarrollo",
"1. Avances",
"17. El marco de resultados de desarrollo tiene tres esferas prioritarias: población y desarrollo, salud y derechos reproductivos, e igualdad entre los géneros. Esas esferas están divididas a su vez en 13 resultados, que se miden por medio de 26 indicadores. En el gráfico 2 se muestra el progreso alcanzado en relación con las metas fijadas para 2011 en el plan estratégico, que se resumen en el anexo del documento DP/FPA/2011/3 (Part I). En total, solo se han cumplido o es probable que se cumplan nueve metas en la fecha prevista originalmente para 2011, y es poco probable que se cumplan 10 metas. El progreso ha sido desigual en las tres esferas prioritarias, y los resultados más satisfactorios se han obtenido en la esfera de la igualdad entre los géneros.",
"Gráfico 2 Progreso alcanzado en el marco de resultados de desarrollo",
"[]",
"2. Algunos logros",
"18. Se han alcanzado logros notables en cada una de las tres esferas. En materia de población y desarrollo, casi el 95% de los países ya realizan estudios que incluyen cuestiones abordadas en la CIPD. El UNFPA también ha prestado apoyo a la creación de capacidad en casi 80 países como parte de los preparativos de la serie de censos de 2010, especialmente en materia de análisis de datos. La red de educación entre jóvenes ha pasado de 5.000 miembros en 36 países en 2007 a los cerca de 20.000 miembros en más de 45 países que tiene actualmente.",
"19. En la esfera de salud y derechos reproductivos, el UNFPA ha colaborado estrechamente con los asociados de H4+ (OMS, UNICEF, UNFPA y Banco Mundial) en lo referente a estrategias para reducir la mortalidad materna y neonatal. La creación de capacidad se ha centrado en esferas como la capacitación de parteras y el aseguramiento de los suministros de salud reproductiva, en que el UNFPA ha ayudado a mejorar la disponibilidad de productos críticos, como los anticonceptivos y los medicamentos de salud materna en más de 30 países. La campaña orientada a eliminar la fístula ha ayudado a reparar más de 6.000 fístulas en 42 países y ha ayudado a conseguir la atención y los recursos necesarios para la prevención y el tratamiento de la fístula y la reintegración social de quienes la padecen. Las iniciativas de creación de capacidad han dado lugar a un avance considerable en el uso del conjunto de servicios iniciales mínimos en situaciones de crisis humanitarias, al punto que el conjunto de servicios se usa actualmente en más del 80% de las situaciones humanitarias. Una iniciativa del UNFPA sobre el uso de preservativos prestó apoyo a 74 países en 2010.",
"20. En la esfera de igualdad entre los géneros, el UNFPA y el UNICEF ejecutan de forma conjunta el mayor programa del mundo orientado a acelerar el abandono de la mutilación/ablación genital femenina, que utiliza un enfoque basado en los derechos humanos para apoyar la elaboración y aplicación de leyes, políticas y programas. El apoyo a la creación de capacidad nacional también ha fortalecido los mecanismos orientados a vigilar y reducir la violencia de género: más del 90% de los países tienen sistemas de ese tipo en la actualidad.",
"3. Principales retos",
"21. A pesar de estos éxitos, el progreso general ha sido claramente insuficiente, por lo que el examen de mitad de período se centró en la identificación de los principales retos que deben encararse para mejorar el desempeño. Se han extraído cuatro enseñanzas clave en este contexto:",
"• Orientación estratégica. Como resultado de un enfoque compartimentado con tres esferas prioritarias que no están suficientemente integradas, la percepción existente es que el UNFPA no tiene una orientación estratégica clara, lo que reduce la cohesión interna y debilita la marca de la organización en el exterior. Aunque los recursos no se dividen por igual entre las tres esferas prioritarias (el componente de salud y derechos reproductivos recibe con mucho la mayor parte de los recursos programáticos, aproximadamente el 60% por año), el hecho de que las esferas prioritarias sean oficialmente iguales dificulta aún más la identificación clara del centro de atención de la organización.",
"• Fragmentación. Los recursos del UNFPA están demasiado dispersos tanto a escala mundial como en el interior de los países, lo que reduce la capacidad de la organización para mostrar sus efectos. A escala mundial, cerca de 50 oficinas gastaron 2 millones de dólares o menos por país en 2010. Cuando se trata de llegar a todas partes, los recursos disponibles son insuficientes para asistir a los países que encaran los mayores problemas: para utilizar una medida indicativa, la mitad de todos los casos de mortalidad materna ocurren en solo seis países, pero el UNFPA asigna el 16% de sus recursos a estos países. El impacto de estos recursos se diluye aún más a nivel de los países, cuando las oficinas en los países intentan trabajar en numerosas esferas de resultados, a pesar de que sus presupuestos son muy pequeños. Un estudio reciente encontró que la asignación de recursos a nivel de los países entre las tres esferas prioritarias se redujo a rangos muy insuficientes, lo que sugiere que la programación del UNFPA no siempre se ajusta adecuadamente a las necesidades y capacidades locales y, en lugar de ello, intenta abordar todos los aspectos del mandato de la organización en todas partes. Para agravar la situación, existe la práctica de utilizar a numerosos asociados en la ejecución que se administran mediante un sinnúmero de planes de trabajo anuales: en 2010, el Fondo tenía más de 1.400 asociados en la ejecución y se encargaba de más de 2.300 planes de trabajo anuales, lo que generó proyectos pequeños que no podían ampliarse a mayor escala ni mostrar un efecto, ocasionó ineficiencias y planteó considerables problemas de gestión financiera, como se indica más adelante.",
"• Claridad sobre el papel del UNFPA. A pesar del cambio más amplio que se está produciendo en las Naciones Unidas con miras a pasar del suministro de cosas al suministro de ideas, el Fondo no se ha planteado de forma sistemática cómo esta situación influye en su trabajo a nivel de los países y en las necesidades de la organización para que su labor sea eficaz en este nuevo paradigma. Este problema es especialmente grave en los países de ingresos medianos, donde los problemas a menudo se refieren a cuestiones tales como la desigualdad y las poblaciones marginadas: para llegar a las poblaciones más pobres de estos países se necesitarán respuestas diferentes de las que la organización daría en los países menos adelantados, donde la mayoría de la población está subatendida.",
"• Medición. Varios problemas vinculados al sistema de medición han dificultado aún más la evaluación de los avances en los primeros años del plan estratégico. Por ejemplo, los indicadores de resultados incluidos en el marco de resultados de desarrollo a menudo no eran medibles periódicamente. Además, con frecuencia resultaba difícil medir con precisión las contribuciones del UNFPA a los mejores resultados, ya que los indicadores del marco de resultados de desarrollo eran principalmente la responsabilidad conjunta de los países y el UNFPA, y no se complementaban con otras mediciones que permitieran evaluar las contribuciones directas del Fondo.",
"22. En resumen, aunque se han logrado avances considerables en algunas esferas del marco de resultados de desarrollo, la organización tiene posibilidades de hacer más y de mejor manera. El examen ha permitido identificar una serie de problemas que deben abordarse en el período que resta del plan estratégico.",
"B. Resultados de la gestión",
"1. Avances",
"23. El marco de resultados de gestión tiene 19 indicadores en nueve productos, que en el plan estratégico original se agrupaban bajo seis temas. Al igual que con el marco de resultados de desarrollo, el progreso ha sido desigual, pues menos de la mitad de los indicadores están en camino de cumplir las metas establecidas para 2011 (gráfico 3). Sin embargo, dos problemas relacionados con el marco de resultados de gestión han hecho que sea difícil sacar conclusiones basadas en estos datos.",
"24. En primer lugar, no había datos disponibles en 2010 en relación con casi una tercera parte de los indicadores. En segundo lugar, los indicadores del marco de resultados de gestión no estaban siempre en el nivel adecuado o tenían un alcance demasiado limitado, por lo que resultaba difícil extraer conclusiones sobre el desempeño general de un producto. Por ejemplo, un indicador del producto “El UNFPA mantiene a un personal motivado y capaz” era “Duración del proceso de contratación, desde el anuncio del puesto hasta la oferta provisional”. Este indicador capta solo una parte del proceso de asegurar que el Fondo disponga del personal adecuado, y omite por completo una cuestión más fundamental, el hecho de que en 2010 más de una sexta parte de todos los puestos del UNFPA estaban vacantes.",
"Gráfico 3 Avances del marco de resultados de gestión",
"[]",
"* Para este resumen se consideraron 20 indicadores en total, porque el indicador relativo a la duración del proceso de contratación, desde el anuncio del puesto hasta la oferta provisional se ha dividido en dos indicadores, uno para los puestos de contratación internacional y otro para los puestos de contratación local.",
"2. Algunos logros",
"25. Pese a los problemas relacionados con la medición, se ha logrado un claro avance en algunas esferas. En la esfera de la gestión basada en los resultados y la programación con base empírica, se han venido realizado actividades en toda la organización. A nivel mundial, por ejemplo, una iniciativa de optimización, la presentación oficial de la política de evaluación, y la elaboración de la orientación sobre la programación con base empírica han comenzado a mejorar la capacidad de la organización (como se refleja en el hecho de que la tasa de cumplimiento en relación con la evaluación del programa de los países pasó del 35% en 2009 al 78% en 2010). A nivel regional, las oficinas han desarrollado redes de aprendizaje entre pares para compartir las enseñanzas extraídas y han introducido mecanismos de control de calidad. Sin embargo, es necesario trabajar más para asegurar que los principios de la gestión basada en los resultados y la programación con base empírica se utilizan sistemáticamente en toda la organización.",
"26. En la esfera de los recursos humanos, el UNFPA ha mantenido altos niveles de satisfacción y motivación del personal, y es uno de los lugares más recomendados para trabajar dentro del sistema de las Naciones Unidas. El sistema de evaluación del rendimiento y formación del personal se utiliza sistemáticamente en toda la organización y tiene altas tasas de terminación y hay otras organizaciones que han expresado su interés en adoptarlo. El Fondo ha diseñado y puesto en práctica un módulo de capacitación presencial sobre la responsabilidad de supervisión de la conducta ética en el lugar de trabajo, y ha cumplido plenamente el programa de divulgación de información financiera.",
"27. El UNFPA también ha obtenido buenos resultados en sus iniciativas de colaboración, como en la contribución al diálogo sobre políticas a nivel de los países, según la evaluación obtenida, por ejemplo, en la encuesta realizada en 2010 por la Red de Evaluación del Desempeño de las Organizaciones Multilaterales (MOPAN). Se ha reconocido la contribución del UNFPA a las iniciativas de reforma de las Naciones Unidas en los niveles mundial (por ejemplo, en el ejercicio de la presidencia de comités y equipos de trabajo), regional (por ejemplo, en la dirección de ejercicios estratégicos en esferas como los jóvenes y la salud materna), y nacional (por ejemplo, mediante iniciativas conjuntas). El UNFPA también ocupa un lugar reconocido en la respuesta a las crisis humanitarias.",
"28. Pese al difícil entorno macroeconómico, el UNFPA ha superado las metas de financiación fijadas en el plan estratégico. Por último, se han dado pasos importantes en relación con el fortalecimiento de las actividades sobre el terreno por parte de la organización: el proceso de reorganización se ha completado recientemente y, si bien existen variaciones regionales, en general las oficinas en los países evalúan positivamente la pertinencia y calidad del apoyo recibido de las oficinas regionales.",
"3. Retos fundamentales",
"29. La combinación del examen del desempeño del marco de resultados de gestión, los análisis complementarios internos, los informes de los auditores externos e internos, las evaluaciones de los programas para los países, los informes de evaluación por los asociados, y las consultas sobre el examen de mitad de período dio lugar a una larga lista de esferas de gestión que necesitan mejorar. En última instancia, sin embargo, hubo un alto grado de convergencia en relación con los problemas de gestión más importantes que encara la organización:",
"• Eficacia del programa. Es necesario que la programación del Fondo sea más eficaz en todo el espectro que va desde el diseño de programas hasta su ejecución, su seguimiento y su evaluación. Actualmente, la demanda y utilización de datos empíricos para la toma de decisiones en toda la organización es limitada. Como resultado de ello, la programación del UNFPA no está sistemáticamente impulsada por los datos empíricos, ya sea en forma de enseñanzas extraídas de las evaluaciones o mediante resultados de investigación generados por otros (aunque se ha avanzado en cuanto a utilizar los análisis de la situación y los resultados de las encuestas como base para los programas de los países). Durante la ejecución se deberá hacer más hincapié en la utilización de los principios de la gestión basada en los resultados. Es necesario fortalecer la supervisión y la evaluación a todos los niveles —a escalas nacional, regional y mundial— y utilizarlas sistemáticamente para guiar la toma de decisiones.",
"• Administración de los recursos. El producto del marco de resultados de gestión relativo a la administración de los recursos fue el único en que todos los indicadores distaban mucho de ajustarse al producto. Además, el UNFPA recibió una opinión con reservas de la Junta de Auditores de las Naciones Unidas en el último bienio. Según estimaciones actuales, el nivel de gastos no justificados en la ejecución nacional en 2010 no muestra todavía un descenso respecto del año anterior. Aunque se han elaborado políticas para hacer frente a estas cuestiones, el cumplimiento de esas políticas sigue constituyendo un desafío. Otras decisiones de gestión también aumentan innecesariamente los riesgos y reducen la eficiencia. En particular, la proliferación de asociados en la ejecución a que se hizo referencia anteriormente dificulta más la gestión financiera. En las oficinas en los países con 30 o más asociados en la ejecución, casi el 20% de las auditorías de ejecución nacional de los socios arrojó resultados negativos, mientras que en las oficinas en los países con menos de 10 asociados en la ejecución, ese porcentaje se redujo a la mitad.",
"• Recursos humanos. Aunque algunos aspectos del proceso de contratación se han acelerado en los últimos años, la organización aún tenía una tasa de vacantes del 17% en 2010, lo que significa que uno de cada seis puestos estaba vacante. Esta situación tiene importantes repercusiones en la capacidad de la organización para realizar sus actividades con arreglo a sus planes. Además, la organización se enfrente a una ola de jubilaciones, pues casi una tercera parte del personal superior prevé jubilarse en los próximos cinco años. La gestión de la actual profesión constituye un problema conexo: solo el 30% del personal siente que el desempeño insatisfactorio es manejado de manera adecuada. Se han realizado considerables esfuerzos para fortalecer el sistema de evaluación de la actuación profesional y de formación del personal del UNFPA, como resultado de lo cual casi todo el personal es evaluado actualmente, pero la forma en que se utiliza el sistema no aborda adecuadamente el desempeño insatisfactorio: en 2010, el 97% de los funcionarios fue evaluado como plenamente competente o excelente, y solo el 3% fue evaluado como parcialmente competente o no competente.",
"• Movilización de recursos. El UNFPA ha logrado alcanzar sus metas de movilización de recursos a lo largo del plan estratégico, pero esto se consideró un reto clave por dos razones. En primer lugar, el porcentaje de los recursos aportados como fondos ordinarios (básicos) está disminuyendo, al caer del 63% de los ingresos en 2007 al 58% en 2010. En segundo lugar, el UNFPA depende en gran medida de un pequeño número de donantes: el 96% de las contribuciones ordinarias en 2010 procedía de los 15 donantes más importantes, lo que crea un riesgo considerable. El número de países donantes del UNFPA se ha reducido en los últimos años, al pasar de 182 en 2007 a 150 en 2010. La asistencia para el desarrollo proviene de economías emergentes como la Arabia Saudita, el Brasil, China, la Federación de Rusia y la India, así como del sector privado (incluidas las fundaciones), se ha incrementado enormemente en los últimos años, pero solo representa una pequeña fracción de las contribuciones al UNFPA.",
"30. El Fondo tiene posibilidades de lograr la excelencia operacional si hace frente a los cuatro desafíos mencionados, que juntos constituyen los elementos clave para establecer cómo la organización se gestiona a sí misma, lo que a su vez determina la capacidad de la organización para lograr resultados de desarrollo sobre el terreno.",
"V. Direcciones futuras, 2012-2013",
"31. El UNFPA se encuentra en un punto de inflexión, con un entorno externo cambiante y avances insuficientes en el programa de la CIPD, lo que al mismo tiempo supone retos y crea oportunidades. Sobre la base del análisis y las conclusiones clave del examen de mitad de período, en esta sección se examina cómo la organización debe cambiar de rumbo en los próximos dos años.",
"A. Dirección estratégica",
"32. A fin de mejorar la orientación estratégica de la organización, en el proceso de examen de mitad de período se volvió a examinar la división del marco de resultados de desarrollo en tres esferas prioritarias, así como la cuestión de los destinatarios seleccionados más importantes para la labor del UNFPA. Como resultado, se ha establecido un objetivo revisado, como se describe en el gráfico 4.",
"Gráfico 4",
"[]",
"33. El objetivo es alcanzar el acceso universal a la salud sexual y reproductiva (incluida la planificación de la familia), promover los derechos reproductivos, reducir la mortalidad materna y acelerar los avances en el programa de la CIPD y el quinto Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio (A y B), a fin de lograr el empoderamiento y la mejora de las condiciones de vida de los grupos de población subatendidos, especialmente las mujeres y los jóvenes (incluidos los adolescentes), gracias al entendimiento de la dinámica de la población, los derechos humanos y la igualdad entre los géneros, con el impulso que suponen las necesidades del país y adaptándose al contexto nacional.",
"34. A fin de conseguir este objetivo, el UNFPA continuará coordinando y trabajando en asociación con otros organismos de las Naciones Unidas, organizaciones multilaterales y bilaterales, gobiernos nacionales, organizaciones no gubernamentales, incluidas organizaciones religiosas, instituciones académicas y el sector privado. En su labor con estos asociados, el UNFPA se centrará en su ventaja comparativa como generador de pensamiento original, defensor y creador de asociaciones a fin de avanzar en el programa de la CIPD y la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.",
"B. Mejora de la rendición de cuentas con respecto a los resultados",
"1. Marco conceptual: vinculación del marco de resultados de desarrollo y el marco de resultados de gestión",
"35. Si se quieren alcanzar resultados en materia de dirección estratégica, deben reforzarse los mecanismos que aseguren la rendición de cuentas con respecto a los resultados en el seno del UNFPA. Los marcos de resultados de la organización, es decir, el marco de resultados de desarrollo y el marco de resultados de gestión, constituyen los elementos clave para ello, pues ambos definen las prioridades y los mecanismos del UNFPA para evaluar periódicamente el desempeño. Por lo tanto, el examen de mitad de período ha puesto un énfasis considerable en actualizar los dos marcos de resultados.",
"36. El primer paso en este proceso fue clarificar el marco conceptual de resultados del UNFPA. Tanto el marco de resultados de desarrollo como el marco de resultados de gestión son parte integrante de la cadena general de resultados del UNFPA, pero la conexión entre las actividades que el UNFPA ejecuta directamente y los resultados de desarrollo de alto nivel no ha sido lo suficientemente clara. En su decisión 2010/32, la Junta Ejecutiva pidió específicamente al UNFPA que reforzara este vínculo. En el gráfico 5 se recoge un sencillo esquema elaborado al respecto.",
"Gráfico 5",
"Marco conceptual",
"[]",
"37. La ramas del árbol representan los resultados de alto nivel a los que contribuye el UNFPA y que con frecuencia se miden mediante indicadores convenidos internacionalmente, como los indicadores para los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, por ejemplo, la tasa de uso de anticonceptivos, la tasa de mortalidad materna y la prevalencia del VIH. Son numerosos los factores que contribuyen a estos resultados[3] y la rendición de cuentas por los avances recae principalmente en los propios países, más que en asociados externos como el UNFPA. No obstante, toda la labor del UNFPA va dirigida al cambio a este nivel y la organización influye en el mismo, por lo que resulta apropiado que el desempeño del UNFPA se mida en parte por los avances logrados a este nivel. Sin embargo, con frecuencia no resulta posible establecer metas y medir los avances con relación a estos indicadores de forma anual. En su lugar, el UNFPA medirá tendencias y evaluará si se están logrando avances hacia la consecución de las metas a largo plazo (por ejemplo, las metas de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio para 2015).",
"38. El nivel intermedio representado por el tronco del árbol ha sido una deficiencia en el sistema de medición del UNFPA hasta el momento. Este nivel —que también es parte del marco de resultados de desarrollo— refleja el hecho de que el núcleo de la contribución directa de la organización a la consecución de los resultados es su función de creación de capacidad, de manera que los propios países hagan realidad el programa de la CIPD. Los indicadores, a este nivel, miden los resultados tanto en términos de mejora de la capacidad de los países (medida, por ejemplo, en términos de una reducción del porcentaje de países en los que se ha producido un agotamiento de las existencias de anticonceptivos) y de las contribuciones directas del UNFPA (por ejemplo, el número de directores de logística que han recibido capacitación). A este nivel, la rendición de cuentas es compartida con los países, pero la función directa del UNFPA es aquí más importante. Como tal, la inclusión de este nivel reforzará de manera significativa la cadena de resultados, impulsando la capacidad de la organización de evaluar el desempeño de sus programas.",
"39. Las raíces del árbol representan la capacidad del Fondo para dirigir sus propias actividades con eficacia y eficiencia, y de este modo proporcionar una base sólida para los resultados de alto nivel descritos anteriormente. El UNFPA rinde cuentas directamente por los resultados de esta esfera tal y como se reflejan en el marco de resultados de gestión, aunque el desempeño de algunos de los indicadores del marco de resultados de gestión depende de asociados con los que trabaja el UNFPA.",
"2. Principios clave para la revisión de los marcos de resultados",
"40. La revisión de los marcos de resultados estuvo guiada por varios principios:",
"• Consolidar mediante la priorización. El deseo de realizar una amplia variedad de actividades ha hecho que proliferen resultados/productos e indicadores, lo que ha dificultado la determinación de las prioridades de la organización o la evaluación del desempeño general. Por tanto, el primer principio rector fue consolidar el número de resultados/productos e indicadores por esferas prioritarias en las que una mejora contribuiría más a la capacidad de la organización de avanzar en la realización del programa de la CIPD. Como resultado, algunas esferas importantes ya no se consideran resultados/productos separados, en particular si se han incorporado al trabajo diario del Fondo o si no reflejan esferas en cuya mejora el UNFPA deba concentrarse. Por ejemplo, la reforma de las Naciones Unidas es importante para la labor del UNFPA, pero las conclusiones del examen de mitad de período sugieren que esta cuestión se ha institucionalizado en la organización y que, en general, los asociados conceden una buena calificación al UNFPA en esta esfera, y, por tanto, ya no se considera un producto separado. Este principio implica que los nuevos marcos de resultados no contendrán todos los temas que algunos interesados consideran importantes. Sin embargo, esta circunstancia se ve compensada por los considerables beneficios de tener unos marcos de resultados más simplificados y más claramente centrados en las prioridades.",
"• Evitar hacer todo en todas partes. Teniendo en cuenta el presupuesto y la capacidad de la organización, nunca podrá abarcar todos los aspectos del programa de la CIPD en todas partes. El reconocimiento de esta limitación hace necesario que la organización decida cuidadosamente dónde poner el énfasis. Estas decisiones deben ser tomadas sobre la base de una combinación de las ventajas comparativas y las necesidades de la organización, sus capacidades y el interés expresado por los países en los que el UNFPA lleva a cabo sus actividades. El principio de no hacer todo en todas partes mejorará la capacidad del Fondo para proporcionar asistencia a los países que han dado prioridad a determinados aspectos del programa de la CIPD en sus propias estrategias nacionales y medir los avances que han logrado. Además, el hecho de no sobrepasar su capacidad permitirá al UNFPA ser un asociado más eficaz en los esfuerzos internacionales que identifican conjuntos específicos de países en los que centrarse[4].",
"• Evitar la mentalidad de compartimentos estancos. Otro principio rector de la revisión de los marcos fue estructurarlos en torno a cuestiones de importancia para la organización, en vez de basarlos en la estructura organizativa existente. La mentalidad de compartimentos estancos ha sido demasiado frecuente en los marcos de resultados, lo que ha provocado ineficacia como resultado de una colaboración insuficiente. Ahora los marcos de resultados reflejan prioridades institucionales a las que deben contribuir diversas partes de la organización. Por ejemplo, aunque hay un producto que se centra en la gestión de recursos humanos, se ha diseñado de forma que la responsabilidad sobre este producto no recaiga únicamente en la División de Gestión de Recursos Humanos; al contrario, la gestión de recursos humanos debe constituir una prioridad para toda la organización, a la que todas las dependencias deben contribuir.",
"• Mejorar la mensurabilidad. El último principio rector consistió en mejorar la mensurabilidad de los marcos de resultados. Se hizo gran hincapié en asegurar que los indicadores pudieran medirse de manera periódica, en respuesta al hecho de que a finales de 2010 no se disponía de datos de desempeño para 10 de los 45 (22%) indicadores de los marcos de resultados de desarrollo y de gestión. En relación con otros indicadores, solo se disponía de datos que no estaban actualizados. Además, solo se habían establecido metas para el final del plan estratégico en lugar de para cada año, lo que limitaba la capacidad de hacer un seguimiento del desempeño y llevar a cabo correcciones a lo largo del período[5]. Otro elemento clave en la mejora de la mensurabilidad ha sido la elaboración de fichas de metadatos para cada indicador, que proporcionan descripciones detalladas, métodos de cálculo, fuentes de datos y la frecuencia de la medición, y actúan como un mecanismo importante para asegurar la fiabilidad del sistema de medición y fomentar la transparencia[6]. Por último, los indicadores del marco de resultados de gestión se seleccionaron de modo que se centrasen en comportamientos específicos de la organización que debían mejorarse y creasen incentivos para modificar estos comportamientos.",
"C. Definir con mayor precisión el aspecto central de los resultados de desarrollo",
"1. Centrar la atención del marco de resultados de desarrollo",
"41. El nuevo marco de resultados de desarrollo fortalece la concentración de la atención del UNFPA al consolidar las prioridades estratégicas y centrar la atención en un grupo limitado de ellas, lo que se refleja en una reducción del número de resultados, que pasan de 13 a 7. Además, en consonancia con la dirección estratégica, se ha elaborado un programa integrado de población y desarrollo, salud sexual y reproductiva y derechos reproductivos, e igualdad entre los géneros, lo que hace que los resultados del marco de resultados de desarrollo ya no estén compartimentalizados en tres esferas, sino que forman un conjunto coherente de esferas fundamentales en las que la organización centrará sus esfuerzos en los dos años restantes del plan estratégico.",
"2. Resultados y productos del marco de resultados de desarrollo",
"42. El marco revisado de resultados de desarrollo se estructura de acuerdo con las siguientes pautas: comienza en el nivel superior de las políticas con un resultado inicial sobre la integración de la dinámica de la población y sus vínculos con las necesidades de los jóvenes (incluidos los adolescentes), la salud reproductiva, la igualdad entre los géneros y la reducción de la pobreza en planes y estrategias nacionales y sectoriales. A continuación, presenta tres resultados relativos al acceso a los servicios de salud materna, planificación de la familia y lucha contra el VIH y las enfermedades de transmisión sexual. Aunque se presentan como resultado separados, se intentará alcanzarlos mediante un enfoque integrado en la mayor medida posible.",
"43. El quinto resultado se refiere a la igualdad entre los géneros y los derechos reproductivos, y el sexto se centra en los jóvenes. El círculo se completa mediante un resultado relacionado con la reunión, el análisis y la difusión de datos que abarca las seis esferas de resultados anteriores y está vinculado con el primer resultado en lo que se refiere a asegurar que se satisface la necesidad de datos de calidad para influir en la elaboración de políticas.",
"44. Como se describe en la sección V, en el marco de resultados de desarrollo se han incluido productos relativos a la creación de capacidad y la programación. Para cada resultado, el UNFPA contribuye directamente al avance a escala nacional mediante varios productos que reflejan cambios en la capacidad del país de alcanzar los objetivos del programa de la CIPD, lo que da lugar a un total de 18 productos. Como se trata de productos de desarrollo de la capacidad, se refuerzan entre sí y con frecuencia contribuyen a más de un resultado. Por ejemplo, el desarrollo de la capacidad en materia de planificación de la familia también beneficiará a los servicios de salud materna y contribuirá a reducir la mortalidad materna.",
"45. En el anexo I se presenta el conjunto completo de resultados y productos, así como los indicadores y las metas.",
"Resultado 1: los planes y estrategias de desarrollo nacionales y sectoriales abordan la dinámica de la población y sus vínculos con las necesidades de los jóvenes (incluidos los adolescentes), la salud sexual y reproductiva (incluida la planificación de la familia); la igualdad entre los géneros y la reducción de la pobreza.",
"46. En la esfera de la población, la ventaja comparativa del UNFPA radica en la utilización eficaz del análisis de población para el diagnóstico de la pobreza y la elaboración de hipótesis, así como la capacidad de proporcionar análisis temáticos transversales que vinculen la dinámica de la población con las políticas en materia de salud y género y relacionadas con los jóvenes y adolescentes. El UNFPA trabajará con los gobiernos y otros asociados para integrar los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva (incluida la planificación de la familia) en los planes y políticas nacionales para el sector de la salud. Del mismo modo, la organización trabajará junto con sus asociados para incluir las cuestiones relativas a los jóvenes (incluidos los adolescentes) en las estrategias de lucha contra la pobreza y en los marcos de desarrollo nacionales, así como para promover el derecho de los jóvenes (incluidos los adolescentes) a participar en todos niveles de la formulación, aplicación y supervisión de políticas.",
"Resultado 2: aumento del acceso a los servicios de calidad de atención de salud de la madre y del recién nacido, y de su utilización.",
"47. El UNFPA se centrará especialmente en la atención de la salud materna como parte de la salud reproductiva. La organización colaborará estrechamente con H4+ y otros asociados en apoyo de la Estrategia Mundial para la Salud de la Mujer y el Niño y otras iniciativas, como la Campaña para la reducción acelerada de la mortalidad materna en África. El UNFPA apoyará el desarrollo de la capacidad en la aplicación de las políticas nacionales de recursos humanos (en particular, para aumentar los conocimientos de las parteras tradicionales), a fin de proporcionar atención obstétrica básica de urgencia, así como para la gestión de las complicaciones del aborto en condiciones de riesgo. Se hará más hincapié en la necesidad de hacer frente a las enfermedades relacionadas con la morbilidad materna, como la fístula obstétrica.",
"Resultado 3: aumento del acceso a servicios de calidad en materia de planificación de la familia y de su utilización por las personas y las parejas en función de la intención reproductiva.",
"48. El UNFPA centrará aún más su atención en la planificación de la familia, incluida su integración en servicios más amplios de salud reproductiva y sus vínculos con los servicios de salud materna y la prevención del VIH. Continuará apoyando a los gobiernos a fin de reforzar la seguridad del abastecimiento de suministros de salud reproductiva, entre otras cosas, mediante la creación de capacidad nacional para gestionar el suministro fiable de diversos anticonceptivos modernos. El UNFPA también se centrará en reforzar la demanda de servicios de planificación de la familia mediante intervenciones en el plano comunitario.",
"Resultado 4: aumento del acceso a servicios de calidad en materia de prevención del VIH y las infecciones de transmisión sexual, y de su utilización, en particular por parte de los jóvenes (incluidos los adolescentes) y otros grupos clave en situaciones de riesgo.",
"49. Con el nuevo reparto de tareas acordado para el Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/SIDA (ONUSIDA), el UNFPA se centrará especialmente en la reducción de la transmisión sexual del VIH, la prevención del VIH en los jóvenes (incluidos los adolescentes) y la prevención de la transmisión maternoinfantil. Entre las intervenciones clave estarán la ampliación de la programación integral relativa a los preservativos y la lucha contra el VIH en el contexto del trabajo sexual.",
"Resultado 5: avance de la igualdad entre los géneros y los derechos reproductivos, en particular mediante la promoción y la aplicación de leyes y políticas.",
"50. El UNFPA continuará desarrollando la capacidad nacional para aplicar leyes y políticas que promuevan la igualdad entre los géneros y los derechos reproductivos, centrando especialmente la atención en abordar la violencia por razón de género, y continuará trabajando en materia de violencia por razón de género en entornos humanitarios, así como en su asociación para eliminar prácticas perjudiciales como la mutilación/ablación genital femenina. Además, el UNFPA promoverá la igualdad entre los géneros en el espíritu de los compromisos de “una ONU” contraídos por la totalidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, en coordinación con ONU-Mujeres y otros organismos cuando sea necesario. El UNFPA continuará promoviendo también la protección y la realización de los derechos reproductivos y trabajará activamente en asociación con grupos de la sociedad civil (incluidas las organizaciones religiosas y de base comunitaria) que favorezcan la participación de hombres y niños en la promoción de la igualdad entre los géneros y los derechos reproductivos.",
"Resultado 6: mejora del acceso a los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva y la educación sexual para los jóvenes (incluidos los adolescentes).",
"51. El UNFPA reforzará su apoyo al acceso a los servicios esenciales de salud sexual y reproductiva para los jóvenes, centrándose en la necesidad de llegar a las niñas adolescentes. El UNFPA apoyará la educación sexual de los jóvenes (incluidos los adolescentes) y redoblará sus esfuerzos para desarrollar capacidades nacionales para el diseño y la aplicación de planes de estudios y políticas educacionales amplios y apropiados para cada edad.",
"Resultado 7: mejora de la disponibilidad y el análisis de datos que den lugar a la toma de decisiones y la formulación de políticas con base empírica en torno a la dinámica de la población, la salud sexual y reproductiva (incluida la planificación de la familia), y la igualdad entre los géneros.",
"52. El UNFPA redoblará sus esfuerzos para mejorar las capacidades nacionales de análisis de datos para la planificación y programación con base empírica relacionada con cuestiones demográficas y dinámica de la población, los jóvenes (incluidos los adolescentes), la igualdad entre los géneros y la salud sexual y reproductiva. Se prestará especial atención a los datos en entornos humanitarios.",
"3. Cuestiones transversales",
"53. Diversas cuestiones son comunes a los siete resultados y se presentan aquí en conjunto para no repetirlas en cada uno de los resultados.",
"Incorporación de las necesidades de los jóvenes (incluidos los adolescentes) a todos los resultados",
"54. Aunque el resultado 6 se centra específicamente en ellas, todos los resultados se ocupan de las necesidades de los jóvenes (incluidos los adolescentes). El UNFPA continuará reforzando su trabajo con gobiernos y otros asociados para promover mayores inversiones en salud, educación y medios de vida para los jóvenes (incluidos los adolescentes), así como para aprovechar las oportunidades que ofrezca la demografía, abordando al mismo tiempo cuestiones fundamentales en materia de servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva, prevención del VIH e igualdad entre los géneros. Se prestará especial atención a la promoción de los derechos de los jóvenes (incluidos los adolescentes), como su derecho a participar en todos los niveles en la elaboración, aplicación y supervisión de políticas. El UNFPA se concentrará en los grupos marginados y más vulnerables, en particular las niñas adolescentes. Debido al carácter transversal de las cuestiones relacionadas con los jóvenes, la coordinación con otros asociados resulta fundamental.",
"Derechos humanos e igualdad entre los géneros",
"55. Los derechos humanos y la igualdad entre los géneros siguen estando presentes en todas las operaciones del UNFPA, que utiliza un enfoque que tiene en cuenta las particularidades culturales y que se centra en los grupos más pobres y más excluidos. Entre otras cosas, este enfoque contempla la elaboración de planes, políticas, leyes y programas bajo el prisma de los derechos humanos y la igualdad entre los géneros. También se preocupa de asegurar que se informa a las mujeres, los jóvenes y otros grupos vulnerables de sus derechos, y se les da poder para tomar decisiones con relación a su salud sexual y reproductiva y sus opciones de vida.",
"Asociaciones inclusivas e implicación nacional",
"56. La labor del UNFPA en cada una de las esferas de resultados sigue basándose en los principios de las asociaciones inclusivas y apoyando la implicación nacional. Para el UNFPA, los gobiernos seguirán siendo asociados clave, aun cuando la organización establezca nuevas colaboraciones estratégicas con organizaciones no gubernamentales incluidas las organizaciones religiosas, instituciones académicas y el sector privado (lo que se hará de forma equilibrada debido a la necesidad de evitar la proliferación de asociaciones, como se ha señalado anteriormente).",
"Asistencia humanitaria",
"57. El UNFPA seguirá apoyando la integración del Programa de Acción de la CIPD en los procesos de preparación para emergencias, respuesta humanitaria, y transición y recuperación La ventaja comparativa del UNFPA en entornos humanitarios se sitúa en la salud reproductiva, en la lucha contra la violencia por razón de género y en la esfera de los datos. Ese apoyo resulta también esencial durante el período de transición de la emergencia y al desarrollo. El desarrollo reciente de la segunda generación de la estrategia de respuesta humanitaria del UNFPA ayudará a avanzar en el proceso de integración y hará que las actividades del UNFPA sean más estratégicas, ampliables y sostenibles. El UNFPA continuará reforzando la capacidad de las oficinas regionales para proporcionar orientación y movilizar el apoyo de las oficinas en los países para responder a las necesidades de salud sexual y reproductiva en situaciones de emergencia. La función de dirección del UNFPA a nivel mundial se verá reforzada mediante el aumento de la atención a esferas estratégicas como la creación de asociaciones y el control de calidad, a partir de la experiencia vivida en emergencias recientes en Haití, la República Democrática del Congo, el Pakistán y el Sudán.",
"Reforma de las Naciones Unidas",
"58. El UNFPA apoya firmemente la reforma de las Naciones Unidas. La programación conjunta en el plano de los países y los enfoques coordinados en los planos mundial y regional seguirán estando en la base de la labor de la organización. El UNFPA seguirá desempeñando un papel destacado en la promoción de la reforma de las Naciones Unidas y seguirá defendiendo con firmeza y a todos los niveles el programa de “Unidos en la acción”.",
"Cooperación Sur-Sur",
"59. En las siete esferas de resultados, el UNFPA reforzará su apoyo a la cooperación Sur-Sur a fin de facilitar el intercambio de conocimientos y experiencia adquirida y crear capacidad para acelerar la aplicación del Programa de Acción de la CIPD y los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Este enfoque representa una modalidad prometedora para la prestación de asistencia técnica y amplía el abanico de mecanismos a través de los cuales el UNFPA se relaciona con países de ingresos medianos.",
"D. Consecución de la excelencia operacional",
"1. Concentrar la atención del marco de resultados de gestión",
"60. La aplicación de los principios descritos anteriormente en esta sección permitió una simplificación significativa del marco de resultados de gestión, con una reducción del número de productos, que han pasado de nueve a cuatro. El conjunto revisado de productos abarca los retos clave señalados anteriormente, que constituyen las prioridades de gestión para los próximos dos años.",
"61. Para concentrar la atención del marco de resultados de gestión es necesario tomar decisiones difíciles, pues determinadas esferas como las asociaciones y la reforma de las Naciones Unidas siguen siendo importantes para la organización, aunque al final no se incluyeron como productos separados sino que se han incorporado a todos los productos. Otras esferas se abordarán fuera del marco de resultados, como la transparencia, que se mejorará mediante la aplicación de determinados enfoques, como la decisión de publicar periódicamente datos de desempeño sobre los marcos de resultados en el sitio web del UNFPA.",
"62. El resultado es un conjunto limitado de esferas en el marco de resultados de gestión que, si se abordan, permitirán al UNFPA alcanzar la excelencia operacional. A fin de mejorar la capacidad del Fondo para detectar problemas de forma temprana y realizar las correcciones oportunas a lo largo del período de programación, los productos del marco de resultados de gestión serán objeto de una supervisión más periódica que en los años anteriores, pues el personal directivo superior evaluará el desempeño de forma periódica a lo largo de cada año.",
"2. Productos del marco de resultados de gestión",
"Producto 1: ha aumentado la eficacia mediante el fortalecimiento de la programación basada en resultados y con base empírica.",
"63. La capacidad del UNFPA de producir los efectos deseados depende de la calidad de sus programas, especialmente en el plano de los países. Durante los próximos dos años, se prestará especial atención a dos aspectos de esta cuestión: la gestión basada en los resultados y la programación con base empírica. El UNFPA ha elaborado instrumentos en ambas esferas y centrará su atención en asegurar que se utilizan de manera sistemática y que la calidad de la programación mejora en consecuencia. Una de las medidas específicas para lograrlo consiste en la introducción de un mecanismo de control de la calidad para examinar todos los proyectos de documento de programa para los países a fin de asegurarse de que cumplen con las normas relativas a la gestión basada en los resultados y la programación con base empírica. Otra medida consistirá en mejorar las evaluaciones de los programas para los países, prestando especial atención a asegurar que ofrecen un alto nivel de calidad y se utilizan en la elaboración de los programas.",
"Producto 2: se ha reforzado la administración de los recursos mediante una mejora de la eficiencia y la gestión de riesgos.",
"64. En los años que quedan del plan estratégico se prestará una especial atención a la mejora de la manera en que el UNFPA gestiona los recursos que se le confían. Un aspecto de esta cuestión es lograr una mayor eficiencia mediante el control de los costos asociados con la gestión y la administración y la mejora de las tasas de ejecución. Estrechamente relacionada con esta cuestión está la mejora de la eficiencia con la que el UNFPA realiza las adquisiciones, prestando especial atención a la reducción de los plazos para realizar las adquisiciones[7]. Un segundo aspecto clave consiste en responder de manera específica a las preocupaciones expresadas por la Junta de Auditores de las Naciones Unidas y la División de Servicios de Supervisión del UNFPA con relación al gasto del Fondo a nivel de los países, en particular en la modalidad de ejecución nacional. El refuerzo de la gestión financiera en esta esfera constituirá una prioridad significativa en los dos próximos años, en lo que se hará especial hincapié en mejorar la supervisión de los asociados en la ejecución y el desarrollo de su capacidad a fin de reducir los resultados negativos de las auditorías, los gastos no justificados y los anticipos en mora. A fin de abordar cuestiones más amplias relativas a la selección y gestión de los asociados en la ejecución, como la práctica que se sigue en algunas oficinas en los países de establecer asociaciones con numerosos asociados en la ejecución, se está introduciendo un sistema de control de calidad que asegura que los directores ejerzan con rigor sus funciones directivas, entre otras cosas, supervisando las esferas de riesgo potencial y asegurando que se respetan las medidas de mitigación de los riesgos.",
"Producto 3: el UNFPA cuenta con una dotación adecuada de personal formado por profesionales con un gran desempeño que cumplen su misión.",
"65. La capacidad del UNFPA para obtener resultados satisfactorios en la ejecución de su programa depende en gran medida de cómo aborda la cuestión de los recursos humanos. Este producto se centra en dos aspectos: en primer lugar, la organización se concentrará en asegurar que cuenta con niveles adecuados de dotación de personal para desempeñar su misión; y en segundo lugar, priorizará el fortalecimiento de la cultura de la rendición de cuentas mediante una mejora de la manera en que hace frente al desempeño insatisfactorio. Se detectarán problemas de capacidad y se realizarán inversiones para dotar al personal de los conocimientos especializados necesarios para mejorar su contribución a la capacidad de la organización de ofrecer resultados. Como complemento a lo anterior, se deberá proporcionar un entorno de trabajo seguro al personal del UNFPA. A su vez, el personal deberá mostrar el más alto grado de integridad profesional, continuando con los avances logrados en el refuerzo de las normas éticas de la organización.",
"Producto 4: se cuenta con una financiación asegurada, estable y de base amplia que proporciona los recursos necesarios para el plan estratégico.",
"66. El ambicioso programa descrito en este documento no puede lograrse sin recursos. Durante el período que resta del plan estratégico, la atención se centrará tanto en la cantidad como en las fuentes de financiación. La importancia de las fuentes de financiación radica en que las contribuciones ordinarias —a diferencia de lo que sucede con las contribuciones para fines específicos— permiten a la organización planificar y ejecutar las actividades de manera más eficaz y eficiente. Además, el UNFPA prestará especial atención a diversificar su base de financiación, entre otras cosas, intentando lograr un aumento de las contribuciones por parte las economías emergentes y del sector privado. Un enfoque más agresivo con respecto a la movilización de recursos permitirá a la organización contribuir aún más a acelerar el programa de la CIPD y a conseguir el quinto Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio.",
"67. Los indicadores y las metas de los productos del marco de resultados de gestión se presentan en el anexo II.",
"VI. Marco integrado de recursos financieros",
"A. Necesidades y corrientes de recursos para la CIPD",
"68. La asistencia de los donantes para la ejecución del Programa de Acción de la CIPD aumentó de forma constante hasta 2008, año en que alcanzó la cifra de 10.400 millones de dólares[8]. Desde entonces, la tendencia se ha estancado y se estima que la financiación ha permanecido en niveles casi idénticos en 2009 y 2010. Según las proyecciones, en 2011 aumentará ligeramente hasta 10.800 millones de dólares. Los recursos internos de los países en desarrollo han seguido aumentando, pasando de 29.800 millones de dólares en 2009 a 34.000 millones de dólares en 2011, según las proyecciones.",
"69. Estas cifras siguen estando muy por debajo de las sumas necesarias para conseguir los objetivos del Programa de Acción. En 2009 se estimó que se necesitaban 49.000 millones de dólares y, según las proyecciones, se necesitarán 68.200 millones de dólares en 2012 y 68.600 millones en 2013. El UNFPA acelerará su labor de promoción para que el Programa de Acción de la CIPD siga ocupando un lugar destacado en el programa de desarrollo, en consonancia con la resolución 65/234 de la Asamblea General relativa al seguimiento de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Población y el Desarrollo después de 2014, recientemente aprobada.",
"B. Recursos necesarios para el período 2012-2013",
"1. Proyecciones de ingresos",
"70. Se estima que en el bienio 2010-2011 los ingresos del UNFPA ascenderán a 1.561 millones de dólares (cifra provisional pues todavía no están disponibles las cifras definitivas para 2011). De esta cantidad, 962,7 millones de dólares proceden de recursos ordinarios y 598,6 millones de dólares proceden de otros recursos. Sobre la base de las tendencias históricas y la información proporcionada por los donantes hasta la fecha, el UNFPA prevé unos ingresos totales de 1.700 millones de dólares para el bienio 2012-2013, de los que 830 millones se prevén para 2012 y 870 millones para 2013. De ese total, 1.039 millones de dólares procederían de contribuciones ordinarias y 680 millones de otros recursos.",
"71. Esas cifras representan un aumento del 10% en comparación con las contribuciones efectivas preliminares para el presente bienio. Se trata de un cambio modesto dada la necesidad de acelerar de forma drástica los avances hacia la consecución del quinto Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio y está muy por debajo de la tasa de crecimiento histórica que hubo entre los bienios 2000-2001 y 2010-2011, período en el que la tasa de crecimiento compuesta fue del 16%.",
"2. Vínculos entre los marcos de resultados y los recursos",
"72. En consonancia con la decisión 2010/32 de la Junta Ejecutiva, el UNFPA establecerá “vínculos completos y transparentes con los marcos de resultados institucionales y de gestión de los respectivos planes estratégicos”.",
"73. El UNFPA basará su presupuesto 2012-2013 en las prioridades identificadas en los marcos de resultados, reasignando recursos para hacer posible la consecución de las metas. Este ejercicio todavía está incompleto, como sucede con el plan de actividades, que es el vehículo por medio del cual se llevarán a cabo algunas de las modificaciones en el examen de mitad de período. Estos vínculos se mostrarán cuando el presupuesto se presente a la Junta Ejecutiva. Al mismo tiempo, se presentará un análisis sobre las maneras en que los recursos se han reasignado sobre la base del examen de mitad de período.",
"74. Como se señaló anteriormente, el marco revisado de resultados de gestión se ha simplificado para prestar atención a las cuestiones más importantes a las que se enfrenta la organización. Una de las consecuencias de este cambio es que la responsabilidad respecto de los productos del marco de resultados de gestión no puede recaer únicamente sobre las divisiones o dependencias individuales del UNFPA, como ha sucedido históricamente[9]. El corolario de lo anterior es que las divisiones y dependencias del UNFPA contribuirán a múltiples productos.",
"3. Recursos necesarios",
"75. Se utilizará un total de 1.752 millones de dólares para los programas y el presupuesto institucional durante el bienio 2012-2013, lo que supone un incremento del 20% con respecto a la proyección original para el bienio 2010-2011. Sin embargo, el gasto en 2010 superó considerablemente la proyección original y, si se utilizan las cifras efectivas de 2010 como base de la comparación, los gastos aumentarían menos del 11%.",
"76. La utilización de recursos propuesta representa un cambio significativo en la proporción de recursos asignados a los programas en contraste con los costos de gestión recurrentes: el porcentaje de ingresos totales asignados a los costos de gestión recurrentes disminuirá del 15,8% en el bienio en curso al 13,1% en el próximo bienio, 2012-2013.",
"77. La parte de los recursos utilizada para los programas incluye tanto los programas por países como el programa mundial y regional. En la utilización de recursos propuesta se mantiene la misma distribución de los recursos ordinarios entre los programas por países y el programa mundial y regional previsto originalmente para el período 2008-2011 (que representaba un 11,1% de los recursos ordinarios).",
"Recursos necesarios propuestos, 2012-2013[10]",
"(En millones de dólares)",
"2010-2011 2012-2013 (previsión original)\n Recursos Otros Total Recursos Otros Total ordinarios recursos ordinarios recursos",
"Recursos disponibles",
"Saldo inicial 51,7 278,4 330,0 55,3 191,9 247,2",
"Contribuciones y otros 950,0 450,0 1 400,0 1 038,8 680,0 1 718,8 ingresos",
"Total disponible 1 001,7 728,4 1 730,0 1 094,1 871,9 1 966,0",
"Utilización de los recursos",
"Programas (deducida la 689,4 498,2 1 187,6 820,6 639,2 1 459,8 recuperación de gastos)[11]",
"Presupuesto institucional",
"Eficacia de las 53,1 5,7 58,9 52,7 7,7 60,4 actividades de desarrollo",
"Gestión",
"Gastos periódicos 189,0 32,5 221,6 185,8 39,5 225,3",
"Gastos no periódicos 8,9 – 8,9 5,9 – 5,9",
"Fines especiales 5,9 – 5,9 – – –",
"Total, presupuesto 256,9 38,3 295,2 244,4 47,3 291,6 institucional",
"Total, utilización de 946,4 536,5 1 482,8 1 065,3 686,5 1 751,8 recursos",
"VII. Puesta en práctica del plan estratégico revisado",
"78. Los cambios del plan estratégico que se proponen en el presente informe no ocurrirán de la noche a la mañana sino de manera progresiva a lo largo de los años que faltan para concluir el plan. Los cambios tampoco ocurrirán automáticamente como simple resultado de su inclusión en el plan: más bien requerirán un enfoque sostenido por parte de los dirigentes de la organización y disciplina en la gestión en todo el UNFPA. Se han elaborado varios procesos para codificar esos cambios, que se describen a continuación.",
"A. Plan de actividades",
"79. De manera concertada con el examen de mitad de período, se está elaborando un plan institucional para 2012-2013. Los resultados y las conclusiones de dicho examen han servido de base para el plan de actividades, y este incluirá mecanismos para fortalecer la ejecución del plan estratégico revisado. El plan de actividades mejorará la eficiencia mediante la simplificación de los procesos institucionales, la racionalización de la toma de decisiones y el fortalecimiento de la rendición de cuentas.",
"B. Armonización de los planos mundial, regional y nacional",
"1. Plano nacional",
"80. Tras la aprobación por parte de la Junta Ejecutiva de los marcos revisados de resultados, los instrumentos y las directrices para las oficinas en los países se actualizarán con miras a facilitar el vínculo entre los programas por países y los resultados y productos revisados. Se celebrarán reuniones de planificación en cada región para ayudar a las oficinas regionales y en los países a armonizar los documentos de programas y los planes de acción con el plan estratégico revisado.",
"81. Las oficinas en los países se encargarán de introducir en los contextos locales los cambios descritos en el plan estratégico revisado, en colaboración con los asociados nacionales. Ese proceso debe basarse en la implicación, las necesidades y las capacidades nacionales, y dar como resultado programas por países más específicos que den prioridad rigurosamente a las posibles esferas en las que el UNFPA pueda trabajar. Es importante señalar que no se prevé que los programas por países se vinculen con todos los resultados y los productos: más bien, estos se centrarían solamente en los que fuesen pertinentes para los contextos específicos. Se prevé que los programas por países que contienen actividades fuera del ámbito de los marcos revisados de resultados dejen de realizar esas actividades (aunque se prevé que esto ocurra gradualmente a fin de minimizar las perturbaciones en los programas).",
"82. Como resultado de la combinación de una mayor atención prestada a las esferas clave en las que el UNFPA puede ser más eficaz y una mejor adaptación a las especificidades de los contextos locales, se prevé que los programas por países se diversifiquen más, dejando de lado el enfoque de una fórmula única aplicable a todos, en el que los programas tratan de hacerlo todo en todas partes y por consiguiente no se basan lo suficiente en el contexto local.",
"83. La ejecución también ocurrirá necesariamente de una manera diferenciada que depende de la implicación de los países y que responde a las necesidades y las capacidades de los países. Por ejemplo, la transición del suministro de cosas al suministro de ideas —del apoyo a la ejecución a una labor más activa en las etapas iniciales centrada en el diálogo sobre políticas y la promoción— se basará en los contextos locales. Sin embargo, este enfoque participativo se equilibrará mediante un énfasis mayor en el uso de mecanismos de control de calidad para asegurar que las oficinas en los países se ajusten a las normas mínimas.",
"2. Planos mundial y regional",
"84. De conformidad con la decisión 2009/16, el programa mundial y regional del UNFPA (DP/FPA/2007/19) se ha prorrogado hasta 2013. Tras la aprobación por parte de la Junta Ejecutiva de los marcos revisados de resultados, el programa mundial y regional se armonizará con los nuevos resultados y productos, y se elaborarán actividades y resultados para el período 2012-2013. El UNFPA utilizará la experiencia adquirida en la ejecución para elaborar un nuevo programa mundial y regional, que se presentará a la Junta con el nuevo plan estratégico para 2014-2017.",
"3. Reorganización",
"85. La reorganización del UNFPA apenas acaba de concluir físicamente, y los mecanismos para institucionalizar los cambios se siguen introduciendo. Además, se ha previsto una evaluación de la reorganización para 2012. Por consiguiente, no se realizó ningún examen sistemático de la reorganización durante el examen de mitad de período. La experiencia que se vaya adquiriendo influirá en la manera en que la organización aborde la regionalización en tiempo real (incluso mediante el proceso del plan de actividades) y constituirá un aporte considerable para el próximo plan estratégico.",
"C. Fortalecimiento de los sistemas de medición",
"86. Como se describió arriba, las dificultades planteadas por los sistemas de medición han limitado la capacidad de evaluar el progreso del UNFPA en años recientes, y los exámenes internos y externos pusieron de relieve la importancia de mejorar los sistemas de medición de la organización. Desde hace algún tiempo se han estado realizando esfuerzos por mejorar esos sistemas, y en el proceso de revisión de los marcos de resultados se hizo mucho hincapié en aprender de la experiencia adquirida en los primeros años de la ejecución del plan estratégico, como se refleja en cambios tales como conceder mayor importancia a la mensurabilidad en la elaboración de indicadores. Los exámenes periódicos del desempeño en relación con las metas (particularmente las que figuran en el marco de resultados de gestión) permitirán detectar las dificultades en tiempo real, facilitando con ello los esfuerzos para resolver los problemas con prontitud. Se requieren esfuerzos adicionales para seguir adelante, en particular para fortalecer los vínculos entre los planos nacional, regional y mundial, tanto conceptualmente como en relación con los sistemas de información de gestión que permiten la presentación periódica de informes sobre las tendencias del desempeño.",
"D. Elaboración de un nuevo plan estratégico",
"87. Se elaborará una guía detallada que será presentada a la Junta Ejecutiva tras la conclusión del proceso del examen de mitad de período para la elaboración del próximo plan estratégico, 2014-2017. En 2013 se presentará a la Junta Ejecutiva un informe acumulativo sobre la ejecución del plan actual (incluidos el marco revisado de resultados, la reorganización y el programa mundial y regional).",
"88. La elaboración del próximo plan estratégico incluirá temas que se plantearon durante el examen de mitad de período, pero que no pudieron tratarse detalladamente en él, como todas las consecuencias (que se siguen manifestando) del establecimiento de ONU-Mujeres para la labor del UNFPA en materia de género y los sistemas para asignar y distribuir recursos (cuya modificación estaba fuera del ámbito del examen de mitad de período). Como se señaló arriba, las actividades de reforma iniciadas como resultado del proceso del examen de mitad de período ocurrirán progresivamente, y de ese modo servirán de base importante para el próximo plan estratégico. Por último, el proceso de examen de mitad de período ha especificado varias enseñanzas obtenidas que permitirán elaborar sistemas más sólidos (por ejemplo, facilitar la recopilación de datos, documentar un proceso de planificación y presupuesto en que el plan estratégico esté situado más claramente como punto inicial para la elaboración del presupuesto) y servirán de base para el proceso de elaboración del próximo plan estratégico.",
"VIII. Elementos de una decisión",
"89. La Junta Ejecutiva tal vez desee:",
"a) Tomar nota del presente informe sobre el examen de mitad de período del plan estratégico del UNFPA, 2008-2013, y acoger con beneplácito la dirección estratégica presentada en el informe para fortalecer la rendición de cuentas del UNFPA en cuanto a los resultados y la excelencia operacional;",
"b) Hacer suyas las direcciones futuras descritas en el presente informe (DP/FPA/2011/11) y el conjunto bien definido de resultados y productos como medidas importantes que se orientan al logro de los objetivos de la CIPD y contribuyen a la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio;",
"c) Aprobar los marcos revisados de resultados de desarrollo y de gestión y el marco integrado de recursos financieros para 2012-2013 que figuran en el informe (DP/FPA/2011/11) y alentar a todos los países a prestar asistencia al UNFPA con objeto de alcanzar el total de los recursos ordinarios y de otros recursos previsto para el período 2012-2013, incluso mediante compromisos plurianuales;",
"d) Destacar la importancia de los recursos ordinarios para la aplicación eficaz del plan estratégico y alentar a los países a que aumenten sus contribuciones a los recursos ordinarios del UNFPA;",
"e) Solicitar que se presente un informe acumulativo sobre el plan estratégico, 2008-2013 en el período de sesiones anual de 2013 y el nuevo plan estratégico en el segundo período ordinario de sesiones de 2013.",
"Anexo I",
"Marco revisado de resultados de desarrollo¹",
"Producto(s) Indicador(es)\tBasedereferenciade2010\tMetapara2012\tMetapara2013 \nObjetivo:lograrelaccesouniversala lasaludsexualyreproductiva(incluidalaplanificaciónfamiliar),promoverlosderechosreproductivos,reducirlamortalidadmaternayacelerarelprogresoenrelaciónconelprogramade laCIPDy delquintoObjetivodeDesarrollodelMilenio(A &B) \nResultado1:losplanesyestrategiasdedesarrollonacionalesysectorialesabordanladinámicade lapoblacióny susvínculosconlasnecesidadesdelosjóvenes(incluidoslosadolescentes),lasaludsexualyreproductiva(incluidalaplanificaciónde lafamilia),laigualdadentrelosgénerosy lareducciónde lapobreza Indicador(es)clave(s) Númerodepaísesquetienenplanesnacionalesdedesarrolloyestrategiasdereducciónde lapobrezaqueabordanladinámicade lapoblacióny susvínculosconlasnecesidadesmultisectorialesdelosjóvenes(incluidoslosadolescentes),lasaludsexualyreproductiva(incluidalaplanificaciónde lafamilia),laigualdadentrelosgénerosy eldesarrollosostenibley lareducciónde lapobreza \nBasedereferencia:62(2010) Númerodepaísesquetienenserviciosintegradosdesaludsexualyreproductiva(incluidalaplanificaciónde lafamilia)enlaspolíticasy losplanesnacionalesdesalud \nBasedereferencia:54(2010) \n1. Sehafortalecidolacapacidadnacionalparaincorporarladinámicade lapoblacióny susvínculosconlasnecesidadesdelosjóvenes(incluidoslosadolescentes),lasaludsexualypreproductiva(incluidalaplanificaciónde lafamilia),laigualdadentrelosgénerosy lareducciónde lapobrezaenlosplanesnacionalesdedesarrollo,lasestrategiasdereducciónde lapobrezayotrosplanesyprogramasnacionalespertinentes 1.1 Número (yporcentaje) de paísesdonde el UNFPA haapoyado iniciativas dedesarrollo de lacapacidad paraincorporar cuestionesrelativas a ladinámica de lapoblación en planes yprogramas nacionalespertinentes(N=128)²\t31(24%)\t51(40%)\t61(48%)\n 1.2 Número de personasque han recibidocapacitación sobre lamanera de incorporarcuestiones relativas ala dinámica de lapoblación en losplanes y programasnacionales\t750\t1225\t1450\n2. Sehafortalecidolacapacidadparaelaborarpolíticasyplanesdesaludnacionalesconserviciosintegradosdesaludsexualyreproductiva(incluidalaplanificaciónde lafamilia) 2.1 Número (yporcentaje) de paísesdonde el UNFPA haapoyado la elaboraciónde políticas y planesde salud nacionalescon serviciosintegrados de saludsexual y reproductiva(incluida laplanificación de lafamilia)(N=variable por año,basado en los ciclosde planificación delos países: 2010:45;2012:26; 2013:48)\t10(22%)\t18(69%)\t33(69%) \n¹Respectodecadaindicador,lainformacióndetalladasobredefiniciones,métodosdecálculo,fuentesdedatosyfrecuenciadelasmedicionesfiguraenhojasdemetadatosquepuedenconsultarseen elsitiowebdelUNFPA. \n² Lanotación“(N=128)”reflejaelhechodequecadaindicadortieneunconjuntodefinidodepaísesa losqueseaplica:enalgunoscasosestoincluyetodoslospaísesenqueseejecutanprogramasdelUNFPA,mientrasqueenotroscasoselindicadorseaplicaa unsubconjuntodepaíses,comolospaísesdondeseestállevandoacabounaactividadparticular(porejemplo,laelaboracióndeplanesnacionales)o losquesehanidentificadocomopartedeiniciativasinternacionalesexistentes(porejemplo,laEstrategiaMundialdeSaluddelasMujeresy losNiños). \n3. Sehafortalecidolacapacidadnacionaldelosjóvenes(incluidoslosadolescentes)paraparticiparen eldiálogoy laprogramaciónenmateriadepolíticas 3.1 Número (yporcentaje) de paísesapoyados por el UNFPAque cuentan conmecanismosinstitucionales paraasociarse con losjóvenes (incluidos losadolescentes) en eldiálogo y laprogramación enmateria de políticas(N=128)\t30(23%)\t40(31%)\t50(39%)\nResultado2:aumentodelaccesoa losserviciosdecalidaddeatencióndesaludde lamadrey delreciénnacido,y desuutilización \nIndicador(es)clave(s) Tasademortalidadmaterna \nBasedereferencia:290(2008) Partosconasistenciadepersonalsanitarioespecializado \nBasedereferencia:63%(2008) Númerodepaísesenquelascesáreascorrespondenamenosdel5% delosnacidosvivos \nBasedereferencia:46(2010) \n4. Sehafortalecidode lacapacidadnacionalparaejecutarprogramasintegralesdeserviciosprestadosporparteras 4.1 Número (yporcentaje) de paísesdonde el UNFPA hadesarrollado lacapacidad paragestionar laspolíticas sobre lafuerza de trabajo delas parteras(N=49 países en laEstrategia Mundial deSalud de las Mujeres ylos Niños)\t22(45%)\t30(61%)\t40(82%)\n5. Sehafortalecidode lacapacidadnacionalparaprestaratenciónobstétricadeemergenciay delreciénnacido 5.1 Número (yporcentaje) de paísesdonde el UNFPA hadesarrollado lacapacidad para mejorarla atención obstétricade emergencia y delrecién nacido en losplanes de saludsubnacionales(N=49 países en laEstrategia Mundial deSalud de las Mujeres ylos Niños)\t14(29%)\t24(49%)\t30(61%)\n6. Haaumentadolacapacidadnacionalparalaprevención,eltratamientoy lareintegraciónsocialenrelaciónconlafístulaobstétrica 6.1 Número de mujeresque han recibidotratamiento para lafístula obstétrica conapoyo del UNFPA\t6 000\t8000\t10000\n7. HaaumentadolacapacidadparaaplicarelConjuntodeserviciosinicialesmínimosensituacioneshumanitarias 7.1 Número de miembrosdel personal que hanrecibido capacitaciónsobre el Conjunto deservicios inicialesmínimos con el apoyodel UNFPA\t3 900\t4200\t4500\nResultado3:aumentodelaccesoaserviciosdecalidadenmateriadeplanificaciónde lafamiliay desuutilizaciónporlaspersonasy lasparejasenfunciónde laintenciónreproductiva \nIndicador(es)clave(s) Tasadeusodeanticonceptivos(métodosmodernos) \nBasedereferencia:55,2(2009) Necesidadesinsatisfechasenmateriadeplanificaciónde lafamilia \nBasedereferencia:11,4(2009) Porcentajedepaísesquetienencentrosdeprestacióndeserviciosdondeseofrecenporlomenostresmétodosanticonceptivosmodernos \nBasedereferencia:36,6(2009-2010) \n8. Sehanfortalecidolossistemasnacionalesparaasegurarelabastecimientodesuministrosdesaludreproductiva 8.1 Número (yporcentaje) de paísesapoyados por el UNFPAcon centros deprestación deservicios que no hanexperimentado falta desuministros deanticonceptivos en losúltimos seis meses(N=13 países de nivelI en el programamundial para asegurarel abastecimiento desuministros de saludreproductiva; elnúmero ha aumentadorespecto de la base dereferencia de 2010,que era de 11 países)\t3(27%)\t8(62%)\t10(77%)\n 8.2 Número de miembrosdel personal nacionalque han recibidocapacitación engestión de logísticacon el apoyo del UNFPA\t225\t360\t450\n9. Sehafortalecidolacapacidadnacionalpararealizarintervencionescomunitariasenmateriadeplanificaciónde lafamilia 9.1 Número (yporcentaje) de paísesdonde el UNFPA haapoyado intervencionesimportantes degeneración de demanda,especialmente demétodosanticonceptivosmodernos(N=45 países de nivelI y II en el programamundial para asegurarel abastecimiento desuministros de saludreproductiva)\t7(16%)\t20(44%)\t35(78%)\nResultado4:aumentodelaccesoaserviciosdecalidadenmateriadeprevencióndelVIH ylasinfeccionesdetransmisiónsexual,y desuutilización,enparticularporpartedelosjóvenes(incluidoslosadolescentes)yotrosgruposclaveensituacionesderiesgo \nIndicador(es)clave(s) PrevalenciadelVIHenlosjóvenes(de15 a24añosdeedad) \nBasedereferencia:0,3%(hombres)y0,6%(mujeres)(2010) Porcentajedehombresymujeresde 15a 49añosdeedadquetuvieronmásde uncompañeroenlosúltimos12mesesy queutilizaronunpreservativodurantelaúltimarelaciónsexual \nBasedereferencia:48%deloshombres(de15 a49añosdeedad)y 32%delasmujeres(de15 a49añosdeedad) \n10.Haaumentadolacapacidadnacionalparaplanificar,ejecutarysupervisarlosprogramaspreventivosparareducirlatransmisiónsexualdelVIH 10.1 Número (yporcentaje) de paísesque han llevado a cabouna evaluación de losvínculos entre lasalud sexual yreproductiva y laspolíticas, lossistemas y laprestación deservicios en materiade VIH con el apoyodel UNFPA(N=28 países en laEstrategia Mundial delONUSIDA 2011-2015)\t7(35%)\t13(65%)\t20(100%) 10.2 Número (yporcentaje) de paísesdonde se aplica elmarco integral degeneración de demandade preservativos,especialmente: a) enbeneficio de losjóvenes y b) en elcontexto del trabajosexual(a) N=17 paísesprioritarios delONUSIDA en relacióncon los jóvenes\ta) 0b) 0\ta)5(29%)b)5(25%)\ta)10(59%)b)10(50%) \n b) N=28 países en laEstrategia Mundial delONUSIDA 2011-2015) \n11.HamejoradolacapacidadnacionalparaatenderlasnecesidadesenmateriadeVIH ysaludsexualyreproductivadelosjóvenesy lostrabajadoressexuales,inclusomedianteorganizacionesyredesdirigidasporlacomunidad 11.1 Número deorganizaciones y redesdirigidas por lacomunidad y apoyadaspor el UNFPA queparticipan enprogramas que atiendenlas necesidades enmateria de VIH y saludsexual y reproductivade los jóvenes y lostrabajadores sexuales\t116\t141\t176\nResultado5:avancede laigualdadentrelosgénerosy losderechosreproductivos,enparticularmediantelapromocióny laaplicacióndeleyesypolítica \nIndicador(es)clave(s) Porcentajedemujeresde 20a 24añosdeedadquecontrajeronmatrimoniooempezaronavivirenparejaantesdecumplir18añosdeedad \nBasedereferencia:35%deltotal;22%delasmujeresdezonasurbanas;45%delasmujeresdezonasrurales(2000-2009) Porcentajedepaísesquecuentanconmecanismosparaaplicarleyesypolíticasquepromuevenlaigualdadentrelosgénerosy losderechosreproductivos \nBasedereferencia:61,7%(2008) \n12.Se hafortalecidode lacapacidadnacionalparalaaplicacióndeacuerdosinternacionales,lalegislaciónnacionalypolíticasenapoyode laigualdadentrelosgénerosy losderechosreproductivos 12.1 Número (yporcentaje) de paísesapoyados por el UNFPAque aplican acuerdosinternacionales ylegislación nacionalen pro de la igualdadentre los géneros ylos derechosreproductivos(N=128)\t94(73%)\t103(80%)\t113(88%)\n13.Se hafortalecidode lacapacidadnacionalparahacerfrentea laviolenciapormotivosdegénero,yprestarserviciosdecalidad,inclusoensituacioneshumanitarias 13.1 Número (yporcentaje) de paísesapoyados por el UNFPAque cuentan conmecanismos normativosy programáticos derespuesta contra laviolencia por motivosde género (incluida lamutilación o ablacióngenital femenina)(N=30 países de laprogramación conjuntay países en que seejecutan programassobre la laborrelativa a laselección del sexo yla resolución 1325 delConsejo de Seguridad)\t19(64%)\t22(73%)\t24(80%)\n 13.2 Número depersonas que hanrecibido capacitación,con el apoyo delUNFPA, en elaboraciónde programas paracombatir la violenciapor motivos de géneroen situacioneshumanitarias\t120\t500\t800\n 13.3 Número decomunidades apoyadaspor el UNFPA quedeclaran haberabandonado la prácticade la mutilación oablación genitalfemenina\t596\t715\t858\n14.Haaumentadolapromociónde laigualdadentrelosgénerosy losderechosreproductivosmediantelaparticipacióndeorganizacionesyredesdirigidasporlacomunidad 14.1 Número (yporcentaje) de paísesdonde el UNFPA haapoyado a redes uorganizaciones de lasociedad civil parafomentar laparticipación de loshombres y los niños desexo masculino en lapromoción de laigualdad entre losgéneros(N=35)\t24(69%)\t26(74%)\t29(83%)\nResultado6:mejoradelaccesoa losserviciosdesaludsexualyreproductivay laeducaciónsexualparalosjóvenes(incluidoslosadolescentes) \nIndicador(es)clave(s) Tasadenatalidadentrelasadolescentes \nBasedereferencia:52(2007) Porcentajedejóvenesde 15a 24añosdeedadquedescribencorrectamentelasmanerasdeprevenirlatransmisiónsexualdelVIH yquetambiénrechazanlosprincipalesconceptoserróneosacercade latransmisióndelVIH \nBasedereferencia:35%deloshombresy 30%delasmujeres(2005-2009) Númerodepaísesqueejecutanprogramasdeeducaciónsexualampliayadecuadaa laedadenlasescuelasyfueradeellasaescalanacional \nBasedereferencia:pordeterminar \n15.Hamejoradolaprogramacióndelosserviciosesencialesdesaludsexualyreproductivaparalosadolescentesy losjóvenesmarginados 15.1 Número (yporcentaje) de paísesdonde el UNFPA haapoyado el desarrollode la capacidad paraprestar serviciosesenciales de saludsexual y reproductivaa los jóvenes(N=128)\t45(35%)\t50(39%)\t55(43%) 15.2 Número (yporcentaje) de paísesapoyados por el UNFPApara elaborar yejecutar programasintegrales enbeneficio de lasadolescentesmarginadas\t5(25%)\t10(50%)\t15(75%) \n (N=20) \n16.Se hafortalecidolacapacidadnacionalparadiseñareincorporarlaeducaciónsexualintegraladecuadaa laedadenlaspolíticasy losplanesdeestudios 16.1 Número (yporcentaje) de paísesapoyados por el UNFPApara elaborar yejecutar programasintegrales deeducación sexualadecuados a la edad(N=128)\t44(34%)\t54(42%)\t64(50%)\n 16.2 Número deexpertos capacitados,con el apoyo delUNFPA, para prestarasistencia técnica enmateria de diseño,ejecución y evaluaciónde programasintegrales deeducación sexual\t70\t210\t500\nResultado7:mejorade ladisponibilidady elanálisisdedatosentornoa ladinámicade lapoblación,lasaludsexualyreproductiva(incluidalaplanificaciónde lafamilia)y laigualdadentrelosgéneros \nIndicador(es)clave(s) Númerodepaísesquehancompletadosurondadecensosdepoblaciónyviviendade2010 \nBasedereferencia:23(2010) Númerodepaísesquehanllevadoacabo(enlosúltimoscincoaños)unaencuestadehogaresquepermitaestimartodoslosindicadoresde lametaB delquintoObjetivodeDesarrollodelMilenio \nBasedereferencia:91(2010) \n17.Haaumentadolacapacidadnacionalparaproducir,utilizarydifundirdatosestadísticosdecalidadsobreladinámicade lapoblación,losjóvenes,laigualdadentrelosgénerosy lasaludsexualyreproductiva,inclusoensituacioneshumanitarias 17.1 Número (yporcentaje) de paísesdonde el UNFPA haapoyado el desarrollode la capacidad paraproducir y difundirdatos de censos,encuestas yestadísticas de otrotipo(N=128)\t79(62%)\t91(71%)\t103(80%)\n 17.2 Número depersonas que hanrecibido capacitación,con el apoyo delUNFPA, en materia deproducción, análisis ydifusión de datos decensos, encuestas yestadísticas de otrotipo, incluso ensituacioneshumanitarias\t645\t1290\t1935\n18.Se hafortalecidolacapacidadnacionalparalograrqueelanálisisdedatossirvadebaseparalatomadedecisionesy laformulacióndepolíticasentornoa ladinámicade lapoblación,lajuventud,laigualdadentrelosgénerosy lasaludsexualyreproductiva 18.1 Número (yporcentaje) de paísesdonde el UNFPA haapoyado el desarrollode la capacidad paraproducir análisisexhaustivos de datosde censos y encuestas(N=128)\t18(14%)\t40(31%)\t51(40%)",
"Anexo II",
"Marco revisado de resultados de gestión¹",
"Producto Indicador\tBasedereferencia(año)\tMetapara2012\tMetapara2013 \nHaaumentadolaeficaciamedianteelfortalecimientode laprogramaciónbasadaenresultadosy conbaseempírica Porcentaje dedocumentos delprograma de lospaíses que obtuvieronla calificación de“buenos”, comomínimo, según loscriterios de gestiónbasada en losresultados y laprogramación con baseempírica\t50%(2011)\t70%\t80%\n Porcentaje deprogramas que hanlogrado, como mínimo,el 75% de las metasindicativas de losproductos de losplanes de trabajoanuales\t51%(2007)86%(2010)\t90%\t95%\n Porcentaje deevaluaciones de losprogramas por paísesque obtuvieron lacalificación de“buenos”, como mínimo\tSeestánrecopilandolosdatosyposiblementeesténdisponiblesenseptiembrede2011\tSedeterminarácuandosedispongade labasedereferencia\tSedeterminarácuandosedispongade labasedereferencia\nSe hareforzadolaadministracióndelosrecursosmedianteunamejorade laeficienciay lagestiónderiesgos Porcentaje delingreso totalutilizado para gastosperiódicos de gestión\t15,8%(2010-2011)\t13,1%\t<13,1% Tasa de ejecución concargo a los recursosordinarios y otrosrecursos\tRecursosordinarios:\tRecursosordinarios:\tRecursosordinarios: 85%(2009)85%(2010)Otrosrecursos:\t97%Otrosrecursos:79%\t97%Otrosrecursos:79% \n 52%(2009)51%(2010) \n Porcentaje de pedidosde productos básicosentregados al paísdentro del plazoprevisto\t79%(2010)\t85%\t90%\n Porcentaje deauditorías de laejecución nacional enque se emitió unaopinión negativa\t17%(2007)22%(2009)\t10%\t8%\n Porcentaje del totalde anticipos de lacuenta del fondo paragastos defuncionamiento queestán pendientes depago\t9,9%(2010-2011)\t9%\t8% \n¹Respectodecadaindicador,lainformacióndetalladasobredefiniciones,métodosdecálculo,fuentesdedatosyfrecuenciadelasmedicionesfiguraenhojasdemetadatosquepuedenconsultarseen elsitiowebdelUNFPA. \n Porcentaje dedependenciasinstitucionales delUNFPA en que por lomenos el 90% de losplanes de trabajoanuales se ejecutacon asociados en laimplementación queobtuvieron unacalificación de“buenos” como mínimo,según las normas decontrol de calidad\tNo sedisponededatos\t75%\t85%\nElUNFPAcuentaconunadotacióndepersonalformadaporprofesionalesconungrandesempeñoquecumplensumisión Tasa de vacantes\tNo sedisponededatos(2007)17%(2010)\t15%\t13%\n Porcentaje delpersonal queconsidera que elUNFPA se ocupaeficazmente deldesempeñoinsatisfactorio\t33%(2008)30%(2009)\t38%\tN/A²\nSecuentaconunafinanciaciónasegurada,establey debaseampliaqueproporcionalosrecursosnecesariosparaelplanestratégico Porcentaje alcanzadode la meta definanciación del planestratégico anual\t103%(2008)109%(2010)\t100%\t100%\n Porcentaje del totalde las contribucionesa los recursosordinarios\t63%(2007)58%(2010)\t60%\t>60%\n Porcentaje decontribucionesanuales a losrecursos ordinariosprocedentes dedonantes distintos delos 15 donantesprincipales\t7%(2007)4%(2010)\t6%\t8%",
"² Los datos relativos a este indicador se recopilan solo cada dos años, por consiguiente, no hay meta para 2013.",
"[1] Banco Mundial, Fondo Monetario Internacional, Global Monitoring Report 2011.",
"[2] Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, “Development aid reaches an historic high in 2010”, http://www.oecd.org/document/35/0,3746,en_2649_34447_47515235_1_1_1_1,00.html.",
"[3] Este nivel se describe como los “resultados”, pero utilizando la terminología estricta de supervisión y evaluación abarca tanto los indicadores de objetivo como los indicadores de resultado. A este respecto, el UNFPA utiliza el enfoque de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, cuyos indicadores combinan múltiples niveles.",
"[4] Como la Estrategia Mundial de Salud de las Mujeres y los Niños y la Estrategia Mundial del ONUSIDA.",
"[5] En algunos casos, no es posible establecer metas anuales, pues algunos indicadores importantes —como los correspondientes a los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y al período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General sobre el VIH/SIDA— no pueden medirse anualmente.",
"[6] Las fichas de metadatos estarán a disposición del público en el sitio web del UNFPA.",
"[7] Este indicador se ha seleccionado debido a las preocupaciones suscitadas por los plazos actuales para las adquisiciones. Otro elemento clave de la eficiencia de las adquisiciones —los precios obtenidos— se ha abordado mediante un cambio estructural en el enfoque que el UNFPA utiliza en sus adquisiciones: ahora la organización se coordina sistemáticamente con otras entidades que adquieren grandes cantidades de productos de salud reproductiva para lograr economías de escala, con lo que obtiene precios que ahora son muy competitivos en el plano internacional.",
"[8] Todas las cifras citadas en este párrafo proceden del documento titulado “Corriente de recursos financieros destinados a contribuir a la ejecución del Programa de Acción de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Población y el Desarrollo: Informe del Secretario General”, E/CN.9/2011/5.",
"[9] Lo mismo cabe decir con relación a los productos sobre recursos humanos y movilización de recursos, que podría parecer que corresponden a la División de Recursos Humanos y a la División de Información y Relaciones Externas, respectivamente. Una lección clave del examen de mitad de período es que esas esferas deben ser responsabilidad de los funcionarios de toda la organización, de forma que, por ejemplo, los supervisores en las oficinas regionales se tomen en serio el desempeño insatisfactorio y los representantes del UNFPA asuman la responsabilidad por la movilización de recursos.",
"[10] Las cifras que figuran en este cuadro son estimaciones y, por tanto, están sujetas a cambios.",
"[11] Esta cifra incluye una asignación del 11,1% de los recursos ordinarios para los programas mundial y regionales."
] | [
"[]United Nations DP/FPA/2011/11",
"Second regular session 2011",
"6 to 9 September 2011, New York",
"Item 6 of the provisional agenda",
"UNFPA – Report of the Executive Director",
"United Nations Population Fund",
"Midterm review of the UNFPA strategic plan, 2008-2013",
"Report of the Executive Director",
"Contents",
"Page",
"I. Introduction 4",
"II. Midterm review scope and process 4",
"III. Context 5",
"IV. Summary of progress, selected achievements and key challenges, 2008-2010 6",
"A. Development results 7",
"1. Progress 7",
"2. Selected achievements 7",
"3. Key challenges 8",
"B. Management results 9",
"1. Progress 9",
"2. Selected achievements 10",
"3. Key challenges 10",
"V. Future directions, 2012-2013 12",
"A. Strategic direction 12",
"B. Improving accountability for results 13",
"1. Conceptual framework: Linking the DRF and the MRF 13",
"2. Key principles for revising the results frameworks 14",
"C. Sharpening the focus for development results 15",
"1. Focusing the DRF 15",
"2. DRF outcomes and outputs 15",
"3. Cross-cutting issues 17",
"D. Achieving operational excellence 19",
"1. Focusing the MRF 19",
"2. MRF outputs 19",
"VI. Integrated financial resources framework 20",
"A. Resource needs and flows for ICPD 20",
"B. Resource requirements for 2012-2013 21",
"1. Income projections 21",
"2. Linkages between the results frameworks and resources 21",
"3. Resource requirements 22",
"VII. Operationalizing the revised strategic plan 23",
"A. Business plan 23",
"B. Aligning global, regional and country levels 23",
"1. Country level 23",
"2. Global and regional levels 24",
"3. Reorganization 24",
"C. Strengthening the measurement systems 24",
"D. Developing the new strategic plan 24",
"VIII. Elements for a decision 25",
"Annexes",
"I. Revised development results framework 26",
"II. Revised management results framework 32",
"List of acronyms",
"AWPs Annual workplans",
"CARMMA Campaign on Accelerated Reduction of Maternal Mortality in Africa",
"CPR Contraceptive prevalence rate",
"DRF Development results framework",
"EmONC Emergency obstetric and newborn care",
"FGM/C Female genital mutilation/cutting",
"GBV Gender-based violence",
"GRP Global and regional programme",
"H4+ Health 4+ partnership (WHO, UNFPA, UNICEF, the World Bank and UNAIDS)",
"ICPD International Conference on Population and Development",
"LDCs Least developed countries",
"MDGs Millennium Development Goals",
"MISP Minimum Initial Service Package",
"MMR Maternal mortality ratio",
"MOPAN Multilateral Organisations Performance Assessment Network",
"MRF Management results framework",
"MTR Midterm review",
"NDPs National development plans",
"NEX National execution",
"NGOs Non-governmental organizations",
"OFA Operating fund account",
"PAD Performance appraisal and development",
"PRSs Poverty reduction strategies",
"PRSPs Poverty reduction strategy papers",
"RBM Results-based management",
"RHCS Reproductive health commodity security",
"SDPs Service delivery points",
"SRH Sexual and reproductive health",
"STI Sexually transmitted infection",
"UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS",
"I. Introduction",
"1. The present report is submitted in response to Executive Board decision 2009/16, which extended the strategic plan, 2008-2011, to 2013, and decision 2011/13 (item 9), which postponed the presentation of the midterm review (MTR) of the strategic plan to the second regular session 2011. It also responds to the guidance in General Assembly resolution 63/232. The MTR report examines the changing context within which UNFPA operates, and reviews the progress, achievements and challenges in the implementation of the strategic plan from 2008 to 2010 complementing the detailed analysis contained in the annual report of the Executive Director, DP/FPA/2011/3 (Part I) and its annex (available separately on the UNFPA website) and DP/FPA/2011/3 (Part I)/Add.1, and sets out a revised strategic direction for the organization, including the revised development results framework (DRF) and the revised management results framework (MRF) based on the lessons learned.",
"2. Following the introduction, section II of the present report describes the MTR scope and process. Section III focuses on the context. Section IV provides a summary of progress, selected achievements and key challenges during 2008-2010. Section V, entitled Future directions, 2012-2013, focuses on prospective elements, including the strategic direction for the organization, the new conceptual framework and a description of the revised DRF and MRF. Section VI presents the integrated financial resources framework and describes the resources needed to attain the strategic plan results. Section VII focuses on operationalizing the revised strategic plan, including the steps needed to develop the next strategic plan, 2014-2017. Section VIII contains elements for a decision. The revised DRF and MRF are contained in annex I and annex II, respectively.",
"II. Midterm review scope and process",
"3. The MTR process has had both retrospective and prospective elements. The retrospective part reviewed achievements and challenges in implementing the strategic plan from 2008 to 2010 and examined implications of the changing global context. This was done through a combination of analytic work (both internal and external) and consultation (see figure 1).",
"Figure 1: MTR process",
"[]",
"4. The forward-looking part examined how UNFPA could better fulfil its mission by sharpening the strategic focus of the organization (including revising the results frameworks) and updating the resource estimates for the remaining period of the plan. The process examined a range of “big-picture” questions that arose from internal and external stakeholders (including the Executive Board), although the exercise was intended to strengthen the strategic plan rather than to fundamentally overhaul it.",
"5. Topics addressed included what issues the organization should work on (for example, whether the organization should continue to have the three focus areas of population and development, reproductive health and rights, and gender equality, or if instead it should narrow its focus); what role the organization should play (for example, whether it can best support countries by delivering services, by generating evidence, by building capacity, or by advocating, providing policy advice and helping drive innovation); and where the organization should work (for example, whether it should continue to operate extensively across the globe or reduce its geographical coverage).",
"6. As with the retrospective review, the future directions were discussed both internally and with the stakeholders listed above. Any pertinent contributions from these partners that extended beyond the scope of this revision of the strategic plan will be factored into the development of the next strategic plan, 2014-2017.",
"III. Context",
"7. The overall UNFPA mandate – based on the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) – and the guidance from General Assembly resolution 62/208, other pertinent resolutions of the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council, and Executive Board decisions drive the strategic plan. But the world has changed since the inception of the plan and both external and internal events and trends impact UNFPA work. Therefore, these developments have been taken into consideration in developing the future directions for the organization, so that UNFPA is best positioned to support countries in implementing the ICPD Programme of Action and achieving the MDGs.",
"8. Key elements of the ICPD agenda remain incomplete, and while only a few years remain until the 2015 completion date for the MDGs, many of the goals are still far from being met. Of particular concern is the fact that the Millennium Development Goal that UNFPA most directly contributes to - MDG 5, on improving maternal health - has recently been found to be the furthest from attainment.[1] Partly as a result, maternal health, and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) more broadly, has been the focus of renewed attention in recent years, both at the United Nations and at the regional and national levels, creating an opportunity for UNFPA.",
"9. As the world nears the seven billion mark in 2011 and concerns about the sustainability of development grow, population dynamics and family planning are under the spotlight. World population growth has slowed but fertility is still high in many countries. At the same time, the world is seeing the largest-ever cohort of young people. Meanwhile, many countries face challenges associated with low fertility leading to ageing populations. Increased migration and urbanization are especially important today.",
"10. Despite attention to these issues, a changing political climate means that while there was broad consensus on the ICPD agenda in 1994 that unanimity cannot be taken for granted today, posing a challenge for the next phase of UNFPA work.",
"11. The broader geopolitical and economic environment has also shifted since the development of the strategic plan in 2007. A number of countries that traditionally received aid are now middle-income, and, given the robust growth rates in many parts of the world, many others are transitioning into middle-income status. These developments suggest new modalities for the United Nations engagement, especially as a number of these countries are potential donors and/or important providers of South-South cooperation. The global financial crisis led to fiscal challenges for many donors, but although this put pressure on development assistance budgets, official development assistance reached an all-time high in 2010, at $128.7 billion.[2]",
"12. These shifts affect the role of development assistance, with commitments in Paris and Accra putting more emphasis on capacity development and on national ownership and execution. In the United Nations this has been reflected through a trend of moving more upstream, from delivering things to delivering thinking. This presents important challenges to the role and basic business model of the organization, implying a new way of working with partners and assessing performance. Simultaneously, there is also growing demand for increased accountability for results, as reflected in the emergence of performance assessment initiatives organized by donors and other stakeholders.",
"13. Inside the United Nations, a number of developments also affect UNFPA. Reform efforts continue, with an emphasis on “delivering as one”. While the establishment of UN-Women may impact the role of UNFPA in gender equality, the full implications are not yet known.",
"14. These developments highlight both challenges and opportunities for UNFPA, which have been factored into the development of the future directions described below.",
"IV. Summary of progress, selected achievements",
"and key challenges, 2008-2010",
"15. The overarching conclusion of the MTR is that while UNFPA has much to be proud of, its full potential is still to be realized. As noted in section I, detailed analysis of the strategic plan implementation from 2008 to 2010 is contained in the annual report of the Executive Director. The present section provides a brief summary of progress and highlights selected achievements. It focuses primarily on the lessons learned from the MTR about the key areas in which UNFPA needs to improve to accelerate progress on the ICPD agenda and the MDGs and make UNFPA more efficient and effective. These areas are the particular focus of the revision of the strategic plan.",
"16. The presentation of findings is based on the structure of the strategic plan’s two results frameworks:",
"the ICPD agenda, setting out the areas where UNFPA is seeking to assist countries in improving high-level developmental and health outcomes.",
"that are necessary for UNFPA to contribute effectively and efficiently to the broader development results.",
"A. Development results",
"1. Progress",
"17. The DRF has three focus areas: population and development, reproductive health and rights, and gender equality. These are in turn divided into 13 outcomes, which are measured through 26 indicators. Figure 2 depicts the progress toward the 2011 targets set in the strategic plan, summarized from the annex of DP/FPA/2011/3 (Part I). Overall, only nine targets have been or are likely to be achieved by the original target date of 2011, while 10 targets are unlikely to be met. Progress has been variable in the three focus areas, with the most success being seen in gender equality.",
"Figure 2: DRF progress",
"[]",
"2. Selected achievements",
"18. There have been notable achievements in each of the three areas. In population and development, nearly 95 per cent of countries now conduct surveys that include ICPD issues. UNFPA has also provided capacity-building support to nearly 80 countries in the preparation of the 2010 round of censuses, particularly in data analysis. The youth peer education network has grown from 5,000 members in 36 countries in 2007 to currently about 20,000 members in over 45 countries.",
"19. In the area of reproductive health and rights, UNFPA has worked closely with the H4+ partnership on strategies to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality. Capacity-building efforts have focused on areas such as midwifery training and reproductive health commodity security (RHCS), where UNFPA has helped improve availability of critical products such as contraceptives and maternal health medicines in more than 30 countries. The Campaign to End Fistula has helped repair more than 6,000 cases in 42 countries and helped secure attention and resources for fistula prevention, treatment and social reintegration. Efforts to develop capacity have resulted in considerable progress in implementing the Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP) in humanitarian settings, with the package now being implemented in more than 80 per cent of humanitarian settings. A UNFPA initiative on condoms provided support to 74 countries in 2010.",
"20. In gender equality, UNFPA and UNICEF jointly implement the world’s largest programme to accelerate the abandonment of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), which utilizes a human rights-based approach to support the development and implementation of laws, policies, and programmes. Support to national capacity-building has also strengthened mechanisms to monitor and reduce gender-based violence (GBV): more than 90 per cent of countries now have such systems.",
"3. Key challenges",
"21. Despite these successes, the overall progress has clearly been insufficient, so the MTR focused on identifying the key challenges that would need to be addressed to improve performance. Four key lessons have been learned in this context:",
"areas that are insufficiently integrated, UNFPA is perceived as not having a clear strategic focus, reducing cohesion internally and weakening the organization’s brand externally. Although resources are not split equally across the three focus areas – reproductive health and rights receives by far the largest share of programmatic resources (approximately 60 per cent per year) – the fact that the focus areas are officially coequal makes it more difficult to clearly identify the organization’s focus.",
"and within countries, reducing the organization’s ability to show impact. Globally, nearly 50 offices spent $2 million or less per country in 2010. Trying to reach everywhere means that insufficient resources are available for the countries facing the largest problems: to use one indicative metric, half of all cases of maternal mortality occur in only six countries, but UNFPA allocates 16 per cent of its resources to these countries. The impact of these resources is further diluted at country level when country offices try to work in numerous outcome areas despite having very small budgets. A recent review found that the allocation of resources at country level between the three focus areas fell into very narrow ranges, which suggests that UNFPA programming is not always adequately tailored to local needs and capacities and instead attempts to address all aspects of the organization’s mandate everywhere. Compounding this is the practice of using numerous implementing partners that are administered through myriad annual workplans (AWPs): in 2010, UNFPA had more than 1,400 implementing partners and handled more than 2,300 AWPs, which generated small projects unable to reach scale and show impact; led to inefficiencies; and posed significant financial management challenges, as discussed below.",
"the United Nations from delivering things to delivering thinking, UNFPA has not systematically grappled with how this influences its work at country level and the organizational requirements to be effective in this new paradigm. This issue is especially acute in middle-income countries, where the challenges often relate to issues such as inequality and marginalized populations: reaching the poorest populations in these countries will require different organizational responses than in least developed countries (LDCs) in which most of the population is underserved.",
"system have made it more difficult to assess progress over the initial years of the strategic plan. For example, the outcome indicators included in the DRF were often not measurable on a regular basis. Additionally, UNFPA contributions to higher-level results were often difficult to capture accurately, since the DRF indicators were primarily the joint responsibility of countries and UNFPA, and were not complemented by other metrics that enabled assessment of the Fund’s direct contributions.",
"22. In summary, although significant progress has been made in some areas of the DRF, the organization has the potential to do more and better. The review has identified a series of challenges that should be addressed over the remainder of the strategic plan.",
"B. Management results",
"1. Progress",
"23. The MRF has 19 indicators in nine outputs, which in the original strategic plan were grouped under six themes. As with the DRF, progress has been uneven, with less than half of the indicators on track to meet the targets by 2011 (figure 3). However, two challenges with the MRF have made it difficult to draw conclusions based on this evidence.",
"24. First, nearly one third of the indicators did not have data available in 2010. Secondly, indicators in the MRF were not always at the appropriate level or had too narrow a scope, making it difficult to draw conclusions about the overall performance on an output. For example, one indicator for the output “UNFPA maintains motivated and capable staff” was “Recruitment time from advertisement of post to provisional offer”. This indicator captures only one part of the process of ensuring that UNFPA is adequately staffed, missing entirely a more fundamental issue, the fact that in 2010 more than one sixth of all UNFPA posts were vacant.",
"Figure 3: MRF progress",
"[]",
"2. Selected achievements",
"25. Despite these measurement challenges, progress has clearly been made in some areas. In the area of results-based management (RBM) and evidence-based programming, activities have been occurring across the organization. Globally, for example, an optimization initiative, the launch of the evaluation policy, and the development of guidance on evidence-based programming have begun to improve the organization’s capacity (as reflected in the fact that the compliance rate for country programme evaluation jumped from 35 per cent in 2009 to 78 per cent in 2010). At the regional level, offices have developed peer learning networks to share lessons and have introduced quality assurance mechanisms. Nonetheless, more work is needed to ensure that the principles of RBM and evidence-based programming are systematically employed throughout the organization.",
"26. In the area of human resources, UNFPA has maintained high levels of staff satisfaction and motivation, and ranks as one of the most recommended places to work within the United Nations system. The performance appraisal and development (PAD) system is used systematically across the organization and has high completion rates with other organizations expressing interest in adopting the tool. UNFPA has designed and deployed a face-to-face training module on supervisory accountability for ethical behaviour in the workplace, and has had full compliance for the financial disclosure programme.",
"27. UNFPA also scores well in its partnership efforts, such as in contributing to policy dialogue at country level, as assessed, for example, in the 2010 Multilateral Organisations Performance Assessment Network (MOPAN) review. UNFPA has been recognized for contributing to United Nations reform efforts, at global (e.g., chairing committees and task-teams), at regional (e.g., leading strategic exercises in areas such as youth and maternal health), and at country (e.g., through joint initiatives) levels. UNFPA also now has a recognized place in responding to humanitarian crises.",
"28. Despite a very challenging macroeconomic environment, UNFPA has exceeded the funding targets in the strategic plan. Finally, some important steps have been taken on strengthening the organization’s field focus: the reorganization process has recently been physically completed, and while there are regional variations, in general country offices rate the relevance and quality of support from regional offices positively.",
"3. Key challenges",
"29. The combination of the MRF performance review, supplemental internal analyses, the reports of the external and internal auditors, country programme evaluations, assessment reports by partners, and the MTR consultations resulted in a long list of management areas in need of improvement. Ultimately, though, there was a high degree of convergence on the most important management issues facing the organization:",
"effective across the spectrum from designing programmes, to implementing them, to monitoring and evaluating them. Currently, there is limited demand for and use of evidence for decision-making across the organization. As a result, UNFPA programming is not systematically driven by evidence, either in the form of lessons learned from evaluations or through research findings generated by others (although progress has been made in basing country programmes on situation analyses and survey results). In the course of implementation a greater focus must be placed on utilizing RBM principles. Monitoring and evaluation need to be strengthened at all levels – nationally, regionally, and globally – and used systematically to guide decision-making.",
"was the only output where all indicators were significantly off-track. Moreover, UNFPA was given a qualified audit by the United Nations Board of Auditors in the last biennium. According to current estimates, the level of unsupported expenditure in national execution (NEX) in 2010 does not as yet show a decline from the previous year. Although policies have been developed to address these issues, compliance with them remains a challenge. Other management decisions also unnecessarily increase risk and reduce efficiency. In particular, the proliferation of implementing partners noted above makes financial management more difficult. In country offices with 30 or more implementing partners, nearly 20 per cent of NEX audits of partners had negative findings, while in country offices with fewer than 10 implementing partners, that percentage decreased by half.",
"accelerated in recent years, the organization still had a vacancy rate of 17 per cent in 2010, meaning that one in six posts is vacant. This has significant implications for the capacity of the organization to implement according to its plans. Additionally, the organization faces a wave of retirements, with nearly one third of senior staff projected to retire in the next five years. A related concern is the management of staff performance: only 30 per cent of staff feel that underperformance is handled appropriately. Considerable efforts have been made to strengthen the UNFPA PAD system with the important result that nearly all staff are currently assessed, but the way the system is used does not adequately address underperformance: in 2010, 97 per cent of staff were assessed as either fully proficient or excellent, with only 3 per cent rated as partially or not proficient.",
"mobilization targets over the course of the strategic plan but this was nonetheless considered a key challenge for two reasons. First, the percentage of resources contributed as regular (core) funding is declining, having dropped from 63 per cent of income in 2007 to 58 per cent in 2010. Secondly, UNFPA relies heavily on a small number of donors: 96 per cent of regular contributions in 2010 were from the 15 largest donors, creating a considerable risk. The number of countries donating to UNFPA has dropped in recent years, from 182 in 2007 to 150 in 2010. Development assistance from emerging economies such as Brazil, China, India, Russian Federation and Saudi Arabia and from the private sector (including foundations) has increased enormously in recent years, but this still amounts to only a small fraction of contributions to UNFPA.",
"30. UNFPA has the potential to achieve operational excellence by addressing the four above-mentioned challenges, which together comprise the key elements of how the organization manages itself, which in turn shapes the organization’s ability to achieve development results on the ground.",
"V. Future directions, 2012-2013",
"31. UNFPA is at an inflection point, with a changing external environment and insufficient progress on the ICPD agenda both posing challenges and creating opportunities. Building on the key findings and analysis from the MTR, this section examines how the organization should shift course over the next two years.",
"A. Strategic direction",
"32. To improve the strategic focus of the organization, the MTR process re-examined the division of the DRF into three focus areas, as well as the question of the most critical target audiences for UNFPA work. As a result of this, a revised goal has been developed, which is depicted in figure 4.",
"Figure 4",
"[]",
"33. The goal is to achieve universal access to SRH (including family planning), to promote reproductive rights, to reduce maternal mortality, and to accelerate progress on the ICPD agenda and MDG 5 (A and B), in order to empower and improve the lives of underserved populations, especially women and young people (including adolescents), enabled by an understanding of population dynamics, human rights and gender equality, and driven by country needs and tailored to the country context.",
"34. To accomplish this goal, UNFPA will continue to coordinate and work in partnership with other United Nations agencies, multilateral and bilateral organizations, national governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), including faith-based organizations, academic institutions, and the private sector. In working with these partners, UNFPA will focus on its comparative advantage as a thought-leader, advocate, and partnership-broker to advance the ICPD agenda and the MDGs.",
"B. Improving accountability for results",
"1. Conceptual framework: Linking the DRF and the MRF",
"35. To deliver on the strategic direction, mechanisms that ensure accountability for results within UNFPA must be strengthened. The organization’s results frameworks, i.e., the DRF and MRF, are the key tools for this, as they both delineate UNFPA priorities and are mechanisms to assess performance regularly. Therefore, the MTR has put considerable emphasis on updating the two results frameworks.",
"36. The first step in this process was to clarify the conceptual framework for UNFPA results. The DRF and the MRF are both integral parts of the overall chain of UNFPA results, but the connection between the activities UNFPA is carrying out directly and the higher-level development results has not been sufficiently clear. The Executive Board, in decision 2010/32, specifically asked UNFPA to strengthen this linkage. A simple scheme has been developed for this and is shown in figure 5.",
"Figure 5: Conceptual framework",
"[]",
"37. The branches of the tree are the highest-level results to which UNFPA contributes, which are often measured through internationally agreed indicators such as those for the MDGs, for example, contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR), maternal mortality ratio (MMR), and HIV prevalence. Many actors contribute to these outcomes[3] and accountability for progress is primarily with countries themselves, rather than with external partners such as UNFPA. Nevertheless, all UNFPA work is driving toward change at this level and the organization does influence it, so it is appropriate that UNFPA performance is in part measured by progress at this level. However, it is often not possible to set targets for and measure progress on these indicators on an annual basis. Instead, UNFPA will measure trends and assess whether progress is being made toward longer-term targets (for example, the 2015 targets for the MDGs).",
"38. The intermediate level represented by the trunk of the tree has been a gap in the UNFPA measurement system to date. This level – which is also part of the DRF – reflects the fact that the heart of the organization’s direct contribution to achieving outcomes is its role in developing capacity, so countries themselves can achieve the ICPD agenda. The indicators at this level track outputs both in terms of improved country capacity (as measured by, for example, reduction in the percentage of countries that have stock-outs for contraceptives) and through the direct contributions that UNFPA makes (for example, the number of logistics managers trained). Accountability at this level is shared with countries but the direct role of UNFPA is more important here. As such, the inclusion of this level will significantly strengthen the results chain, bolstering the organization’s ability to assess its programmatic performance.",
"39. The roots of the tree represent the Fund’s ability to manage itself effectively and efficiently, and so provide a solid foundation for the higher-level results described above. UNFPA is directly accountable for the outputs of this area – as reflected in the MRF – although performance on some MRF indicators does rely on the partners with which UNFPA works.",
"2. Key principles for revising the results frameworks",
"40. Several principles guided the revision of the results frameworks:",
"activities had resulted in a proliferation of outcomes/outputs and indicators, with the consequence that it has been difficult to identify organizational priorities or to assess overall performance. Therefore, the first guiding principle was to consolidate the number of outcomes/outputs and indicators by prioritizing areas in which improvement would contribute the most to the organization’s ability to advance the ICPD agenda. As a result, some important areas are no longer singled out as separate outcomes/outputs, particularly if they have been mainstreamed in the Fund’s daily work or if they do not reflect areas in which UNFPA needs to focus on improving. For example, United Nations reform is important to UNFPA work, but the MTR findings suggest that this has been institutionalized within the organization and that partners generally rate UNFPA well in this area, and so it is no longer addressed in a stand-alone output. The implication of this principle is that the new results frameworks will not contain all of the topics considered important by some stakeholders. However, this is outweighed by the considerable benefits of having more streamlined and prioritized results frameworks.",
"and capacity, it will never be able to address all aspects of the ICPD agenda everywhere, a recognition that necessitates careful choices about where to put the organization’s emphasis. These choices should be driven by a combination of the organization’s comparative advantages and the needs, capacities, and expressed interest of the countries in which UNFPA works. The principle of not doing everything everywhere will improve the Fund’s ability to provide assistance to and measure its progress in those countries that have prioritized particular aspects of the ICPD agenda in their own national strategies. Additionally, not overextending will enable UNFPA to be a more effective partner in the international efforts that identify specific sets of countries on which they focus.[4]",
"frameworks was to structure them around matters of organizational importance rather than based on the existing organizational structure. “Silo” thinking has been too common in the results frameworks, leading to inefficiency from insufficient collaboration. The results frameworks now reflect corporate priorities to which multiple parts of the organization should contribute. For example, although there is an output that focuses on human resources management, this has been designed so that responsibility for this output does not rest solely with the Division for Human Resources; rather, human resources management must be a priority across the organization, to which all units must contribute.",
"the measurability of the results frameworks. A strong emphasis was placed on ensuring that indicators could be measured on a regular basis, in response to the fact that no performance data were available by the end of 2010 for 10 of 45 (22 per cent) DRF and MRF indicators. For several others, only less recent data were available. Also, targets had only been established for the end of the strategic plan rather than for each year, limiting the ability to track performance and make course corrections in midstream.[5] Another key element of improving measurability has been the development of metadata sheets for each indicator. These provide detailed definitions, methods of calculation, data sources, and the frequency of measurement, and act as an important mechanism to ensure the reliability of the measurement system as well as to promote transparency.[6] Finally, the MRF indicators were selected to focus on the specific organizational behaviours that need to be improved, and to create incentives to change these behaviours.",
"C. Sharpening the focus for development results",
"1. Focusing the DRF",
"41. The new DRF strengthens UNFPA focus by consolidating and focusing on a limited set of strategic priorities, as reflected in a reduction in the number of outcomes from 13 to 7. Additionally, in line with the strategic direction, an integrated agenda of population and development, SRH and reproductive rights, and gender equality has been developed, meaning that the outcomes under the DRF are no longer compartmentalized into three areas but instead form a coherent package of core areas where the organization will focus its efforts in the remaining two years of the strategic plan.",
"2. DRF outcomes and outputs",
"42. The revised DRF is structured along the following lines: it starts at the higher policy level with an initial outcome on the integration of population dynamics and its interlinkages with the needs of young people (including adolescents), reproductive health, gender equality and poverty reduction into national and sectoral plans and strategies. It then presents three outcomes that deal with issues of access to maternal health care, family planning and HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) services. Although these are presented as separate outcomes, they will be operationalized through an integrated approach to the maximum extent possible.",
"43. The fifth outcome deals with gender equality and reproductive rights, and the sixth outcome focuses on young people. The circle is completed by an outcome that relates to data collection, analysis and dissemination that cuts across the previous six outcome areas and links back to the first outcome in terms of ensuring the need for quality data to influence policy development.",
"44. As described in section V, capacity-building and programmatic outputs have been included in the DRF. For each outcome, UNFPA is directly contributing to national progress through several outputs that reflect changes in country capacity to achieve the ICPD agenda, resulting in a total of 18 outputs. Because the outputs are about capacity development, they reinforce each other, frequently contributing to more than one outcome. For example, capacity development on family planning will also benefit services for maternal health and contribute to reducing maternal mortality.",
"45. The full set of outcomes, outputs and the indicators and targets are included in annex I.",
"Outcome 1: Population dynamics and its interlinkages with the needs of young people (including adolescents), SRH (including family planning), gender equality and poverty reduction addressed in national and sectoral development plans and strategies.",
"46. In the area of population, the comparative advantage of UNFPA lies in the effective utilization of population analysis for poverty diagnosis and scenario building, and the ability to provide cross-cutting thematic analysis linking population dynamics with health, gender, and adolescent and youth policies. UNFPA will work with governments and other partners to integrate SRH services (including family planning) into national health sector policies and plans. Similarly, the organization will work with its partners to include the issues of young people (including adolescents) in poverty reduction strategies (PRSs) and national development frameworks and to promote the right of young people (including adolescents) to participate at all levels of policy development, implementation and monitoring.",
"Outcome 2: Increased access to and utilization of quality maternal and newborn health services.",
"47. UNFPA will have a strong focus on maternal health care as part of reproductive health. The organization will work closely with H4+ and other partners in support of the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children Health, and other initiatives such as the Campaign on the Accelerated Reduction of Maternal Mortality in Africa (CARMMA). UNFPA will support capacity development in the implementation of national human resource policies (particularly to increase midwifery skills), for the provision of basic emergency obstetric care, and for the management of the complications of unsafe abortion. Increased emphasis will be placed on addressing maternal morbidities such as obstetric fistula.",
"Outcome 3: Increased access to and utilization of quality family planning services for individuals and couples according to reproductive intentions.",
"48. UNFPA will strengthen its focus on family planning, including its integration within comprehensive reproductive health services and linkages with maternal health care and HIV prevention. It will continue to support governments to strengthen reproductive health commodity security, including by building national capacities to manage the delivery of reliable supplies of a variety of modern contraceptives. UNFPA will also focus on strengthening demand for family planning through interventions at the community level.",
"Outcome 4: Increased access to and utilization of quality HIV- and STI-prevention services especially for young people (including adolescents) and other key populations at risk.",
"49. Within the new UNAIDS division of labour, UNFPA will have a strong focus on the reduction of sexual transmission of HIV, the prevention of HIV in young people (including adolescents) and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Key interventions will include the scaling up of comprehensive condom programming, as well as addressing HIV in the context of sex work.",
"Outcome 5: Gender equality and reproductive rights advanced, particularly through advocacy and implementation of laws and policy.",
"50. UNFPA will continue to build national capacity to implement laws and policies that advance gender equality and reproductive rights with specific emphasis on addressing GBV, and will continue work on GBV in humanitarian settings as well as its partnership to eliminate harmful practices, including FGM/C. In addition, UNFPA will promote gender equality in the spirit of “One UN” commitments made by the entire United Nations system, coordinating with UN-Women and other agencies as needed. UNFPA will also continue to advocate for the protection and fulfilment of reproductive rights and will partner actively with civil society groups (including faith-based and community-based organizations) that engage men and boys in promoting gender equality and reproductive rights.",
"Outcome 6: Improved access to SRH services and sexuality education for young people (including adolescents).",
"51. UNFPA will strengthen its support for access to essential SRH services for young people, with special emphasis on reaching adolescent girls. UNFPA will support sexuality education for young people (including adolescents) and strengthen its efforts to build national capacities to design and implement age-appropriate, comprehensive sexuality education policies and curricula.",
"Outcome 7: Improved data availability and analysis resulting in evidence-based decision-making and policy formulation around population dynamics, SRH (including family planning), and gender equality.",
"52. UNFPA will strengthen its efforts to improve national capacities for data analysis for evidence-based planning and programming around population issues and dynamics, young people (including adolescents), gender equality and SRH. A particular area of focus is data in humanitarian settings.",
"3. Cross-cutting issues",
"53. A number of issues cut across the seven outcomes and are presented here collectively to avoid repetition under each outcome.",
"Mainstreaming the needs of young people (including adolescents)",
"54. Though focused on specifically in outcome 6, the needs of young people (including adolescents) are addressed across all outcomes. UNFPA will strengthen its work with governments and other partners to advocate for increasing health, education and livelihood investments for young people (including adolescents), and for seizing demographic windows of opportunity, while also addressing the critical issues of SRH services, HIV prevention and gender equality. Special attention will be given to promote the rights of young people (including adolescents), including their rights to participate at all levels of policy development, implementation and monitoring. UNFPA will focus on the most vulnerable and marginalized groups, in particular adolescent girls. Due to the multisectoral nature of issues related to young people, coordination with other partners is crucial.",
"Human rights and gender equality",
"55. Human rights and gender equality will continue to be mainstreamed across UNFPA operations using a culturally sensitive approach, with a focus on the poorest and most excluded groups. This includes using a human rights and gender-equality lens in the development of plans, policies, laws, and programmes. It also includes ensuring that women, young people and other vulnerable groups are informed of their rights and empowered to make decisions regarding their SRH and life options.",
"Inclusive partnerships and national ownership",
"56. UNFPA work across each of the outcome areas will remain based on principles of inclusive partnerships and support to national ownership. Governments will remain the key partners for UNFPA even as the organization builds new strategic collaborations with NGOs, including faith-based organizations, academic institutions and the private sector (balanced by the need to avoid a proliferation of partnerships, as noted above).",
"Humanitarian assistance",
"57. UNFPA will continue to support the integration of the ICPD Programme of Action into emergency preparedness, humanitarian response and transition and recovery processes. The UNFPA comparative advantage in humanitarian settings is in reproductive health, addressing GBV, and in the area of data. Such support is also essential during the transition period from emergency to development. The recent development of the second generation UNFPA humanitarian response strategy will help advance mainstreaming and make UNFPA activities more strategic, scalable and sustainable. UNFPA will continue to strengthen the capacity of regional offices to provide guidance and mobilize support for country offices to respond to SRH needs in emergency situations. UNFPA leadership role at the global level will be reinforced by increasing the focus on such strategic areas as partnership building and quality assurance, building on lessons learnt from recent emergencies in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Pakistan and the Sudan.",
"United Nations reform",
"58. UNFPA is deeply committed to United Nations reform. Joint programming at the country level and coordinated approaches at the global and regional levels will remain foundations of the organization’s efforts. UNFPA will also continue to play a leading role in championing United Nations reform and will remain a strong advocate for the “delivering as one” agenda at all levels.",
"South-South cooperation",
"59. Across the seven outcome areas, UNFPA will strengthen its support for South-South cooperation to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and lessons learned and to build capacity for accelerating the implementation of ICPD Programme of Action and the MDGs. This represents a promising modality for the provision of technical assistance and expands the ways in which UNFPA engages with middle-income countries.",
"D. Achieving operational excellence",
"1. Focusing the MRF",
"60. Application of the principles described earlier in this section enabled a significant streamlining of the MRF, reducing the current nine outputs to four. The revised set of outputs addresses the key challenges outlined above, which are the managerial priorities for the next two years.",
"61. Focusing the MRF required difficult decisions, as areas such as partnerships and United Nations reform remain important for the organization but were ultimately not included as separate outputs; rather they have been mainstreamed. Other areas will be addressed outside the results frameworks, such as transparency, which will be improved through approaches such as a commitment to regularly publish performance data on the results frameworks on the UNFPA website.",
"62. The result is a limited set of areas in the MRF that, if addressed, will enable UNFPA to achieve operational excellence. To improve the Fund’s ability to identify problems early and make midstream course corrections, the MRF outputs will be monitored more regularly than in previous years, with the senior management assessing performance on a periodic basis over the course of each year.",
"2. MRF outputs",
"Output 1: Enhanced programme effectiveness through strengthened results-based and evidence-based programming.",
"63. UNFPA ability to achieve impact depends on the quality of the programming that it delivers, primarily at country level. During the next two years, the emphasis will be on two aspects of this: RBM and evidence-based programming. UNFPA has developed tools in both areas and will focus on ensuring that these are utilized systematically and that the quality of programming improves as a result. One of the specific steps to accomplish this will be the introduction of a quality assurance mechanism to review all draft country programme documents for their compliance with a set of standards relating to RBM and evidence-based programming. Another step will be improving country programme evaluations, with an emphasis on ensuring that they are of high quality and that they inform programming.",
"Output 2: Strengthened stewardship of resources through improved efficiency and risk management.",
"64. Improving how UNFPA manages the resources entrusted to it will be a major focus over the remaining years of the strategic plan. One aspect of this is becoming more efficient by controlling costs associated with management and administration and improving implementation rates. Closely related to this is improving the efficiency with which UNFPA procurement is conducted, with a particular focus on reducing lead times for procurement.[7] A second key aspect involves responding specifically to the concerns raised by the United Nations Board of Auditors and the UNFPA Division for Oversight Services with regard to UNFPA expenditure at country level, particularly under the NEX modality. Strengthening financial management in this area will be a significant priority for the coming two years, with an emphasis on improving oversight of and building capacity of implementing partners in order to reduce negative audit findings, unsupported expenditure, and overdue advances. To address broader issues of the selection and management of implementing partners, such as the practice of some country offices of establishing partnerships with numerous implementing partners, a quality assurance system is being introduced to ensure that managers exercise their leadership roles rigorously, including by monitoring potential risk areas and enforcing adherence to risk mitigation measures.",
"Output 3: Appropriately staffed UNFPA with high-performing professionals fulfilling its mission.",
"65. UNFPA ability to succeed rests to a great extent on how it addresses human resources. The focus for this output is twofold: first, the organization will concentrate on ensuring that it has adequate staffing levels to carry out its mission; and secondly, it will prioritize strengthening the culture of accountability by improving how it addresses underperformance. Capacity gaps will be identified and investments made to equip staff with the necessary skills to better contribute to the organization’s ability to deliver. To complement this, safe and secure working environments must be provided to all UNFPA staff. In turn, staff must uphold the highest standards of professional integrity, continuing the progress that has been made in strengthening the organization’s ethical standards.",
"Output 4: Secured broad-based and stable funding to meet the strategic plan resource requirements.",
"66. The ambitious agenda described in this document cannot be achieved without resources. For the remainder of the strategic plan period, the focus is on both the quantity and the source of funding. The funding source is important because regular contributions – as opposed to those earmarked for specific purposes – enable the organization to more effectively and efficiently plan and implement activities. Additionally, UNFPA will focus on diversifying its funding base, including by pursuing increased contributions from emerging economies and the private sector. A more aggressive approach to resource mobilization will enable the organization to contribute even more to the acceleration of the ICPD agenda and the achievement of MDG 5.",
"67. The MRF output indicators and targets are included in annex II.",
"VI. Integrated financial resources framework",
"A. Resource needs and flows for ICPD",
"68. Donor assistance for the ICPD Programme of Action increased steadily until 2008, reaching $10.4 billion in 2008.[8] The trend has since stalled, with funding estimated to have remained at nearly identical levels in 2009 and 2010. It is projected to increase only slightly in 2011, to $10.8 billion. Domestic resources from developing countries have continued to increase, with a projected growth from $29.8 billion in 2009 to $34.0 billion in 2011.",
"69. These figures remain well below the totals needed to achieve the objectives of the Programme of Action. That need was estimated at $49.0 billion in 2009 and is projected to increase to $68.2 billion in 2012 and $68.6 billion in 2013. UNFPA will accelerate its advocacy efforts to keep the ICPD Programme of Action high on the development agenda, consistent with the recent General Assembly resolution 65/234 on the follow-up to ICPD beyond 2014.",
"B. Resource requirements for 2012-2013",
"1. Income projections",
"70. UNFPA income for the 2010-2011 biennium is estimated at $1.561 billion (a provisional figure as final figures for 2011 are not yet available). Of this amount $962.7 million is from regular resources and $598.6 million from other resources. Based on the historical trends and the information provided by donors to date, UNFPA forecasts a total income at $1.7 billion for 2012-2013, of which $830 million is forecast for 2012 and $870 million for 2013. Of that total, $1.039 billion would be from regular contributions and $680 million from other resource contributions.",
"71. This represents a 10 per cent increase compared to the preliminary actual contributions for the current biennium. This change is modest given the need to accelerate progress on MDG 5 dramatically and is well below the historical growth rate evident in the bienniums from 2000-2001 to 2010-2011, over which period the compound growth rate was 16 per cent.",
"2. Linkages between the results frameworks and resources",
"72. In line with Executive Board decision 2010/32 UNFPA will “ensure comprehensive, transparent linkages to the institutional and management results frameworks of the respective strategic plans”.",
"73. UNFPA will base its 2012-2013 budget on the priorities identified in the results frameworks, realigning resources to enable the attainment of the targets. This exercise is incomplete, as is the business plan, which is the vehicle that will deliver some of the changes in the MTR, so these linkages will be shown when the budget is presented to the Executive Board. At that time, an analysis will be presented on the ways resources have been reallocated based on the MTR.",
"74. As described above, the revised MRF has been streamlined to focus on the most important issues facing the organization. One implication of this is that the MRF outputs cannot be the sole responsibility of individual UNFPA divisions or units, as has historically been the case.[9] The corollary to this is that UNFPA divisions and units will contribute to multiple outputs.",
"3. Resource requirements",
"75. A total of $1.752 billion will be used for programmes and the institutional budget during 2012-2013, which corresponds to a 20 per cent increase over the original projection for 2010-2011. However, expenditure in 2010 significantly exceeded the original projection, and using the 2010 actual figures as a base for the comparison suggests that expenditure will increase by less than 11 per cent.",
"76. The proposed use of resources represents a significant shift in the proportion of resources allocated to programmes as opposed to recurrent management costs: the percentage of total income allocated to recurrent management costs would fall from 15.8 per cent in the current biennium to 13.1 per cent in the next biennium, 2012-2013.",
"77. The programmes portion of the use of resources includes both country programmes and the global and regional programme (GRP). The same split of regular resources between country programmes and the GRP as originally envisioned for 2008-2011 (which was 11.1 per cent of regular resources) is maintained in the proposed use of resources.",
"Proposedresourcerequirements,2012-2013[10] \n(in$millions) \n 2010-2011(originalforecast) 2012-2013 \n Regularresources\tOtherresources\tTotal\tRegularresources\tOtherresources\tTotal\nResourcesavailable \nOpeningbalance 51.7\t278.4\t330.0\t55.3\t191.9\t247.2\nContributionsandotherincome 950.0\t450.0\t1,400.0\t1,038.8\t680.0\t1,718.8\nTotalavailable 1,001.7\t728.4\t1,730.0\t1,094.1\t871.9\t1,966.0\nUseofresources \nProgrammes(netofcostrecovery)[11] 689.4\t498.2\t1,187.6\t820.6\t639.2\t1,459.8\nInstitutionalbudget 53.1 5.7 58.9 52.7 7.7 60.4 Development \neffectiveness \nManagement \n\tRecurringcosts\t189.0\t32.5\t221.6\t185.8\t39.5\t225.3\n\tNon-recurringcosts\t8.9\t-\t8.9\t5.9\t-\t5.9 5.9 - 5.9 - - - Special \npurpose 256.9 38.3 295.2 244.4 47.3 291.6 Total institutional \nbudget \nTotaluse 946.4\t536.5\t1,482.8\t1,065.3\t686.5\t1,751.8",
"VII. Operationalizing the revised strategic plan",
"78. The strategic plan changes proposed in the present report will not come about overnight, but rather will occur progressively over the remaining years of the plan. Nor will the changes happen automatically simply as a result of inclusion in the plan: instead, they will require sustained focus from the organization’s leadership and management discipline throughout UNFPA. Several processes have been designed to codify these changes, as described below.",
"A. Business plan",
"79. In concert with the MTR, the development of a business plan for 2012-2013 is under way. The MTR findings and conclusions have informed the business plan, and the business plan will include mechanisms to strengthen the delivery of the revised strategic plan. The business plan will improve efficiency by simplifying business processes, streamlining decision-making, and strengthening accountability.",
"B. Aligning global, regional and country levels",
"1. Country level",
"80. Following the Executive Board approval of the revised results frameworks, tools and guidelines for country offices will be updated to facilitate linking of country programmes to the revised outcomes and outputs. Planning meetings will be held in each region to help country and regional offices to align programme documents and action plans to the revised strategic plan.",
"81. Country offices will be responsible for translating the changes described in the revised strategic plan into local contexts, in conjunction with national partners. This process should be based on national ownership, needs and capacities, and should result in more focused country programmes that prioritize rigorously among the possible areas in which UNFPA can work. Importantly, country programmes are not expected to link to all outcomes and outputs: instead, they would focus only on those that are relevant for the specific contexts. Country programmes that contain activities outside the scope of the revised results frameworks will be expected to transition away from these activities (although this is expected to occur gradually to minimize programmatic disruptions).",
"82. As a result of the combination of increased focus on the key areas in which UNFPA can make the most difference and better tailoring to the specificities of local contexts, country programmes are expected to become more diverse, moving away from a “one size fits all” approach in which programmes try to do everything everywhere and so are not sufficiently based on local context.",
"83. Implementation will also necessarily occur in a differentiated manner that is predicated upon country ownership and that responds to country needs and capacities. For example, the shift from delivering things to delivering thinking – from implementation support to more upstream work on policy dialogue and advocacy – will be based on local contexts. This bottom-up approach will be balanced, however, by a greater emphasis on utilizing quality assurance mechanisms to ensure that country offices meet minimum standards.",
"2. Global and regional levels",
"84. As per decision 2009/16, the UNFPA global and regional programme (DP/FPA/2007/19) has been extended until 2013. Following the Executive Board’s approval of the revised results frameworks, the GRP will be aligned with the new outcomes and outputs, and activities and results will be developed for the period 2012-2013. UNFPA will use the lessons learned from implementation to develop a new GRP, which will be submitted to the Board with the new strategic plan for 2014-2017.",
"3. Reorganization",
"85. The UNFPA reorganization has only recently been physically completed, and the mechanisms to institutionalize the changes are still being rolled out. Additionally, an evaluation of the reorganization is planned for 2012. Therefore, no systematic review of the reorganization was undertaken during the MTR. As lessons are learned, they will influence how the organization approaches regionalization in real time (including through the business plan process), and will form an important input for the next strategic plan.",
"C. Strengthening the measurement systems",
"86. As discussed above, challenges with the measurement systems have inhibited the ability to assess UNFPA progress in recent years, and internal and external reviews highlighted the importance of improving the organization’s measurement systems. Efforts to improve these systems have been under way for some time, and in the process of revising the results frameworks considerable emphasis was placed on learning from the experience in the initial years of implementing the strategic plan, as reflected in changes such as the increased emphasis on measurability in the development of indicators. Regular reviews of performance against the targets (particularly those in the MRF) will enable challenges to be identified in real time, facilitating efforts to address problems early. Additional efforts are needed going forward, particularly to strengthen links between country, regional, and global levels, both conceptually and in terms of management information systems that enable routine reporting on performance trends.",
"D. Developing the new strategic plan",
"87. A detailed road map for the development of the next strategic plan, 2014-2017, will be developed and presented to the Executive Board after the conclusion of the MTR process. A cumulative report on implementation of the current plan (including the revised results framework, the reorganization, and the global and regional programme) will be presented to the Executive Board in 2013.",
"88. The development of the next strategic plan will include topics that emerged during the MTR but that could not be comprehensively addressed in it, such as the full implications (which are still emerging) of the establishment of UN-Women for UNFPA work on gender and the systems for allocating and distributing resources (the modification of which was beyond the scope of the MTR). As noted above, the reform efforts launched as a result of the MTR process will occur progressively, and so they will serve as an important foundation for the next strategic plan. Finally, the MTR process has identified a number of lessons learned that will enable more robust systems to be developed (for example, to facilitate the collection of data, to document a planning and budget process in which the strategic plan is more clearly situated as the starting point for the development of the budget), and inform the process of developing the next strategic plan.",
"VIII. Elements for a decision",
"89. The Executive Board may wish to:",
"(a) Take note of the present report on the midterm review of the UNFPA strategic plan, 2008-2013, and welcome the strategic direction in the report to strengthen UNFPA accountability for results and operational excellence;",
"(b) Endorse the future directions as contained in the present report (DP/FPA/2011/11) and the focused set of outcomes and outputs as important steps towards achieving the ICPD goals and contributing to the Millennium Development Goals;",
"(c) Approve the revised development and management results frameworks and the integrated financial resources framework for 2012-2013 contained in the report (DP/FPA/2011/11) and encourage all countries to assist UNFPA to reach the total figure for regular and other resources for the period 2012-2013, including through multi-year pledges;",
"(d) Stress the importance of regular resources for the effective implementation of the strategic plan and encourage countries to increase their contributions to the regular resources of UNFPA;",
"(e) Request submission of the cumulative report on the strategic plan, 2008-2013, at the annual session 2013, and the new strategic plan at the second regular session 2013.",
"Annex I: REVISED DEVELOPMENT RESULTS FRAMEWORK¹",
"Goal: To achieveuniversal accessto sexual andreproductivehealth (includingfamily planning),promotereproductiverights, reducematernalmortality, andaccelerateprogress on theICPD agenda andMDG 5 (A & B) \nOutcome 1:Populationdynamics and itsinterlinkageswith the needs ofyoung people(includingadolescents),sexual andreproductivehealth (includingfamily planning),gender equalityand povertyreductionaddressed innational andsectoraldevelopment plansand strategies \n Key indicator(s) Number ofcountries thathave nationaldevelopment plans(NDPs) andpoverty reductionstrategies (PRSs)that addresspopulationdynamics and itsinterlinkageswith themultisectoralneeds of youngpeople (includingadolescents),sexual andreproductivehealth (includingfamily planning),gender equalityand sustainabledevelopment andpoverty reduction \nBaseline: 62(2010) Number ofcountries thathave integratedsexual andreproductivehealth (SRH)services(including familyplanning) intonational healthpolicies andplans \nBaseline: 54(2010) Output(s) Indicator(s) 2010 2012 2013 \n baseline\ttarget\ttarget\n1. Strengthenednational capacityto incorporatepopulationdynamics and itsinterlinkageswith the needs ofyoung people(includingadolescents), SRH(including familyplanning), genderequality andpoverty reductionin NDPs, PRSs andother relevantnational plansand programmes\t1.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAhas supported capacitydevelopment initiativesto incorporatepopulation dynamicsissues in relevantnational plans andprogrammes(N=128)²\t31(24%)\t51(40%)\t61(48%)\n\t1.2 Number of personstrained on how toincorporate populationdynamics issues innational plans andprogrammes\t750\t1,225\t1,450\n2. Strengthenedcapacity fordevelopment ofnational healthpolicies andplans withintegrated SRHservices(including familyplanning)\t2.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAhas supported thedevelopment of nationalhealth policies andplans with integratedSRH services (includingfamily planning)(N=variable by year,based on countryplanning cycles:2010:45; 2012:26;2013:48)\t10(22%)\t18(69%)\t33(69%)3. Strengthenednational capacityof young people(includingadolescents) forparticipation inpolicy dialogueand programming\t3.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries supported byUNFPA that haveinstitutionalmechanisms to partnerwith young people(including adolescents)in policy dialogue andprogramming\t30(23%)\t40(31%)\t50(39%) \n (N=128)",
"¹ _(For each indicator below, details on the definitions, methods of calculation, data sources, and the frequency of measurement are contained in metadata sheets that are available on the UNFPA website.)",
"² _(The notation “(N=128)” reflects the fact that each indicator has a defined set of countries to which it applies: in some cases this includes all UNFPA programme countries, whereas in other instances the indicator applies to a subset of countries, such as those in which a particular activity is occurring (for example, the development of national plans) or those that have been identified as part of existing international efforts (for example, the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health).)",
"Outcome 2:Increased accessto andutilization ofquality maternaland newbornhealth services \n Key indicator(s) Maternalmortality ratio \nBaseline: 290(2008) Births attendedby skilled healthpersonnel \nBaseline: 63%(2008) Number ofcountries withcaesareansections lessthan 5% of livebirths \nBaseline: 46(2010) Output(s) Indicator(s) 2010 2012 2013 \n baseline\ttarget\ttarget\t4. Strengthenednational capacityto implementcomprehensivemidwiferyprogrammes\t4.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAhas developed capacityfor management ofmidwifery workforcepolicies\t22(45%)\t30(61%)\t40(82%) \n\t(N=49 countries in theGlobal Strategy forWomen’s and Children’sHealth) 5. Strengthenednational capacityfor emergencyobstetric andnewborn care(EmONC)\t5.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAhas developed capacityfor the upgrade ofEmONC in subnationalhealth plans\t14(29%)\t24(49%)\t30(61%) \n\t(N=49 countries in theGlobal Strategy forWomen’s and Children’sHealth) \n6. Enhancednational capacityfor prevention,treatment andsocialreintegration forobstetric fistula\t6.1 Number of womentreated for obstetricfistula with supportfrom UNFPA\t6,000\t8,000\t10,000\t\n7. Increasedcapacity toimplement theMinimum InitialService Package(MISP) inhumanitariansettings\t7.1 Number of personneltrained on MISP throughUNFPA support\t3,900\t4,200\t4,500\t\nOutcome 3:Increased accessto andutilization ofquality familyplanning servicesfor individualsand couplesaccording toreproductiveintentions \n Key indicator(s) Contraceptiveprevalence rate(modern methods) \nBaseline: 55.2(2009) Unmet need forfamily planning \nBaseline: 11.4(2009) Percentage ofcountries withservice deliverypoints (SDPs)offering at leastthree modernmethods ofcontraception \nBaseline: 36.6(2009-2010) Output(s) Indicator(s) 2010 2012 2013 \n baseline\ttarget\ttarget\t8. Strengthenednational systemsfor reproductivehealth commoditysecurity (RHCS)\t8.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries supported byUNFPA with SDPs thathave no stock-outs ofcontraceptives withinthe last six months\t3(27%)\t8(62%)\t10(77%) \n\t(N=13 Stream Icountries in the RHCSglobal programme; thenumber has increasedfrom 11 countries atthe baseline in 2010) \n\t8.2 Number of nationalstaff trained inlogistics managementthrough UNFPA support\t225\t360\t450\t9. Strengthenednational capacityforcommunity-basedinterventions forfamily planning\t9.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAhas supported keydemand generationinterventions,especially for modernmethods ofcontraception\t7(16%)\t20(44%)\t35(78%) \n\t(N=45 Stream I & IIcountries in the RHCSglobal programme) \nOutcome 4:Increased accessto andutilization ofquality HIV- andSTI-preventionservicesespecially foryoung people(includingadolescents) andother keypopulations atrisk \n Key indicator(s) HIV prevalence inyouth (15-24years) \nBaseline: 0.3%(male) and 0.6%(female) (2010) Percentage ofwomen and menaged 15-49 whohad more than onepartner in thelast 12 monthswho used a condomduring their lastsexualintercourse \nBaseline: 48% ofmales (15-49) and32% of females(15-49) Output(s) Indicator(s) 2010 2012 2013 \n baseline\ttarget\ttarget\t\n10. Enhancednational capacityfor planning,implementationand monitoring ofpreventionprogrammes toreduce sexualtransmission ofHIV\t10.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries that havecompleted an assessmentof the linkages betweenSRH and HIV policies,systems, and servicedelivery with supportfrom UNFPA(N=31 countries in theUNAIDS Global Strategy2011-2015)\t7(23%)\t13(42%)\t20(65%) 10.2 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where thecomprehensive condomdemand generationframework isimplemented,specifically targeting(a) young people and(b) in the context ofsex work\t(a) 0(b) 0\t(a) 5(29%)(b) 5(16%)\t(a)10(59%)(b)10(32%) \n\t((a)N=17 UNAIDSpriority countries foryoung people;(b)N=31countries in the UNAIDSGlobal Strategy2011-2015) \n11. Enhancednational capacityfor addressingthe HIV and SRHneeds of youngpeople and sexworkers,including throughcommunity-ledorganizations andnetworks\t11.1 Number ofcommunity-ledorganizations/networkssupported by UNFPA toengage in programmesaddressing HIV andSRH-needs of youngpeople and sex workers\t116\t141\t176\t\nOutcome 5: Genderequality andreproductiverights advancedparticularlythrough advocacyandimplementation oflaws and policy \n Key indicator(s) Percentage ofwomen aged 20-24who were marriedor in unionbefore age 18 \nBaseline: 35%total; 22% urban;45% rural(2000-2009) Percentage ofcountries thathave mechanismsin place toimplement lawsand policiesadvancing genderequality andreproductiverights \nBaseline: 61.7%(2008) Output(s) Indicator(s) 2010 2012 2013 \n baseline\ttarget\ttarget\t\n12. Strengthenednational capacityforimplementation ofinternationalagreements,nationallegislation andpolicies insupport of genderequality andreproductiverights\t12.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries supported byUNFPA to implementinternationalagreements and nationallegislation for genderequality andreproductive rights(N=128)\t94(73%)\t103(80%)\t113(88%)\t\n13. Strengthenednational capacityfor addressinggender-basedviolence (GBV)and provision ofquality services,including inhumanitariansettings\t13.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries supported byUNFPA to develop GBV(including femalegenitalmutilation/cutting)policy and programmaticresponses(N=30 joint programmingcountries and programmecountries for work onsex selection andSecurity Councilresolution 1325)\t19(64%)\t22(73%)\t24(80%)\t\n\t13.2 Number of personstrained through UNFPAsupport in programmingfor GBV in humanitariansettings\t120\t500\t800\t\n\t13.3 Number ofcommunities supportedby UNFPA that declarethe abandonment offemale genitalmutilation/cutting\t596\t715\t858\t\n14. Enhancedpromotion ofgender equalityand reproductiverights throughengagement ofcommunity-ledorganizations andnetworks\t14.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAsupported civil societyorganizations/networksto engage men and boysin promoting genderequality(N=35)\t24(69%)\t26(74%)\t29(83%)",
"Outcome 6:Improved accessto SRH servicesand sexualityeducation foryoung people(includingadolescents) \n Key indicator(s) Adolescent birthrate \nBaseline: 52(2007) Percentage ofyoung people aged15-24 who bothcorrectlyidentify ways ofpreventing thesexualtransmission ofHIV and rejectmajormisconceptionsabout HIVtransmission \nBaseline: 35% ofmales and 30% offemales(2005-2009) Number ofcountriesimplementingcomprehensiveage-appropriatesexualityeducation in andout of school atnational scale \nBaseline: To bedetermined Output(s) Indicator(s) 2010 2012 2013 \n baseline\ttarget\ttarget15. Improvedprogramming foressential sexualand reproductivehealth servicesto marginalizedadolescents andyoung people\t15.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAsupported capacitydevelopment for theprovision of essentialSRH services to youngpeople\t45(35%)\t50(39%)\t55(43%) \n (N=128) 15.2 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries supported byUNFPA to design andimplement comprehensiveprogrammes to reachmarginalized adolescentgirls\t5(25%)\t10(50%)\t15(75%) \n (N=20) \n16. Strengthenednational capacityfor the designandimplementation ofcomprehensiveage-appropriatesexualityeducation inpolicies andcurricula\t16.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries supported byUNFPA to design andimplement comprehensiveage-appropriatesexuality educationprogrammes(N=128)\t44(34%)\t54(42%)\t64(50%)\n\t16.2 Number of expertstrained through UNFPAsupport to providetechnical assistance ondesign, implementationand evaluation ofcomprehensive sexualityeducation programmes\t70\t210\t280",
"Outcome 7:Improved dataavailability andanalysis aroundpopulationdynamics, SRH(including familyplanning) andgender equality \n Key indicator(s) Number ofcountries thathave completedtheir 2010 roundof population andhousing censuses \nBaseline: 23(2010) Number ofcountries thathave conducted(in the last fiveyears) a nationalhousehold surveythat allows forthe estimation ofall MDG 5Bindicators \nBaseline: 91(2010) Output(s) Indicator(s) 2010 2012 2013 \n baseline\ttarget\ttarget\n17. Enhancednational capacityfor theproduction,utilization anddissemination ofqualitystatistical dataon populationdynamics, youth,gender equalityand SRH,including inhumanitariansettings\t17.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAhas supported capacitydevelopment to produceand disseminate census,survey and otherstatistical data(N=128)\t79(62%)\t91(71%)\t103(80%)\n\t17.2 Number of personstrained through UNFPAsupport in theproduction, analysis,dissemination of censussurveys and otherstatistical dataincluding inhumanitarian settings\t645\t1,290\t1,935\n18. Strengthenednational capacityfor data analysisto informdecision-makingand policyformulationaround populationdynamics, youth,gender equalityand SRH\t18.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAhas supported capacitydevelopment to producein-depth analysis ofcensus and survey data(N=128)\t18(14%)\t40(31%)\t51(40%)",
"Annex II: REVISED MANAGEMENT RESULTS FRAMEWORK¹",
"Output\tIndicator\tBaseline(year)\t2012target\t2013target\nEnhanced programmeeffectivenessthroughstrengthenedresults-based andevidence-basedprogramming\tPercentage of countryprogramme documentsrated at least “good”on results-basedmanagement andevidence-basedprogramming criteria\t50%(2011)\t70%\t80%\n\tPercentage ofprogrammes with atleast 75% of theirannual workplanoutputs that achievedindicator targets\t51%(2007)86%(2010)\t90%\t95%\n\tPercentage of countryprogramme evaluationsrated at least “good”\tDatabeingcompiledandwouldbeavailableinSeptember2011\tTobedeterminedwhenbaselineisavailable\tTobedeterminedwhenbaselineisavailable\nStrengthenedstewardship ofresources throughimprovedefficiency andrisk management\tPercentage of totalincome used forrecurring managementcosts\t15.8%(2010-2011)\t13.1%\t<13.1%\tImplementation ratefor regular resourcesand other resources\tRegularresources:85%(2009)85%(2010)Otherresources:52%(2009)\tRegularresources:97%Otherresources:79%\tRegularresources:97%Otherresources:79% \n 51%(2010) \n\tPercentage of ordersof core commoditiesdelivered to thecountry within thelead time\t79%(2010)\t85%\t90%\n\tPercentage ofnational execution(NEX) audits with anegative opinion\t17%(2007)22%(2009)\t10%\t8%\n\tPercentage of totaloperating fundaccount advances thatare overdue\t9.9%(2010-2011)\t9%\t8%\n\tPercentage of UNFPAorganizational unitswith at least 90% ofthe annual workplanswith implementingpartners rated atleast “good” onquality assurancestandards\tNotavailable\t75%\t85%\nAppropriatelystaffed UNFPA withhigh-performingprofessionalsfulfilling itsmission\tVacancy rate\tNotavailable(2007)17%(2010)\t15%\t13%\n\tPercentage of staffwho perceive thatUNFPA dealseffectively withunderperformance\t33%(2008)30%(2009)\t38%\tN/A²\nSecuredbroad-based andstable funding tomeet the strategicplan resourcerequirements\tPercentage of annualstrategic planfunding targetreached\t103%(2008)109%(2010)\t100%\t100%\n\tPercentage of totalcontributions thatare regularcontributions\t63%(2007)58%(2010)\t60%\t>60%\n\tPercentage of annualregular contributionsfrom other than thetop 15 donors\t7%(2007)4%(2010)\t6%\t8%",
"¹ _(For each indicator below, details on the definitions, methods of calculation, data sources, and the frequency of measurement are contained in metadata sheets that are available on the UNFPA website.)",
"² _(Data for this indicator are gathered only every two years, so there is no target for 2013.)",
"[1] World Bank and International Monetary Fund, Global Monitoring Report 2011.",
"[2] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, “Development aid reaches an historic high in 2010”, http://www.oecd.org/document/35/0,3746,en_2649_34447_47515235_1_1_1_1,00.html.",
"[3] This level is described as the “outcomes”, but in strict monitoring and evaluation terminology it encompasses both goal-level indicators and outcome indicators. In this, UNFPA is following the approach of the Millennium Development Goals, the indicators for which also combine multiple levels.",
"[4] Such as the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health and the UNAIDS Global Strategy.",
"[5] In a few cases, it is not possible to have annual targets, as some important indicators – such as those for the MDGs and for the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS – cannot be measured annually.",
"[6] The metadata sheets will be publicly available on the UNFPA website.",
"[7] This indicator has been selected because of concerns raised about the current lead times for procurements. Another key aspect of procurement efficiency – the prices obtained – has been addressed in a structural change to the UNFPA approach to procurement: the organization now systematically coordinates with other entities that procure large quantities of reproductive health commodities to achieve economies of scale, thereby receiving prices that are already highly competitive internationally.",
"[8] All figures quoted in this paragraph are from “Flow of financial resources for assisting in the implementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development: Report of the Secretary-General”, E/CN.9/2011/5.",
"[9] This is equally true for the outputs on human resources and on resource mobilization, which might appear to be the purview of the Division for Human Resources and of the Information and External Relations Division, respectively. One key lesson of the MTR is that these areas must be the responsibility of staff across the organization, such that, for example, supervisors in regional offices take underperformance seriously and UNFPA representatives assume responsibility for resource mobilization.",
"[10] The numbers in this table are estimated and thus subject to change.",
"[11] This includes an allocation of 11.1 per cent of regular resources for the global and regional programme."
] | DP_FPA_2011_11 | [
"Second regular session 2011",
"New York, 6-9 September 2011",
"Item 6 of the provisional agenda",
"UNFPA – Report of the Executive Director",
"United Nations Population Fund",
"Mid-term review of the UNFPA strategic plan, 2008-2013",
"Report of the Executive Director",
"Summary",
"The present report on the midterm review of the UNFPA strategic plan is submitted in response to Executive Board decision 2009/16, which extended the strategic plan, 2008-2011, to 2013. Also the guidance provided by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/232. The midterm review more accurately defines the organization ' s strategic direction to guide UNFPA in its work during 2012 and 2013, based on lessons learned.",
"Based on a combination of a series of internal and external reviews, and a broad consultative process involving numerous major stakeholders from within and outside the organization, the mid-term review reviews developments in the context within which UNFPA operates, as well as progress, achievements and challenges in the implementation of the 2008-2010 strategic plan. In this regard, it complements the detailed analysis contained in the annual report of the Executive Director, DP/FPA/2011/3 (Part I) and its annex (available separately on the UNFPA website) and DP/FPA/2011/3 (Part I)/Add.1.",
"The overall conclusion of the mid-term review is that, while UNFPA has much to be proud of, the full potential of the organization has not yet been exploited. A number of key challenges related to the organization ' s ability to achieve both development and management results have been identified. The proposed review of strategic guidance and results frameworks addresses these challenges, strengthening the focus of the organization and prioritizing the challenges it faces in presenting a streamlined set of results and products. It also includes clear indicators that strengthen organizational accountability for results. The estimated requirements for the implementation of the rest of the plan are presented in an integrated financial resources framework.",
"The present report contains elements for a decision.",
"Contents",
"Page I.Introduction 5II. Scope 5 and process of the midterm review III.Context 7IV.Abstract 8 of the progresses, some achievements and major challenges for 2008-2010 A.Developments 9.Some 9 achievements 3.Principals 10 challenges B.Management 11 1.Advances 112.Some 12 achievements 3. Challenges 13 fundamental V. Future addresses 15, 2012-2013 A. Strategic Direction 15 B.Improved 16 of accountability for results 1. Framework 16: linking the development results framework and the management results framework 2.Principles 18 key to the review of results frameworks C.Define 19 more accurately the central aspect of development results 1.Center 19 the focus of the development results framework 2.Results 20 and outputs of the development results framework 3.questiones 22 cross-cutting D.Consequencing 24 of operational excellence 1. Outputs 24 of the management results framework VI. Integrated Framework 26 of financial resources A.Necessities 26 and resource flows for ICPD B.Resources 26 required for the period 2012-2013 1.Projections 26 of income 2.Links 27 between results frameworks and resources 3.Resources 27 required VII. Launch 28 of the revised strategic plan A.Plan 29 of activities B. Harmonization 29 of the global, regional and national levels 1. Plan 29 national 2.Planes 30 global and regional 3.Reorganization 30C.Strengthening 30 of the measurement systems D.Elaboration 30 of a new strategic plan VIII. Items 31 of a decision Annexes I. Revised development results framework 32 Revised 38 management results framework",
"I. Introduction",
"1. The present report is submitted in response to Executive Board decisions 2009/16, which extended the strategic plan, 2008-2011, through 2013, and 2011/13 (under item 9), deferring the submission of the mid-term review of the strategic plan to the second regular session 2011. It also responds to the guidance given by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/232. The report on the mid-term review discusses the changing context in which UNFPA undertakes its work and reviews progress, achievements and challenges in the implementation of the strategic plan from 2008 to 2010, aspects that complement the detailed analysis contained in the annual report of the Executive Director, DP/FPA/2011/3 (Part I) and its annex (available separately on the UNFPA website) and revised DP/FPA/2011/3 (Part I)/Add framework",
"2. Section II of the present report, which follows the introduction, describes the scope and process of the midterm review. Section III focuses on the context. Section IV provides a summary of progress, some key achievements and challenges during the period 2008-2010. Section V, entitled " Future Directions, 2012-2013 " , focuses on the prospective elements, including the organization ' s strategic orientation, the new conceptual framework and a description of the revised development results framework and the revised management results framework. Section VI presents the integrated financial resources framework and outlines the resources required to achieve the results of the strategic plan. Section VII focuses on the implementation of the revised strategic plan, including the steps required to develop the new strategic plan, 2014-2017. Section VIII contains elements for a decision. The revised development results framework and the revised management results framework are contained in annex I and annex II, respectively.",
"II. Scope and process of the midterm review",
"3. The mid-term review process has both had retrospective elements and prospective elements. The retrospective part discussed the achievements and challenges posed in the implementation of the 2008-2010 strategic plan and the implications of the changing global context. This was done through a combination of analytical work (both internal and external) and consultations (see figure 1).",
"Figure 1 Mid-term review process",
"4. The forward-looking part discussed how UNFPA could better meet its mission by more accurately defining the organization ' s strategic centre (including revision of the results frameworks) and updating resource estimates for the remaining period of the plan. The process reviewed a range of general-order issues raised by internal and external stakeholders (including the Executive Board), although the exercise was aimed at strengthening the strategic plan rather than reviewing it fundamentally.",
"5. The topics covered include on which issues the organization should work (e.g., whether the organization should maintain the three priority areas of population and development, reproductive health and rights, and gender equality, or whether it should reduce its centre of attention), what role the organization should play (e.g., if it can better support countries through the provision of services, the creation of evidence, capacity-building or through advocacy, policy advice and helping to promote the world).",
"6. As with the retrospective review, future directions were discussed both internally and with the above-mentioned stakeholders. Relevant inputs from these partners that exceed the scope of this strategic plan review will be taken into account in the development of the next strategic plan, 2014-2017.",
"III. Context",
"7. The overall mandate of UNFPA — based on the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) — and the guidance of resolution 62/208, other relevant General Assembly and Economic and Social Council resolutions, as well as Executive Board decisions, guide the strategic plan. But the world has changed since the creation of the plan and external and internal trends and events have an impact on UNFPA work. Consequently, these developments have been taken into account in the development of the organization ' s future guidance, so that UNFPA is in a better position to support countries in the implementation of the ICPD Programme of Action and the achievement of the MDGs.",
"8. Key elements of the ICPD programme have not yet been met, and many of the MDG targets are far from being achieved, even if only a few years remain until 2015, the date set for compliance. It is particularly concerned that the Millennium Development Goal to which UNFPA contributes more directly, the fifth MDG, on improving maternal health, is the most far from being achieved, according to recent data[1]. In part as a result, maternal health, and more generally, sexual and reproductive health, has been the focus of renewed attention in recent years, both at the United Nations and at the regional and national levels, creating an opportunity for UNFPA.",
"9. At a time when the world ' s population is approaching 7 billion people in 2011 and raising concerns about the sustainability of development, population dynamics and family planning raises great attention. The growth of the world ' s population has slowed down, but fertility remains high in many countries. At the same time, the world is seeing the greatest cohort of young people in history. Meanwhile, many countries face problems related to low fertility, leading to population ageing. The increase in migration and urbanization is particularly important today.",
"10. Despite the attention given to these issues, a changing political climate means that, while there was broad consensus on the ICPD agenda in 1994, that unanimity cannot be taken for granted at present, which poses a challenge for the next phase of UNFPA work.",
"11. The broader geopolitical and economic environment has also changed since the development of the strategic plan in 2007. A number of countries traditionally receiving aid are now middle-income countries, and, taking into account strong growth rates in many parts of the world, many others are moving to the middle-income category. This situation suggests new modalities for United Nations engagement, particularly because some of these countries are potential donors and/or major suppliers of South-South cooperation. The global financial crisis posed many financial challenges for many donors, but although this situation put pressure on development assistance budgets, official development assistance reached the record $128.7 billion in 2010.[2]",
"12. These changes affect the role of development assistance, at a time when the Paris and Accra commitments place a greater emphasis on capacity development and national ownership and implementation. In the United Nations, this situation has been reflected by a tendency to shift attention to the initial sources, from the provision of things to the provision of ideas. This presents important challenges to the role and basic institutional model of the organization, which implies a new way of working with partners and evaluating performance. At the same time, there is also a growing demand for greater accountability for results, as evidenced by the emergence of performance appraisal initiatives organized by donors and other stakeholders.",
"13. Within the United Nations, some developments also affect UNFPA. Reform initiatives continue, which emphasize the initiative “One in Action”. While the creation of UN-Women can influence the role of UNFPA in the area of gender equality, the consequences are not yet known.",
"14. This situation highlights both the challenges and opportunities for UNFPA, which have been taken into account in the development of future directions described below.",
"IV. Summary of progress, achievements and major challenges for 2008-2010",
"15. The overall conclusion of the mid-term review is that, while UNFPA has much to be proud of, the full potential of the organization has not yet been exploited. As noted in section I, the detailed analysis of the implementation of the strategic plan 2008-2010 is contained in the annual report of the Executive Director. This section presents a brief summary of progress and highlights some achievements. It focuses primarily on lessons learned from the medium-term review in key areas where UNFPA needs to make improvements to accelerate progress on the ICPD and MDG agenda and to enhance its efficiency and effectiveness. These areas constitute the focus of the review of the strategic plan.",
"16. The presentation of the findings is based on the structure of the two results frameworks of the strategic plan:",
"• The development results framework defines the organization ' s work on the ICPD agenda and sets out the areas in which UNFPA is trying to assist countries in improving development and high-level health outcomes.",
"• The management results framework focuses on operational issues that are necessary for UNFPA to contribute effectively and efficiently to broader development outcomes.",
"A. Development results",
"1. Progress",
"17. The development results framework has three priority areas: population and development, reproductive health and rights, and gender equality. These areas are divided in turn into 13 results, measured by 26 indicators. Figure 2 shows the progress achieved in relation to the targets set for 2011 in the strategic plan, summarized in the annex to document DP/FPA/2011/3 (Part I). In total, only nine targets have been met or are likely to be met as originally scheduled for 2011, and 10 targets are unlikely to be met. Progress has been uneven in the three priority areas, and the most successful results have been achieved in the area of gender equality.",
"Figure 2 Progress in the development results framework",
"[]",
"2. Some achievements",
"18. Significant achievements have been achieved in each of the three areas. In population and development, nearly 95 per cent of countries already undertake studies that include issues addressed by ICPD. UNFPA has also supported capacity-building in nearly 80 countries as part of the preparations for the 2010 census series, especially in data analysis. The youth education network has increased from 5,000 members in 36 countries in 2007 to about 20,000 members in more than 45 countries currently.",
"19. In the area of reproductive health and rights, UNFPA has worked closely with H4+ partners (WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and the World Bank) on strategies to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality. Capacity-building has focused on areas such as midwive training and reproductive health commodity assurance, where UNFPA has helped to improve the availability of critical products, such as contraceptives and maternal health medicines in more than 30 countries. The campaign to eliminate fistula has helped to repair more than 6,000 fistulas in 42 countries and has helped to achieve the necessary attention and resources for the prevention and treatment of fistula and the social reintegration of those suffering from it. Capacity-building initiatives have led to considerable progress in the use of the minimum initial services package in humanitarian crisis situations, with the service package currently being used in more than 80 per cent of humanitarian situations. A UNFPA condom use initiative supported 74 countries in 2010.",
"20. In the area of gender equality, UNFPA and UNICEF jointly implement the world ' s largest programme to accelerate the abandonment of female genital mutilation/cutting, which uses a human rights-based approach to support the development and implementation of laws, policies and programmes. Support for national capacity-building has also strengthened mechanisms aimed at monitoring and reducing gender-based violence: more than 90 per cent of countries currently have such systems.",
"3. Key challenges",
"21. Despite these successes, overall progress has been clearly insufficient, and the mid-term review focused on identifying key challenges to improve performance. Four key lessons have been learned in this context:",
"• Strategic orientation. As a result of a shared approach with three priority areas that are not sufficiently integrated, the existing perception is that UNFPA does not have a clear strategic orientation, reducing internal cohesion and weakening the organization ' s brand abroad. While resources are not equally divided between the three priority areas (the reproductive health and rights component receives much of the majority of programmatic resources, approximately 60 per cent per year), the fact that priority areas are officially equal makes it even more difficult to identify the organization ' s centre of attention.",
"• Fragmentation. UNFPA resources are too scattered both globally and within countries, which reduces the organization ' s ability to show its impact. Globally, nearly 50 offices spent $2 million or less per country in 2010. When it comes to reaching everywhere, available resources are insufficient to assist countries facing the greatest challenges: to use an indicative measure, half of all maternal mortality cases occur in only six countries, but UNFPA allocates 16 per cent of its resources to these countries. The impact of these resources is further diluted at the country level, when country offices are trying to work in many areas of results, even though their budgets are very small. A recent study found that the allocation of resources at the country level between the three priority areas was reduced to very insufficient levels, suggesting that UNFPA programming does not always adequately meet local needs and capacities, and instead attempts to address all aspects of the organization ' s mandate everywhere. In order to exacerbate the situation, there is a practice of using many implementing partners administered through countless annual workplans: in 2010, the Fund had more than 1,400 implementing partners and was responsible for more than 2,300 annual workplans, generating small projects that could not be scaled up or impacted, causing inefficiencies and raised significant financial management issues, as indicated below.",
"• Clarity on the role of UNFPA. Despite the broader change in the United Nations with a view to moving from the provision of ideas to the provision of ideas, the Fund has not consistently raised how this situation influences its work at the country level and the needs of the organization to make its work effective in this new paradigm. This problem is particularly serious in middle-income countries, where problems often relate to issues such as inequality and marginalized populations: to reach the poorest populations in these countries, different responses will be required from those to be provided by the organization in the least developed countries, where the majority of the population is underserved.",
"• Measurement. Several problems linked to the measurement system have further hampered the assessment of progress in the early years of the strategic plan. For example, performance indicators included in the development results framework were often not measurable on a regular basis. In addition, it was often difficult to accurately measure UNFPA contributions to the best results, as the indicators of the development results framework were primarily the joint responsibility of countries and UNFPA, and were not complemented by other measures to assess the Fund ' s direct contributions.",
"22. In short, while significant progress has been made in some areas of the development results framework, the organization has the potential to do more and better. The review has identified a number of issues to be addressed in the remaining period of the strategic plan.",
"B. Management results",
"1. Progress",
"23. The management results framework has 19 indicators in nine outputs, which were grouped under six themes in the original strategic plan. As with the development results framework, progress has been uneven, with less than half of the indicators on track to meet the targets set for 2011 (figure 3). However, two management results framework issues have made it difficult to draw conclusions based on this data.",
"24. First, there was no data available in 2010 in relation to almost one third of the indicators. Secondly, the indicators of the management results framework were not always at the right level or had too limited scope, making it difficult to draw conclusions on the overall performance of a product. For example, a product indicator “ UNFPA maintains a motivated and capable staff” was “During the recruitment process, from the announcement of the post to the interim offer.” This indicator captures only one part of the process of ensuring that the Fund has adequate staff, and completely omits a more critical issue, the fact that more than one sixth of all UNFPA posts were vacant in 2010.",
"Figure 3 Management results framework advances",
"[]",
"♪ For this summary, a total of 20 indicators were considered, as the indicator for the duration of the recruitment process, from the announcement of the post to the provisional offer has been divided into two indicators, one for international posts and one for local posts.",
"2. Some achievements",
"25. Despite measurement-related problems, a clear progress has been made in some areas. In the area of results-based management and evidence-based programming, activities have been undertaken throughout the organization. At the global level, for example, an optimization initiative, the formal presentation of the evaluation policy, and the development of evidence-based programming guidance have begun to improve the organization ' s capacity (as reflected in the fact that the compliance rate for the evaluation of the country programme increased from 35 per cent in 2009 to 78 per cent in 2010). At the regional level, offices have developed peer learning networks to share lessons learned and introduced quality control mechanisms. However, more work is needed to ensure that the principles of results-based management and evidence-based programming are systematically used throughout the organization.",
"26. In the area of human resources, UNFPA has maintained high levels of staff satisfaction and motivation, and is one of the most recommended places to work within the United Nations system. The staff performance and training system is systematically used throughout the organization and has high completion rates and other organizations have expressed their interest in adopting it. The Fund has designed and implemented a face-to-face training module on responsibility for monitoring ethical conduct at the workplace, and has fully implemented the financial disclosure programme.",
"27. UNFPA has also achieved good results in its collaborative initiatives, such as the contribution to the country-level policy dialogue, according to the evaluation obtained, for example, in the 2010 survey conducted by the Multilateral Organizations Performance Assessment Network (MOPAN). UNFPA ' s contribution to United Nations reform initiatives at the global level (e.g., in the exercise of the chairmanship of committees and working teams), regional (e.g., in the direction of strategic exercises in areas such as youth and maternal health), and national (e.g. through joint initiatives). UNFPA also has a recognized place in responding to humanitarian crises.",
"28. Despite the difficult macroeconomic environment, UNFPA has overcome the funding targets set out in the strategic plan. Finally, significant steps have been taken with regard to the strengthening of field activities by the organization: the reorganization process has recently been completed and, while there are regional variations, country offices generally assess positively the relevance and quality of support received from regional offices.",
"3. Key challenges",
"29. The combination of the management performance review, in-house supplementary analysis, external and internal auditor reports, country programme evaluations, partner assessment reports, and mid-term review consultations resulted in a long list of management areas that need to be improved. Ultimately, however, there was a high degree of convergence in relation to the most important management problems facing the organization:",
"• Effectiveness of the program. The Fund ' s programming needs to be more effective across the spectrum from programme design to implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Currently, the demand for and use of empirical data for decision-making throughout the organization is limited. As a result, UNFPA programming is not systematically driven by empirical data, either in the form of lessons learned from evaluations or through research results generated by others (although progress has been made in using the situation analysis and results of surveys as a basis for country programmes). Further emphasis should be placed on the use of results-based management principles during implementation. Monitoring and evaluation need to be strengthened at all levels — at national, regional and global levels — and used systematically to guide decision-making.",
"• Resource management. The output of the management results framework for the management of resources was the only one in which all indicators were far from consistent with the output. In addition, UNFPA received an opinion with reservations from the United Nations Board of Auditors in the last biennium. According to current estimates, the level of expenditures not justified in national execution in 2010 does not yet show a decline over the previous year. While policies have been developed to address these issues, compliance with these policies remains a challenge. Other management decisions also unnecessarily increase risks and reduce efficiency. In particular, the proliferation of implementing partners referred to above makes financial management more difficult. In country offices with 30 or more implementing partners, nearly 20 per cent of the nationally executed audits of partners yielded negative results, while in country offices with less than 10 implementing partners, that percentage was reduced by half.",
"• Human resources. Although some aspects of the recruitment process have accelerated in recent years, the organization still had a vacancy rate of 17 per cent in 2010, which means that one in six posts was vacant. This situation has a significant impact on the organization ' s ability to carry out its activities under its plans. In addition, the organization faces a wave of retirements, with almost one third of the senior staff planning to retire over the next five years. The management of the current profession is a related problem: only 30% of the staff feel that unsatisfactory performance is properly managed. Significant efforts have been made to strengthen the performance appraisal and training system for UNFPA staff, resulting in almost all staff being assessed at present, but the way in which the system is used does not adequately address unsatisfactory performance: in 2010, 97 per cent of staff members were assessed as fully competent or excellent, and only 3 per cent were assessed as partially competent or not competent.",
"• Mobilization of resources. UNFPA has achieved its resource mobilization targets throughout the strategic plan, but this was considered a key challenge for two reasons. First, the percentage of resources provided as regular (core) funds is declining, from 63 per cent of income in 2007 to 58 per cent in 2010. Secondly, UNFPA relies heavily on a small number of donors: 96 per cent of regular contributions in 2010 came from the top 15 donors, creating a significant risk. The number of UNFPA donor countries has declined in recent years, from 182 in 2007 to 150 in 2010. Development assistance comes from emerging economies such as Brazil, China, the Russian Federation and India, as well as from the private sector (including foundations), has increased enormously in recent years, but represents only a small fraction of the contributions to UNFPA.",
"30. The Fund has the potential to achieve operational excellence if it meets the four challenges mentioned, which together constitute the key elements of how the organization manages itself, which in turn determines the organization ' s ability to achieve development results on the ground.",
"V. Future Directions, 2012-2013",
"31. UNFPA is at a turning point, with a changing external environment and insufficient progress on the ICPD agenda, which at the same time poses challenges and creates opportunities. Based on the analysis and key findings of the midterm review, this section examines how the organization should change course over the next two years.",
"A. Strategic direction",
"32. In order to improve the organization ' s strategic orientation, the mid-term review process re-examined the division of the development results framework into three priority areas, as well as the issue of key target audiences for UNFPA work. As a result, a revised target has been established, as described in figure 4.",
"Figure 4",
"[]",
"33. The objective is to achieve universal access to sexual and reproductive health (including family planning), to promote reproductive rights, to reduce maternal mortality and to accelerate progress on the ICPD agenda and Millennium Development Goal 5 (A and B), in order to achieve the empowerment and improvement of the living conditions of the underserved population groups, especially women and youth (including adolescents), through the understanding of the dynamic human rights environment.",
"34. In order to achieve this objective, UNFPA will continue to coordinate and work in partnership with other United Nations agencies, multilateral and bilateral organizations, national Governments, non-governmental organizations, including religious organizations, academic institutions and the private sector. In its work with these partners, UNFPA will focus on its comparative advantage as a source of original thinking, advocacy and partnership creator to advance the ICPD agenda and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.",
"B. Improved accountability for results",
"1. Conceptual framework: linking the development results framework and the management results framework",
"35. If strategic leadership results are to be achieved, mechanisms to ensure accountability for results within UNFPA should be strengthened. The organization ' s results frameworks, i.e. the development results framework and the management results framework, are the key elements for this, both of which define UNFPA priorities and mechanisms to regularly assess performance. The midterm review has therefore placed considerable emphasis on updating the two results frameworks.",
"36. The first step in this process was to clarify the UNFPA conceptual results framework. Both the development results framework and the management results framework are an integral part of the UNFPA overall results chain, but the connection between UNFPA activities directly and the high-level development results has not been clear enough. In its decision 2010/32, the Executive Board specifically requested UNFPA to strengthen this link. Figure 5 contains a simple scheme developed in this regard.",
"Figure 5",
"Conceptual framework",
"[]",
"37. The tree branches represent the high-level outcomes that UNFPA contributes and are often measured by internationally agreed indicators, such as Millennium Development Goals indicators, such as contraceptive prevalence, maternal mortality rate and HIV prevalence. Numerous factors contribute to these results[3] and accountability for progress rests primarily with countries themselves, rather than external partners such as UNFPA. However, all UNFPA work is geared towards change at this level, and the organization influences it, making it appropriate for UNFPA performance to be measured in part by progress made at this level. However, it is often not possible to set targets and measure progress on these indicators annually. Instead, UNFPA will measure trends and assess whether progress is being made towards the long-term goals (e.g., the Millennium Development Goals targets by 2015).",
"38. The intermediate level represented by the tree trunk has been a deficiency in the UNFPA measurement system so far. This level, which is also part of the development results framework, reflects the fact that the core of the organization ' s direct contribution to the achievement of results is its capacity-building role, so that countries themselves realize the ICPD agenda. The indicators, at this level, measure the results both in terms of improving the capacity of countries (measured, for example, in terms of a reduction in the percentage of countries where contraceptive stocks have been depleted) and direct contributions from UNFPA (e.g., the number of logistics managers trained). At this level, accountability is shared with countries, but the UNFPA direct role is more important here. As such, the inclusion of this level will significantly strengthen the results chain, driving the organization ' s ability to evaluate the performance of its programmes.",
"39. The roots of the tree represent the ability of the Fund to manage its own activities effectively and efficiently, and thus provide a solid basis for the above high-level results. UNFPA is directly accountable for the results of this area as reflected in the management results framework, although the performance of some of the management results framework indicators depends on UNFPA partners.",
"2. Key Principles for the Review of Results Frameworks",
"40. The review of the results frameworks was guided by several principles:",
"• Consolidate by prioritization. The desire for a wide range of activities has made results/products and indicators proliferating, which has hampered the identification of organizational priorities or the assessment of overall performance. Therefore, the first guiding principle was to consolidate the number of results/products and indicators by priority areas in which an improvement would contribute more to the organization ' s ability to move forward in the implementation of the ICPD programme. As a result, some important areas are no longer seen as separate outcomes/products, particularly if they have been incorporated into the Fund ' s daily work or if they do not reflect areas in which UNFPA improvement should be concentrated. For example, United Nations reform is important for UNFPA work, but the findings of the mid-term review suggest that this issue has been institutionalized in the organization and that, in general, partners give UNFPA a good grade in this area, and therefore no longer consider itself a separate product. This principle implies that the new results frameworks will not contain all the topics that some stakeholders consider important. However, this is offset by the considerable benefits of having more simplified and more clearly focused results frameworks.",
"• Avoid doing everything everywhere. Taking into account the budget and capacity of the organization, it will never be able to cover all aspects of the ICPD programme everywhere. Recognition of this limitation makes it necessary for the organization to carefully decide where to put the emphasis. These decisions should be made on the basis of a combination of the comparative advantages and needs of the organization, its capacities and the interest expressed by the countries in which UNFPA conducts its activities. The principle of not doing everything everywhere will enhance the Fund ' s capacity to provide assistance to countries that have given priority to certain aspects of the ICPD programme in their own national strategies and to measure the progress they have made. In addition, the failure to exceed its capacity will enable UNFPA to be a more effective partner in international efforts that identify country-specific clusters to focus on[4].",
"• Avoid the mindset of stalled compartments. Another guiding principle of the revision of the frameworks was to structure them around issues of importance to the organization, rather than to base them on the existing organizational structure. The stagnant compartment mentality has been too common in the results frameworks, which has led to ineffectiveness as a result of insufficient collaboration. Results frameworks now reflect institutional priorities to which various parts of the organization should contribute. For example, while there is a product that focuses on human resources management, it has been designed so that responsibility for this product does not fall only in the Division of Human Resources Management; on the contrary, human resources management must be a priority for the entire organization, to which all units should contribute.",
"• Improve measurability. The last guiding principle was to improve the measurability of the results frameworks. Great emphasis was placed on ensuring that indicators could be measured on a regular basis, in response to the lack of performance data by the end of 2010 for 10 of 45 (22%) indicators of development and management results frameworks. In relation to other indicators, only data were available that were not updated. In addition, only targets had been set for the end of the strategic plan rather than for each year, limiting the ability to track performance and make corrections throughout the period[5]. Another key element in improving measurability has been the development of metadata sheets for each indicator, which provide detailed descriptions, calculation methods, data sources and the frequency of measurement, and act as an important mechanism to ensure the reliability of the measurement system and promote transparency[6]. Finally, management results framework indicators were selected to focus on organization-specific behaviours that need to be improved and to create incentives to change these behaviours.",
"C. Defining more accurately the central aspect of development results",
"1. Focus on the development results framework",
"41. The new development results framework strengthens UNFPA focus by consolidating strategic priorities and focusing on a limited group of them, reflecting a reduction in the number of results from 13 to 7. In addition, in line with strategic direction, an integrated population and development programme, sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights, and gender equality have been developed, which makes the results of the development results framework no longer compartmentalized in three areas, but forms a coherent set of key areas in which the organization will focus its efforts in the remaining two years of the strategic plan.",
"2. Development results and outputs",
"42. The revised development results framework is structured according to the following guidelines: it begins at the top of the policies with an initial result on integrating population dynamics and their linkages with the needs of young people (including adolescents), reproductive health, gender equality and poverty reduction in national and sectoral plans and strategies. It then presents three results on access to maternal health services, family planning and combating HIV and sexually transmitted diseases. While they are presented as a separate result, efforts will be made to achieve them through an integrated approach to the maximum extent possible.",
"43. The fifth result relates to gender equality and reproductive rights, and the sixth is focused on young people. The circle is completed by a result related to data collection, analysis and dissemination covering the six previous results areas and is linked to the first result in ensuring that the need for quality data is met to influence policy development.",
"44. As described in section V, outputs relating to capacity-building and programming have been included in the development results framework. For each result, UNFPA contributes directly to progress at the national level through a number of products that reflect changes in the country ' s ability to achieve the objectives of the ICPD programme, resulting in a total of 18 outputs. As capacity-building products, they are mutually reinforcing and often contribute to more than one outcome. For example, capacity-building in family planning will also benefit maternal health services and help to reduce maternal mortality.",
"45. The complete set of outputs and outputs, as well as indicators and targets, is presented in annex I.",
"Outcome 1: National and sectoral development plans and strategies address population dynamics and their linkages to youth needs (including adolescents), sexual and reproductive health (including family planning); gender equality and poverty reduction.",
"46. In the population area, UNFPA ' s comparative advantage lies in the effective use of population analysis for the diagnosis of poverty and the development of scenarios, as well as the ability to provide cross-cutting thematic analysis that link population dynamics with health and gender policies and youth and adolescents. UNFPA will work with Governments and other partners to integrate sexual and reproductive health services (including family planning) into national health sector plans and policies. Similarly, the organization will work with its partners to include youth issues (including adolescents) in poverty reduction strategies and national development frameworks, as well as to promote the right of young people (including adolescents) to participate at all levels in policy formulation, implementation and monitoring.",
"Outcome 2: Increased access to and use of quality maternal and newborn health care services.",
"47. UNFPA will focus particularly on maternal health care as part of reproductive health. The organization will work closely with H4+ and other partners in support of the Global Strategy for Women ' s and Children ' s Health and other initiatives, such as the Campaign for Accelerated Reduction of Maternal Mortality in Africa. UNFPA will support capacity-building in the implementation of national human resources policies (in particular, to enhance the knowledge of traditional midwives), in order to provide basic emergency obstetric care, as well as management of complications of risky abortion. More emphasis will be placed on addressing maternal morbidity-related diseases such as obstetric fistula.",
"Outcome 3: Increased access to and utilization of quality family planning services by individuals and couples based on reproductive intent.",
"48. UNFPA will further focus on family planning, including its integration into broader reproductive health services and its linkages with maternal health services and HIV prevention. It will continue to support Governments in strengthening the security of reproductive health supplies, including through national capacity-building to manage the reliable supply of various modern contraceptives. UNFPA will also focus on strengthening the demand for family planning services through interventions at the community level.",
"Outcome 4: Increased access to and use of quality services in HIV prevention and sexually transmitted infections, particularly by young people (including adolescents) and other key groups in risk situations.",
"49. With the new agreed task-sharing for the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), UNFPA will focus particularly on reducing sexual transmission of HIV, HIV prevention in young people (including adolescents) and preventing mother-to-child transmission. Key interventions will include expanding comprehensive condom programming and combating HIV in the context of sexual work.",
"Outcome 5: progress in gender equality and reproductive rights, including through the promotion and implementation of laws and policies.",
"50. UNFPA will continue to develop national capacity to implement laws and policies that promote gender equality and reproductive rights, focusing particularly on addressing gender-based violence, and will continue to work on gender-based violence in humanitarian settings, as well as its partnership to eliminate harmful practices such as female genital mutilation/cutting. In addition, UNFPA will promote gender equality in the spirit of the commitments made by the entire United Nations system, in coordination with UN-Women and other agencies where necessary. UNFPA will also continue to promote the protection and realization of reproductive rights and will work actively in partnership with civil society groups (including religious and community-based organizations) that support the participation of men and children in promoting gender equality and reproductive rights.",
"Outcome 6: Improved access to sexual and reproductive health services and sexual education for young people (including adolescents).",
"51. UNFPA will strengthen its support for access to essential sexual and reproductive health services for young people, focusing on the need to reach adolescent girls. UNFPA will support youth sexual education (including adolescents) and strengthen its efforts to develop national capacities for the design and implementation of comprehensive and age-appropriate educational curricula and policies.",
"Outcome 7: Improved availability and analysis of data leading to decision-making and evidence-based policy-making around population dynamics, sexual and reproductive health (including family planning), and gender equality.",
"52. UNFPA will intensify its efforts to improve national data analysis capacities for evidence-based planning and programming related to population demographic and dynamic issues, youth (including adolescents), gender equality and sexual and reproductive health. Particular attention will be paid to data in humanitarian settings.",
"3. Cross-cutting issues",
"53. Various issues are common to the seven results and are presented here together to avoid repeating them in each of the results.",
"Mainstreaming the needs of young people (including adolescents) to all outcomes",
"54. While outcome 6 focuses specifically on them, all results address the needs of young people (including adolescents). UNFPA will continue to strengthen its work with Governments and other partners to promote increased investments in health, education and livelihoods for young people (including adolescents), as well as to take advantage of the opportunities offered by demography, while addressing key issues in sexual and reproductive health services, HIV prevention and gender equality. Particular attention will be paid to the promotion of the rights of young people (including adolescents), such as their right to participate at all levels in policy development, implementation and monitoring. UNFPA will focus on marginalized and most vulnerable groups, particularly adolescent girls. Because of the cross-cutting nature of youth issues, coordination with other partners is critical.",
"Human rights and gender equality",
"55. Human rights and gender equality remain present in all UNFPA operations, which uses a culturally sensitive approach that focuses on the poorest and most excluded groups. Among other things, this approach includes the development of plans, policies, laws and programmes under the rule of human rights and gender equality. It is also concerned about ensuring that women, youth and other vulnerable groups are informed of their rights and empowered to make decisions regarding their sexual and reproductive health and life choices.",
"Inclusive partnerships and national ownership",
"56. UNFPA work in each of the results areas continues to be based on the principles of inclusive partnerships and to support national ownership. For UNFPA, Governments will remain key partners, even if the organization establishes new strategic partnerships with non-governmental organizations including religious organizations, academic institutions and the private sector (which will be done in a balanced manner due to the need to avoid the proliferation of partnerships, as noted above).",
"Humanitarian assistance",
"57. UNFPA will continue to support the integration of the ICPD Programme of Action into emergency preparedness, humanitarian response, and transition and recovery processes The comparative advantage of UNFPA in humanitarian settings is in reproductive health, in combating gender-based and data-related violence. Such support is also essential during the transition period from emergency to development. Recent development of the second generation of the UNFPA humanitarian response strategy will help advance the integration process and make UNFPA activities more strategic, scalable and sustainable. UNFPA will continue to strengthen the capacity of regional offices to provide guidance and mobilize support from country offices to respond to sexual and reproductive health needs in emergencies. The leadership role of UNFPA at the global level will be enhanced by increased attention to strategic areas such as partnership-building and quality control, based on experience in recent emergencies in Haiti, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan and the Sudan.",
"United Nations reform",
"58. UNFPA strongly supports United Nations reform. Joint country-level programming and coordinated approaches at the global and regional levels will continue to be at the heart of the organization ' s work. UNFPA will continue to play a leading role in promoting the reform of the United Nations and will continue to vigorously and at all levels to defend the “One in Action” programme.",
"South-South cooperation",
"59. In the seven outcome areas, UNFPA will strengthen its support for South-South cooperation to facilitate knowledge-sharing and lessons learned and build capacity to accelerate the implementation of the ICPD Programme of Action and the Millennium Development Goals. This approach represents a promising modality for the provision of technical assistance and expands the range of mechanisms through which UNFPA relates to middle-income countries.",
"D. Achieving operational excellence",
"1. Focus on the management results framework",
"60. The application of the principles described above in this section allowed for a significant simplification of the management results framework, with a reduction in the number of products, which have passed from nine to four. The revised set of outputs covers the key challenges noted above, which constitute management priorities for the next two years.",
"61. In order to focus the management results framework, it is necessary to make difficult decisions, as certain areas such as United Nations partnerships and reform remain important to the organization, although they were not included as separate products in the end, but have been incorporated into all products. Other areas will be addressed outside the results framework, such as transparency, which will be enhanced through the implementation of specific approaches, such as the decision to regularly publish performance data on results frameworks on the UNFPA website.",
"62. The result is a limited set of areas within the management results framework that, if addressed, will enable UNFPA to achieve operational excellence. In order to improve the Fund ' s ability to detect problems early and to make timely corrections over the programming period, the outputs of the management results framework will be monitored more regularly than in previous years, as senior managers will evaluate performance on a regular basis throughout each year.",
"2. Management results framework outputs",
"Output 1: enhanced effectiveness through strengthened results-based and evidence-based programming.",
"63. UNFPA ' s ability to produce the desired impact depends on the quality of its programmes, especially at the country level. Over the next two years, special attention will be paid to two aspects of this issue: results-based management and evidence-based programming. UNFPA has developed tools in both areas and will focus on ensuring that they are used in a systematic manner and that the quality of programming improves accordingly. One of the specific measures to achieve this is the introduction of a quality control mechanism to review all country programme document projects to ensure that they comply with results-based management and evidence-based programming standards. Another step will be to improve country programme evaluations, with particular attention to ensuring that they offer a high level of quality and are used in programme development.",
"Output 2: Resource management has been strengthened through improved efficiency and risk management.",
"64. In the remaining years of the strategic plan, special attention will be paid to improving how UNFPA manages its resources. One aspect of this issue is to achieve greater efficiency by controlling costs associated with management and administration and improving implementation rates. Closely related to this issue is the improvement of the efficiency with which UNFPA undertakes procurement, with particular attention to the reduction of procurement time frames[7]. A second key aspect is to respond specifically to the concerns expressed by the United Nations Board of Auditors and the UNFPA Oversight Services Division regarding the Fund ' s expenditure at the country level, in particular in the national execution modality. Strengthening financial management in this area will be a significant priority over the next two years, with particular emphasis on improving the monitoring of implementing partners and capacity-building in order to reduce the negative results of audits, unjustified expenditures and arrears. In order to address broader issues related to the selection and management of implementing partners, such as the practice in some country offices of partnerships with numerous implementing partners, a quality control system is being introduced that ensures that managers exercise their managerial functions rigorously, including monitoring potential risk areas and ensuring that risk mitigation measures are respected.",
"Output 3: UNFPA has an adequate staffing level consisting of high-performance practitioners fulfilling its mission.",
"65. The ability of UNFPA to achieve satisfactory results in the implementation of its programme depends largely on how it addresses the issue of human resources. This output focuses on two aspects: first, the organization will focus on ensuring that it has adequate staffing levels to carry out its mission; and secondly, it will prioritize strengthening the culture of accountability by improving the way it faces unsatisfactory performance. Capacity problems will be identified and investments will be made to provide staff with the expertise needed to improve their contribution to the organization ' s ability to deliver results. In addition to the above, a safe working environment should be provided to UNFPA staff. In turn, staff should show the highest degree of professional integrity, continuing the progress made in strengthening the organization ' s ethical standards.",
"Output 4: secured, stable and broad-based funding is provided to provide the resources required for the strategic plan.",
"66. The ambitious programme described in this document cannot be achieved without resources. During the remaining period of the strategic plan, attention will focus on both the quantity and the sources of funding. The importance of funding sources is that regular contributions — unlike earmarked contributions — allow the organization to plan and execute activities more effectively and efficiently. In addition, UNFPA will pay particular attention to diversifying its funding base, inter alia, by seeking increased contributions from both emerging and private sector economies. A more aggressive approach to resource mobilization will enable the organization to further contribute to accelerating the ICPD agenda and achieving Millennium Development Goal 5.",
"67. The indicators and output targets of the management results framework are presented in annex II.",
"VI. Integrated financial resources framework",
"A. ICPD resource requirements and flows",
"68. Donor assistance for the implementation of the ICPD Programme of Action increased steadily until 2008, when it reached $10.4 billion.[8] Since then, the trend has stagnated and funding is estimated to have remained at almost identical levels in 2009 and 2010. According to the projections, in 2011 it will increase slightly to $10.8 billion. The domestic resources of developing countries have continued to increase from $29.8 billion in 2009 to $34 billion in 2011, as projected.",
"69. These figures remain far below the amounts required to achieve the objectives of the Programme of Action. In 2009, it was estimated that $49 billion was needed and, according to projections, $68.2 billion would be required in 2012 and $68.6 billion in 2013. UNFPA will accelerate its advocacy work to ensure that the ICPD Programme of Action continues to play a prominent role in the development agenda, in line with General Assembly resolution 65/234 on follow-up to the recently adopted International Conference on Population and Development.",
"B. Resource requirements for the period 2012-2013",
"1. Income projections",
"70. In the biennium 2010-2011, UNFPA income is estimated at $1,561 million (provisional figure as final figures are not yet available for 2011). Of this amount, $962.7 million is from regular resources and $598.6 million is from other resources. Based on historical trends and information provided by donors to date, UNFPA anticipates a total income of $1.7 billion for the biennium 2012-2013, of which $830 million is expected for 2012 and $870 million for 2013. Of that total, $1,039 million would come from regular contributions and 680 million other resources.",
"71. These figures represent an increase of 10 per cent compared to actual preliminary contributions for the present biennium. This is a modest change given the need to dramatically accelerate progress towards the achievement of Millennium Development Goal 5 and is well below the historical growth rate between the bienniums 2000-2001 and 2010-2011, when the composite growth rate was 16 per cent.",
"2. Linkages between results and resources frameworks",
"72. In line with Executive Board decision 2010/32, UNFPA will establish “complete and transparent linkages with the corporate results and management frameworks of the respective strategic plans.”",
"73. UNFPA will base its budget 2012-2013 on the priorities identified in the results frameworks, reallocating resources to enable the achievement of the targets. This exercise is still incomplete, as is the business plan, which is the vehicle through which some of the changes will be made to the midterm review. These links will be displayed when the budget is presented to the Executive Board. At the same time, an analysis will be presented on how resources have been redeployed on the basis of the midterm review.",
"74. As noted above, the revised management results framework has been simplified to address the most important issues facing the organization. One of the consequences of this change is that responsibility for the outputs of the management results framework cannot rest solely on the individual divisions or units of UNFPA, as has historically happened.[9] The corollary of the above is that UNFPA divisions and units will contribute to multiple outputs.",
"3. Resource requirements",
"75. A total of $1,752 million will be used for programmes and the institutional budget during the biennium 2012-2013, an increase of 20 per cent over the original projection for the biennium 2010-2011. However, expenditure in 2010 significantly exceeded the original projection and, if actual 2010 figures are used as a basis for comparison, expenditures would increase by less than 11 per cent.",
"76. The proposed resource utilization represents a significant change in the proportion of resources allocated to programmes in contrast to recurring management costs: the percentage of total income allocated to recurrent management costs will decrease from 15.8 per cent in the current biennium to 13.1 per cent in the next biennium, 2012-2013.",
"77. The share of programme resources includes both country programmes and the global and regional programme. The proposed use of resources maintains the same distribution of regular resources between country programmes and the originally planned global and regional programme for the period 2008-2011 (which represented 11.1 per cent of regular resources).",
"Proposed resource requirements, 2012-2013[10]",
"(Millions of dollars)",
"2010-2011 2012-2013 (initial budget) Resources Other Resources Other Total regular resources",
"Resources available",
"Initial balance 51.7 278,4 330,0 55,3 191,9 247,2",
"Contributions and other 950.0 450.0 1 400.0 1 038.8 680.0 1 718.8 income",
"Total available 1 001.7 728.4 1 730.0 1 094.1 871.9 1 966.0",
"Resource performance",
"Programmes (deducted 689.4 498,2 1 187,6 820,6 639,2 1 459,8 cost recovery)[11]",
"Institutional budget",
"Effectiveness of 53.1 5.7 58.9 52.7 7.7 60.4 development activities",
"Management",
"189.0 32.5 221,6 185.8 39.5 225,3",
"Non-recurrent costs 8.9 - 8.9 5.9 - 5.9",
"Special purpose 5.9 - 5.9 - - -",
"Total, budget 256.9 38.3 295,2 244,4 47.3 291,6 institutional",
"Total, utilization of 946.4 536.5 1 482.8 1 065.3 686.5 1 751.8 resources",
"VII. Implementation of the revised strategic plan",
"78. The changes in the strategic plan proposed in the present report will not occur overnight, but in a progressive manner over the remaining years to complete the plan. Changes will also not automatically occur as a result of their inclusion in the plan: rather, they will require a sustained approach by the leadership of the organization and discipline in management across UNFPA. Several processes have been developed to codify those changes, which are described below.",
"A. Business plan",
"79. In concert with the midterm review, an institutional plan is being developed for 2012-2013. The results and conclusions of the review have served as the basis for the business plan, and this will include mechanisms to strengthen the implementation of the revised strategic plan. The business plan will improve efficiency by simplifying business processes, streamlining decision-making and strengthening accountability.",
"B. Harmonization of the global, regional and national levels",
"1. National plan",
"80. Following the adoption by the Executive Board of the revised results frameworks, the tools and guidelines for country offices will be updated with a view to facilitating the link between country programmes and revised outputs and outputs. Planning meetings will be held in each region to assist regional and country offices in harmonizing programme documents and action plans with the revised strategic plan.",
"81. Country offices will be responsible for introducing in local contexts the changes described in the revised strategic plan, in collaboration with national partners. This process should be based on national ownership, needs and capacities, and result in more specific country programmes that give a rigorous priority to possible areas where UNFPA can work. It is important to note that country programmes are not expected to link with all results and outputs: rather, they would focus only on those that are relevant to specific contexts. Country programmes that contain activities outside the scope of the revised results frameworks are expected to stop such activities (although this is expected to occur gradually in order to minimize programme disruptions).",
"82. As a result of the combination of increased focus on key areas where UNFPA can be more effective and better adapted to the specificities of local contexts, country programmes are expected to diversify more, leaving aside the approach of a single formula applicable to all, where programmes try to do everything everywhere and therefore are not sufficiently based in the local context.",
"83. Implementation will also necessarily occur in a differentiated manner that depends on the involvement of countries and responds to the needs and capacities of countries. For example, the transition from the provision of things to the provision of ideas—from support to implementation to more active work at the early stages focused on policy dialogue and advocacy—will be based on local contexts. However, this participatory approach will be balanced by a greater emphasis on the use of quality control mechanisms to ensure that country offices conform to minimum standards.",
"2. Global and regional plans",
"84. In accordance with decision 2009/16, the UNFPA global and regional programme (DP/FPA/2007/19) has been extended to 2013. Following the adoption by the Executive Board of the revised results frameworks, the global and regional programme will be aligned with new results and outputs, and activities and outcomes will be developed for the period 2012-2013. UNFPA will use the experience gained in implementation to develop a new global and regional programme, which will be presented to the Board with the new strategic plan for 2014-2017.",
"3. Reorganization",
"85. The reorganization of UNFPA has just concluded physically, and the mechanisms for institutionalizing changes continue to be introduced. In addition, a reorganization evaluation is planned for 2012. Accordingly, no systematic review of reorganization was undertaken during the midterm review. The experience gained will influence how the organization addresses real-time regionalization (including through the business plan process) and will make a significant contribution to the next strategic plan.",
"C. Strengthening measurement systems",
"86. As described above, the difficulties posed by measurement systems have limited the ability to assess UNFPA progress in recent years, and internal and external reviews highlighted the importance of improving the organization ' s measurement systems. Efforts have been made for some time to improve these systems, and much emphasis has been placed on learning from the experience gained in the first years of the implementation of the strategic plan, as reflected in changes such as greater emphasis on measurability in the development of indicators. Periodic performance reviews on targets (particularly those contained in the management results framework) will allow real-time difficulties to be detected, thereby facilitating efforts to resolve problems promptly. Additional efforts are required to move forward, in particular to strengthen linkages between the national, regional and global levels, both conceptually and in relation to management information systems that allow periodic reporting on performance trends.",
"D. Development of a new strategic plan",
"87. A detailed guide will be developed and presented to the Executive Board following the completion of the midterm review process for the preparation of the next strategic plan, 2014-2017. A cumulative report on the implementation of the current plan will be presented to the Executive Board in 2013 (including the revised results framework, reorganization and the global and regional programme).",
"88. The elaboration of the next strategic plan will include topics that were raised during the mid-term review, but could not be dealt with in detail, such as all the (remaining) implications of the establishment of UN-Women for UNFPA gender work and systems for allocation and distribution of resources (which was beyond the scope of the mid-term review). As noted above, the reform activities initiated as a result of the mid-term review process will gradually occur, and will thus serve as an important basis for the next strategic plan. Finally, the mid-term review process has specified a number of lessons learned that will enable the development of stronger systems (e.g., facilitating data collection, documenting a planning and budget process where the strategic plan is more clearly located as an initial point for budget development) and will serve as a basis for the process of developing the next strategic plan.",
"VIII. Elements of a decision",
"89. The Executive Board may wish to:",
"(a) Take note of the present report on the midterm review of the UNFPA strategic plan, 2008-2013, and welcome the strategic direction presented in the report to strengthen UNFPA accountability for results and operational excellence;",
"(b) Endorsing the future directions described in the present report (DP/FPA/2011/11) and the well-defined set of outcomes and outputs as important actions that guide the achievement of the ICPD goals and contribute to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals;",
"(c) Adopt the revised development and management results frameworks and the integrated financial resources framework for 2012-2013 contained in the report (DP/FPA/2011/11) and encourage all countries to assist UNFPA in achieving the total regular and other resources planned for the period 2012-2013, including through multi-year commitments;",
"(d) Stress the importance of regular resources for the effective implementation of the strategic plan and encourage countries to increase their contributions to UNFPA regular resources;",
"(e) Request a cumulative report on the strategic plan, 2008-2013 at the annual session 2013 and the new strategic plan at the second regular session of 2013.",
"Annex I",
"Revised development results framework1",
"Of course. Number of initiatives (involved in the country) Number of persons who have received training in the field of incorporation of issues relating to the dynamics of population in national plans and programmes 750 1225 1450 2. Number of countries (and percentages) of countries where UNFPA has supported the development of national health policies and plans with integrated reproductive services (including the planning of the family) 2 Lanotation“(N=128)”reflects the fact that each indicator has a defined setup of countries that is applying: in some cases it includes all the countries in which it is possible to carry out programs of the UNFPA, as well as to say hellos. 3. Number of people in 2008 Sehafortalcido de lacapacidadnacional paraejecutar programasintegrales de serviciossprestadosporparteras 4.1 Number (ypercentage) of countries where UNFPA has developed the capacity to manage the policies on the strength of work of the midwives(N=49 countries in the World Health Strategy of Women and Children) 22(45%) 30(61%) 5. 2469%) It has increased the national capacity for prevention, treatment and social reintegration in relation to obstetrics 6.1 Number of women who have received treatment for obstetrical lafiscle supported by UNFPA 6 000 8000 10000 7. Number of staff members who have received training on the set of initial services with the support of UNFPA 3 900 4200 4500 Result3: improvement of the quality of modernization Eighty-two per cent of the total number of countries supported by UNFPA with service demining centres that have not experienced a lack of contraceptive supplies in the last six months (N=13 level countries) Number of national staff trained in logistics management with UNFPA support 225 360 450 9. %%% Number of organizations and redirected by community and supported by UNFPA share in programmes that address HIV and sexual and reproductive health needs of young people and sex workers 116 141 176 Result5: advances the equality between reproductive and reproductive rights, including through the promotion and implementation of laws and policies % of the country's work(%) Number of persons trained, supported by UNFPA, in the development of programmes to combat gender-based violence in humanitarian situations 120 500 800 13.3 Number of children Number of people trained, with the support of UNFPA, for technical assistance in design, execution and evaluation of integrated sexual education programmes 70 210 500 Results7: improvement of the availability and the analysis of the population Number of people who have received training, with the support of UNFPA, in the field of production, analysis and dissemination of decense data, and other statistics surveys, including humanitarian situations 645 1290 1935 18.",
"Annex II",
"Revised management results framework1",
"%% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %%% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %% %% %%%% %% %% %% %% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Percentage of uninstitutional dependency of UNFPA in which 90 per cent of annual workplans are implemented with implementing partners in the implementation of “good” qualifications at a minimum, according to quality control standards %% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%",
"2 Data relating to this indicator are collected only every two years, therefore there is no target for 2013.",
"[1] World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Global Monitoring Report 2011.",
"[2] Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, “Development aid reaches an historic high in 2010”, http://www.oecd.org/document/35/0,3746,en_2649_34447_47515235_1_1_1.00.html.",
"[3] This level is described as the “results”, but using strict monitoring and evaluation terminology covers both target indicators and outcome indicators. In this regard, UNFPA uses the Millennium Development Goals approach, which combines multiple levels.",
"[4] Like the Global Strategy for Women ' s and Children ' s Health and the UNAIDS Global Strategy.",
"[5] In some cases, it is not possible to set annual targets, as some important indicators — such as those for the Millennium Development Goals and the special session of the General Assembly on HIV/AIDS — cannot be measured annually.",
"[6] Metadata sheets will be available to the public on the UNFPA website.",
"[7] This indicator has been selected due to concerns raised by the current procurement time frames. Another key element of procurement efficiency — the prices obtained — has been addressed through a structural change in the approach UNFPA uses in its procurement: now the organization is systematically coordinated with other entities that acquire large amounts of reproductive health products to achieve economies of scale, thus obtaining prices that are now very competitive at the international level.",
"[8] All the figures cited in this paragraph are from the document entitled " Financial resources to contribute to the implementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development: Report of the Secretary-General " , E/CN.9/2011/5.",
"[9] The same applies to human resources and resource mobilization outputs, which might appear to be the responsibility of the Human Resources Division and the Information and External Relations Division, respectively. A key lesson in the mid-term review is that these areas should be the responsibility of staff throughout the organization, so that, for example, supervisors in regional offices take seriously unsatisfactory performance and UNFPA representatives assume responsibility for resource mobilization.",
"[10] The figures in this table are estimates and are therefore subject to change.",
"[11] This figure includes an allocation of 11.1 per cent of regular resources for global and regional programmes."
] |
[
"[]",
"Estados Unidos de América y Francia: proyecto de resolución",
"* Publicado nuevamente por razones técnicas el 23 de abril de 2013.",
"El Consejo de Seguridad,",
"Recordando sus resoluciones anteriores, en particular las resoluciones 1933 (2010), 1942 (2010), 1951 (2010), 1962 (2010), 1967 (2011), 1968 (2011), 1975 (2011), 1980 (2011), 1981 (2011) y 1992 (2011), las declaraciones de su Presidencia sobre la situación en Côte d’Ivoire y la resolución 1938 (2010), relativa a la situación en Liberia,",
"Reiterando su firme compromiso con la soberanía, la independencia, la integridad territorial y la unidad de Côte d’Ivoire, y recordando la importancia de los principios de buena vecindad, no injerencia y cooperación regional,",
"Acogiendo con beneplácito el informe del Secretario General de 24 de junio de 2011 (S/2011/387) y tomando nota de sus recomendaciones, incluidas las de la misión de evaluación enviada a Côte d’Ivoire del 1 al 14 de mayo de 2011,",
"Acogiendo con beneplácito los avances en la reinstauración de la estabilidad y la paz logrados en Côte d’Ivoire tras la investidura del Sr. Alassane Dramane Ouattara como Presidente de la República de Côte d’Ivoire el 21 de mayo de 2011,",
"Encomiando el compromiso del Presidente Ouattara de promover el diálogo, la justicia y la reconciliación y sus iniciativas en tal sentido, incluido el establecimiento de la Comisión para el Diálogo, la Verdad y la Reconciliación, y exhortando a todos los agentes de Côte d’Ivoire a que aúnen esfuerzos para lograr la estabilización y la reconstrucción del país,",
"Tomando nota de que el Fiscal de la Corte Penal Internacional ha solicitado autorización a la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares para abrir una investigación sobre los crímenes de guerra y crímenes de lesa humanidad cometidos en Côte d’Ivoire desde el 28 de noviembre de 2010, tomando como base la declaración depositada por Côte d’Ivoire en la que aceptaba la competencia de la Corte, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 12, párrafo 3, del Estatuto de Roma,",
"Tomando nota de la solicitud del Presidente Ouattara de que el Presidente de Burkina Faso, Sr. Blaise Compaoré (“el Facilitador”), siga prestando asistencia al Gobierno de Côte d’Ivoire en la ejecución de los aspectos pendientes del proceso de paz y los Acuerdos de Uagadugú,",
"Expresando su preocupación por la situación de la seguridad, que sigue siendo precaria e inestable, y recordando que el Gobierno de Côte d’Ivoire es el principal responsable de asegurar la paz, la estabilidad y la protección de la población civil en el país,",
"Tomando nota del establecimiento de las Fuerzas Republicanas de Côte d’Ivoire (FRCI) el 17 de marzo por decreto del Presidente Ouattara, en sustitución de las antiguas Fuerzas de Defensa y de Seguridad de Côte d’Ivoire (FDSCI), y destacando la necesidad de llevar a cabo un proceso inclusivo de reforma del sector de la seguridad,",
"Tomando nota de que todavía existe un alto riesgo de que se reanude el conflicto armado y se cometan nuevos ataques contra la población civil, principalmente por parte de los exsoldados de la Guardia Republicana, las milicias, los mercenarios, los presos fugados y otros elementos armados ilegales, como se señala en el informe del Secretario General (S/2011/387),",
"Recordando que las últimas elecciones legislativas tuvieron lugar el 10 de diciembre de 2000 y poniendo de relieve que la celebración de elecciones legislativas libres, limpias y dignas de crédito es fundamental para lograr la plena restauración del orden constitucional en Côte d’Ivoire, la reconciliación nacional y una gobernanza inclusiva,",
"Destacando la importancia de que la sociedad civil de Côte d’Ivoire, tanto los hombres como las mujeres, tenga una participación inclusiva en el proceso electoral y de asegurar que se protejan y respeten por igual los derechos humanos de todos los interesados en Côte d’Ivoire en lo relativo al sistema electoral, y en particular que se respete la libertad de opinión y de expresión,",
"Condenando enérgicamente las atrocidades y los graves abusos y violaciones de los derechos humanos y del derecho internacional humanitario que se produjeron durante la crisis postelectoral, incluidos los casos de ejecuciones extrajudiciales, mutilaciones, arrestos arbitrarios y secuestros de civiles, desapariciones forzadas, actos de venganza, violencia sexual y por razón de género, incluidos los cometidos contra niños, y el presunto reclutamiento y utilización de niños en el conflicto en todo el país, en particular en Abidján y la zona occidental,",
"Condenando enérgicamente también los ataques y los actos de hostigamiento cometidos contra el personal de las Naciones Unidas durante la crisis postelectoral y reiterando que tales actos constituyen violaciones del derecho internacional,",
"Destacando la importancia de investigar los presuntos casos de abusos y violaciones de los derechos humanos cometidos por todas las partes, reafirmando también que los responsables de esos abusos y violaciones, sea cual sea su afiliación, deben rendir cuentas, y acogiendo con beneplácito el compromiso del Presidente Ouattara a este respecto,",
"Tomando nota del informe (A/HRC/17/48) y de las recomendaciones de la Comisión Internacional de Investigación establecida en virtud de la resolución 16/25 (2011) del Consejo de Derechos Humanos,",
"Encomiando a la Unión Africana y a la Comunidad Económica de los Estados de África Occidental (CEDEAO) por los esfuerzos realizados durante la crisis postelectoral y alentándolas a que perseveren en su apoyo a la estabilización de la situación en Côte d’Ivoire y la ejecución de las tareas pendientes del proceso de paz,",
"Encomiando la contribución de los países que aportan contingentes y fuerzas de policía y de los donantes a la Operación de las Naciones Unidas en Côte d’Ivoire (ONUCI),",
"Recordando sus resoluciones 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) y 1960 (2010), relativas a la mujer, la paz y la seguridad, sus resoluciones 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) y 1998 (2011), relativas a los niños y los conflictos armados, y sus resoluciones 1674 (2006) y 1894 (2009), relativas a la protección de los civiles en los conflictos armados, y reiterando la función vital de la mujer en la solución de los conflictos y la consolidación de la paz y su papel fundamental en la restauración del entramado de las sociedades que se recuperan de un conflicto,",
"Habiendo determinado que la situación imperante en Côte d’Ivoire sigue constituyendo una amenaza para la paz y la seguridad internacionales en la región,",
"Actuando en virtud del Capítulo VII de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas,",
"1. Decide prorrogar el mandato de la ONUCI hasta el 31 de julio de 2012;",
"2. Decide que la dotación autorizada del componente militar de la ONUCI se mantenga en 9.792 efectivos, a saber, 9.600 soldados y oficiales de Estado Mayor, incluidos los 2.400 efectivos militares adicionales autorizados en las resoluciones 1942 (2010) y 1967 (2011), y 192 observadores militares;",
"3. Decide que la dotación autorizada del componente de policía de la ONUCI se mantenga en 1.350 efectivos, y decide además mantener los 8 funcionarios de aduanas autorizados anteriormente;",
"4. Decide autorizar un aumento del personal de policía con 205 asesores que deberán tener la preparación adecuada y ser expertos en los ámbitos especializados indicados en el informe del Secretario General, y que se integrarán en la dotación militar y policial de la Misión efectuando los ajustes necesarios sin rebasar la dotación autorizada de efectivos militares y de policía de la ONUCI;",
"5. Decide que los 2.000 efectivos militares adicionales autorizados en la resolución 1967 (2011) y los 400 efectivos militares y 100 agentes de policía adicionales autorizados en la resolución 1942 (2010) son necesarios para la estabilización de Côte d’Ivoire, incluida la creación de condiciones de seguridad favorables a la celebración de las elecciones legislativas;",
"6. Reitera que, de conformidad con lo dispuestos en el párrafo 4 de la resolución 1933 (2010) y en otras resoluciones anteriores, el Representante Especial del Secretario General se encargará de certificar que cada una de las etapas de las próximas elecciones legislativas ofrezcan todas las garantías necesarias para celebrar elecciones abiertas, libres, limpias y transparentes, con arreglo a las normas internacionales y los criterios convenidos;",
"7. Decide que la ONUCI tendrá el mandato siguiente:",
"Protección y seguridad",
"a) Protección de los civiles",
"– Proteger, sin perjuicio de la responsabilidad primordial que tienen las autoridades de Côte d’Ivoire, a la población civil frente a las amenazas inminentes de violencia física, dentro de sus posibilidades y zonas de despliegue,",
"– Revisar la estrategia integral para la protección de los civiles y coordinarla con la estrategia de las Naciones Unidas sobre protección de los civiles, en colaboración con el equipo de las Naciones Unidas en el país, para tener en cuenta las nuevas realidades sobre el terreno y las necesidades específicas de los grupos vulnerables, e incluir medidas para prevenir la violencia por razón de género, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en las resoluciones 1960 (2010) y 1882 (2009),",
"– Colaborar estrechamente con los organismos humanitarios, en particular respecto de las zonas de tensión y de regreso de los desplazados, detectar posibles amenazas contra la población civil y reunir información sobre ellas, así como información fiable sobre las violaciones del derecho internacional humanitario y las normas de derechos humanos, señalarlas a la atención de las autoridades de Côte d’Ivoire cuando proceda, y adoptar medidas apropiadas de conformidad con la estrategia de todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas sobre protección y en consonancia con la estrategia de protección de la ONUCI,",
"– Vigilar y denunciar las violaciones y los abusos cometidos contra las poblaciones vulnerables, incluidos los niños, en consonancia con las resoluciones 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) y 1998 (2011), y contribuir a los esfuerzos que se hagan para prevenir esas violaciones y abusos,",
"b) Amenazas en materia de seguridad y problemas relacionados con las fronteras que aún persisten",
"– Continuar apoyando, dentro de sus facultades, posibilidades y zonas de despliegue, a las autoridades nacionales para estabilizar la situación de la seguridad en el país,",
"– Seguir vigilando e impidiendo las actividades de las milicias, los mercenarios y otros grupos armados ilegales con arreglo a su mandato actual de proteger a los civiles, e informar periódicamente al Consejo sobre las novedades a este respecto,",
"– Ayudar al Gobierno a vigilar y controlar los problemas de seguridad transfronteriza y otros problemas que se produzcan a lo largo de sus fronteras y en las zonas fronterizas, especialmente en la frontera con Liberia, prestando particular atención a los movimientos transfronterizos de elementos armados y armas y, a tal fin, trabajar en estrecha coordinación con la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Liberia (UNMIL) para fomentar la cooperación entre misiones, con actividades como la realización conjunta de patrullas y planes para imprevistos, según proceda, dentro de sus mandatos y posibilidades,",
"– Hacer de enlace con las FRCI para promover la confianza mutua entre todos los elementos que las integran,",
"– Contribuir, en coordinación con el Gobierno, a la seguridad de los miembros del Gobierno de Côte d’Ivoire y los principales interlocutores políticos, incluso en el contexto de los preparativos y la celebración de las próximas elecciones legislativas,",
"c) Vigilancia del embargo de armas",
"– Vigilar, en cooperación con el Grupo de Expertos establecido en virtud de la resolución 1584 (2005), la aplicación de las medidas impuestas por el párrafo 7 de la resolución 1572 (2004), incluso inspeccionando, si lo consideran necesario y cuando proceda sin aviso previo, todas las armas, municiones y materiales conexos independientemente de su ubicación, de conformidad con la resolución 1980 (2011),",
"– Recoger, según proceda, las armas y cualquier material conexo que se hayan introducido en Côte d’Ivoire contraviniendo las medidas impuestas por el párrafo 7 de la resolución 1572 (2004), y disponer adecuadamente de dichas armas y materiales,",
"d) Recogida de armas",
"– Seguir prestando asistencia a las autoridades nacionales, incluida la Comisión Nacional de Lucha contra la Proliferación y el Tráfico Ilícito de Armas Pequeñas y Armas Ligeras, para recoger las armas, registrarlas, almacenarlas en lugar seguro y disponer de ellas debidamente y para retirar los restos explosivos de guerra, según proceda, de conformidad con la resolución 1980 (2011),",
"– Prestar apoyo al Gobierno, en coordinación con otros asociados, para formular y poner en marcha programas comunitarios de recogida de armas, que deben vincularse con las iniciativas de reducción de la violencia y de reconciliación en las comunidades,",
"– Coordinar con el Gobierno para asegurar que las armas recogidas no se distribuyan ni reutilicen al margen de la estrategia integral de seguridad nacional que se menciona en el apartado f),",
"e) Programa de desarme, desmovilización y reintegración",
"– Ayudar al Gobierno, en estrecha coordinación con otros asociados internacionales y bilaterales, a formular y poner en marcha sin demora un nuevo programa nacional para el desarme, la desmovilización y la reintegración de los combatientes y el desmantelamiento de las milicias y los grupos de autodefensa que incluya criterios individuales claros y se adapte al nuevo contexto, teniendo en cuenta los derechos y las necesidades de las diferentes categorías de personas que habrá que desarmar, desmovilizar y reintegrar, incluidos los niños y las mujeres,",
"– Seguir apoyando el proceso de registro y verificación de antecedentes de los excombatientes,",
"– Apoyar el desarme y la repatriación de los elementos armados extranjeros, cuando proceda en cooperación con la UNMIL y los equipos de las Naciones Unidas en los países de la región,",
"f) Reconstitución y reforma de los cuerpos de seguridad y las instituciones del estado de derecho",
"– Ayudar al Gobierno a llevar a cabo, sin demora y en estrecha coordinación con otros asociados internacionales, un examen de todo el sector de las instituciones de seguridad y a formular una estrategia integral de seguridad nacional y planes para su reforma, teniendo en cuenta también el programa nacional de desarme, desmovilización y reintegración,",
"– Bajo el liderazgo del Gobierno de Côte d’Ivoire y en estrecha cooperación con los interesados internacionales, apoyar la coordinación, transparencia y armonización efectivas de las actividades, y una clara división de las tareas y responsabilidades, entre todos los asociados internacionales que prestan asistencia al proceso de reforma del sector de la seguridad, e informar al Consejo, cuando proceda, sobre la evolución del proceso de reforma del sector de la seguridad,",
"– Asesorar al Gobierno de Côte d’Ivoire, según proceda, sobre la reforma del sector de la seguridad y la organización del futuro ejército nacional, facilitar, sin exceder sus recursos actuales, a solicitud del Gobierno y en estrecha coordinación con otros asociados internacionales, la impartición de capacitación sobre derechos humanos, protección de los niños y protección contra la violencia sexual y por razón de género a las instituciones de seguridad y de aplicación de la ley, así como el apoyo al desarrollo de su capacidad mediante programas de asistencia técnica, ubicación conjunta y orientación para la policía, la gendarmería y los funcionarios de los sistemas judiciales y penitenciarios, y contribuir a restablecer su presencia en todo el territorio de Côte d’Ivoire y prestar apoyo en relación con el establecimiento de un mecanismo sostenible de investigación de antecedentes del personal que se incorporará en las instituciones del sector de la seguridad,",
"– Apoyar al Gobierno en la elaboración y aplicación de una estrategia nacional para el sector de la justicia, así como en la formulación y ejecución de un programa plurianual conjunto de las Naciones Unidas para brindar apoyo a la justicia a fin de desarrollar el cuerpo de policía, el sistema judicial, los centros penitenciarios y el acceso a la justicia en Côte d’Ivoire, así como la rehabilitación inicial de emergencia de la infraestructura pertinente y el suministro de equipo, sin exceder los recursos existentes y en coordinación con los asociados internacionales,",
"– Apoyar, sin exceder sus recursos actuales y en colaboración con todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas, la reconciliación, incluido el establecimiento y funcionamiento de mecanismos para prevenir, mitigar o resolver los conflictos, en particular a nivel local, así como para fomentar la cohesión social,",
"g) Apoyo a los esfuerzos por promover y proteger los derechos humanos",
"– Contribuir a la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos en Côte d’Ivoire, prestando especial atención a las violaciones y los abusos graves cometidos contra niños y mujeres, particularmente los actos de violencia sexual y violencia por razón de género, en estrecha coordinación con el experto independiente cuyo mandato se establece en la resolución A/HRC/17/27 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos,",
"– Vigilar y ayudar a investigar las violaciones de los derechos humanos y del derecho internacional humanitario, e informar públicamente y al Consejo a ese respecto, con miras a prevenir dichas violaciones, establecer un entorno de protección y poner fin a la impunidad y, con ese fin, fortalecer su capacidad de vigilancia, investigación y presentación de informes en materia de derechos humanos,",
"– Señalar a la atención del Consejo a todas las personas identificadas como autoras de graves violaciones de los derechos humanos, y mantener al Comité establecido en virtud de la resolución 1572 (2004) periódicamente informado de las novedades al respecto,",
"– Apoyar los esfuerzos del Gobierno de Côte d’Ivoire por combatir la violencia sexual y por razón de género, incluso contribuyendo a la elaboración de una estrategia multisectorial bajo control nacional en cooperación con las entidades que integran la Campaña de las Naciones Unidas contra la Violencia Sexual en los Conflictos, nombrar asesores sobre protección de las mujeres y asegurar la disponibilidad de expertos y capacitación en cuestiones de género, según proceda y sin exceder los recursos existentes, de conformidad con las resoluciones 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) y 1960 (2010),",
"h) Apoyo a la asistencia humanitaria",
"– Continuar facilitando el acceso humanitario sin trabas y ayudar a reforzar la prestación de asistencia humanitaria a las poblaciones vulnerables y afectadas por conflictos, especialmente contribuyendo a mejorar las condiciones de seguridad para prestar dicha asistencia,",
"– Ayudar a las autoridades de Côte d’Ivoire a preparar el regreso voluntario, sin peligro y sostenible de los refugiados y los desplazados en cooperación con las organizaciones humanitarias pertinentes, y crear condiciones de seguridad propicias para dicho regreso,",
"Proceso de paz y proceso electoral",
"i) Apoyo a la organización y celebración oportuna de elecciones legislativas abiertas, libres, limpias y transparentes",
"– Promover un proceso político inclusivo y apoyar la creación de un entorno político propicio para las próximas elecciones, incluso en coordinación con las iniciativas emprendidas por la CEDEAO y la Unión Africana,",
"– Apoyar la organización y celebración oportuna de elecciones legislativas abiertas, libres, limpias y transparentes, prestar la asistencia logística y técnica apropiada y ayudar al gobierno a instaurar mecanismos de seguridad eficaces,",
"– Prestar apoyo técnico y logístico para ayudar a la Comisión Electoral Independiente a terminar las tareas pendientes antes de la celebración de las elecciones legislativas y facilitar, según sea necesario, las consultas entre todos los interlocutores políticos, así como con la Comisión Electoral Independiente con ese fin,",
"– Asumir la coordinación de los observadores internacionales y contribuir a su seguridad, dentro de sus posibilidades y sus zonas de despliegue,",
"– Prestar al Representante Especial del Secretario General la asistencia necesaria para cumplir su función de certificación de las elecciones legislativas de conformidad con el párrafo 6 de la presente resolución, teniendo en cuenta la especificidad de las elecciones legislativas,",
"j) Información pública",
"– Continuar vigilando de cercar los medios de comunicación de Côte d’Ivoire y seguir facilitando la prestación de asistencia, según proceda, a los órganos encargados de dichos medios y de su regulación, con arreglo a su mandato,",
"– Continuar utilizando la capacidad de difusión de la ONUCI, mediante ONUCI FM, para contribuir a los esfuerzos generales por crear un entorno pacífico, incluso con miras a las elecciones legislativas,",
"– Alentar a los medios de difusión y los principales agentes políticos de Côte d’Ivoire a que apliquen plenamente el Código de Buena Conducta para las elecciones que los partidos de Côte d’Ivoire firmaron bajo los auspicios del Secretario General, así como a que firmen y cumplan el Código de Buena Conducta para los medios de difusión,",
"– Vigilar cualquier incidente público de instigación al odio, la intolerancia y la violencia, señalar a la atención del Consejo a todas las personas identificadas como instigadoras de la violencia política y mantener al Comité establecido en virtud de la resolución 1572 (2004) periódicamente informado de las novedades al respecto,",
"k) Restablecimiento de la administración del Estado y ampliación de su autoridad a todo el país",
"– Ayudar a las autoridades de Côte d’Ivoire a ampliar y restablecer la administración efectiva del Estado y fortalecer la administración pública en los ámbitos clave en todo el país, a nivel nacional y local, así como a ejecutar los aspectos pendientes de los Acuerdos de Uagadugú en lo que respecta a la reunificación del país,",
"l) Facilitación",
"– Coordinar con el Facilitador y su Representante Especial en Abidján para ayudar al Gobierno a ejecutar las tareas pendientes del proceso de paz, según sea necesario y con los medios disponibles, incluso prestando apoyo logístico a la oficina del Representante Especial según proceda,",
"m) Protección del personal de las Naciones Unidas",
"– Proteger al personal, las instalaciones y el equipo de las Naciones Unidas y garantizar la seguridad y libertad de circulación del personal de las Naciones Unidas,",
"8. Decide mantener la autorización otorgada a la ONUCI para que utilice todos los medios necesarios a fin de cumplir su mandato, dentro de sus posibilidades y sus zonas de despliegue, de conformidad con las resoluciones 1933 (2010) y 1962 (2010);",
"9. Acoge con beneplácito el establecimiento de la Comisión para el Diálogo, la Verdad y la Reconciliación por decreto del Presidente Ouattara el 13 de mayo de 2011, alienta al Gobierno a velar por que la Comisión esté plenamente operativa lo antes posible, y exhorta además al sistema de las Naciones Unidas a que apoye su labor con miras a asegurar que funcione conforme a las obligaciones internacionales de Côte d’Ivoire;",
"10. Exhorta al Gobierno a que adopte las medidas necesarias para restablecer y reforzar las instituciones pertinentes, incluidas las instituciones judiciales, la policía y los servicios penitenciarios, y a que garantice además la protección efectiva de los derechos humanos y la rendición de cuentas de todos los autores de violaciones y abusos contra los derechos humanos en Côte d’Ivoire;",
"11. Exhorta al Gobierno a velar por que las condiciones de protección y detención del expresidente Gbagbo, su esposa, los exfuncionarios y demás detenidos estén en consonancia con las obligaciones internacionales, incluso en lo que respecta al acceso de las organizaciones competentes que tienen el mandato de supervisar los centros de detención, y a que lleve a cabo sus procesamientos y juicios de conformidad con las obligaciones internacionales relativas a las garantías procesales y al derecho a un juicio imparcial;",
"12. Exhorta a la ONUCI a que, cuando sea compatible con sus competencias y responsabilidades actuales, apoye las iniciativas nacionales e internacionales para llevar ante la justicia a los autores de graves violaciones de los derechos humanos y del derecho internacional humanitario en Côte d’Ivoire;",
"13. Insta a todas las partes a que cooperen plenamente con las operaciones de la ONUCI y las fuerzas francesas que la respaldan, en particular garantizando su protección, seguridad y libertad de circulación, con acceso irrestricto e inmediato en todo el territorio de Côte d’Ivoire, a fin de que puedan cumplir plenamente sus mandatos;",
"14. Exhorta al equipo de las Naciones Unidas en el país a que contribuya a planificar y ejecutar microproyectos, en consulta con el Gobierno y en estrecha colaboración con el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y los asociados internacionales interesados, para proporcionar medios de vida sostenibles alternativos a algunos excombatientes, como parte del componente de reintegración socioeconómica del programa nacional de desarme, desmovilización y reintegración;",
"15. Alienta a la CEDEAO a que formule, con el apoyo de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para África Occidental (UNOWA), una estrategia subregional para hacer frente a la amenaza que representa la circulación transfronteriza de grupos armados y armas, así como el tráfico ilícito, con la asistencia de la ONUCI y la UNMIL, según proceda;",
"16. Exhorta al Gobierno y a todos los asociados internacionales, incluidas las empresas privadas, que prestan asistencia al Gobierno en la reforma del sector de la seguridad, a que cumplan las disposiciones de la resolución 1980 (2011) y coordinen sus esfuerzos con miras a promover la transparencia y una clara división del trabajo entre todos los asociados internacionales;",
"17. Decide prorrogar hasta el 31 de julio de 2012 la autorización otorgada a las fuerzas francesas para respaldar a la ONUCI, dentro de los límites de su despliegue y sus posibilidades;",
"18. Solicita al Secretario General que le presente un informe de mitad de período a más tardar el 31 de diciembre de 2012, y un informe final a más tardar el 30 de junio de 2012, acerca de la situación sobre el terreno y la aplicación de la presente resolución, y solicita además al Secretario General que periódicamente le presente informes orales escritos sobre los acontecimientos importantes del proceso electoral, incluido el apoyo de la ONUCI a este proceso;",
"19. Solicita al Secretario General que le presente, en el contexto del informe de mitad de período mencionado en el párrafo 18 o en un informe especial, a más tardar el 31 de marzo de 2012, teniendo en cuenta la celebración de las próximas elecciones legislativas, así como los problemas de seguridad existentes y los avances en la reconstrucción de las capacidades nacionales, recomendaciones sobre posibles ajustes en la estructura y la dotación de la ONUCI;",
"20. Decide seguir ocupándose de la cuestión."
] | [
"France and United States of America: draft resolution",
"[]",
"* Reissued for technical reasons on 23 April 2013.",
"The Security Council,",
"Recalling its previous resolutions, in particular resolutions 1933 (2010), 1942 (2010), 1951 (2010), 1962 (2010), 1967 (2011), 1968 (2011), 1975 (2011), 1980 (2011), 1981 (2011), and 1992 (2011) and the statements of its President relating to the situation in Côte d’Ivoire, and resolution 1938 (2010) on the situation in Liberia,",
"Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and unity of Côte d’Ivoire, and recalling the importance of the principles of good-neighbourliness, non-interference and regional cooperation,",
"Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General of 24 June 2011 (S/2011/387) and taking note of its recommendations, including of the assessment mission that deployed to Côte d’Ivoire from 1 to 14 May 2011,",
"Welcoming the progress towards restoring stability and peace in Côte d’Ivoire following the inauguration of Alassane Dramane Ouattara as President of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire on 21 May 2011,",
"Commending President Ouattara’s commitment and initiatives to promote dialogue, justice and reconciliation, including the establishment of the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and calling upon all the Ivorian actors to work together in their efforts for the stabilization and reconstruction of the country,",
"Taking note that the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court has requested authorisation from the Pre-Trial Chamber to open an investigation into war crimes and crimes against Humanity in Côte d’Ivoire since 28 November 2010, on the basis of the declaration lodged by Côte d’Ivoire accepting the jurisdiction of the Court, pursuant to article 12, paragraph 3, of the Rome Statute,",
"Taking note of President Ouattara’s request that President Blaise Compaoré of Burkina Faso (“The Facilitator”), continue to assist the Ivorian Government in implementing the unfinished aspects of the peace process and Ouagadougou Agreements,",
"Expressing its concern about the continuing precarious and volatile security situation and recalling that the Ivorian Government bears primary responsibility for ensuring peace, stability and the protection of the civilian population in Côte d’Ivoire,",
"Taking note of the establishment of the Forces républicaines de Côte d’Ivoire (FRCI) by a decree issued by President Ouattara on 17 March, replacing the former Forces de sécurité et de défense de Côte d’Ivoire (FDSCI), ), and stressing the need for an inclusive process of security sector reform,",
"Taking note of the remaining high risk of a relapse into renewed armed conflict and attacks against the civilian population, notably by ex-Republican Guards soldiers, militias, mercenaries, escaped prisoners and other illegal armed elements as referred to in the report of the Secretary General (S/2011/387),",
"Recalling that the last legislative elections were held on 10 December 2000 and emphasizing that the holding of credible, free and fair legislative elections is critical for the full restoration of constitutional order in Côte d’Ivoire, national reconciliation and inclusive governance,",
"Stressing the importance of an inclusive participation of the Ivorian civil society, men and women alike, in the electoral process, and of ensuring the equal protection of and respect for human rights of all Ivorian stakeholders as they relate to the electoral system, and in particular respect for freedom of opinion and expression,",
"Strongly condemning the atrocities, serious human rights abuses and violations as well as violations of international humanitarian law that occurred throughout the post-elections crisis, including extrajudicial killing, maiming, arbitrary arrest and abduction of civilians, enforced disappearances, acts of revenges, sexual and gender-based violence, including against children, and the alleged recruitment and use of children in the conflict throughout the country and particularly in Abidjan and the west,",
"Strongly condemning also the attacks and harassment against United Nations Personnel that occurred during the post-electoral crisis and reiterating that these acts constitute violations of international law,",
"Stressing the importance to investigate alleged human right abuses and violations committed by all parties, further reaffirming that those responsible for such abuses and violations, regardless of their affiliation, must be held accountable, and welcoming President Ouattara’s commitment in this regard,",
"Taking note of the report (A/HRC/17/48) and recommendations of the International Commission of Inquiry established by resolution 16/25 (2011) of the Human Rights Council,",
"Commending the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) for their efforts during the post-elections crisis and encouraging them to remain committed in support of the stabilization of the situation in Côte d’Ivoire and the implementation of the outstanding tasks of the peace process,",
"Commending the contribution of troop- and police-contributing countries and donors to United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI),",
"Recalling its resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009), and 1960 (2010) on women, peace and security, its resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009), and 1998 (2011) on children and armed conflict, and its resolutions 1674 (2006) and 1894 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflicts, and reiterating the vital role of women in conflict resolution and peacebuilding and their key role in re-establishing the fabric of societies recovering from conflict,",
"Determining that the situation in Côte d’Ivoire continues to pose a threat to international peace and security in the region,",
"Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,",
"1. Decides to extend the mandate of UNOCI until 31 July 2012;",
"2. Decides that the authorized strength of UNOCI’s military component shall remain at 9,792 personnel, comprising of 9,600 troops and staff officers, including 2,400 additional troops authorized by resolutions 1942 (2010) and 1967 (2011), and 192 military observers;",
"3. Decides that the authorized strength of UNOCI’s police component shall remain at 1,350 personnel, and decides further to maintain the 8 customs officers previously authorized;",
"4. Decides to authorize an increase of the individual police personnel by 205 advisors, with the appropriate skills, who should be experts in the specialized areas identified in the Secretary-General’s report, to be accommodated through appropriate adjustments to the military and police strength of the Mission, within the authorized strength of military and police personnel of UNOCI;",
"5. Decides that the additional 2,000 troops authorized by resolution 1967 (2011) and the additional 400 troops and 100 police authorized by resolution 1942 (2010) are necessary for the stabilization of Côte d’Ivoire, including the establishment of a security environment conducive to the legislative elections;",
"6. Reiterates that, pursuant to paragraph 4 of resolution 1933 (2010) and previous resolutions, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General shall certify that all stages of the upcoming legislative elections provide all the necessary guarantees for open, free, fair and transparent elections, in accordance with international standards and the agreed criteria;",
"7. Decides that UNOCI shall have the following mandate:",
"Protection and security",
"(a) Protection of civilians",
"– To protect, without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Ivorian authorities, the civilian population from imminent threat of physical violence, within its capabilities and areas of deployment,",
"– To revise the comprehensive strategy for the protection of civilians and to coordinate with the United Nations protection of civilians strategy in liaison with the United Nations country team, to take into account the new realities on the ground and the specific needs of vulnerable groups, and to include measures to prevent gender-based violence pursuant to resolution 1960 (2010) and resolution 1882 (2009),",
"– To work closely with humanitarian agencies, particularly in relation to areas of tensions and of return of displaced persons, to collect information on and identify potential threats against the civilian population, as well as reliable information on violations of international humanitarian and human rights law, bring them to the attention of the Ivorian authorities as appropriate, and to take appropriate action in accordance with the United Nations system wide protection strategy in harmonization with UNOCI’s protection strategy,",
"– To monitor and report on violations and abuses against vulnerable populations, including children in line with resolution 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011) and contribute to efforts to prevent such violations and abuses,",
"(b) Address remaining security threats and border-related challenges",
"– To continue to support, within its existing authorities, capabilities, and its areas of deployment, the national authorities in stabilizing the security situation in the country,",
"– To continue to monitor and deter the activities of militias, mercenaries and other illegal armed groups consistent within its existing mandate to protect civilians, and to keep the Council regularly informed of developments in this regard,",
"– To support the Government in monitoring and addressing cross-border security and other challenges along its borders and in border areas, notably with Liberia, with particular attention to the cross-border movement of armed elements and weapons and, to this end, to coordinate closely with the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) with a view to further inter-mission cooperation, such as undertaking joint patrols and contingency planning where appropriate and within their mandates and capabilities,",
"– To liaise with the FRCI in order to promote mutual trust among all elements composing the FRCI,",
"– To support, in coordination with the Government, the provision of security for members of the Government of Côte d’Ivoire and key political stakeholders, including in view of the preparation and the holding of the upcoming legislative elections,",
"(c) Monitoring of the arms embargo",
"– To monitor the implementation of the measures imposed by paragraph 7 of resolution 1572 (2004), in cooperation with the Group of Experts established under resolution 1584 (2005), including by inspecting, as they deem it necessary and when appropriate without notice, all weapons, ammunition and related materiel regardless of location, consistent with its resolution 1980 (2011),",
"– To collect, as appropriate, arms and any related materiel brought into Côte d’Ivoire in violation of the measures imposed by paragraph 7 of resolution 1572 (2004), and to dispose of such arms and related materiel as appropriate,",
"(d) Collection of weapons",
"– To continue to assist the national authorities, including the National Commission to fight against the Proliferation and Illicit Traffic of Small Arms and Light Weapons, in collecting, registering, securing and disposing of weapons and in clearing explosive remnants of war, as appropriate, in accordance with resolution 1980 (2011),",
"– To support the Government in coordination with other partners to develop and implement community weapons collection programs, which should be linked to community violence reduction and reconciliation,",
"– To coordinate, with the Government in ensuring that the collected weapons are not disseminated or re-utilized outside a comprehensive national security strategy, as referred to in point (f) below,",
"(e) Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme (DDR)",
"– To assist the Government, in close coordination with other international and bilateral partners, in developing and implementing without delay a new national programme for the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of combatants and dismantling of militias and self-defence groups, that includes clear individual criteria and is tailored to the new context, taking into account the rights and needs of the different categories of persons to be disarmed, demobilized and reintegrated, including children and women,",
"– To continue to support the registration and screening of former combatants,",
"– To support the disarmament and repatriation of foreign armed elements, where relevant in cooperation with UNMIL and United Nations country teams in the region,",
"(f) Reconstitution and reform of security and rule of law institutions",
"– To assist the Government in conducting, without delay and in close coordination with other international partners, a sector-wide review of the security institutions and in developing a comprehensive national security strategy and plans for their reform, taking also into account the national DDR programme,",
"– Under the leadership of the Ivorian Government and in close cooperation with international stakeholders, to support effective coordination, transparency and harmonization of efforts, as well as a clear division of tasks and responsibilities, by all international partners involved in assisting the security sector reform (SSR) process, and to report to the Council, when appropriate, on developments in the SSR process,",
"– To advise the Government of Côte d’Ivoire, as appropriate, on security sector reform and the organization of the future National Army, to facilitate the provision of, within its current resources, as requested by the Government and in close coordination with other international partners, training in human rights, child protection and protection from sexual- and gender-based violence to the security and law enforcement institutions, as well as support for capacity development through technical assistance, co-location and mentoring programmes for the police, gendarmerie, justice and corrections officers and to contribute to restoring their presence throughout Côte d’Ivoire and to offer support with regard to the development of a sustainable vetting mechanism for personnel that will be absorbed in security sector institutions,",
"– To support the Government’s development and implementation of a national justice sector strategy as well as the development and implementation of a multi-year joint United Nations justice support programme in order to develop the police, judiciary, prisons and access to justice in Côte d’Ivoire, as well as the initial emergency rehabilitation of relevant infrastructure and the provision of equipment, within existing resources and in coordination with international partners,",
"– To support, within its current resources and in collaboration with the broader United Nations system, reconciliation, including the establishment and functioning of mechanisms to prevent, mitigate or resolve conflict, in particular at the local level, as well as to foster social cohesion,",
"(g) Support for efforts to promote and protect human rights",
"– To contribute to the promotion and protection of human rights in Côte d’Ivoire, with special attention to grave violations and abuses committed against children and women, notably sexual and gender-based violence, in close coordination with the Independent Expert established under the Human Rights Council’s resolution A/HRC/17/27,",
"– To monitor, help investigate, and report publicly and to the Council, on human rights and humanitarian law violations with a view to preventing violations, developing a protecting environment and ending impunity, and, to this end, to strengthen its human rights monitoring, investigation and reporting capacity,",
"– To bring to the attention of the Council all individuals identified as perpetrators of serious human rights violations and to keep the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572 (2004) regularly informed of developments in this regard,",
"– To support the efforts of the Ivorian Government in combating sexual and gender-based violence, including through contributing to the development of a nationally owned multisectoral strategy in cooperation with UN Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict entities, to appoint Women Protection Advisers and to ensure gender expertise and training, as appropriate and from within existing resources, in accordance with resolutions 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010),",
"(h) Support humanitarian assistance",
"– To continue to facilitate unhindered humanitarian access and to help strengthening the delivery of humanitarian assistance to conflict-affected and vulnerable populations, notably by contributing to enhance security conducive to this delivery,",
"– To support the Ivorian authorities in preparing for the voluntary, safe and sustainable return of refugees and displaced persons in cooperation with relevant humanitarian organizations, and in creating security conditions conducive to it,",
"Peace and electoral process",
"(i) Support for the organization and conduct of open, timely, free, fair and transparent legislative elections,",
"– To promote an inclusive political process and support the creation of a political environment conducive to the upcoming elections, including in coordination with efforts undertaken by ECOWAS and the African Union,",
"– To support the organization and conduct of open, free, fair and transparent legislative elections, provide appropriate logistical and technical assistance and assist the Government to put in place effective security arrangements,",
"– To provide technical and logistical support to assist the Independent Electoral Commission in completing outstanding tasks prior to the holding of the legislative elections and to facilitate, as required, consultations between all political stakeholders as well as with the Independent Electoral Commission to this end,",
"– To undertake the coordination of international observers and to contribute to their security, within its capabilities and areas of deployment,",
"– To provide the Special Representative of the Secretary-General the necessary assistance to fulfil his role of certifying the legislative elections consistent with paragraph 6 above, taking into account the specificity of legislative elections,",
"(j) Public information",
"– To continue to closely monitor the Ivorian media and continue to facilitate providing assistance, as appropriate, to media and regulatory bodies, consistent with its mandate,",
"– To continue to use UNOCI’s broadcasting capacity, through ONUCI FM, to contribute to the overall effort to create a peaceful environment, including for the legislative elections,",
"– To encourage the Ivorian mass media and the main political actors to fully implement the Code of Good Conduct for elections that the Ivorian parties have signed under the auspices of the Secretary-General as well as to sign up and adhere to the Code of Good Conduct for the media,",
"– To monitor any public incidents of incitement to hatred, intolerance and violence, and bring to the attention of the Council all individuals identified as instigators of political violence, and to keep the Committee established under resolution 1572 (2004) regularly informed of developments in this regard,",
"(k) Redeployment of State administration and the extension of State authority throughout the country",
"– To support the Ivorian authorities to extend and re-establish effective State administration and strengthen public administration in key areas throughout the country, at the national and local levels, as well as the implementation of the unfinished aspects of the Ouagadougou Agreements as they relate to the reunification of the country,",
"(l) Facilitation",
"– To coordinate with the Facilitator and his Special Representative in Abidjan, to assist the Government in the implementation of the outstanding tasks of the peace process, as needed and within available means, including by providing logistical support to the office of the Special Representative as appropriate,",
"(m) Protection of United Nations personnel",
"– To protect United Nations personnel, installations and equipment, and ensure the security and freedom of movement of United Nations personnel,",
"8. Decides to continue its authorization given to UNOCI to use all necessary means to carry out its mandate, within its capabilities and its areas of deployment, pursuant to resolutions 1933 (2010) and 1962 (2010);",
"9. Welcomes the establishment of the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission by a decree issued by President Ouattara on 13 May 2011, encourages the Government to ensure that the Commission becomes fully operational as soon as possible, and further calls upon the United Nations system to support its work, with a view to ensuring that it will function in a manner consistent with Côte d’Ivoire’s international obligations;",
"10. Calls upon the Government to take the necessary steps to re-establish and reinforce relevant institutions, including the judiciary, police and corrections services, and further to ensure the effective protection of human rights and accountability for all perpetrators of human rights violations and abuses in Côte d’Ivoire;",
"11. Calls upon the Government to ensure that the conditions of protection and detention of former President Gbagbo, his wife, former officials and any other detainees are in line with international obligations, including with regard to access by relevant organizations with a mandate to monitor detention centres, and fulfil their prosecutions and trials in accordance with international obligations relating to due process and fair trial requirements;",
"12. Calls upon UNOCI, where consistent with its existing authorities and responsibilities, to support national and international efforts to bring to justice perpetrators of grave violations of human rights and international humanitarian law in Côte d’Ivoire;",
"13. Urges all parties to cooperate fully with the operations of UNOCI and of the French Forces, which support it, in particular by ensuring their safety, security and freedom of movement with unhindered and immediate access throughout the territory of Côte d’Ivoire to enable them to fully carry out their mandates;",
"14. Calls upon the United Nations Country Team to contribute to the planning and the implementation of microprojects, in consultation with the Government and close collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and interested international partners, to provide sustainable alternative livelihoods for some former combatants, as part of the socio-economic reintegration component of the national DDR programme;",
"15. Encourages ECOWAS to develop, with the support of the United Nations Office for West Africa (UNOWA), a subregional strategy to address the threat of the cross-border movements of armed groups and weapons as well as illicit trafficking, with the assistance of UNOCI and UNMIL, as appropriate;",
"16. Calls upon the Government and all international partners, including private companies, involved in assisting the Government in the reform of the security sector, to comply with the provisions of resolution 1980 (2011) and to coordinate their efforts with a view to promoting transparency and a clear division of labour among all international partners;",
"17. Decides to extend until 31 July 2012 the authorization that the Security Council provided to the French Forces in order to support UNOCI, within the limits of their deployment and their capabilities;",
"18. Requests the Secretary-General to provide to it a midterm report no later than 31 December 2011 and a final report no later than 30 June 2012 on the situation on the ground and the implementation of this resolution, and further requests the Secretary-General to regularly brief and inform it on the significant events of the electoral process, including on UNOCI’s support to this process;",
"19. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to it, through the midterm report referred to in paragraph 18 above or through a special report no later than 31 March 2012, taking into account the holding of the upcoming legislative elections as well as the prevailing security challenges and progress in rebuilding national capacities, recommendations on possible adjustments in UNOCI’s structure and strength;",
"20. Decides to remain seized of the matter."
] | S_2011_458 | [
"[]",
"France and the United States of America: draft resolution",
"♪ Reissued for technical reasons on April 23, 2013.",
"The Security Council,",
"Recalling its previous resolutions, in particular resolutions 1933 (2010), 1942 (2010), 1951 (2010), 1962 (2010), 1967 (2011), 1968 (2011), 1975 (2011), 1980 (2011), 1981 (2011) and 1992 (2011), the statements of its Chair on the situation in Côte d’Ivoire and resolution 1938 (2010) on the situation in Liberia,",
"Reiterating its firm commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and unity of Côte d’Ivoire, and recalling the importance of the principles of good-neighbourliness, non-interference and regional cooperation,",
"Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General of 24 June 2011 (S/2011/387) and taking note of its recommendations, including those of the assessment mission sent to Côte d’Ivoire from 1 to 14 May 2011,",
"Welcoming the progress made in re-establishing stability and peace in Côte d ' Ivoire following Mr. Alassane Dramane Ouattara as President of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire on 21 May 2011,",
"Commending President Ouattara ' s commitment to promoting dialogue, justice and reconciliation and its initiatives in this regard, including the establishment of the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and calling upon all Ivorian actors to join efforts to achieve the stabilization and reconstruction of the country,",
"Noting that the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court has requested authorization from the Pre-Trial Chamber to open an investigation into war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Côte d’Ivoire since 28 November 2010, on the basis of the statement deposited by Côte d’Ivoire accepting the jurisdiction of the Court, in accordance with article 12, paragraph 3, of the Rome Statute,",
"Taking note of the request of President Ouattara that the President of Burkina Faso, Mr. Blaise Compaoré (“the Facilitator”), continue to assist the Government of Côte d’Ivoire in the implementation of the outstanding aspects of the peace process and the Ouagadougou Agreements,",
"Expressing its concern at the security situation, which remains precarious and unstable, and recalling that the Government of Côte d’Ivoire is the primary responsibility for ensuring peace, stability and protection of the civilian population in the country,",
"Noting the establishment of the Ivorian Republican Forces (FRCI) on 17 March by decree of President Ouattara, replacing the former Ivorian Defence and Security Forces (FDSCI), and stressing the need for an inclusive process of security sector reform,",
"Noting that there is still a high risk of renewed armed conflict and further attacks on the civilian population, mainly by former Republican Guard soldiers, militias, mercenaries, escaped prisoners and other illegal armed elements, as noted in the report of the Secretary-General (S/2011/387),",
"Recalling that the latest legislative elections took place on 10 December 2000 and emphasizing that the holding of free, fair and credible legislative elections is essential for the full restoration of constitutional order in Côte d’Ivoire, national reconciliation and inclusive governance,",
"Stressing the importance of the participation of civil society in Côte d’Ivoire, both men and women, in the electoral process and of ensuring equal protection and respect for the human rights of all stakeholders in Côte d’Ivoire with regard to the electoral system, and in particular respect for freedom of opinion and expression,",
"Strongly condemning the atrocities and serious abuses and violations of human rights and international humanitarian law that occurred during the post-electoral crisis, including cases of extrajudicial killings, mutilation, arbitrary arrests and abductions of civilians, enforced disappearances, revenge, sexual and gender-based violence, including those committed against children, and the alleged recruitment and use of children in the conflict throughout the country, in particular in Western Aján,",
"Strongly condemning also the attacks and acts of harassment against United Nations personnel during the post-electoral crisis and reiterating that such acts constitute violations of international law,",
"Stressing the importance of investigating alleged cases of human rights abuses and violations committed by all parties, also reaffirming that those responsible for such abuses and violations, regardless of their affiliation, should be held accountable, and welcoming President Ouattara ' s commitment in this regard,",
"Taking note of the report (A/HRC/17/48) and the recommendations of the International Commission of Inquiry established pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 16/25 (2011),",
"Commending the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) for their efforts during the post-electoral crisis and encouraging them to continue to support the stabilization of the situation in Côte d’Ivoire and the implementation of the outstanding tasks of the peace process,",
"Commending the contribution of troop- and police- and donor-contributing countries to the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI),",
"Recalling its resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) on women, peace and security, its resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011) on children and armed conflict, and its resolutions 1674 (2006) and 1894 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, and reiterating the vital role of women in the resolution of conflicts and the consolidation of peace and",
"Determining that the situation in Côte d’Ivoire remains a threat to international peace and security in the region,",
"Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,",
"1. Decides to extend the mandate of UNOCI until 31 July 2012;",
"2. Decides that the authorized strength of the military component of UNOCI shall remain at 9,792 troops, comprising 9,600 troops and staff officers, including 2,400 additional military personnel authorized in resolutions 1942 (2010) and 1967 (2011), and 192 military observers;",
"3. Decides that the authorized strength of the UNOCI police component shall remain at 1,350 personnel, and further decides to maintain the 8 customs officers previously authorized;",
"4. Decides to authorize an increase in police personnel with 205 advisers to be adequately prepared and to be experts in the specialized areas indicated in the report of the Secretary-General, and to be integrated into the military and police strength of the Mission by making the necessary adjustments without exceeding the authorized strength of UNOCI military and police personnel;",
"5. Decides that the additional 2,000 military personnel authorized in resolution 1967 (2011) and the 400 military and 100 additional police officers authorized in resolution 1942 (2010) are necessary for the stabilization of Côte d’Ivoire, including the creation of security conditions favourable to the holding of the legislative elections;",
"6. Reiterates that, in accordance with paragraph 4 of resolution 1933 (2010) and other previous resolutions, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General shall certify that each stage of the next legislative elections shall provide all necessary guarantees for the holding of open, free, fair and transparent elections, in accordance with international standards and agreed criteria;",
"7. Decides that UNOCI shall have the following mandate:",
"Protection and security",
"(a) Protection of civilians",
"- Protect, without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Ivorian authorities, the civilian population against imminent threats of physical violence, within their capabilities and areas of deployment,",
"- Revise the comprehensive strategy for the protection of civilians and coordinate it with the United Nations strategy on the protection of civilians, in collaboration with the United Nations country team, to take into account new realities on the ground and the specific needs of vulnerable groups, and include measures to prevent gender-based violence, in accordance with resolutions 1960 (2010) and 1882 (2009),",
"- Collaborate closely with humanitarian agencies, in particular with regard to areas of tension and return of displaced persons, identify potential threats against and collect information on civilian populations, as well as reliable information on violations of international humanitarian law and human rights standards, bring them to the attention of the Ivorian authorities where appropriate, and take appropriate measures in accordance with the United Nations system-wide strategy on protection and in line with the UN Protection Strategy,",
"– To monitor and report violations and abuses against vulnerable populations, including children, consistent with resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011), and to contribute to efforts to prevent such violations and abuses,",
"(b) Security threats and border issues that still persist",
"- Continue to support, within their powers, possibilities and areas of deployment, the national authorities to stabilize the security situation in the country,",
"- Continue to monitor and prevent the activities of militias, mercenaries and other illegal armed groups in accordance with their current mandate to protect civilians, and to report regularly to the Council on developments in this regard,",
"- To assist the Government in monitoring and controlling cross-border security and other challenges along its borders and border areas, especially on the Liberian border, with particular attention to cross-border movements of armed elements and weapons and, to that end, to work in close coordination with the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) to promote inter-mission cooperation, including joint patrols and contingency plans,",
"- Linking with FRCI to promote mutual trust among all the elements that integrate them,",
"- To contribute, in coordination with the Government, to the security of the members of the Government of Côte d’Ivoire and key political actors, including in the context of the preparations and holding of the upcoming legislative elections,",
"(c) Monitoring of the arms embargo",
"– To monitor, in cooperation with the Group of Experts established pursuant to resolution 1584 (2005), the implementation of the measures imposed by paragraph 7 of resolution 1572 (2004), including by inspecting, if deemed necessary and where appropriate without prior notice, all related weapons, ammunition and materials irrespective of their location, in accordance with resolution 1980 (2011),",
"- To collect, as appropriate, arms and related materiel that have been introduced in Côte d’Ivoire, in violation of the measures imposed by paragraph 7 of resolution 1572 (2004), and to dispose appropriately of such weapons and materials,",
"(d) Arms collection",
"- Continue to assist the national authorities, including the National Commission to Combat the Proliferation and Illicit Traffic in Small Arms and Light Weapons, to collect, register, securely store and dispose of weapons and to remove explosive remnants of war, as appropriate, in accordance with resolution 1980 (2011),",
"- To support the Government, in coordination with other partners, in formulating and implementing community-based weapons collection programmes, which should be linked to community violence reduction and reconciliation initiatives,",
"- Coordinate with the Government to ensure that the weapons collected are not distributed or reused outside the comprehensive national security strategy referred to in subparagraph (f),",
"(e) Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme",
"- Assisting the Government, in close coordination with other international and bilateral partners, to formulate and implement without delay a new national programme for the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of combatants and the dismantling of militias and self-defence groups that includes clear individual criteria and adapts to the new context, taking into account the rights and needs of the different categories of persons to be disarmed, demobilized and reintegrated,",
"- Continue to support the registration and vetting process for ex-combatants,",
"- Support the disarmament and repatriation of foreign armed elements, where appropriate in cooperation with UNMIL and United Nations country teams in the region,",
"(f) Reconstitution and reform of security forces and rule of law institutions",
"- To assist the Government in undertaking, without delay and in close coordination with other international partners, a review of the entire security sector and the development of a comprehensive national security strategy and plans for its reform, taking into account also the national disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme,",
"- Under the leadership of the Government of Côte d’Ivoire and in close cooperation with international stakeholders, support the effective coordination, transparency and harmonization of activities, and a clear division of tasks and responsibilities, among all international partners assisting the security sector reform process, and report to the Council, where appropriate, on developments in the security sector reform process,",
"- To advise the Government of Côte d’Ivoire, as appropriate, on the reform of the security sector and the organization of the future national army, to facilitate, without exceeding its current resources, at the request of the Government and in close coordination with other international partners, the provision of training on human rights, child protection and protection against sexual and gender-based violence to security and law enforcement institutions, as well as the provision of guidance for the development of their capacity through programmes of prisons",
"- Support the Government in the development and implementation of a national strategy for the justice sector, as well as in the development and implementation of a multi-year joint United Nations programme to support justice in order to develop the police force, the judicial system, prisons and access to justice in Côte d’Ivoire, as well as the initial emergency rehabilitation of the relevant infrastructure and the provision of equipment, without exceeding existing resources and in coordination,",
"- Support, without exceeding existing resources and in collaboration with the United Nations system as a whole, reconciliation, including the establishment and operation of mechanisms to prevent, mitigate or resolve conflicts, in particular at the local level, as well as to promote social cohesion,",
"(g) Support for efforts to promote and protect human rights",
"- Contribute to the promotion and protection of human rights in Côte d’Ivoire, paying particular attention to grave violations and abuses against children and women, in particular sexual violence and gender-based violence, in close coordination with the independent expert mandated by Human Rights Council resolution A/HRC/17/27,",
"- To monitor and assist in investigating violations of human rights and international humanitarian law, and to report publicly and to the Council in this regard, with a view to preventing such violations, establishing a protective environment and ending impunity, and to that end strengthening its monitoring, investigation and reporting capacity on human rights,",
"- To draw the attention of the Council to all persons identified as authors of serious human rights violations, and to keep the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572 (2004) regularly informed of developments thereon,",
"- Support the efforts of the Government of Côte d ' Ivoire to combat sexual and gender-based violence, including by contributing to the development of a multisectoral strategy under national control in cooperation with the entities of the United Nations Campaign against Sexual Violence in Conflict, the appointment of women ' s protection advisers and ensuring the availability of gender expertise and training, as appropriate and without exceeding existing resources, in accordance with resolutions 1888 (2009), 1889 (2010)",
"(h) Support for humanitarian assistance",
"- Continue to facilitate unhindered humanitarian access and help to strengthen the delivery of humanitarian assistance to vulnerable and conflict-affected populations, especially by contributing to improved security conditions to provide such assistance,",
"- To assist the Ivorian authorities in preparing the voluntary, safe and sustainable return of refugees and displaced persons in cooperation with relevant humanitarian organizations, and to create security conditions conducive to such return,",
"Peace process and electoral process",
"(i) Support for the organization and timely holding of open, free, fair and transparent legislative elections",
"- Promote an inclusive political process and support the creation of a political environment conducive to the upcoming elections, including in coordination with the initiatives undertaken by ECOWAS and the African Union,",
"- Support the organization and timely holding of open, free, fair and transparent legislative elections, provide appropriate logistical and technical assistance and help the Government establish effective security mechanisms,",
"- Provide technical and logistical support to assist the Independent Electoral Commission in completing the remaining tasks prior to the holding of the legislative elections and facilitate, as necessary, consultations among all political actors, as well as with the Independent Electoral Commission to that end,",
"- To assume the coordination of international observers and contribute to their security, within their capabilities and their areas of deployment,",
"- To provide the Special Representative of the Secretary-General with the assistance necessary to fulfil his role in the certification of legislative elections in accordance with paragraph 6 of the present resolution, taking into account the specificity of legislative elections,",
"(j) Public information",
"- Continue to monitor and facilitate the provision of assistance, as appropriate, to the bodies responsible for such media and their regulation, in accordance with their mandate,",
"- Continue to use UNOCI ' s outreach capacity, through UNOCI FM, to contribute to overall efforts to create a peaceful environment, including with a view to legislative elections,",
"- Encourage the media and key political actors in Côte d’Ivoire to fully implement the Code of Good Conduct for the elections that the Ivorian parties signed under the auspices of the Secretary-General, as well as to sign and comply with the Code of Good Conduct for the Media,",
"- Monitor any public incidents of incitement to hatred, intolerance and violence, bring to the attention of the Council all persons identified as instigators of political violence and keep the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572 (2004) regularly informed of developments in this regard,",
"(k) Restoration of State administration and extension of its authority to the whole country",
"- To assist the Ivorian authorities in expanding and re-establishing the effective administration of the State and strengthening the public administration in key areas throughout the country, at the national and local levels, as well as in implementing the outstanding aspects of the Ouagadougou Agreements regarding the reunification of the country,",
"(l) Facilitation",
"- Coordinate with the Facilitator and his Special Representative in Abidjan to assist the Government in the implementation of the outstanding tasks of the peace process, as necessary and with available means, including by providing logistical support to the office of the Special Representative as appropriate,",
"(m) Protection of United Nations personnel",
"- Protect United Nations personnel, facilities and equipment and ensure the safety and freedom of movement of United Nations personnel,",
"8. Decides to maintain the authorization granted to UNOCI to use all necessary means to fulfil its mandate, within its capabilities and areas of deployment, in accordance with resolutions 1933 (2010) and 1962 (2010);",
"9. " Welcomes the establishment of the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission by decree of President Ouattara on 13 May 2011, encourages the Government to ensure that the Commission is fully operational as soon as possible, and further calls upon the United Nations system to support its work with a view to ensuring its functioning in accordance with the international obligations of Côte d ' Ivoire;",
"10. Calls upon the Government to take the necessary measures to restore and strengthen relevant institutions, including judicial institutions, the police and prison services, and to further ensure the effective protection of human rights and the accountability of all perpetrators of human rights violations and abuses in Côte d’Ivoire;",
"11. Calls upon the Government to ensure that the conditions of protection and detention of former President Gbagbo, his wife, former officials and other detainees are consistent with international obligations, including with regard to the access of relevant organizations mandated to supervise detention centres, and to carry out their prosecutions and trials in accordance with international obligations relating to due process and the right to a fair trial;",
"12. Calls upon UNOCI, where consistent with its current responsibilities and competencies, to support national and international efforts to bring to justice those responsible for serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law in Côte d’Ivoire;",
"13. Urges all parties to cooperate fully with the operations of UNOCI and the French forces that support it, in particular by ensuring its protection, security and freedom of movement, with unrestricted and immediate access throughout the territory of Côte d ' Ivoire, so that they can fully fulfil their mandates;",
"14. Calls upon the United Nations country team to contribute to the planning and implementation of microprojects, in consultation with the Government and in close collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and interested international partners, to provide alternative sustainable livelihoods to some ex-combatants, as part of the socio-economic reintegration component of the national disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme;",
"15. Encourages ECOWAS to formulate, with the support of the United Nations Office for West Africa (UNOWA), a subregional strategy to address the threat posed by the cross-border movement of armed groups and weapons, as well as illicit trafficking, with the assistance of UNOCI and UNMIL, as appropriate;",
"16. Calls upon the Government and all international partners, including private companies, to assist the Government in security sector reform, to comply with the provisions of resolution 1980 (2011) and to coordinate their efforts to promote transparency and a clear division of labour among all international partners;",
"17. Decides to extend until 31 July 2012 the authorization granted to the French forces to support UNOCI, within the limits of its deployment and its possibilities;",
"18. Requests the Secretary-General to submit a midterm report to the General Assembly no later than 31 December 2012 and a final report no later than 30 June 2012 on the situation on the ground and the implementation of the present resolution, and further requests the Secretary-General to submit written oral reports on the important developments in the electoral process, including the support of UNOCI for this process;",
"19. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly, in the context of the midterm report referred to in paragraph 18 or a special report, no later than 31 March 2012, taking into account the holding of the upcoming legislative elections, as well as the existing security challenges and progress in the reconstruction of national capacities, recommendations on possible adjustments to the structure and staffing of UNOCI;",
"20. Decides to remain seized of the matter."
] |
[
"[]",
"Resolución 2000 (2011)",
"Aprobada por el Consejo de Seguridad en su 6591ª sesión, celebrada el 27 de julio de 2011",
"* Publicado nuevamente por razones técnicas el 23 de abril de 2013.",
"El Consejo de Seguridad,",
"Recordando sus resoluciones anteriores, en particular las resoluciones 1933 (2010), 1942 (2010), 1951 (2010), 1962 (2010), 1967 (2011), 1968 (2011), 1975 (2011), 1980 (2011), 1981 (2011) y 1992 (2011), las declaraciones de su Presidencia sobre la situación en Côte d’Ivoire y la resolución 1938 (2010), relativa a la situación en Liberia,",
"Reiterando su firme compromiso con la soberanía, la independencia, la integridad territorial y la unidad de Côte d’Ivoire, y recordando la importancia de los principios de buena vecindad, no injerencia y cooperación regional,",
"Acogiendo con beneplácito el informe del Secretario General de 24 de junio de 2011 (S/2011/387) y tomando nota de sus recomendaciones, incluidas las de la misión de evaluación enviada a Côte d’Ivoire del 1 al 14 de mayo de 2011,",
"Acogiendo con beneplácito los avances en la reinstauración de la estabilidad y la paz logrados en Côte d’Ivoire tras la investidura del Sr. Alassane Dramane Ouattara como Presidente de la República de Côte d’Ivoire el 21 de mayo de 2011,",
"Encomiando el compromiso del Presidente Ouattara de promover el diálogo, la justicia y la reconciliación y sus iniciativas en tal sentido, incluido el establecimiento de la Comisión para el Diálogo, la Verdad y la Reconciliación, y exhortando a todos los agentes de Côte d’Ivoire a que aúnen esfuerzos para lograr la estabilización y la reconstrucción del país,",
"Tomando nota de que el Fiscal de la Corte Penal Internacional ha solicitado autorización a la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares para abrir una investigación sobre los crímenes de guerra y crímenes de lesa humanidad cometidos en Côte d’Ivoire desde el 28 de noviembre de 2010, tomando como base la declaración depositada por Côte d’Ivoire en la que aceptaba la competencia de la Corte, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 12, párrafo 3, del Estatuto de Roma,",
"Tomando nota de la solicitud del Presidente Ouattara de que el Presidente de Burkina Faso, Sr. Blaise Compaoré (“el Facilitador”), siga prestando asistencia al Gobierno de Côte d’Ivoire en la ejecución de los aspectos pendientes del proceso de paz y los Acuerdos de Uagadugú,",
"Expresando su preocupación por la situación de la seguridad, que sigue siendo precaria e inestable, y recordando que el Gobierno de Côte d’Ivoire es el principal responsable de asegurar la paz, la estabilidad y la protección de la población civil en el país,",
"Tomando nota del establecimiento de las Fuerzas Republicanas de Côte d’Ivoire (FRCI) el 17 de marzo por decreto del Presidente Ouattara, en sustitución de las antiguas Fuerzas de Defensa y de Seguridad de Côte d’Ivoire (FDSCI), y destacando la necesidad de llevar a cabo un proceso inclusivo de reforma del sector de la seguridad,",
"Tomando nota de que todavía existe un alto riesgo de que se reanude el conflicto armado y se cometan nuevos ataques contra la población civil, principalmente por parte de los exsoldados de la Guardia Republicana, las milicias, los mercenarios, los presos fugados y otros elementos armados ilegales, como se señala en el informe del Secretario General (S/2011/387),",
"Recordando que las últimas elecciones legislativas tuvieron lugar el 10 de diciembre de 2000 y poniendo de relieve que la celebración de elecciones legislativas libres, limpias y dignas de crédito es fundamental para lograr la plena restauración del orden constitucional en Côte d’Ivoire, la reconciliación nacional y una gobernanza inclusiva,",
"Destacando la importancia de que la sociedad civil de Côte d’Ivoire, tanto los hombres como las mujeres, tenga una participación inclusiva en el proceso electoral y de asegurar que se protejan y respeten por igual los derechos humanos de todos los interesados en Côte d’Ivoire en lo relativo al sistema electoral, y en particular que se respete la libertad de opinión y de expresión,",
"Condenando enérgicamente las atrocidades y los graves abusos y violaciones de los derechos humanos y del derecho internacional humanitario que se produjeron durante la crisis postelectoral, incluidos los casos de ejecuciones extrajudiciales, mutilaciones, arrestos arbitrarios y secuestros de civiles, desapariciones forzadas, actos de venganza, violencia sexual y por razón de género, incluidos los cometidos contra niños, y el presunto reclutamiento y utilización de niños en el conflicto en todo el país, en particular en Abidján y la zona occidental,",
"Condenando enérgicamente también los ataques y los actos de hostigamiento cometidos contra el personal de las Naciones Unidas durante la crisis postelectoral y reiterando que tales actos constituyen violaciones del derecho internacional,",
"Destacando la importancia de investigar los presuntos casos de abusos y violaciones de los derechos humanos cometidos por todas las partes, reafirmando también que los responsables de esos abusos y violaciones, sea cual sea su afiliación, deben rendir cuentas, y acogiendo con beneplácito el compromiso del Presidente Ouattara a este respecto,",
"Tomando nota del informe (A/HRC/17/48) y de las recomendaciones de la Comisión Internacional de Investigación establecida en virtud de la resolución 16/25 (2011) del Consejo de Derechos Humanos,",
"Encomiando a la Unión Africana y a la Comunidad Económica de los Estados de África Occidental (CEDEAO) por los esfuerzos realizados durante la crisis postelectoral y alentándolas a que perseveren en su apoyo a la estabilización de la situación en Côte d’Ivoire y la ejecución de las tareas pendientes del proceso de paz,",
"Encomiando la contribución de los países que aportan contingentes y fuerzas de policía y de los donantes a la Operación de las Naciones Unidas en Côte d’Ivoire (ONUCI),",
"Recordando sus resoluciones 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) y 1960 (2010), relativas a la mujer, la paz y la seguridad, sus resoluciones 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) y 1998 (2011), relativas a los niños y los conflictos armados, y sus resoluciones 1674 (2006) y 1894 (2009), relativas a la protección de los civiles en los conflictos armados, y reiterando la función vital de la mujer en la solución de los conflictos y la consolidación de la paz y su papel fundamental en la restauración del entramado de las sociedades que se recuperan de un conflicto,",
"Habiendo determinado que la situación imperante en Côte d’Ivoire sigue constituyendo una amenaza para la paz y la seguridad internacionales en la región,",
"Actuando en virtud del Capítulo VII de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas,",
"1. Decide prorrogar el mandato de la ONUCI hasta el 31 de julio de 2012;",
"2. Decide que la dotación autorizada del componente militar de la ONUCI se mantenga en 9.792 efectivos, a saber, 9.600 soldados y oficiales de Estado Mayor, incluidos los 2.400 efectivos militares adicionales autorizados en las resoluciones 1942 (2010) y 1967 (2011), y 192 observadores militares;",
"3. Decide que la dotación autorizada del componente de policía de la ONUCI se mantenga en 1.350 efectivos, y decide además mantener los 8 funcionarios de aduanas autorizados anteriormente;",
"4. Decide autorizar un aumento del personal de policía con 205 asesores que deberán tener la preparación adecuada y ser expertos en los ámbitos especializados indicados en el informe del Secretario General, y que se integrarán en la dotación militar y policial de la Misión efectuando los ajustes necesarios sin rebasar la dotación autorizada de efectivos militares y de policía de la ONUCI;",
"5. Decide que los 2.000 efectivos militares adicionales autorizados en la resolución 1967 (2011) y los 400 efectivos militares y 100 agentes de policía adicionales autorizados en la resolución 1942 (2010) son necesarios para la estabilización de Côte d’Ivoire, incluida la creación de condiciones de seguridad favorables a la celebración de las elecciones legislativas;",
"6. Reitera que, de conformidad con lo dispuestos en el párrafo 4 de la resolución 1933 (2010) y en otras resoluciones anteriores, el Representante Especial del Secretario General se encargará de certificar que cada una de las etapas de las próximas elecciones legislativas ofrezcan todas las garantías necesarias para celebrar elecciones abiertas, libres, limpias y transparentes, con arreglo a las normas internacionales y los criterios convenidos;",
"7. Decide que la ONUCI tendrá el mandato siguiente:",
"Protección y seguridad",
"a) Protección de los civiles",
"– Proteger, sin perjuicio de la responsabilidad primordial que tienen las autoridades de Côte d’Ivoire, a la población civil frente a las amenazas inminentes de violencia física, dentro de sus posibilidades y zonas de despliegue,",
"– Revisar la estrategia integral para la protección de los civiles y coordinarla con la estrategia de las Naciones Unidas sobre protección de los civiles, en colaboración con el equipo de las Naciones Unidas en el país, para tener en cuenta las nuevas realidades sobre el terreno y las necesidades específicas de los grupos vulnerables, e incluir medidas para prevenir la violencia por razón de género, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en las resoluciones 1960 (2010) y 1882 (2009),",
"– Colaborar estrechamente con los organismos humanitarios, en particular respecto de las zonas de tensión y de regreso de los desplazados, detectar posibles amenazas contra la población civil y reunir información sobre ellas, así como información fiable sobre las violaciones del derecho internacional humanitario y las normas de derechos humanos, señalarlas a la atención de las autoridades de Côte d’Ivoire cuando proceda, y adoptar medidas apropiadas de conformidad con la estrategia de todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas sobre protección y en consonancia con la estrategia de protección de la ONUCI,",
"– Vigilar y denunciar las violaciones y los abusos cometidos contra las poblaciones vulnerables, incluidos los niños, en consonancia con las resoluciones 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) y 1998 (2011), y contribuir a los esfuerzos que se hagan para prevenir esas violaciones y abusos,",
"b) Amenazas en materia de seguridad y problemas relacionados con las fronteras que aún persisten",
"– Continuar apoyando, dentro de sus facultades, posibilidades y zonas de despliegue, a las autoridades nacionales para estabilizar la situación de la seguridad en el país,",
"– Seguir vigilando e impidiendo las actividades de las milicias, los mercenarios y otros grupos armados ilegales con arreglo a su mandato actual de proteger a los civiles, e informar periódicamente al Consejo sobre las novedades a este respecto,",
"– Ayudar al Gobierno a vigilar y controlar los problemas de seguridad transfronteriza y otros problemas que se produzcan a lo largo de sus fronteras y en las zonas fronterizas, especialmente en la frontera con Liberia, prestando particular atención a los movimientos transfronterizos de elementos armados y armas y, a tal fin, trabajar en estrecha coordinación con la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Liberia (UNMIL) para fomentar la cooperación entre misiones, con actividades como la realización conjunta de patrullas y planes para imprevistos, según proceda, dentro de sus mandatos y posibilidades,",
"– Hacer de enlace con las FRCI para promover la confianza mutua entre todos los elementos que las integran,",
"– Contribuir, en coordinación con el Gobierno, a la seguridad de los miembros del Gobierno de Côte d’Ivoire y los principales interlocutores políticos, incluso en el contexto de los preparativos y la celebración de las próximas elecciones legislativas,",
"c) Vigilancia del embargo de armas",
"– Vigilar, en cooperación con el Grupo de Expertos establecido en virtud de la resolución 1584 (2005), la aplicación de las medidas impuestas por el párrafo 7 de la resolución 1572 (2004), incluso inspeccionando, si lo consideran necesario y cuando proceda sin aviso previo, todas las armas, municiones y materiales conexos independientemente de su ubicación, de conformidad con la resolución 1980 (2011),",
"– Recoger, según proceda, las armas y cualquier material conexo que se hayan introducido en Côte d’Ivoire contraviniendo las medidas impuestas por el párrafo 7 de la resolución 1572 (2004), y disponer adecuadamente de dichas armas y materiales,",
"d) Recogida de armas",
"– Seguir prestando asistencia a las autoridades nacionales, incluida la Comisión Nacional de Lucha contra la Proliferación y el Tráfico Ilícito de Armas Pequeñas y Armas Ligeras, para recoger las armas, registrarlas, almacenarlas en lugar seguro y disponer de ellas debidamente y para retirar los restos explosivos de guerra, según proceda, de conformidad con la resolución 1980 (2011),",
"– Prestar apoyo al Gobierno, en coordinación con otros asociados, para formular y poner en marcha programas comunitarios de recogida de armas, que deben vincularse con las iniciativas de reducción de la violencia y de reconciliación en las comunidades,",
"– Coordinar con el Gobierno para asegurar que las armas recogidas no se distribuyan ni reutilicen al margen de la estrategia integral de seguridad nacional que se menciona en el apartado f),",
"e) Programa de desarme, desmovilización y reintegración",
"– Ayudar al Gobierno, en estrecha coordinación con otros asociados internacionales y bilaterales, a formular y poner en marcha sin demora un nuevo programa nacional para el desarme, la desmovilización y la reintegración de los combatientes y el desmantelamiento de las milicias y los grupos de autodefensa que incluya criterios individuales claros y se adapte al nuevo contexto, teniendo en cuenta los derechos y las necesidades de las diferentes categorías de personas que habrá que desarmar, desmovilizar y reintegrar, incluidos los niños y las mujeres,",
"– Seguir apoyando el proceso de registro y verificación de antecedentes de los excombatientes,",
"– Apoyar el desarme y la repatriación de los elementos armados extranjeros, cuando proceda en cooperación con la UNMIL y los equipos de las Naciones Unidas en los países de la región,",
"f) Reconstitución y reforma de los cuerpos de seguridad y las instituciones del estado de derecho",
"– Ayudar al Gobierno a llevar a cabo, sin demora y en estrecha coordinación con otros asociados internacionales, un examen de todo el sector de las instituciones de seguridad y a formular una estrategia integral de seguridad nacional y planes para su reforma, teniendo en cuenta también el programa nacional de desarme, desmovilización y reintegración,",
"– Bajo el liderazgo del Gobierno de Côte d’Ivoire y en estrecha cooperación con los interesados internacionales, apoyar la coordinación, transparencia y armonización efectivas de las actividades, y una clara división de las tareas y responsabilidades, entre todos los asociados internacionales que prestan asistencia al proceso de reforma del sector de la seguridad, e informar al Consejo, cuando proceda, sobre la evolución del proceso de reforma del sector de la seguridad,",
"– Asesorar al Gobierno de Côte d’Ivoire, según proceda, sobre la reforma del sector de la seguridad y la organización del futuro ejército nacional, facilitar, sin exceder sus recursos actuales, a solicitud del Gobierno y en estrecha coordinación con otros asociados internacionales, la impartición de capacitación sobre derechos humanos, protección de los niños y protección contra la violencia sexual y por razón de género a las instituciones de seguridad y de aplicación de la ley, así como el apoyo al desarrollo de su capacidad mediante programas de asistencia técnica, ubicación conjunta y orientación para la policía, la gendarmería y los funcionarios de los sistemas judiciales y penitenciarios, y contribuir a restablecer su presencia en todo el territorio de Côte d’Ivoire y prestar apoyo en relación con el establecimiento de un mecanismo sostenible de investigación de antecedentes del personal que se incorporará en las instituciones del sector de la seguridad,",
"– Apoyar al Gobierno en la elaboración y aplicación de una estrategia nacional para el sector de la justicia, así como en la formulación y ejecución de un programa plurianual conjunto de las Naciones Unidas para brindar apoyo a la justicia a fin de desarrollar el cuerpo de policía, el sistema judicial, los centros penitenciarios y el acceso a la justicia en Côte d’Ivoire, así como la rehabilitación inicial de emergencia de la infraestructura pertinente y el suministro de equipo, sin exceder los recursos existentes y en coordinación con los asociados internacionales,",
"– Apoyar, sin exceder sus recursos actuales y en colaboración con todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas, la reconciliación, incluido el establecimiento y funcionamiento de mecanismos para prevenir, mitigar o resolver los conflictos, en particular a nivel local, así como para fomentar la cohesión social,",
"g) Apoyo a los esfuerzos por promover y proteger los derechos humanos",
"– Contribuir a la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos en Côte d’Ivoire, prestando especial atención a las violaciones y los abusos graves cometidos contra niños y mujeres, particularmente los actos de violencia sexual y violencia por razón de género, en estrecha coordinación con el experto independiente cuyo mandato se establece en la resolución A/HRC/17/27 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos,",
"– Vigilar y ayudar a investigar las violaciones de los derechos humanos y del derecho internacional humanitario, e informar públicamente y al Consejo a ese respecto, con miras a prevenir dichas violaciones, establecer un entorno de protección y poner fin a la impunidad y, con ese fin, fortalecer su capacidad de vigilancia, investigación y presentación de informes en materia de derechos humanos,",
"– Señalar a la atención del Consejo a todas las personas identificadas como autoras de graves violaciones de los derechos humanos, y mantener al Comité establecido en virtud de la resolución 1572 (2004) periódicamente informado de las novedades al respecto,",
"– Apoyar los esfuerzos del Gobierno de Côte d’Ivoire por combatir la violencia sexual y por razón de género, incluso contribuyendo a la elaboración de una estrategia multisectorial bajo control nacional en cooperación con las entidades que integran la Campaña de las Naciones Unidas contra la Violencia Sexual en los Conflictos, nombrar asesores sobre protección de las mujeres y asegurar la disponibilidad de expertos y capacitación en cuestiones de género, según proceda y sin exceder los recursos existentes, de conformidad con las resoluciones 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) y 1960 (2010),",
"h) Apoyo a la asistencia humanitaria",
"– Continuar facilitando el acceso humanitario sin trabas y ayudar a reforzar la prestación de asistencia humanitaria a las poblaciones vulnerables y afectadas por conflictos, especialmente contribuyendo a mejorar las condiciones de seguridad para prestar dicha asistencia,",
"– Ayudar a las autoridades de Côte d’Ivoire a preparar el regreso voluntario, sin peligro y sostenible de los refugiados y los desplazados en cooperación con las organizaciones humanitarias pertinentes, y crear condiciones de seguridad propicias para dicho regreso,",
"Proceso de paz y proceso electoral",
"i) Apoyo a la organización y celebración oportuna de elecciones legislativas abiertas, libres, limpias y transparentes",
"– Promover un proceso político inclusivo y apoyar la creación de un entorno político propicio para las próximas elecciones, incluso en coordinación con las iniciativas emprendidas por la CEDEAO y la Unión Africana,",
"– Apoyar la organización y celebración oportuna de elecciones legislativas abiertas, libres, limpias y transparentes, prestar la asistencia logística y técnica apropiada y ayudar al gobierno a instaurar mecanismos de seguridad eficaces,",
"– Prestar apoyo técnico y logístico para ayudar a la Comisión Electoral Independiente a terminar las tareas pendientes antes de la celebración de las elecciones legislativas y facilitar, según sea necesario, las consultas entre todos los interlocutores políticos, así como con la Comisión Electoral Independiente con ese fin,",
"– Asumir la coordinación de los observadores internacionales y contribuir a su seguridad, dentro de sus posibilidades y sus zonas de despliegue,",
"– Prestar al Representante Especial del Secretario General la asistencia necesaria para cumplir su función de certificación de las elecciones legislativas de conformidad con el párrafo 6 de la presente resolución, teniendo en cuenta la especificidad de las elecciones legislativas,",
"j) Información pública",
"– Continuar vigilando de cercar los medios de comunicación de Côte d’Ivoire y seguir facilitando la prestación de asistencia, según proceda, a los órganos encargados de dichos medios y de su regulación, con arreglo a su mandato,",
"– Continuar utilizando la capacidad de difusión de la ONUCI, mediante ONUCI FM, para contribuir a los esfuerzos generales por crear un entorno pacífico, incluso con miras a las elecciones legislativas,",
"– Alentar a los medios de difusión y los principales agentes políticos de Côte d’Ivoire a que apliquen plenamente el Código de Buena Conducta para las elecciones que los partidos de Côte d’Ivoire firmaron bajo los auspicios del Secretario General, así como a que firmen y cumplan el Código de Buena Conducta para los medios de difusión,",
"– Vigilar cualquier incidente público de instigación al odio, la intolerancia y la violencia, señalar a la atención del Consejo a todas las personas identificadas como instigadoras de la violencia política y mantener al Comité establecido en virtud de la resolución 1572 (2004) periódicamente informado de las novedades al respecto,",
"k) Restablecimiento de la administración del Estado y ampliación de su autoridad a todo el país",
"– Ayudar a las autoridades de Côte d’Ivoire a ampliar y restablecer la administración efectiva del Estado y fortalecer la administración pública en los ámbitos clave en todo el país, a nivel nacional y local, así como a ejecutar los aspectos pendientes de los Acuerdos de Uagadugú en lo que respecta a la reunificación del país,",
"l) Facilitación",
"– Coordinar con el Facilitador y su Representante Especial en Abidján para ayudar al Gobierno a ejecutar las tareas pendientes del proceso de paz, según sea necesario y con los medios disponibles, incluso prestando apoyo logístico a la oficina del Representante Especial según proceda,",
"m) Protección del personal de las Naciones Unidas",
"– Proteger al personal, las instalaciones y el equipo de las Naciones Unidas y garantizar la seguridad y libertad de circulación del personal de las Naciones Unidas,",
"8. Decide mantener la autorización otorgada a la ONUCI para que utilice todos los medios necesarios a fin de cumplir su mandato, dentro de sus posibilidades y sus zonas de despliegue, de conformidad con las resoluciones 1933 (2010) y 1962 (2010);",
"9. Acoge con beneplácito el establecimiento de la Comisión para el Diálogo, la Verdad y la Reconciliación por decreto del Presidente Ouattara el 13 de mayo de 2011, alienta al Gobierno a velar por que la Comisión esté plenamente operativa lo antes posible, y exhorta además al sistema de las Naciones Unidas a que apoye su labor con miras a asegurar que funcione conforme a las obligaciones internacionales de Côte d’Ivoire;",
"10. Exhorta al Gobierno a que adopte las medidas necesarias para restablecer y reforzar las instituciones pertinentes, incluidas las instituciones judiciales, la policía y los servicios penitenciarios, y a que garantice además la protección efectiva de los derechos humanos y la rendición de cuentas de todos los autores de violaciones y abusos contra los derechos humanos en Côte d’Ivoire;",
"11. Exhorta al Gobierno a velar por que las condiciones de protección y detención del expresidente Gbagbo, su esposa, los exfuncionarios y demás detenidos estén en consonancia con las obligaciones internacionales, incluso en lo que respecta al acceso de las organizaciones competentes que tienen el mandato de supervisar los centros de detención, y a que lleve a cabo sus procesamientos y juicios de conformidad con las obligaciones internacionales relativas a las garantías procesales y al derecho a un juicio imparcial;",
"12. Exhorta a la ONUCI a que, cuando sea compatible con sus competencias y responsabilidades actuales, apoye las iniciativas nacionales e internacionales para llevar ante la justicia a los autores de graves violaciones de los derechos humanos y del derecho internacional humanitario en Côte d’Ivoire;",
"13. Insta a todas las partes a que cooperen plenamente con las operaciones de la ONUCI y las fuerzas francesas que la respaldan, en particular garantizando su protección, seguridad y libertad de circulación, con acceso irrestricto e inmediato en todo el territorio de Côte d’Ivoire, a fin de que puedan cumplir plenamente sus mandatos;",
"14. Exhorta al equipo de las Naciones Unidas en el país a que contribuya a planificar y ejecutar microproyectos, en consulta con el Gobierno y en estrecha colaboración con el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y los asociados internacionales interesados, para proporcionar medios de vida sostenibles alternativos a algunos excombatientes, como parte del componente de reintegración socioeconómica del programa nacional de desarme, desmovilización y reintegración;",
"15. Alienta a la CEDEAO a que formule, con el apoyo de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para África Occidental (UNOWA), una estrategia subregional para hacer frente a la amenaza que representa la circulación transfronteriza de grupos armados y armas, así como el tráfico ilícito, con la asistencia de la ONUCI y la UNMIL, según proceda;",
"16. Exhorta al Gobierno y a todos los asociados internacionales, incluidas las empresas privadas, que prestan asistencia al Gobierno en la reforma del sector de la seguridad, a que cumplan las disposiciones de la resolución 1980 (2011) y coordinen sus esfuerzos con miras a promover la transparencia y una clara división del trabajo entre todos los asociados internacionales;",
"17. Decide prorrogar hasta el 31 de julio de 2012 la autorización otorgada a las fuerzas francesas para respaldar a la ONUCI, dentro de los límites de su despliegue y sus posibilidades;",
"18. Solicita al Secretario General que le presente un informe de mitad de período a más tardar el 31 de diciembre de 2011, y un informe final a más tardar el 30 de junio de 2012, acerca de la situación sobre el terreno y la aplicación de la presente resolución, y solicita además al Secretario General que periódicamente le presente informes orales y escritos sobre los acontecimientos importantes del proceso electoral, incluido el apoyo de la ONUCI a este proceso;",
"19. Solicita al Secretario General que le presente, en el contexto del informe de mitad de período mencionado en el párrafo 18 o en un informe especial, a más tardar el 31 de marzo de 2012, teniendo en cuenta la celebración de las próximas elecciones legislativas, así como los problemas de seguridad existentes y los avances en la reconstrucción de las capacidades nacionales, recomendaciones sobre posibles ajustes en la estructura y la dotación de la ONUCI;",
"20. Decide seguir ocupándose de la cuestión."
] | [
"Resolution 2000 (2011)",
"[]",
"* Reissued for technical reasons on 23 April 2013.",
"Adopted by the Security Council at its 6591st meeting, on 27 July 2011",
"The Security Council,",
"Recalling its previous resolutions, in particular resolutions 1933 (2010), 1942 (2010), 1951 (2010), 1962 (2010), 1967 (2011), 1968 (2011), 1975 (2011), 1980 (2011), 1981 (2011), and 1992 (2011) and the statements of its President relating to the situation in Côte d’Ivoire, and resolution 1938 (2010) on the situation in Liberia,",
"Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and unity of Côte d’Ivoire, and recalling the importance of the principles of good-neighbourliness, non-interference and regional cooperation,",
"Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General of 24 June 2011 (S/2011/387) and taking note of its recommendations, including of the assessment mission that deployed to Côte d’Ivoire from 1 to 14 May 2011,",
"Welcoming the progress towards restoring stability and peace in Côte d’Ivoire following the inauguration of Alassane Dramane Ouattara as President of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire on 21 May 2011,",
"Commending President Ouattara’s commitment and initiatives to promote dialogue, justice and reconciliation, including the establishment of the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and calling upon all the Ivorian actors to work together in their efforts for the stabilization and reconstruction of the country,",
"Taking note that the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court has requested authorization from the Pre-Trial Chamber to open an investigation into war crimes and crimes against Humanity in Côte d’Ivoire since 28 November 2010, on the basis of the declaration lodged by Côte d’Ivoire accepting the jurisdiction of the Court, pursuant to article 12, paragraph 3, of the Rome Statute,",
"Taking note of President Ouattara’s request that President Blaise Compaoré of Burkina Faso (“The Facilitator”), continue to assist the Ivorian Government in implementing the unfinished aspects of the peace process and Ouagadougou Agreements,",
"Expressing its concern about the continuing precarious and volatile security situation and recalling that the Ivorian Government bears primary responsibility for ensuring peace, stability and the protection of the civilian population in Côte d’Ivoire,",
"Taking note of the establishment of the Forces républicaines de Côte d’Ivoire (FRCI) by a decree issued by President Ouattara on 17 March, replacing the former Forces de sécurité et de défense de Côte d’Ivoire (FDSCI), ), and stressing the need for an inclusive process of security sector reform,",
"Taking note of the remaining high risk of a relapse into renewed armed conflict and attacks against the civilian population, notably by ex-Republican Guards soldiers, militias, mercenaries, escaped prisoners and other illegal armed elements as referred to in the report of the Secretary-General (S/2011/387),",
"Recalling that the last legislative elections were held on 10 December 2000 and emphasizing that the holding of credible, free and fair legislative elections is critical for the full restoration of constitutional order in Côte d’Ivoire, national reconciliation and inclusive governance,",
"Stressing the importance of an inclusive participation of the Ivorian civil society, men and women alike, in the electoral process, and of ensuring the equal protection of and respect for human rights of all Ivorian stakeholders as they relate to the electoral system, and in particular respect for freedom of opinion and expression,",
"Strongly condemning the atrocities, serious human rights abuses and violations as well as violations of international humanitarian law that occurred throughout the post-elections crisis, including extrajudicial killing, maiming, arbitrary arrest and abduction of civilians, enforced disappearances, acts of revenges, sexual and gender-based violence, including against children, and the alleged recruitment and use of children in the conflict throughout the country and particularly in Abidjan and the west,",
"Strongly condemning also the attacks and harassment against United Nations Personnel that occurred during the post-electoral crisis and reiterating that these acts constitute violations of international law,",
"Stressing the importance to investigate alleged human right abuses and violations committed by all parties, further reaffirming that those responsible for such abuses and violations, regardless of their affiliation, must be held accountable, and welcoming President Ouattara’s commitment in this regard,",
"Taking note of the report (A/HRC/17/48) and recommendations of the International Commission of Inquiry established by resolution 16/25 (2011) of the Human Rights Council,",
"Commending the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) for their efforts during the post-elections crisis and encouraging them to remain committed in support of the stabilization of the situation in Côte d’Ivoire and the implementation of the outstanding tasks of the peace process,",
"Commending the contribution of troop- and police-contributing countries and donors to United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI),",
"Recalling its resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009), and 1960 (2010) on women, peace and security, its resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009), and 1998 (2011) on children and armed conflict, and its resolutions 1674 (2006) and 1894 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflicts, and reiterating the vital role of women in conflict resolution and peacebuilding and their key role in re-establishing the fabric of societies recovering from conflict,",
"Determining that the situation in Côte d’Ivoire continues to pose a threat to international peace and security in the region,",
"Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,",
"1. Decides to extend the mandate of UNOCI until 31 July 2012;",
"2. Decides that the authorized strength of UNOCI’s military component shall remain at 9,792 personnel, comprising of 9,600 troops and staff officers, including 2,400 additional troops authorized by resolutions 1942 (2010) and 1967 (2011), and 192 military observers;",
"3. Decides that the authorized strength of UNOCI’s police component shall remain at 1,350 personnel, and decides further to maintain the 8 customs officers previously authorized;",
"4. Decides to authorize an increase of the individual police personnel by 205 advisers, with the appropriate skills, who should be experts in the specialized areas identified in the Secretary-General’s report, to be accommodated through appropriate adjustments to the military and police strength of the Mission, within the authorized strength of military and police personnel of UNOCI;",
"5. Decides that the additional 2,000 troops authorized by resolution 1967 (2011) and the additional 400 troops and 100 police authorized by resolution 1942 (2010) are necessary for the stabilization of Côte d’Ivoire, including the establishment of a security environment conducive to the legislative elections;",
"6. Reiterates that, pursuant to paragraph 4 of resolution 1933 (2010) and previous resolutions, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General shall certify that all stages of the upcoming legislative elections provide all the necessary guarantees for open, free, fair and transparent elections, in accordance with international standards and the agreed criteria;",
"7. Decides that UNOCI shall have the following mandate:",
"Protection and security",
"(a) Protection of civilians",
"– To protect, without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Ivorian authorities, the civilian population from imminent threat of physical violence, within its capabilities and areas of deployment,",
"– To revise the comprehensive strategy for the protection of civilians and to coordinate with the United Nations protection of civilians strategy in liaison with the United Nations country team, to take into account the new realities on the ground and the specific needs of vulnerable groups, and to include measures to prevent gender-based violence pursuant to resolution 1960 (2010) and resolution 1882 (2009),",
"– To work closely with humanitarian agencies, particularly in relation to areas of tensions and of return of displaced persons, to collect information on and identify potential threats against the civilian population, as well as reliable information on violations of international humanitarian and human rights law, bring them to the attention of the Ivorian authorities as appropriate, and to take appropriate action in accordance with the United Nations system-wide protection strategy in harmonization with UNOCI’s protection strategy,",
"– To monitor and report on violations and abuses against vulnerable populations, including children in line with resolution 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011) and contribute to efforts to prevent such violations and abuses,",
"(b) Address remaining security threats and border-related challenges",
"– To continue to support, within its existing authorities, capabilities, and its areas of deployment, the national authorities in stabilizing the security situation in the country,",
"– To continue to monitor and deter the activities of militias, mercenaries and other illegal armed groups consistent within its existing mandate to protect civilians, and to keep the Council regularly informed of developments in this regard,",
"– To support the Government in monitoring and addressing cross-border security and other challenges along its borders and in border areas, notably with Liberia, with particular attention to the cross-border movement of armed elements and weapons and, to this end, to coordinate closely with the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) with a view to further inter-mission cooperation, such as undertaking joint patrols and contingency planning where appropriate and within their mandates and capabilities,",
"– To liaise with the FRCI in order to promote mutual trust among all elements composing the FRCI,",
"– To support, in coordination with the Government, the provision of security for members of the Government of Côte d’Ivoire and key political stakeholders, including in view of the preparation and the holding of the upcoming legislative elections,",
"(c) Monitoring of the arms embargo",
"– To monitor the implementation of the measures imposed by paragraph 7 of resolution 1572 (2004), in cooperation with the Group of Experts established under resolution 1584 (2005), including by inspecting, as they deem it necessary and when appropriate without notice, all weapons, ammunition and related materiel regardless of location, consistent with its resolution 1980 (2011),",
"– To collect, as appropriate, arms and any related materiel brought into Côte d’Ivoire in violation of the measures imposed by paragraph 7 of resolution 1572 (2004), and to dispose of such arms and related materiel as appropriate,",
"(d) Collection of weapons",
"– To continue to assist the national authorities, including the National Commission to fight against the Proliferation and Illicit Traffic of Small Arms and Light Weapons, in collecting, registering, securing and disposing of weapons and in clearing explosive remnants of war, as appropriate, in accordance with resolution 1980 (2011),",
"– To support the Government in coordination with other partners to develop and implement community weapons collection programs, which should be linked to community violence reduction and reconciliation,",
"– To coordinate, with the Government in ensuring that the collected weapons are not disseminated or re-utilized outside a comprehensive national security strategy, as referred to in point (f) below,",
"(e) Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme (DDR)",
"– To assist the Government, in close coordination with other international and bilateral partners, in developing and implementing without delay a new national programme for the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of combatants and dismantling of militias and self-defence groups, that includes clear individual criteria and is tailored to the new context, taking into account the rights and needs of the different categories of persons to be disarmed, demobilized and reintegrated, including children and women,",
"– To continue to support the registration and screening of former combatants,",
"– To support the disarmament and repatriation of foreign armed elements, where relevant in cooperation with UNMIL and United Nations country teams in the region,",
"(f) Reconstitution and reform of security and rule of law institutions",
"– To assist the Government in conducting, without delay and in close coordination with other international partners, a sector-wide review of the security institutions and in developing a comprehensive national security strategy and plans for their reform, taking also into account the national DDR programme,",
"– Under the leadership of the Ivorian Government and in close cooperation with international stakeholders, to support effective coordination, transparency and harmonization of efforts, as well as a clear division of tasks and responsibilities, by all international partners involved in assisting the security sector reform (SSR) process, and to report to the Council, when appropriate, on developments in the SSR process,",
"– To advise the Government of Côte d’Ivoire, as appropriate, on security sector reform and the organization of the future National Army, to facilitate the provision of, within its current resources, as requested by the Government and in close coordination with other international partners, training in human rights, child protection and protection from sexual- and gender-based violence to the security and law enforcement institutions, as well as support for capacity development through technical assistance, co-location and mentoring programmes for the police, gendarmerie, justice and corrections officers and to contribute to restoring their presence throughout Côte d’Ivoire and to offer support with regard to the development of a sustainable vetting mechanism for personnel that will be absorbed in security sector institutions,",
"– To support the Government’s development and implementation of a national justice sector strategy as well as the development and implementation of a multi-year joint United Nations justice support programme in order to develop the police, judiciary, prisons and access to justice in Côte d’Ivoire, as well as the initial emergency rehabilitation of relevant infrastructure and the provision of equipment, within existing resources and in coordination with international partners,",
"– To support, within its current resources and in collaboration with the broader United Nations system, reconciliation, including the establishment and functioning of mechanisms to prevent, mitigate or resolve conflict, in particular at the local level, as well as to foster social cohesion,",
"(g) Support for efforts to promote and protect human rights",
"– To contribute to the promotion and protection of human rights in Côte d’Ivoire, with special attention to grave violations and abuses committed against children and women, notably sexual and gender-based violence, in close coordination with the Independent Expert established under the Human Rights Council’s resolution A/HRC/17/27,",
"– To monitor, help investigate, and report publicly and to the Council, on human rights and humanitarian law violations with a view to preventing violations, developing a protecting environment and ending impunity, and, to this end, to strengthen its human rights monitoring, investigation and reporting capacity,",
"– To bring to the attention of the Council all individuals identified as perpetrators of serious human rights violations and to keep the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572 (2004) regularly informed of developments in this regard,",
"– To support the efforts of the Ivorian Government in combating sexual and gender-based violence, including through contributing to the development of a nationally owned multisectoral strategy in cooperation with UN Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict entities, to appoint Women Protection Advisers and to ensure gender expertise and training, as appropriate and from within existing resources, in accordance with resolutions 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010),",
"(h) Support humanitarian assistance",
"– To continue to facilitate unhindered humanitarian access and to help strengthening the delivery of humanitarian assistance to conflict-affected and vulnerable populations, notably by contributing to enhance security conducive to this delivery,",
"– To support the Ivorian authorities in preparing for the voluntary, safe and sustainable return of refugees and displaced persons in cooperation with relevant humanitarian organizations, and in creating security conditions conducive to it,",
"Peace and electoral process",
"(i) Support for the organization and conduct of open, timely, free, fair and transparent legislative elections,",
"– To promote an inclusive political process and support the creation of a political environment conducive to the upcoming elections, including in coordination with efforts undertaken by ECOWAS and the African Union,",
"– To support the organization and conduct of open, free, fair and transparent legislative elections, provide appropriate logistical and technical assistance and assist the Government to put in place effective security arrangements,",
"– To provide technical and logistical support to assist the Independent Electoral Commission in completing outstanding tasks prior to the holding of the legislative elections and to facilitate, as required, consultations between all political stakeholders as well as with the Independent Electoral Commission to this end,",
"– To undertake the coordination of international observers and to contribute to their security, within its capabilities and areas of deployment,",
"– To provide the Special Representative of the Secretary-General the necessary assistance to fulfil his role of certifying the legislative elections consistent with paragraph 6 above, taking into account the specificity of legislative elections,",
"(j) Public information",
"– To continue to closely monitor the Ivorian media and continue to facilitate providing assistance, as appropriate, to media and regulatory bodies, consistent with its mandate,",
"– To continue to use UNOCI’s broadcasting capacity, through ONUCI FM, to contribute to the overall effort to create a peaceful environment, including for the legislative elections,",
"– To encourage the Ivorian mass media and the main political actors to fully implement the Code of Good Conduct for elections that the Ivorian parties have signed under the auspices of the Secretary-General as well as to sign up and adhere to the Code of Good Conduct for the media,",
"– To monitor any public incidents of incitement to hatred, intolerance and violence, and bring to the attention of the Council all individuals identified as instigators of political violence, and to keep the Committee established under resolution 1572 (2004) regularly informed of developments in this regard,",
"(k) Redeployment of State administration and the extension of State authority throughout the country",
"– To support the Ivorian authorities to extend and re-establish effective State administration and strengthen public administration in key areas throughout the country, at the national and local levels, as well as the implementation of the unfinished aspects of the Ouagadougou Agreements as they relate to the reunification of the country,",
"(l) Facilitation",
"– To coordinate with the Facilitator and his Special Representative in Abidjan, to assist the Government in the implementation of the outstanding tasks of the peace process, as needed and within available means, including by providing logistical support to the office of the Special Representative as appropriate,",
"(m) Protection of United Nations personnel",
"– To protect United Nations personnel, installations and equipment, and ensure the security and freedom of movement of United Nations personnel,",
"8. Decides to continue its authorization given to UNOCI to use all necessary means to carry out its mandate, within its capabilities and its areas of deployment, pursuant to resolutions 1933 (2010) and 1962 (2010);",
"9. Welcomes the establishment of the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission by a decree issued by President Ouattara on 13 May 2011, encourages the Government to ensure that the Commission becomes fully operational as soon as possible, and further calls upon the United Nations system to support its work, with a view to ensuring that it will function in a manner consistent with Côte d’Ivoire’s international obligations;",
"10. Calls upon the Government to take the necessary steps to re-establish and reinforce relevant institutions, including the judiciary, police and corrections services, and further to ensure the effective protection of human rights and accountability for all perpetrators of human rights violations and abuses in Côte d’Ivoire;",
"11. Calls upon the Government to ensure that the conditions of protection and detention of former President Gbagbo, his wife, former officials and any other detainees are in line with international obligations, including with regard to access by relevant organizations with a mandate to monitor detention centres, and fulfil their prosecutions and trials in accordance with international obligations relating to due process and fair trial requirements;",
"12. Calls upon UNOCI, where consistent with its existing authorities and responsibilities, to support national and international efforts to bring to justice perpetrators of grave violations of human rights and international humanitarian law in Côte d’Ivoire;",
"13. Urges all parties to cooperate fully with the operations of UNOCI and of the French Forces, which support it, in particular by ensuring their safety, security and freedom of movement with unhindered and immediate access throughout the territory of Côte d’Ivoire to enable them to fully carry out their mandates;",
"14. Calls upon the United Nations Country Team to contribute to the planning and the implementation of microprojects, in consultation with the Government and close collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and interested international partners, to provide sustainable alternative livelihoods for some former combatants, as part of the socio-economic reintegration component of the national DDR programme;",
"15. Encourages ECOWAS to develop, with the support of the United Nations Office for West Africa (UNOWA), a subregional strategy to address the threat of the cross-border movements of armed groups and weapons as well as illicit trafficking, with the assistance of UNOCI and UNMIL, as appropriate;",
"16. Calls upon the Government and all international partners, including private companies, involved in assisting the Government in the reform of the security sector, to comply with the provisions of resolution 1980 (2011) and to coordinate their efforts with a view to promoting transparency and a clear division of labour among all international partners;",
"17. Decides to extend until 31 July 2012 the authorization that the Security Council provided to the French Forces in order to support UNOCI, within the limits of their deployment and their capabilities;",
"18. Requests the Secretary-General to provide to it a midterm report no later than 31 December 2011 and a final report no later than 30 June 2012 on the situation on the ground and the implementation of this resolution, and further requests the Secretary-General to regularly brief and inform it on the significant events of the electoral process, including on UNOCI’s support to this process;",
"19. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to it, through the midterm report referred to in paragraph 18 above or through a special report no later than 31 March 2012, taking into account the holding of the upcoming legislative elections as well as the prevailing security challenges and progress in rebuilding national capacities, recommendations on possible adjustments in UNOCI’s structure and strength;",
"20. Decides to remain seized of the matter."
] | S_RES_2000(2011) | [
"[]",
"Resolution 2000 (2011)",
"Adopted by the Security Council at its 6591st meeting, on 27 July 2011",
"♪ Reissued for technical reasons on April 23, 2013.",
"The Security Council,",
"Recalling its previous resolutions, in particular resolutions 1933 (2010), 1942 (2010), 1951 (2010), 1962 (2010), 1967 (2011), 1968 (2011), 1975 (2011), 1980 (2011), 1981 (2011) and 1992 (2011), the statements of its Chair on the situation in Côte d’Ivoire and resolution 1938 (2010) on the situation in Liberia,",
"Reiterating its firm commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and unity of Côte d’Ivoire, and recalling the importance of the principles of good-neighbourliness, non-interference and regional cooperation,",
"Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General of 24 June 2011 (S/2011/387) and taking note of its recommendations, including those of the assessment mission sent to Côte d’Ivoire from 1 to 14 May 2011,",
"Welcoming the progress made in re-establishing stability and peace in Côte d ' Ivoire following Mr. Alassane Dramane Ouattara as President of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire on 21 May 2011,",
"Commending President Ouattara ' s commitment to promoting dialogue, justice and reconciliation and its initiatives in this regard, including the establishment of the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and calling upon all Ivorian actors to join efforts to achieve the stabilization and reconstruction of the country,",
"Noting that the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court has requested authorization from the Pre-Trial Chamber to open an investigation into war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Côte d’Ivoire since 28 November 2010, on the basis of the statement deposited by Côte d’Ivoire accepting the jurisdiction of the Court, in accordance with article 12, paragraph 3, of the Rome Statute,",
"Taking note of the request of President Ouattara that the President of Burkina Faso, Mr. Blaise Compaoré (“the Facilitator”), continue to assist the Government of Côte d’Ivoire in the implementation of the outstanding aspects of the peace process and the Ouagadougou Agreements,",
"Expressing its concern at the security situation, which remains precarious and unstable, and recalling that the Government of Côte d’Ivoire is the primary responsibility for ensuring peace, stability and protection of the civilian population in the country,",
"Noting the establishment of the Ivorian Republican Forces (FRCI) on 17 March by decree of President Ouattara, replacing the former Ivorian Defence and Security Forces (FDSCI), and stressing the need for an inclusive process of security sector reform,",
"Noting that there is still a high risk of renewed armed conflict and further attacks on the civilian population, mainly by former Republican Guard soldiers, militias, mercenaries, escaped prisoners and other illegal armed elements, as noted in the report of the Secretary-General (S/2011/387),",
"Recalling that the latest legislative elections took place on 10 December 2000 and emphasizing that the holding of free, fair and credible legislative elections is essential for the full restoration of constitutional order in Côte d’Ivoire, national reconciliation and inclusive governance,",
"Stressing the importance of the participation of civil society in Côte d’Ivoire, both men and women, in the electoral process and of ensuring equal protection and respect for the human rights of all stakeholders in Côte d’Ivoire with regard to the electoral system, and in particular respect for freedom of opinion and expression,",
"Strongly condemning the atrocities and serious abuses and violations of human rights and international humanitarian law that occurred during the post-electoral crisis, including cases of extrajudicial killings, mutilation, arbitrary arrests and abductions of civilians, enforced disappearances, revenge, sexual and gender-based violence, including those committed against children, and the alleged recruitment and use of children in the conflict throughout the country, in particular in Western Aján,",
"Strongly condemning also the attacks and acts of harassment against United Nations personnel during the post-electoral crisis and reiterating that such acts constitute violations of international law,",
"Stressing the importance of investigating alleged cases of human rights abuses and violations committed by all parties, also reaffirming that those responsible for such abuses and violations, regardless of their affiliation, should be held accountable, and welcoming President Ouattara ' s commitment in this regard,",
"Taking note of the report (A/HRC/17/48) and the recommendations of the International Commission of Inquiry established pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 16/25 (2011),",
"Commending the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) for their efforts during the post-electoral crisis and encouraging them to continue to support the stabilization of the situation in Côte d’Ivoire and the implementation of the outstanding tasks of the peace process,",
"Commending the contribution of troop- and police- and donor-contributing countries to the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI),",
"Recalling its resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) on women, peace and security, its resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011) on children and armed conflict, and its resolutions 1674 (2006) and 1894 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, and reiterating the vital role of women in the resolution of conflicts and the consolidation of peace and",
"Determining that the situation in Côte d’Ivoire remains a threat to international peace and security in the region,",
"Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,",
"1. Decides to extend the mandate of UNOCI until 31 July 2012;",
"2. Decides that the authorized strength of the military component of UNOCI shall remain at 9,792 troops, comprising 9,600 troops and staff officers, including 2,400 additional military personnel authorized in resolutions 1942 (2010) and 1967 (2011), and 192 military observers;",
"3. Decides that the authorized strength of the UNOCI police component shall remain at 1,350 personnel, and further decides to maintain the 8 customs officers previously authorized;",
"4. Decides to authorize an increase in police personnel with 205 advisers to be adequately prepared and to be experts in the specialized areas indicated in the report of the Secretary-General, and to be integrated into the military and police strength of the Mission by making the necessary adjustments without exceeding the authorized strength of UNOCI military and police personnel;",
"5. Decides that the additional 2,000 military personnel authorized in resolution 1967 (2011) and the 400 military and 100 additional police officers authorized in resolution 1942 (2010) are necessary for the stabilization of Côte d’Ivoire, including the creation of security conditions favourable to the holding of the legislative elections;",
"6. Reiterates that, in accordance with paragraph 4 of resolution 1933 (2010) and other previous resolutions, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General shall certify that each stage of the next legislative elections shall provide all necessary guarantees for the holding of open, free, fair and transparent elections, in accordance with international standards and agreed criteria;",
"7. Decides that UNOCI shall have the following mandate:",
"Protection and security",
"(a) Protection of civilians",
"- Protect, without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Ivorian authorities, the civilian population against imminent threats of physical violence, within their capabilities and areas of deployment,",
"- Revise the comprehensive strategy for the protection of civilians and coordinate it with the United Nations strategy on the protection of civilians, in collaboration with the United Nations country team, to take into account new realities on the ground and the specific needs of vulnerable groups, and include measures to prevent gender-based violence, in accordance with resolutions 1960 (2010) and 1882 (2009),",
"- Collaborate closely with humanitarian agencies, in particular with regard to areas of tension and return of displaced persons, identify potential threats against and collect information on civilian populations, as well as reliable information on violations of international humanitarian law and human rights standards, bring them to the attention of the Ivorian authorities where appropriate, and take appropriate measures in accordance with the United Nations system-wide strategy on protection and in line with the UN Protection Strategy,",
"– To monitor and report violations and abuses against vulnerable populations, including children, consistent with resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011), and to contribute to efforts to prevent such violations and abuses,",
"(b) Security threats and border issues that still persist",
"- Continue to support, within their powers, possibilities and areas of deployment, the national authorities to stabilize the security situation in the country,",
"- Continue to monitor and prevent the activities of militias, mercenaries and other illegal armed groups in accordance with their current mandate to protect civilians, and to report regularly to the Council on developments in this regard,",
"- To assist the Government in monitoring and controlling cross-border security and other challenges along its borders and border areas, especially on the Liberian border, with particular attention to cross-border movements of armed elements and weapons and, to that end, to work in close coordination with the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) to promote inter-mission cooperation, including joint patrols and contingency plans,",
"- Linking with FRCI to promote mutual trust among all the elements that integrate them,",
"- To contribute, in coordination with the Government, to the security of the members of the Government of Côte d’Ivoire and key political actors, including in the context of the preparations and holding of the upcoming legislative elections,",
"(c) Monitoring of the arms embargo",
"– To monitor, in cooperation with the Group of Experts established pursuant to resolution 1584 (2005), the implementation of the measures imposed by paragraph 7 of resolution 1572 (2004), including by inspecting, if deemed necessary and where appropriate without prior notice, all related weapons, ammunition and materials irrespective of their location, in accordance with resolution 1980 (2011),",
"- To collect, as appropriate, arms and related materiel that have been introduced in Côte d’Ivoire, in violation of the measures imposed by paragraph 7 of resolution 1572 (2004), and to dispose appropriately of such weapons and materials,",
"(d) Arms collection",
"- Continue to assist the national authorities, including the National Commission to Combat the Proliferation and Illicit Traffic in Small Arms and Light Weapons, to collect, register, securely store and dispose of weapons and to remove explosive remnants of war, as appropriate, in accordance with resolution 1980 (2011),",
"- To support the Government, in coordination with other partners, in formulating and implementing community-based weapons collection programmes, which should be linked to community violence reduction and reconciliation initiatives,",
"- Coordinate with the Government to ensure that the weapons collected are not distributed or reused outside the comprehensive national security strategy referred to in subparagraph (f),",
"(e) Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme",
"- Assisting the Government, in close coordination with other international and bilateral partners, to formulate and implement without delay a new national programme for the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of combatants and the dismantling of militias and self-defence groups that includes clear individual criteria and adapts to the new context, taking into account the rights and needs of the different categories of persons to be disarmed, demobilized and reintegrated,",
"- Continue to support the registration and vetting process for ex-combatants,",
"- Support the disarmament and repatriation of foreign armed elements, where appropriate in cooperation with UNMIL and United Nations country teams in the region,",
"(f) Reconstitution and reform of security forces and rule of law institutions",
"- To assist the Government in undertaking, without delay and in close coordination with other international partners, a review of the entire security sector and the development of a comprehensive national security strategy and plans for its reform, taking into account also the national disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme,",
"- Under the leadership of the Government of Côte d’Ivoire and in close cooperation with international stakeholders, support the effective coordination, transparency and harmonization of activities, and a clear division of tasks and responsibilities, among all international partners assisting the security sector reform process, and report to the Council, where appropriate, on developments in the security sector reform process,",
"- To advise the Government of Côte d’Ivoire, as appropriate, on the reform of the security sector and the organization of the future national army, to facilitate, without exceeding its current resources, at the request of the Government and in close coordination with other international partners, the provision of training on human rights, child protection and protection against sexual and gender-based violence to security and law enforcement institutions, as well as the provision of guidance for the development of their capacity through programmes of prisons",
"- Support the Government in the development and implementation of a national strategy for the justice sector, as well as in the development and implementation of a multi-year joint United Nations programme to support justice in order to develop the police force, the judicial system, prisons and access to justice in Côte d’Ivoire, as well as the initial emergency rehabilitation of the relevant infrastructure and the provision of equipment, without exceeding existing resources and in coordination,",
"- Support, without exceeding existing resources and in collaboration with the United Nations system as a whole, reconciliation, including the establishment and operation of mechanisms to prevent, mitigate or resolve conflicts, in particular at the local level, as well as to promote social cohesion,",
"(g) Support for efforts to promote and protect human rights",
"- Contribute to the promotion and protection of human rights in Côte d’Ivoire, paying particular attention to grave violations and abuses against children and women, in particular sexual violence and gender-based violence, in close coordination with the independent expert mandated by Human Rights Council resolution A/HRC/17/27,",
"- To monitor and assist in investigating violations of human rights and international humanitarian law, and to report publicly and to the Council in this regard, with a view to preventing such violations, establishing a protective environment and ending impunity, and to that end strengthening its monitoring, investigation and reporting capacity on human rights,",
"- To draw the attention of the Council to all persons identified as authors of serious human rights violations, and to keep the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572 (2004) regularly informed of developments thereon,",
"- Support the efforts of the Government of Côte d ' Ivoire to combat sexual and gender-based violence, including by contributing to the development of a multisectoral strategy under national control in cooperation with the entities of the United Nations Campaign against Sexual Violence in Conflict, the appointment of women ' s protection advisers and ensuring the availability of gender expertise and training, as appropriate and without exceeding existing resources, in accordance with resolutions 1888 (2009), 1889 (2010)",
"(h) Support for humanitarian assistance",
"- Continue to facilitate unhindered humanitarian access and help to strengthen the delivery of humanitarian assistance to vulnerable and conflict-affected populations, especially by contributing to improved security conditions to provide such assistance,",
"- To assist the Ivorian authorities in preparing the voluntary, safe and sustainable return of refugees and displaced persons in cooperation with relevant humanitarian organizations, and to create security conditions conducive to such return,",
"Peace process and electoral process",
"(i) Support for the organization and timely holding of open, free, fair and transparent legislative elections",
"- Promote an inclusive political process and support the creation of a political environment conducive to the upcoming elections, including in coordination with the initiatives undertaken by ECOWAS and the African Union,",
"- Support the organization and timely holding of open, free, fair and transparent legislative elections, provide appropriate logistical and technical assistance and help the Government establish effective security mechanisms,",
"- Provide technical and logistical support to assist the Independent Electoral Commission in completing the remaining tasks prior to the holding of the legislative elections and facilitate, as necessary, consultations among all political actors, as well as with the Independent Electoral Commission to that end,",
"- To assume the coordination of international observers and contribute to their security, within their capabilities and their areas of deployment,",
"- To provide the Special Representative of the Secretary-General with the assistance necessary to fulfil his role in the certification of legislative elections in accordance with paragraph 6 of the present resolution, taking into account the specificity of legislative elections,",
"(j) Public information",
"- Continue to monitor and facilitate the provision of assistance, as appropriate, to the bodies responsible for such media and their regulation, in accordance with their mandate,",
"- Continue to use UNOCI ' s outreach capacity, through UNOCI FM, to contribute to overall efforts to create a peaceful environment, including with a view to legislative elections,",
"- Encourage the media and key political actors in Côte d’Ivoire to fully implement the Code of Good Conduct for the elections that the Ivorian parties signed under the auspices of the Secretary-General, as well as to sign and comply with the Code of Good Conduct for the Media,",
"- Monitor any public incidents of incitement to hatred, intolerance and violence, bring to the attention of the Council all persons identified as instigators of political violence and keep the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572 (2004) regularly informed of developments in this regard,",
"(k) Restoration of State administration and extension of its authority to the whole country",
"- To assist the Ivorian authorities in expanding and re-establishing the effective administration of the State and strengthening the public administration in key areas throughout the country, at the national and local levels, as well as in implementing the outstanding aspects of the Ouagadougou Agreements regarding the reunification of the country,",
"(l) Facilitation",
"- Coordinate with the Facilitator and his Special Representative in Abidjan to assist the Government in the implementation of the outstanding tasks of the peace process, as necessary and with available means, including by providing logistical support to the office of the Special Representative as appropriate,",
"(m) Protection of United Nations personnel",
"- Protect United Nations personnel, facilities and equipment and ensure the safety and freedom of movement of United Nations personnel,",
"8. Decides to maintain the authorization granted to UNOCI to use all necessary means to fulfil its mandate, within its capabilities and areas of deployment, in accordance with resolutions 1933 (2010) and 1962 (2010);",
"9. " Welcomes the establishment of the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission by decree of President Ouattara on 13 May 2011, encourages the Government to ensure that the Commission is fully operational as soon as possible, and further calls upon the United Nations system to support its work with a view to ensuring its functioning in accordance with the international obligations of Côte d ' Ivoire;",
"10. Calls upon the Government to take the necessary measures to restore and strengthen relevant institutions, including judicial institutions, the police and prison services, and to further ensure the effective protection of human rights and the accountability of all perpetrators of human rights violations and abuses in Côte d’Ivoire;",
"11. Calls upon the Government to ensure that the conditions of protection and detention of former President Gbagbo, his wife, former officials and other detainees are consistent with international obligations, including with regard to the access of relevant organizations mandated to supervise detention centres, and to carry out their prosecutions and trials in accordance with international obligations relating to due process and the right to a fair trial;",
"12. Calls upon UNOCI, where consistent with its current responsibilities and competencies, to support national and international efforts to bring to justice those responsible for serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law in Côte d’Ivoire;",
"13. Urges all parties to cooperate fully with the operations of UNOCI and the French forces that support it, in particular by ensuring its protection, security and freedom of movement, with unrestricted and immediate access throughout the territory of Côte d ' Ivoire, so that they can fully fulfil their mandates;",
"14. Calls upon the United Nations country team to contribute to the planning and implementation of microprojects, in consultation with the Government and in close collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and interested international partners, to provide alternative sustainable livelihoods to some ex-combatants, as part of the socio-economic reintegration component of the national disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme;",
"15. Encourages ECOWAS to formulate, with the support of the United Nations Office for West Africa (UNOWA), a subregional strategy to address the threat posed by the cross-border movement of armed groups and weapons, as well as illicit trafficking, with the assistance of UNOCI and UNMIL, as appropriate;",
"16. Calls upon the Government and all international partners, including private companies, to assist the Government in security sector reform, to comply with the provisions of resolution 1980 (2011) and to coordinate their efforts to promote transparency and a clear division of labour among all international partners;",
"17. Decides to extend until 31 July 2012 the authorization granted to the French forces to support UNOCI, within the limits of its deployment and its possibilities;",
"18. Requests the Secretary-General to submit a midterm report to the General Assembly no later than 31 December 2011 and a final report no later than 30 June 2012 on the situation on the ground and the implementation of the present resolution, and further requests the Secretary-General to submit oral and written reports on important developments in the electoral process, including the support of UNOCI for this process;",
"19. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly, in the context of the midterm report referred to in paragraph 18 or a special report, no later than 31 March 2012, taking into account the holding of the upcoming legislative elections, as well as the existing security challenges and progress in the reconstruction of national capacities, recommendations on possible adjustments to the structure and staffing of UNOCI;",
"20. Decides to remain seized of the matter."
] |
[
"Reunión extraordinaria",
"Nueva York, 11 de agosto de 2011",
"Lista de candidatos propuestos por los Estados partes para la elección de un miembro de la Comisión de Límites de la Plataforma Continental",
"Nota del Secretario General",
"1. En el párrafo 1 del artículo 2 del anexo II de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar se establece que la Comisión de Límites de la Plataforma Continental estará compuesta de 21 miembros expertos en geología, geofísica o hidrografía elegidos por los Estados Partes en la Convención entre sus nacionales, teniendo debidamente en cuenta la necesidad de asegurar una representación geográfica equitativa, quienes prestarán sus servicios a título personal.",
"2. En una nota de fecha 26 de abril de 2011, el Secretario General invitó a los Estados Partes a que presentaran, del 27 de abril al 26 de julio de 2011, los nombres de los candidatos propuestos por sus gobiernos para la elección de un miembro de la Comisión, junto con los antecedentes personales de dichos candidatos.",
"3. En el párrafo 2 del artículo 2 del anexo II de la Convención se establece que el Secretario General preparará una lista en orden alfabético de todas las personas propuestas y la presentará a todos los Estados Partes. Las candidaturas presentadas al Secretario General por los Estados Partes en respuesta a su solicitud figuran en el anexo de la presente nota.",
"4. Los currículos de los candidatos se distribuirán en el documento SPLOS/234.",
"5. La elección de un miembro de la Comisión tendrá lugar en una reunión de los Estados Partes que se celebrará en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas el 11 de agosto de 2011. Los procedimientos que se aplicarán en la reunión se exponen en una nota del Secretario General (SPLOS/232).",
"Anexo",
"Lista de candidatos",
"Nombre y nacionalidad Propuesto por",
"Urabe, Tetsuro (Japón) Japón"
] | [
"Special Meeting",
"New York, 11 August 2011",
"List of candidates nominated by States parties for election of one member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf",
"Note by the Secretary-General",
"1. Pursuant to article 2, paragraph 1, of annex II to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf shall consist of 21 members who shall be experts in the field of geology, geophysics or hydrography, elected by States parties to the Convention from among their nationals, having due regard to the need to ensure equitable geographical representation, who shall serve in their personal capacities.",
"2. In a note dated 26 April 2011, the Secretary-General invited States parties to submit, from 27 April to 26 July 2011, the names of candidates whom their Governments might wish to nominate for the election of one member of the Commission, together with statements of qualifications of such candidates.",
"3. Article 2, paragraph 2, of annex II to the Convention provides that the Secretary-General shall prepare a list in alphabetical order of all persons thus nominated and shall submit it to all the States parties. The nominations submitted by States parties to the Secretary-General in reply to his request are set out in the annex to the present note.",
"4. The curricula vitae of the candidates will be circulated in document SPLOS/234.",
"5. The election of one member of the Commission will take place at a Meeting of States Parties to be held at United Nations Headquarters on 11 August 2011. The procedures to be followed by the Meeting are set out in a note by the Secretary-General (SPLOS/232).",
"Annex",
"List of candidates",
"Name and nationality Nominated by \n Urabe, Tetsuro (Japan) Japan"
] | SPLOS_233 | [
"Special Meeting",
"New York, 11 August 2011",
"List of candidates nominated by States parties for the election of a member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf",
"Note by the Secretary-General",
"1. Article 2, paragraph 1, of annex II to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provides that the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf shall consist of 21 expert members in geology, geophysics or hydrography chosen by States parties to the Convention among their nationals, with due regard to the need to ensure equitable geographical representation, who shall provide their services in their personal capacity.",
"2. In a note dated 26 April 2011, the Secretary-General invited States parties to submit, from 27 April to 26 July 2011, the names of candidates nominated by their Governments for the election of a member of the Commission, together with the personal background of such candidates.",
"3. Article 2, paragraph 2, of annex II to the Convention provides that the Secretary-General shall prepare a list in alphabetical order of all persons proposed and submit it to all States parties. The nominations submitted to the Secretary-General by States parties in response to their request are contained in the annex to the present note.",
"4. The curricula vitae of the candidates will be distributed in document SPLOS/234.",
"5. The election of a member of the Commission will take place at a meeting of States parties to be held at United Nations Headquarters on 11 August 2011. The procedures to be applied at the meeting are set out in a note by the Secretary-General (SPLOS/232).",
"Annex",
"List of candidates",
"Name and nationality Proposed",
"Urabe, Tetsuro, Japan"
] |
[
"Reunión extraordinaria",
"Nueva York, 11 de agosto de 2011",
"Elección de un miembro de la Comisión de Límites de la Plataforma Continental",
"Curriculum vitae del candidato presentado por el Gobierno del Japón",
"Urabe, Tetsuro (Japón)",
"Datos personales",
"Nacionalidad: japonés",
"Fecha de nacimiento: 10 de enero de 1949",
"Teléfono: (81-3) 5841 4542",
"Fax: (81-3) 5841 2534",
"Correo electrónico: [email protected]",
"Dirección de la oficina: 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokio 13-0033",
"Títulos académicos",
"Doctorado en Geología, Universidad de Tokio, 1976",
"Maestría en Geología, Universidad de Tokio, 1973",
"Licenciatura en Geología y Mineralogía, Universidad de Tokio, 1971",
"Cargos actuales",
"2008 hasta la fecha Vicedirector Ejecutivo, Ocean Alliance, Universidad de Tokio",
"2007 hasta la fecha Profesor Adjunto, University of The Air (Universidad Abierta del Japón)",
"2000 hasta la fecha Profesor, Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y el Planeta, Universidad de Tokio",
"Antecedentes profesionales",
"2006-2007 Jefe del Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y el Planeta, Universidad de Tokio",
"1996-2000 Geólogo Jefe, Servicio de Información Geológica del Japón[1]",
"1992-1996 Jefe de la Sección de Mineralogía Experimental, Servicio de Información Geológica del Japón",
"1990-1991 Subdirector, Oficina de Planificación de las Investigaciones, Servicio de Información Geológica del Japón",
"1985-1992 Geólogo e Investigador Superior, Servicio de Información Geológica del Japón",
"1979-1981 Investigador visitante, Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Toronto (Canadá)",
"1976-1985 Profesor Adjunto, Instituto Geológico, Universidad de Tokio",
"Actividades de investigación",
"En la actualidad, mis actividades de investigación están centradas principalmente en: a) la actividad hidrotermal en los fondos marinos, tanto en la cresta mesooceánica como en los sistemas de cuencas marginales; b) los grandes depósitos de sulfuros relacionados con la actividad hidrotermal y los depósitos de costras de ferromanganeso como recursos minerales de los fondos marinos; c) los aspectos geoquímicos de los microorganismos en el medio del subsuelo marino; d) el ciclo geoquímico de los sistemas hidrotermales; y e) los recursos minerales de “metales raros” tanto en tierra como en los fondos marinos. He dirigido y sigo dirigiendo numerosos proyectos importantes de investigación marina, como el proyecto conjunto STARMER (1987-1991) del Japón, Francia y la Comisión de Ciencias Geoaplicadas del Pacífico Sur (SOPAC) sobre la actividad tectónica e hidrotermal en la cuenca septentrional de Fiji; el proyecto conjunto Ridge Flux (1993-1998) del Japón y los Estados Unidos de América sobre la intensidad hidrotermal en la cresta del Pacífico oriental en el contexto de su expansión extremadamente rápida; el proyecto Archaean Park (2000-2006) sobre la biosfera en zonas profundas y su relación con la actividad hidrotermal en los fondos marinos; y el proyecto TAIGA (2008-2012), actualmente en curso (véase: http://www-gbs.eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~taiga/en/index.html).",
"Participación en expediciones en buques de investigación (*como investigador principal o investigador principal adjunto)",
"Mayo de 2011 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS, expedición a la depresión de Okinawa (Japón), proyecto TAIGA",
"Junio de 2010 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS, expedición a la depresión meridional de las Islas Marianas, proyecto TAIGA",
"Febrero de 2009 *R/V Natshushima/RO V Hyper Dolphin, expedición al monte submarino Takuyo-Daigo en el Pacífico noroccidental (organizada por el Organismo de Ciencia y Tecnología Marina y Terrestre del Japón (JAMSTEC))",
"Junio de 2004 *R/V JOIDES Resolution, expedición 301 del Programa Integrado de Sondeos Oceánicos a la cresta Juan de Fuca en el Pacífico nororiental",
"Enero de 2004 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS, expedición a la depresión meridional de las Islas Marianas en el Pacífico noroccidental, proyecto Archaean Park",
"Julio de 2002 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS, expedición de sondeo a Izu-Bonin, proyecto Archaean Park",
"Junio de 2001 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS (con sonda marina acoplada), expedición de sondeo a la cuenca de Izu-Bonin (Japón) (organizada conjuntamente por el Japón y los Estados Unidos de América)",
"Septiembre de 1998 *R/V Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500, expedición con nave sumergible a la cresta del Pacífico oriental (organizada conjuntamente por el Japón y los Estados Unidos de América)",
"Octubre de 1995 *R/V Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500, expedición a Papua Nueva Guinea (organizada conjuntamente por el Japón, Papua Nueva Guinea y SOPAC)",
"Septiembre de 1994 *R/V Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500, expedición con nave sumergible a la cresta del Pacífico oriental (organizada conjuntamente por el Japón y los Estados Unidos de América)",
"Noviembre de 1993 *R/V Melville, expedición a zona meridional de la cresta del Pacífico oriental (organizada conjuntamente por el Japón y los Estados Unidos de América, proyecto Ridge Flux)",
"Diciembre de 1991 *R/V Suroit/Cyana, expedición con nave sumergible a Vanuatu (organizada conjuntamente por el Japón, Francia y SOPAC, proyecto STARMER)",
"Agosto de 1991 *R/V Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500, expedición con nave sumergible a la cuenca septentrional de Fiji (organizada conjuntamente por el Japón, Francia y SOPAC, proyecto STARMER)",
"Junio de 1989 R/V Nadir/Nautile, expedición con nave sumergible a la cuenca septentrional de Fiji (organizada conjuntamente por el Japón, Francia y SOPAC, proyecto STARMER)",
"Julio de 1987 R/V Atlantir II/Alvin, expedición con nave sumergible a la cuenca de Izu-Bonin en el Pacífico noroccidental (organizada conjuntamente por el Japón y los Estados Unidos de América)",
"Mayo de 1986 R/V Natsushima/Shinkai 2000, expedición con nave sumergible a la cuenca de Izu-Bonin en el Pacífico noroccidental (organizada por el Servicio de Información Geológica del Japón)",
"Septiembre de 1985 R/V Atlantis II/Alvin, expedición con nave sumergible a la cresta de las Galápagos frente a las costas del Ecuador (organizada por la Dirección Nacional de los Océanos y la Atmósfera de los Estados Unidos de América)",
"Junio de 1985 R/V Nadir/Nautile, expedición con nave sumergible a la depresión de Nankai (Japón) (organizada conjuntamente por el",
"Japón y Francia, proyecto KAIKO)",
"(además de otras 12 expediciones en las regiones oriental y occidental de la cuenca del Pacífico)",
"Otros servicios profesionales prestados",
"2010 hasta la fecha Miembro del Consejo Científico del Japón",
"2003 hasta la fecha Miembro del Comité Consultivo para la Ampliación de la Plataforma Continental, Gobierno del Japón",
"2006 hasta la fecha Miembro y Presidente de un subcomité del Comité Consultivo para los Recursos Naturales y la Energía, Ministerio de Economía, Comercio e Industria del Japón",
"2008-2010 Presidente, Society of Resource Geology",
"1993-1997 Miembro de la Junta Editorial, Economic Geology",
"1993-1995 Miembro de la Junta Editorial, Mineralium Deposita",
"1988-1990 Editor Jefe, Mining Geology (Tokio)",
"Asociaciones profesionales",
"The Society of Economic Geologists (Asociación de Geología y Economía)",
"American Geophysical Union (Unión Americana de Geofísica)",
"The Society of Resource Geology (Asociación de Recursos Geológicos)",
"The Geological Society of Japan (Asociación Geológica del Japón)",
"The Geographical Society of Japan (Asociación Geográfica del Japón)",
"The Geochemical Society of Japan (Asociación Geoquímica del Japón)",
"The Society of Ocean Policy (Asociación de Política Oceánica)",
"Publicaciones",
"Kawada, Y., Seama, N., and Urabe, T. (2011). The role of seamounts in the transport of heat and fluids: Relations among seamount size, circulation patterns, and crustal heat flow. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 306, 55-65.",
"Yanagawa, K., Sunarnura, M., Lever, M. A., Morono, Y., Hiruta, A., Ishizaki, O., Matsumoto, R., Urabe, T., and Inagaki, F. (2011). Niche separation of methanotrophic Archaea (ANME-1 and -2) in methane-seep sediments of the Eastern Japan Sea offshore Joetsu. Geomicrobiology Journal, 28(2), 118-129 I : 10 .1080/01490451003709334).",
"Urabe, T., Okino, K., Sunamura, M., Ishibashi, J., Takai, K., and Suzula, K. (2009). Transcrustal advections and in situ biogeochemical processes of global seafloor aquifer; the sub-seafloor TAIGA. Journal of Geography, 118(6), 1027-1036 (in Japanese with English abstract).",
"Mori, K., Yamaguchi, K., Sakiyama, Y., Urabe, T., and Suzuki, I. (2009). Caldisercum exile gen. nov., sp nov., an anaerobic, thermophilic, filamentous bacterium of a novel bacterial phylum, Caldserica phyl. nov., originally called the candidate phylum OP5, and description of Caldisericaceae fam. nov., Caldisericales ord. nov and Caldisericia classis nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 59, 2894-2898.",
"Kato, S., Yanagawa, K., Sunamura, M., Takano, Y., Ishibashi, J., Kakegawa, T., Utsumi, M., Yamanaka, T., Toki, T., Noguchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Moroi, A., Kimura, H., Kawarabayasi, Y., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., and Yamagishi, A. (2009b). Abundance of Zetaproteobacteria within crustal fluids in back-arc hydrothermal fields of the Southern Mariana Trough. Environmental Microbiology, doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009. 02031.x.",
"Kato, S., Hara, K., Kasai, H., Teramura, T., Sunamura, M., Ishibashi, J., Kakegawa, T., Yamanaka, T., Kimura, H., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., and Yamagishi, A. (2009a). Spatial distribution, diversity and composition of bacterial communities in sub-seafloor fluids at a deep-sea hydrothermal field of the Suiyo Seamount. Deep-Sea Research Part I, 56(10), 1844-1855.",
"Yanagawa, K., Sunamura, M., Morono, Y., Futagami, T., de Beer, D., Urabe, T., Boetius, A., and Inagaki, F. (2009). Distribution of metabolically active microbial communities in CO2-rich marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73, A1472-A1472 (Abstract).",
"Urabe, T., Iizasa, K., and Ishibash, J. (2009). The latest frontier of earth science and its application to mineral exploration; Submarine hydrothermal deposits as modem analogy. Resource Geology, 59(1), 43-72 (In Japanese with English abstract).",
"Mori, K., Sunamura, M., Yanagawa, K., Ishibashi, J., Miyoshi, Y., Iino, T., Suzuki K., and Urabe, T. (2008). First cultivation and ecological investigation of a bacterium affiliated with the candidate phylum OP5 from hot springs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74, 6223-6229.",
"Marumo, K., Urabe, T., Goto, A., Takano, Y., and Nakaseama, M. (2008). Mineralogy and isotope geochemistry of active submarine hydrothermal field at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, West Pacific Ocean. Resource Geology, 58, 220-248 (Best Article Award).",
"Urabe, T., Chiba, H., and Kato, Y. (2008). IMA Kobe 2006 Special Issue: Seafloor hydrothermal deposits of arc-backarc systems in western Pacific. Resource Geology, 58, 205 (Preface).",
"Mori, K., Maruyama, A., Urabe, T., Suzuki, K., and Hanada, S. (2008). Archaeoglobus infectus sp. nov. a novel thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea rock collected at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, western Pacific Ocean. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 58, 810-816.",
"Ishibashi, J., Marumo, K., Maruyama, A., and Urabe, T. (2007). Direct access to the sub-vent biosphere by shallow drilling. Oceanography, 20(1), 24-25.",
"Behrmann, J. H., Yang, J. and CoZone Working Group (2007). Convergent Plate Boundaries and Collision Zones. In: Harms, U., Koeberl, C., and Zoback, M. D., eds., Continental Scientific Drilling: A Decade of Progress, and Challenges for the Future. Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 289-334.",
"Kinoshita, M., Kawada Y., Tanaka A., and Urabe, T. (2006). Recharge/discharge interface of a secondary hydrothermal circulation in the Suiyo Seamount of the Izu-Bonin Arc, identified by submersible-operated heat flow measurements. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 245, 498-508.",
"Takano, Y., Edazawa, Y., Kobayashi, K., Urabe, T., and Marumo, K. (2005). Evidence of sub-vent biosphere: enzymatic activities in 308 degrees C deep-sea hydrothermal systems at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, western Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 229, 193-203.",
"Kuwabara, T., Minaba, M., Iwayama, Y., Inoue, I., Nakashima, M., Marumo, K., Maruyama, A., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., Ishibashi, J., Urabe, T., and Kamekura, M. (2005). Thermococcus coalescens sp. nov., a cell-fusing hyperthermophilic archaeon from Suiyo Seamount. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 55, 2507-2514.",
"Hara, K., Kakegawa, T., Yamashiro, K., Maruyama, A., Ishibashi, J., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., and Yamagishi, A. (2005). Analysis of the Archaeal sub-seafloor community at Suiyo Seamount on the Izu-Bonin Arc. Advances in Space Research, 35(9), 1634-1642.",
"Fisher, A. T., Urabe, T., Klaus, A., and the IODP Expedition 301 Scientists (2005). IODP Expedition 301 installs three borehole crustal observatories, prepares for three-dimensional, cross-hole experiments in the north-eastern Pacific Ocean. Scientific Drilling, 1(1), 6-11.",
"Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K, Seama, N., and Ishibashi, J. (2005). The Archaean Park Project: Interaction between microbiological and geological processes in deepsea hydrothermal vent and sub-vent environments. Oceanography in Japan, 14(2), 129-137 (In Japanese with English abstract).",
"Kubota, H., Urabe, T., Yamada, R., and Tanimura, S. (2004). Exploration indices and mineral potential map of the Kuroko deposits in northeast Japan. Resource Geology, 54, 387-397.",
"Urabe, T., and Kubota, H. (2004) Kuroko deposits revisited after the discovery of their modern analogues on submarine arc volcanoes. Resource Geology, 54, 385-386.",
"Fisher, A. T., Urabe, T., and shipboard scientific party (2004). Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 301 Preliminary Report: The hydrogeologic architecture of basaltic oceanic crust: compartmentalization, anisotropy, microbiology, and crustalscale properties on the eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge, eastern Pacific Ocean. 121P., IODP, College Station, Texas, United States of America.",
"Takano, Y., Kobayashi, K., Yamanaka, T., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2004). Amino acids in the 308 degrees C deep-sea hydrothermal system of the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 219(1-2), 147-153.",
"Higashi, Y., Sunamura, M., Kitamura, K., Nakamura, K., Kurusu, Y., Ishibashi, J., Urabe, T., and Maruyama, A. (2004). Microbial diversity in hydrothermal surface to subsurface environments of Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, using a catheter-type in situ growth chamber. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 47(3), 327-336.",
"Nakagawa, T., Ishibashi, J., Maruyama, A., Yamanaka, T., Morimoto, Y., Kimura, H., Urabe, T., and Fukui, M. (2004). Analysis of dissimilatory sulfite reductase and 16S rRNA gene fragments from deep-sea hydrothermal sites of the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, western Pacific. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(1), 393-403.",
"Maruyama, A., and Urabe, T. (2003). New approach to unknown biosphere under seafloor hydrothermal sites. Journal of Geography, 112(2), 300-322 (In Japanese with English abstract).",
"Ishibashi, J, Yamanaka, T., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2003). Hydrothermal interaction with volcaniclastic sediment beneath the Suiyo Seamount submarine caldera, Izu-Bonin Arc. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67(18S), A174-A174.",
"Horiuchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Takano, Y., Marumo, K., Nakashima, M., Yamagishi, A., Ishibashi, J., and Urabe, T. (2003). Organics in chimneys and water samples from deepsea hydrothermal systems: Implications for sub-vent biosphere. Biological Sciences in Space, 17, 190-191.",
"Takano, Y., Horiuchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2003). Large enantiomeric excesses of L-form amino acids in deep-sea hydrothermal sub‑vent of 156 degrees C fluids at the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Pacific Ocean. Chemistry Letters, 32(10), 970-971.",
"Nakagawa, T., Hanada, S., Maruyama, A., Marumo K., Urabe, T., and Fukui, M. (2002). Distribution and diversity of thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria within a Cu-Pb-Zn mine (Toyoha, Japan). FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 41, 199-209.",
"Takano, .Y, Edazawa, Y., Horiuchi, T., IGneko, T., Kobayashi, K., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2002). Investigation of submarine hydrothermal sub-vent biosphere as a model of search for extraterrestrial life. Biological Sciences in Space, 16, 199-200.",
"Gena, K., Mizuta, T., Ishiyama, D., and Urabe, T. (2001). Acid-sulphate type alteration and mineralization in the Desmos Caldera, Manus Back-arc Basin, Papua New Guinea. Resource Geology, 51, 31-44.",
"Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K., Seama, N., and Ishibashi, J. (2001). The Archaean Park Project Update. InterRidge News, 10 (1), 23-25.",
"Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K., Seama, N. Ishibashi, J., and Naganuma, T. (2000). The Archaean Park Project: Interactions between subsurface-vent biosphere and the geo-environment. InterRidge News, 9 (1), 34-36.",
"Embley, R. W., Lupton, J. E., Massoth, G., Urabe, T., Tunnicliffe, V., Butterfield, D.A., Shibata, T., Okano, O., Kinoshita, M., and Fujioka, K. (1998). Geological, chemical, and biological evidence for recent volcanism at 17.5º S: East Pacific Rise. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 163,131-147.",
"Maruyama, A., Urabe, T., Ishibashi, J., Feely, R. A., and Baker, E. T. (1998). Global hydrothermal primary production rate estimated from the southern East Pacific Rise. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 39, 249-252.",
"Urabe, T., Fujioka, K., Mitsuzawa, K., Fujimoto, H., Matsubayashi, O., Mochizuki, M., Nagaya, Y., Nakamura, K., Nishimura, K., Okamura, K., Sayanagi, K., Sugawara, T., Tonnerre, T., Tsumune, D., Walker, M., Kinoshita, M., Shibata, T., Joshima, M., Cowen, J., Maruyama, A., Roe, K., Shitashima, K., Ishibashi, J., Sakamoto, I., Ytow, N., and Kodera, T. (1998). Japanese Ridge Flux Project Group has started Long-term Sea Floor Monitoring in the Southern East Pacific Rise. InterRidge News, 7(1), 41-44.",
"Gena, K., Mizuta, T., Ishiyama, D., and Urabe, T. (1997). Geochemical characteristics of altered basaltic andesite by sulfuric-acid rich solution from the DESMOS Caldera, Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. JAMSTEC J. Deep-Sea Research, 13, 269-285.",
"Gamo, T., Okamura, K., Charlou, J. L., Urabe, T., Auzende, J. M., Ishibashi, J., Shitashima, K., and Chiba, H. (1997). Acidic and sulfate-rich hydrothermal fluids from the Manus back-arc basin, Papua New Guinea. Geology, 25(2) 139-142.",
"Feely, R. A., Baker, E. T., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., Ishibashi, J., Gendron, J., Lebon, G. T., and Okamura, K. (1996). Hydrothermal plume particles and dissolved phosphate over the superfast-spreading southern East Pacific Rise. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 2297-2323.",
"Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., and Scientific Party (1996). Cruise explores hydrothermal vents of the Manus Basin. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 77(26), 244.",
"Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Binns, R., Charlou, L. L., Gena, K., Gamo, T., Henry, K., Matsubayashi, O., Matsumoto, T., Moss, R., Naka, J., Nagaya, Y., Okamura, K., and Ruellan, E. (1996). Tectonic, magmatic and hydrothermal activity in the Manus basin (SW Pacific, Papua New Guinea): MANUSFLUX cruise, Shinkai-6500. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences. Serie II. Fascicule a, Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes, 323(6), 501-508.",
"Urabe, T., Ikeda, R., Ito, H., Hamada, K., and Miyazaki, T. (1996). JUDGE Project: Preliminary results of the feasibility study. Proceedings of the VIIIth International Symposium on the Observation of the Continental Crust Through Drilling, Tsukuba Japan, pp. 20-22.",
"Baker, E. T., and Urabe, T. (1996). Extensive distribution of hydrothermal plumes along the superfast spreading East Pacific Rise, 13º 30'S – 18º 40'S. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, Ser. B4, 8685-8695.",
"Urabe, T., Baker, E. T., Ishibashi, J., Feely, R. A., Marumo, K., et al. (1995). The effect of magmatic activity on hydrothermal venting along the superfast-spreading East Pacific Rise. Science, 269, 1092-1095.",
"Ishibashi, J., and Urabe, T. (1995). Hydrothermal activity related to arc-backarc magmatism in Western Pacific. In Taylor, B., ed., Backarc Basins: Tectonics and Magmatism, Plenum Press, N.Y., pp. 451-495.",
"Ishbashi, J., Wakita, H., Nojiri, Y., Grimaud, D., Jean-Baptiste, P., Gamo, T., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. (1994). Helium and carbon geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the North Fiji Basin spreading ridge (southwest Pacific). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 128, 183-197.",
"Nohara, M., Hirose, K., Eissen, J. P., Urabe, T., and Joshima, M. (1994). The North Fiji Basin basalts and their magma sources: Part II. Sr-Nd isotopic and trace element constraints. Marine Geology, 116, 179-196.",
"Nakada, S., Maillet, P., Monjaret, M. C., Fujinawa, A., and Urabe, T. (1994). High-Na dacite from the Jean Charcot Trough (Vanuatu), Southwest Pacific. Marine Geology, 116, 197-214.",
"Ishibashi, J., Grimaud, D., Nojiri, Y., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. (1994). Fluctuation of chemical compositions of the phase-separated hydrothermal fluid from the North Fiji Basin ridge. Marine Geology, 116, 215-226.",
"Bendel, V., Auzende, J. M., Lagabrielle, Y., Grimaud, D., Fouquet, Y., and Urabe, T. (1993). The White Lady hydrothermal site in the North Fiji Basin (STARMER). Economic Geology, 88, 2237-2249.",
"Urabe, T., Tanaka, S., Kiya, Y., and Soejima, T. (1992). Japanese ultra-deep drilling and geoscientific experiments (JUDGE) project: an overview. In Vikram Rao, M., and Rowley, J., eds., Drilling Technolog-1992, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, PD 40, 89-94.",
"Urabe, T., Auzende, J. M., et al. (1992). Bathiymetric map of the central part of the North Fiji Basin, Southwest Pacific (Scale: 1/500,000). Hydrographic Department of Japan. 2 sheets.",
"Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Tanahashi, M., and Ruellan, E. (1992). Japanese submersible explores the North Fiji Basin. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 73, 116-117.",
"Urabe, T., and Marumo, K. (1991). A new model for Kuroko-type deposits of Japan. Episode,14, 246-251.",
"Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Bendel, V., Deplus, C., Eissen, J. P., Grimaud, D., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Joshima, M., Lagabrielle, Y., Matsumoto, T., Mevel, C., Naka, J., Ruellan, E., Tanaka, T., and Tanahashi, M. (1991). In situ geological and geochemical study on an active hydrothermal site on the North Fiji Basin ridge. In Crook, K. A. W., ed., The Geology, Geophysics and Mineral Resources of the South Pacific. Marine Geology, 98, 259-269.",
"Grimaud, D., Ishibashi, J., Lagabrielle, Y., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. (1991). Chemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the 17oS active site on the North Fiji Basin ridge (SW Pacific). Chemical Geology, 93, 209-218.",
"Urabe, T., and Kusakabe, M. (1990). Barite silica chimneys from the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 100, 283-290.",
"Auzende, J. M., Honza, E., Boespflug, X., Deo, S., Eissen, J. P., Hashimoto, J., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Iwabuchi, Y., Jarvis, P., Joshima, M., Kisimoto, K., Kuwahara, K., Lafoy, Y., Matsumoto, T., Maze, J. P., Mitsuzawa, K., Monma, H., Naganuma, T., Nojiri, Y., Ohta, S., Otsuka, K., Okuda, Y., Ondreas, H., Otsuki, A., Ruellan, E., Sibuet, M., Tanahashi, M., Tanaka, T., and Urabe, T. (1990). Active spreading and hydrothermalism in North Fiji Basin (SW Pacific). (Results of Japanese French cruise Kaiyo 87.) Marine Geophysics Research, 12, 269-283.",
"Taylor, B., Brown, G., Fryer, P., Gdl, J. B., Hochstaedter, A. G., Hotta, H., Langmuir, C. H., Leinen, M., Nishimura, A., and Urabe, T. (1990). Alvin-SeaBeam studies of the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 100, 127-147.",
"Eissen, J. P., Morvan, G., Lefevre, C., Maillet, P., Urabe, T., and Auzende, J. M. (1990). Petrologie et geochemie de la zone d’accretion du centre du Bassin Nord Fidjien (SW Pacifique). Complets Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 310, 771-778.",
"Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Deplus, C., Eissen, J. P., Grimaud, D., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Joshima, M., Lagabrielle, Y., Mevel, C., Naka, J., Ruellan, E., Tanaka, T., and Tanahashi, M. (1989). Le cadre géologique d’un site hydrothermal actif; la campagne STARMER 1 du submersible Nautile dans le Bassin Nord-Fidjien. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 309, Serie II, 1787-1795.",
"Nakano, T., and Urabe, T. (1989). Calculated compositions of fluids released from a crystallizing granitic melt; importance of pressure on the genesis of ore forming fluid. Geochemical Journal, 23, 307-319.",
"Urabe, T. (1987). The effect of pressure on the partition ratio of lead and zinc between vapor and rhyolite melts. Economic Geology, 82, 1049-1052.",
"Urabe, T. (1987). Kuroko deposit modeling based on magmatic hydrothermal theory. Mining Geology, 37, 159-175.",
"Urabe, T., Yuasa, M., Nakao, S., and on-board scientists (1987). Hydrothermal sulfides from a submarine caldera in the Shichito-Iwojima Ridge, Northwestern Pacific. Marine Geology, 74, 295-299.",
"Le Pichon, X., Iiyama, T., Boulegue, J., Charvet, J., Faure, M., Kano, K., Lallemant, S., Okada, H., Rangin, C., Taira, A., Urabe, T., and Uyeda, S. (1987). Nankai Through and Zenisu Ridge: a deep-sea submersible survey. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 83, 285-299.",
"Urabe, T. (1985). Aluminous granite as a source magma of hydrothermal ore deposits: an experimental study. Economic Geology, 80, 148-157.",
"Urabe, T., Scott, S. D., and Hattori, K. (1983). A comparison of footwall alteration and geothermal systems between some Japanese and Canadian volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Economic Geology Monograph 5, pp. 345-364.",
"Urabe, T., and Scott, S. D. (1983). Geology and footwall alteration of the South Bay massive sulphide deposit, northwestern Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20, 1862-1879.",
"Urabe, T. (1978). Quartz simultaneously precipitated with Kuroko ores in the Uwamuki No. 4 deposit, Kosaka mine. Mining Geology, 28, 337-348.",
"Urabe, T., and Sato, T. (1978). Kuroko deposits of the Kosaka mine, Northeast Honshu, Japan — Products of submarine hot spring on Miocene sea floor. Economic Geology, 73, 161-179.",
"Urabe, T. (1977). Partition of cadmium and manganese between coexisting sphalerite and galena from some Japanese epithermal deposits. Mineralium Deposita, 12, 319-330.",
"Tatsumi, T., Nakayama, F., and Urabe, T. (1975). Carrollite from the Sazare Mine, Ehime Prefecture, Japan. Mineralogical Journal, 7, 552-561.",
"Urabe, T. (1974). Iron content of sphalerite coexisting with pyrite from some Kuroko deposits. Mining Geology, Special Issue, 6, 377-384.",
"Urabe, T. (1974). Mineralogical aspects of the Kuroko deposits in Japan and their implications. Mineralium Deposita, 9, 309-324.",
"[1] Servicio de Información Geológica del Japón, Organismo de Ciencias Industriales y Tecnología, Ministerio de Comercio Internacional e Industria del Japón: el Servicio de Información Geológica del Japón fue objeto de una reorganización en 2001 y se incorporó al Instituto Nacional Superior de Ciencias Industriales y Tecnología (AIST)."
] | [
"Special Meeting",
"New York, 11 August 2011",
"Election of one member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf",
"Curriculum vitae of a candidate nominated by the Government of Japan",
"Urabe, Tetsuro (Japan)",
"Personal details",
"Nationality: Japanese",
"Birth date: 10 January 1949",
"Telephone: (81-3) 5841 4542",
"Facsimile: (81-3) 5841 2534",
"E-mail: [email protected]",
"Office address: 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 13-0033",
"Education",
"Ph.D., University of Tokyo, 1976, Geology",
"M.S., University of Tokyo, 1973, Geology",
"B.S., University of Tokyo, 1971, Geology and Mineralogy",
"Current positions",
"2008-present Vice Executive Director, Ocean Alliance, University of Tokyo",
"2007-present Adjunct Professor, University of The Air",
"2000-present Professor, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo",
"Professional experience",
"2006-2007 Chair, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo",
"1996-2000 Chief Geologist, Geological Survey of Japan[1]",
"1992-1996 Chief, Experimental Mineralogy Section, Geological Survey of Japan",
"1990-1991 Deputy Director, Research Planning Office, Geological Survey of Japan",
"1985-1992 Senior Research Geologist, Geological Survey of Japan",
"1979-1981 Visiting Researcher, Department of Geology, University of Toronto, Canada",
"1976-1985 Assistant Professor, Geological Institute, University of Tokyo",
"Research activities",
"My current research interests are mainly focused on: (a) the seafloor hydrothermal activities both on the mid-ocean ridge and the arc-backarc systems; (b) the massive sulphide deposits related to hydrothermal activity and the ferromanganese crust deposits as deep-sea mineral resources; (c) the microbial geochemistry of the subseafloor biosphere; (d) the geochemical cycle within and from the hydrothermal systems; and (e) the “rare-metal” mineral resources on land and seafloor. I have led and continue to lead many major seagoing research projects, including the Japan-France-SOPAC STARMER project (1987-1991) on the tectonics and hydrothermal activity in the North Fiji Basin; the Japan-US RidgeFlux project (1993-1998) on hydrothermal intensity on the super-fast-spreading East Pacific Rise; the Archaean Park project (2000-2006) on the deep biosphere related to seafloor hydrothermal activity; and the current TAIGA project (2008-2012; see http://www.gbs.eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~taiga/en/index.html).",
"Research cruise experience (* as Principal Investigator or Co-P.I.)",
"May 2011 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS cruise to Okinawa Trough, Japan (TAIGA project)",
"June 2010 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS cruise to Southern Mariana Trough (TAIGA project)",
"February 2009 *R/V Natshushima/RO V Hyper Dolphin cruise to Takuyo-Daigo Seamount, north-western Pacific (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) cruise)",
"June 2004 *R/V JOIDES Resolution Leg 301 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Programme to Juan de Fuca Ridge, north-eastern Pacific",
"January 2004 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS cruise to Southern Mariana Trough, north-west Pacific (Archaean Park project)",
"July 2002 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS drilling cruise to Izu-Bonin (Archaean Park project)",
"June 2001 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS (tethered marine drill) drilling cruise to Izu-Bonin Arc, Japan (Japan-United States)",
"September 1998 *R/V Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500 submersible cruise to East Pacific Rise (Japan-United States)",
"October 1995 *R/V Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500 cruise to Papua New Guinea (Japan-Papua New Guinea-SOPAC)",
"September 1994 *R/V Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500 submersible cruise to East Pacific Rise (Japan-United States)",
"November 1993 *R/V Melville cruise to southern East Pacific Rise (Japan-United States Ridge Flux project)",
"December 1991 *R/V Suroit/Cyana submersible cruise to Vanuatu (Japan-France SOPAC STARMER project)",
"August 1991 *R/V Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500 submersible cruise to North Fiji Basin (Japan-France-SOPAC STARMER project)",
"June 1989 R/V Nadir/Nautile submersible cruise to North Fiji Basin (Japan-France-SOPAC STARMER project)",
"July 1987 R/V Atlantir II/Alvin submersible cruise to Izu-Bonin Arc, north-western Pacific (United States-Japan cruise)",
"May 1986 R/V Natsushima/Shinkai 2000 submersible cruise to Izu-Bonin Arc, north-western Pacific (Geological Survey of Japan cruise)",
"September 1985 R/V Atlantis II/Alvin submersible cruise to Galapagos Rift, off Ecuador (NOAA expedition)",
"June 1985 R/V Nadir/Nautile submersible cruise to Nankai Trough, Japan (Japan-France KAIKO project)",
"(as well as 12 more cruises to eastern and western Pacific basin)",
"Professional service experiences",
"2010-present Affiliated Member, Science Council of Japan",
"2003-present Member, Advisory Committee for the Extension of the Continental Shelf, Cabinet Office of Japan",
"2006-present Member and Chair of subcommittee, Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan",
"2008-2010 President, Society of Resource Geology",
"1993-1997 Member, Editorial Board, Economic Geology",
"1993-1995 Member, Editorial Board, Mineralium Deposita",
"1988-1990 Editor in Chief, Mining Geology (Tokyo)",
"Professional associations",
"The Society of Economic Geologists",
"American Geophysical Union",
"The Society of Resource Geology",
"The Geological Society of Japan",
"The Geographical Society of Japan",
"The Geochemical Society of Japan",
"The Society of Ocean Policy",
"Selected publications",
"Kawada, Y., Seama, N., and Urabe, T. (2011). The role of seamounts in the transport of heat and fluids: Relations among seamount size, circulation patterns, and crustal heat flow. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 306, 55-65.",
"Yanagawa, K., Sunarnura, M., Lever, M. A., Morono, Y., Hiruta, A., Ishizaki, O., Matsumoto, R., Urabe, T., and Inagaki, F. (2011). Niche separation of methanotrophic Archaea (ANME-1 and -2) in methane-seep sediments of the Eastern Japan Sea offshore Joetsu. Geomicrobiology Journal, 28(2), 118-129 I : 10 .1080/01490451003709334).",
"Urabe, T., Okino, K., Sunamura, M., Ishibashi, J., Takai, K., and Suzula, K. (2009). Transcrustal advections and in situ biogeochemical processes of global seafloor aquifer; the sub-seafloor TAIGA. Journal of Geography, 118(6), 1027-1036 (in Japanese with English abstract).",
"Mori, K., Yamaguchi, K., Sakiyama, Y., Urabe, T., and Suzuki, I. (2009). Caldisercum exile gen. nov., sp nov., an anaerobic, thermophilic, filamentous bacterium of a novel bacterial phylum, Caldserica phyl. nov., originally called the candidate phylum OP5, and description of Caldisericaceae fam. nov., Caldisericales ord. nov and Caldisericia classis nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 59, 2894-2898.",
"Kato, S., Yanagawa, K., Sunamura, M., Takano, Y., Ishibashi, J., Kakegawa, T., Utsumi, M., Yamanaka, T., Toki, T., Noguchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Moroi, A., Kimura, H., Kawarabayasi, Y., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., and Yamagishi, A. (2009b). Abundance of Zetaproteobacteria within crustal fluids in back-arc hydrothermal fields of the Southern Mariana Trough. Environmental Microbiology, doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009. 02031.x.",
"Kato, S., Hara, K., Kasai, H., Teramura, T., Sunamura, M., Ishibashi, J., Kakegawa, T., Yamanaka, T., Kimura, H., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., and Yamagishi, A. (2009a). Spatial distribution, diversity and composition of bacterial communities in sub-seafloor fluids at a deep-sea hydrothermal field of the Suiyo Seamount. Deep-Sea Research Part I, 56(10), 1844-1855.",
"Yanagawa, K., Sunamura, M., Morono, Y., Futagami, T., de Beer, D., Urabe, T., Boetius, A., and Inagaki, F. (2009). Distribution of metabolically active microbial communities in CO2-rich marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73, A1472-A1472 (Abstract).",
"Urabe, T., Iizasa, K., and Ishibash, J. (2009). The latest frontier of earth science and its application to mineral exploration; Submarine hydrothermal deposits as modem analogy. Resource Geology, 59(1), 43-72 (In Japanese with English abstract).",
"Mori, K., Sunamura, M., Yanagawa, K., Ishibashi, J., Miyoshi, Y., Iino, T., Suzuki K., and Urabe, T. (2008). First cultivation and ecological investigation of a bacterium affiliated with the candidate phylum OP5 from hot springs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74, 6223-6229.",
"Marumo, K., Urabe, T., Goto, A., Takano, Y., and Nakaseama, M. (2008). Mineralogy and isotope geochemistry of active submarine hydrothermal field at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, West Pacific Ocean. Resource Geology, 58, 220-248 (Best Article Award).",
"Urabe, T., Chiba, H., and Kato, Y. (2008). IMA Kobe 2006 Special Issue: Seafloor hydrothermal deposits of arc-backarc systems in western Pacific. Resource Geology, 58, 205 (Preface).",
"Mori, K., Maruyama, A., Urabe, T., Suzuki, K., and Hanada, S. (2008). Archaeoglobus infectus sp. nov. a novel thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea rock collected at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, western Pacific Ocean. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 58, 810-816.",
"Ishibashi, J., Marumo, K., Maruyama, A., and Urabe, T. (2007). Direct access to the sub-vent biosphere by shallow drilling. Oceanography, 20(1), 24-25.",
"Behrmann, J. H., Yang, J. and CoZone Working Group (2007). Convergent Plate Boundaries and Collision Zones. In: Harms, U., Koeberl, C., and Zoback, M. D., eds., Continental Scientific Drilling: A Decade of Progress, and Challenges for the Future. Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 289-334.",
"Kinoshita, M., Kawada Y., Tanaka A., and Urabe, T. (2006). Recharge/discharge interface of a secondary hydrothermal circulation in the Suiyo Seamount of the Izu-Bonin Arc, identified by submersible-operated heat flow measurements. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 245, 498-508.",
"Takano, Y., Edazawa, Y., Kobayashi, K., Urabe, T., and Marumo, K. (2005). Evidence of sub-vent biosphere: enzymatic activities in 308 degrees C deep-sea hydrothermal systems at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, western Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 229, 193-203.",
"Kuwabara, T., Minaba, M., Iwayama, Y., Inoue, I., Nakashima, M., Marumo, K., Maruyama, A., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., Ishibashi, J., Urabe, T., and Kamekura, M. (2005). Thermococcus coalescens sp. nov., a cell-fusing hyperthermophilic archaeon from Suiyo Seamount. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 55, 2507-2514.",
"Hara, K., Kakegawa, T., Yamashiro, K., Maruyama, A., Ishibashi, J., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., and Yamagishi, A. (2005). Analysis of the Archaeal sub-seafloor community at Suiyo Seamount on the Izu-Bonin Arc. Advances in Space Research, 35(9), 1634-1642.",
"Fisher, A. T., Urabe, T., Klaus, A., and the IODP Expedition 301 Scientists (2005). IODP Expedition 301 installs three borehole crustal observatories, prepares for three-dimensional, cross-hole experiments in the north-eastern Pacific Ocean. Scientific Drilling, 1(1), 6-11.",
"Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K, Seama, N., and Ishibashi, J. (2005). The Archaean Park Project: Interaction between microbiological and geological processes in deepsea hydrothermal vent and sub-vent environments. Oceanography in Japan, 14(2), 129-137 (In Japanese with English abstract).",
"Kubota, H., Urabe, T., Yamada, R., and Tanimura, S. (2004). Exploration indices and mineral potential map of the Kuroko deposits in northeast Japan. Resource Geology, 54, 387-397.",
"Urabe, T., and Kubota, H. (2004) Kuroko deposits revisited after the discovery of their modern analogues on submarine arc volcanoes. Resource Geology, 54, 385-386.",
"Fisher, A. T., Urabe, T., and shipboard scientific party (2004). Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 301 Preliminary Report: The hydrogeologic architecture of basaltic oceanic crust: compartmentalization, anisotropy, microbiology, and crustalscale properties on the eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge, eastern Pacific Ocean. 121P., IODP, College Station, Texas, United States of America.",
"Takano, Y., Kobayashi, K., Yamanaka, T., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2004). Amino acids in the 308 degrees C deep-sea hydrothermal system of the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 219(1-2), 147-153.",
"Higashi, Y., Sunamura, M., Kitamura, K., Nakamura, K., Kurusu, Y., Ishibashi, J., Urabe, T., and Maruyama, A. (2004). Microbial diversity in hydrothermal surface to subsurface environments of Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, using a catheter-type in situ growth chamber. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 47(3), 327-336.",
"Nakagawa, T., Ishibashi, J., Maruyama, A., Yamanaka, T., Morimoto, Y., Kimura, H., Urabe, T., and Fukui, M. (2004). Analysis of dissimilatory sulfite reductase and 16S rRNA gene fragments from deep-sea hydrothermal sites of the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, western Pacific. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(1), 393-403.",
"Maruyama, A., and Urabe, T. (2003). New approach to unknown biosphere under seafloor hydrothermal sites. Journal of Geography, 112(2), 300-322 (In Japanese with English abstract).",
"Ishibashi, J, Yamanaka, T., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2003). Hydrothermal interaction with volcaniclastic sediment beneath the Suiyo Seamount submarine caldera, Izu-Bonin Arc. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67(18S), A174-A174.",
"Horiuchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Takano, Y., Marumo, K., Nakashima, M., Yamagishi, A., Ishibashi, J., and Urabe, T. (2003). Organics in chimneys and water samples from deepsea hydrothermal systems: Implications for sub-vent biosphere. Biological Sciences in Space, 17, 190-191.",
"Takano, Y., Horiuchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2003). Large enantiomeric excesses of L-form amino acids in deep-sea hydrothermal sub‑vent of 156 degrees C fluids at the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Pacific Ocean. Chemistry Letters, 32(10), 970-971.",
"Nakagawa, T., Hanada, S., Maruyama, A., Marumo K., Urabe, T., and Fukui, M. (2002). Distribution and diversity of thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria within a Cu-Pb-Zn mine (Toyoha, Japan). FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 41, 199-209.",
"Takano, .Y, Edazawa, Y., Horiuchi, T., IGneko, T., Kobayashi, K., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2002). Investigation of submarine hydrothermal sub-vent biosphere as a model of search for extraterrestrial life. Biological Sciences in Space, 16, 199-200.",
"Gena, K., Mizuta, T., Ishiyama, D., and Urabe, T. (2001). Acid-sulphate type alteration and mineralization in the Desmos Caldera, Manus Back-arc Basin, Papua New Guinea. Resource Geology, 51, 31-44.",
"Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K., Seama, N., and Ishibashi, J. (2001). The Archaean Park Project Update. InterRidge News, 10 (1), 23-25.",
"Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K., Seama, N. Ishibashi, J., and Naganuma, T. (2000). The Archaean Park Project: Interactions between subsurface-vent biosphere and the geo-environment. InterRidge News, 9 (1), 34-36.",
"Embley, R. W., Lupton, J. E., Massoth, G., Urabe, T., Tunnicliffe, V., Butterfield, D.A., Shibata, T., Okano, O., Kinoshita, M., and Fujioka, K. (1998). Geological, chemical, and biological evidence for recent volcanism at 17.5º S: East Pacific Rise. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 163,131-147.",
"Maruyama, A., Urabe, T., Ishibashi, J., Feely, R. A., and Baker, E. T. (1998). Global hydrothermal primary production rate estimated from the southern East Pacific Rise. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 39, 249-252.",
"Urabe, T., Fujioka, K., Mitsuzawa, K., Fujimoto, H., Matsubayashi, O., Mochizuki, M., Nagaya, Y., Nakamura, K., Nishimura, K., Okamura, K., Sayanagi, K., Sugawara, T., Tonnerre, T., Tsumune, D., Walker, M., Kinoshita, M., Shibata, T., Joshima, M., Cowen, J., Maruyama, A., Roe, K., Shitashima, K., Ishibashi, J., Sakamoto, I., Ytow, N., and Kodera, T. (1998). Japanese Ridge Flux Project Group has started Long-term Sea Floor Monitoring in the Southern East Pacific Rise. InterRidge News, 7(1), 41-44.",
"Gena, K., Mizuta, T., Ishiyama, D., and Urabe, T. (1997). Geochemical characteristics of altered basaltic andesite by sulfuric-acid rich solution from the DESMOS Caldera, Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. JAMSTEC J. Deep-Sea Research, 13, 269-285.",
"Gamo, T., Okamura, K., Charlou, J. L., Urabe, T., Auzende, J. M., Ishibashi, J., Shitashima, K., and Chiba, H. (1997). Acidic and sulfate-rich hydrothermal fluids from the Manus back-arc basin, Papua New Guinea. Geology, 25(2) 139-142.",
"Feely, R. A., Baker, E. T., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., Ishibashi, J., Gendron, J., Lebon, G. T., and Okamura, K. (1996). Hydrothermal plume particles and dissolved phosphate over the superfast-spreading southern East Pacific Rise. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 2297-2323.",
"Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., and Scientific Party (1996). Cruise explores hydrothermal vents of the Manus Basin. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 77(26), 244.",
"Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Binns, R., Charlou, L. L., Gena, K., Gamo, T., Henry, K., Matsubayashi, O., Matsumoto, T., Moss, R., Naka, J., Nagaya, Y., Okamura, K., and Ruellan, E. (1996). Tectonic, magmatic and hydrothermal activity in the Manus basin (SW Pacific, Papua New Guinea): MANUSFLUX cruise, Shinkai-6500. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences. Serie II. Fascicule a, Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes, 323(6), 501-508.",
"Urabe, T., Ikeda, R., Ito, H., Hamada, K., and Miyazaki, T. (1996). JUDGE Project: Preliminary results of the feasibility study. Proceedings of the VIIIth International Symposium on the Observation of the Continental Crust Through Drilling, Tsukuba Japan, pp. 20-22.",
"Baker, E. T., and Urabe, T. (1996). Extensive distribution of hydrothermal plumes along the superfast spreading East Pacific Rise, 13º 30'S – 18º 40'S. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, Ser. B4, 8685-8695.",
"Urabe, T., Baker, E. T., Ishibashi, J., Feely, R. A., Marumo, K., et al. (1995). The effect of magmatic activity on hydrothermal venting along the superfast-spreading East Pacific Rise. Science, 269, 1092-1095.",
"Ishibashi, J., and Urabe, T. (1995). Hydrothermal activity related to arc-backarc magmatism in Western Pacific. In Taylor, B., ed., Backarc Basins: Tectonics and Magmatism, Plenum Press, N.Y., pp. 451-495.",
"Ishbashi, J., Wakita, H., Nojiri, Y., Grimaud, D., Jean-Baptiste, P., Gamo, T., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. (1994). Helium and carbon geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the North Fiji Basin spreading ridge (southwest Pacific). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 128, 183-197.",
"Nohara, M., Hirose, K., Eissen, J. P., Urabe, T., and Joshima, M. (1994). The North Fiji Basin basalts and their magma sources: Part II. Sr-Nd isotopic and trace element constraints. Marine Geology, 116, 179-196.",
"Nakada, S., Maillet, P., Monjaret, M. C., Fujinawa, A., and Urabe, T. (1994). High-Na dacite from the Jean Charcot Trough (Vanuatu), Southwest Pacific. Marine Geology, 116, 197-214.",
"Ishibashi, J., Grimaud, D., Nojiri, Y., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. (1994). Fluctuation of chemical compositions of the phase-separated hydrothermal fluid from the North Fiji Basin ridge. Marine Geology, 116, 215-226.",
"Bendel, V., Auzende, J. M., Lagabrielle, Y., Grimaud, D., Fouquet, Y., and Urabe, T. (1993). The White Lady hydrothermal site in the North Fiji Basin (STARMER). Economic Geology, 88, 2237-2249.",
"Urabe, T., Tanaka, S., Kiya, Y., and Soejima, T. (1992). Japanese ultra-deep drilling and geoscientific experiments (JUDGE) project: an overview. In Vikram Rao, M., and Rowley, J., eds., Drilling Technolog-1992, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, PD 40, 89-94.",
"Urabe, T., Auzende, J. M., et al. (1992). Bathiymetric map of the central part of the North Fiji Basin, Southwest Pacific (Scale: 1/500,000). Hydrographic Department of Japan. 2 sheets.",
"Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Tanahashi, M., and Ruellan, E. (1992). Japanese submersible explores the North Fiji Basin. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 73, 116-117.",
"Urabe, T., and Marumo, K. (1991). A new model for Kuroko-type deposits of Japan. Episode,14, 246-251.",
"Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Bendel, V., Deplus, C., Eissen, J. P., Grimaud, D., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Joshima, M., Lagabrielle, Y., Matsumoto, T., Mevel, C., Naka, J., Ruellan, E., Tanaka, T., and Tanahashi, M. (1991). In situ geological and geochemical study on an active hydrothermal site on the North Fiji Basin ridge. In Crook, K. A. W., ed., The Geology, Geophysics and Mineral Resources of the South Pacific. Marine Geology, 98, 259-269.",
"Grimaud, D., Ishibashi, J., Lagabrielle, Y., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. (1991). Chemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the 17oS active site on the North Fiji Basin ridge (SW Pacific). Chemical Geology, 93, 209-218.",
"Urabe, T., and Kusakabe, M. (1990). Barite silica chimneys from the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 100, 283-290.",
"Auzende, J. M., Honza, E., Boespflug, X., Deo, S., Eissen, J. P., Hashimoto, J., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Iwabuchi, Y., Jarvis, P., Joshima, M., Kisimoto, K., Kuwahara, K., Lafoy, Y., Matsumoto, T., Maze, J. P., Mitsuzawa, K., Monma, H., Naganuma, T., Nojiri, Y., Ohta, S., Otsuka, K., Okuda, Y., Ondreas, H., Otsuki, A., Ruellan, E., Sibuet, M., Tanahashi, M., Tanaka, T., and Urabe, T. (1990). Active spreading and hydrothermalism in North Fiji Basin (SW Pacific). (Results of Japanese French cruise Kaiyo 87.) Marine Geophysics Research, 12, 269-283.",
"Taylor, B., Brown, G., Fryer, P., Gdl, J. B., Hochstaedter, A. G., Hotta, H., Langmuir, C. H., Leinen, M., Nishimura, A., and Urabe, T. (1990). Alvin-SeaBeam studies of the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 100, 127-147.",
"Eissen, J. P., Morvan, G., Lefevre, C., Maillet, P., Urabe, T., and Auzende, J. M. (1990). Petrologie et geochemie de la zone d’accretion du centre du Bassin Nord Fidjien (SW Pacifique). Complets Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 310, 771-778.",
"Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Deplus, C., Eissen, J. P., Grimaud, D., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Joshima, M., Lagabrielle, Y., Mevel, C., Naka, J., Ruellan, E., Tanaka, T., and Tanahashi, M. (1989). Le cadre géologique d’un site hydrothermal actif; la campagne STARMER 1 du submersible Nautile dans le Bassin Nord-Fidjien. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 309, Serie II, 1787-1795.",
"Nakano, T., and Urabe, T. (1989). Calculated compositions of fluids released from a crystallizing granitic melt; importance of pressure on the genesis of ore forming fluid. Geochemical Journal, 23, 307-319.",
"Urabe, T. (1987). The effect of pressure on the partition ratio of lead and zinc between vapor and rhyolite melts. Economic Geology, 82, 1049-1052.",
"Urabe, T. (1987). Kuroko deposit modeling based on magmatic hydrothermal theory. Mining Geology, 37, 159-175.",
"Urabe, T., Yuasa, M., Nakao, S., and on-board scientists (1987). Hydrothermal sulfides from a submarine caldera in the Shichito-Iwojima Ridge, Northwestern Pacific. Marine Geology, 74, 295-299.",
"Le Pichon, X., Iiyama, T., Boulegue, J., Charvet, J., Faure, M., Kano, K., Lallemant, S., Okada, H., Rangin, C., Taira, A., Urabe, T., and Uyeda, S. (1987). Nankai Through and Zenisu Ridge: a deep-sea submersible survey. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 83, 285-299.",
"Urabe, T. (1985). Aluminous granite as a source magma of hydrothermal ore deposits: an experimental study. Economic Geology, 80, 148-157.",
"Urabe, T., Scott, S. D., and Hattori, K. (1983). A comparison of footwall alteration and geothermal systems between some Japanese and Canadian volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Economic Geology Monograph 5, pp. 345-364.",
"Urabe, T., and Scott, S. D. (1983). Geology and footwall alteration of the South Bay massive sulphide deposit, northwestern Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20, 1862-1879.",
"Urabe, T. (1978). Quartz simultaneously precipitated with Kuroko ores in the Uwamuki No. 4 deposit, Kosaka mine. Mining Geology, 28, 337-348.",
"Urabe, T., and Sato, T. (1978). Kuroko deposits of the Kosaka mine, Northeast Honshu, Japan — Products of submarine hot spring on Miocene sea floor. Economic Geology, 73, 161-179.",
"Urabe, T. (1977). Partition of cadmium and manganese between coexisting sphalerite and galena from some Japanese epithermal deposits. Mineralium Deposita, 12, 319-330.",
"Tatsumi, T., Nakayama, F., and Urabe, T. (1975). Carrollite from the Sazare Mine, Ehime Prefecture, Japan. Mineralogical Journal, 7, 552-561.",
"Urabe, T. (1974). Iron content of sphalerite coexisting with pyrite from some Kuroko deposits. Mining Geology, Special Issue, 6, 377-384.",
"Urabe, T. (1974). Mineralogical aspects of the Kuroko deposits in Japan and their implications. Mineralium Deposita, 9, 309-324.",
"[1] Geological Survey of Japan, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Ministry of International Trade and Industry of Japan: the Geological Survey of Japan was reorganized in 2001 into the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)."
] | SPLOS_234 | [
"Special Meeting",
"New York, 11 August 2011",
"Election of a member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf",
"Curriculum vitae of the candidate presented by the Government of Japan",
"Urabe, Tetsuro, Japan",
"Personal data",
"Nationality: Japanese",
"Date of birth: 10 January 1949",
"Telephone: (81-3) 5841 4542",
"Fax: (81-3) 5841 2534",
"E-mail: [email protected]",
"Office direction: 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 13-0033",
"Academic degrees",
"PhD in Geology, University of Tokyo, 1976",
"Master in Geology, University of Tokyo, 1973",
"Bachelor of Geology and Mining, University of Tokyo, 1971",
"Current positions",
"2008 to date Deputy Executive Director, Ocean Alliance, University of Tokyo",
"2007 to date Associate Professor, University of The Air (Open University of Japan)",
"2000 to date Professor, Department of Earth and Planet Sciences, University of Tokyo",
"Professional background",
"2006-2007 Head of the Department of Earth and Planet Sciences, University of Tokyo",
"1996-2000 Chief Geologist, Japan Geological Information Service[1]",
"1992-1996 Head of the Experimental Mining Section, Japan Geological Information Service",
"1990-1991 Deputy Director, Investigation Planning Office, Japan Geological Information Service",
"1985-1992 Geologist and Senior Researcher, Japan Geological Information Service",
"1979-1981 Visiting Researcher, Department of Geology, University of Toronto, Canada",
"1976-1985 Associate Professor, Geological Institute, University of Tokyo",
"Research activities",
"At present, my research activities are focused primarily on: (a) hydrothermal activity in the seabed, both in the Meso-ocean crest and in the systems of marginal basins; (b) the large sulphides deposits related to hydrothermal activity and the deposits of ferromanganese crusts and mineral resources of the seabeds; (c) the geochemical aspects of the sub-organisms in the marine environment Hep directed and continued to direct numerous major marine research projects, such as the joint project STARMER (1987-1991) of Japan, France and the Commission on Geo-Applied Sciences of the South Pacific (SOPAC) on tectonic and hydrothermal activity in the northern Fiji basin; the joint project Ridge Fluxwww (1993-1998) of Japan and the United States of America on the deepest bio-level expansion in the eastern Pacific",
"Participation in expeditions on research vessels (* as principal investigator or deputy principal investigator)",
"May 2011 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS, expedition to Okinawa depression (Japan), TAIGA project",
"June 2010 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS, expedition to the southern depression of the Marian Islands, TAIGA project",
"February 2009 *R/V Natshushima/RO V Hyper Dolphin, Takuyo-Daigo submarine expedition in the Northwest Pacific (organized by the Japan Marine and Land Science and Technology Agency (JAMSTEC))",
"June 2004 *R/V JOIDES Resolution, expedition 301 of the Integrated Ocean Pollution Program to the Juan de Fuca crest in the North-East Pacific",
"January 2004 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS, expedition to the southern depression of the Mariana Islands in the Northwest Pacific, Archaean Park project",
"July 2002 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS, polling expedition to Izu-Bonin, Archaean Park project",
"June 2001 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS (coupled sea probe), polling expedition to the Izu-Bonin Basin (Japan) (co-organized by Japan and the United States of America)",
"September 1998 *R/V Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500, expedition with submersible ship to the Eastern Pacific crest (co-organized by Japan and the United States of America)",
"October 1995 *R/V Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500, expedition to Papua New Guinea (co-organized by Japan, Papua New Guinea and SOPAC)",
"September 1994 *R/V Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500, expedition with submersible ship to the Eastern Pacific crest (co-organized by Japan and the United States of America)",
"November 1993 *R/V Melville, expedition to the southern part of the eastern Pacific ridge (co-organized by Japan and the United States of America, Ridge Flux project)",
"December 1991 *R/V Suroit/Cyana, expedition with submersible ship to Vanuatu (co-organized by Japan, France and SOPAC, STARMER project)",
"August 1991 *R/V Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500, expedition with submersible ship to the northern Fiji basin (co-organized by Japan, France and SOPAC, STARMER project)",
"June 1989 R/V Nadir/Nautile, ship-submersible to the northern Fiji basin (co-organized by Japan, France and SOPAC, STARMER project)",
"July 1987 R/V Atlantir II/Alvin, expedition with submersible ship to the Izu-Bonin basin in the north-west Pacific (co-organized by Japan and the United States of America)",
"May 1986 R/V Natsushima/Shinkai 2000, ship-submersible to the Izu-Bonin basin in the north-west Pacific (organized by the Japan Geological Information Service)",
"September 1985 R/V Atlantis II/Alvin, expedition with submersible ship to the Galapagos crest off the coasts of Ecuador (organized by the National Directorate of the Oceans and the Atmosphere of the United States of America)",
"June 1985 R/V Nadir/Nautile, ship-submersible to the depression of Nankai (Japan) (co-organized by the",
"Japan and France, KAIKO project)",
"(in addition to 12 other expeditions in the eastern and western regions of the Pacific Basin)",
"Other professional services provided",
"2010 to date Member of the Scientific Council of Japan",
"2003 to date Member of the Advisory Committee on the Enlargement of the Continental Shelf, Government of Japan",
"2006 to date Member and Chair of a subcommittee of the Consultative Committee on Natural Resources and Energy, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan",
"2008-2010 President, Society of Resource Geology",
"1993-1997 Member of the Editorial Board, Economic Geology",
"1993-1995 Member of the Editorial Board, Mineralium Deposita",
"1988-1990 Chief Editor, Mining Geology (Tokyo)",
"Professional associations",
"The Society of Economic Geologists (Association of Geology and Economy)",
"American Geophysical Union (American Geophysical Union)",
"The Society of Resource Geology (Geological Resources Association)",
"The Geological Society of Japan (Japan Geological Association)",
"The Geographical Society of Japan (Japan Geographical Association)",
"The Geochemical Society of Japan (Japan Geochemical Association)",
"The Society of Ocean Policy (Ocean Policy Association)",
"Publications",
"Kawada, Y., Seama, N., and Urabe, T. (2011). The role of seamounts in the transport of heat and fluids: Relations among seamount size, circulation patterns, and crustal heat flow. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 306, 55-65.",
"Yanagawa, K., Sunarnura, M., Lever, M. A., Morono, Y., Hiruta, A., Ishizaki, O., Matsumoto, R., Urabe, T., and Inagaki, F. (2011). Niche separation of methanotrophic Archaea (ANME-1 and -2) in methane-seep sediments of the Eastern Japan Sea offshore Joetsu. Geomicrobiology Journal, 28(2), 118-129 I : 10 .1080/01490451003709334).",
"Urabe, T., Okino, K., Sunamura, M., Ishibashi, J., Takai, K., and Suzula, K. (2009). Transcrustal advections and in situ biogeochemical processes of global seafloor aquifer; the sub-seafloor TAIGA. Journal of Geography, 118(6), 1027-1036 (in Japanese with English abstract).",
"Mori, K., Yamaguchi, K., Sakiyama, Y., Urabe, T., and Suzuki, I. (2009). Caldisercum exile gen. nov., sp nov., an anaerobic, thermophilic, filamentous bacterium of a novel bacterial phylum, Caldserica phyl. nov., originally called the candidate phylum OP5, and description of Caldisericaceae fam. nov., Caldisericales ord. nov and Caldisericia classis nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 59, 2894-2898.",
"Kato, S., Yanagawa, K., Sunamura, M., Takano, Y., Ishibashi, J., Kakegawa, T., Utsumi, M., Yamanaka, T., Toki, T., Noguchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Moroi, A., Kimura, H., Kawarabayasi, Y. Abundance of Zetaproteobacteria within crustal fluids in back-arc hydrothermal fields of the Southern Mariana Trough. Environmental Microbiology, doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009. 02031.x.",
"Kato, S., Hara, K., Kasai, H., Teramura, T., Sunamura, M., Ishibashi, J., Kakegawa, T., Yamanaka, T., Kimura, H., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., and Yamagishi, A. (2009a). Spatial distribution, diversity and composition of bacterial communities in sub-seafloor fluids at a deep-sea hydrothermal field of the Suiyo Seamount. Deep-Sea Research Part I, 56(10), 1844-1855.",
"Yanagawa, K., Sunamura, M., Morono, Y., Futagami, T., Beer, D., Urabe, T., Boetius, A., and Inagaki, F. (2009). Distribution of metabolically active microbial communities in CO2-rich marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73, A1472-A1472 (Abstract).",
"Urabe, T., Iizasa, K., and Ishibash, J. (2009). The latest frontier of earth science and its application to mineral exploration; Submarine hydrothermal deposits as modem analogy. Resource Geology, 59(1), 43-72 (In Japanese with English abstract).",
"Mori, K., Sunamura, M., Yanagawa, K., Ishibashi, J., Miyoshi, Y., Iino, T., Suzuki K., and Urabe, T. (2008). First cultivation and ecological investigation of a bacterium affiliated with the candidate phylum OP5 from hot springs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74, 6223-6229.",
"Marumo, K., Urabe, T., Goto, A., Takano, Y., and Nakaseama, M. (2008). Mineralogy and isotope geochemistry of active submarine hydrothermal field at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, West Pacific Ocean. Resource Geology, 58, 220-248 (Best Article Award).",
"Urabe, T., Chiba, H., and Kato, Y. (2008). IMA Kobe 2006 Special Issue: Seafloor hydrothermal deposits of arc-backarc systems in western Pacific. Resource Geology, 58, 205 (Preface).",
"Mori, K., Maruyama, A., Urabe, T., Suzuki, K., and Hanada, S. (2008). Archaeoglobus infectus sp. nov. a novel thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea rock collected at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, western Pacific Ocean. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 58, 810-816.",
"Ishibashi, J., Marumo, K., Maruyama, A., and Urabe, T. (2007). Direct access to the sub-vent biosphere by shallow drilling. Oceanography, 20(1), 24-25.",
"Behrmann, J. H., Yang, J. and CoZone Working Group (2007). Convergent Plate Boundaries and Collision Zones. In: Harms, U., Koeberl, C., and Zoback, M. D., eds., Continental Scientific Drilling: A Decade of Progress, and Challenges for the Future. Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 289-334.",
"Kinoshita, M., Kawada Y., Tanaka A., and Urabe, T. (2006). Recharge/discharge interface of a secondary hydrothermal circulation in the Suiyo Seamount of the Izu-Bonin Arc, identified by submersible-operated heat flow measurements. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 245, 498-508.",
"Takano, Y., Edazawa, Y., Kobayashi, K., Urabe, T., and Marumo, K. (2005). Evidence of sub-vent biosphere: enzymatic activities in 308 degrees C deep-sea hydrothermal systems at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, western Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 229, 193-203.",
"Kuwabara, T., Minaba, M., Iwayama, Y., Inoue, I., Nakashima, M., Marumo, K., Maruyama, A., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., Ishibashi, J., Urabe, T., and Kamekura, M. (2005). Thermococcus coalescens sp. nov., a cell-fusing hyperthermophilic archaeon from Suiyo Seamount. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 55, 2507-2514.",
"Hara, K., Kakegawa, T., Yamashiro, K., Maruyama, A., Ishibashi, J., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., and Yamagishi, A. (2005). Analysis of the Archaeal sub-seafloor community at Suiyo Seamount on the Izu-Bonin Arc. Advances in Space Research, 35(9), 1634-1642.",
"Fisher, A. T., Urabe, T., Klaus, A., and the IODP Expedition 301 Scientists (2005). IODP Expedition 301 installs three borehole crustal observatories, prepares for three-dimensional, cross-hole experiments in the north-eastern Pacific Ocean. Scientific Drilling, 1(1), 6-11.",
"Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K, Seama, N., and Ishibashi, J. (2005). The Archaean Park Project: Interaction between microbiological and geological processes in deepsea hydrothermal vent and sub-vent environments. Oceanography in Japan, 14(2), 129-137 (In Japanese with English abstract).",
"Kubota, H., Urabe, T., Yamada, R., and Tanimura, S. (2004). Exploration indices and mineral potential map of the Kuroko deposits in northeast Japan. Resource Geology, 54, 387-397.",
"Urabe, T., and Kubota, H. (2004) Kuroko deposits revisited after the discovery of their modern analogues on submarine arc volcanoes. Resource Geology, 54, 385-386.",
"Fisher, A. T., Urabe, T., and shipboard scientific party (2004). Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 301 Preliminary Report: The hydrogeologic architecture of basaltic oceanic crust: compartmentalization, anisotropy, microbiology, and crustalscale properties on the eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge, eastern Pacific Ocean. 121P., IODP, College Station, Texas, United States of America.",
"Takano, Y., Kobayashi, K., Yamanaka, T., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2004). Amino acids in the 308 degrees C deep-sea hydrothermal system of the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 219(1-2), 147-153.",
"Higashi, Y., Sunamura, M., Kitamura, K., Nakamura, K., Kurusu, Y., Ishibashi, J., Urabe, T., and Maruyama, A. (2004). Microbial diversity in hydrothermal surface to subsurface environments of Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, using a catheter-type in situ growth chamber. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 47(3), 327-336.",
"Nakagawa, T., Ishibashi, J., Maruyama, A., Yamanaka, T., Morimoto, Y., Kimura, H., Urabe, T., and Fukui, M. (2004). Analysis of dissimilatory sulfite reductase and 16S rRNA gene fragments from deep-sea hydrothermal sites of the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, western Pacific. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(1), 393-403.",
"Maruyama, A., and Urabe, T. (2003). New approach to unknown biosphere under seafloor hydrothermal sites. Journal of Geography, 112(2), 300-322 (In Japanese with English abstract).",
"Ishibashi, J, Yamanaka, T., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2003). Hydrothermal interaction with volcaniclastic sediment beneath the Suiyo Seamount submarine caldera, Izu-Bonin Arc. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67(18S), A174-A174.",
"Horiuchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Takano, Y., Marumo, K., Nakashima, M., Yamagishi, A., Ishibashi, J., and Urabe, T. (2003). Organics in chimneys and water samples from deepsea hydrothermal systems: Implications for sub-vent biosphere. Biological Sciences in Space, 17, 190-191.",
"Takano, Y., Horiuchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2003). Large enantiomeric excesses of L-form amino acids in deep-sea hydrothermal sub-vent of 156 degrees C fluids at the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Pacific Ocean. Chemistry Letters, 32(10), 970-971.",
"Nakagawa, T., Hanada, S., Maruyama, A., Marumo K., Urabe, T., and Fukui, M. (2002). Distribution and diversity of thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria within a Cu-Pb-Zn mine (Toyoha, Japan). FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 41, 199-209.",
"Takano, Y, Edazawa, Y., Horiuchi, T., IGneko, T., Kobayashi, K., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2002). Investigation of submarine hydrothermal sub-vent biosphere as a model of search for extraterrestrial life. Biological Sciences in Space, 16, 199-200.",
"Gena, K., Mizuta, T., Ishiyama, D., and Urabe, T. (2001). Acid-sulphate type alteration and mineralization in the Desmos Caldera, Manus Back-arc Basin, Papua New Guinea. Resource Geology, 51, 31-44.",
"Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K., Seama, N., and Ishibashi, J. (2001). The Archaean Park Project Update. InterRidge News, 10 (1), 23-25.",
"Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K., Seama, N. Ishibashi, J., and Naganuma, T. (2000). The Archaean Park Project: Interactions between subsurface-vent biosphere and the geo-environment. InterRidge News, 9 (1), 34-36.",
"Embley, R. W., Lupton, J. E., Massoth, G., Urabe, T., Tunnicliffe, V., Butterfield, D.A., Shibata, T., Okano, O., Kinoshita, M., and Fujioka, K. (1998). Geological chemical,, and biological evidence for recent volcanism at 17.5o S: East Pacific Rise. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 163,131-147.",
"Maruyama, A., Urabe, T., Ishibashi, J., Feely, R. A., and Baker, E. T. (1998). Global hydrothermal primary production rate estimated from the southern East Pacific Rise. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 39, 249-252.",
"Urabe, T., Fujioka, K., Mitsuzawa, K., Fujimoto, H., Matsubayashi, O., Mochizuki, M., Nagaya, Y., Nakamura, K., Nishimura, K., Okamura, K., Sayanagi, K., Josh Sugawara, T., Tonnermoto, T. Japanese Ridge Flux Project Group has started Long-term Sea Floor Monitoring in the Southern East Pacific Rise. InterRidge News, 7(1), 41-44.",
"Gena, K., Mizuta, T., Ishiyama, D., and Urabe, T. (1997). Geochemical characteristics of altered basaltic andesite by sulfuric-acid rich solution from the DESMOS Caldera, Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. JAMSTEC J. Deep-Sea Research, 13, 269-285.",
"Gamo, T., Okamura, K., Charlou, J. L., Urabe, T., Auzende, J. M., Ishibashi, J., Shitashima, K., and Chiba, H. (1997). Acidic and sulfate-rich hydrothermal fluids from the Manus back-arc basin, Papua New Guinea. Geology, 25(2) 139-142.",
"Feely, R. A., Baker, E. T., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., Ishibashi, J., Gendron, J., Lebon, G. T., and Okamura, K. (1996). Hydrothermal plume particles and dissolved phosphate over the superfast-spreading southern East Pacific Rise. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 2297-2323.",
"Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., and Scientific Party (1996). Cruise explores hydrothermal vents of the Manus Basin. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 77(26), 244.",
"Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Binns, R., Charlou, L., Gena, K., Gamo, T., Henry, K., Matsubayashi, O., Matsumoto, T., Moss, R., Naka, J., Nagaya, Y., Okamura, K., and Ruellan, E. (1996). Tectonic, magmatic and hydrothermal activity in the Manus basin (SW Pacific, Papua New Guinea): MANUSFLUX cruise, Shinkai-6500. Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences. Series II. Fascicule a, Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes, 323(6), 501-508.",
"Urabe, T., Ikeda, R., Ito, H., Hamada, K., and Miyazaki, T. (1996). JUDGE Project: Preliminary results of the feasibility study. Proceedings of the VIIIth International Symposium on the Observation of the Continental Crust Through Drilling, Tsukuba Japan, pp. 20-22.",
"Baker, E. T., and Urabe, T. (1996). Extensive distribution of hydrothermal plumes along the superfast spreading East Pacific Rise, 13o 30'S – 18o 40'S. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, Ser. B4, 8685-8695.",
"Urabe, T., Baker, E. T., Ishibashi, J., Feely, R. A., Marumo, K., et al. (1995). The effect of magmatic activity on hydrothermal venting along the superfast-spreading East Pacific Rise. Science, 269, 1092-1095.",
"Ishibashi, J., and Urabe, T. (1995). Hydrothermal activity related to arc-backarc magmatism in Western Pacific. In Taylor, B., ed., Backarc Basins: Tectonics and Magmatism, Plenum Press, N.Y., pp. 451-495.",
"Ishbashi, J., Wakita, H., Nojiri, Y., Grimaud, D., Jean-Baptiste, P., Gamo, T., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. (1994). Helium and carbon geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the North Fiji Basin spreading ridge (southwest Pacific). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 128, 183-197.",
"Nohara, M., Hirose, K., Eissen, J. P., Urabe, T., and Joshima, M. (1994). The North Fiji Basin basalts and their magma sources: Part II. Mr-Nd isotopic and trace element constraints. Marine Geology, 116, 179-196.",
"Nakada, S., Maillet, P., Monjaret, M. C., Fujinawa, A., and Urabe, T. (1994). High-Na dacite from the Jean Charcot Trough (Vanuatu), Southwest Pacific. Marine Geology, 116, 197-214.",
"Ishibashi, J., Grimaud, D., Nojiri, Y., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. (1994). Fluctuation of chemical compositions of the phase-separated hydrothermal fluid from the North Fiji Basin ridge. Marine Geology, 116, 215-226.",
"Bendel, V., Auzende, J. M., Lagabrielle, Y., Grimaud, D., Fouquet, Y., and Urabe, T. (1993). The White Lady hydrothermal site in the North Fiji Basin (STARMER). Economic Geology, 88, 2237-2249.",
"Urabe, T., Tanaka, S., Kiya, Y., and Soejima, T. (1992). Japanese ultra-deep drilling and geoscientific experiments (JUDGE) project: an overview. In Vikram Rao, M., and Rowley, J., eds., Drilling Technolog-1992, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, PD 40, 89-94.",
"Urabe, T., Auzende, J. M., et al. (1992). Bathiymetric map of the central part of the North Fiji Basin, Southwest Pacific (Scale: 1/500,000). Hydrographic Department of Japan. 2 sheets.",
"Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Tanahashi, M., and Ruellan, E. (1992). Japanese submersible explores the North Fiji Basin. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 73, 116-117.",
"Urabe, T., and Marumo, K. (1991). A new model for Kuroko-type deposits of Japan. Episode,14, 246-251.",
"Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Bendel, V., Deplus, C., Eissen, J. P., Grimaud, D., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Joshima, M., Lagabrielle, Y., Matsumoto, T., Mevel, C., Naka, J., Ruellan, E., Tanaka In situ geological and geochemical study on an active hydrothermal site on the North Fiji Basin ridge. In Crook, K. A. W., ed., The Geology, Geophysics and Mineral Resources of the South Pacific. Marine Geology, 98, 259-269.",
"Grimaud, D., Ishibashi, J., Lagabrielle, Y., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. (1991). Chemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the 17oS active site on the North Fiji Basin ridge (SW Pacific). Chemical Geology, 93, 209-218.",
"Urabe, T., and Kusakabe, M. (1990). Barite silica chimneys from the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 100, 283-290.",
"Auzende, J. M., Honza, E., Boespflug, X., Deo, S., Eissen, J. P., Hashimoto, J., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Iwabuchi, Y., Jarvis, P., Joshima, M., Kisimoto, K., Kuwatsumoto, K., Lafoy Active spreading and hydrothermalism in North Fiji Basin (SW Pacific). (Results of Japanese French cruise Kaiyo 87.) Marine Geophysics Research, 12, 269-283.",
"Taylor, B., Brown, G., Fryer, P., Gdl, J. B., Hochstaedter, A. G., Hotta, H., Langmuir, C. H., Leinen, M., Nishimura, A., and Urabe, T. (1990). Alvin-SeaBeam studies of the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 100, 127-147.",
"Eissen, J. P., Morvan, G., Lefevre, C., Maillet, P., Urabe, T., and Auzende, J. M. (1990). Petrologie et geochemie de la zone d’accretion du centre du Bassin Nord Fidjien (SW Pacifique). Complets Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 310, 771-778.",
"Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Deplus, C., Eissen, J. P., Grimaud, D., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Joshima, M., Lagabrielle, Y., Mevel, C., Naka, J., Ruellan, E., Tanaka, T., and Tanahashi, M. (1989). Le cadre géologique d’un site hydrothermal actif; the Campagne STARMER 1 du submersible Nautile dans le Bassin Nord-Fidjien. Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 309, Series II, 1787-1795.",
"Nakano, T., and Urabe, T. (1989). Calculated compositions of fluids released from a crystallizing granitic melt; importance of pressure on the genesis of ore forming fluid. Geochemical Journal, 23, 307-319.",
"Urabe, T. (1987). The effect of pressure on the partition ratio of lead and zinc between vapor and rhyolite melts. Economic Geology, 82, 1049-1052.",
"Urabe, T. (1987). Kuroko deposit modeling based on magmatic hydrothermal theory. Mining Geology, 37, 159-175.",
"Urabe, T., Yuasa, M., Nakao, S., and on-board scientists (1987). Hydrothermal sulfides from a submarine boiler in the Shichito-Iwojima Ridge, Northwestern Pacific. Marine Geology, 74, 295-299.",
"Le Pichon, X., Iiyama, T., Boulegue, J., Charvet, J., Faure, M., Kano, K., Lallemant, S., Okada, H., Rangin, C., Taira, A., Urabe, T., and Uyeda, S. (1987). Nankai Through and Zenisu Ridge: a deep-sea submersible survey. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 83, 285-299.",
"Urabe, T. (1985). Aluminous granite as a source magma of hydrothermal ore deposits: an experimental study. Economic Geology, 80, 148-157.",
"Urabe, T., Scott, S. D., and Hattori, K. (1983). A comparison of footwall alteration and geothermal systems between some Japanese and Canadian volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Economic Geology Monograph 5, pp. 345-364.",
"Urabe, T., and Scott, S. D. (1983). Geology and footwall alteration of the South Bay massive sulphide deposit, northwestern Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20, 1862-1879.",
"Urabe, T. (1978). Quartz simultaneously precipitated with Kuroko ores in the Uwamuki No. 4 deposit, Kosaka mine. Mining Geology, 28, 337-348.",
"Urabe, T., and Sato, T. (1978). Kuroko deposits of the Kosaka mine, Northeast Honshu, Japan — Products of submarine hot spring on Miocene sea floor. Economic Geology, 73, 161-179.",
"Urabe, T. (1977). Partition of cadmium and manganese between coexistence sphalerite and galena from some Japanese epithermal deposits. Mineralium Deposita, 12, 319-330.",
"Tatsumi, T., Nakayama, F., and Urabe, T. (1975). Carrollite from the Sazare Mine, Ehime Prefecture, Japan. Mineralogical Journal, 7, 552-561.",
"Urabe, T. (1974). Iron content of sphalerite coexisting with pyrite from some Kuroko deposits. Mining Geology, Special Issue, 6, 377-384.",
"Urabe, T. (1974). Mineralogical aspects of the Kuroko deposits in Japan and their implications. Mineralium Deposita, 9, 309-324.",
"[1] Japan's Geological Information Service, Industrial Science and Technology Agency, Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry: Japan's Geological Information Service was reorganized in 2001 and joined the Higher National Institute for Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)."
] |
[
"Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones",
"Tema 133 del programa provisional*",
"* A/66/150.",
"Presupuesto por programas para el bienio 2010-2011",
"Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para las Asociaciones de Colaboración",
"Informe del Secretario General",
"Resumen",
"Este informe se presenta de conformidad con las decisiones de la Asamblea General 52/466 y 53/475, en las que se pidió al Secretario General que informara a la Asamblea periódicamente sobre las actividades de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para las Asociaciones de Colaboración. Complementa la información contenida en los informes anteriores del Secretario General (A/53/700 y Add.1, A/54/664 y Add.1 a 3, A/55/763 y Corr.1, A/57/133, A/58/173, A/59/170, A/60/327, A/61/189, A/62/220, A/63/257, A/64/91 y A/65/347).",
"La Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para las Asociaciones de Colaboración sirve de vía de acceso a las oportunidades de asociación entre entidades públicas y privadas y el sistema de las Naciones Unidas para impulsar la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. La Oficina supervisa las tres esferas de actividad siguientes:",
"a) El Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Colaboración Internacional (UNFIP) fue establecido por el Secretario General en marzo de 1998 para que actuara de enlace en la asociación del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas, entidad pública de beneficencia encargada de administrar la contribución de 1.000 millones de dólares realizada por Robert E. Turner en apoyo de las causas de las Naciones Unidas. Al 31 de diciembre de 2010, la Oficina había programado, por conducto del UNFIP, un total de más de 1.170 millones de dólares, de los cuales 400 millones representaban fondos básicos de Turner y 700 millones (el 62%) fondos de otros asociados, para más de 507 proyectos ejecutados por 43 entidades de las Naciones Unidas en 124 países;",
"b) El Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Democracia, que fue establecido por el Secretario General en julio de 2005 para apoyar la democratización en todo el mundo, se centra en fortalecer la voz de la sociedad civil, promover los derechos humanos y garantizar la participación de todos los grupos en los procesos democráticos. La Oficina distribuyó por conducto del Fondo un total de aproximadamente 95 millones de dólares para 340 proyectos en 150 países de todo el mundo, que iban desde el fortalecimiento de las aptitudes de dirección de la sociedad civil y la promoción de la participación de las mujeres y los jóvenes, hasta programas de los medios de difusión que permitiesen a la sociedad civil hacerse oír;",
"c) Los servicios de asesoramiento en materia de asociaciones de colaboración y actividades de divulgación se establecieron en 2006 para atender el creciente número de consultas del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, los gobiernos y agentes no estatales sobre la mejor forma de desarrollar y poner en marcha asociaciones entre los sectores público y privado. La Oficina presta asesoramiento a entidades, entre ellas instituciones académicas, empresas, fundaciones, organismos gubernamentales, grupos de medios de comunicación y organizaciones de la sociedad civil. Se alienta la inversión en iniciativas de gran repercusión proporcionando asesoramiento sobre los procedimientos y mejores prácticas a posibles asociados; se asiste en la concepción de programas y proyectos; se ayuda a establecer y a administrar redes mundiales y regionales; y se promueven los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio como marco para las actividades.",
"I. Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Colaboración Internacional",
"1. El Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Colaboración Internacional (UNFIP) se estableció en 1998 para actuar de enlace entre la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas y el sistema de las Naciones Unidas. En 2009, el UNFIP, por conducto de la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas, centró la atención en la coordinación con coaliciones basadas en cuestiones concretas, aprovechando los recursos de todos los sectores y apoyando las causas de las Naciones Unidas mediante políticas y actividades de promoción.",
"2. En los últimos años, la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas ha dejado de ser principalmente una organización que concede subvenciones para proyectos para convertirse en una organización que crea campañas y actúa como defensora de las Naciones Unidas y como plataforma para conectar personas, ideas y recursos a fin de ayudar a las Naciones Unidas a solucionar problemas mundiales. De este modo, la Fundación trata de ayudar a las Naciones Unidas a expandir sus mejores actividades e ideas, a través de alianzas, actividades de promoción, la creación de grupos de apoyo y la recaudación de fondos.",
"3. Sin embargo, la concesión de subvenciones sigue siendo un aspecto importante de la labor de la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas. A fines de 2010, las asignaciones acumuladas para proyectos del UNFIP alcanzaron aproximadamente los 1.170 millones de dólares, de los que 400 millones correspondían a fondos básicos de Turner y 700 millones procedían de otros asociados. Un total de 43 entidades de las Naciones Unidas han puesto en marcha más de 507 proyectos en 124 países. La distribución de los proyectos por temas y los asociados en la ejecución figuran en el anexo I. A continuación se describen algunos de estos programas y proyectos.",
"A. Salud de las mujeres y los niños",
"4. En 2010, la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas asumió una función especial de asistencia en las actividades de divulgación y promoción de la Estrategia Mundial de Salud de las Mujeres y los Niños, que se puso en marcha oficialmente en una reunión de alto nivel celebrada en septiembre, durante la Cumbre de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. En colaboración con la Oficina del Secretario General, la Fundación dirigió un proceso para garantizar que la estrategia recibiera aportaciones de todos los sectores y las regiones pertinentes y también para lograr un resultado tangible en la reunión en que se hizo el lanzamiento que la convirtiera en un momento importante para las cuestiones de salud de las mujeres y los niños. La Fundación también elaboró una estrategia de comunicaciones para que los medios de información prestaran mayor atención y coordinó una estrategia de promoción, trabajando con la Oficina del Secretario General y con gobiernos claves.",
"5. La atención pública y política dispensada a la salud mundial ha aumentado extraordinariamente en la última década gracias a iniciativas de múltiples interesados como la Iniciativa de Lucha contra el Sarampión y el Fondo Mundial de Lucha contra el SIDA, la Tuberculosis y la Malaria. Estas inversiones han comenzado a dar frutos, ya que la mortalidad infantil ha disminuido de manera constante en los últimos años, la mortalidad materna se está reduciendo y hay cada vez más personas que obtienen los productos y servicios de salud que necesitan.",
"6. Sin embargo, tal como se señala en la Estrategia Mundial de Salud de las Mujeres y los Niños, inaugurada en septiembre de 2010 por el Secretario General, Ban Ki-moon, en la Reunión Plenaria de Alto Nivel de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, la comunidad internacional deberá multiplicar sus esfuerzos para hacer realidad los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio para 2015.",
"7. Durante 12 años, la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas y el UNFIP han colaborado con la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF) y otras organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, junto con los Ministerios de Salud de los países en desarrollo, para elaborar y ampliar importantes iniciativas con el fin de ayudar a los niños a supervivir y prosperar. Con el tiempo, las inversiones de la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas en la salud infantil han demostrado ser una de las vías más prometedoras para atraer el apoyo de una amplia gama de asociados a las iniciativas encabezadas por las Naciones Unidas. La conducción eficaz, por parte de la Fundación, de las campañas de lucha contra la poliomielitis, el sarampión y la malaria ha ayudado a canalizar cientos de millones de dólares adicionales en apoyo de las iniciativas de salud mundial de las Naciones Unidas y ha proporcionado nuevos modelos de colaboración entre los organismos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y los gobiernos nacionales, mejorando así la eficiencia y la eficacia de las intervenciones sobre el terreno en materia de salud infantil.",
"8. La erradicación de la poliomielitis, una de las primeras prioridades fijadas por la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas y el UNFIP, sigue siendo prioritaria como ocurre con la labor llevada a cabo con un equipo de recaudación de fondos dirigido por la OMS a fin de recaudar los recursos necesarios para completar los programas de erradicación del nuevo Plan Estratégico de la Iniciativa de Erradicación Mundial de la Poliomielitis para el período 2010-2012, publicado por la OMS en mayo de 2010.",
"9. En 2010, la Iniciativa de Lucha contra el Sarampión se dirigió específicamente a 27 países de África, Asia y Europa, con planes para vacunar a cerca de 200 millones de niños.",
"10. Los asociados de la Iniciativa de Lucha contra el Sarampión están colaborando muy estrechamente con la India para fomentar las campañas de lucha contra el sarampión en varios estados densamente poblados. La campaña en la India comenzó en 2010 y se prevé que continúe en 2011.",
"11. La Fundación pro Naciones Unidas y el UNFIP seguirán trabajando con los Estados Miembros, la OMS, el UNICEF, la Cruz Roja de los Estados Unidos, los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades de los Estados Unidos y la Fundación Bill y Melinda Gates, entre otros, para apoyar la Iniciativa de Lucha contra el Sarampión.",
"12. Este ha sido un año importante en los esfuerzos mundiales de lucha contra la malaria, ya que la meta de la protección universal con mosquiteros se fijó para el 31 de diciembre de 2010. La Fundación pro Naciones Unidas viene colaborando con la Oficina del Enviado Especial para la lucha contra la malaria, el Banco Africano de Desarrollo, el Departamento del Reino Unido para el Desarrollo Internacional y la Fundación Gates para acelerar la adquisición y distribución de entre 10 y 15 millones de mosquiteros, que son necesarios para asegurar la protección universal.",
"13. Además, a través de su campaña premiada Nothing But Nets, la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas ha seguido poniendo de relieve la malaria, logrando la participación de una amplia gama de asociados y grupos de interesados y colaborando con asociados en la ejecución de las Naciones Unidas para subsanar deficiencias cruciales financiando la adquisición y distribución de mosquiteros tratados con insecticida de larga duración para proteger a las poblaciones más vulnerables de África. En 2010, la Fundación, en colaboración con el UNFIP, suministró aproximadamente 7 millones de dólares para financiar la distribución de mosquiteros tratados con insecticida por parte de los asociados de las Naciones Unidas en la ejecución a los siguientes países: Burundi, el Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Etiopía, Guinea, Liberia, la República Centroafricana, la República Democrática del Congo, Rwanda y Sierra Leona.",
"B. Mujer y población",
"14. El mandato de las Naciones Unidas en lo que respecta a la lucha contra la desigualdad entre los géneros y el empoderamiento de la mujer es amplio y se basa en una red de acuerdos y principios internacionales, entre ellos la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing, adoptada en la Conferencia Mundial sobre la Mujer de Beijing, el Programa de Acción de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Población y el Desarrollo y los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, que comprometen a toda la comunidad mundial a atender los derechos y las necesidades de las mujeres y las niñas.",
"15. El programa sobre la mujer y la población de la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas, junto con las Naciones Unidas y en colaboración con el UNFIP y otros asociados, procura promover la igualdad entre los géneros y el empoderamiento de las mujeres y las niñas, centrándose especialmente en la salud y los derechos reproductivos y sexuales. El empoderamiento de las mujeres y las niñas es fundamental para la misión del programa, a saber, afrontar los desafíos más difíciles que se plantean a nivel mundial en la actualidad: la lucha contra la pobreza mundial, el logro de la justicia social y la estabilización de la población mundial.",
"16. El año 2010 fue clave para el Equipo de Tareas de las Naciones Unidas sobre las adolescentes, un grupo que el UNFIP y la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas contribuyeron a establecer en 2007 para ayudar a las Naciones Unidas y a sus asociados a atender a las adolescentes marginadas apoyando nuevas políticas y programas exhaustivos. El Equipo de Tareas, copresidido por el UNFPA y el UNICEF, incluye también a la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO), la Entidad de las Naciones Unidas para la Igualdad entre los Géneros y el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres (ONU-Mujeres), la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) y la OMS. El Equipo de Tareas ha sido clave para que la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas y el UNFIP aumentaran el apoyo a la coordinación mundial en cuestiones relativas a las adolescentes. En marzo, el Equipo de Tareas emitió una declaración conjunta en la que se comprometía a intensificar sus esfuerzos para realizar los derechos de las adolescentes y establecer un marco para invertir en la educación, la salud, la seguridad, el empoderamiento y la inclusión de las niñas. En una primera etapa, el Equipo de Tareas ha centrado su atención en proyectos en Etiopía, Guatemala, Liberia y Malawi, pero tiene previsto ampliar su apoyo a 20 países como mínimo en los próximos cinco años.",
"17. En 2010, la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas puso en marcha oficialmente Girl Up, una campaña que ofrece a las chicas estadounidenses la oportunidad de encauzar su energía y compasión para concienciar y recaudar fondos para los programas de las Naciones Unidas que ayudan a algunas de las adolescentes del mundo a las que es más difícil atender. Los fondos recaudados a través de la iniciativa Girl Up se canalizarán a través del UNFIP como apoyo a los programas en favor de las adolescentes ejecutados por los organismos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas que trabajan para solucionar diversas cuestiones clave, entre ellas el acceso a la educación y la atención sanitaria, la protección contra la violencia, el VIH/SIDA y la creación de dirigentes. Para poner en marcha esta labor y hacer hincapié en las actividades de la Organización a través de la campaña Girl Up, la Fundación se comprometió a donar 1 millón de dólares a programas interinstitucionales de las Naciones Unidas que se ajustaran a las cinco prioridades estratégicas del Equipo de Tareas de las Naciones Unidas sobre las adolescentes en los cuatro países donde se aplica el programa. Esta inversión se utilizará como catalizador para conseguir recursos y asociados adicionales para la campaña Girl Up y para la labor de las Naciones Unidas a favor de las adolescentes.",
"18. En 2010, la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas continuó apoyando las iniciativas de promoción del Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas (UNFPA), en particular una iniciativa para incluir las comunidades religiosas en la Campaña para erradicar la fístula, del UNFPA, y las iniciativas para ayudar a fomentar una relación sólida entre el UNFPA y el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos. La Fundación y el UNFIP también apoyaron las actividades llevadas a cabo por el UNFPA en Haití inmediatamente después del devastador terremoto, proporcionando financiación para reconstruir consultorías de salud reproductiva e instalar alumbrado público de energía solar para garantizar la seguridad de las mujeres por la noche.",
"C. Energía sostenible y cambio climático",
"19. La Fundación pro Naciones Unidas y el UNFIP siguieron prestando apoyo a la labor del Grupo Asesor de alto nivel del Secretario General sobre energía y cambio climático. Este Grupo, establecido para abordar dos desafíos, a saber, satisfacer las necesidades energéticas mundiales para el desarrollo y, contribuir al mismo tiempo a la reducción de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, incluye a dirigentes empresariales y de la sociedad civil de todo el mundo entre ellos el Presidente de la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas, Tim Wirth. En abril, el Grupo publicó un informe en el que exhortaba al sistema de las Naciones Unidas y a sus Estados Miembros a que se comprometieran a lograr dos objetivos complementarios:",
"a) Garantizar el acceso universal a servicios energéticos modernos para 2030;",
"b) Reducir la intensidad energética mundial en un 40% para 2030.",
"20. La Fundación pro Naciones Unidas y algunos Estados Miembros están trabajando con el Grupo Asesor y ONU-Energía para atender la principal recomendación del Grupo: iniciar una campaña mundial en apoyo de la energía para el desarrollo sostenible. La campaña se centrará en mejorar la eficiencia energética y el acceso a unos servicios energéticos modernos, así como en fomentar la concienciación sobre la función fundamental de la energía no contaminante en el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.",
"21. El acceso a una energía moderna, no contaminante y asequible es fundamental para fomentar el desarrollo social y económico duradero y hacer realidad los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. En todo el mundo hay casi 3.000 millones de personas que dependen de la biomasa tradicional para cocinar y para la calefacción, y cerca de 2.500 millones de personas no tienen acceso a energía eléctrica o este es poco fiable. La falta de servicios energéticos modernos perjudica las actividades que generan ingresos y dificulta la prestación de servicios básicos como la atención sanitaria y la educación. Además, el humo que emana de dispositivos de cocina, iluminación y calefacción contaminantes e ineficientes causa la muerte prematura de casi 2 millones de mujeres y niños pequeños cada año, provoca diversas enfermedades crónicas y tiene otras repercusiones para la salud.",
"22. La Fundación pro Naciones Unidas y sus asociados también colaboran con una amplia gama de organismos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, incluida la OMS, ONU-Energía, el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados y el Programa Mundial de Alimentos (PMA), para fomentar la producción y distribución de cocinas no contaminantes.",
"D. Otros programas",
"23. La asociación de colaboración tecnológica entre la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas y la Fundación Vodafone se ha convertido en la principal asociación entre los sectores público y privado mediante el uso de las tecnologías de comunicaciones inalámbricas para apoyar las actividades humanitarias de las Naciones Unidas. La asociación, que se encuentra ahora en el último año de su primer período quinquenal, con 30 millones de dólares de financiación, ha progresado notablemente hacia el objetivo de aprovechar los teléfonos móviles para mejorar las comunicaciones y los resultados en materia de salud inmediatamente después de una crisis humanitaria.",
"24. El programa de la asociación de colaboración tecnológica para apoyar la reunión de datos de salud en África se ha afianzado en más de 12 países del África subsahariana. Los fondos han apoyado la labor realizada por la OMS con los ministerios de salud nacionales para capacitar a los profesionales de la salud en el uso de dispositivos móviles para la reunión de datos relativos a la salud. El hecho más significativo ocurrido en 2010 fue que se pasó a utilizar los teléfonos móvil, cuyo uso es generalizado entre los profesionales de la salud, para reunir los datos.",
"25. El programa de la Asociación de colaboración tecnológica también siguió prestando apoyo al Programa Mundial de Alimentos en el último año de una subvención trienal para fortalecer las comunicaciones en las crisis humanitarias. Los fondos financian el programa de creación de capacidad del PMA en materia de comunicaciones, que incluye la capacitación de expertos en telecomunicaciones para la preparación y la respuesta ante situaciones de emergencia, el establecimiento de un sistema para emergencias humanitarias para estandarizar la capacidad de toda la comunidad mundial de primeros auxilios en materia de tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones y la financiación del despliegue rápido de equipos de tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones después de desastres graves. Además, el programa World of Difference, encabezado por la Asociación de colaboración tecnológica, concluyó su programa de un año de duración el pasado mes de mayo. El programa asignó a cuatro especialistas en tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones de Vodafone a las oficinas del PMA en Roma, el Senegal, Tailandia y Uganda para prestar asistencia a las actividades humanitarias en situaciones de crisis.",
"26. Después de la crisis de 2010 en Haití, la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas contribuyó a las actividades de las Naciones Unidas canalizando más de 1 millón de dólares en ayuda para proyectos en beneficio del Fondo central para la acción en casos de emergencia, el programa “Dinero por trabajo” del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y para la movilización de suministros a través del UNFPA.",
"II. Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Democracia",
"27. El Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Democracia (FNUD) establecido durante la Cumbre Mundial 2005 como un fondo fiduciario del Secretario General, se puso en marcha en abril de 2006 con el apoyo administrativo de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para las Asociaciones de Colaboración. Desde entonces, este órgano de concesión de subvenciones ha quedado claramente definido como un fondo para las organizaciones de la sociedad civil, y es la única entidad de las Naciones Unidas que contiene la palabra “democracia” en su nombre, así como el único órgano de las Naciones Unidas cuyo objetivo principal es apoyar la democracia mediante el empoderamiento de toda la sociedad civil. La gran mayoría de los fondos del FNUD para proyectos se destinan a organizaciones no gubernamentales locales en países que se encuentran en las fases de transición y consolidación de la democratización. Mediante el apoyo que presta a la “demanda” en lugar de la “oferta” de democratización, el FNUD desempeña una función nueva, clara y particular, consistente en complementar y ampliar las otras actividades de las Naciones Unidas, el trabajo con los gobiernos, como el del PNUD, para fortalecer la gobernanza democrática en todo el mundo.",
"28. En los escasos años desde su creación, el FNUD ha experimentado un notable crecimiento de su cartera, su base de donantes, su repercusión y su visibilidad. Sus proyectos tienen por objeto reforzar la voz de la sociedad civil, promover los derechos humanos y alentar la participación de todos los grupos en los procesos democráticos. El Fondo también apoya un cierto número de importantes proyectos mundiales y regionales que hacen hincapié en la normativa y las políticas. En sus cuatro primeras series de financiación, el FNUD apoyó 340 proyectos en un total de 150 países, con un desembolso total de más de 95 millones de dólares. Estos proyectos fueron diversos y abarcaron desde el apoyo a las iniciativas de la sociedad civil a favor de la rendición de cuentas y la transparencia hasta la creación de capacidad para el fortalecimiento de la buena gobernanza y el estado de derecho.",
"A. Cuarta serie de proyectos",
"29. En 2010, el FNUD inició la financiación de su cuarta serie de proyectos. La serie quedó abierta a propuestas en noviembre de 2009 mediante un sistema de solicitudes en línea que facilitó el acceso de las organizaciones de la sociedad civil. Se recibieron en total 1.966 solicitudes de organizaciones de 137 países, lo que indicaba que seguía habiendo una fuerte demanda mundial de los servicios del Fondo. Organizaciones de la sociedad civil presentaron la gran mayoría de las propuestas.",
"30. La primera etapa de la selección de proyectos se basó en un puntaje asignado por expertos independientes en función de criterios establecidos. Las propuestas con un puntaje alto se sometieron posteriormente a un riguroso control de calidad y diligencia debida por parte de coordinadores residentes de las Naciones Unidas y, cuando procedía, de representantes especiales del Secretario General y de todas las entidades del Grupo Consultivo del Programa de entidades del FNUD. Sobre la base de ese examen, la Junta Ejecutiva del Fondo recomendó una lista final de proyectos, tras lo cual el FNUD asesoró a las misiones permanentes de los Estados Miembros en que se aplicarían los proyectos incluidos en la lista. La lista final se presentó a continuación al Secretario General para que la aprobara. Se pidió a los candidatos incluidos en la lista que presentaran, a más tardar a mediados de año, borradores de los documentos del proyecto, que fueron luego negociados con el FNUD. Los primeros tramos de la financiación de los proyectos se pagaron antes de finales de septiembre. Este calendario es acorde con las normas internacionales.",
"31. En la cuarta serie, se financiaron 59 proyectos, por un costo total de 14.690.000 dólares. Los proyectos, desglosados por sus actividades principales, son los siguientes:",
"a) Desarrollo comunitario (28%);",
"b) Empoderamiento de la mujer (20%);",
"c) Estado de derecho y derechos humanos (17%);",
"d) Instrumentos para la democratización (14%);",
"e) Juventud (8%);",
"f) Medios de información (8%);",
"g) Fortalecimiento de los instrumentos gubernamentales (5%).",
"32. En 2010 el Fondo reunió los informes necesarios sobre los proyectos financiados en el marco de las series segunda, tercera y cuarta, realizó el cierre de los proyectos terminados de la primera serie e informó a la Junta Ejecutiva sobre los avances logrados.",
"B. Base de donantes",
"33. El Fondo emprendió varias iniciativas para fortalecer su base de donantes, que siguió creciendo a pesar de los efectos sostenidos de la crisis financiera mundial, añadiendo más contribuyentes no tradicionales de países de ingresos bajos y medianos comprometidos con los principios democráticos. El Iraq, Madagascar y Panamá contribuyeron al FNUD por primera vez, lo que amplió el grupo de donantes a un total de 39 Estados Miembros. El 15 de septiembre de 2010 se celebró una reunión especial de donantes del FNUD para conmemorar el Día Internacional de la Democracia. El importe total acumulado de las contribuciones recibidas entre 2005 y 2010 fue de más de 120 millones de dólares.",
"34. El 24 de septiembre de 2010, el Presidente de los Estados Unidos, Barack Obama, destacó la importancia del apoyo al Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Democracia, una de las dos únicas entidades de las Naciones Unidas mencionadas explícitamente en su discurso ante la Asamblea General. El Presidente Obama declaró que era hora de que todos los Estados Miembros contribuyeran a aumentar el Fondo para la Democracia, y afirmó que la democracia era la forma de gobierno que ofrecía más beneficios a los ciudadanos, y que la sociedad civil, eje principal de la labor del Fondo, daba forma al progreso humano y a la conciencia de las comunidades. Durante la visita estatal del Presidente Obama a la India en noviembre de 2010, él y el Primer Ministro Manmohan Singh, como líderes de las dos mayores democracias del mundo, formularon una declaración conjunta en la que reafirmaron su firme compromiso con el Fondo.",
"C. Evaluación",
"35. El Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Democracia y su Junta Consultiva están comprometidos con la evaluación independiente de los proyectos del FNUD como base para un proceso de aprendizaje más sólido y como herramienta para mejorar la selección y la gestión de proyectos del FNUD. En junio de 2010, el Fondo firmó un acuerdo de dos años con Transtec, una empresa de evaluadores respetados a nivel internacional cuya sede se encuentra en Bruselas, para llevar a cabo evaluaciones después de los proyectos de las series segunda y tercera. Estaba previsto que las primeras evaluaciones estuvieran finalizadas para principios de 2011.",
"D. Auditoría",
"36. La Oficina de Servicios de Supervisión Interna (OSSI) llevó a cabo una auditoría del Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Democracia en 2010, con el objetivo general de evaluar la efectividad y la eficacia de los arreglos de gobernanza del Fondo y la gestión de su programa de trabajo, de conformidad con el Reglamento Financiero y Reglamentación Financiera Detallada de las Naciones Unidas y otras normas, y procedimientos aplicables. El informe llegó a la conclusión de que el FNUD promovía la democracia como un valor mundial, que había llevado a cabo con éxito proyectos que ayudaban a los Estados Miembros a aumentar su capacidad de defensa de las instituciones democráticas, y que sus mecanismos de gobernanza (el Grupo Consultivo del Programa y la Junta Consultiva) funcionaban eficazmente. El informe determinó que el FNUD, con la experiencia adquirida en la administración de los proyectos de la primera serie (2006-2007), había adaptado sus procedimientos para que su administración de los proyectos, fuese cada vez más eficiente, y que había establecido un buen sistema de seguimiento con informes descriptivos provisionales y finales que ofrecían información fiable sobre las actividades de los proyectos. La auditoría recomendó el desarrollo de una estrategia de recaudación de fondos más estructurada para garantizar la sostenibilidad financiera del Fondo, un informe independiente del Secretario General sobre el FNUD destinado a la Asamblea General a fin de aumentar la visibilidad, indicadores clave del desempeño para reflejar metas estratégicas y operacionales, un examen del presupuesto operacional del FNUD para asegurar que las estimaciones de costos reflejasen los precios del mercado y un examen de la práctica general del Fondo de evaluar la efectividad y la repercusión de todos los proyectos. En opinión de la OSSI, el FNUD no tenía necesidad de evaluar cada uno de los proyectos para demostrar su efectividad y su repercusión.",
"E. Gobernanza",
"37. Los dos mecanismos de gobernanza de la Junta, la Junta Consultiva y el Grupo Consultivo del Programa, siguieron desempeñando una función activa y de orientación durante 2010. Los miembros de la Junta Consultiva fueron nombrados por el Secretario General con un mandato nuevo, para ejercer durante un período de dos años, de enero de 2010 a diciembre de 2011. Se trataba de los siete principales contribuyentes del FNUD (Australia, Alemania, India, Japón, Qatar, España y los Estados Unidos); seis países que reflejaban diversidad geográfica y el compromiso con los principios democráticos (Costa Rica, Ghana, el Iraq, Mauricio, Polonia y la República de Corea); y tres miembros que actuaban con carácter individual: Michael Doyle, de la Universidad de Columbia, que ejerció de Presidente de la Junta; Kwame Anthony Appiah, de la Universidad de Princeton; y Seyla Benhabib, de la Universidad de Yale. También formaron parte de la Junta dos organizaciones no gubernamentales: Conectas (Brasil) y el International Peace Institute.",
"38. Además de recomendar propuestas de financiación al Secretario General para su aprobación, la Junta Consultiva le facilitó orientación normativa sobre el establecimiento de marcos programáticos y directrices de financiación. El Grupo Consultivo del Programa proporcionó información y control de calidad en el proceso de selección de proyectos y la fase de ejecución, haciendo uso de los conocimientos especializados específicos de cada una de sus entidades: el Departamento de Asuntos Políticos, el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz, la Oficina del Alto Comisionado para los Derechos Humanos, la Oficina de Apoyo a la Consolidación de la Paz, el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito y ONU-Mujeres.",
"F. Quinta serie de proyectos",
"39. El FNUD inició su quinta serie de propuestas de proyectos en noviembre de 2010. Cuando el plazo de presentación de solicitudes concluyó el 31 de diciembre de 2010, el Fondo había recibido 3.754 propuestas de proyectos de organizaciones de 149 países, una cifra récord en la historia del Fondo y casi el doble del promedio de los años anteriores. La gran mayoría de las solicitudes procedían de organizaciones de la sociedad civil locales o regionales de África, Asia, las Américas y Europa.",
"G. La democracia en acción",
"40. A continuación figuran algunos ejemplos bastante típicos de proyectos del FNUD que muestran la diversidad de las medidas de apoyo al fortalecimiento de la voz de la sociedad civil. Los proyectos están orientados a apoyar a las comunidades marginadas, dando voz a las preocupaciones de la juventud y luchando contra la corrupción. También existe el ejemplo de un proyecto regional, en este caso de apoyo a la Carta Africana de la Democracia, las Elecciones y la Gobernanza.",
"La democracia en acción I: capacitación de la juventud para el liderazgo en Myanmar",
"41. En Myanmar, el FNUD financia un proyecto para capacitar a los jóvenes para el liderazgo, la participación de la sociedad civil y la organización de grupos de autoayuda, con el objetivo general de movilizar y fomentar medidas para resolver los problemas de la comunidad. El proyecto, trabajando entre los grupos minoritarios Sha, Kachin y Kayah, tiene también el objetivo de reconciliar las diferencias entre las comunidades. En un caso, seis aldeas de las comunidades Shan y Kachin tras debates organizados por el proyecto, acordaron trabajar juntos para construir el puente que les conectaba a todos con el mercado. En otro caso, los líderes de la juventud decidieron organizar un partido de fútbol para promover el acercamiento de la gente y recaudar el dinero necesario para reparar la escuela local.",
"La democracia en acción II: brindar plataforma democrática a la juventud del Pakistán",
"42. El FNUD financia un proyecto del Parlamento de la Juventud del Pakistán para educar a más de 25.000 jóvenes con respecto al carácter fundamental de la democracia y darles la oportunidad de expresar libremente sus opiniones sobre la democracia y la participación política. La iniciativa funciona a través de mesas redondas y otros mecanismos informales de aprendizaje y difusión de información, mientras que los equipos juveniles pro democracia actúan como plataformas locales para tratar diversas cuestiones que afectan a los jóvenes. Estos equipos mantienen vínculos con bancos de recursos en favor de la democracia a través de reuniones intergeneracionales de nivel nacional.",
"La democracia en acción III: potenciar el papel de los trabajadores migratorios en la Federación de Rusia",
"43. Cuando las tensiones étnicas se dispararon en diciembre de 2010, un proyecto financiado por el FNUD organizó una reunión para estudiar cómo proteger los derechos humanos de los jóvenes migrantes en la Federación de Rusia. Dado que el fortalecimiento de los derechos de los trabajadores migratorios constituye un desafío cada vez más importante, el proyecto procura capacitar a las organizaciones de la sociedad civil y a los sindicatos que representan a los migrantes y a las minorías étnicas; instruye a la policía, las instituciones, los sindicatos y los servicios sociales sobre mecanismos para prevenir la discriminación y sobre los derechos humanos de los niños migrantes; ofrece capacitación a las organizaciones de la sociedad civil sobre las convenciones de las Naciones Unidas, las normas y prácticas internacionales, el derecho de la Federación de Rusia y los litigios ante los tribunales, la sindicación y la autoayuda; y organiza seminarios con organizaciones no gubernamentales en los países de origen para intercambiar las mejores prácticas. El proyecto es llevado a cabo por el Centro de apoyo y rehabilitación a las víctimas de trata de personas, con sede en Perm.",
"La democracia en acción IV: lograr la participación de los jóvenes y las mujeres en el Yemen",
"44. En 2010 se puso en marcha una iniciativa financiada por el FNUD en el Yemen para lograr la participación de las mujeres y los jóvenes en los procesos democráticos. La iniciativa tiene por objetivos movilizar a las mujeres y los jóvenes en cinco distritos como agentes creativos de cambio social para ampliar la participación política, fomentar alianzas no partidistas entre las mujeres y las organizaciones juveniles para lograr soluciones más efectivas e inclusivas a los desafíos a los que se enfrenta el país, y ampliar las oportunidades para que las mujeres y los jóvenes generen funciones de liderazgo en el ámbito público a través de la promoción de la aceptación social y cultural. Entre los productos de la iniciativa cabe mencionar la capacitación en materia de actividades de promoción, sistemas electorales y creación de redes; un sitio web que conecte a los participantes en todo el territorio del Yemen; competiciones por pequeñas subvenciones; y campañas en los medios de comunicación. La Unión de Mujeres del Yemen se encarga de la ejecución del proyecto.",
"La democracia en acción V: supervisión de las adquisiciones en Nigeria",
"45. En Nigeria, el FNUD financia un proyecto para evaluar los niveles de aplicación de la Ley de adquisiciones públicas de 2007, permitir a la sociedad civil observar y supervisar eficazmente las adquisiciones públicas, ayudar a los comités legislativos a llevar a cabo sus funciones de supervisión de las adquisiciones e instruir a las entidades que realizan adquisiciones y a determinadas organizaciones comerciales acerca de las disposiciones básicas de la Ley de adquisiciones públicas. El proyecto ha creado un portal en Internet para reunir, analizar y difundir información sobre la observación de las adquisiciones, y preparado un informe que revela los abusos más comunes cometidos en las adquisiciones públicas en Nigeria y los desafíos que conlleva la aplicación de la Ley de adquisiciones públicas. El Public and Private Development Centre (Centro de desarrollo de los sectores público y privado), con sede en Aba y Abuja, se encarga de la ejecución del proyecto.",
"La democracia en acción VI: promoción de una carta de la democracia en África",
"46. El Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Democracia financia un proyecto regional en África para crear comunidades de apoyo para la Carta Africana de la Democracia, las Elecciones y la Gobernanza. Los Estados miembros de la Unión Africana aprobaron la Carta en 2007, lo que constituyó un importante paso adelante para la Unión como agente de promoción de la buena gobernanza en la región. Para que la Carta entre en vigor es necesario que al menos 15 Estados miembros la firmen y la ratifiquen, y a finales de 2010 solo lo habían hecho ocho Estados. El proyecto, ejecutado por la Coalición para la Democracia africana y cuya secretaría corre a cargo del Instituto en pro de una alternativa democrática en Sudáfrica (IDASA), apoyará la entrada en vigor de la Carta y, posteriormente, su aplicación efectiva.",
"III. Servicios de asesoramiento en materia de asociaciones de colaboración y actividades de divulgación",
"47. A lo largo de toda su historia, el sistema de las Naciones Unidas ha colaborado con el sector privado y la sociedad civil. Tomando como base el Documento Final de la Cumbre Mundial 2005 (véase la resolución 60/1), los Estados Miembros han reconocido la importancia de la participación activa de agentes no estatales en la promoción del programa de desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas, y han expresado su firme respaldo a esa participación. Los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio representan un punto crítico de la transformación de esta asociación, en que las Naciones Unidas procuraron activamente llegar a las entidades del sector privado y de la sociedad civil durante todo el último decenio, y estas también respondieron con entusiasmo. El atractivo de las Naciones Unidas dimana de su legitimidad política, su misión basada en valores, experiencia y conocimientos especializados acumulados en la esfera del desarrollo, las relaciones históricas con los países en desarrollo, y su alcance y difusión mundial. Por otro lado, el sector privado ha pasado a desempeñar un papel dominante en la promoción del desarrollo económico.",
"48. La Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para las Asociaciones de Colaboración coopera con la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas a fin de seguir promoviendo y facilitando servicios de asesoramiento en materia de asociaciones e iniciativas de divulgación, y fomenta estrategias innovadoras para atraer a agentes no estatales hacia el sistema de las Naciones Unidas. La Oficina utiliza su experiencia y su capacidad para hacer participar a las empresas, las fundaciones y los principales filántropos a nivel mundial en las causas de las Naciones Unidas al tiempo que presta apoyo a la labor de promoción y divulgación del sistema de las Naciones Unidas mediante la creación de asociaciones.",
"A. Servicios en materia de asociaciones",
"49. Durante el último decenio, ha aumentado notablemente el número de entidades del sector privado que se dirigen a las Naciones Unidas en busca de asesoramiento sobre la forma de comprometerse y prestar asistencia. Empresas de diferentes tamaños, que producen una amplia gama de bienes y servicios, han ofrecido su asistencia a la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para las Asociaciones de Colaboración y han solicitado asesoramiento sobre cómo sumarse a las Naciones Unidas en la búsqueda de soluciones sostenibles para algunos de los problemas más difíciles que se plantean en el mundo.",
"50. En 2010, la Oficina participó en varios grupos de tareas de diversa índole, desde grupos regionales (Grupo de Tareas de la Comunidad del Caribe), y grupos basados en cuestiones concretas (Grupo de Tareas sobre el desfase en el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio), hasta otros dedicados a mecanismos de coordinación (coordinación interinstitucional del Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales, Grupo de Comunicaciones de las Naciones Unidas, Grupo de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo). La función principal de la Oficina es prestar servicios en materia de asociaciones de colaboración, alentar la participación de la sociedad civil en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas y fomentar las contribuciones a sus actividades.",
"51. En 2010, la Oficina prestó servicios de asesoramiento a empresas del sector privado, fundaciones, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, instituciones académicas y filántropos. La mayor parte de las comunicaciones de agentes no estatales contenían el ofrecimiento de asistencia a programas centrados en la reducción de la pobreza, la educación, la salud y el socorro en casos de desastre, así como la asistencia humanitaria en los países menos adelantados. Se establecieron varios acuerdos y memorandos de entendimiento con agentes externos, que tuvieron por objeto dar carácter oficial a algunas de esas asociaciones en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.",
"52. Los servicios de asesoramiento en materia de asociaciones de colaboración a cargo de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para las Asociaciones de Colaboración abarcaron una variedad de esferas que se pueden agrupar en cuatro categorías principales:",
"a) Asociaciones operacionales. La Oficina sigue alentando a las empresas asociadas a que presten apoyo a los proyectos y las campañas de promoción de las Naciones Unidas;",
"b) Asociaciones de políticas y promoción. La Oficina ha observado un aumento del interés del sector privado y la sociedad civil en que haya mayor conciencia y reconocimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. En 2010, la Oficina siguió obteniendo la participación de asociaciones mundiales, entre ellas el Comité de Fomento de la Filantropía Empresarial, el Business Civic Leadership Center, el Comité Olímpico Internacional, el Foro Internacional de Líderes Empresariales, la Resource Foundation y el Congreso Mundial de Filántropos Musulmanes;",
"c) Intercambio de recursos y conocimientos especializados. La Oficina sigue obteniendo la participación de empresas y fundaciones, que no solo proporcionan apoyo financiero sino también intercambian conocimientos con los interesados;",
"d) Redes y alianzas. En 2010, la Oficina colaboró con múltiples interesados en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. La Oficina fue instrumental en la puesta en marcha de la Iniciativa Pearl, programa impulsado por el sector privado para alentar a las empresas de los seis países del Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo a trabajar con el sistema de las Naciones Unidas para mejorar la gobernanza y la rendición de cuentas empresariales y las prácticas, de responsabilidad social de las empresas eficaces.",
"B. Principales iniciativas y proyectos innovadores",
"53. La lista que figura a continuación, en orden cronológico, está dividida en las siguientes tres categorías, en función de quién es el asociado clave que ha dado inicio al programa o al proyecto: Estados Miembros; el sistema de las Naciones Unidas; y otras organizaciones internacionales, y el sector privado y la sociedad civil.",
"1. Estados Miembros",
"Exposición “El espejo”",
"54. El 22 de febrero de 2001 se llevó a cabo en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas la exposición “El espejo”, relacionada con la reunión especial del Consejo Económico y Social sobre la implicación de la filantropía en la promoción de la igualdad entre los géneros y el empoderamiento de la mujer, con obras de artistas mujeres de todo el mundo. Esta iniciativa de Su Alteza la Jequesa Manal bint Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Presidenta del Dubai Women Establishment y esposa de Su Alteza el Jeque Mansourbin Zayed Al Nahyan, Viceprimer Ministro y Ministro de Asuntos Presidenciales de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, supuso una destacada contribución al programa de empoderamiento de la mujer y un mensaje positivo de comprensión cultural y paz.",
"Foro sobre Cooperación para el Desarrollo en Helsinki",
"55. En junio de 2010, se celebró en Helsinki el Simposio de Alto Nivel, en preparación para el Foro sobre Cooperación para el Desarrollo de 2010. Organizado por el Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales, el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Finlandia y la Oficina; el Foro tenía por objetivos encontrar soluciones para que las políticas de desarrollo fuesen más coherentes y eficaces y mejorar el impacto de la cooperación para el desarrollo en el plano internacional.",
"Ceremonia de gala para la entrega de los Premios “Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”",
"56. La ceremonia de entrega de los Premios “Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio” de 2010 se celebró en Nueva York en septiembre. Los premios, creados para apoyar y dar a conocer los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, proporcionaron una plataforma de primer orden para honrar y celebrar los esfuerzos ejemplares realizados por los gobiernos de los países y las partes interesadas de la sociedad civil para promover estos objetivos de desarrollo internacional. El papel de la Oficina consistió en ayudar al Comité de los Premios “Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”, entidad sin fines de lucro, para facilitar la presentación de las candidaturas de los Estados Miembros a los premios.",
"Monumento Permanente en las Naciones Unidas a las víctimas de la esclavitud y la trata transatlántica de esclavos",
"57. La Oficina siguió prestando asistencia al Comité del Monumento Permanente en la aplicación de una estrategia de comunicación, divulgación y movilización de recursos, dirigida a erigir un monumento conmemorativo permanente en el complejo de la Sede de las Naciones Unidas. El Comité del Monumento Permanente es presidido por el Representante Permanente de Jamaica ante las Naciones Unidas. La Oficina administra el Fondo Fiduciario en lo que respecta a los recibos, las asignaciones y el desembolso de fondos.",
"2. El sistema de las Naciones Unidas y otras organizaciones internacionales",
"Cómo involucrar a las fundaciones filantrópicas en el fomentos de la igualdad entre los géneros y el empoderamiento de la mujer",
"58. El 22 de febrero de 2010, el Consejo Económico y Social, en colaboración con el Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales, la Oficina, el Fondo de Desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas para la Mujer, y el Comité de Fomento de la Filantropía Empresarial, celebró en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas una reunión especial sobre la forma de involucrar a las fundaciones filantrópicas en la promoción de la igualdad entre los géneros y el empoderamiento de la mujer. La reunión, que se centró en los compromisos asumidos para hacer avanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio relacionados con las cuestiones de género y en cómo pueden contribuir las asociaciones a poner fin a la violencia contra la mujer y la niña y a promover el empoderamiento económico de la mujer, fue presidida por el Presidente del Consejo Económico y Social, Embajador Hamidon Ali; el Secretario General Ban Ki-moon inauguró la sesión de apertura.",
"Debate de alto nivel sobre el tema “La potenciación de la mujer a través del deporte”",
"59. El 29 de junio de 2010, el Comité Olímpico Internacional y la Oficina, en cooperación con la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Deporte para el Desarrollo y la Paz, organizaron una reunión de alto nivel para intercambiar opiniones y compartir lo aprendido con respecto a los vínculos entre el deporte y los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, en particular con respecto a la igualdad entre los géneros. Más de 40 participantes, entre los cuales altos representantes de los gobiernos y el sistema de las Naciones Unidas, personalidades del mundo del deporte y dirigentes del sector privado, la sociedad civil y las instituciones académicas, intercambiaron ideas sobre la igualdad entre los géneros y el deporte.",
"Simposio sobre el Día Internacional de la Alfabetización: una base esencial para el desarrollo",
"60. Con ocasión del Día Internacional de la Alfabetización de 2010, la Oficina, la UNESCO y el PNUD, en colaboración con Global Wheel Houz, organizaron conjuntamente un simposio para examinar la importancia de la alfabetización para el desarrollo sostenible, potenciar a los pobres y acelerar el progreso hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio a través de asociaciones creativas. La Sra. Laura Bush, Embajadora honoraria para el Decenio de las Naciones Unidas para la Alfabetización, habló sobre el impacto del empoderamiento de la mujer gracias a la educación y la Sra. Irina Bokova, Directora General de la UNESCO, reconoció los múltiples beneficios de la alfabetización para el empoderamiento de la mujer y para mejorar la salud materna y erradicar la mortalidad infantil. El evento marcó el inicio de la campaña de recaudación de fondos y movilización de los jóvenes “Five Years and Counting”, dirigida a impulsar la colaboración entre los jóvenes, el sector privado y personalidades del más alto nivel en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.",
"La Cumbre sobre la serie de índices de Africa Investor",
"61. El 17 de septiembre de 2010, la Oficina, en colaboración con la Oficina del Asesor Especial para África, Africa Investor, la Bolsa de Nueva York, Euronext, la Nueva Alianza para el Desarrollo de África (NEPAD) y el Grupo Empresarial de la NEPAD, organizó la tercera Cumbre Anual sobre la serie de índices de Africa Investor. En la Cumbre empresarios, inversionistas y filántropos establecieron asociaciones prácticas de inversión en apoyo de la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en África.",
"3. Sector privado y sociedad civil",
"Cumbre de instituciones inversoras sobre los riesgos climáticos",
"62. El 14 de enero de 2010, Ceres, la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas y la Oficina acogieron la cuarta Cumbre de instituciones inversoras sobre los riesgos climáticos en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas en Nueva York. El evento, que tuvo lugar tras las negociaciones para un tratado internacional sobre el clima celebradas en Copenhague, reunió a numerosos de los principales inversores institucionales, gestores de fondos, asesores financieros y otros agentes de todo el mundo, que representan billones de dólares en activos. En la Cumbre se estudió cómo la rápida transición mundial hacia las tecnologías ecológicas y la eficiencia energética podía estimular el crecimiento económico, y se subrayó la manera en que los inversores podían participar en la transición hacia escasas emisiones de dióxido de carbono. Intervinieron, entre otros, el Sr. Ban Ki-moon, Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas; el Sr. Al Gore, ex Vicepresidente de los Estados Unidos; el Sr. Todd Stern, Enviado Especial de los Estados Unidos sobre el cambio climático; y el Sr. Ted Turner, filántropo y ejecutivo de los medios de comunicación. Durante la Cumbre se anunció además la Declaración de los inversores sobre la catalización de la inversión en una economía basada en la generación de escasas emisiones de dióxido de carbono, en que los inversores instaron al Gobierno de los Estados Unidos y a otros gobiernos a actuar rápidamente para adoptar políticas firmes en materia de clima que alentasen las inversiones en proyectos de baja emisión de carbono para reducir las emisiones que causan el cambio climático.",
"Tercer Congreso Mundial de Filántropos Musulmanes",
"63. Los días 21 y 22 de marzo de 2010, la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para las Asociaciones de Colaboración y el Congreso Mundial de Filántropos Musulmanes copatrocinaron el tercer Congreso Mundial en Doha. El Congreso reunió a líderes internacionales de la filantropía, los gobiernos, las empresas y la sociedad civil para examinar algunos de los problemas clave de la agenda internacional. El Congreso Mundial de Filántropos Musulmanes alienta asociaciones innovadoras entre la comunidad musulmana y otros agentes para abocarse a realizar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.",
"Proyecto Haiti Hope",
"64. El 22 de marzo de 2010, la Oficina acogió la presentación del proyecto Haiti Hope en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas. Durante la presentación, Jean Max Bellerive, Primer Ministro de Haití y Bill Clinton, Enviado Especial de las Naciones Unidas para Haití y Copresidente del Fondo Clinton-Bush para Haití, junto con Luis Alberto Moreno, Presidente del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, y Muhtar Kent, Director General de Coca Cola Company, expresaron su apoyo a esta asociación entre los sectores público y privado que beneficiará a los cultivadores de mango de Haití. El proyecto, de cinco años de duración, se ha estimado en 7,5 millones de dólares y tiene por objetivos duplicar el ingreso de más de 25.000 cultivadores de mango de Haití mediante el desarrollo de una industria sostenible de producción de mangos. La iniciativa mejorará el nivel de vida de los agricultores dándoles acceso a un mercado internacional y contribuirá al desarrollo a largo plazo y a la revitalización de Haití.",
"Invertir en los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio: cómo puede contribuir la comunidad empresarial al desarrollo sostenible",
"65. Los días 7 y 8 de abril de 2010, la Oficina copatrocinó, junto con el Business Civic Leadership Center, un foro de alto nivel de dos días de duración sobre el tema “Invertir en los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio: cómo puede contribuir la comunidad empresarial al desarrollo sostenible”. En el Foro se examinaron esferas de colaboración entre el sector privado, las fundaciones y el sistema de las Naciones Unidas que contribuyen a la consecución de los Objetivos. Entre los distinguidos oradores se encontraban Jeffrey Sachs, Director del Proyecto del Milenio de las Naciones Unidas; Salil Shetty, Director de la Campaña del Milenio, Michael Hastings de KPMG y Talya Bosch, de Western Union Foundation.",
"Foro sobre la evaluación de la dinámica de las asociaciones en América Latina y el Caribe",
"66. El 28 de abril de 2010, la Oficina, en colaboración con Resource Foundation, organizó en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas un foro sobre el tema “Evaluación de la dinámica de las asociaciones”. En el Foro se estudió la importancia de las asociaciones y sus repercusiones en la capacidad de la comunidad de asistencia internacional para el desarrollo para generar los resultados deseados y beneficiar a quienes más lo necesitan. En el Foro participaron líderes de los sectores público y privado que examinaron el potencial, los desafíos, las complejidades y la importancia de las asociaciones, particularmente en lo relativo a la promoción de las actividades de desarrollo en América Latina y el Caribe.",
"Foro sobre la creación de valor compartido",
"67. El 27 de mayo de 2010, Nestlé y el International Business Leaders Forum, con el apoyo de la Oficina, celebraron en Londres el segundo Foro anual sobre la creación de valor compartido. En el Foro se reunieron líderes internacionales para deliberar acerca de los retos que se plantean actualmente a nivel mundial con respecto a la inversión sostenible y las oportunidades de asociación en materia de nutrición, agua y desarrollo rural. Durante el Foro se adjudicó además el primer Premio Nestlé a la creación de valor compartido a International Development Entreprises de Camboya, organización local sin fines de lucro que utiliza enfoques basados en el mercado para incrementar los ingresos de la población rural de Camboya.",
"Presentación de la Iniciativa Pearl",
"68. El 20 de septiembre de 2010, más de 100 líderes empresariales y responsables de la formulación de políticas se reunieron en la Sede de las Naciones Unida para presentar la Iniciativa Pearl, un programa dirigido por el sector privado y encaminado a mejorar la gobernanza y la rendición de cuentas empresariales y las prácticas de responsabilidad social de las empresas eficaces en los seis países del Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo. En este evento, organizado por la Oficina, la Universidad Americana de Sharjah y el Grupo de la Media Luna Roja de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, los participantes pudieron intercambiar ideas sobre los vínculos entre un ambiente comercial transparente y el crecimiento económico sostenible. El objetivo de la Iniciativa Pearl es posibilitar y alentar a las empresas del sector privado de la región del Golfo a que trabajen con el sistema de las Naciones Unidas y otros asociados estratégicos mundiales para crear mayor conciencia con respecto a la necesidad de rendir cuentas y ser transparentes en su relación con sus respectivas partes interesadas; así como a convertir los compromisos asumidos en materia de responsabilidad social en acciones mediante estas asociaciones innovadoras.",
"Cumbre Blouin de liderazgo creativo",
"69. Del 22 al 24 de septiembre de 2010, la Oficina y la Fundación Louise de Blouin copatrocinaron la quinta Cumbre anual Blouin de liderazgo creativo en el Metropolitan Club de Nueva York. La cumbre anual constituye una valiosa plataforma para que Jefes de Estado, personalidades galardonadas con el Premio Nobel y dirigentes del sector privado puedan abordar los retos y las oportunidades presentados por la globalización, como la educación, la salud y la pobreza.",
"Charla de la Organización Tecnología, Entretenimiento, Diseño (TED) de 2010 “Carta por la Compasión”",
"70. El 18 de noviembre de 2010, la Oficina y TED Prize copatrocinaron un debate en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas para celebrar el primer aniversario de la Carta por la Compasión, el deseo concedido a Karen Armstrong, destinataria del TED Prize de 2008. La Carta por la Compasión es un conjunto de principios destinados a restablecer el pensamiento compasivo y la acción compasiva en el centro de la vida religiosa, moral y política, y un documento que insta a todas las personas y a todas las religiones del mundo a adoptar el valor de la compasión.",
"IV. Conclusiones",
"71. La histórica contribución filantrópica del Sr. Turner a través de la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas y el UNFIP se ha traducido en un aumento exponencial del interés de los agentes no estatales, incluidas las fundaciones y las empresas privadas, en la búsqueda de una participación en la labor de las Naciones Unidas y una colaboración con ellas.",
"72. La evolución de la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas más allá de su papel de concesión de subvenciones ha tenido repercusiones importantes en todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas. La Fundación ha podido concebir e iniciar campañas para promover los objetivos de la Organización y trabajar con organismos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas en la formulación de estrategias de comunicación más claras y mejores oportunidades de asociación.",
"73. La nueva misión y el nuevo enfoque de la Fundación quedaron plasmados de distintas formas en las iniciativas de liderazgo y las campañas de la Fundación en pro de las causas de las Naciones Unidas a lo largo de 2010, como se refleja en las secciones anteriores del presente informe. Además, la Fundación se ha fusionado con la Asociación pro Naciones Unidas de los Estados Unidos de América para movilizar a los estadounidenses en apoyo de las causas de las Naciones Unidas.",
"74. El Acuerdo de Relación existente entre las Naciones Unidas y la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas, establecido originalmente en 1998 y renovado posteriormente en 2007, se examinará a fin de garantizar una actualización que refleje la evolución de la colaboración de la Fundación con las Naciones Unidas.",
"75. El Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Democracia, establecido hace ahora cinco años, ha demostrado ser una excelente iniciativa de la Asamblea General que ha logrado complementar la labor de muchos organismos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas centrados en la “oferta” de las instituciones democráticas concentrándose en los aspectos relacionados con la “demanda” mediante subvenciones a organizaciones de la sociedad civil. Gracias a ello, las Naciones Unidas pueden adoptar un enfoque más equilibrado y atraer a la labor de la Organización a miles de activistas de la sociedad civil de todos los rincones del mundo.",
"76. Se está evaluando el impacto del Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Democracia mediante evaluaciones independientes de sus proyectos, pero ya está claro que uno de sus efectos más importantes es el aumento de su número de afiliados. En 2010, el Fondo recibió unas 3.700 solicitudes, lo que significa que se duplicó la demanda de subvenciones y que el Fondo puede considerarse ahora un recurso de vital importancia para la sociedad civil, particularmente en el Hemisferio Sur.",
"77. Si bien las operaciones del UNFIP y del Fondo para la Democracia siguen constituyendo su labor fundamental, la Oficina ha seguido prestando servicios de asesoramiento a una amplia gama de agentes no estatales que desean asociarse al sistema de las Naciones Unidas. A finales de septiembre de 2010, el Director Ejecutivo de la Oficina se jubiló de la Organización y el Director Ejecutivo del Fondo para la Democracia es ahora el oficial a cargo de la Oficina.",
"Anexo I",
"Distribución de fondos y proyecto del Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Colaboración Internacional",
"A. Fondos recibidos de la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas 1998-2010, distribuidos por asociados en la ejecución",
"Total de subvenciones aprobadas por el Fondo pro Naciones Unidas: 1.168.905.685 dólares",
"(En dólares de los Estados Unidos)",
"Nota: En “Otros” se incluyen 33 asociados en la ejecución que recibieron menos de 10 millones de dólares.",
"B. Distribución por temas de los proyectos financiados por la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas 1998-2010",
"Total de subvenciones aprobadas por el Fondo pro Naciones Unidas: 1.168.905.685 dólares",
"A diciembre de 2010, total: 507 proyectos, 124 países, 43 Organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas",
"Abreviaturas: ACNUR, Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados; DAES, Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales; FAO, Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura; OMS, Organización Mundial de la Salud; PNUD, Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo; PNUMA, Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente; UNESCO, Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura; UNFPA, Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas; UNICEF, Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia; UNIFEM, Fondo de Desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas para la Mujer (ahora ONU-Mujeres ).",
"Anexo II",
"Proyectos financiados con cargo al Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Colaboración Internacional, por esfera del programa",
"(En dólares de los Estados Unidos)",
"Esfera del programa Al 31 de Aprobados Total diciembre en 2010 de 2009\n Número de Valor Número de Valor Número de Valor proyectos proyectos proyectos",
"Salud infantil 103 672 558 6 72 216 109 744 774 135 000 135",
"Población y mujer 108 136 879 9 3 421 117 140 300 584 110 694",
"Medio ambiente 144 161 517 6 2 426 150 163 943 259 294 553",
"Paz, seguridad y 61 54 108 – – 61 54 108 derechos humanos 730 730",
"Otros 63 64 756 7 1 022 70 65 778 137 434 571",
"Total 479 1 089 819 28 79 085 507 1 168 905 845 838 685",
"De los 1.170 millones de dólares aprobados en total, 400 millones de dólares corresponden a fondos básicos de Turner y 700 millones de dólares (62%) a fondos de otros asociados.",
"Anexo III",
"Composición de la Junta Consultiva del Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Colaboración Internacional en 2010",
"Asha-Rose Migiro, Vicesecretaria General (Presidenta)",
"Hamidon Ali, Presidente del Consejo Económico y Social (Representante Permanente de Malasia)",
"Lincoln C. Chen, Presidente, China Medical Board of New York, Director, Global Equity Initiative",
"Angela Kane, Secretaria General Adjunta de Gestión",
"Enkhtsetseg Ochir, Presidenta de la Segunda Comisión de la Asamblea General (Representante Permanente de Mongolia)",
"Mary Oakes Smith, Miembro de Número, Tecnología de la Información para la Educación y la Salud, Banco Mundial",
"Franklin A. Thomas, Director del Grupo de Estudio de la Fundación Ford",
"Sha Zukang, Secretario General Adjunto de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales",
"Roland Rich (miembro por derecho propio), Oficial Encargado, Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para las Asociaciones de Colaboración",
"Anexo IV",
"Contribuciones financieras al Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Democracia, por donante, al 1 de diciembre de 2010",
"(En dólares de los Estados Unidos)",
"Donante Contribución acumulativa",
"Total 120 976 042",
"Alemania 10 006 348",
"Argentina 5 000",
"Australia 8 243 574",
"Bulgaria 10 000",
"Croacia 71 000",
"Chile 220 000",
"Chipre 5 000",
"Dinamarca 265 018",
"Ecuador 5 000",
"Eslovenia 127 924",
"España 4 998 370",
"Estados Unidos de América 33 340 000",
"Estonia 10 395",
"Francia 4 793 716",
"Georgia 24 943",
"Hungría 75 000",
"India 25 000 000",
"Iraq 5 000",
"Irlanda 709 220",
"Israel 52 500",
"Italia 2 947 800",
"Japón 10 000 000",
"Letonia 5 000",
"Lituania 28 920",
"Madagascar 5 000",
"Marruecos 5 000",
"Mongolia 10 000",
"Panamá 7 000",
"Perú 25 000",
"Polonia 200 000",
"Portugal 150 000",
"Qatar 10 000 000",
"Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte 609 350",
"República Checa 195 780",
"República de Corea 1 000 000",
"Rumania 422 860",
"Senegal 100 000",
"Sri Lanka 5 000",
"Suecia 7 166 325",
"Turquía 125 000",
"Anexo V",
"Composición de la Junta Consultiva del Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Democracia en 2010",
"Estados Miembros",
"Alemania",
"Australia",
"Costa Rica",
"España",
"Estados Unidos de América",
"Ghana",
"India",
"Iraq",
"Japón",
"Mauricio",
"Polonia",
"Qatar",
"República de Corea",
"Organizaciones no gubernamentales",
"Conectas Human Rights",
"International Peace Institute",
"Particulares",
"Michael Doyle",
"Kwame Anthony Appiah",
"Seyla Benhabib",
"Anexo VI",
"Organigrama de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para las Asociaciones de Colaboración"
] | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"* A/66/150.",
"Item 133 of the provisional agenda*",
"Programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011",
"United Nations Office for Partnerships",
"Report of the Secretary-General",
"Summary",
"The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly decisions 52/466 and 53/475, wherein the Secretary-General was requested to inform the Assembly, on a regular basis, about the activities of the United Nations Office for Partnerships. It supplements the information contained in the previous reports of the Secretary-General (A/53/700 and Add.1, A/54/664 and Add.1-3, A/55/763 and Corr.1, A/57/133, A/58/173, A/59/170, A/60/327, A/61/189, A/62/220, A/63/257, A/64/91 and A/65/347).",
"The United Nations Office for Partnerships serves as a gateway for public-private partnerships with the United Nations system in furtherance of the Millennium Development Goals. The Office oversees the following three areas:",
"(a) The United Nations Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP) was established by the Secretary-General in March 1998 to serve as the interface for partnership between the United Nations system and the United Nations Foundation — the public charity responsible for administering Robert E. Turner’s $1 billion contribution in support of United Nations causes. As at 31 December 2010, the Office had programmed through UNFIP a total of over $1.17 billion, of which $0.4 billion represents core Turner funds, and $0.7 billion (62 per cent) was generated from other partners, for 507 projects implemented by 43 United Nations entities in 124 countries;",
"(b) The United Nations Democracy Fund, which was established by the Secretary-General in July 2005 to support democratization around the world, focuses on strengthening the voice of civil society, promoting human rights and ensuring the participation of all groups in democratic processes. Through the Fund, the Office has channelled approximately $95 million to more than 340 projects in 150 countries around the world, ranging from strengthening civil society leadership skills and promoting the participation of women and youth, to media programmes allowing civil society to project its voice;",
"(c) Partnership Advisory Services and Outreach was established in 2006 in response to the growing demand from the United Nations system, Governments and non-State actors on how best to develop and implement public-private partnerships. The Office provides advice to entities, including academic institutions, companies, foundations, government agencies, media groups and civil society organizations. Investment in high-impact initiatives is encouraged by providing advice to potential partners regarding procedures and best practices; assisting in the design of programmes and projects; helping to establish and manage global and regional networks; and promoting the Millennium Development Goals as a framework for action.",
"I. United Nations Fund for International Partnerships",
"1. The United Nations Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP) was established in 1998 to serve as the interface between the United Nations Foundation and the United Nations system. In 2009, UNFIP through the United Nations Foundation focused on working in coordination with issue-based coalitions, leveraging resources from all sectors, and supporting United Nations causes through policy and advocacy.",
"2. In recent years, the United Nations Foundation has evolved from primarily a project-based grant-making organization to one that builds campaigns and serves “as an advocate for the United Nations and platform for connecting people, ideas and resources to help the United Nations solve global problems”. In this way, the Foundation seeks to assist the United Nations “to take its best work and ideas to scale — through partnerships, advocacy, constituency building and fund-raising”.",
"3. Nevertheless, grant-making continues to be an important aspect of the United Nations Foundation’s work. At the end of 2010, the cumulative allocations to UNFIP projects reached approximately $1.17 billion, out of which $0.4 billion came from core Turner funds and $0.7 billion was generated from other partners. More than 507 projects have been implemented by 43 United Nations entities in 124 countries. The distribution of projects by themes and implementing partners is provided in annex I. A description of a selection of these programmes and projects is provided below.",
"A. Women’s and children’s health",
"4. In 2010, the United Nations Foundation took on a special role to assist with outreach and advocacy in support of the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health, which was launched formally at a high-level event during the United Nations Summit on the Millennium Development Goals, in September. Working with the Office of the Secretary-General, the Foundation led a process to ensure that the strategy received input from all relevant sectors and regions and also to ensure a deliverable result at the launch event that would make it a distinct moment for women’s and children’s health issues. The Foundation also developed a communications strategy to elevate the attention of the media and coordinated an advocacy strategy, working with the Office of the Secretary-General and key Governments.",
"5. Public and political attention to global health has increased dramatically over the past decade through important multi-stakeholder efforts such as the Measles Initiative and The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. These investments have begun to pay off, with childhood mortality falling steadily for the last few years, maternal mortality on the decline, and more people than ever getting the health products and services they need.",
"6. Nevertheless, as outlined in the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health, launched in September 2010 by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon at the United Nations High-level Plenary Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals, the international community will need to accelerate its momentum to meet the Millennium Development Goals by 2015.",
"7. For 12 years, the United Nations Foundation and UNFIP have worked with the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and other United Nations system organizations, together with the ministries of health of developing countries to develop and expand major initiatives to help children to survive and thrive. Over time, United Nations Foundation investments in children’s health have proven to be one of the most promising avenues for attracting a wide variety of partner support for United Nations-led initiatives. The Foundation’s successful stewardship of campaigns on polio, measles, and malaria has helped to channel hundreds of millions of additional dollars in support of United Nations global health efforts and provided new models of collaboration between United Nations system agencies and national Governments, thus improving the efficiency and effectiveness of children’s health interventions on the ground.",
"8. Polio eradication was one of the first priorities identified by the United Nations Foundation and UNFIP, and continues to be a priority as in the work with a WHO-led fund-raising team to raise the necessary resources to complete the eradication programmes of the new Global Polio Eradication Initiative Strategic Plan 2010-2012, released by WHO in May 2010.",
"9. In 2010, the Measles Initiative targeted 27 countries in Africa, Asia and Europe, with plans to vaccinate approximately 200 million children.",
"10. Measles Initiative partners are working very closely with India to encourage measles campaigns in several highly populated states. India’s campaign began in 2010 and is expected to continue in 2011.",
"11. The United Nations Foundation and UNFIP will continue to work with Member States, WHO, UNICEF, the American Red Cross, the United States Centers for Disease Control and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, among others, in support of the Measles Initiative.",
"12. This has been an important year in the global effort to combat malaria as the target of universal coverage of bednets was set for 31 December 2010. The United Nations Foundation has been working with the Office of the United Nations Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for Malaria, the African Development Bank, the Department for International Development of the United Kingdom, and the Gates Foundation to accelerate the procurement and distribution of 10 million to 15 million nets needed to ensure full coverage.",
"13. In addition, through its award-winning Nothing But Nets campaign, the United Nations Foundation has continued to raise the profile of malaria, engage a diverse set of partners and constituencies, and work with United Nations implementing partners to fill critical gaps by funding the purchase and distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets to protect the most vulnerable populations in Africa. In 2010, the Foundation, in collaboration with UNFIP, provided approximately $7 million of funding for the distribution of insecticide-treated bednets by United Nations implementing partners to the following countries; Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Guinea, Liberia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone.",
"B. Women and population",
"14. The United Nations has a vast mandate when it comes to addressing gender inequality and women’s empowerment. At the heart of this mandate is a web of international agreements and principles — including the Beijing Platform for Action adopted at the Fourth World Conference on Women, the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, and the Millennium Development Goals — that commit the entire global community to address the rights and needs of women and girls.",
"15. The United Nations Foundation women and population programme works with the United Nations, in collaboration with UNFIP, and other partners to promote gender equality and empower women and girls, with a particular focus on reproductive and sexual health and rights. Empowering women and girls is essential to the programme mission to address the toughest global challenges today — fighting global poverty, achieving social justice and stabilizing the world’s population.",
"16. 2010 marked a pivotal year for the United Nations Adolescent Girls Task Force, a group that UNFIP and the United Nations Foundation helped to establish in 2007 to support the United Nations and its partners in reaching marginalized adolescent girls by supporting new comprehensive policies and programmes. Co‑chaired by UNFPA and UNICEF, the Task Force also includes the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), the International Labour Organization (ILO) and WHO. The Task Force has provided a critical avenue for the Foundation and UNFIP to enhance support of global coordination on adolescent girl issues. In March, the Task Force issued a joint statement pledging to intensify their efforts to fulfil the rights of adolescent girls and a framework for investing in girls’ education, health, safety, empowerment and inclusion. The Task Force has initially turned its attention to projects in Ethiopia, Guatemala, Liberia, and Malawi and plans to expand to at least 20 countries over the next five years.",
"17. In 2010, the United Nations Foundation formally launched Girl Up, a campaign that gives American girls the opportunity to channel their energy and compassion to raise awareness and funds for United Nations programmes that help some of the world’s hardest-to-reach adolescent girls. Funds raised through Girl Up will be channelled through UNFIP in support of adolescent girl programmes implemented by United Nations system agencies working to address a range of critical issues, including access to education and health care, freedom from violence and HIV/AIDS, and leadership development. To jumpstart this work and to highlight the work of the Organization through the Girl Up campaign, the Foundation committed $1 million to inter-agency United Nations programmes that align with the five strategic priorities of the United Nations Adolescent Girls Task Force in the four target countries. This investment will be used as a catalyst to mobilize additional resources and partners for the Girl Up campaign and the work of the United Nations on behalf of adolescent girls.",
"18. In 2010, the United Nations Foundation continued to support the advocacy efforts of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), in particular an initiative to bring faith communities into the UNFPA Campaign to End Fistula, and efforts to help to foster a strong relationship between UNFPA and the United States Government. The Foundation and UNFIP also supported the efforts of UNFPA in Haiti in the aftermath of the devastating earthquake by providing funding to rebuild reproductive health wards and provide solar street lights to keep women safe at night.",
"C. Sustainable energy and climate change",
"19. The United Nations Foundation and UNFIP continued to support the work of the Secretary-General’s high-level Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change. This Group, convened to address the dual challenges of meeting the world’s energy needs for development while contributing to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, includes global leaders from business and civil society, including United Nations Foundation President Timothy Wirth. In April, the Group released a report in which it called upon the United Nations system and its Member States to commit themselves to two complementary goals:",
"(a) Ensuring universal access to modern energy services by 2030;",
"(b) Reducing global energy intensity by 40 per cent by 2030.",
"20. The United Nations Foundation and select Member States are working with the Advisory Group and UN-Energy to carry out the Group’s leading recommendation: that a global campaign should be launched in support of energy for sustainable development. The campaign is to focus on improving access to modern energy services and enhancing energy efficiency, as well as raising awareness about the essential role of clean energy in reaching the Millennium Development Goals.",
"21. Access to clean and affordable modern energy is critical to fostering lasting social and economic development and to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Worldwide, almost 3 billion people rely on traditional biomass for cooking and heating, and some 2.5 billion people have unreliable or no access to electricity. The lack of modern energy services stifles income-generating activities and hampers the provision of basic services such as health care and education. In addition, smoke from polluting and inefficient cooking, lighting, and heating devices kills nearly 2 million women and young children prematurely every year and causes a range of chronic illnesses and other health impacts.",
"22. The United Nations Foundation and its partners also works with a full array of United Nations system agencies, including WHO, UN-Energy, the United Nations Environment Programme, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and the World Food Programme (WFP) to encourage the development and distribution of clean cookstoves.",
"D. Other programmes",
"23. The United Nations Foundation and Vodafone Foundation Technology Partnership has evolved into the leading public-private partnership using wireless communications technologies to strengthen the humanitarian efforts of the United Nations. Now in the final year of an initial five-year, $30 million commitment, the Partnership has made significant inroads in leveraging mobiles to improve health outcomes and enhance communications in the aftermath of humanitarian crises.",
"24. The Technology Partnership programme to support the collection of health data in Africa has taken root in over a dozen countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Funds have supported the work of WHO with national health ministries to train health workers to use mobile devices for health data collection. The most significant development in 2010 has been the transition to collecting data on mobile phones, which are widely used by health workers.",
"25. The Technology Partnership programme also continues to support the WFP in the final year of a three-year grant to strengthen communications in humanitarian crises. Funding supports the WFP communications capacity-building programme, which includes training telecommunications experts in emergency preparedness and response; building a humanitarian emergency platform to standardize capabilities throughout the global community of information and communications technology (ICT) first responders; and funding rapid deployment of ICT teams following major disasters. In addition, the World of Difference programme, spearheaded by the Technology Partnership, concluded its one-year programme in May 2010. The programme placed four ICT specialists from Vodafone at WFP offices in Rome, Senegal, Thailand and Uganda to support humanitarian efforts in crisis situations.",
"26. In the aftermath of the crisis in Haiti in 2010, the United Nations Foundation helped the United Nations efforts by channelling over $1 million of assistance for projects benefiting the Central Emergency Response Fund, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) cash-for-work programme and for the deployment of supplies through UNFPA.",
"II. United Nations Democracy Fund",
"27. The United Nations Democracy Fund (UNDEF) was established during the 2005 World Summit as a Secretary-General’s Trust Fund and launched in April 2006, with the United Nations Office for Partnerships providing administrative support. Since then, the grant-making body has become clearly defined as a fund for civil society organizations. It is the only United Nations entity that has the word “democracy” in its name and the only United Nations body with the primary purpose of supporting democracy through empowering civil society. The large majority of UNDEF project funds go to local non-governmental organizations in countries in both the transition and consolidation phases of democratization. By supporting the “demand” rather than “supply” side of democratization, UNDEF plays a new, distinct and unique role in complementing and enhancing the other work of the United Nations — the work with Governments, such as that of UNDP — to strengthen democratic governance around the world.",
"28. In the short years since its creation, UNDEF has experienced considerable growth in its portfolio, its donor base, its impact and its visibility. Its projects aim to strengthen the voice of civil society, promote human rights and encourage the participation of all groups in democratic processes. It also supports a number of major global and regional projects with a normative and policy focus. In its first four rounds of funding, UNDEF supported 340 projects in a total of 150 countries, with a total disbursement of more than $95 million. They ranged from supporting civil society efforts for accountability and transparency to building capacity for strengthening good governance and the rule of law.",
"A. Fourth round of projects",
"29. In 2010, UNDEF began funding its fourth round of projects. The round opened for proposals in November 2009, through an online application system that facilitated access by civil society organizations. A total of 1,966 applications from organizations in 137 countries were received, reflecting continuing strong global demand for the Fund’s services. The vast majority of proposals were submitted by local civil society organizations.",
"30. The first stage of project selection was based on scoring by independent experts against set criteria. The high-scoring proposals were then subject to rigorous quality control and due diligence, including by United Nations Resident Coordinators and, where applicable, special representatives of the Secretary-General, as well as all entities of the UNDEF Programme Consultative Group. On the basis of that review, the Advisory Board of the Fund recommended a shortlist of projects, after which UNDEF advised Permanent Missions of Member States in which listed projects were to take place. The shortlist was then submitted to the Secretary-General for approval. Shortlisted applicants were asked to submit draft project documents by mid-year, which were then negotiated with UNDEF. The first tranches of project funding were disbursed by September. This timeline compares favourably with international standards.",
"31. In the fourth round, 59 projects were funded at a total cost of $14,690,000. The break down of projects as defined by their key activities is as follows:",
"(a) Community development (28 per cent);",
"(b) Women’s empowerment (20 per cent);",
"(c) Rule of law and human rights (17 per cent);",
"(d) Tools for democratization (14 per cent);",
"(e) Youth (8 per cent);",
"(f) Media (8 per cent);",
"(g) Strengthening the instrumentalities of government (5 per cent).",
"32. Throughout 2010, the Fund collected the required reports on projects funded under the second, third and fourth rounds, conducted closing of completed projects from the first round and reported on its achievements to the Advisory Board.",
"B. Donor base",
"33. The Fund undertook a number of initiatives to strengthen its donor base, which continued to grow, despite the continuing impact of the global financial crisis, with the addition of more non-traditional contributors from low- and middle-income countries committed to democratic principles. Iraq, Madagascar and Panama contributed to UNDEF for the first time, expanding the group of donors to a total of 39 Member States. A special UNDEF donor meeting was held to mark the International Day of Democracy on 15 September 2010. The cumulative total amount of contributions received from 2005 through 2010 exceeded $120 million.",
"34. On 24 September 2010, President Barack Obama of the United States singled out the United Nations Democracy Fund for support as one of only two United Nations entities mentioned by name in his address to the General Assembly. Declaring that it was time for every Member State to increase the Democracy Fund, President Obama spoke of democracy as the form of government that delivers most for citizens, and spoke of civil society — the focus of the work of UNDEF — as the shapers of human progress and the conscience of communities. During President Obama’s state visit to India in November 2010, he and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, as leaders of the world’s two largest democracies, issued a joint statement reaffirming their strong commitment to the Fund.",
"C. Evaluation",
"35. The United Nations Democracy Fund and its Advisory Board are committed to independent evaluation of UNDEF projects as a basis for a stronger learning process and a tool to improve UNDEF project selection and management. In June 2010, the Fund entered into a two-year agreement with a Brussels-based firm of internationally respected evaluators, Transtec, to conduct post-project evaluations of the second- and third-round projects. The first evaluations were scheduled to be completed in early 2011.",
"D. Audit",
"36. The Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) conducted an audit of the United Nations Democracy Fund in 2010 with the overall objective of assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of UNDEF governance arrangements and management of its programme of work, in compliance with United Nations Regulations and Rules and other applicable policies and procedures. The report concluded that the operations of UNDEF promote democracy as a global value; that it had successfully implemented projects that help Member States to build capacity in upholding democratic institutions; and that the UNDEF governance mechanisms — the Programme Consultative Group and Advisory Board — function effectively. It found that learning the lessons from the administration of the first-round projects (2006-2007), UNDEF had adjusted its procedures so as to make its project administration increasingly efficient, and that UNDEF had established a good monitoring system with interim and final narrative reports, which provided solid information on project activities. The audit recommended the development of a more structured fund-raising strategy to ensure the Fund’s financial sustainability; a separate report of the Secretary-General on UNDEF to the General Assembly to enhance visibility; key performance indicators to reflect strategic and operational targets; a review of the operational budget of UNDEF to ensure that the cost estimates reflect prices in the market; and a review of the Fund’s general practice of evaluating all projects for effectiveness and impact. In the opinion of OIOS, UNDEF did not need to evaluate every single project to demonstrate its effectiveness and impact.",
"E. Governance",
"37. The two governing mechanisms of the Board, the Advisory Board and the Programme Consultative Group, continued to play an active and guiding role during 2010. Advisory Board members were appointed by the Secretary-General under new terms of reference, to serve a two-year term from January 2010 through December 2011. They were the seven largest contributors to UNDEF — Australia, Germany, India, Japan, Qatar, Spain and the United States; six countries reflecting geographical diversity and commitment to democratic principles — Costa Rica, Ghana, Iraq, Mauritius, Poland and the Republic of Korea; and three members serving in an individual capacity — Michael Doyle of Columbia University, who served as Chair of the Board; Kwame Anthony Appiah of Princeton University; and Seyla Benhabib of Yale University. Two non-governmental organizations (NGOs), Connectas, Brazil, and the International Peace Institute, also serve on the Board.",
"38. In addition to recommending funding proposals for the Secretary-General’s approval, the Advisory Board provided him with policy guidance on the development of programme frameworks and funding guidelines. The Programme Consultative Group provided input and quality control in the project selection process and implementation phase, making use of the specific expertise of each of its entities: the Department of Political Affairs, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Peacebuilding Support Office, UNDP, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and UN-Women.",
"F. Fifth round of projects",
"39. The United Nations Democracy Fund launched its fifth round for project proposals in November 2010. When applications closed on 31 December 2010, UNDEF had received 3,754 project proposals from organizations in 149 countries — a record high in the history of the Fund and almost twice as many as the average of previous years. The vast majority of applications came from local or regional civil society organizations in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Europe.",
"G. Democracy in Action",
"40. Following are some examples of fairly typical UNDEF projects demonstrating the range of actions in support of strengthening the voice of civil society. The projects deal with support of marginalized communities, giving voice to youth concerns and dealing with anti-corruption. There is also an example of a regional project, in this case in support of the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance.",
"Democracy in Action I: Training youth for leadership in Myanmar",
"41. In Myanmar, UNDEF funds a project to educate youth in leadership skills, civil society engagement and organizing of self-help groups, with the overall objective of mobilizing and encouraging action to resolve community problems. Working among the minority Shan, Kachin and Kayah groups, the project also aims to reconcile differences between communities. In one case, six villages from the Shan and Kachin communities agreed after discussions organized by the project to work together to rebuild the bridge that linked them all to the market. In another case, youth leaders decided to stage a football match to bring people together and raise the money needed to repair the local school.",
"Democracy in Action II: Giving young people a democratic platform in Pakistan",
"42. UNDEF funds a project by the Youth Parliament of Pakistan to educate more than 25,000 young people in the fundamental nature of democracy and to give them the opportunity to express their views freely about democracy and political participation. The initiative works through round tables and other informal learning and information dissemination tools, while democracy youth teams act as local platforms to address a range of issues impacting young people. They are linked with democracy resource banks through intergenerational gatherings at the national level.",
"Democracy in Action III: Empowering migrant workers in the Russian Federation",
"43. As ethnic tensions flared in December 2010, an UNDEF-funded project held a session to explore ways of protecting the human rights of young migrants in the Russian Federation. With strengthening the rights of migrant workers an increasingly important challenge, the project works to empower civil society organizations and trade unions representing migrants and ethnic minorities; educates police, institutions, trade unions and social services in tools to prevent discrimination and in the human rights of child migrants; trains civil society organizations in United Nations conventions, international standards and practices, Russian law and court litigation, self-organization and self-help; and holds workshops with NGOs in countries of origin to exchange best practices. The project is implemented by the Center for Assistance to Victims of Violence and Human Trafficking, based in Perm.",
"Democracy in Action IV: Engaging women and youth in Yemen",
"44. A UNDEF-funded initiative in Yemen started work in 2010 to engage Yemeni women and young people in democratic processes. It seeks to mobilize women and young people in five governorates as creative social change agents to broaden political participation; foster non-partisan alliances between women and youth organizations towards more effective and inclusive solutions to the challenges facing the country; and expand opportunities for women and young people to take on leadership roles in the public arena through promoting social and cultural acceptance. Outputs include training in advocacy, electoral systems and networking; a website connecting participants throughout Yemen; small grants competitions; and media campaigns. The project is implemented by the Yemeni Women’s Union.",
"Democracy in Action V: Monitoring procurement in Nigeria",
"45. In Nigeria, UNDEF funds a project to evaluate levels of implementation of the Public Procurement Act of 2007, enable civil society to observe and monitor public procurement effectively, help legislative committees to carry out their procurement oversight functions, and educate procuring entities and selected business organizations on the basic provisions of the Public Procurement Act. The project has launched an Internet portal for collating, analysing and disseminating information on procurement observation, and a report that reveals the most common abuses in Nigerian public procurement, and the challenges of implementing the Public Procurement Act. The project is implemented by the Public and Private Development Centre, based in Aba and Abuja.",
"Democracy in Action VI: Advancing a charter on democracy in Africa",
"46. The United Nations Democracy Fund funds an Africa regional project to build constituencies of support for the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance. Member States of the African Union adopted the Charter in 2007, marking a significant step forward for the Union as an actor promoting good governance in the region. To take effect, the Charter requires at least 15 member States to sign and ratify it, and only 8 had done so by end of 2010. The project, implemented by the African Democracy Coalition with its secretariat provided by the Institute for Democracy in Africa in South Africa, will support the entry into force of the charter and thereafter its effective implementation.",
"III. Partnership advisory services and outreach",
"47. Throughout its history, the United Nations system has worked with the private sector and civil society. Building on the 2005 World Summit Outcome document (see resolution 60/1), Member States have recognized the importance of, and expressed strong support for, active engagement of non-State actors in promoting the development agenda of the United Nations system. The Millennium Development Goals represent a watershed in transforming this partnership, with the United Nations actively reaching out to private sector and civil society entities throughout the past decade, and both have responded with equal enthusiasm. The attractiveness of the United Nations emanates from its political legitimacy, value-based mission, knowledge and experience in the development field, historic relationship with developing countries and its global reach and voice. On the other hand, the private sector has emerged as the dominant player in promoting economic development.",
"48. The United Nations Office for Partnerships works in collaboration with the United Nations Foundation to further promote and implement partnership advisory services and outreach initiatives, as well as fosters innovative strategies for engaging non-State actors with the United Nations system. The Office leverages its expertise and capacity to engage global corporations, foundations, and leading philanthropists in United Nations causes while supporting the United Nations system in its advocacy and outreach efforts through partnership-building.",
"A. Partnership services",
"49. In the last decade, the number of private sector entities who approached the United Nations seeking advice on how to engage and provide assistance has increased significantly. Different sized companies, producing a wide spectrum of goods and services, have approached the United Nations Office for Partnerships to offer assistance and seek advice on how to join the United Nations in finding sustainable solutions to some of the world’s most challenging problems.",
"50. In 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships served on several task forces, ranging from regionally focused groups (Caribbean Community task force), through issues-based groups (Millennium Development Goals Gap Task Force), to coordination mechanisms (Department of Economic and Social Affairs inter-agency coordination, United Nations Communication Group, United Nations Development Group). The primary role of the Office is to provide partnership services and encourage private sector and civil society to participate and contribute to the United Nations system.",
"51. In 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships provided advisory services to private sector companies, foundations, civil society organizations, academic institutions and philanthropists. The majority of requests from non-State actors offered assistance in programmes focused on poverty reduction, education, health, disaster relief, and humanitarian assistance in the least developed countries. Several agreements and memorandums of understanding were established with external actors to formalize some of these partnerships in support of the Millennium Development Goals.",
"52. Partnership advisory services provided by the United Nations Office for Partnerships cover a range of areas and can be grouped into four broad categories:",
"(a) Operational partnerships. The Office continues to encourage corporate partners to support United Nations programmes and advocacy campaigns;",
"(b) Policy and advocacy partnerships. The Office has seen an increased interest from the private sector and civil society to raise awareness and wider understanding of the Millennium Development Goals. In 2010, the Office continued to engage global associations, including the Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy, the Business Civic Leadership Center, the International Olympic Committee, the International Business Leaders’ Forum, the Resource Foundation and the World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists;",
"(c) Sharing resources and expertise. The Office continues to engage businesses and foundations not only to provide financial support, but also to share expertise with stakeholders;",
"(d) Networks and alliances. In 2010, the Office worked with multiple stakeholders in support of the Millennium Development Goals. The United Nations Office for Partnerships was instrumental in launching the Pearl Initiative, a private sector-led programme aimed at encouraging corporations of the six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council to work with the United Nations system at improving corporate governance, accountability, and smart corporate social responsibility practices.",
"B. Key innovative projects and initiatives",
"53. The following list, in chronological order, is divided in the following three categories reflecting the key initiating partner of the project/programme: Member States; United Nations system and other international organizations; and the private sector and civil society.",
"1. Member States",
"“The Reflective Mirror” Exhibition",
"54. Related to the Economic and Social Council special event on engaging philanthropy to promote gender equality and women’s empowerment, “The Reflective Mirror” exhibition, featuring artwork by women artists from around the world, was held at United Nations Headquarters on 22 February 2011. This initiative of Her Highness Sheikha Manal bint Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, President of the Dubai Women Establishment and wife of His Highness Sheikh Mansourbin Zayed Al Nahyan, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Presidential Affairs of the United Arab Emirates, was an outstanding contribution to the women’s empowerment agenda and a positive message of cultural understanding and peace.",
"Development Cooperation Forum in Helsinki",
"55. In June 2010, the High-level Symposium was held in Helsinki, in preparation for the 2010 Development Cooperation Forum. Organized by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat and the Foreign Ministry of Finland and the United Nations Office for Partnerships, the Forum’s objectives were to identify solutions that would make development policies more coherent and effective and improve the impact of development cooperation on an international level.",
"Millennium Development Goal Awards ceremony and gala",
"56. The 2010 Millennium Development Goal Awards were held in New York in September. The awards are intended to support and raise awareness of the Millennium Development Goals by providing a high-profile platform to honour and celebrate exemplary efforts by national Governments and civil society stakeholders in advancing these international development goals. The role of the United Nations Office for Partnerships was to assist the Millennium Development Goal Awards Committee — a non-profit entity — in facilitating the nomination of Member States to receive the award.",
"Permanent Memorial at the United Nations to the Victims of Slavery and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade",
"57. The United Nations Office for Partnerships continued to assist the Permanent Memorial Committee in implementing a comprehensive media, outreach and resource mobilization strategy, aimed at erecting a permanent memorial monument at the United Nations Headquarters complex. The Permanent Memorial Committee is chaired by Permanent Representative of Jamaica to the United Nations. The Office administers the Trust Fund in terms of receipts, allocations and disbursements of funds.",
"2. United Nations system and other international organizations",
"Engaging philanthropy to promote women’s empowerment and gender equality",
"58. On 22 February 2010, the Economic and Social Council, in collaboration with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the United Nations Office for Partnerships, the United Nations Development Fund for Women, and the Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy, held a special event on the theme “Engaging philanthropy to promote gender equality and women’s empowerment” at United Nations Headquarters. Focused on commitments to advance the gender-related Millennium Development Goals and how partnerships can contribute to “ending violence against women and girls” and “promoting women’s economic empowerment” issues, the event was chaired by the President of the Economic and Social Council, Hamidon Ali and the opening session was addressed by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.",
"High-level discussion on the topic “Women’s empowerment through sport”",
"59. On 29 June 2010, the International Olympic Committee and the United Nations Office for Partnerships, in cooperation with the United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace, hosted a high-level meeting to exchange views and share lessons on the linkages between sport and the Millennium Development Goals with a focus on gender equality. Over 40 participants, including senior representatives of Governments and the United Nations system, eminent personalities from the world of sport, and leaders from the private sector, civil society and academia, shared their ideas on sports and gender equality.",
"Symposium on the International Literacy Day: An Essential Foundation for Development",
"60. On the occasion of the 2010 International Literacy Day, the United Nations Office for Partnerships, UNESCO and UNDP, in association with Global Wheel Houz, co-hosted a symposium to discuss the importance of literacy for sustainable development, empowering the poor and accelerating progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals through creative partnerships. Laura Bush, the Honorary Ambassador for the United Nations Literacy Decade, spoke on the impact of women’s empowerment through education and Irina Bokova, the Director-General of UNESCO, acknowledged the multiple benefits of literacy to empowerment of women, improve maternal health, and eradicate child mortality. The event marked the Five Years & Counting Youth Engagement & Fundraising Campaign intended to spur collaboration amongst the youth, the private sector, and high-profile individuals in support of the Millennium Development Goals.",
"Africa Investor Index Series Summit",
"61. On 17 September 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships, in cooperation with the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa, Africa Investor, the New York Stock Exchange Euronext the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) and the NEPAD Business Group, co-hosted the third annual Africa Investor Index Series Summit. The Summit engaged business leaders, investors, and philanthropists on practical investment partnerships that support the pursuit of the Millennium Development Goals in Africa.",
"3. Private sector and civil society",
"Investor Summit on Climate Risk",
"62. On 14 January 2010, Ceres, the United Nations Foundation and the United Nations Office for Partnerships hosted the fourth Investor Summit on Climate Risk, at United Nations Headquarters. The event, which took place on the heels of international climate treaty talks in Copenhagen, gathered a leading number of institutional investors, fund managers, financial advisers and others from around the globe, representing trillions of dollars in assets. The Summit explored how the rapid global shift to clean technologies and energy efficiency could stimulate economic growth, and highlighted how investors could participate in the low-carbon transition. Speakers included the Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, former United States Vice-President Al Gore, United States climate envoy Todd Stern and media executive/philanthropist Ted Turner. The Summit also saw the announcement of the Investor Statement on Catalysing Investment in a Low-Carbon Economy, in which investors called upon the United States and other Governments to move quickly to adopt strong national climate policies that would spur low-carbon investments to reduce emissions causing climate change.",
"Third World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists",
"63. On 21 and 22 March 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships and the World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists co-hosted the third annual World Congress, in Doha. The Congress gathered international leaders from philanthropy, government, business and civil society to discuss some of the key current challenges on the international agenda. The World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists encourages innovative partnerships between the Muslim community and others in addressing the Millennium Development Goals.",
"Haiti Hope Project",
"64. On 22 March 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships hosted the launch of the Haiti Hope Project at United Nations Headquarters. During the launch, Jean-Max Bellerive, the Prime Minister of Haiti, and Bill Clinton, the United Nations Special Envoy for Haiti and co-chair of the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund, along with Luis Alberto Moreno, the President of the Inter-American Development Bank, and Muhtar Kent, the Chief Executive Officer of the Coca-Cola Company, expressed their support for this public-private partnership, which will benefit Haitian mango farmers. The five-year project, estimated at $7.5 million, aims to double the income of more than 25,000 mango farmers in Haiti by developing a sustainable mango industry. The initiative will raise the farmers’ standard of living by giving them access to an international market and contribute to the long-term development and revitalization of Haiti.",
"Investing in the Millennium Development Goals: how the business community can contribute to sustainable development",
"65. On 7 and 8 April 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships, together with the Business Civic Leadership Center, hosted a two-day High-level Forum on the topic “Investing in the Millennium Development Goals: how the business community can contribute to sustainable development”. The Forum discussed areas of collaboration between the private sector, foundations, and the United Nations system that contribute to achieving the Goals. Some of the distinguished speakers included Jeffrey Sachs, the Director of the United Nations Millennium Project; Salil Shetty, the Director of the Millennium Campaign; Michael Hastings of KPMG; and Talya Bosch of the Western Union Foundation.",
"Forum on evaluating the dynamics of partnerships in Latin America and the Caribbean",
"66. On 28 April 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships, in collaboration with the Resource Foundation, co-hosted a forum on the topic “Evaluating the dynamics of partnerships” at United Nations Headquarters. The Forum reflected upon the importance of partnerships and their impacts on the ability of the international development assistance community to generate desired results and benefits for those who need it most. Leaders from the public and private sector were brought together to discuss the potential, challenges, intricacies and importance of partnerships, particularly as they relate to promoting development activity in Latin America and the Caribbean.",
"Creating Shared Value Forum",
"67. On 27 May 2010, Nestlé and the International Business Leaders’ Forum, with the support of the United Nations Office for Partnerships, held the second annual Creating Shared Value Forum, in London. The Forum brought together international leaders to discuss current global challenges in sustainable investment and partnership opportunities in the areas of nutrition, water, and rural development. The Forum also awarded the inaugural Nestlé Prize in Creating Shared Value to the International Development Enterprises Cambodia, a local non-profit organization that uses market-based approaches to increase the income of the rural population in Cambodia.",
"Launch of the Pearl Initiative",
"68. On 20 September 2010, over 100 business leaders and policymakers convened at United Nations Headquarters to launch the Pearl Initiative, a private sector-led programme aimed at improving corporate governance, accountability, and smart corporate social responsibility practices of business activities across the six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Co-organized by the United Nations Office for Partnerships, the American University of Sharjah, and the Crescent Group of the United Arab Emirates, the event allowed participants exchanged views on the linkages between a transparent business environment and sustainable economic growth. The objective of the Pearl Initiative is to enable and encourage private sector companies of the Gulf region to work with the United Nations system and other global strategic partners, in achieving greater awareness with regard to accountability and transparency with their respective stakeholders; as well as converting their commitments on corporate social responsibility into action through these innovative partnerships.",
"Blouin Creative Leadership Summit",
"69. From 22 to 24 September 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships and the Louise Blouin Foundation co-hosted the fifth annual Blouin Creative Leadership Summit at the Metropolitan Club in New York City. The annual Summit provides a valuable platform for Heads of State, Nobel Prize recipients, and private sector leaders to address the challenges and opportunities of globalization, including education, health and poverty.",
"TED talk 2010 “Charter for Compassion”",
"70. On 18 November 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships and TEDPrize co-hosted a discussion at United Nations Headquarters to celebrate the one-year anniversary of the Charter for Compassion, the 2008 TEDPrize wish awarded to Karen Armstrong. The Charter for Compassion, a set of principles aimed at restoring compassionate thinking and compassionate action to the centre of religious, moral and political life, is a document that urges all people and all religions of the world to embrace the value of compassion.",
"IV. Conclusions",
"71. Mr. Turner’s historic philanthropic contribution through the United Nations Foundation and UNFIP has resulted in an exponential increase in interest from non‑State actors, including foundations and private companies, in pursuit of engagement and collaboration with the United Nations.",
"72. The evolution of the United Nations Foundation beyond its grant-making role has had important impacts throughout the United Nations system. The Foundation has been able to conceive and launch campaigns in furtherance of the objectives of the Organization and to work with United Nations system agencies in developing sharper communications strategies and enhanced partnership opportunities.",
"73. This evolved United Nations Foundation mission and approach was demonstrated by the Foundation’s leadership initiatives and campaigns for United Nations causes in a number of ways during 2010, as reflected in the earlier sections of the present report. In addition, the Foundation has merged with the United Nations Association of the United States of America to mobilize Americans in support of United Nations causes.",
"74. The existing Relationship Agreement between the United Nations and the United Nations Foundation, as originally established in 1998 and subsequently renewed in 2007, will be reviewed to ensure that it is updated to reflect the evolution of the Foundation’s collaboration with the United Nations.",
"75. The United Nations Democracy Fund is now five years old and has proven to be an excellent initiative by the General Assembly. It has successfully complemented the work of many United Nations system agencies that concentrate on the “supply” side of democratic institutions by focusing on the “demand” side through grants to local civil society organizations. This allows the United Nations to pursue a more rounded approach and draws into the work of the Organization thousands of civil society activists from every corner of the world.",
"76. The impact of the United Nations Democracy Fund is being assessed by independent evaluations of its projects but it is already clear that one key impact is the broadening of its constituency. With some 3,700 applications in 2010, UNDEF has doubled the demand for its grants and can now be seen as a critically important resource for civil society, particularly in the Global South.",
"77. While the operations of UNFIP and UNDEF remain the core work of the United Nations Office for Partnerships, the Office has continued to provide advisory services to a wide range of non-State actors who seek to partner with the United Nations system. At the end of September 2010, the Executive Director of the United Nations Office for Partnerships retired from the Organization and the Executive Head of the Democracy Fund serves as the Officer in Charge of the United Nations Office for Partnerships.",
"Annex I",
"United Nations Fund for International Partnerships distribution of funds and projects",
"A. Funds received from the United Nations Foundation 1998-2010 distributed by implementing partners",
"Total United Nations Foundation approved grant: $1,168,905,685",
"[](In United States dollars)",
"Note: Others include 33 implementing partners which received funds less than $10 million.",
"B. Thematic distribution of projects funded by the United Nations Foundation 1998-2010",
"Total United Nations Foundation approved grant: $1,168,905,685",
"[]",
"Abbreviations: DESA, Department of Economic and Social Affairs; FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; UNDP, United Nations Development Programme; UNEP, United Nations Environment Programme; UNESCO, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; UNFPA, United Nations Population Fund; UNHCR, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; UNICEF, United Nations Children’s Fund; UNIFEM, United Nations Development Fund for Women (now UN‑Women); WHO, World Health Organization.",
"Annex II",
"Projects funded through the United Nations Fund for International Partnerships by programme area",
"(In United States dollars)",
"Programme area As at 31 Approvals Total December in 2010 2009\n Number of Value Number of Value Number of Value projects projects projects",
"Children’s 103 672 558 135 6 72 216 109 744 774 135 health 000",
"Population and 108 136 879 584 9 3 421 117 140 300 694 women 110",
"Environment 144 161 517 259 6 2 426 150 163 943 553 294",
"Peace, security 61 54 108 730 — — 61 54 108 730 and human rights",
"Other 63 64 756 137 7 1 022 70 65 778 571 434",
"Total 479 1 089 819 28 79 085 507 1 168 905 846 838 685",
"Of the $1.17 billion approved grant amount, $0.4 billion represents core Turner funds and $0.7 billion (62 per cent) was generated from other partners.",
"Annex III",
"Composition of the 2010 Advisory Board of the United Nations Fund for International Partnerships",
"Asha-Rose Migiro, Deputy Secretary-General (Chair)",
"Hamidon Ali, President of the Economic and Social Council (Permanent Representative of Malaysia to the United Nations)",
"Lincoln C. Chen, M.D., President, China Medical Board of New York, Director, Global Equity Initiative",
"Angela Kane, Under-Secretary-General for Management",
"Enkhtsetseg Ochir, Chair of the Second Committee, General Assembly (Permanent Representative of Mongolia to the United Nations)",
"Mary Oakes Smith, Fellow, Information Technology for Education and Health, World Bank",
"Franklin A. Thomas, Head, The Ford Foundation Study Group",
"Sha Zukang, Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs",
"Roland Rich (member, ex officio), Officer-in-Charge, United Nations Office for Partnerships",
"Annex IV",
"Financial contributions to the United Nations Democracy Fund, by donor, as at 1 December 2010",
"(In United States dollars)",
"Donor Cumulative contribution",
"Argentina 5 000",
"Australia 8 243 574",
"Bulgaria 10 000",
"Chile 220 000",
"Croatia 71 000",
"Cyprus 5 000",
"Czech Republic 195 780",
"Denmark 265 018",
"Ecuador 5 000",
"Estonia 10 395",
"France 4 793 716",
"Georgia 24 943",
"Germany 10 006 348",
"Hungary 75 000",
"India 25 000 000",
"Iraq 5 000",
"Ireland 709 220",
"Israel 52 500",
"Italy 2 947 800",
"Japan 10 000 000",
"Latvia 5 000",
"Lithuania 28 920",
"Madagascar 5 000",
"Mongolia 10 000",
"Morocco 5 000",
"Panama 7 000",
"Peru 25 000",
"Poland 200 000",
"Portugal 150 000",
"Qatar 10 000 000",
"Republic of Korea 1 000 000",
"Romania 422 860",
"Senegal 100 000",
"Slovenia 127 924",
"Spain 4 998 370",
"Sri Lanka 5 000",
"Sweden 7 166 325",
"Turkey 125 000",
"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern 609 350 Ireland",
"United States of America 33 340 000",
"Total 120 976 042",
"Annex V",
"Composition of the 2010 Advisory Board of the United Nations Democracy Fund",
"Member States",
"Australia",
"Costa Rica",
"Germany",
"Ghana",
"India",
"Iraq",
"Japan",
"Mauritius",
"Poland",
"Qatar",
"Republic of Korea",
"Spain",
"United States of America",
"Non-governmental organizations",
"Conectas Human Rights",
"International Peace Institute",
"Individuals",
"Michael Doyle",
"Kwame Anthony Appiah",
"Seyla Benhabib",
"Annex VI",
"Organizational chart of the United Nations Office for Partnerships",
"[]"
] | A_66_188 | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"Item 133 of the provisional agenda*",
"* A/66/150.",
"Programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011",
"United Nations Office for Partnerships",
"Report of the Secretary-General",
"Summary",
"The present report is submitted in accordance with General Assembly decisions 52/466 and 53/475, in which the Secretary-General was requested to report to the Assembly on a regular basis on the activities of the United Nations Office for Partnerships. It supplements the information contained in the previous reports of the Secretary-General (A/53/700 and Add.1, A/54/664 and Add.1-3, A/55/763 and Corr.1, A/57/133, A/58/173, A/59/170, A/60/327, A/61/189, A/62/220, A/63/257, A/64/91 and A/65/347).",
"The United Nations Office for Partnerships provides access to public-private partnerships and the United Nations system to advance the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. The Office monitors the following three areas of activity:",
"(a) The United Nations Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP) was established by the Secretary-General in March 1998 to liaise with the partnership of the United Nations system and the United Nations Foundation, a public charity entity responsible for administering the $1 billion contribution made by Robert E. Turner in support of United Nations causes. As at 31 December 2010, the Office had programmed, through UNFIP, a total of over $1,170 million, of which $400 million represented core funds of Turner and $700 million (62 per cent) from other partners, for more than 507 projects implemented by 43 United Nations entities in 124 countries;",
"(b) The United Nations Democracy Fund, which was established by the Secretary-General in July 2005 to support democratization worldwide, focuses on strengthening the voice of civil society, promoting human rights and ensuring the participation of all groups in democratic processes. The Office distributed through the Fund a total of approximately $95 million for 340 projects in 150 countries around the world, ranging from strengthening civil society leadership skills and promoting the participation of women and youth to media programmes that enable civil society to be heard;",
"(c) Advisory services on partnerships and outreach activities were established in 2006 to address the growing number of consultations of the United Nations system, Governments and non-State actors on how best to develop and implement public-private partnerships. The Office provides advice to entities, including academic institutions, enterprises, foundations, government agencies, media groups and civil society organizations. Investment in high-impact initiatives is encouraged by providing advice on procedures and best practices to potential partners; it assists in the design of programmes and projects; helps to establish and manage global and regional networks; and the Millennium Development Goals are promoted as a framework for activities.",
"I. United Nations Fund for International Partnerships",
"1. The United Nations Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP) was established in 1998 to act as a liaison between the United Nations Foundation and the United Nations system. In 2009, UNFIP, through the United Nations Foundation, focused on coordination with coalitions based on specific issues, using resources from all sectors and supporting the causes of the United Nations through advocacy policies and activities.",
"2. In recent years, the United Nations Foundation has ceased to be primarily an organization that grants for projects to become an organization that creates campaigns and acts as a United Nations advocate and as a platform for connecting people, ideas and resources to help the United Nations solve global problems. The Foundation thus seeks to help the United Nations expand its best activities and ideas through partnerships, advocacy, the creation of support groups and fund-raising.",
"3. However, the granting of grants remains an important aspect of the work of the United Nations Foundation. At the end of 2010, the cumulative allocations for UNFIP projects reached approximately $1.170 million, of which $400 million was from Turner core funds and $700 million from other partners. A total of 43 United Nations entities have implemented more than 507 projects in 124 countries. The distribution of projects by theme and implementing partners is contained in annex I. Some of these programmes and projects are described below.",
"A. Health of women and children",
"4. In 2010, the United Nations Foundation took a special role in assisting in the outreach and promotion of the Global Strategy for Women ' s and Children ' s Health, which was officially launched at a high-level meeting in September at the United Nations Millennium Development Goals Summit. In collaboration with the Office of the Secretary-General, the Foundation led a process to ensure that the strategy received input from all relevant sectors and regions and also to achieve a tangible outcome at the launch meeting that made it an important time for women and children ' s health issues. The Foundation also developed a communications strategy for media coverage and coordinated a advocacy strategy, working with the Office of the Secretary-General and key Governments.",
"5. Public and political attention to global health has increased dramatically in the past decade through multi-stakeholder initiatives such as the Measles Initiative and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. These investments have begun to bear fruit, as infant mortality has declined steadily in recent years, maternal mortality is being reduced and more and more people are getting the health products and services they need.",
"6. However, as noted in the Global Strategy for Women ' s and Children ' s Health, opened in September 2010 by the Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, at the United Nations High-level Plenary Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals, the international community should step up its efforts to realize the Millennium Development Goals by 2015.",
"7. For 12 years, the United Nations Foundation and UNFIP have collaborated with the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children ' s Fund (UNICEF) and other organizations of the United Nations system, together with the Ministries of Health of developing countries, to develop and expand important initiatives to help children survive and thrive. Over time, the United Nations Foundation ' s investments in child health have proved to be one of the most promising avenues to attract support from a wide range of partners to United Nations-led initiatives. The Foundation ' s effective leadership of polio, measles and malaria campaigns has helped channel hundreds of millions of additional dollars in support of United Nations global health initiatives and has provided new models of collaboration between United Nations system agencies and national Governments, thereby improving the efficiency and effectiveness of field interventions in child health.",
"8. The eradication of poliomyelitis, one of the first priorities set by the United Nations Foundation and UNFIP, remains a priority as is the work done with a fund-raising team led by WHO to raise the resources needed to complete the eradication programmes of the new Strategic Plan of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative for the period 2010-2012, published by WHO in May 2010.",
"9. In 2010, the Measles Initiative targeted 27 countries in Africa, Asia and Europe, with plans to vaccinate nearly 200 million children.",
"10. The Measles Initiative partners are working closely with India to promote measles campaigns in several densely populated states. The campaign in India began in 2010 and is expected to continue in 2011.",
"11. The United Nations Foundation and UNFIP will continue to work with Member States, WHO, UNICEF, the United States Red Cross, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, among others, to support the Measles Initiative.",
"12. This has been an important year in global efforts to combat malaria, as the goal of universal protection with mosquito nets was set by 31 December 2010. The United Nations Foundation is collaborating with the Office of the Special Envoy on Malaria, the African Development Bank, the United Kingdom Department for International Development and the Gates Foundation to accelerate the acquisition and distribution of 10 to 15 million nets, which are necessary to ensure universal protection.",
"13. In addition, through its award-winning campaign Nothing But Nets, the United Nations Foundation has continued to highlight malaria, involving a wide range of partners and stakeholder groups and working with United Nations implementing partners to address critical gaps by financing the acquisition and distribution of long-term insecticide-treated nets to protect the most vulnerable populations in Africa. In 2010, the Foundation, in collaboration with UNFIP, provided approximately $7 million to finance the distribution of insecticide-treated nets by United Nations implementing partners to the following countries: Burundi, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Guinea, Liberia, the Central African Republic, Rwanda and Sierra Leone.",
"B. Women and population",
"14. The United Nations mandate on combating gender inequality and women ' s empowerment is broad and based on a network of international agreements and principles, including the Beijing Platform for Action adopted at the Beijing World Conference on Women, the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Millennium Development Goals, which commit the entire global community to addressing the rights and needs of women and girls.",
"15. The programme on women and the population of the United Nations Foundation, together with the United Nations and in collaboration with UNFIP and other partners, seeks to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls, focusing particularly on reproductive and sexual health and rights. The empowerment of women and girls is critical to the programme ' s mission, namely, to address the most challenging global challenges: combating global poverty, achieving social justice and stabilizing the world ' s population.",
"16. The year 2010 was key to the United Nations Task Force on Adolescents, a group that UNFIP and the United Nations Foundation contributed to the establishment in 2007 to assist the United Nations and its partners in addressing marginalized adolescents by supporting new comprehensive policies and programmes. The Task Force, co-chaired by UNFPA and UNICEF, also includes the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), the International Labour Organization (ILO) and WHO. The Task Force has been key for the United Nations Foundation and UNFIP to increase support for global coordination on adolescent issues. In March, the Task Force issued a joint statement to intensify its efforts to realize adolescent rights and to establish a framework for investing in education, health, security, empowerment and the inclusion of girls. In the first phase, the Task Force has focused on projects in Ethiopia, Guatemala, Liberia and Malawi, but plans to expand its support to at least 20 countries over the next five years.",
"17. In 2010, the United Nations Foundation officially launched Girl Up, a campaign that offers American girls the opportunity to channel their energy and compassion to raise awareness and raise funds for United Nations programmes that help some of the world ' s adolescents who are most difficult to attend. Funds collected through the Girl Up initiative will be channelled through UNFIP to support programmes for adolescents implemented by United Nations system agencies working to address various key issues, including access to education and health care, protection against violence, HIV/AIDS and leadership. To launch this work and highlight the Organization ' s activities through the Girl Up campaign, the Foundation pledged to donate $1 million to United Nations inter-agency programmes in line with the five strategic priorities of the United Nations Task Force on Adolescents in the four programme countries. This investment will be used as a catalyst for additional resources and partners for the Girl Up campaign and for the work of the United Nations for adolescents.",
"18. In 2010, the United Nations Foundation continued to support the advocacy efforts of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), including an initiative to include religious communities in the UNFPA Campaign to Eradicate fistula, and efforts to help foster a strong relationship between UNFPA and the United States Government. The Foundation and UNFIP also supported UNFPA activities in Haiti immediately after the devastating earthquake, providing funding for rebuilding reproductive health consultancies and installing public solar energy to ensure the safety of women at night.",
"C. Sustainable energy and climate change",
"19. The United Nations Foundation and UNFIP continued to support the work of the Secretary-General ' s High-level Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change. This Group, established to address two challenges, namely, meeting global energy needs for development and, at the same time contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, includes business leaders and civil society from around the world, including the President of the United Nations Foundation, Tim Wirth. In April, the Group issued a report calling upon the United Nations system and its Member States to commit themselves to achieving two complementary objectives:",
"(a) Ensure universal access to modern energy services by 2030;",
"(b) Reduce global energy intensity by 40% by 2030.",
"20. The United Nations Foundation and some Member States are working with the Advisory Group and UN-Energy to address the Group ' s main recommendation: to launch a global energy support campaign for sustainable development. The campaign will focus on improving energy efficiency and access to modern energy services, as well as raising awareness of the critical role of clean energy in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.",
"21. Access to modern, non-polluting and affordable energy is critical to fostering sustainable social and economic development and realizing the Millennium Development Goals. Around the world there are nearly 3 billion people who depend on traditional biomass for cooking and heating, and about 2.5 billion people do not have access to electricity or this is unreliable. The lack of modern energy services undermines income-generating activities and hinders the provision of basic services such as health care and education. In addition, smoke emanating from polluting and inefficient cooking, lighting and heating devices causes the premature death of nearly 2 million women and young children every year, causes various chronic diseases and has other health implications.",
"22. The United Nations Foundation and its partners also collaborate with a wide range of United Nations system agencies, including WHO, UN-Energy, the United Nations Environment Programme, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the World Food Programme (WFP), to promote the production and distribution of clean kitchens.",
"D. Other programmes",
"23. The technology partnership between the United Nations Foundation and the Vodafone Foundation has become the main public-private partnership through the use of wireless communications technologies to support United Nations humanitarian activities. The partnership, which is now in the last year of its first five-year period, with $30 million in funding, has made significant progress towards the goal of using mobile phones to improve communications and health outcomes immediately after a humanitarian crisis.",
"24. The technology partnership programme to support the collection of health data in Africa has been strengthened in more than 12 sub-Saharan African countries. Funds have supported the work of WHO with national health ministries to train health professionals in the use of mobile devices for the collection of health data. The most significant event in 2010 was that mobile phones were used, the use of which is widespread among health professionals, to collect data.",
"25. The Technology Partnership programme also continued to support the World Food Programme in the last year of a triennial grant to strengthen communications in humanitarian crises. The funds finance WFP ' s communications capacity-building programme, including the training of telecommunications experts in emergency preparedness and response, the establishment of a humanitarian emergency system to standardize the capacity of the entire global community of first aid in information and communications technology and the financing of the rapid deployment of information and communications technology equipment. In addition, the World of Difference programme, led by the Association of Technology Collaboration, completed its one-year programme last May. The programme assigned four Vodafone information and communication technology specialists to the WFP offices in Rome, Senegal, Thailand and Uganda to assist humanitarian activities in crisis situations.",
"26. Following the 2010 crisis in Haiti, the United Nations Foundation contributed to United Nations activities by channelling more than $1 million in project aid for the benefit of the Central Emergency Response Fund, the " Money for Work " programme of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and for the mobilization of supplies through UNFPA.",
"II. United Nations Democracy Fund",
"27. The United Nations Democracy Fund (UNDF) established at the 2005 World Summit as a trust fund of the Secretary-General, was launched in April 2006 with the administrative support of the United Nations Office for Partnerships. Since then, this grant-giving body has been clearly defined as a fund for civil society organizations, and is the only United Nations entity that contains the word “democracy” on its behalf, as well as the only United Nations body whose main objective is to support democracy by empowering all civil society. The vast majority of UNDOF project funds are earmarked for local non-governmental organizations in countries in transition and consolidation of democratization. Through its support for the “demand” rather than the “offer” of democratization, UNDOF plays a new, clear and particular role in complementing and expanding other United Nations activities, working with Governments, such as UNDP, to strengthen democratic governance around the world.",
"28. In the few years since its inception, UNDOF has experienced significant growth in its portfolio, donor base, impact and visibility. Its projects aim to strengthen the voice of civil society, promote human rights and encourage the participation of all groups in democratic processes. The Fund also supports a number of important global and regional projects that emphasize policy and policy. In its first four funding series, UNDDF supported 340 projects in a total of 150 countries, totalling over $95 million. These projects were diverse and ranged from support to civil society initiatives for accountability and transparency to capacity-building for the strengthening of good governance and the rule of law.",
"A. Fourth series of projects",
"29. In 2010, UNDDF initiated funding for its fourth series of projects. The series was open to proposals in November 2009 through an online application system that facilitated access by civil society organizations. A total of 1,966 requests were received from organizations from 137 countries, indicating that there was still a strong global demand for the Fund ' s services. Civil society organizations presented the vast majority of the proposals.",
"30. The first phase of project selection was based on a score assigned by independent experts based on established criteria. The proposals with a high score were subsequently subjected to rigorous quality and due diligence control by United Nations resident coordinators and, where appropriate, by special representatives of the Secretary-General and all entities of the UNDOF Consultative Group. On the basis of that review, the Executive Board of the Fund recommended a final list of projects, following which UNDDF advised the permanent missions of Member States to implement the projects included in the roster. The final list was then submitted to the Secretary-General for approval. Applicants on the roster were requested to submit, by mid-year, drafts of the project documents, which were then negotiated with UNDOF. The first stages of project funding were paid by the end of September. This timetable is consistent with international standards.",
"31. In the fourth instalment, 59 projects were funded at a total cost of $14,690,000. The projects, disaggregated by their main activities, are as follows:",
"(a) Community development (28 per cent);",
"(b) Empowerment of women (20 per cent);",
"(c) Rule of law and human rights (17 per cent);",
"(d) Tools for democratization (14 per cent);",
"(e) Youth (8 per cent);",
"f) Media (8 per cent);",
"(g) Strengthening of government instruments (5 per cent).",
"32. In 2010, the Fund collected the required reports on projects funded under the second, third and fourth instalments, closed the completed projects in the first instalment and informed the Executive Board of the progress made.",
"B. Donor base",
"33. The Fund undertook several initiatives to strengthen its donor base, which continued to grow despite the sustained impact of the global financial crisis, adding more non-traditional contributors to low- and middle-income countries committed to democratic principles. Iraq, Madagascar and Panama contributed to UNDOF for the first time, extending the donor group to a total of 39 Member States. A special UNDOF donor meeting was held on 15 September 2010 to commemorate the International Day of Democracy. The cumulative total amount of contributions received between 2005 and 2010 was over $120 million.",
"34. On 24 September 2010, the President of the United States, Barack Obama, stressed the importance of supporting the United Nations Democracy Fund, one of the two unique United Nations entities explicitly mentioned in his speech to the General Assembly. President Obama stated that it was time for all Member States to contribute to increasing the Democracy Fund, and stated that democracy was the form of government that offered more benefits to citizens, and that civil society, the main focus of the Fund ' s work, shaped human progress and community awareness. During President Obama's state visit to India in November 2010, he and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, as leaders of the two largest democracies in the world, made a joint statement reaffirming their strong commitment to the Fund.",
"C. Evaluation",
"35. The United Nations Democracy Fund and its Advisory Board are committed to the independent evaluation of UNDOF projects as a basis for a more robust learning process and as a tool for improving the selection and management of UNDOF projects. In June 2010, the Fund signed a two-year agreement with Transtec, an internationally respected evaluator company based in Brussels, to conduct evaluations after the projects of the second and third series. The first evaluations were expected to be completed by early 2011.",
"D. Audit",
"36. The Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) conducted an audit of the United Nations Democracy Fund in 2010, with the overall objective of assessing the effectiveness and effectiveness of the Fund ' s governance arrangements and the management of its programme of work, in accordance with the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations and other applicable rules and procedures. The report concluded that UNDOF promoted democracy as a global value, which had successfully carried out projects that helped Member States to increase their capacity to defend democratic institutions, and that their governance mechanisms (the Programme Consultative Group and the Advisory Board) were operating effectively. The report found that UNDDF, with experience in managing the first-series projects (2006-2007), had adapted its procedures to make its project management more and more efficient, and had established a good monitoring system with interim and final descriptive reports that provided reliable information on project activities. The audit recommended the development of a more structured fund-raising strategy to ensure the financial sustainability of the Fund, an independent report of the Secretary-General on UNDOF for the General Assembly to increase visibility, key performance indicators to reflect strategic and operational goals, a review of the operational budget of UNDOF to ensure that cost estimates reflect market prices and a review of the Fund ' s overall practice of assessing the effectiveness and impact of all projects. In the opinion of OIOS, UNDOF did not need to evaluate each project to demonstrate its effectiveness and impact.",
"E. Governance",
"37. The two governance mechanisms of the Board, the Advisory Board and the Programme Advisory Group continued to play an active and guiding role during 2010. The members of the Advisory Board were appointed by the Secretary-General with a new mandate to serve for a two-year period from January 2010 to December 2011. It was the seven main contributors of UNDOF (Australia, Germany, India, Japan, Qatar, Spain and the United States); six countries reflecting geographical diversity and commitment to democratic principles (Costa Rica, Ghana, Iraq, Mauritius, Poland and the Republic of Korea); and three members acting on an individual basis: Michael Doyle, Columbia University, who served as President of the Board; Kwame Anthony Appiah Two non-governmental organizations were also part of the Board: Conectas (Brazil) and the International Peace Institute.",
"38. In addition to recommending funding proposals to the Secretary-General for approval, the Advisory Board provided policy guidance on the establishment of programme frameworks and funding guidelines. The Programme Advisory Group provided quality information and control in the project selection process and the implementation phase, using the specific expertise of each of its entities: the Department of Political Affairs, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Peacebuilding Support Office, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.",
"F. Fifth series of projects",
"39. UNDDF launched its fifth series of project proposals in November 2010. When the deadline for submission was 31 December 2010, the Fund had received 3,754 proposals for projects from organizations from 149 countries, a record figure in the Fund ' s history and almost twice the average of previous years. The vast majority of requests came from local or regional civil society organizations in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Europe.",
"G. Democracy in Action",
"40. Some fairly typical examples of UNDDF projects show the diversity of support measures to strengthen the voice of civil society. Projects are aimed at supporting marginalized communities, giving voice to youth concerns and fighting corruption. There is also an example of a regional project, in this case of support for the African Charter of Democracy, Elections and Governance.",
"Democracy in Action I: Youth Training for Leadership in Myanmar",
"41. In Myanmar, UNDOF funds a project to train young people for leadership, civil society participation and self-help groups, with the overall objective of mobilizing and encouraging action to address community problems. The project, working among the Sha, Kachin and Kayah minority groups, also aims to reconcile differences between communities. In one case, six villages in the Shan and Kachin communities after discussions organized by the project, agreed to work together to build the bridge that connected them all to the market. In another case, youth leaders decided to organize a football match to promote people's approach and raise the money needed to repair the local school.",
"Democracy in Action II: providing a democratic platform for the youth of Pakistan",
"42. UNDDF funds a project by the Pakistan Youth Parliament to educate more than 25,000 young people on the fundamental nature of democracy and to give them the opportunity to freely express their views on democracy and political participation. The initiative operates through round tables and other informal information learning and dissemination mechanisms, while youth pro-democracy teams act as local platforms to address various issues affecting youth. These teams maintain links with resource banks for democracy through intergenerational meetings at the national level.",
"Democracy in Action III: Enhancing the Role of Migrant Workers in the Russian Federation",
"43. When ethnic tensions were fired in December 2010, a UNDOF-funded project organized a meeting to study how to protect the human rights of young migrants in the Russian Federation. Since the strengthening of the rights of migrant workers is an increasingly important challenge, the project seeks to train civil society organizations and trade unions representing migrants and ethnic minorities; it instructs the police, institutions, trade unions and social services on mechanisms to prevent discrimination and on the human rights of migrant children; it provides training to civil society organizations on United Nations conventions, self-help international norms and practices; The project is carried out by the Centre for Support and Rehabilitation of Victims of Human Trafficking, based in Perm.",
"Democracy in Action IV: Ensuring the Participation of Youth and Women in Yemen",
"44. A UNDDF-funded initiative in Yemen was launched in 2010 to involve women and youth in democratic processes. The initiative aims to mobilize women and young people in five districts as creative agents of social change to expand political participation, to foster non-partisan partnerships between women and youth organizations to achieve more effective and inclusive solutions to the challenges facing the country, and to expand opportunities for women and youth to generate leadership roles in the public sphere through the promotion of social and cultural acceptance. Initiative outputs include training in advocacy, electoral systems and networking; a website connecting participants throughout Yemen; competitions for small grants; and media campaigns. The Yemeni Women ' s Union is responsible for the implementation of the project.",
"Democracy in Action V: Monitoring of Procurement in Nigeria",
"45. In Nigeria, UNDOF funds a project to assess the levels of implementation of the 2007 Public Procurement Act, enable civil society to effectively monitor and monitor public procurement, assist legislative committees in carrying out their procurement oversight functions and instruct procurement entities and certain business organizations on the basic provisions of the Public Procurement Act. The project has created an Internet portal to collect, analyse and disseminate information on the observation of procurement, and prepared a report that reveals the most common abuses in public procurement in Nigeria and the challenges associated with the implementation of the Public Procurement Act. The Public and Private Development Centre (Public and Private Sector Development Centre), based in Aba and Abuja, is responsible for the implementation of the project.",
"Democracy in Action VI: Promoting a Letter of Democracy in Africa",
"46. The United Nations Democracy Fund funds a regional project in Africa to create support communities for the African Charter for Democracy, Elections and Governance. The African Union member States adopted the Charter in 2007, which was an important step forward for the Union as an agent for promoting good governance in the region. For the Charter to enter into force, it is necessary for at least 15 member States to sign and ratify it, and at the end of 2010 only eight States had made it. The project, implemented by the African Democracy Coalition and the secretariat of the Institute for a democratic alternative in South Africa (IDASA), will support the entry into force of the Charter and thereafter its effective implementation.",
"III. Advisory services on partnerships and outreach",
"47. Throughout its history, the United Nations system has collaborated with the private sector and civil society. Based on the 2005 World Summit Outcome (see resolution 60/1), Member States have recognized the importance of the active participation of non-State actors in the promotion of the United Nations development agenda, and have expressed strong support for such participation. The Millennium Development Goals represent a critical point in transforming this partnership, where the United Nations actively sought to reach private sector and civil society entities throughout the past decade, and they also responded enthusiastically. The appeal of the United Nations stems from its political legitimacy, its mission based on accumulated values, experience and expertise in the field of development, historical relations with developing countries, and its global outreach and dissemination. On the other hand, the private sector has played a dominant role in promoting economic development.",
"48. The United Nations Office for Partnerships cooperates with the United Nations Foundation to further promote and facilitate advisory services on partnerships and outreach initiatives, and encourages innovative strategies to attract non-State actors to the United Nations system. The Office uses its experience and capacity to involve global business, foundations and major philanthropists in the causes of the United Nations while supporting the advocacy and outreach work of the United Nations system through partnership-building.",
"A. Partnership services",
"49. Over the past decade, the number of private sector entities targeting the United Nations has increased significantly in seeking advice on how to commit and assist. Companies of different sizes, which produce a wide range of goods and services, have offered their assistance to the United Nations Office for Partnerships and have sought advice on how to join the United Nations in seeking sustainable solutions for some of the most challenging challenges facing the world.",
"50. In 2010, the Office participated in a number of diverse task forces, from regional groups (Caribbean Community Task Force), and clusters based on specific issues (Millennium Development Goals Task Force), to others dedicated to coordination mechanisms (inter-agency coordination of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Communications Group, United Nations Development Group). The main role of the Office is to provide partnership services, encourage civil society participation in the United Nations system and encourage contributions to its activities.",
"51. In 2010, the Office provided advisory services to private sector companies, foundations, civil society organizations, academic and philanthropic institutions. Most of the communications from non-State actors contained the provision of assistance to programmes focusing on poverty reduction, education, health and disaster relief, as well as humanitarian assistance in the least developed countries. Several agreements and memorandums of understanding were established with external actors, which were aimed at formalizing some of these partnerships in support of the Millennium Development Goals.",
"52. Advisory services on partnerships by the United Nations Office for Partnerships covered a range of areas that can be grouped into four main categories:",
"(a) Operational partnerships. The Office continues to encourage partner companies to support United Nations projects and advocacy campaigns;",
"(b) Policy and advocacy partnerships. The Office has noted an increase in the interest of the private sector and civil society in raising awareness and recognition of the Millennium Development Goals. In 2010, the Office continued to engage in global partnerships, including the Business Philanthropy Development Committee, the Business Civic Leadership Center, the International Olympic Committee, the International Business Leaders Forum, the Resource Foundation and the World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists;",
"(c) Resource exchange and expertise. The Office continues to engage companies and foundations, which not only provide financial support but also share knowledge with stakeholders;",
"(d) Networks and partnerships. In 2010, the Office worked with multiple stakeholders to support the Millennium Development Goals. The Office was instrumental in the launch of the Pearl Initiative, a private sector-driven programme to encourage enterprises in the six Gulf Cooperation Council countries to work with the United Nations system to improve governance and corporate accountability and practices, social responsibility for effective enterprises.",
"B. Key initiatives and innovative projects",
"53. The list below, in chronological order, is divided into the following three categories, depending on who the key partner has initiated the programme or project: Member States; the United Nations system; and other international organizations, and the private sector and civil society.",
"1. Member States",
"Exhibition “The mirror”",
"54. On 22 February 2001, the exhibition “The Mirror” was held at United Nations Headquarters, related to the special meeting of the Economic and Social Council on the involvement of philanthropy in the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of women, with works by women artists from around the world. This initiative of His Highness Sheikha Manal bint Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, President of the Dubai Women Establishment and wife of His Highness Sheikh Mansourbin Zayed Al Nahyan, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Presidential Affairs of the United Arab Emirates, made a significant contribution to the programme of empowerment of women and a positive message of cultural understanding and peace.",
"Forum on Development Cooperation in Helsinki",
"55. In June 2010, the High-level Symposium was held in Helsinki in preparation for the 2010 Development Cooperation Forum. Organized by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland and the Office; the Forum aimed to find solutions to make development policies more coherent and effective and to improve the impact of development cooperation at the international level.",
"gala ceremony for the delivery of the “Millennial Development Goals” Awards",
"56. The 2010 “Millennial Development Goals” award ceremony was held in New York in September. The awards, created to support and publicize the Millennium Development Goals, provided a platform of first order to honour and celebrate the exemplary efforts made by the Governments of countries and civil society stakeholders to promote these international development goals. The role of the Office was to assist the “Millennial Development Goals” Award Committee, a non-profit entity, in facilitating the nomination of Member States to the awards.",
"Permanent Monument to the victims of slavery and the transatlantic slave trade in the United Nations",
"57. The Office continued to assist the Standing Monument Committee in implementing a communication, outreach and resource mobilization strategy aimed at building a permanent memorial at the United Nations Headquarters complex. The Committee of the Permanent Monument is chaired by the Permanent Representative of Jamaica to the United Nations. The Office administers the Trust Fund in respect of receipts, allocations and disbursement of funds.",
"2. The United Nations system and other international organizations",
"How to involve philanthropic foundations in promoting gender equality and empowering women",
"58. On 22 February 2010, the Economic and Social Council, in collaboration with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the Office, the United Nations Development Fund for Women, and the Committee for the Development of Business Philanthropy, held a special meeting at United Nations Headquarters on how to involve philanthropic foundations in the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of women. The meeting, which focused on the commitments made to advance the gender-related Millennium Development Goals and how partnerships can contribute to ending violence against women and girls and to promoting the economic empowerment of women, was chaired by the President of the Economic and Social Council, Ambassador Hamidon Ali; Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon opened the opening session.",
"High-level discussion on " The empowerment of women through sport "",
"59. On 29 June 2010, the International Olympic Committee and the Office, in cooperation with the United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace, organized a high-level meeting to exchange views and share what has been learned regarding the links between sport and the Millennium Development Goals, in particular with regard to gender equality. More than 40 participants, including senior representatives of Governments and the United Nations system, world sport personalities and private sector leaders, civil society and academic institutions, exchanged ideas on gender equality and sport.",
"Symposium on International Literacy Day: an essential basis for development",
"60. On the occasion of the 2010 International Literacy Day, the Office, UNESCO and UNDP, in collaboration with Global Wheel Houz, jointly organized a symposium to discuss the importance of literacy for sustainable development, empower the poor and accelerate progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals through creative partnerships. Mrs. Laura Bush, Honorary Ambassador to the United Nations Literacy Decade, spoke about the impact of women ' s empowerment through education and Ms. Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO, recognized the multiple benefits of literacy for women ' s empowerment and to improve maternal health and eradicate child mortality. The event marked the start of the youth fund-raising and mobilization campaign “Five Years and Counting”, aimed at promoting collaboration among youth, the private sector and senior figures in support of the Millennium Development Goals.",
"The Summit on the Africa Investor Index Series",
"61. On 17 September 2010, the Office, in collaboration with the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa, Africa Investor, the New York Stock Exchange, Euronext, the New Partnership for Africa ' s Development (NEPAD) and the NEPAD Business Group, organized the third Annual Summit on the Africa Investor Indices Series. At the Summit, entrepreneurs, investors and philanthropists established practical investment partnerships to support the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in Africa.",
"3. Private sector and civil society",
"Summit of Investor Institutions on Climate Risks",
"62. On 14 January 2010, Ceres, the United Nations Foundation and the Office hosted the fourth Summit of Investor Institutions on Climate Risk at United Nations Headquarters in New York. The event, which took place following the negotiations for an international climate treaty in Copenhagen, brought together many of the major institutional investors, fund managers, financial advisers and other actors around the world, representing billions of dollars in assets. The Summit discussed how the rapid global transition to green technologies and energy efficiency could stimulate economic growth, and stressed how investors could participate in the transition to low carbon dioxide emissions. They intervened, among others, Mr. Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations; Mr. Al Gore, former Vice-President of the United States; Mr. Todd Stern, United States Special Envoy on Climate Change; and Mr. Ted Turner, philanthropist and media executive. The Summit further announced the Declaration of Investors on the Catalysing of Investment in a Carbon Dioxide-Based Economy, in which investors urged the United States Government and other Governments to act quickly to adopt strong climate policies that would encourage investments in low-carbon projects to reduce climate change emissions.",
"Third World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists",
"63. On 21 and 22 March 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships and the World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists co-sponsored the third World Congress in Doha. The Congress brought together international leaders from philanthropy, governments, businesses and civil society to discuss some of the key issues on the international agenda. The World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists encourages innovative partnerships between the Muslim community and other actors to advocate for the Millennium Development Goals.",
"Haiti Hope Project",
"64. On 22 March 2010, the Office hosted the presentation of the Haiti Hope project at United Nations Headquarters. During the presentation, Jean Max Bellerive, Prime Minister of Haiti and Bill Clinton, United Nations Special Envoy for Haiti and Co-Chair of the Clinton-Bush Fund for Haiti, together with Luis Alberto Moreno, President of the Inter-American Development Bank, and Muhtar Kent, Director General of Coca Cola Company, expressed their support for this partnership between the public and private sectors that will benefit Haitian mango growers. The five-year project has been estimated at $7.5 million and aims to double the income of more than 25,000 mango farmers in Haiti by developing a sustainable mango production industry. The initiative will improve the standard of living of farmers by giving them access to an international market and will contribute to long-term development and the revitalization of Haiti.",
"Investing in the Millennium Development Goals: how the business community can contribute to sustainable development",
"65. On 7 and 8 April 2010, the Office co-sponsored, together with the Business Civic Leadership Center, a two-day high-level forum on " Investing in the Millennium Development Goals: how the business community can contribute to sustainable development " . The Forum discussed areas of collaboration between the private sector, foundations and the United Nations system that contribute to the achievement of the Goals. Among the distinguished speakers were Jeffrey Sachs, Director of the United Nations Millennium Project; Salil Shetty, Director of the Millennium Campaign, Michael Hastings of KPMG and Talya Bosch, Western Union Foundation.",
"Forum on the Evaluation of Partnerships in Latin America and the Caribbean",
"66. On 28 April 2010, the Office, in collaboration with the Resource Foundation, organized a forum at United Nations Headquarters on the theme “Assessing the dynamics of partnerships”. The Forum discussed the importance of partnerships and their impact on the capacity of the international development assistance community to generate the desired results and to benefit those most in need. The Forum was attended by public and private sector leaders who discussed the potential, challenges, complexities and importance of partnerships, particularly in promoting development activities in Latin America and the Caribbean.",
"Forum on Creating Shared Value",
"67. On 27 May 2010, Nestlé and the International Business Leaders Forum, with the support of the Office, held in London the second annual Forum on Building Shared Value. The Forum brought together international leaders to discuss current global challenges to sustainable investment and partnership opportunities in nutrition, water and rural development. The Forum also awarded the first Nestlé Award for the creation of shared value to the International Development Entreprises of Cambodia, a local non-profit organization that uses market-based approaches to increase the income of the rural population of Cambodia.",
"Presentation of the Pearl Initiative",
"68. On 20 September 2010, more than 100 business and policymaker leaders met at United Nations Headquarters to present the Pearl Initiative, a private sector-led programme aimed at improving governance and corporate accountability and corporate social responsibility practices in the six Gulf Cooperation Council countries. At this event, organized by the Office, the American University of Sharjah and the United Arab Emirates Red Crescent Group, participants were able to exchange ideas on the links between a transparent business environment and sustainable economic growth. The Pearl Initiative ' s objective is to enable and encourage private sector companies in the Gulf region to work with the United Nations system and other global strategic partners to raise awareness of the need to be accountable and transparent in their relationship with their respective stakeholders, as well as to translate social responsibility commitments into action through these innovative partnerships.",
"Blouin Summit of Creative Leadership",
"69. From 22 to 24 September 2010, the Office and the Louise de Blouin Foundation co-sponsored the fifth annual Blouin Creative Leadership Summit at the Metropolitan Club of New York. The annual summit provides a valuable platform for Heads of State, Nobel Prize-winners and private sector leaders to address the challenges and opportunities presented by globalization, such as education, health and poverty.",
"Charla of the Organization Technology, Entertainment, Design (TED) 2010 “Chart for Compassion”",
"70. On 18 November 2010, the Office and TED Prize co-sponsored a debate at United Nations Headquarters to celebrate the first anniversary of the Charter for Compassion, the desire granted to Karen Armstrong, a 2008 TED Prize recipient. The Charter for Compassion is a set of principles aimed at restoring compassionate thought and compassionate action at the centre of religious, moral and political life, and a document that urges all people and all religions of the world to adopt the value of compassion.",
"IV. Conclusions",
"71. The historic philanthropic contribution of Mr. Turner through the United Nations Foundation and UNFIP has resulted in an exponential increase in the interest of non-State actors, including foundations and private companies, in seeking and collaborating with the work of the United Nations.",
"72. The evolution of the United Nations Foundation beyond its role in granting grants has had a significant impact throughout the United Nations system. The Foundation has been able to design and launch campaigns to promote the Organization ' s objectives and work with United Nations system agencies to develop clearer communication strategies and better partnership opportunities.",
"73. The new mission and the Foundation ' s new approach were reflected in different forms in the leadership initiatives and the Foundation ' s campaigns for the causes of the United Nations throughout 2010, as reflected in the previous sections of the present report. In addition, the Foundation has merged with the United Nations Association of the United States of America to mobilize Americans in support of the causes of the United Nations.",
"74. The Relationship Agreement between the United Nations and the United Nations Foundation, originally established in 1998 and subsequently renewed in 2007, will be reviewed in order to ensure an update reflecting the evolution of the Foundation ' s collaboration with the United Nations.",
"75. The United Nations Democracy Fund, now established five years ago, has proved to be an excellent initiative of the General Assembly that has succeeded in complementing the work of many United Nations system agencies focused on the “offer” of democratic institutions by focusing on “demand” aspects through grants to civil society organizations. As a result, the United Nations can adopt a more balanced approach and attract thousands of civil society activists from all corners of the world to the work of the Organization.",
"76. The impact of the United Nations Democracy Fund is being assessed through independent evaluations of its projects, but it is clear that one of its most important effects is the increase in its membership. In 2010, the Fund received some 3,700 applications, which means that the demand for subsidies was doubled and that the Fund can now be considered a vital resource for civil society, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere.",
"77. While the operations of UNFIP and the Democracy Fund continue to constitute their core work, the Office has continued to provide advisory services to a wide range of non-State actors wishing to join the United Nations system. At the end of September 2010, the Executive Director of the Office retired from the Organization and the Executive Director of the Democracy Fund is now the officer in charge of the Office.",
"Annex I",
"Distribution of funds and project of the United Nations Fund for International Partnerships",
"A. Funds received from the United Nations Foundation 1998-2010, distributed by implementing partners",
"Total grants approved by the United Nations Fund: $1,168,905,685",
"(United States dollars)",
"Note: “Others” include 33 implementing partners who received less than $10 million.",
"B. Distribution by theme of projects funded by the United Nations Foundation 1998-2010",
"Total grants approved by the United Nations Fund: $1,168,905,685",
"As at December 2010, total: 507 projects, 124 countries, 43 United Nations organizations",
"Abbreviations: UNHCR, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; DESA, Department of Economic and Social Affairs; FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; WHO, World Health Organization; UNDP, United Nations Development Programme; UNEP, United Nations Environment Programme; UNESCO, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; UNFPA, United Nations Population Fund",
"Annex II",
"Projects funded from the United Nations Fund for International Partnerships, by programme area",
"(United States dollars)",
"Program area As at 31 approved Total December 2010 Value number Value number Value number projects projects projects",
"Infant health 103 672 558 6 72 216 109 744 774 135 000 135",
"Population and women 108 136 879 9 3 421 117 140 300 584 110 694",
"Environment 144 161 517 6 2 426 150 163 943 259 294 553",
"Peace, security and 61 54 108 - - 61 54 108 human rights 730 730",
"Other 63 64 756 7 1 022 70 65 778 137 434 571",
"Total 479 1 089 819 28 79 085 507 1 168 905 845 838 685",
"Of the $1.170 million approved in total, $400 million relates to core funds from Turner and $700 million (62 per cent) to funds from other partners.",
"Annex III",
"Membership of the Advisory Board of the United Nations Fund for International Partnerships in 2010",
"Asha-Rose Migiro, Deputy Secretary-General (President)",
"Hamidon Ali, President of the Economic and Social Council (Permanent Representative of Malaysia)",
"Lincoln C. Chen, President, China Medical Board of New York, Director, Global Equity Initiative",
"Angela Kane, Under-Secretary-General for Management",
"Enkhtsetseg Ochir, Chair of the Second Committee of the General Assembly (Permanent Representative of Mongolia)",
"Mary Oakes Smith, Member of Number, Information Technology for Education and Health, World Bank",
"Franklin A. Thomas, Director of the Ford Foundation Study Group",
"Sha Zukang, Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs",
"Roland Rich, Officer-in-Charge, United Nations Office for Partnerships",
"Annex IV",
"Financial contributions to the United Nations Democracy Fund, by donor, as at 1 December 2010",
"(United States dollars)",
"Donor Cumulative Contribution",
"Total 120 976 042",
"Germany 10 006 348",
"Argentina 5 000",
"Australia 8 243 574",
"Bulgaria 10 000",
"Croatia 71 000",
"Chile 220 000",
"Cyprus . 5 000",
"Denmark 265 018",
"Ecuador 5 000",
"Slovenia 127 924",
"Spain 4 998 370",
"United States of America 33 340 000",
"Estonia 10 395",
"France 4 793 716",
"Georgia 24 943",
"Hungary 75 000",
"India 25 000",
"Iraq 5 000",
"Ireland 709 220",
"Israel 52 500",
"Italy 2 947 800",
"Japan 10 000",
"Latvia 5 000",
"Lithuania 28 920",
"Madagascar 5 000",
"Morocco . 5 000",
"Mongolia 10 000",
"Panama 7 000",
"Peru 25 000",
"Poland 200 000",
"Portugal 150 000",
"Qatar 10 000",
"609 350",
"Czech Republic 195 780",
"Republic of Korea 1 000 000",
"Romania 422 860",
"Senegal 100 000",
"Sri Lanka . 5 000",
"Sweden 7 166 325",
"Turkey 125 000",
"Annex V",
"Membership of the United Nations Democracy Fund Advisory Board in 2010",
"Member States",
"Germany",
"Australia",
"Costa Rica",
"Spain",
"United States of America",
"Ghana",
"India",
"Iraq",
"Japan",
"Mauritius",
"Poland",
"Qatar",
"Republic of Korea",
"NGOs",
"Human Rights Connections",
"International Peace Institute",
"Particulars",
"Michael Doyle",
"Kwame Anthony Appiah",
"Seyla Benhabib",
"Annex VI",
"Organizational chart of the United Nations Office for Partnerships"
] |
[
"CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.6 CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.6",
"13 de octubre de 2006",
"ESPAÑOL",
"Original: INGLÉS",
"Ginebra, 7 a 17 de noviembre de 2006",
"Tema 10 del programa provisional Presentación del informe del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales",
"INFORME DE PROCEDIMIENTO",
"GRUPO DE EXPERTOS GUBERNAMENTALES DE LOS ESTADOS PARTES EN LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE PROHIBICIONES O RESTRICCIONES DEL EMPLEO DE CIERTAS ARMAS CONVENCIONALES QUE PUEDAN CONSIDERARSE EXCESIVAMENTE NOCIVAS O DE EFECTOS INDISCRIMINADOS",
"15º período de sesiones",
"Ginebra, 28 de agosto a 6 de septiembre de 2006",
"Adición",
"PROYECTO DE DECLARACIÓN CON MOTIVO DE LA ENTRADA EN VIGOR DEL PROTOCOLO V SOBRE LOS RESTOS EXPLOSIVOS DE GUERRA DE LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE PROHIBICIONES O RESTRICCIONES DEL EMPLEO DE CIERTAS ARMAS CONVENCIONALES QUE PUEDAN CONSIDERARSE EXCESIVAMENTE NOCIVAS O DE EFECTOS INDISCRIMINADOS",
"GE.06-64550 (S) 251006 251006",
"PROYECTO DE DECLARACIÓN CON MOTIVO DE LA ENTRADA EN VIGOR DEL PROTOCOLO V SOBRE LOS RESTOS EXPLOSIVOS DE GUERRA DE LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE PROHIBICIONES O RESTRICCIONES DEL EMPLEO DE CIERTAS ARMAS CONVENCIONALES QUE PUEDAN CONSIDERARSE EXCESIVAMENTE NOCIVAS O DE EFECTOS INDISCRIMINADOS",
"Las Altas Partes Contratantes en la Convención sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de ciertas armas convencionales que puedan considerarse excesivamente nocivas o de efectos indiscriminados (la Convención),",
"Recordando el principio general de la protección de la población civil contra los efectos de las hostilidades,",
"Profundamente preocupadas por el hecho de que tras el fin de las hostilidades los artefactos explosivos sin estallar o abandonados que han dejado de tener utilidad militar sigan matando o lesionando a personas y por que tales restos explosivos de guerra sigan siendo durante décadas causa de sufrimientos humanos, una amenaza diaria tanto para la población civil como para las fuerzas militares, un obstáculo para el regreso de los refugiados y otras personas desplazadas y un grave impedimento para la asistencia humanitaria, el mantenimiento de la paz, la reconstrucción y el desarrollo económico posterior a los conflictos, así como el restablecimiento de las condiciones sociales normales,",
"Recordando que el Protocolo sobre los Restos Explosivos de Guerra (Protocolo V) fue negociado por el Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales de la Convención en 2003, y adoptado por consenso el 28 de noviembre de 2003 en la Reunión de los Estados Partes en la Convención celebrada en Ginebra los días 27 y 28 de noviembre de 2003,",
"Reconociendo que el Protocolo V se refiere a medidas correctivas de carácter genérico posteriores a los conflictos para reducir al mínimo los riesgos y efectos de los restos explosivos de guerra y alienta a los Estados Partes a que adopten dichas medidas correctivas posteriores a los conflictos y medidas preventivas de carácter genérico a fin de reducir al mínimo la existencia de restos explosivos de guerra,",
"Subrayando la importancia que atribuyen a la adhesión universal al Protocolo V, y expresando su determinación de adoptar todas las medidas apropiadas para que el Protocolo V logre la adhesión universal,",
"Celebran la entrada en vigor, el 12 de noviembre de 2006, del Protocolo V y el hecho de que [...] Estados hayan notificado al Depositario su consentimiento en quedar obligados por el Protocolo V para esa fecha;",
"Reafirman su convicción de que el Protocolo V puede reducir significativamente el sufrimiento y contribuir a la protección de la población civil y del personal humanitario contra los efectos de los restos explosivos de guerra;",
"Reiteran su firme determinación de ocuparse de las consecuencias en los planos humanitario, de desarrollo y ambiental de los restos explosivos de guerra, incluidos los existentes, y celebran los esfuerzos ya realizados a ese respecto,",
"Subrayan su determinación de reforzar la cooperación y la asistencia internacionales en las cuestiones relacionadas con la aplicación del Protocolo V, en particular la remoción, eliminación o destrucción de restos explosivos de guerra, la transmisión de información, la protección de las misiones y organizaciones humanitarias, la educación sobre los riesgos, la asistencia a las víctimas, y de dedicar más esfuerzos y recursos, según proceda, a tal fin,",
"Alientan a las Altas Partes Contratantes del Procolo V a que, de conformidad con el artículo 10 del Protocolo, comiencen los preparativos de la Conferencia,",
"Instan a todos los Estados que aún no lo hayan hecho a que estudien la posibilidad de adherirse al Protocolo lo antes posible."
] | [
"THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.6CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.613 October 2006Original:ENGLISH",
"Geneva, 7-17 November 2006",
"Item 10 of the provisional agenda",
"Submission of the report of the",
"Group of Governmental Experts",
"PROCEDURAL REPORT",
"GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS",
"Fifteenth Session",
"Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006",
"Addendum",
"Draft Declaration",
"on the occasion of entry into force",
"of CCW Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V)",
"DRAFT DECLARATION",
"on the occasion of entry into force",
"of ccw protocol on explosive remnants of war (protocol v)",
"The High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW),",
"Recalling the general principle of the protection of the civilian population against the effects of hostilities,",
"Deeply concerned at the fact that after the end of hostilities, people continue to be killed or injured by unexploded and abandoned explosive ordnance, and that such explosive remnants of war can remain for decades a cause of humanitarian suffering, a daily threat to civilians and military alike, an obstacle to the return of refugees and other displaced persons, a serious impediment to humanitarian assistance, peace-keeping, post-conflict reconstruction and economic development, as well as to the restoration of normal social conditions,",
"Recalling that the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V) was negotiated by the CCW Group of Governmental Experts in 2003 and was adopted by consensus on 28 November 2003 at the Meeting of the States parties to the CCW held in Geneva on 27 and 28 November 2003,",
"Recognizing that Protocol V provides for post-conflict remedial measures of a generic nature in order to minimize the risks and the effects of explosive remnants of war and for encouraging States Parties to take such post-conflict remedial measures and generic preventive measures aimed at minimizing the occurrence of explosive remnants of war,",
"Emphasizing the importance that they attach to the universalization of Protocol V, and expressing their determination to take all appropriate measures so that Protocol V attains universal adherence,",
"Welcome the entry into force of Protocol V on 12 November 2006 and the fact that, […] States have notified the Depositary of their consent to be bound by Protocol V by that date,",
"Reaffirm their conviction that Protocol V aims to significantly reduce the suffering and contribute to the protection of civilian population and humanitarian personnel from the effects of explosive remnants of war,",
"Reiterate their determination to address the humanitarian, developmental and environmental impact of explosive remnants of war, including existing explosive remnants of war, and welcome the efforts already undertaken in this regard,",
"Emphasize their determination to reinforce international cooperation and assistance on the issues related to the implementation of Protocol V, and in particular in clearance, removal or destruction of explosive remnants of war, transmission of information, protection of humanitarian missions and organizations, risk education, victims assistance, and to dedicate greater efforts and resources, as appropriate, towards that end,",
"Encourage High Contracting Parties to Protocol V in accordance with Article 10 of the Protocol to commence preparations for a Conference,",
"Urge all States that have not yet done so to become parties to the Protocol, as soon as possible."
] | CCW_CONF.III_7_ADD.6 | [
"CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.6 CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.6",
"13 October 2006",
"SPANISH",
"Original:",
"Geneva, 7-17 November 2006",
"Item 10 of the provisional agenda Introduction of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts",
"PROCEDURE REPORT",
"GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS OF THE EMPLEMENTATION OF CONVENTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS WHICH MAY BE CONSIDERED EXCESSIVELY OR OF INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS",
"Fifteenth session",
"Geneva, 28 August-6 September 2006",
"Addendum",
"DRAFT DECLARATION WITH MOTIVE DECLARATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF PROTOCOL V ON THE EXPLOSIVE RESULTS OF WAR OF THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS OF THE EMPLEMENTATION OF CONVENTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS",
"GE.06-64550 (E)",
"DRAFT DECLARATION WITH MOTIVE DECLARATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF PROTOCOL V ON THE EXPLOSIVE RESULTS OF WAR OF THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS OF THE EMPLEMENTATION OF CONVENTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS",
"High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (the Convention),",
"Recalling the general principle of the protection of the civilian population against the effects of hostilities,",
"Deeply concerned that, after the end of hostilities, unexploded or abandoned explosive devices that have ceased to have military utility continue to kill or injure persons and that such explosive remnants of war continue to be caused by human suffering for decades, a daily threat to both the civilian population and the military forces, an obstacle to the return of refugees and other displaced persons and a serious impediment to humanitarian assistance, the maintenance of peace,",
"Recalling that the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V) was negotiated by the Group of Governmental Experts of the Convention in 2003, and adopted by consensus on 28 November 2003 at the Meeting of States Parties to the Convention held in Geneva on 27 and 28 November 2003,",
"Recognizing that Protocol V refers to generic post-conflict remedies to minimize the risks and effects of explosive remnants of war, and encourages States parties to take such remedial post-conflict measures and generic preventive measures to minimize the existence of explosive remnants of war,",
"Stressing the importance they attach to universal adherence to Protocol V, and expressing its determination to take all appropriate measures to achieve universal adherence to Protocol V,",
"They welcome the entry into force on 12 November 2006 of Protocol V and the fact that [...] States have notified the Depositary of their consent to be bound by Protocol V by that date;",
"They reaffirm their conviction that Protocol V can significantly reduce suffering and contribute to the protection of civilians and humanitarian personnel against the effects of explosive remnants of war;",
"They reiterate their firm determination to address the humanitarian, development and environmental consequences of explosive remnants of war, including existing ones, and welcome the efforts already made in this regard,",
"They underline their determination to strengthen international cooperation and assistance on issues related to the implementation of Protocol V, including the removal, disposal or destruction of explosive remnants of war, the transmission of information, the protection of humanitarian missions and organizations, risk education, victim assistance, and to devote more efforts and resources, as appropriate, to this end,",
"Encourage the High Contracting Parties to Prochole V, in accordance with Article 10 of the Protocol, to begin preparations for the Conference,",
"They urge all States that have not yet done so to consider acceding to the Protocol as soon as possible."
] |
[
"CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.7",
"CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7",
"13 de octubre de 2006",
"ESPAÑOL",
"Original: INGLÉS",
"Ginebra, 7 a 17 de noviembre de 2006",
"Tema 10 del programa provisional Presentación del informe del",
"Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales",
"INFORME DE PROCEDIMIENTO",
"GRUPO DE EXPERTOS GUBERNAMENTALES DE LOS ESTADOS PARTES EN LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE PROHIBICIONES O RESTRICCIONES DEL EMPLEO DE CIERTAS ARMAS CONVENCIONALES QUE PUEDAN CONSIDERARSE EXCESIVAMENTE NOCIVAS O DE EFECTOS INDISCRIMINADOS",
"15º período de sesiones Ginebra, 28 de agosto a 6 de septiembre de 2006",
"Adición",
"PROYECTO DE DOCUMENTO FINAL DE LA TERCERA CONFERENCIA DE EXAMEN DE LOS ESTADOS PARTES EN LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE PROHIBICIONES O RESTRICCIONES DEL EMPLEO DE CIERTAS ARMAS CONVENCIONALES QUE PUEDAN CONSIDERARSE EXCESIVAMENTE NOCIVAS O DE EFECTOS INDISCRIMINADOS",
"GE.06-64557 (S) 261006 261006",
"PROYECTO DE DOCUMENTO FINAL DE LA TERCERA CONFERENCIA DE EXAMEN DE LAS ALTAS PARTES CONTRATANTES EN LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE PROHIBICIONES O RESTRICCIONES DEL EMPLEO DE CIERTAS ARMAS CONVENCIONALES QUE PUEDAN CONSIDERARSE EXCESIVAMENTE NOCIVAS O DE EFECTOS INDISCRIMINADOS",
"Parte I",
"INFORME DE LA TERCERA CONFERENCIA DE EXAMEN",
"I. Introducción",
"II. Organización de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen",
"III. Labor de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen",
"[Se completará.]",
"Parte II",
"DECLARACIÓN FINAL",
"Las Altas Partes Contratantes en la Convención sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de ciertas armas convencionales que puedan considerarse excesivamente nocivas o de efectos indiscriminados, reunidas en Ginebra del 7 al 17 de noviembre de 2006 para examinar el ámbito de aplicación y el funcionamiento de la Convención y de sus Protocolos anexos y considerar propuestas de enmiendas a la Convención o a los Protocolos anexos existentes, así como propuestas de Protocolos adicionales sobre otras categorías de armas convencionales no comprendidas en los Protocolos anexos existentes,",
"Párrafo preambular 1",
"Recordando las declaraciones anteriores, aprobadas por la Primera Conferencia de Examen en 1996 y por la Segunda Conferencia de Examen en 2001, en particular los párrafos del preámbulo tercero, quinto, sexto, séptimo, octavo, duodécimo y decimocuarto, así como los párrafos 2, 3, 8, 12, 14 y 16 de la parte dispositiva de la Declaración Final de la Segunda Conferencia de Examen.",
"Párrafo preambular 2",
"Reafirmando su convicción de que la Convención sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de ciertas armas convencionales que puedan considerarse excesivamente nocivas o de efectos indiscriminados está reduciendo considerablemente los sufrimientos de civiles y combatientes, [CCW/CONF.II/2, párrafo preambular 1, modificado]",
"Párrafo preambular 3",
"Reconociendo que la mayoría de los principales conflictos armados no son de carácter internacional, y que esos conflictos también se están incluyendo en el ámbito de la Convención mediante una enmienda, [CCW/CONF.II/2, párrafo preambular 4, modificado]",
"Párrafo preambular 4",
"Recalcando la importancia de lograr la adhesión universal a la Convención y su determinación de hacer un llamamiento urgente a todos los Estados que aún no lo hayan hecho para que adopten las medidas necesarias para hacerse partes en la Convención y en sus Protocolos anexos lo antes posible, [CCW/CONF.I/16, párrafo preambular 3, CCW/CONF.II/2, párrafo preambular 2, modificado]",
"Párrafo preambular 5",
"Acogiendo con agrado la entrada en vigor de la enmienda al artículo 1 de la Convención el 18 de mayo de 2004, en cuya virtud el ámbito de aplicación de la Convención se amplió también a los conflictos de carácter no internacional, [nuevo]",
"Párrafo preambular 6",
"Subrayando la importancia del cumplimiento de las disposiciones de la Convención y de sus Protocolos anexos por todos los Estados Partes, [nuevo]",
"Párrafo preambular 7",
"Acogiendo con agrado la entrada en vigor del Protocolo V sobre los Restos Explosivos de Guerra (Protocolo V) el 13 de noviembre de 2006, [nuevo]",
"Párrafo preambular 8",
"[MDMA]",
"Párrafo preambular 9",
"[REG]",
"Párrafo preambular 10",
"Reconociendo los inestimables esfuerzos humanitarios desplegados por organizaciones no gubernamentales para aliviar los efectos en las personas de los conflictos armados y acogiendo con satisfacción los conocimientos especializados que han aportado a la labor del Grupo de Expertos Ornamentales y a la propia Conferencia de Examen, [CCW/CONF.I/16, párrafo preambular 16, CCW/CONF.II/2, párrafo preambular 15, modificado]",
"Declaran solemnemente:",
"Párrafo dispositivo 1",
"Su compromiso de respetar los objetivos y las disposiciones de la Convención y los Protocolos anexos a ella en los que son Partes como instrumento internacional autorizado que rige el empleo de ciertas armas convencionales que puedan considerarse excesivamente nocivas o de efectos indiscriminados; [CCW/CONF.I/16, párrafo dispositivo 1, CCW/CONF.II/2, párrafo dispositivo 1]",
"Párrafo dispositivo 2",
"Su determinación en relación con la aplicación y el cumplimiento cabales de la Convención y sus Protocolos anexos en los que son Partes, y su decisión de seguir examinando las disposiciones de la Convención y de sus Protocolos anexos para asegurar que sus disposiciones sigan siendo pertinentes a los conflictos contemporáneos; [CCW/CONF.II/2, párrafo dispositivo 6]",
"Párrafo dispositivo 3",
"Su determinación de consultar y cooperar entre sí para facilitar el pleno cumplimiento de las obligaciones dimanantes de la Convención y sus Protocolos anexos en los que son Partes, promoviendo así el cumplimiento; [CCW/CONF.II/2, párrafo dispositivo 7, modificado]",
"Párrafo dispositivo 4",
"[CUMPLIMIENTO]",
"Párrafo dispositivo 5",
"[PROGRAMA DE PATROCINIO]",
"Párrafo dispositivo 6",
"Su satisfacción por la entrada en vigor de la enmienda al artículo 1 de la Convención por la que se amplía la aplicación de la Convención y sus Protocolos anexos a los conflictos armados de carácter no internacional; [CCW/CONF.II/2, párrafo dispositivo 4, modificado]",
"Párrafo dispositivo 7",
"Su deseo de que todos los Estados respeten y garanticen el respeto del ámbito de aplicación enmendado de la Convención en la mayor medida posible, y su determinación de alentar a todos los Estados que todavía no lo hayan hecho a que ratifiquen, acepten o aprueben la enmienda al artículo 1, o se adhieran a ella, según sea apropiado, lo antes posible; [CCW/CONF.II/2, párrafo dispositivo 5, modificado]",
"Párrafo dispositivo 8",
"Su determinación de alentar a todos los Estados a que se hagan partes, lo antes posible, en el Protocolo sobre fragmentos no localizables (Protocolo I), el Protocolo sobre Prohibiciones o Restricciones del Empleo de Minas, Armas Trampa y Otros Artefactos en su forma enmendada el 3 de mayo de 1996 (Protocolo II Enmendado), el Protocolo sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de armas incendiarias (Protocolo III), y el Protocolo sobre armas láser cegadoras (Protocolo IV), y de que todos los Estados respeten y garanticen el respeto de las disposiciones sustantivas de estos Protocolos; [nuevo]",
"Párrafo dispositivo 9",
"Su satisfacción por la entrada en vigor del Protocolo sobre los Restos Explosivos de Guerra (Protocolo V), así como su determinación de alentar a todos los Estados a hacerse partes en el Protocolo V lo antes posible, y de que todos los Estados respeten y garanticen el respeto de las disposiciones sustantivas del Protocolo V; [nuevo]",
"Párrafo dispositivo 10",
"Su determinación constante de hacer frente con urgencia a los efectos humanitarios nocivos de los restos explosivos de guerra, mediante la aplicación efectiva y eficiente del Protocolo V y una mayor cooperación destinada a reducir al mínimo los riesgos y efectos de los artefactos explosivos abandonados; [CCW/CONF.II/2, párrafo dispositivo 9, modificado]",
"Párrafo dispositivo 11",
"[MDMA]",
"Párrafo dispositivo 12",
"[REG]",
"Párrafo dispositivo 13",
"Su compromiso permanente de asistir en la medida de lo posible a las misiones humanitarias imparciales de limpieza de minas, que actúan con el consentimiento del Estado anfitrión y/o de los Estados Partes en el conflicto pertinentes, en particular facilitando toda la información necesaria que posean acerca de la ubicación de todos los campos de minas, zonas minadas, minas, restos explosivos de guerra, armas trampa y otros artefactos conocidos en la zona en que la misión desempeñe sus funciones; [CCW/CONF.II/2, párrafo dispositivo 13, modificado]",
"Reconocen que los importantes principios y disposiciones de la presente Declaración Final pueden servir también de base para seguir fortaleciendo la Convención y sus Protocolos anexos y expresan su determinación de aplicarlos,",
"Y adoptan las siguientes decisiones:",
"Decisión 1",
"Deciden",
"[EN RELACIÓN CON EL ERW]",
"Decisión 2",
"Deciden",
"[EN RELACIÓN CON EL MOTAPM]",
"Decisión 3",
"Deciden",
"[EN RELACIÓN CON EL CUMPLIMIENTO]",
"Decisión 4",
"Deciden",
"Adoptar un Plan de Acción para Promover la Universalidad de la Convención, con arreglo a la Parte III D del Documento Final.",
"Decisión 5",
"Deciden",
"[EN RELACIÓN CON EL PATROCINIO]",
"Decisión 6",
"Deciden",
"[EN RELACIÓN CON FUTUROS TRABAJOS]",
"[Se completará.]",
"EXAMEN",
"Párrafo preambular 3",
"La Conferencia recuerda la obligación de determinar en el estudio, desarrollo, adquisición o adopción de una nueva arma, medios y métodos de hacer la guerra si está prohibido su empleo, en algunas o en todas las circunstancias, con arreglo a alguna norma de derecho internacional aplicable a las Altas Partes Contratantes; [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, examen del párrafo preambular 3]",
"Párrafo preambular 8",
"La Conferencia reafirma la necesidad de continuar, según proceda, la codificación y el desarrollo progresivo de las normas de derecho internacional aplicables a ciertas armas convencionales que puedan considerarse excesivamente nocivas o de efectos indiscriminados; [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, examen del párrafo preambular 8]",
"Párrafo preambular 10",
"La Conferencia subraya la necesidad de lograr una mayor adhesión a la Convención y a sus Protocolos anexos. La Conferencia acoge complacida las recientes ratificaciones y adhesiones a la Convención y a sus Protocolos anexos e insta a las Altas Partes Contratantes a que en el desempeño de su labor diplomática otorguen una elevada prioridad a alentar una mayor adhesión a la Convención con miras a lograr la adhesión universal lo antes posible; [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, examen del párrafo preambular 10]",
"Artículo 1",
"La Conferencia toma nota de las disposiciones del artículo 1, en su forma enmendada el 21 de diciembre de 2001.",
"La Conferencia exhorta a los Estados que todavía no lo hayan hecho, a que ratifiquen, acepten y aprueben la enmienda al artículo 1, o se adhieran a ella, según proceda. [nuevo]",
"Artículo 2",
"La Conferencia reafirma que ninguna disposición de la Convención o de sus Protocolos anexos podrá interpretarse de forma que menoscabe otras obligaciones que el derecho internacional humanitario imponga a las Altas Partes Contratantes. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, examen del artículo 2]",
"Artículo 3",
"La Conferencia toma nota de las disposiciones del artículo 3. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, examen del artículo 3]",
"Artículo 4",
"La Conferencia toma nota de que [100] Estados han ratificado y aceptado la Convención, se han adherido a ella o son sucesores en ella.",
"La Conferencia exhorta a los Estados que no sean partes en la Convención a que la ratifiquen, acepten y aprueben o se adhieran a ella, según proceda, contribuyendo así al logro de la adhesión universal a la Convención.",
"La Conferencia invita a las Altas Partes Contratantes a que alienten nuevas adhesiones a la Convención y sus Protocolos anexos.",
"En este contexto, la Conferencia acoge con agrado la adopción del Plan de Acción para Promover la Universalidad de la Convención. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, examen del artículo 4, modificado y actualizado]",
"Artículo 5",
"La Conferencia toma nota de las disposiciones del artículo 5.",
"La Conferencia recuerda en particular las disposiciones del párrafo 3 del presente artículo en que se estipula que cada uno de los Protocolos anexos entrará en vigor seis meses después de la fecha en que 20 Estados hubiesen notificado su consentimiento en obligarse por él. La Conferencia acoge con agrado la entrada en vigor el 13 de noviembre de 2006 del Protocolo sobre los Restos Explosivos de Guerra (Protocolo V). [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, examen del artículo 5, modificado]",
"Artículo 6",
"La Conferencia alienta la cooperación internacional en la esfera de la difusión de la Convención y de sus Protocolos anexos y reconoce la importancia de la colaboración multilateral relativa a la instrucción, el intercambio de experiencia en todos los niveles, el intercambio de instructores y la organización de seminarios conjuntos. La Conferencia subraya la importancia de la obligación de las Altas Partes Contratantes de difundir la presente Convención y sus Protocolos anexos, y, en particular, de incluir su contenido en todos los niveles de sus programas de instrucción militar.",
"[PATROCINIO]",
"La Conferencia acoge con satisfacción el establecimiento de una página web de la Convención y sus Protocolos anexos en el sitio web de las Naciones Unidas y en el sitio web de la Presidencia y pide al Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas que siga disponiendo la inclusión de todos los documentos relativos a la Convención en el sitio web de las Naciones Unidas. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, examen del artículo 6, modificado]",
"Artículo 7",
"La Conferencia toma nota de las disposiciones del artículo 7.",
"[CUMPLIMIENTO]",
"Artículo 8",
"[MDMA]",
"[FUTUROS TRABAJOS]",
"La Conferencia decide, de conformidad con el apartado c) del párrafo 3 del artículo 8, convocar una Conferencia de los Estados Partes que habrá de celebrarse en [...] en conjunción con la siguiente Conferencia Anual de los Estados Partes en el Protocolo II Enmendado.",
"Los Estados Partes recuerdan el acuerdo que alcanzaron en la Segunda Conferencia de Examen celebrada en 2001 para revisar el artículo 8 de la Convención.",
"Artículo 9",
"La Conferencia toma nota con satisfacción de que no se han invocado las disposiciones de este artículo. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, examen del artículo 9]",
"Artículo 10",
"La Conferencia toma nota de las disposiciones del artículo 10. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, examen del artículo 10]",
"Artículo 11",
"La Conferencia toma nota de las disposiciones del artículo 11.",
"La Conferencia toma nota de las correcciones al texto original del Protocolo V sobre los restos explosivos de guerra (versiones francesa, rusa y española) y de las copias auténticas certificadas hechas por el Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas en su calidad de depositario. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, examen del artículo 11, modificado]",
"Protocolo sobre fragmentos no localizables (Protocolo I)",
"La Conferencia toma nota de las disposiciones de este Protocolo. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, examen del Protocolo I]",
"Protocolo sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de minas, armas trampa y otros artefactos (Protocolo II) y Anexo Técnico del Protocolo",
"La Conferencia toma nota de las disposiciones de este Protocolo. [CCW/CONF.II/2, examen del Protocolo II]",
"Protocolo sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de minas, armas trampa y otros artefactos enmendado el 3 de mayo de 1996 (Protocolo II Enmendado) y Anexo Técnico del Protocolo",
"La Conferencia reconoce que las Altas Partes Contratantes mejoraron el Protocolo II en diversas esferas en la Primera Conferencia de Examen.",
"La Conferencia también toma nota con satisfacción de que de conformidad con el artículo 13 del Protocolo II Enmendado, se han celebrado ocho conferencias anuales de las Altas Partes Contratantes con el fin de celebrar consultas y cooperar respecto de todas las cuestiones vinculadas con el Protocolo II Enmendado.",
"La Conferencia recomienda que en el futuro las conferencias anuales de las Altas Partes Contratantes en el Protocolo II Enmendado coincidan con cualesquiera reuniones de las Altas Partes Contratantes en la Convención y las conferencias de las Altas Partes Contratantes en el Protocolo V.",
"La Conferencia toma nota de las obligaciones en materia de la presentación de informes de las Altas Partes Contratantes en virtud del Protocolo II Enmendado, y pide a las Altas Partes Contratantes que cumplan con esas obligaciones en forma oportuna, sistemática y cabal.",
"La Conferencia reconoce la valiosa labor realizada por los órganos y organismos pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas, el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja, en el desempeño de su mandato de asistir a las víctimas de la guerra, el Centro Internacional de Desminado Humanitario de Ginebra y las organizaciones no gubernamentales en diversas esferas, en particular la atención y la rehabilitación de las víctimas de las minas, la aplicación de programas de concienciación respecto de las minas y la limpieza de minas. [CCW/CONF.II/2, examen del Protocolo II Enmendado, actualizado y modificado]",
"Protocolo sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de armas incendiarias (Protocolo III)",
"La Conferencia toma nota de las disposiciones de este Protocolo. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, examen del Protocolo III]",
"Protocolo sobre armas láser cegadoras (Protocolo IV)",
"La Conferencia toma nota de las disposiciones de este Protocolo. [CCW/CONF.II/2, examen del Protocolo IV]",
"Protocolo sobre los Restos Explosivos de Guerra (Protocolo V) y Anexo Técnico del Protocolo",
"La Conferencia toma nota de las disposiciones de este Protocolo y acoge con satisfacción su entrada en vigor.",
"La Conferencia exhorta a las Altas Partes Contratantes a que se empeñen en cumplir con las prácticas óptimas propuestas, conforme al Anexo Técnico, para lograr los objetivos señalados en los artículos 4, 5 y 9 del Protocolo.",
"La Conferencia aguarda con interés la primera Conferencia de las Altas Partes Contratantes que se convocará de conformidad con el artículo 10 del Protocolo el [se completará].",
"La Conferencia reconoce la valiosa labor realizada por los órganos y organismos pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas, el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja, en el desempeño de su mandato de asistir a las víctimas de la guerra, el Centro Internacional de Desminado Humanitario de Ginebra y las organizaciones no gubernamentales en diversas esferas, en particular la atención y la rehabilitación de las víctimas de los restos explosivos de guerra, la concienciación respecto del riesgo, y la limpieza, remoción y destrucción de municiones sin explotar y artefactos explosivos abandonados. [nuevo]",
"Parte III",
"A. [MDMA]",
"[Se completará.]",
"B. [REG]",
"[Se completará.]",
"C. [CUMPLIMIENTO]",
"[Se completará.]",
"D. PLAN DE ACCIÓN PARA PROMOVER LA UNIVERSALIDAD DE LA CONVENCIÓN",
"1. Las Altas Partes Contratantes deberán adoptar las siguientes medidas:",
"Medida Nº 1: Examinar detenidamente su participación en la Convención y sus Protocolos anexos con miras a considerar la posibilidad de aceptar, a la brevedad posible, los Protocolos y la enmienda al artículo 1 de la Convención, que todavía no hayan ratificado o a los cuales todavía no se hayan adherido.",
"Medida Nº 2: Atribuir especial importancia a la tarea de alentar a los Estados signatarios de la Convención a que la ratifiquen lo antes posible. Éstos incluyen a: Afganistán, Egipto, Islandia, Nigeria, Sudán y Viet Nam.",
"Medida Nº 3: Redoblar sus esfuerzos para promover la universalidad de la Convención y sus Protocolos anexos, procurando activamente alcanzar este objetivo, según convenga, en sus contactos con los Estados que no son partes, y solicitando la cooperación de las organizaciones internacionales y regionales pertinentes.",
"Medida Nº 4: Conceder atención prioritaria a la tarea de promover la adhesión a la Convención y sus Protocolos anexos entre los Estados en las regiones en conflicto, lo que podría servir como importante medida de fomento de la confianza y, en consecuencia, promover el restablecimiento del entendimiento y la confianza entre las partes en un conflicto activo.",
"Medida Nº 5: Realizar esfuerzos concretos para promover la adhesión a la Convención y sus Protocolos anexos en las regiones donde el nivel de aceptación de la Convención sigue siendo bajo.",
"Medida Nº 6: Adoptar todas las medidas apropiadas para prevenir y reprimir las violaciones de la Convención y sus Protocolos anexos por personas o en territorios bajo su jurisdicción o control.",
"Medida Nº 7: Alentar y apoyar la participación y la cooperación activa en esos esfuerzos de universalización por todos los asociados pertinentes, en particular las Naciones Unidas, otras instituciones internacionales y organizaciones regionales, el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja, organizaciones no gubernamentales, parlamentarios y ciudadanos interesados.",
"2. Para poner en práctica las medidas antes mencionadas, las Altas Partes Contratantes deberán realizar todas las tareas apropiadas, que deberán incluir, entre otras:",
"i) Aprovechar la oportunidad de los contactos bilaterales y hacer uso de todos los canales diplomáticos disponibles para promover la adhesión a la Convención y sus Protocolos anexos;",
"ii) Aumentar los conocimientos sobre la Convención y sus Protocolos anexos mediante la organización de cursos prácticos, seminarios y talleres regionales y subregionales, actividades para dar a conocer la Convención y sus Protocolos, en particular publicaciones en los idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas, así como actividades dirigidas al público apropiado en los Estados que no son partes, en cooperación con todos los agentes pertinentes, sean gubernamentales, intergubernamentales o no gubernamentales;",
"iii) Coordinar las medidas a nivel regional de conformidad con las características de cada región, sobre todo en las regiones donde la adhesión sigue siendo baja. Los centros regionales de las Naciones Unidas para la paz y el desarme, así como las organizaciones regionales, según proceda, pueden desempeñar un importante papel a este respecto; y",
"iv) Examinar esta cuestión en las reuniones de las Altas Partes Contratantes en la Convención.",
"3. La Secretaría informará sobre la aplicación de este Plan de Acción y mantendrá a las Altas Partes Contratantes informadas periódicamente, de manera que puedan examinar los progresos realizados y vigilar su aplicación de forma eficaz.",
"4. La aplicación de este Plan de Acción se examinará en la siguiente Conferencia de Examen, que adoptará las decisiones que estime necesarias.",
"E. [PATROCINIO]",
"[Se completará.]",
"DOCUMENTOS",
"A. Programa",
"[Se completará.]",
"B. Programa de trabajo",
"[Se completará.]",
"C. Programa de la Comisión Principal I",
"[Se completará.]",
"D. Informe de la Comisión Principal I",
"[Se completará.]",
"E. Programa de la Comisión Principal II",
"[Se completará.]",
"F. Informe de la Comisión Principal II",
"[Se completará.]",
"G. Informe de la Comisión de Verificación de Poderes",
"[Se completará.]",
"H. [Se completará.]",
"I. Lista de documentos",
"[Se completará.]"
] | [
"THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.7CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.713 October 2006Original:ENGLISH",
"Geneva, 7-17 November 2006",
"Item 10 of the provisional agenda",
"Submission of the report of the",
"Group of Governmental Experts",
"PROCEDURAL REPORT",
"GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS",
"Fifteenth Session",
"Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006",
"Addendum",
"Draft Final Document",
"of the Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects",
"DRAFT FINAL DOCUMENT",
"OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS",
"PART I",
"REPORT OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE",
"I. Introduction",
"II. Organization of the Third Review Conference",
"III. Work of the Third Review Conference",
"[TO BE COMPLETED]",
"PART II",
"FINAL DECLARATION",
"The High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, which met in Geneva from 7 to 17 November 2006, to review the scope and operation of the Convention and the Protocols annexed thereto and to consider any proposal for amendments of the Convention or of the existing Protocols, as well as proposals for additional protocols relating to other categories of conventional weapons not covered by the existing annexed Protocols,",
"Preambular paragraph 1",
"Recalling the precedent Declarations adopted by the First Review Conference in 1996 and the Second Review Conference in 2001, in particular preambular paragraphs 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12 and 14, as well as operative paragraphs 2, 3, 8, 12, 14 and 16 of the Final Declaration of the Second Review Conference.",
"Preambular paragraph 2",
"Reaffirming their conviction that the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects is significantly reducing the suffering of civilians and combatants, [CCW/CONF.II/2, preambular paragraph 1, modified]",
"Preambular paragraph 3",
"Recognising that most major armed conflicts are non-international in character, and that such conflicts are also being brought within the scope of the Convention by amendment, [CCW/CONF.II/2, preambular paragraph.4, modified]",
"Preambular paragraph 4",
"Emphasizing the importance of achieving universal adherence to the Convention and their determination to call upon all States that have not done so to become parties to the Convention and its annexed Protocols as soon as possible, [CCW/CONF.I/16, preambular paragraph 3, CCW/CONF.II/2, preambular paragraph 2, modified]",
"Preambular paragraph 5",
"Welcoming the entry into force of the Amendment to Article 1 of the Convention on 18 May 2004, by which the scope of application of the Convention was extended to also cover conflicts of non-international character, [new]",
"Preambular paragraph 6",
"Emphasizing the importance of compliance with the provisions of the Convention and its annexed Protocols by all State Parties, [new]",
"Preambular paragraph 7",
"Welcoming the entry into force of Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V) on 12 November 2006, [new]",
"Preambular paragraph 8",
"[MOTAPM]",
"Preambular paragraph 9",
"[ERW]",
"Preambular paragraph 10",
"Acknowledging the invaluable humanitarian efforts of non-governmental organisations in mitigating the humanitarian impact of armed conflicts and welcoming the expertise they have brought to the work of the Group of Governmental Experts and to the Review Conference itself, [CCW/CONF.I/16, preambular paragraph 17, CCW/CONF.II/2, preambular paragraph 15, modified]",
"Solemnly Declare:",
"Operative paragraph 1",
"Their commitment to respect and comply with the objectives and provisions of the Convention and its annexed Protocols to which they are party as an authoritative international instrument governing the use of certain conventional weapons which may be deemed to be excessively injurious or to have indiscriminate effects, [CCW/CONF.I/16, operative paragraph 1, CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 1]",
"Operative paragraph 2",
"Their commitment to the full implementation of, and compliance with, the Convention and its annexed Protocols to which they are party, and to keep the provisions of the Convention and its annexed Protocols under review in order to ensure their provisions remain relevant to modern conflicts, [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 6]",
"Operative paragraph 3",
"Their determination to consult and cooperate with each other in order to facilitate the full implementation of the obligations contained in the Convention and its annexed Protocols to which they are party, thereby promoting compliance, [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 7, modified]",
"Operative paragraph 4",
"[COMPLIANCE]",
"Operative paragraph 5",
"[SPONSORSHIP PROGRAMME]",
"Operative paragraph 6",
"Their satisfaction at the entry into force of the amendment to Article 1 of the Convention extending the application of the Convention and its annexed Protocols to armed conflicts of a non-international character, [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 4, modified]",
"Operative paragraph 7",
"Their desire that all States respect and ensure respect for the revised scope of application of the Convention to the fullest extent possible, and their determination to encourage all States which have not yet done so to ratify, accept, approve or accede, as appropriate, to the amendment to Article 1 as soon as possible, [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 5, modified]",
"Operative paragraph 8",
"Their determination to encourage all States to become parties, as soon as possible, to the Protocol on Non-Detectable Fragments (Protocol I), the Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices as amended on 3 May 1996 (Amended Protocol II), the Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons (Protocol III), and the Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons (Protocol IV), and that all States respect and ensure respect for the substantive provisions of these Protocols, [new]",
"Operative paragraph 9",
"Their satisfaction at the entry into force of the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V), as well as their determination to encourage all States to become parties to Protocol V as soon as possible, and that all States respect and ensure respect for the substantive provisions of Protocol V [new]",
"Operative paragraph 10",
"Their continuing commitment to address as a matter of urgency the deleterious humanitarian effects of explosive remnants of war, through the effective and efficient implementation of Protocol V and reinforced international cooperation aimed at minimizing the risks and effects of unexploded and abandoned explosive ordnance. [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 9, modified]",
"Operative paragraph 11",
"[MOTAPM]",
"Operative paragraph 12",
"[ERW]",
"Operative paragraph 13",
"Their continuing commitment to assist, to the extent feasible, impartial humanitarian demining missions, operating with the consent of the host State and/or the relevant States Parties to the conflict, in particular by providing all necessary information in their possession covering the location of all known minefields, mined areas, mines, explosive remnants of war, booby-traps and other devices in the area in which the mission is performing its functions, [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 13, modified]",
"Recognise that the important principles and provisions contained in this Final Declaration can also serve as a basis for further strengthening the Convention and its annexed Protocols and express their determination to implement them,",
"and take the following decisions:",
"Decision 1",
"Decide",
"[ON ERW]",
"Decision 2",
"Decide",
"[ON MOTAPM]",
"Decision 3",
"Decide",
"[ON COMPLIANCE]",
"Decision 4",
"Decide",
"To adopt a Plan of Action to Promote Universality of the Convention, as contained in Part III D of the Final Document.",
"Decision 5",
"Decide",
"[ON SPONSORSHIP]",
"Decision 6",
"Decide",
"[ON FURTHER WORK]",
"[TO BE COMPLETED]",
"REVIEW",
"Preambular paragraph 3",
"The Conference recalls the obligation to determine in the study, development, acquisition or adoption of a new weapon, means and method of warfare, whether its employment would, in some or all circumstances, be prohibited under any rule of international law applicable to the High Contracting Parties. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of preambular paragraph 3]",
"Preambular paragraph 8",
"The Conference reaffirms the need to continue, as appropriate, the codification and progressive development of the rules of international law applicable to certain conventional weapons which may be excessively injurious or to have indiscriminate effects. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of preambular paragraph 8]",
"Preambular paragraph 10",
"The Conference underlines the need to achieve wider adherence to the Convention and its annexed Protocols. The Conference welcomes recent ratifications and accessions to the Convention and its annexed Protocols and urges the High Contracting Parties to accord high priority to their diplomatic efforts to encourage further adherence with a view to achieving universal adherence as soon as possible. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of preambular paragraph 10]",
"Article 1",
"The Conference notes the provisions of Article 1, as amended on 21 December 2001.",
"The Conference calls upon States which have not yet done so to ratify, accept, approve or accede, as appropriate, to the amendment to Article 1. [new]",
"Article 2",
"The Conference reaffirms that nothing in the Convention or its annexed Protocols shall be interpreted as detracting from other obligations imposed upon the High Contracting Parties by international humanitarian law. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.2]",
"Article 3",
"The Conference notes the provisions of Article 3. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.3]",
"Article 4",
"The Conference notes that [100] States have ratified, accepted, acceded or succeeded to the Convention.",
"The Conference calls upon States which are not parties to this Convention to ratify, accept, approve or accede, as appropriate, to the Convention, thus contributing to the achievement of universal adherence to the Convention.",
"The Conference invites the High Contracting Parties to encourage further accessions to the Convention and its annexed Protocols.",
"The Conference, in this context, welcomes the adoption of the Plan of Action to Promote Universality of the Convention. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.4, modified and updated]",
"Article 5",
"The Conference notes the provisions of Article 5.",
"The Conference recalls in particular the provisions of paragraph 3 of this Article which stipulates that each of the Protocols annexed to the Convention shall enter into force six months after the date by which twenty States have notified their consent to be bound by it. The Conference welcomes the entry into force on 13 November 2006 of the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V). [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.5, modified]",
"Article 6",
"The Conference encourages international cooperation in the field of dissemination of the Convention and its annexed Protocols and recognizes the importance of multilateral collaboration relating to instruction, the exchange of experience at all levels, the exchange of instructors and the organization of joint seminars. The Conference underlines the importance of the High Contracting Parties’ obligation to disseminate this Convention and its annexed Protocols, and, in particular to include the content in their programmes of military instruction at all levels.",
"[SPONSORSHIP]",
"The Conference welcomes the establishment of a web page of the Convention and its annexed Protocols on the website of the United Nations and on the website of the Presidency and requests the United Nations Secretary-General to continue to make all documents relating to the Convention, available on the UN website. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.6, modified]",
"Article 7",
"The Conference notes the provisions of Article 7.",
"[COMPLIANCE]",
"Article 8",
"[MOTAPM]",
"[FURTHER WORK]",
"The Conference decides, consistent with Article 8.3 (c) to convene a Meeting of the States Parties to be held on […] in conjunction with the next Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II.",
"The States Parties recall their agreement reached by the Second Review Conference in 2001 in reviewing Article 8 of the Convention.",
"Article 9",
"The Conference notes with satisfaction that the provisions of this Article have not been invoked. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.9]",
"Article 10",
"The Conference notes the provisions of Article 10. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.10]",
"Article 11",
"The Conference notes the provisions of Article 11.",
"The Conference notes the corrections to the original text of Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War (French, Russian and Spanish versions) and to the certified true copies effected by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, acting in his capacity as depositary. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.11, modified]",
"Protocol on Non-Detectable Fragments (Protocol I)",
"The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Protocol I]",
"Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices (Protocol II) and Technical Annex to the Protocol",
"The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol. [CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Protocol II]",
"Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices as amended on 3 May 1996 (Amended Protocol II) and Technical Annex to the Protocol",
"The Conference acknowledges that the High Contracting Parties strengthened Protocol II in a number of areas at the First Review Conference.",
"The Conference also notes with satisfaction that in accordance with Article 13 of Amended Protocol II, eight Annual Conferences of High Contracting Parties were held for the purpose of consultations and cooperation on all issues related to Amended Protocol II.",
"The Conference recommends that future Annual Conferences of High Contracting Parties to Amended Protocol II coincide with any meetings of High Contracting Parties to the Convention and Conferences of High Contracting Parties to Protocol V.",
"The Conference takes note of the reporting obligations of High Contracting Parties under Amended Protocol II, and calls on High Contracting Parties to fulfil these obligations in a timely, consistent and complete manner.",
"The Conference acknowledges the valuable work of relevant agencies and bodies of the United Nations; of the International Committee of the Red Cross pursuant to its mandate to assist war victims; of the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining as well as of NGOs in a number of fields, in particular the care and rehabilitation of mine victims, implementation of mine‑awareness programmes and mine clearance. [CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Amended Protocol II, updated and modified]",
"Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons (Protocol III)",
"The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Protocol III]",
"Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons (Protocol IV)",
"The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol. [CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Protocol IV]",
"Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V) and Technical Annex to the Protocol",
"The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol and welcomes with satisfaction its entry into force.",
"The Conference encourages the High Contracting Parties to make all best endeavours to comply with suggested best practices, as specified in the Technical Annex, for achieving the objectives contained in Articles 4, 5 and 9 of the Protocol.",
"The Conference looks forward to the Conference of High Contracting Parties which will be convened pursuant to Article 10 of the Protocol on [TO BE COMPLETED]",
"The Conference acknowledges the valuable work of relevant agencies and bodies of the United Nations; of the International Committee of the Red Cross pursuant to its mandate to assist war victims, of the Geneva International Center for Humanitarian Demining as well as of NGOs in a number of fields, in particular care and rehabilitation of explosive remnants of war victims, risk education, and clearance, removal or destruction of unexploded ordnance and abandoned explosive ordnance. [new]",
"PART III",
"A. [MOTAPM]",
"[TO BE COMPLETED]",
"B. [ERW]",
"[TO BE COMPLETED]",
"C. [COMPLIANCE]",
"[TO BE COMPLETED]",
"D. PLAN OF ACTION TO PROMOTE UNIVERSALITY OF THE CONVENTION",
"1. The High Contracting Parties should:",
"Action # 1: Review thoroughly their participation in the Convention and its annexed Protocols with the view to consider acceptance, at their earliest convenience, of those Protocols and of the Amendment of Article 1 of the Convention, which they have not yet ratified or otherwise acceded to.",
"Action # 2: Accord particular importance to encouraging the States signatories of the Convention, to ratify it as soon as possible. These include: Afghanistan, Egypt, Iceland, Nigeria, Sudan and Viet Nam.",
"Action # 3: Strengthen their efforts in promoting the universality of the Convention and its annexed Protocols, by actively pursuing this objective, as appropriate, in their contacts with States not parties, and seeking the cooperation of relevant international and regional organisations.",
"Action # 4: Accord priority attention to encouraging adherence to the Convention and its annexed Protocols by States in regions of conflict which could serve as a significant confidence-building measure thus promoting reestablishment of understanding and trust among Parties to an active conflict.",
"Action # 5: Direct specific efforts towards promoting adherence to the Convention and its annexed Protocols in regions where the level of acceptance of the Convention remains low.",
"Action # 6: Undertake all appropriate steps to prevent and suppress violations of the Convention and its annexed Protocols, by persons or on territory under their jurisdiction or control.",
"Action # 7: Encourage and support involvement and active cooperation in these universalization efforts by all relevant partners, including the United Nations, other international institutions and regional organizations, the International Committee of the Red Cross, non-governmental organizations, parliamentarians and interested citizens.",
"2. For achieving the above actions the High Contracting Parties should undertake all appropriate measures which should include, inter alia:",
"(i) seizing the opportunity of bilateral contacts and making use of diplomatic channels available to promote adherence to the Convention and its annexed Protocols;",
"(ii) enhancing the knowledge of the Convention and its annexed Protocols through the organization of workshops and regional and sub-regional seminars and workshops, measures to increase awareness of the Convention and its Protocols, including publications in UN official languages, as well as measures to reach the appropriate audience in States not parties, and in cooperation with all relevant actors, be it governmental, intergovernmental or non-governmental;",
"(iii) coordinating regional actions in accordance with the characteristics of each region, mostly in those where acceptance of the Convention remains low. UN regional centres for peace and disarmament, as well as regional organizations as appropriate, may play an important role in this regard;",
"(iv) review this issue during meetings of the High Contracting Parties of the Convention.",
"3. The Secretariat shall report on the implementation of this Plan of Action, and keep the High Contracting Parties regularly informed, so that they may review progress and monitor its implementation effectively.",
"4. The implementation of this Plan of Action will be reviewed by the next Review Conference which will take any decisions deemed necessary.",
"E. [SPONSORSHIP]",
"[TO BE COMPLETED]",
"DOCUMENTS",
"A. Agenda",
"[TO BE COMPLETED]",
"B. Programme of Work",
"[TO BE COMPLETED]",
"C. Agenda of Main Committee I",
"[TO BE COMPLETED]",
"D. Report of Main Committee I",
"[TO BE COMPLETED]",
"E. Agenda of Main Committee II",
"[TO BE COMPLETED]",
"F. Report of Main Committee II",
"[TO BE COMPLETED]",
"G. Report of the Credentials Committee",
"[TO BE COMPLETED]",
"H. [TO BE COMPLETED]",
"I. List of Documents",
"[TO BE COMPLETED]"
] | CCW_CONF.III_7_ADD.7 | [
"CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.7",
"CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7",
"13 October 2006",
"SPANISH",
"Original:",
"Geneva, 7-17 November 2006",
"Item 10 of the provisional agenda",
"Group of Governmental Experts",
"PROCEDURE REPORT",
"GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS OF THE EMPLEMENTATION OF CONVENTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS WHICH MAY BE CONSIDERED EXCESSIVELY OR OF INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS",
"Fifteenth session Geneva, 28 August-6 September 2006",
"Addendum",
"DRAFT FINAL DOCUMENT OF THE THIRD CONFERENCE FOR THE REVIEW OF STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS OF THE EMPLEMENTATION OF CONVENTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS WHICH MAY BE CONSIDERED EXCESSIVELY OR OF INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS",
"GE.06-64557 (E) 261006 261006",
"DRAFT FINAL DOCUMENTS OF THE THIRD CONFERENCE FOR THE REVIEW OF THE ALT PARTIES CONTRACTING IN THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS OF THE EMPLEMENTATION OF CONVENTIONAL ARMS APPEARING TO BE CONSIDERATION OR OF INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS",
"Part I",
"REPORT OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE",
"I. Introduction",
"II. Organization of the Third Review Conference",
"III. Work of the Third Review Conference",
"[To be completed. ]",
"Part II",
"FINAL DECLARATION",
"High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, meeting in Geneva from 7 to 17 November 2006 to consider the scope and operation of the Convention and its annexed Protocols and to consider proposals for amendments to the Convention or to the existing annexed Protocols, as well as proposals for additional Protocols on other categories of conventional weapons not included in the existing",
"Preamble paragraph 1",
"Recalling the previous statements, adopted by the First Review Conference in 1996 and by the Second Review Conference in 2001, in particular the preambular paragraphs third, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, twelfth and eighteenth, as well as operative paragraphs 2, 3, 8, 12, 14 and 16 of the Final Declaration of the Second Review Conference.",
"Preamble paragraph 2",
"Reaffirming its conviction that the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects is significantly reducing the suffering of civilians and combatants, [CCW/CONF.II/2, preambular paragraph 1, amended]",
"Preamble paragraph 3",
"Recognizing that most major armed conflicts are not of an international character, and that such conflicts are also included within the scope of the Convention through an amendment, [CCW/CONF.II/2, preambular paragraph 4, amended]",
"Preamble paragraph 4",
"Underscoring the importance of achieving universal adherence to the Convention and its determination to make an urgent appeal to all States that have not yet done so to take the necessary steps to become parties to the Convention and its annexed Protocols as soon as possible, [CCW/CONF.I/16, preambular paragraph 3, CCW/CONF.II/2, preambular paragraph 2, amended]",
"Preamble 5",
"Welcoming the entry into force of the amendment to article 1 of the Convention on 18 May 2004, under which the scope of application of the Convention was also extended to non-international conflicts, [new]",
"Preamble 6",
"Stressing the importance of compliance with the provisions of the Convention and its annexed Protocols by all States Parties, [new]",
"Preamble paragraph 7",
"Welcoming the entry into force of Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V) on 13 November 2006, [new]",
"Preamble paragraph 8",
"[MDMA]",
"Preamble paragraph 9",
"[REG]",
"Preamble 10",
"Recognizing the invaluable humanitarian efforts of non-governmental organizations to alleviate the effects on persons of armed conflict and welcoming the expertise they have provided to the work of the Ornamental Group of Experts and the Review Conference itself, [CCW/CONF.I/16, preambular paragraph 16, CCW/CONF.II/2, preambular paragraph 15, amended]",
"They solemnly declare:",
"Device paragraph 1",
"Its commitment to respect the objectives and provisions of the Convention and the Protocols annexed thereto to which they are Parties as an authorized international instrument governing the use of certain conventional weapons that may be deemed to be excessively injurious or to have indiscriminate effects; [CCW/CONF.I/16, operative paragraph 1, CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 1]",
"Device paragraph 2",
"Their determination regarding the full implementation and compliance of the Convention and its annexed Protocols to which they are Parties, and their decision to continue to review the provisions of the Convention and its annexed Protocols to ensure that their provisions remain relevant to contemporary conflicts; [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 6]",
"Device paragraph 3",
"Their determination to consult and cooperate with each other to facilitate full compliance with the obligations arising from the Convention and its annexed Protocols to which they are Parties, thereby promoting compliance; [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 7, modified]",
"Device paragraph 4",
"[CUMPING]",
"Operative paragraph 5",
"[PATROCINIA PROGRAMME]",
"Device paragraph 6",
"Their satisfaction at the entry into force of the amendment to article 1 of the Convention extending the implementation of the Convention and its Protocols annexed to non-international armed conflicts; [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 4, amended]",
"Device paragraph 7",
"Their desire for all States to respect and ensure respect for the amended scope of the Convention to the maximum extent possible, and their determination to encourage all States that have not yet done so to ratify, accept or approve the amendment to article 1, or accede to it, as appropriate, as soon as possible; [CCW/CONF.II/2, paragraph 5, amended]",
"Operative paragraph 8",
"Its determination to encourage all States to become parties, as soon as possible, to the Protocol on Non-Localable Fragments (Protocol I), the Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Tramps and Other Artefacts as amended on 3 May 1996 (Protocol II Amended), the Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Firearms (Protocol III), and to ensure respect for all relevant provisions",
"Operative paragraph 9",
"Their satisfaction at the entry into force of the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V), as well as their determination to encourage all States to become parties to Protocol V as soon as possible, and that all States respect and ensure respect for the substantive provisions of Protocol V; [new]",
"Operative paragraph 10",
"Their continued determination to address urgently the adverse humanitarian effects of explosive remnants of war, through the effective and efficient implementation of Protocol V and enhanced cooperation to minimize the risks and effects of abandoned explosive devices; [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 9, modified]",
"Device paragraph 11",
"[MDMA]",
"Device paragraph 12",
"[REG]",
"Device paragraph 13",
"Its continuing commitment to assist, as far as possible, impartial humanitarian mine-clearance missions, acting with the consent of the host State and/or States parties to the relevant conflict, in particular by providing all necessary information they possess about the location of all minefields, mined areas, mines, explosive remnants of war, trap weapons and other known devices in the area where the mission performs its functions, paragraph II, CCW/CONF.",
"Recognize that the important principles and provisions of this Final Declaration may also serve as a basis for further strengthening the Convention and its annexed Protocols and express their determination to implement them,",
"And make the following decisions:",
"Decision 1",
"Deciden",
"[IN RELATION WITH ERW]",
"Decision 2",
"Deciden",
"[EN RELATION WITH MOTAPM]",
"Decision 3",
"Deciden",
"[IN RELATION WITH COMPLIANCE]",
"Decision 4",
"Deciden",
"Adopt a Plan of Action to Promote the Universality of the Convention, in accordance with Part III D of the Final Document.",
"Decision 5",
"Deciden",
"[EN RELATION WITH PATROCINI]",
"Decision 6",
"Deciden",
"[IN RELATION WITH FUTURE WORKING]",
"[To be completed. ]",
"REVIEW",
"Preamble paragraph 3",
"The Conference recalls the obligation to determine in the study, development, acquisition or adoption of a new weapon, means and methods of warfare if its use is prohibited, in some or all circumstances, in accordance with any international law rule applicable to High Contracting Parties; [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, consideration of preambular paragraph 3]",
"Preamble paragraph 8",
"The Conference reaffirms the need to continue, as appropriate, the codification and progressive development of rules of international law applicable to certain conventional weapons that may be deemed to be excessively injurious or to have indiscriminate effects; [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, consideration of preambular paragraph 8]",
"Preamble 10",
"The Conference stresses the need for greater adherence to the Convention and its annexed Protocols. The Conference welcomes the recent ratifications and accessions to the Convention and its annexed Protocols and urges the High Contracting Parties to accord high priority in carrying out their diplomatic work to encourage greater adherence to the Convention with a view to achieving universal adherence as soon as possible; [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, consideration of preambular paragraph 10]",
"Article 1",
"The Conference takes note of the provisions of article 1, as amended on 21 December 2001.",
"The Conference calls upon States that have not yet done so to ratify, accept and approve the amendment to article 1, or accede to it, as appropriate. [new]",
"Article 2",
"The Conference reaffirms that no provision of the Convention or its annexed Protocols may be interpreted in a manner that detracts from other obligations that international humanitarian law imposes on High Contracting Parties. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, Article 2 review]",
"Article 3",
"The Conference takes note of the provisions of article 3. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, Article 3 review]",
"Article 4",
"The Conference notes that [100] States have ratified and accepted the Convention, acceded to it or are successors to it.",
"The Conference calls upon States not parties to the Convention to ratify, accept and adopt or accede to it, as appropriate, thereby contributing to the achievement of universal adherence to the Convention.",
"The Conference invites the High Contracting Parties to encourage further accessions to the Convention and its annexed Protocols.",
"In this context, the Conference welcomes the adoption of the Plan of Action to Promote the Universality of the Convention. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, Article 4, revised and updated]",
"Article 5",
"The Conference takes note of the provisions of article 5.",
"The Conference recalls in particular the provisions of paragraph 3 of this article stipulating that each of the annexed Protocols shall enter into force six months after the date on which 20 States have notified their consent to be bound by it. The Conference welcomes the entry into force on 13 November 2006 of the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V). [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, Article 5 review, amended]",
"Article 6",
"The Conference encourages international cooperation in the field of dissemination of the Convention and its annexed Protocols and recognizes the importance of multilateral collaboration on instruction, the exchange of experience at all levels, the exchange of trainers and the organization of joint seminars. The Conference underlines the importance of the obligation of the High Contracting Parties to disseminate this Convention and its annexed Protocols, and in particular to include its content at all levels of their military instruction programmes.",
"[PATROCINIO]",
"The Conference welcomes the establishment of a website of the Convention and its annexed Protocols on the United Nations website and on the website of the presidency, and requests the Secretary-General of the United Nations to continue to provide for the inclusion of all documents relating to the Convention on the United Nations website. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Article 6, amended]",
"Article 7",
"The Conference takes note of the provisions of article 7.",
"[CUMPING]",
"Article 8",
"[MDMA]",
"[GRUNTING]",
"The Conference decides, in accordance with article 8, paragraph 3 (c), to convene a Conference of the States Parties to be held in [...] in conjunction with the next Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II.",
"States parties recall the agreement reached at the Second Review Conference in 2001 to review article 8 of the Convention.",
"Article 9",
"The Conference notes with satisfaction that the provisions of this article have not been invoked. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, Article 9 review]",
"Article 10",
"The Conference takes note of the provisions of article 10. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, Article 10 Review]",
"Article 11",
"The Conference takes note of the provisions of article 11.",
"The Conference takes note of the corrections to the original text of Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War (French, Russian and Spanish) and the certified authentic copies made by the Secretary-General of the United Nations as depositary. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of article 11, amended]",
"Protocol on non-localable fragments (Protocol I)",
"The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, consideration of Protocol I]",
"Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Traps and Other Devices (Protocol II) and Technical Annex to the Protocol",
"The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol. [CCW/CONF.II/2, consideration of Protocol II]",
"Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Traps and Other Amended Devices on 3 May 1996 (Protocol II Amended) and Technical Annex to the Protocol",
"The Conference recognizes that the High Contracting Parties improved Protocol II in various areas at the First Review Conference.",
"The Conference also notes with satisfaction that, in accordance with Article 13 of Amended Protocol II, eight annual conferences of the High Contracting Parties have been held to consult and cooperate on all matters relating to Amended Protocol II.",
"The Conference recommends that future annual conferences of the High Contracting Parties to Amended Protocol II coincide with any meetings of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention and the conferences of the High Contracting Parties to Protocol V.",
"The Conference takes note of the reporting obligations of the High Contracting Parties under Amended Protocol II, and requests the High Contracting Parties to comply with those obligations in a timely, systematic and comprehensive manner.",
"The Conference recognizes the valuable work of relevant United Nations bodies and agencies, the International Committee of the Red Cross, in carrying out its mandate to assist victims of war, the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining and non-governmental organizations in various areas, including the care and rehabilitation of mine victims, the implementation of mine awareness programmes and mine clearance. [CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Amended, updated and amended Protocol II]",
"Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Firearms (Protocol III)",
"The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, consideration of Protocol III]",
"Protocol on blinding laser weapons (Protocol IV)",
"The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol. [CCW/CONF.II/2, consideration of Protocol IV]",
"Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V) and Technical Annex to the Protocol",
"The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol and welcomes its entry into force.",
"The Conference calls upon the High Contracting Parties to work towards the best practices proposed, in accordance with the Technical Annex, to achieve the objectives set out in Articles 4, 5 and 9 of the Protocol.",
"The Conference looks forward to the first Conference of the High Contracting Parties to be convened in accordance with Article 10 of the Protocol [to be completed].",
"The Conference recognizes the valuable work done by relevant United Nations bodies and agencies, the International Committee of the Red Cross, in carrying out its mandate to assist victims of war, the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining and non-governmental organizations in various areas, including the care and rehabilitation of victims of explosive remnants of war, risk awareness, and the clearance, removal and destruction of unexploded ordnance and abandoned explosive remnants.",
"Part III",
"A. [MDMA]",
"[To be completed. ]",
"B. [REG]",
"[To be completed. ]",
"C. [CUMPING]",
"[To be completed. ]",
"D. PLAN of action to promote the universality of the Convention",
"1. The High Contracting Parties shall take the following measures:",
"Action #1: Consider carefully its participation in the Convention and its annexed Protocols with a view to considering accepting, as soon as possible, the Protocols and the amendment to article 1 of the Convention, which they have not yet ratified or to which they have not yet acceded.",
"Step 2: To attach special importance to the task of encouraging States signatories to the Convention to ratify it as soon as possible. These include: Afghanistan, Egypt, Iceland, Nigeria, Sudan and Viet Nam.",
"Step 3: Strengthen its efforts to promote the universality of the Convention and its annexed Protocols, actively seeking to achieve this objective, as appropriate, in its contacts with non-parties, and requesting cooperation from relevant international and regional organizations.",
"Action #4: Give priority attention to the task of promoting adherence to the Convention and its annexed Protocols among States in conflict regions, which could serve as an important confidence-building measure and, consequently, promote the restoration of understanding and confidence among the parties to an active conflict.",
"Action #5: To make concrete efforts to promote adherence to the Convention and its annexed Protocols in regions where the level of acceptance of the Convention remains low.",
"Action #6: Take all appropriate measures to prevent and suppress violations of the Convention and its Protocols annexed by persons or territories under their jurisdiction or control.",
"Action #7: Encourage and support active participation and cooperation in these universalization efforts by all relevant partners, in particular the United Nations, other international institutions and regional organizations, the International Committee of the Red Cross, non-governmental organizations, parliamentarians and interested citizens.",
"2. To implement the above-mentioned measures, the High Contracting Parties shall undertake all appropriate tasks, including:",
"(i) Seize the opportunity for bilateral contacts and use all available diplomatic channels to promote accession to the Convention and its annexed Protocols;",
"(ii) To increase knowledge of the Convention and its annexed Protocols through the organization of regional and subregional workshops, seminars and workshops, activities to publicize the Convention and its Protocols, in particular publications in the official languages of the United Nations, as well as activities aimed at the appropriate public in non-parties, in cooperation with all relevant actors, whether governmental, intergovernmental or non-governmental;",
"(iii) Coordinate regional measures in accordance with the characteristics of each region, particularly in regions where accession remains low. United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament, as well as regional organizations, as appropriate, can play an important role in this regard; and",
"(iv) Review this issue at the meetings of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention.",
"3. The Secretariat will report on the implementation of this Plan of Action and keep the High Contracting Parties informed on a regular basis so that they can review progress and monitor its implementation effectively.",
"4. The implementation of this Plan of Action will be considered at the next Review Conference, which will take such decisions as it deems necessary.",
"E. [PATROCINIO]",
"[To be completed. ]",
"DOCUMENTS",
"A. Programme",
"[To be completed. ]",
"B. Programme of work",
"[To be completed. ]",
"C. Programme of Main Committee I",
"[To be completed. ]",
"D. Report of Main Committee I",
"[To be completed. ]",
"E. Programme of Main Committee II",
"[To be completed. ]",
"F. Report of Main Committee II",
"[To be completed. ]",
"G. Report of the Credentials Committee",
"[To be completed. ]",
"H. [To be completed. ]",
"I. List of documents",
"[To be completed. ]"
] |
[
"CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.8 CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.8",
"13 de octubre de 2006",
"ESPAÑOL",
"Original: INGLÉS",
"Ginebra, 7 a 17 de noviembre de 2006",
"Tema 10 del programa provisional",
"Presentación del informe del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales",
"INFORME DE PROCEDIMIENTO",
"GRUPO DE EXPERTOS GUBERNAMENTALES DE LOS ESTADOS PARTES EN LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE PROHIBICIONES O RESTRICCIONES DEL EMPLEO DE CIERTAS ARMAS CONVENCIONALES QUE PUEDAN CONSIDERARSE EXCESIVAMENTE NOCIVAS O DE EFECTOS INDISCRIMINADOS",
"15º período de sesiones",
"Ginebra, 28 de agosto a 6 de septiembre de 2006",
"Adición",
"PROYECTO DE DECISIÓN SOBRE EL ESTABLECIMIENTO DEUN PROGRAMA DE PATROCINIO CON ARREGLO A LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE PROHIBICIONES O RESTRICCIONES DEL EMPLEO DE CIERTAS ARMAS CONVENCIONALES QUE PUEDAN CONSIDERARSE EXCESIVAMENTE NOCIVAS O DE EFECTOS INDISCRIMINADOS",
"GE.06-64564 (S) 251006 251006",
"PROYECTO DE DECISIÓN SOBRE EL ESTABLECIMIENTO DEUN PROGRAMA DE PATROCINIO CON ARREGLO A LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE PROHIBICIONES O RESTRICCIONES DEL EMPLEO DE CIERTAS ARMAS CONVENCIONALES QUE PUEDAN CONSIDERARSE EXCESIVAMENTE NOCIVAS O DE EFECTOS INDISCRIMINADOS",
"La Conferencia de las Partes,",
"1. Decide establecer un programa de patrocinio con arreglo a/en el marco de la Convención sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de ciertas armas convencionales que puedan considerarse nocivas o de efectos indiscriminados;",
"2. Acuerda los siguientes principios generales:",
"i) Las contribuciones al programa deberán efectuarse de manera voluntaria;",
"ii) Este programa se realizará de una forma oficiosa y flexible respetando plenamente el carácter específico y ad hoc del Foro de la Convención;",
"3. Establece los siguientes objetivos básicos para el programa de patrocinio:",
"i) Fortalecer la aplicación de la Convención y de sus Protocolos anexos;",
"ii) Promover la observancia universal de las normas y principios consagrados en la Convención y en sus Protocolos anexos;",
"iii) Apoyar la universalización de la Convención y de sus Protocolos anexos;",
"iv) Intensificar la cooperación, el intercambio de información y las consultas entre los Estados Partes sobre las cuestiones relacionadas con la Convención y sus Protocolos anexos;",
"4. Establece los siguientes fines operacionales básicos para el programa de patrocinio:",
"i) Apoyar la participación de los representantes de los Estados Partes, en especial de Estados de recursos limitados afectados por los restos explosivos de guerra (REG) y las minas, en las actividades de la Convención. Deberá darse preferencia a los Estados Partes que, según las Naciones Unidas, tienen las economías menos adelantadas del mundo;",
"ii) Proporcionar a los Estados signatarios y a los Estados que todavía no son parte en la Convención y en sus Protocolos la oportunidad de participar en las actividades de la Convención y adquirir conocimientos sobre la labor relativa a la Convención. Deberá darse preferencia a los Estados que, según las Naciones Unidas, tienen las economías menos adelantadas, a los Estados que están en vías de adherirse a la Convención y a sus Protocolos anexos y a los Estados que hayan emprendido actividades relacionadas con su propia aplicación de la Convención y de sus Protocolos;",
"iii) Apoyar la asistencia de expertos calificados apropiados con experiencia sobre el terreno o de especialistas, en particular de los Estados mencionados en el apartado i) del párrafo 4, que prepararán estudios o presentarán exposiciones sobre determinados temas de interés en las reuniones o los seminarios pertinentes;",
"iv) Proporcionar otras formas de asistencia que los Estados Partes estimaran apropiadas;",
"5. Decide que el Programa de patrocinio funcionará de conformidad con las siguientes modalidades operacionales básicas:",
"i) Los Estados Partes confiarán la gestión técnica del programa al Centro Internacional de Desminado Humanitario de Ginebra;",
"ii) Un Comité directivo oficioso (en adelante \"el Comité\") establecerá las modalidades operacionales que no se hayan especificado en la presente decisión y se encargará de dirigir la aplicación cotidiana del Programa de patrocinio de la Convención; estará integrado por representantes de los Estados donantes de este programa y del Departamento de Asuntos de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas;",
"iii) El Comité funcionará de forma transparente; con este fin, se invitará a representantes de los tres grupos regionales y de China, al Presidente designado de la Convención y a representantes del UNMAS a participar en sus reuniones como observadores y asesores. Se entenderá que cada Estado Parte podrá pedir hacer uso de la palabra ante el Comité;",
"iv) El Comité adoptará todas las decisiones relativas al funcionamiento del Programa de patrocinio, en particular la concesión de dietas y gastos de viaje para la participación en las actividades de la Convención, o decisiones sobre otros gastos, de conformidad con los objetivos básicos y fines operacionales del programa antes indicados;",
"v) El Comité presentará a los Estados Partes en la Convención informes anuales sobre sus actividades. El programa, así como su modo de funcionamiento, serán examinados y evaluados por los Estados Partes en la próxima Conferencia de examen;",
"vi) Los fondos asignados al Programa de patrocinio estarán sujetos a auditoría por un auditor externo y los informes de auditoría se enviarán a todos los miembros del Comité, y se pondrán a disposición de cualquier Estado Parte de las Naciones Unidas que los solicite."
] | [
"THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.8CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.813 October 2006Original:ENGLISH",
"Geneva, 7-17 November 2006",
"Item 10 of the provisional agenda",
"Submission of the report of the",
"Group of Governmental Experts",
"PROCEDURAL REPORT",
"GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS",
"Fifteenth Session",
"Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006",
"Addendum",
"Draft Decision",
"on the establishment of a Sponsorship Programme under the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW)",
"DRAFT DECISION",
"ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A SPONSORSHIP PROGRAMME UNDER THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS (CCW)",
"The Conference of States Parties:",
"1. Decides to establish a sponsorship programme under/within the framework of the Convention on prohibitions or restrictions on the use of certain conventional weapons which may be deemed to be excessively injurious or to have indiscriminate effects (CCW);",
"2. Agrees on the following general principles:",
"(i) contributions to the programme will be made on a voluntary basis;",
"(ii) this programme will be conducted in an informal and flexible way with full respect to the specific ad hoc nature of the CCW forum;",
"3. Sets the following basic goals to the Sponsorship programme:",
"(i) to strengthen the implementation of the Convention and its annexed Protocols;",
"(ii) to promote universal observance of the norms and principles enshrined in the Convention and its annexed Protocols;",
"(iii) to support the universalization of the Convention and its annexed Protocols;",
"(iv) to enhance the cooperation, the exchange of information and the consultations among the States Parties on issues related to the Convention and its annexed Protocols;",
"4. Sets the following basic operational purposes to the Sponsorship programme:",
"(i) to support the participation of the representatives of States Parties, especially from ERW- and mine-affected States that have limited resources, to participate in the CCW activities. Priority should be given to States Parties which, according to the United Nations, have the world's least developed economies;",
"(ii) to provide Signatory States and States not yet parties to the Convention and its Protocols with an opportunity to participate in the CCW activities and to acquire an acquaintance with the work related to the Convention. Preference should be given to States which, according to the United Nations, have the least developed economies, States which are on the path towards accession to the Convention and its annexed Protocols and States which are engaged in activities related to their own implementation of the Convention and its Protocols;",
"(iii) to support the attendance of appropriate qualified experts with field experience or of scholars, particularly from the States referred to in paragraph 4(i), to prepare studies and/or presentations on certain topics of interest at relevant meetings or seminars;",
"(iv) to provide other related forms of assistance, that might be deemed appropriate by the States Parties;",
"5. Decides that the Sponsorship programme will operate according to the following basic operational modalities:",
"(i) States Parties entrust the technical management of the programme to the Geneva International Center for Humanitarian Demining;",
"(ii) An informal Steering Committee (hereinafter “the committee”) will set operational modalities which have not been specified in this decision and ensure the guidance of the day-to-day implementation of the CCW Sponsorship programme; it will be constituted by representatives of donor States to this programme and the UNDDA;",
"(iii) The Committee will operate in a transparent way; for this purpose, representatives of the three Regional Groups, and China, the President-designate of the CCW and representatives of UNMAS will be invited to participate to its meetings as observers and advisors. It is understood that every State Party could ask to be heard by the Committee.",
"(iv) The Committee will take all decisions related to the operation of the Sponsorship programme, including the granting of travel and daily subsistence allowances for participation in the CCW activities or to other expenditures, in accordance with the basic goals and the operational purposes of the programme as spelt out above;",
"(v) The Committee will report annually on its activities, including on the beneficiaries of the programme, to the CCW States Parties. The programme will be reviewed and assessed by States Parties at the next Review Conference, as well as the modus operandi of the programme;",
"(vi) The funds allocated to the Sponsorship programme will be subject to an audit by an external auditor and audit reports will be sent to all members of the Committee, and made available upon request to any State Party by the United Nations."
] | CCW_CONF.III_7_ADD.8 | [
"CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.8 CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.8",
"13 October 2006",
"SPANISH",
"Original:",
"Geneva, 7-17 November 2006",
"Item 10 of the provisional agenda",
"Presentation of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts",
"PROCEDURE REPORT",
"GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS OF THE EMPLEMENTATION OF CONVENTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS WHICH MAY BE CONSIDERED EXCESSIVELY OR OF INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS",
"Fifteenth session",
"Geneva, 28 August-6 September 2006",
"Addendum",
"DRAFT DECISION ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A PATROCINI PROGRAMME IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS OF THE EMPLEMENTATION OF CONVENTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS WHICH MAY BE CONSIDERED EXCESSIVELY OR OF INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS",
"GE.06-64564 (E) 251006 251006",
"DRAFT DECISION ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A PATROCINI PROGRAMME IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS OF THE EMPLEMENTATION OF CONVENTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS WHICH MAY BE CONSIDERED EXCESSIVELY OR OF INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS",
"Conference of the Parties,",
"1. Decides to establish a sponsorship programme under the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects;",
"2. Concurs the following general principles:",
"(i) Contributions to the programme should be made on a voluntary basis;",
"(ii) This programme will be carried out in an informal and flexible manner with full respect for the specific and ad hoc nature of the Convention Forum;",
"3. Establishes the following basic objectives for the sponsorship programme:",
"(i) Strengthen the implementation of the Convention and its annexed Protocols;",
"(ii) Promote universal observance of the standards and principles enshrined in the Convention and its annexed Protocols;",
"(iii) Support the universalization of the Convention and its annexed Protocols;",
"(iv) Intensify cooperation, exchange of information and consultations among States parties on issues related to the Convention and its annexed Protocols;",
"4. Establishes the following basic operational purposes for the sponsorship programme:",
"(i) Support the participation of representatives of States parties, in particular States with limited resources affected by explosive remnants of war (REG) and mines, in the activities of the Convention. Preference should be given to States parties that, according to the United Nations, have the least developed economies in the world;",
"(ii) To provide signatory States and States that are not yet party to the Convention and its Protocols with the opportunity to participate in the activities of the Convention and to acquire knowledge about the work of the Convention. Preference should be given to States that, according to the United Nations, have the least developed economies, to States that are in the process of acceding to the Convention and its annexed Protocols and to States that have undertaken activities related to their own implementation of the Convention and its Protocols;",
"(iii) Support the assistance of appropriate qualified experts with field experience or specialists, in particular States referred to in paragraph 4 (i), who will prepare studies or present presentations on specific topics of interest in relevant meetings or seminars;",
"(iv) Provide other forms of assistance that States Parties deem appropriate;",
"5. Decides that the Sponsorship Programme shall operate in accordance with the following basic operational modalities:",
"(i) States Parties shall entrust the technical management of the programme to the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining;",
"(ii) An informal Steering Committee (hereinafter \"the Committee\") shall establish the operational modalities that have not been specified in this decision and shall direct the daily implementation of the Sponsorship Programme of the Convention; it shall be composed of representatives of donor States of this programme and of the United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs;",
"(iii) The Committee will operate in a transparent manner; for this purpose, representatives of the three regional and Chinese groups, the President-designate of the Convention and representatives of UNMAS will be invited to participate in its meetings as observers and advisers. It shall be understood that each State Party may request to speak before the Committee;",
"(iv) The Committee shall take all decisions concerning the operation of the Sponsorship Programme, in particular the provision of subsistence allowance and travel expenses for participation in the activities of the Convention, or decisions on other costs, in accordance with the basic objectives and operational purposes of the above-mentioned programme;",
"(v) The Committee shall submit annual reports on its activities to States parties to the Convention. The programme, as well as its mode of operation, will be reviewed and evaluated by States parties at the next Review Conference;",
"(vi) The funds allocated to the Sponsorship Programme shall be subject to audit by an external auditor and the audit reports shall be sent to all members of the Committee, and shall be made available to any requested State Party of the United Nations."
] |
[
"CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.1 CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.1",
"13 de octubre de 2006",
"ESPAÑOL",
"Original: INGLÉS",
"Ginebra, 7 a 17 de noviembre de 2006",
"Tema 10 del programa provisional",
"Presentación del informe del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales",
"INFORME DE PROCEDIMIENTO",
"GRUPO DE EXPERTOS GUBERNAMENTALES DE LOS ESTADOS PARTES EN LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE PROHIBICIONES O RESTRICCIONES DEL EMPLEO DE CIERTAS ARMAS CONVENCIONALES QUE PUEDAN CONSIDERARSE EXCESIVAMENTE NOCIVAS O DE EFECTOS INDISCRIMINADOS",
"15º período de sesiones Ginebra, 28 de agosto a 6 de septiembre de 2006",
"Adición",
"INFORME DE LA LABOR SOBRE LOS RESTOS EXPLOSIVOS DE GUERRA",
"GE.06-64582 (S) 311006 011106",
"INFORME DE LA LABOR SOBRE LOS RESTOS EXPLOSIVOS DE GUERRA",
"Preparado por el Coordinador sobre restos explosivos de guerra y el Presidente de las reuniones de expertos técnicos y militares[1]",
"I. MANDATOS DEL GRUPO DE EXPERTOS GUBERNAMENTALES SOBRE RESTOS EXPLOSIVOS DE GUERRA",
"A. Mandato inicial aprobado por la Segunda Conferencia de Examen en 2001",
"1. En la Segunda Conferencia de Examen, los Estados Partes en la Convención sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de ciertas armas convencionales que puedan considerarse excesivamente nocivas o de efectos indiscriminados decidieron establecer un Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales (GEG) de composición abierta con dos coordinadores diferentes, uno sobre minas distintas de las minas antipersonal (MDMA) y otro sobre restos explosivos de guerra (REG). El GEG sobre REG recibió el mandato de:",
"\"a) Examinar medios y maneras de abordar la cuestión de los restos explosivos de guerra (REG). En este contexto, el Grupo examinará todos los factores, las medidas apropiadas y las propuestas, en especial:",
"1. Los factores y tipos de municiones susceptibles de provocar problemas humanitarios a raíz de un conflicto;",
"2. Las mejoras técnicas y otras disposiciones en relación con los tipos de municiones pertinentes, incluidas las submuniciones, que podrían reducir el riesgo de que tales municiones se conviertan en restos explosivos de guerra;",
"3. La adecuación del derecho humanitario internacional vigente para reducir al mínimo los peligros que, en el período posterior al conflicto, representan los restos explosivos de guerra para la población civil y militar;",
"4. Las disposiciones para alertar a la población civil que vive en zonas afectadas por restos explosivos de guerra o próxima a ellas, la remoción de los restos explosivos de guerra, el suministro de información para facilitar la remoción, pronto y en condiciones de seguridad, de esos restos, y cuestiones y responsabilidades conexas;",
"5. La asistencia y cooperación.\"[2]",
"2. En virtud de esa misma decisión, el Coordinador sobre REG debía \"emprender su labor de manera eficiente para presentar sus recomendaciones, aprobadas por consenso, en fecha temprana para su examen por los Estados Partes, que incluirán la conveniencia de negociar uno o varios instrumentos jurídicamente vinculantes sobre los restos explosivos de guerra y/o otros planteamientos\".",
"3. La Reunión de los Estados Partes de la Conferencia de 2002 decidió que:",
"\"el Grupo de Trabajo sobre restos explosivos de guerra continuaría su labor en el año 2003 con el mandato siguiente:",
"a) i) Negociar un instrumento sobre medidas correctivas posteriores a los conflictos de carácter genérico que reduciría los riesgos de los REG. Estas medidas se basarían en una definición amplia que abarcaría la mayoría de los tipos de municiones explosivas, con excepción de las minas. Habría que incluir las municiones abandonadas. En estas negociaciones, habría que considerar cuestiones relativas, en particular, a la responsabilidad de la remoción, los REG existentes, información para facilitar la remoción y la educación sobre el peligro de los REG, alertas a la población civil, asistencia y cooperación, y un marco para la celebración de consultas periódicas de las Altas Partes Contratantes. En estas negociaciones se establecería el alcance de este instrumento en armonía con el artículo I de la Convención, enmendado en la Segunda Conferencia de Examen.",
"ii) Explorar y determinar si en estas negociaciones podrían abordarse con éxito medidas genéricas preventivas para mejorar la fiabilidad de las municiones que correspondan a la definición amplia convenida, mediante prácticas idóneas voluntarias relativas a la gestión de la fabricación, el control de calidad, la manipulación y el almacenamiento de las municiones. El intercambio de información, la asistencia y la cooperación serían elementos importantes de esas prácticas idóneas.",
"b) Aparte de las negociaciones previstas en los párrafos que anteceden: seguir examinando la aplicación de los principios existentes del derecho humanitario internacional y seguir estudiando, con un enfoque flexible, medidas preventivas posibles destinadas a mejorar el diseño de ciertos tipos concretos de municiones, incluidas las submuniciones, con vistas a minimizar el riesgo humanitario que supondría la transformación de esas municiones en REG. El intercambio de información, la asistencia y la cooperación serían parte de este trabajo.",
"c) En el contexto de las actividades descritas supra, podrían celebrarse reuniones de expertos militares para proporcionar asesoramiento en apoyo de estas actividades.\"[3]",
"B. Mandato tras la aprobación del Protocolo V",
"4. Siguiendo las recomendaciones del GEG, la Reunión de 2003 de los Estados Partes en la Convención sobre ciertas armas convencionales decidió[4] que el GEG continuaría sus tareas sobre REG en 2004 con el siguiente mandato[5]:",
"\"Seguir examinando la aplicación de los principios existentes del derecho internacional humanitario y seguir estudiando, con un enfoque flexible, e inicialmente dando particular importancia a la celebración de reuniones de expertos militares y técnicos, medidas preventivas posibles para mejorar el diseño de ciertos tipos concretos de municiones, incluidas las submuniciones, con vistas a reducir al mínimo el riesgo humanitario que supondría la transformación de esas municiones en restos explosivos de guerra. El intercambio de información, la asistencia y la cooperación serían parte de este trabajo.\"",
"5. Siguiendo las recomendaciones del GEG, la Reunión de 2004 de los Estados Partes en la Convención sobre ciertas armas convencionales decidió[6] que el GEG continuaría sus tareas sobre REG en 2005 con el siguiente mandato[7]:",
"\"Seguir examinando la aplicación de los principios existentes del derecho internacional humanitario y seguir estudiando, con un enfoque flexible, e inicialmente dando particular importancia a la celebración de reuniones de expertos militares y técnicos, medidas preventivas posibles para mejorar el diseño de ciertos tipos concretos de municiones, incluidas las submuniciones, con vistas a reducir al mínimo el riesgo humanitario que supondría la transformación de esas municiones en restos explosivos de guerra. El intercambio de información, la asistencia y la cooperación serían parte de este trabajo. El Grupo informará sobre las tareas realizadas a la próxima Reunión de los Estados Partes.\"",
"6. El mandato de 2005 fue aprobado también por los Estados Partes para el año 2006[8].",
"II. PROTOCOLO SOBRE LOS RESTOS EXPLOSIVOS DE GUERRA (PROTOCOLO V). APROBACIÓN, RATIFICACIÓN, UNIVERSALIZACIÓN Y ACTIVIDADES DE APLICACIÓN",
"7. El Protocolo sobre los Restos Explosivos de Guerra fue negociado por el GEG con arreglo al mandato establecido por la Reunión de los Estados Partes de 2002 a resultas del considerable avance realizado por el Grupo en sus tareas sobre REG durante el período 2001-2002.",
"8. El Protocolo sobre los Restos Explosivos de Guerra fue aprobado en 2003 por la Reunión de los Estados Partes en la Convención sobre ciertas armas convencionales en calidad de quinto protocolo de la Convención:",
"\"Siguiendo las recomendaciones del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales, la Reunión de los Estados Partes decidió aprobar el Protocolo sobre los Restos Explosivos de Guerra que figura en el apéndice II del Informe de Procedimiento del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales acerca de su sexto período de sesiones (CCW/GGE/VI/2), adjunto al presente informe como anexo V.\"[9]",
"9. Los Estados Partes aprobaron el Protocolo V el 28 de noviembre de 2003. El Protocolo fue aprobado en el entendimiento de que sus versiones a los idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas serían sometidas a un control de la traducción oficial por parte de aquellos Estados cuyo idioma de trabajo no fuera el inglés. En consecuencia, los Estados Partes en la Convención han recibido, examinado y aprobado propuestas de correcciones procedentes de diferentes delegaciones sobre los textos chino, francés, ruso y español del Protocolo, y el Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas, actuando como depositario de la Convención, les ha dado efecto.",
"10. Para sus procedimientos de ratificación nacionales, algunos Estados Partes necesitaron las versiones corregidas y consolidadas de las copias auténticas del Protocolo original (las seis versiones a los idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas). El Presidente designado de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen, Estados Partes, la Presidencia de la Unión Europea y otras partes han contactado al respecto con la Sección de Tratados de la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos de las Naciones Unidas. A este capítulo, se emitieron las siguientes notificaciones de depósito en relación con los textos auténticos del Protocolo V:",
"Protocolo\";",
"español auténtico) del Protocolo\";",
"chino auténtico) del Protocolo\";",
"auténtico) corregida del Protocolo\".",
"11. A fin de promover la pronta entrada en vigor del Protocolo, el Presidente designado de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen, el Coordinador sobre REG y la Presidencia de la Unión Europea, en nombre de sus Estados miembros, desplegaron sus oficios ante determinados Estados Partes en la Convención sobre ciertas armas convencionales que todavía no han ratificado el Protocolo V.",
"12. El 12 de mayo de 2006, fecha en la que 20 Estados Partes en la Convención sobre ciertas armas convencionales habían notificado su consentimiento a quedar vinculados mediante el Protocolo V, se dieron las condiciones para la entrada en vigor del Protocolo. De conformidad con lo dispuesto en el párrafo 3 del artículo 5 de la Convención, el Protocolo V entrará en vigor el 12 de noviembre de 2006[10], seis meses después de la presentación del 20º instrumento de ratificación, durante la Tercera Conferencia de Examen de los Estados Partes en la Convención sobre ciertas armas convencionales.",
"13. Por el momento, son Partes en el Protocolo V los siguientes 23 Estados (en orden alfabético): Albania, Alemania, Bulgaria, Croacia, Dinamarca, El Salvador, Eslovaquia, Finlandia, India, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lituania, Luxemburgo, Nicaragua, Noruega, Países Bajos, República Checa, Santa Sede, Sierra Leona, Suecia, Suiza, Tayikistán y Ucrania.",
"14. El Protocolo establece que las Partes Contratantes mantengan consultas y cooperen unas con otras sobre todas las cuestiones relacionadas con el funcionamiento del Protocolo. De conformidad con el párrafo 1 del artículo 10: \"Con este fin se celebrará una Conferencia de las Altas Partes Contratantes por acuerdo de la mayoría, pero no menos de 18, de las Altas Partes Contratantes\".",
"15. Todavía no se ha adoptado una decisión en relación con la fecha de celebración de la Primera Conferencia de las Altas Partes Contratantes. Las Altas Partes Contratantes del Protocolo observaron que puede que se celebre una reunión en preparación de la Primera Conferencia en 2007 teniendo en cuenta otras reuniones relacionadas con la Convención sobre ciertas armas convencionales y, entre otras cosas, abordando asuntos de procedimiento y examinando cuestiones sustantivas con el propósito de que el Protocolo entre en vigor lo antes posible. En las preparaciones de la Primera Conferencia de la Altas Partes Contratantes del Protocolo V, podrían también examinarse cuestiones relativas a la aplicación del Protocolo V en reuniones oficiosas celebradas en los diferentes lugares de que se dispone.",
"16. Como reconocimiento de la importancia de que el Protocolo devenga operativo tras su entrada en vigor sin demora, se han emprendido ya algunas actividades a este respecto.",
"17. En 2006, por iniciativa del Presidente designado de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen, el Coordinador sobre REG, los Países Bajos, el Decenio de las Naciones Unidas contra el Uso Indebido de Drogas, el Servicio de las Naciones Unidas de Actividades relativas a las Minas (UNMAS), el CICR, el Centro Internacional de Desminado Humanitario de Ginebra y otras partes, y con su colaboración, se celebraron una serie de reuniones y consultas oficiales del GEG en diferentes contextos.",
"18. A petición del Coordinador sobre los REG, el UNMAS, en nombre del Grupo Interinstitucional de Coordinación de Actividades relativas a las Minas, preparó y presentó al GEG un documento titulado \"Las Naciones Unidas y la aplicación del Protocolo V\"[11]. El Centro Internacional de Desminado Humanitario de Ginebra presentó algunas ideas prácticas sobre esta misma cuestión y, en particular, sobre las actuales herramientas para actividades relacionadas con las minas que tienen el potencial de apoyar igualmente la aplicación del Protocolo V, así como de establecer sinergias entre el Protocolo V y la aplicación de la Convención sobre la prohibición del empleo, almacenamiento, producción y transferencia de minas antipersonal y sobre su destrucción, de 1997 (Convención de Otawa).",
"19. Algunos Estados Partes que han ratificado el Protocolo V han informado también de consultas y medidas prácticas adoptadas a nivel nacional.",
"20. Los Estados Partes han acordado que la Tercera Conferencia de Examen de los Estados Partes en la Convención sobre ciertas armas convencionales celebre el 13 de noviembre de 2006 una serie de sesiones especiales (de alto nivel) para conmemorar la entrada en vigor del Protocolo V. A este respecto, los Estados Partes redactaron, y recomendaron a la Tercera Conferencia de Examen para su aprobación, una declaración especial sobre la entrada en vigor del Protocolo V.",
"III. DEBATES SOBRE LA APLICACIÓN DEL DERECHO INTERNACIONAL HUMANITARIO",
"A. El enfoque de tres etapas propuesto por el Coordinador",
"21. Durante el sexto período de sesiones del GEG celebrado en marzo de 2004, el Coordinador sobre REG propuso un enfoque \"en tres etapas\"[12] (en adelante el Enfoque del Coordinador, compuesto de tres etapas) al examinar la aplicación de los actuales principios del actual derecho internacional humanitario (DIH). La primera etapa consistiría en tratar de deliberar sobre los actuales principios del derecho internacional humanitario y decidir cuáles se pueden considerar aplicables a los restos explosivos de guerra. La segunda sería considerar el estado actual de aplicación de esos principios por los Estados Partes en la Convención, teniendo en cuenta las obligaciones que han asumido con arreglo a las convenciones y/o protocolos de que dimanan los principios. Y la tercera etapa incluiría examinar si los mecanismos previstos en esas convenciones y/o protocolos resultan adecuados para fomentar la aplicación de esos principios y si son necesarias más medidas en este sentido.",
"B. Iniciativa de los ocho Estados sobre derecho internacional humanitario: cuestionario sobre el derecho internacional humanitario. Informe McCormack, sus conclusiones y recomendaciones",
"22. En la materialización del objetivo expuesto en el Enfoque del Coordinador de tres pasos, en marzo de 2005, ocho Estados Partes, a saber, Australia, el Canadá, los Estados Unidos de América, el Reino Unido, Noruega, Nueva Zelandia, Suecia y Suiza (en adelante, los DIH-8), en consultas con el CICR, presentaron una propuesta[13] para facilitar las tareas del GEG en relación con la etapa 1 y la etapa 2 del Enfoque del Coordinador. Se invita a los Estados Partes a considerar la posibilidad de responder al cuestionario sobre el DIH presentado por el DIH-8. La propuesta gozó de un amplio apoyo. Ello propició una medida de seguimiento, y durante el 12º período de sesiones del GEG, celebrado en noviembre de 2005, el Canadá presentó un programa de trabajo titulado \"Propuesta para el análisis de las respuestas al cuestionario sobre derecho internacional humanitario (DIH)\"[14]. El DIH-8 propuso que las respuestas escritas al cuestionario sobre DIH y las recopilaciones de las transcripciones de intervenciones orales se analizasen con un criterio \"sin menoscabo de\" a los efectos de identificar tenencias generales con el objetivo global de establecer una o varias bases de referencia, desde las que puedan continuarse los debates de conformidad con la etapa 3 del Enfoque del Coordinador.",
"23. El profesor Tim McCormack, de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Melbourne (Australia) se ha ofrecido para realizar los análisis requeridos. Al 26 de enero de 2006, 33 Estados Partes habían presentado sus respuestas al cuestionario sobre el DIH. De conformidad con el proceso propuesto, las conclusiones y análisis del profesor McCormack y su equipo se presentaron al Coordinador en formato de informe (el Informe McCormack[15]) y posteriormente se comunicaron a los Estados Partes. El Coordinador también invitó al CICR y al Centro Internacional de Desminado Humanitario de Ginebra a ofrecer sus análisis críticos sobre el informe McCormack, como así hicieron estos organismos[16].",
"24. El informe McCormack llegó a la conclusión de que \"el Protocolo V de la Convención y las normas existentes del DIH son lo suficientemente específicos y amplios para hacer frente adecuadamente al problema de los REG, a condición de que dichas normas se apliquen efectivamente\"[17].",
"25. En el Informe McCormack se ofrecieron las siguientes recomendaciones de medidas prácticas que el GEG podría considerar a fin de avanzar en sus tareas sobre el DIH y los REG:",
"\"Recomendación 1. Debería alentarse a todos los Estados Partes en la Convención a que ratifiquen el Protocolo V sobre los REG lo más pronto posible.",
"Recomendación 2. El Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales debería seguir insistiendo ante todos los Estados Partes en la Convención respecto del significado de las normas jurídicamente vinculantes del Derecho Internacional Humanitario aplicables a todos los tipos de armas y a los problemas específicos de los REG.",
"Recomendación 3. El Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales debería considerar la posibilidad de elaborar un conjunto de Directrices jurídicamente no vinculantes sobre la aplicación idónea de las normas pertinentes del derecho internacional humanitario al problema de los REG.",
"Recomendación 4. El Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales debería alentar a todos los Estados Partes en la Convención que todavía no lo hayan hecho a que establezcan un proceso para el examen jurídico de todos los sistemas de armas nuevas y modificadas.",
"Recomendación 5. El Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales podría considerar la posibilidad de adoptar un sistema de informes de fomento de la confianza, presentados por escrito por parte de los Estados, sobre la destrucción unilateral de sus armas antiguas o anticuadas para reducir las fuentes posibles de REG.\"[18]",
"26. Durante los períodos de sesiones 13º, 14º y 15º del GEG, el debate sobre la aplicación de los actuales principios de DIH que atañen a los REG tuvo lugar principalmente sobre la base del cuestionario sobre el DIH, el Informe McCormack, en especial sus conclusiones y recomendaciones, el \"Análisis crítico del Centro Internacional de Desminado Humanitario de Ginebra\"[19], el \"Comentario del Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja\"[20], y las observaciones[21] preparadas por el Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law, de la Universidad de Melbourne, que debían constituir una parte integral del análisis del profesor McCormack y su equipo y ser esenciales en la interpretación de sus conclusiones.",
"27. A fin de limar las persistentes diferencias de opinión, especialmente en relación con la recomendación 3, el profesor Tim McCormack preparó un nuevo documento titulado \"Reflexiones previas en torno al posible enfoque adoptado en relación con la recomendación 3\"[22], que se presentó y examinó durante el 14º período de sesiones del GEG, y sobre el que se celebró un debate.",
"28. Tras la presentación del Informe McCormack para su examen por el GEG, a finales del 15º período de sesiones del GEG, 9 (nueve) Estados Partes más presentaron sus respuestas al cuestionario sobre el DIH.",
"IV. REUNIONES DE LOS EXPERTOS MILITARES Y TÉCNICOS SOBRE LA EVALUACIÓN DEL RIESGO HUMANITARIO Y SOBRE LAS MEDIDAS TÉCNICAS DE PREVENCIÓN",
"29. Tras la aprobación del Protocolo V, las siguientes reuniones del Grupo de Expertos Militares y Técnicos se centraron en los siguientes puntos:",
"i) Tipos específicos de municiones y evaluación del riesgo desde la perspectiva de los REG;",
"ii) Medidas preventivas técnicas dirigidas a reducir el riesgo humanitario;",
"iii) Examen de la pertinencia y viabilidad de las medidas;",
"iv) Posible asistencia y cooperación en relación con la aplicación de las medidas.",
"30. Estos puntos quedaron reflejados en los programas de las reuniones (véase el anexo \"Lista de documentos del GEG sobre la cuestión de los REG\").",
"31. Se formularon y obtuvieron las siguientes propuestas y logros sustantivos.",
"A. Tipos específicos de municiones y evaluación del riesgo desde la perspectiva de los REG",
"a) Clasificación de las municiones y nociones compartidas",
"32. Como primer paso para llegar a un entendimiento común de \"ciertos tipos específicos de municiones, en particular submuniciones\", con arreglo al mandato, fue necesario tener una panorámica coherente de las municiones explosivas. Con este fin, se elaboró un \"Proyecto de cuadros sobre tipos y sistemas de municiones explosivas\"[23], que se actualiza y mejora continuamente. Se ha conseguido una versión utilizable, a la que sin embargo hay que dar los últimos toques.",
"33. Alemania ha puesto en marcha el proceso dirigido a lograr una noción común del término \"municiones de racimo\"[24], y ha recopilado, a petición del Coordinador, contribuciones de otras delegaciones. Se han señalado posiciones comunes, así como puntos controvertidos. Se necesitará trabajar todavía más sobre la cuestión de una noción común. La noción común forma parte de la posición alemana de ocho puntos sobre las municiones de racimo, que se ha presentado para su examen durante los períodos de sesiones, y que se propone reemplazar a largo plazo las municiones de racimo por municiones alternativas.",
"b) Evaluación del riesgo humanitario",
"34. El Coordinador sobre REG observó el 8 de marzo de 2004: \"Dado que se ha encargado al Grupo que estudie medidas preventivas para mejorar el diseño de ciertos tipos concretos de municiones, la primera tarea del Grupo será, por tanto, determinar qué clases de municiones, incluidas las submuniciones, deben considerarse a fin de mejorar su diseño mediante medidas preventivas posibles[25]\". En el artículo 9 y en la parte 3 del anexo técnico del Protocolo V se abordan ya medidas preventivas de carácter genérico.",
"35. El objetivo de las reuniones de expertos militares y técnicos fue definir los REG que presentan un riesgo humanitario específico, teniendo en cuenta que todos los REG, en grandes cantidades, constituyen un problema humanitario, pero que algunas municiones, por su diseño, pueden tener mayores posibilidades de constituir una amenaza humanitaria en su condición de REG. La definición de los REG que representan un riesgo humanitario específico ha sido una tarea difícil, porque no existe actualmente metodología y hay una importante falta de datos detallados en relación con muchos tipos de munición. Los enfoques adoptados fueron los siguientes.",
"36. La anterior Presidencia suiza de la Reunión de Expertos Militares y Técnicos preparó una matriz que consideró el riesgo humanitario de los REG (última versión: CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1, a la que nos referiremos como \"la matriz suiza\"), pero dicha matriz no se proponía ofrecer una metodología para definir dicho riesgo. Tenía por objeto constituirse en una estructura para la recopilación de información sobre posibles medidas preventivas de carácter técnico. A este respecto, la matriz suiza está abierta a mejoras.",
"37. El Reino Unido había preparado una matriz de riesgo humanitario[26], que se consideró que era demasiado subjetiva. En consecuencia, el Reino Unido desarrollo una metodología[27] con el propósito de evaluar más objetivamente el riesgo relativo de categorías de munición explosiva que se conviertan en REG. No obstante, en el marco disponible no ha sido posible mejorar resultados mediante la aplicación de la metodología. Es la razón de que ese enfoque haya sido abandonado y sus elementos esenciales estén disponibles para su incorporación a la matriz francesa (véase más adelante).",
"38. El UNMAS presentó las conclusiones preliminares de una encuesta emprendida en 2005 junto con el PNUD[28]. El UNMAS y el PNUD solicitaron a los directores de los programas de las Naciones Unidas y a los expertos técnicos de varios programas de actividades relativas a las minas que diesen su evaluación sobre los riesgos que representaban REG concretos desde una perspectiva de su remoción. La principal conclusión preliminar fue que las municiones de racimo y sus submuniciones asociadas representan un riesgo humanitario concreto y una especial problemática de cara a las operaciones de remoción.",
"39. Diversas organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG) han publicado numerosos estudios y han hecho presentaciones en reuniones paralelas indicando que, desde un punto de vista humanitario, las municiones de racimo siguen siendo los principales restos explosivos de guerra a los que debe hacerse frente.",
"40. Se propició la presentación de ideas generales o exposiciones sobre cómo definir más precisamente \"determinados tipos específicos de municiones, en particular submuniciones\", como así se hizo. Además, el Centro Internacional de Desminado Humanitario de Ginebra realizó, en el contexto de la Convención sobre ciertos tipos convencionales de armas, un examen de publicaciones, presentaciones y declaraciones en relación con la cuestión.",
"41. Las municiones mencionadas hasta ahora que presentan un riesgo humanitario específico han sido las municiones de racimo. Algunas delegaciones defendieron que todas las municiones representan un riesgo de convertirse en REG y que no deberían hacerse distingos entre ellas.",
"B. Medidas preventivas técnicas dirigidas a reducir el riesgo humanitario",
"42. Ha habido numerosas presentaciones sobre esta cuestión durante las sesiones del GEG. Algunas de las presentaciones se centraron en medidas preventivas genéricas y en prácticas nacionales, algunas otras en medidas preventivas en relación con tipos específicos de munición, a saber las municiones de racimo. Otras delegaciones presentaron declaraciones pormenorizadas sobre estas cuestiones.",
"43. Francia, en su documento de trabajo \"Municiones: Metodología aplicable a las municiones para la reducción de los riesgos vinculados con los restos explosivos de guerra (REG)[29]\" (llamada la \"Matriz francesa\"), se ocupó de las medidas para prevenir que las municiones se conviertan en REG. La Matriz ha sido continuamente mejorada y está convirtiéndose en un documento común del Grupo de Expertos Militares y Técnicos al incluir elementos del cuadro de municiones explosivas, de la metodología del Reino Unido, de la Matriz Suiza, de las prácticas nacionales sobre cómo prevenir que las municiones se conviertan en REG y de expertos, por ejemplo, en las esferas del diseño y producción de municiones y el adiestramiento para su uso. La Matriz, en esta fase, tiene por objeto ofrecer un catálogo de preguntas y respuestas, que permitan a los países evaluar las medidas preventivas de carácter técnico en relación con todos los REG, y facilitar así la aplicación del Protocolo V. La Matriz todavía no ha sido terminada.",
"C. Examen de la pertinencia y viabilidad de las medidas",
"44. Hasta la fecha, sólo se han celebrado debates preliminares sobre esta cuestión, porque no se han identificado todavía medidas técnicas viables. Una vez que se llegue a esas medidas, deberá estudiarse su pertinencia para la reducción del riesgo humanitario de los REG y su viabilidad.",
"D. Posible asistencia y cooperación en relación con la aplicación de las medidas",
"45. Hasta ahora, ha habido sólo debates preliminares sobre la cuestión. Una vez que se hayan obtenido resultados concretos sobre medidas preventivas técnicas, su pertinencia y viabilidad, deberán plantearse ideas sobre intercambio de información, asistencia y cooperación.",
"E. Opciones de futuro para las tareas del Grupo de Expertos Militares y Técnicos sobre REG",
"46. Continuación del proceso de evaluación del riesgo:",
"i) Finalización del cuadro de municiones, a fin de contar con una base técnica desde la que profundizar en los debates;",
"ii) Desarrollo de la noción común del término \"Municiones de racimo\"; Alemania continuará compilando contribuciones de otras delegaciones e informando al Grupo;",
"iii) Acuerdo sobre municiones que representan un riesgo humanitario concreto.",
"47. Continuación de la investigación en relación con las medidas preventivas técnicas:",
"i) Nuevas tareas en relación con la Matriz Francesa, que se convertirá ulteriormente en un documento común del Grupo e incorporará los documentos de trabajo y presentaciones de otras delegaciones;",
"ii) Atención prioritaria a las municiones, en particular las municiones de racimo, que se considera que representan un riesgo humanitario específico;",
"iii) Ampliación del mandato, que pasará de las cuestiones de diseño al examen de todo el ciclo vital de las municiones;",
"iv) Examen de la pertinencia y viabilidad de las medidas señaladas;",
"v) Examen de la cooperación y asistencia técnicas.",
"48. Se derivarán los aspectos no técnicos de las municiones de racimo a las reuniones del GEG sobre REG.",
"V. EVALUACIÓN DEL RESULTADO DE LAS TAREAS DEL GRUPO SOBRE LOS RESTOS EXPLOSIVOS DE GUERRA",
"49. Existe acuerdo en que el principal logro del Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Restos Explosivos de Guerra desde la Conferencia de Examen de 2001 es la aprobación y entrada en vigor del Protocolo sobre los Restos Explosivos de Guerra (Protocolo V). Su universalización y aplicación efectiva es el objetivo más importante a la hora de abordar los problemas humanitarios relacionados con los REG.",
"50. Existe también consenso en que todos los Estados Partes en la Convención sobre ciertas armas convencionales deberían ser alentados a ratificar el Protocolo V tan rápidamente como sea posible. El Protocolo V impone obligaciones básicas a los Estados que toman parte en conflictos armados, en lo relativo a reducir al mínimo los riesgos y efectos de los REG, y también les alienta a adoptar medidas preventivas genéricas dirigidas a reducir al mínimo la presencia de REG[30].",
"51. En los preparativos de la Primera Conferencia de las Altas Partes Contratantes del Protocolo V, las cuestiones de aplicación han sido ya abordadas, y podrían examinarse nuevamente en reuniones oficiosas a celebrar en las diferentes sedes disponibles.",
"52. Los Estados Partes eran conscientes, en general, de que debe buscarse la aplicación efectiva de los principios y normas de DIH en relación con los REG.",
"53. El Grupo convino en el valor añadido que representa el hecho de que todos los Estados Partes reconozcan la importancia de contar con normas del derecho internacional humanitario jurídicamente vinculantes aplicables a todos los tipos de armas, y en particular al problema específico de los REG. Los Estados Partes deberían reconocer las graves consecuencias que se derivan de la violación de las obligaciones jurídicas de carácter consuetudinario y/o basadas en los tratados aplicables al problema de los REG[31].",
"54. El Grupo también concluyó que los Estados Partes en la Convención sobre ciertas armas convencionales que son Partes del Protocolo adicional I de los Convenios de Ginebra y que todavía no lo hayan hecho deberían ser alentadas a establecer un proceso de revisión jurídica de todos los sistemas de armas nuevos y modificados que entran dentro del ámbito de la Convención sobre ciertas armas convencionales, como medida para aumentar las probabilidades de ceñirse a las obligaciones jurídicas internacionales relativas a los métodos y medios de guerra en operaciones militares, y prevenir así la existencia de REG[32].",
"55. Sigue habiendo divergencia de opiniones en relación con la introducción de un sistema de informes voluntarios de fomento de la confianza por los Estados Partes en lo relativo a su destrucción unilateral de armas antiguas o desfasadas para reducir fuentes potenciales de REG[33].",
"56. Al mismo tiempo, no se llegó a un entendimiento compartido sobre si el Protocolo V y las normas de DIH existentes son suficientemente específicas y exhaustivas como para abordar adecuadamente el problema de los REG. Algunos Estados Partes coincidieron con las conclusiones del informe McCormack de que las normas actuales de DIH son suficientes, siempre que dichas normas se apliquen de forma fidedigna y efectiva. Otros Estados Partes consideraron que se necesitaban normas específicas para determinados tipos de municiones, inclusive municiones de racimo. Algunos Estados Partes señalaron la necesidad de concentrarse especialmente en las municiones de racimo.",
"57. En este contexto, diversos Estados Partes han apoyado la idea propuesta en la Recomendación 3 del Informe McCormack de que uno de los medios viables para reforzar la aplicación efectiva de los principios y normas de DIH pertinentes para los REG podría ser el desarrollo de un conjunto de directrices no vinculantes jurídicamente sobre prácticas óptimas de aplicación de las normas de DIH pertinentes para el problema de los REG. El profesor McCormack ha avanzado algunas ideas preliminares sobre la posible estructura de dichas directrices[34].",
"58. Al mismo tiempo, durante los debates sobre esta cuestión, se expresaron algunas inquietudes sobre la posibilidad de que la interpretación de las obligaciones jurídicamente vinculantes del DIH en el marco de la Convención sobre ciertas armas convencionales adolezca de cierta ambigüedad o que las normativas jurídicamente vinculantes, antes que las directrices no jurídicamente vinculantes, deban ser la práctica general del régimen relativo a la Convención. Diversos Estados Partes indicaron que sería posible obtener nuevas aclaraciones sobre esta idea o considerar otros medios para reforzar la aplicación e implementación efectivas de los principios y normas de DIH pertinentes a los REG. Algunos Estados Partes, en particular los que mantienen la opinión de que las normas actuales de DIH son suficientes, consideraron que dichas normas no debían ser complementadas, sino más bien aplicadas de forma estricta.",
"59. Con arreglo al mandato de estudiar mejor posibles medidas preventivas dirigidas a mejorar el diseño de determinados tipos específicos de municiones, en particular submuniciones, con miras a reducir al mínimo el riesgo humanitario de que estas municiones se conviertan en REG, el Grupo hizo particular hincapié en las reuniones de expertos militares y técnicos.",
"60. En el período 2004-2006, el Grupo de Expertos Militares y Técnicos identificó tipos de municiones, en particular submuniciones, que debían ser considerados para mejorar el diseño mediante posibles medidas preventivas. Al considerar dichas medidas, el Grupo de Expertos Militares y Técnicos debía determinar si dichas medidas preventivas eran esenciales, efectivas en lo tocante a mejorar sustancialmente la fiabilidad de las municiones, inclusive las submuniciones, y viables tecnológica y económicamente. Dada la disparidad de capacidades militares, tecnológicas y económicas de los Estados Partes en la Convención, el Grupo ha acordado la necesidad de tener en cuenta las repercusiones financieras y tecnológicas para los Estados Partes, especialmente los países en desarrollo, que tendrán la producción o almacenamiento de las nuevas municiones con un diseño mejorado y el desmantelamiento/readaptación o destrucción de los arsenales actuales[35].",
"61. Seguía existiendo divergencia de opiniones sobre qué tipos de municiones representaban el mayor riesgo humanitario y, por lo tanto, debían ser estudiadas mejor con miras a mejorar sus características técnicas y diseño de conformidad con el mandato del Grupo.",
"62. En opinión de algunos Estados Partes, la mayoría de los problemas causados por los REG podían atribuirse al uso de municiones de racimo. Otros Estados Partes continúan considerando las municiones de racimo uno más de los diversos tipos de municiones, que podrían posiblemente contribuir a los problemas causados por los REG.",
"63. Se entiende que el Grupo de Expertos Militares y Técnicos podía profundizar en el debate y debía continuar con las tareas en marcha hasta su terminación, en particular la clasificación de municiones, la definición consensuada y las medidas preventivas técnicas con miras a reducir el riesgo humanitario, tal como se presentan en el capítulo 4 del presente informe.",
"64. La cooperación y la asistencia, en particular de carácter técnico, constituye un aspecto importante a la hora de abordar los problemas ocasionados por los REG y, por lo tanto, merecen la atención de los Estados Partes. Habiendo tenido en cuenta la amplia gama de posiciones de los Estados Partes en relación con las tareas realizadas por el Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales sobre REG desde la última Conferencia de Examen, pocas opciones podían considerarse medidas complementarias sobre los REG.",
"65. Un gran número de Estados Partes reconocen el valor de las tareas logradas por el Grupo hasta ahora y son favorables a la continuación de las tareas en la Convención sobre ciertas armas convencionales más allá de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen sobre municiones susceptibles de convertirse en REG, a fin de finalizar las tareas dispuestas en el presente mandato. Según propusieron algunos Estados Partes, sin menoscabo de las cuestiones bajo la jurisdicción del Protocolo V, podrían continuarse las tareas en relación con los REG sobre la base del presente mandato para seguir estudiando, con un enfoque flexible y dando particular importancia a la celebración de reuniones de expertos militares y técnicos, posibles medidas preventivas para mejorar el diseño de ciertos tipos concretos de municiones, incluidas las submuniciones, con vistas a reducir al mínimo el riesgo humanitario que supondría la transformación de esas municiones en REG y examinar, en particular con la participación de expertos jurídicos, la aplicación de los principios existentes del derecho internacional humanitario. El intercambio de información, asistencia y cooperación debería ser parte de esta tarea.",
"66. Diversos Estados Partes han indicado la necesidad de establecer normativas que preferiblemente sean vinculantes jurídicamente, en el marco de la Convención sobre ciertas armas convencionales, dirigidas a reducir los riesgos de determinadas municiones concretas, en particular las municiones de racimo, o específicamente municiones de racimo. Algunos Estados Partes mencionaron repetidamente que las tareas sobre REG podrían centrarse, sin menoscabo de las cuestiones bajo la jurisdicción del Protocolo V, en los requisitos en relación con esas municiones concretas, en particular su fiabilidad y precisión, el adiestramiento, las transferencias, el uso, la gestión, la destrucción de arsenales, etc.",
"67. Algunos Estados Partes expresaron la opinión de que, con la entrada en vigor del Protocolo V el 12 de noviembre de 2006, el mandato básico del GEG sobre REG debería considerase cumplido. Un Estado, no obstante, reconoció que debería promoverse que las actuales tareas del Grupo de Expertos Militares y Técnicos en relación con las posibles medidas preventivas continúen hasta la finalización de su mandato respectivo.",
"68. En cualquier caso, los Estados Partes en la Convención deberían ser invitados a hacer cuanto esté en su mano para promover la universalización y aplicación del Protocolo V en todo su alcance, inclusive las disposiciones de carácter voluntario que figuran en sus anexos. Al mismo tiempo, la aplicación de los principios y normas de DIH aplicables a los REG deberían seguir sometidos al examen de los Estados Partes en la Convención sobre ciertas armas convencionales, según proceda.",
"VI. RECOMENDACIONES",
"69. Se recomendará:",
"i) Continuar el examen y consultas sobre cuestiones relativas a los REG, en preparación de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen, en el ámbito del mandato del GEG sobre REG para 2006, en particular las tareas de los expertos militares y técnicos;",
"ii) Respaldar el proyecto de declaración con ocasión de la entrada en vigor del Protocolo sobre los Restos Explosivos de Guerra (Protocolo V) de la Convención sobre ciertas armas convencionales, según figura en CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.6‑CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.6, y transmitirlo a la Tercera Conferencia de Examen para su aprobación;",
"iii) Considerar la posibilidad de continuar las tareas sobre los REG pasada la Tercera Conferencia de Examen, en particular las tareas de los expertos militares y técnicos, teniendo en cuenta especialmente las propuestas oficiales presentadas por los Estados Partes.",
"Anexo",
"LISTA DE DOCUMENTOS DEL GRUPO DE EXPERTOS GUBERNAMENTALES SOBRE LA CUESTIÓN DE LOS RESTOS EXPLOSIVOS DE GUERRA",
"Signatura Título Presentado por\n CCW/GGE/I/WP.2 Documento de debate sobre la Coordinador sobre remoción de los restos los REG materiales explosivos de guerra",
"CCW/GGE/I/WP.3 Asistencia y cooperación en Brasil, Japón y Perú materia de restos materiales explosivos de guerra",
"CCW/GGE/I/WP.4 Las mejores técnicas y otras Suiza disposiciones en relación con los tipos de municiones pertinentes, incluidas las submuniciones que podrían reducir el riesgo de que tales municiones se convirtieran en restos materiales explosivos de guerra",
"CCW/GGE/I/WP.5 Los tipos de municiones que se Centro Internacional convierten en restos materiales de Desminado explosivos de guerra - Factores Humanitario de que contribuyen a la existencia Ginebra/CICR de los restos materiales explosivos de guerra",
"CCW/GGE/WP.5/Add.1 Information of Explosive Centro Internacional Remnants of War Useful to de Desminado Mine/UXO Action Organizations Humanitario de Ginebra/CICR",
"CCW/GGE/I/WP.6 Documento de debate sobre la Noruega, Landmine \"Alerta a la población civil\" Action (Reino Unido)",
"CCW/GGE/I/WP.7 Posición de la Unión Europea Unión Europea sobre la cuestión de los restos materiales explosivos de guerra",
"CCW/GGE/I/WP.8 El intercambio de información Estados Unidos como instrumento para proteger a los civiles de los efectos de las municiones sin estallar y los restos materiales explosivos de guerra",
"CCW/GGE/I/WP.9 La adecuación del derecho Suecia internacional vigente para reducir los peligros de los restos materiales explosivos de guerra después de un conflicto",
"CCW/GGE/I/WP.9/Corr.1 (en The adequacy of existing Suecia inglés solamente) internacional law in minimizing the postconflict risks of Explosive Remnants of War",
"CCW/GGE/I/WP.10 Cuestiones jurídicas Reino Unido relacionadas con los restos materiales explosivos de guerra",
"CCW/GGE/I/WP.11 Documento de debate sobre la Federación de Rusia cuestión de los restos materiales explosivos de guerra",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.1 Cuestiones básicas sobre los Coordinador para los restos materiales explosivos de REG guerra",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.3 Elementos para un documento de Unión Europea la Unión Europea sobre las minas antivehículo",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.4 Examen de las cuestiones y Canadá problemas por el Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales sobre los restos materiales explosivos de guerra",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.6 Mejoras técnicas de las Francia submuniciones",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.8 Restos materiales explosivos de CICR guerra ‑ Examen de los problemas jurídicos suscitados en los debates sobre REG",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.10 Grupo de Expertos Landmine Action Gubernamentales sobre los (Reino Unido) restos materiales explosivos de guerra - Eliminación de los artefactos explosivos desde la perspectiva de la labor sobre el terreno y de los donantes",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.11 Grupo de Expertos Landmine Action Gubernamentales sobre los (Reino Unido) restos materiales explosivos de guerra - Necesidades de información desde la perspectiva de la labor sobre el terreno",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.13 Restos materiales explosivos de Servicio de las guerra ‑ Experiencia adquirida Naciones Unidas de en el curso de las operaciones actividades sobre el terreno relativas a las minas (UNMAS)",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.15 Restos materiales explosivos de Federación de Rusia guerra",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.19 Necesidades de información Coordinador sobre los restos materiales explosivos de guerra ‑ Procedimientos de desactivación durante las operaciones de desminado humanitario",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.20 Documento de trabajo conjunto China y Federación sobre mejoras técnicas de las de Rusia municiones para prevenir y reducir los REG",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.22 La pertinencia del principio de Suecia las precauciones en el ataque en el contexto de los REG",
"CCW/GGE/II/INF.2 Carta a los participantes Presidente de las militares del Grupo de Expertos reuniones de Gubernamentales de los Estados expertos militares Partes en la Convención sobre sobre REG ciertas armas convencionales acerca de las reuniones de expertos militares sobre los restos materiales explosivos de guerra - Programa de trabajo propuesto y agenda provisional",
"CCW/GGE/III/WP.1 Restos materiales explosivos de Coordinador para los guerra: el camino a seguir - REG Nota del Coordinador sobre los REG ‑ Proyecto de propuesta",
"CCW/GGE/III/WP.3 Medidas para prevenir los REG: Reino Unido prácticas óptimas en la gestión de las municiones",
"CCW/GGE/III/WP.6 Derecho internacional Australia humanitario y determinación del objetivo: un método australiano",
"CCW/GGE/III/WP.8 Informe de sobre la Reunión de Suiza Expertos Militares en el tercer período de sesiones del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales de los Estados Partes en la Convención, Ginebra, 4 de diciembre de 2002",
"CCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.1 Documento marco sobre los Coordinador para los restos explosivos de guerra: REG posible estructura de un instrumento sobre los restos explosivos de guerra",
"CCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.2 Restos explosivos de guerra: Sudáfrica asistencia a las víctimas",
"CCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.3 Restos explosivos de guerra: Pakistán asistencia y cooperación",
"CCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.4 Enmiendas relativas a la Comité Internacional protección de las poblaciones de la Cruz Roja civiles de los efectos de los (CICR) REG (artículo 6 del documento marco sobre los REG)",
"CCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.5 Documento marco sobre los Australia restos explosivos de guerra: artículo 7",
"CCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.6 Definición de restos explosivos Federación de Rusia de guerra",
"CCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.1/Rev.1 Proyecto de propuesta de Coordinador para los instrumento sobre los restos REG explosivos de guerra",
"CCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.2 Las Naciones Unidas y los UNMAS restos explosivos de guerra",
"CCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.3 Difusión de avisos y Centro Internacional facilitación de información de Desminado sobre los peligros de los Humanitario de restos explosivos de guerra Ginebra",
"CCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.4 Necesidades de información Centro Internacional sobre los restos explosivos de de Desminado guerra Humanitario de Ginebra",
"CCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.5 Necesidad de garantizar la Federación de Rusia fiabilidad de las municiones mediante su correcta manipulación",
"CCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.6 El derecho internacional Noruega humanitario y los restos explosivos de guerra",
"CCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.1 Proyecto de propuesta de Coordinador para los instrumento sobre los restos REG explosivos de guerra",
"CCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.2 Observaciones del Grupo UNMAS Interinstitucional de Coordinación de Actividades Relativas a las Minas acerca del proyecto de instrumento propuesto sobre los restos explosivos de guerra",
"CCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.3 Interpretación y aplicación Noruega nacionales del derecho internacional humanitario respecto del riesgo de los restos explosivos de guerra",
"CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1 Nota del Coordinador Coordinador para los REG",
"CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.2 Propuesta para estructurar las Suecia deliberaciones sobre el derecho internacional humanitario y los restos explosivos de guerra (REG) durante las reuniones de expertos en 2004 acerca de la Convención sobre ciertas armas convencionales",
"CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.3 y Corr.1 Preguntas y cuestiones en Suiza (la corrección en inglés relación con las medidas únicamente) preventivas de orden técnico para ciertos tipos concretos de artefactos explosivos",
"CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.4 Intercambio de información con Países Bajos carácter voluntario sobre el protocolo V",
"CCW/GGE/VIII/WG.1/1 Programa Provisional de las Presidente de las Reuniones de Expertos Militares Reuniones de sobre los Restos Explosivos de Expertos Militares Guerra (REG) sobre los REG",
"CCW/GGE/VIII/WG.1/WP.1 Metodología de evaluación en el Francia marco del mejoramiento del diseño de ciertos tipos específicos de municiones",
"CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1 Lista de expertos militares y Presidente de las técnicos Reuniones de los Expertos Militares y Técnicos sobre los Restos Explosivos de Guerra (REG)",
"CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/WP.1 y Corr.1 Medidas ante la repercusión de Cluster Munition (la corrección en inglés las municiones de racimo Coalition únicamente)",
"CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/WP.2 Fiabilidad, seguridad y Alemania rendimiento de las municiones y submuniciones convencionales",
"CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/1 Programa provisional de la Presidente de la Reunión de Expertos Militares Reunión de Expertos sobre los Restos Explosivos de Militares y Técnicos Guerra (REG) sobre los REG",
"CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.1 Utilidad militar de las Reino Unido municiones de racimo",
"CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2 El derecho internacional Australia, Canadá, humanitario y los REG Estados Unidos de América, Noruega, Nueva Zelandia, Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, Suecia y Suiza en consulta con el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja",
"CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.3 Propuesta de definiciones para UNMAS, PNUD y UNICEF las municiones de racimo y las submuniciones",
"CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.4 Fiabilidad y uso de las Alemania municiones de racimo",
"CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.5 Examen de 2004 Presidente de la Reunión de Expertos Militares y Técnicos sobre los Restos Explosivos de Guerra (REG)",
"CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.6 Perspectivas de 2005 Presidente de la Reunión de Expertos Militares y Técnicos sobre los Restos Explosivos de Guerra (REG)",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/1 Programa provisional de la Presidente de la Reunión de Expertos Militares y Reunión de Expertos Técnicos sobre los Restos Militares y Técnicos Explosivos de Guerra (REG) sobre los Restos Explosivos de Guerra (REG)",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.1 y Corr.1 Respuestas al documento Reino Unido (la corrección en inglés y ruso CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado solamente) \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.2 Respuestas al documento Canadá CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.3 Respuestas al documento Polonia CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.4 Respuestas al documento Estados Unidos de CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado América \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.5 Respuestas al documento Noruega CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.6 Respuestas al documento Australia CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.7 Principios y normas existentes CICR del derecho internacional humanitario aplicable al empleo de municiones que puedan convertirse en restos explosivos de guerra",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.8 Respuestas al documento Suecia CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.9 Respuestas al documento República Federal de CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado Alemania \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.10 Respuestas al documento Argentina CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.11 Medidas técnicas preventivas en Argentina la gestión de la munición",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.12 Respuestas al documento Japón CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.13 Respuestas al documento Suiza CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.14 Respuestas al documento Austria CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.15 Debate sobre el mejoramiento de Australia la fiabilidad de las municiones",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.16 y Corr.1 Respuestas al documento Nueva Zelandia (la corrección en árabe, CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado francés e inglés solamente) \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.17 Los restos explosivos de guerra Francia y el derecho internacional humanitario",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.18 Respuestas al documento Dinamarca CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.19 Los principios del derecho Preparado a petición internacional humanitario y los del Coordinador restos explosivos de guerra sobre los restos (documento de trabajo basado explosivos de guerra en la exposición del profesor Tim McCormack, de la Universidad de Melbourne (Australia))",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.1 y Corr.1 Respuestas al documento Brasil (la corrección en español, CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado francés, inglés y ruso \"El derecho internacional solamente) humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.2 Respuestas al documento Belarús CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.3 Respuestas al documento Federación de Rusia CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.4 Respuestas al documento Países Bajos CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.5 Respuestas al documento Estonia CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.6 Respuestas al documento Bélgica CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, de 8 de marzo de 2005, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\"",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.7 Respuestas al documento República de Croacia CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.8 Respuestas al documento Finlandia CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.9 Documento de trabajo sobre Francia submuniciones",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.10 Respuestas al documento Lituania CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11 Estudio sobre la amenaza UNMAS y UNDP humanitaria que representan las municiones y submuniciones que se han convertido en REG - Evaluación preliminar basada en las respuestas y conclusiones",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.12 Propuesta para el análisis de Presentado por el las respuestas al cuestionario Canadá y preparado sobre el derecho internacional por las delegaciones humanitario (DIH) coautoras del cuestionario sobre el DIH: Australia, Canadá, Estados Unidos de América, Noruega, Nueva Zelandia, Reino Unido, Suecia y Suiza",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.13 Restos explosivos de guerra: Australia perspectiva desde el teatro de operaciones",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.14 Respuestas al documento República de Corea CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.15 ¿Cómo se aborda la cuestión de Preparado a petición los restos explosivos de guerra del Coordinador en el derecho internacional sobre los restos actual? explosivos de guerra",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.16 Requisitos generales de Alemania seguridad y adecuación para el uso de las municiones de racimo",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/1 Programa provisional de la Presidente de la Reunión de Expertos Militares y Reunión de Expertos Técnicos sobre los Restos Militares y Técnicos Explosivos de Guerra (REG) sobre los REG",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.1 Respuestas al documento Italia CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de fecha 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.2 Respuestas al documento República Checa CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de fecha 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.3 Respuestas al documento Irlanda CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de fecha 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.4 Respuestas al documento Sudáfrica CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de fecha 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.5 Respuestas al documento México CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de fecha 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.6 Respuestas al documento Portugal CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de fecha 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.7 Evaluación del riesgo relativo Reino Unido de que ciertas categorías de artefactos explosivos se conviertan en restos explosivos de guerra: metodología",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.8 Proyecto de cuadro sobre tipos Presidente de la y sistemas de municiones Reunión de Expertos convencionales Militares y Técnicos sobre los REG",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.9 Respuestas al documento China CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de fecha 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.10 Concepción alemana de las Alemania municiones de racimo",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.11 Municiones de racimo: ¿Una Federación de Rusia amenaza humanitaria real o un mito?",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12, Corr.1 Informe sobre las respuestas de Asia Pacific Centre (inglés solamente) y Corr.2 los Estados Partes al for Military Law, (chino, español e inglés cuestionario sobre el derecho Universidad de solamente) internacional humanitario y los Melbourne restos explosivos de guerra, (Australia) CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, de fecha 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1 Informe sobre las respuestas de Preparado por el los Estados Partes al Asia Pacific Centre cuestionario sobre el derecho for Military Law, internacional humanitario y los Universidad de restos explosivos de guerra, Melbourne CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, de fecha 8 (Australia) y de marzo de 2005, Adición: presentado a Análisis de la experiencia solicitud del sobre la aplicación de los Coordinador sobre principios pertinentes del los REG derecho internacional humanitario",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2 Informe sobre las respuestas de Asia Pacific Centre los Estados Partes al for Military Law, cuestionario sobre el derecho Universidad de internacional humanitario y los Melbourne restos explosivos de guerra, (Australia) CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, de fecha 8 de marzo de 2005, Adición: Análisis de la experiencia sobre la aplicación de los principios pertinentes del derecho internacional humanitario",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13 Análisis crítico del \"Informe Centro Internacional sobre las respuestas de los de Desminado Estados Partes al cuestionario Humanitario de sobre el derecho internacional Ginebra humanitario y los restos explosivos de guerra\"",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.14 Metodología aplicable a las Francia municiones para la reducción de los riesgos vinculados con los restos explosivos de guerra (REG)",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15 Observaciones sobre el Informe Comité Internacional sobre las respuestas de los de la Cruz Roja Estados Partes al cuestionario (CICR) sobre el derecho internacional humanitario y los restos explosivos de guerra",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.16 Respuestas al cuestionario Belarús sobre la amenaza humanitaria que representan las municiones y submuniciones que se han convertido en restos explosivos de guerra - Evaluación preliminar basada en las respuestas y conclusiones, documento CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11, de 12 de diciembre de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1 Programa provisional de la Presidente de la Reunión de Expertos Militares y Reunión de Expertos Técnicos sobre los Restos Militares y Técnicos Explosivos de Guerra sobre los REG",
"CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.1 Programa provisional de la Presidente de la Reunión de Expertos Militares y Reunión de Expertos Técnicos sobre los Restos Militares y Técnicos Explosivos de Guerra ‑ Programa sobre los REG provisional anotado",
"CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.2 y Programa provisional de la Presidente de la Corr.1 (en inglés y ruso Reunión de Expertos Militares y Reunión de Expertos solamente) Técnicos sobre los Restos Militares y Técnicos Explosivos de Guerra ‑ Proyecto sobre los REG de cuadros sobre tipos y sistemas de municiones explosivas",
"CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.1 Observaciones sobre los Asia Pacific Centre documentos for Military Law, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12, Universidad de CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1 y Melbourne CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2 (Australia)",
"CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.2 Respuestas al documento Hungría CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de fecha 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.3 Observaciones técnicas sobre el Argentina documento CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.8",
"CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4 Reflexiones previas en torno al Asia Pacific Centre posible enfoque a adoptar en for Military Law, relación con la Recomendación 3 Universidad de Melbourne (Australia)",
"CCW/GGE/XV/WP.1 Propuesta de creación de un Austria, Irlanda, mandato para la negociación de México, un instrumento jurídicamente Nueva Zelandia, vinculante acerca de las Santa Sede y Suecia consecuencias humanitarias de las municiones de racimo",
"CCW/GGE/XV/WP.3 Propuesta de mandato sobre los Unión Europea restos explosivos de guerra (REG)",
"CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1 Programa provisional de la Presidente de la Reunión de Expertos Militares y Reunión de Expertos Técnicos sobre los Restos Militares y Técnicos Explosivos de Guerra (REG) sobre los REG",
"CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.1 Programa provisional de la Presidente de la Reunión de Expertos Militares y Reunión de Expertos Técnicos sobre los Restos Militares y Técnicos Explosivos de Guerra sobre los REG (REG) ‑ Programa provisional anotado",
"CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.2 Programa provisional de la Presidente de la Reunión de Expertos Militares y Reunión de Expertos Técnicos sobre los Restos Militares y Técnicos Explosivos de Guerra sobre los REG (REG) ‑ Proyecto de cuadro sobre tipos y sistemas de municiones convencionales",
"CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.1 Respuestas al documento España CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, titulado \"El derecho internacional humanitario y los REG\", de fecha 8 de marzo de 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.2 Las Naciones Unidas y la Servicio de las aplicación del Protocolo V Naciones Unidas de actividades relativas a las minas (UNMAS) en nombre del Grupo Interinstitucional de Coordinación de Actividades relativas a las Minas de las Naciones Unidas (IACG-MA)",
"CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.3 Iniciativa sobre una concepción Alemania común de las municiones de racimo en el Grupo de Expertos Militares de la Convención",
"[1] En cooperación con el Centro Internacional de Desminado Humanitario de Ginebra.",
"[2] CCW/CONF.II/2.",
"[3] CCW/MSP/2002/2.",
"[4] CCW/MSP/2003/3.",
"[5] CCW/GGE/VI/2.",
"[6] CCW/MSP/2004/2.",
"[7] CCW/GGE/IX/2.",
"[8] CCW/MSP/2005/2.",
"[9] CCW/MSP/2003/3.",
"[10] C.N.382.2006.TREATIES-6 (Notificación al depositario).",
"[11] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.2.",
"[12] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1.",
"[13] CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2.",
"[14] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.12.",
"[15] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Corr.1, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Corr.2.",
"[16] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15 y CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13.",
"[17] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12.",
"[18] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12.",
"[19] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13.",
"[20] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15.",
"[21] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.1.",
"[22] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4.",
"[23] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.2.",
"[24] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.3.",
"[25] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1.",
"[26] CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1.",
"[27] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.7.",
"[28] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11.",
"[29] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.14.",
"[30] Tal como se recomienda en el informe McCormack (Recomendación 1).",
"[31] Tal como se recomienda en el informe McCormack (Recomendación 2).",
"[32] Tal como se recomienda en el informe McCormack (Recomendación 4).",
"[33] Tal como se recomienda en el informe McCormack (Recomendación 5).",
"[34] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4.",
"[35] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1."
] | [
"THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.1CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.113 October 2006Original:ENGLISH",
"Geneva, 7-17 November 2006",
"Item 10 of the provisional agenda",
"Submission of the report of the",
"Group of Governmental Experts",
"PROCEDURAL REPORT",
"GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS",
"Fifteenth Session",
"Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006",
"Addendum",
"REPORT OF THE WORK ON EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR",
"REPORT OF THE WORK ON EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR",
"Prepared by the Coordinator on ERW and",
"the Chairperson of the Meetings of Military and Technical Experts[1]",
"I. mandateS OF the GGE ON ERW",
"A. Initial mandate ADOPTED by the SECOND review Conference in 2001",
"1. At the Second Review Conference the States Parties to the CCW decided to establish an open-ended Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) with two separate Coordinators on Mines Other Than Anti-Personal Mines (MOTAPM) and Explosive Remnants of War (ERW). The GGE on ERW was mandated to:",
"“(a) discuss ways and means to address the issue of Explosive Remnants of War (ERW). In this context the Group shall consider all factors, appropriate measures and proposals, in particular:",
"1. factors and types of munitions that could cause humanitarian problems after a conflict;",
"2. technical improvements and other measures for relevant types of munitions, including sub-munitions, which could reduce the risk of such munitions becoming ERW;",
"3. the adequacy of existing International Humanitarian Law in minimizing post-conflict risks of ERW, both to civilians and to the military;",
"4. warning to the civilian population, in or close to, ERW-affected areas, clearance of ERW, the rapid provision of information to facilitate early and safe clearance of ERW, and associated issues and responsibilities;",
"5. assistance and co-operation. ”[2]",
"2. Under the same decision the Coordinator on ERW had to “undertake work in an efficient manner so as to submit recommendations, adopted by consensus, at an early date for consideration by the States Parties, including whether to proceed with negotiating a legally-binding instrument or instruments on ERW and/or other approaches”.",
"3. The 2002 Meeting of the States Parties to the CCW decided that:",
"“the Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War would continue its work in the year 2003 with the following mandate:",
"(a) (i) To negotiate an instrument on post-conflict remedial measures of a generic nature which would reduce the risks of ERW. These measures would be based on a broad definition covering most types of explosive munitions, with the exception of mines. Abandoned munitions would have to be included. In these negotiations, questions need to be considered regarding, inter alia, responsibility for clearance, existing ERW, the provision of information to facilitate clearance and risk education, warnings to civilian populations, assistance & co-operation, and a framework for regular consultations of High Contracting Parties. These negotiations would have to establish the scope of this instrument consistent with Article I of the Convention as amended at its Second Review Conference.",
"(a) (ii) To explore and determine whether these negotiations could successfully address preventive generic measures for improving the reliability of munitions that fall within the agreed broad definition, through voluntary best practices concerning the management of manufacturing, quality control, handling and storage of munitions. Exchange of information, assistance and co-operation would be important elements of such best practices.",
"(b) Separate from the negotiations under (a): to continue to consider the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law and to further study, on an open ended basis, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimize the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming ERW. Exchange of information, assistance and co-operation would be part of this work.",
"(c) In the context of the activities described above, meetings of military experts can be conducted to provide advice in support of these activities.”[3]",
"B. Mandate after the adoption OF Protocol V",
"4. Following recommendations of the GGE, the 2003 Meeting of the States Parties to the CCW decided[4] that the GGE would continue its work on ERW in 2004 with the following mandate[5]:",
"“To continue to consider the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law and to further study, on an open-ended basis, and initially with particular emphasis on meetings of military and technical experts, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimize the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming explosive remnants of war. Exchange of information, assistance and co-operation would be part of this work.”",
"5. Following recommendations of the GGE, the 2004 Meeting of the States Parties to the CCW decided[6] that the GGE would continue its work on ERW in 2005 with the following mandate[7]:",
"“To continue to consider, including through participation of legal experts, the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law and to further study, on an open-ended basis, with particular emphasis on meetings of military and technical experts, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimizing the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming explosive remnants of war. Exchange of information, assistance and co-operation would be part of this work. The Group will report on the work done to the next Meeting of the States Parties.”",
"6. The mandate of 2005 was also adopted by the States Parties for the year 2006[8].",
"II. Protocol on explosive remnants of war (protocol V). adoption, ratification, universalization and implementation efforts",
"7. The Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War was negotiated by the GGE under the mandate established by the 2002 Meeting of the States Parties as a result of the considerable advancement of the work of the Group on ERW in 2001-2002.",
"8. The Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War was adopted as the Fifth CCW protocol by the Meeting of the States Parties to the CCW in 2003:",
"“Following the recommendations of the Group of Governmental Experts, the Meeting of the States Parties decided to adopt the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War, which is contained in Appendix II attached to the Procedural Report of the Sixth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts (CCW/GGE/VI/2), annexed to this Report as Annex V.”[9]",
"9. Protocol V was adopted by the States Parties on 28 November 2003. The Protocol was adopted on the understanding that it was subject to checking of the official translation into United Nations language versions by States whose working language was not English. Accordingly, proposed corrections from different delegations on the Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish texts of the Protocol had been received, considered and approved by the CCW States parties, and effected by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, acting as depositary of the Convention.",
"10. For their national ratification procedures, some States Parties needed the consolidated corrected versions of the certified true copies of the original Protocol (in all 6 United Nations language versions). The Treaty Section of the UN Office of Legal Affairs has been approached accordingly by the President-designate of the Third Review Conference, States Parties, the Presidency of the European Union and others. In this regard, the following depository notifications in relation to the authentic texts of Protocol V were issued:",
"the Protocol”;",
"authentic text) of the Protocol”;",
"authentic text) of the Protocol”;",
"authentic text) of the Protocol”.",
"11. In order to promote the early entry into force of the Protocol the President-designate of the Third Review Conference, the Coordinator on ERW and the Presidency of the European Union on behalf of its Member States carried out demarches in a number of the States Parties to the CCW that have not yet ratified Protocol V.",
"12. On 12 May 2006 – the date by which 20 States Parties to the CCW notified their consent to be bound by Protocol V, the conditions for the entry into force of the Protocol were met. In accordance with Article 5 (3) of the CCW, Protocol V will enter into force on 12 November 2006[10], six months after the submission of the 20th instrument of ratification, during the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the CCW.",
"13. For the present, the following 23 States are party to Protocol V (as listed in alphabetical order): Albania, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Denmark, El Salvador, Finland, Germany, Holy See, India, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, and Ukraine.",
"14. The Protocol provides for the Contracting Parties to undertake consultations and cooperate with each other on all issues related to the operation of the Protocol. In accordance with Article 10, paragraph 1: “For this purpose, a Conference of High Contracting Parties shall be held as agreed to by a majority, but not less than eighteen High Contracting Parties”.",
"15. There is no decision yet concerning the timing of the First Conference of the High Contracting Parties. The High Contracting Parties to the Protocol noted it might be possible to hold a meeting in preparation for the First Conference in 2007 taking into consideration other CCW-related meetings and, inter alia, address procedural matters, discuss substantive issues with the aim to make the Protocol operational as soon as feasible. In preparations for the First Conference of High Contracting Parties to Protocol V, issues related to the implementation of Protocol V could be also considered in informal meetings within various existing venues.",
"16. In recognition of the importance that the Protocol should become operational after its entry into force without delay, certain efforts have already been undertaken with this regard.",
"17. In 2006, a series of formal GGE meetings and consultations of different settings took place at the initiative of, and in cooperation with, the President-designate of the Third Review Conference, the Coordinator on ERW, the Netherlands, UNDDA, UNMAS, ICRC, GICHD and others.",
"18. At the request of the Coordinator on ERW, UNMAS, on behalf of the Inter Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action (IACG-MA), prepared and submitted to the GGE a document titled “The United Nations and the Implementation of Protocol V”[11]. The GICHD presented some practical ideas on the same issue and, in particular, on existing mine action tools that have the potential to equally support the implementation of Protocol V as well as to establish synergies between Protocol V and the implementation of the 1997 Convention on Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction (Ottawa Convention).",
"19. Consultations and practical steps taken at the national level have also been reported by some States Parties that have ratified Protocol V.",
"20. The States Parties have agreed that the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the CCW should hold a Special (High Level) Segment to mark the entry into force of Protocol V on 13 November 2006. In this regard, the States Parties drafted and recommended for adoption to the Third Review Conference a special Declaration on the Entry into Force of Protocol V.",
"III. discussions on implementation of international humanitarian law",
"A. The Coordinator’s three-step approach",
"21. During the Sixth session of the GGE in March 2004 the Coordinator on ERW suggested a “three-step” approach[12] (hereinafter – the Coordinator’s Three Step Approach) in considering the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Step one would seek to deliberate and agree upon which of the existing principles of IHL could be considered as applicable to ERW, step two – to consider the status of implementation of these principles by the States Parties, taking into account the obligations of the States Parties under the Conventions and/or Protocols from which they are derived, and, step three would include consideration of the adequacy of the mechanisms provided for in these Conventions and/or Protocols for promoting implementation of these principles and whether any further measures are required in this regard.",
"B. IHL-8 INITIATIVE: IHL Questionnaire. MCCormack report, its conclusions and recommendations",
"22. In pursuance of the goal outlined in the Coordinator’s Three-Step Approach in March 2005, eight States Parties – Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and United States of America (hereinafter – IHL-8) in consultation with the ICRC submitted a proposal[13] to facilitate the work of the GGE on step one and step two of the Coordinator’s Three Step Approach. States Parties were invited to consider responding to the questionnaire (IHL Questionnaire) introduced by IHL-8. The proposal enjoyed a broad support. This encouraged a follow-up action, and during the GGE Twelfth session of in November 2005 Canada presented a working paper titled “A Way Ahead for IHL Questionnaire Response Analysis”[14]. It was suggested by IHL-8 that written responses to the IHL Questionnaire and compiled oral intervention transcripts will be analyzed on a “without prejudice” basis for the purpose of identifying general trends with the overall aim of establishing a baseline or baselines from which further discussion can proceed in accordance with step three of the Coordinator’s Three Step Approach.",
"23. Professor Tim McCormack of the Faculty of Law, University of Melbourne, Australia, has offered to undertake the required analysis. By 26 January 2006, 33 States Parties had submitted their responses to the IHL Questionnaire. In accordance with the proposed course of action, the findings and analysis by Prof. McCormack and his team were presented to the Coordinator in the form of a report (McCormack Report[15]) and later released to States Parties. The Coordinator also invited ICRC and GICHD to provide their critical analysis of the McCormack Report, which they did accordingly[16].",
"24. The McCormack Report concluded that “Protocol V to the CCW and the existing rules of IHL are specific and comprehensive enough to deal adequately with the problem of ERW provided that those rules are effectively implemented.”[17]",
"25. The following recommendations for practical steps that the GGE might consider in order to advance their work on IHL and ERW were offered in McCormack Report:",
"“Recommendation 1: All States Parties to the CCW should be encouraged to ratify Protocol V on ERW as expeditiously as possible. …",
"Recommendation 2: The GGE should continue to stress to all CCW States Parties the significance of legally binding rules of International Humanitarian Law applicable to all weapons types and to the specific problem of ERW. …",
"Recommendation 3: The GGE should consider the development of a set of non-legally binding Guidelines on ‘best practice’ application of relevant rules of International Humanitarian Law to the problem of ERW. …",
"Recommendation 4: The GGE should encourage all States Parties to the CCW which do not already do so to establish a process for legal review of all new and modified weapons systems. …",
"Recommendation 5: The GGE should consider introducing a system of written confidence building reports by States as to their unilateral destruction of old or outmoded weapons to reduce potential sources of ERW.”[18]",
"26. During the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth sessions of the GGE, the discussion on the implementation of existing principles of IHL that are applicable to ERW took place mainly on the basis of the IHL Questionnaire, the McCormack Report, in particular its conclusions and recommendations, “A Critical Analysis by the Geneva International Center for Humanitarian Demining”[19], the “Comments by the International Committee of Red Cross”[20], and the remarks[21] prepared by the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law, University of Melbourne, which were meant to form a constituent part of the analysis by Prof. McCormack and his team and be essential in interpreting its findings.",
"27. In order to narrow down the persisting divergence of views, particularly on Recommendation 3, a new document titled “Preliminary Thoughts on a Possible Approach to Recommendation 3”[22] was prepared by Prof. Tim McCormack, presented and discusased at the Fourteenth session of GGE and debated.",
"28. After the presentation of McCormack Report for the consideration by the GGE and by the end of the Fifteenth session of GGE, 9 (nine) more States Parties submitted their responses to the IHL Questionnaire.",
"IV. Meetings of the military and technical experts on THE assessment of THE humanitarian threat and on technical preventive measures",
"29. After the adoption of Protocol V, subsequent meetings of the Military and Technical Expert Group focussed on the following points:",
"(i) Specific types of munitions and threat assessment from an ERW perspective",
"(ii) Technical preventive measures with a view to reducing humanitarian risk",
"(iii) Consideration of the relevance and feasibility of these measures",
"(iv) Possible assistance and cooperation with regard to implementing these measures.",
"30. These points were reflected in the agendas of the meetings (see Annex “List of Documents of the GGE on the Issue of ERW”).",
"31. The following substantive proposals and achievements were made:",
"a. Specific types of munitions and threat assessment from an ERW perspective",
"Classification of munitions and common understanding",
"32. As a first step to come to a common understanding of “certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions”, as per mandate, it was necessary to get a consistent overview of explosive ordnance. For this, a “Draft Table of Explosive Ordnance Types and Systems”[23] was produced, continuously updated and improved. A workable version has been achieved, but finalisation will be required.",
"33. Germany has initiated a common understanding of the term “Cluster Munitions”[24], and has collected on request of the Coordinator other delegation’s input. Common positions have been identified as well as controversial points. Further work on a common understanding would be required. The common understanding forms part of a German 8-Point-Position on Cluster Munitions, which has been presented for discussion during the sessions, and which aims at replacing Cluster Munitions by alternative munitions in the long term.",
"Assessment of humanitarian threat",
"34. The Coordinator on Explosive Remnants of War noted on 8 March 2004: “As the Group is mandated to study preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific munitions, the first task for the Group, therefore, is to specify which type of munitions, including sub-munitions, need to be considered for improving the design through possible preventive measures,”[25]. Generic preventive measures are already dealt with in Article 9 and part 3 of the Technical Annex of Protocol V.",
"35. The aim of the Military and Technical Expert’s sessions was to define ERW that present a specific humanitarian risk, having in mind that all ERW in large quantities present a humanitarian problem, but some munitions may by design have a greater potential to present a specific humanitarian threat as ERW. The definition of ERW that present a specific humanitarian risk has been a difficult task, because there is no existing methodology and there is a significant lack of detailed data for many ammunition types. The approaches taken were the following:",
"36. The former Swiss chair of the Meeting of Military an Technical Experts had prepared a Matrix which considered humanitarian risk of ERW (latest version: CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1, referred to as “Swiss Matrix”), but this matrix was not meant to provide a methodology to define it. It was meant to provide a structure for the collection of information on possible technical preventive measures. In this regard, the Swiss Matrix is open for further development.",
"37. The United Kingdom had prepared a Humanitarian Threat Matrix[26], which was considered to be too subjective. Consequently, the United Kingdom developed a methodology[27] with the aim to assess the relative risk of categories of explosive ordnance becoming Explosive Remnants of War more objectively. However, in the given framework it has not been possible to achieve results through the application of the methodology. Hence this approach has been discontinued and essential elements are available for incorporation into the French Matrix (see below).",
"38. UNMAS presented preliminary findings of a survey undertaken in 2005 together with UNDP[28]. UNMAS and UNDP had requested UN programme managers and technical experts from a number of mine action programmes to give their assessment on the risks posed by specific ERW from a clearance perspective. The main preliminary finding was that Cluster Munitions and their associated sub-munitions present a specific humanitarian threat and a particular challenge to clearance operations.",
"39. Several Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have published numerous studies and gave presentations in side meetings indicating that from a humanitarian point of view Cluster Munitions remain the key explosive remnants of war to be addressed.",
"40. General thoughts or presentations on how to define more precisely “certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions” were encouraged and presented. Furthermore, the GICHD conducted a review of publications, presentations and statements in the context of the CCW on the issue.",
"41. The munitions mentioned so far presenting a specific humanitarian risk have been Cluster Munitions. Some delegations argued that all munitions present a risk as ERW and no distinction should be made.",
"b. Technical preventive measures with a view to reducing the humanitarian risk",
"42. There have been numerous presentations on this issue during the GGE sessions. Some of the presentations focussed on generic preventive measures and national practices, some of them on preventive measures for specific ammunition types, namely Cluster Munitions. Other delegations presented detailed statements on these issues.",
"43. France addressed steps to prevent munitions from becoming ERW in their working paper “Munitions – A Method to reduce the Risks associated with Explosive Remnants of War (ERW)”[29] (called “French Matrix”). The Matrix has been continuously improved and is evolving into a common document for the Group of Military and Technical Experts by including elements of the explosive ordnance table, of the methodology of the United Kingdom, of the Swiss Matrix, of national practices on how to prevent munitions from becoming ERW, and of experts, for example in the fields of munitions design, production and training. The Matrix at this stage is meant to provide a catalogue of questions and proposals, allowing countries to assess technical preventive measures for all ERW, and thus facilitating the implementation of Protocol V. The development of the Matrix has not been completed yet.",
"C. Consideration of the relevance and feasibility of the measures",
"44. There have been only preliminary discussions on this issue so far, because no suitable technical measures had been identified yet. Once these measures are identified, their relevance for the reduction of the humanitarian threat of ERW and their feasibility would need to be discussed.",
"D. Possible assistance and cooperation with regard to implementing the measures",
"45. There have been only preliminary discussions on this issue so far. Once concrete results have been achieved on technical preventive measures, their relevance and feasibility, ideas on exchange of information, assistance and co-operation should be addressed.",
"E. Way ahead options for the work of the Group of Military and Technical Experts ON ERW:",
"46. Continuation of the Threat Assessment process:",
"(i) Completion of the ammunition table to form a technical base for further discussions",
"(ii) Further development of the common understanding of the term “Cluster Munitions”, with Germany continuing to compile input from other delegations and reporting to the Group",
"(iii) Agreement on munitions that present a specific humanitarian threat.",
"47. Continuation of the research for Technical Preventive Measures:",
"(i) Further work on the French Matrix, which would then become a common document of the group and incorporate other delegation’s working papers and presentations",
"(ii) Focus on munitions, including Cluster Munitions, deemed to present a specific humanitarian threat",
"(iii) Extension of the mandate from design issues to the consideration of the whole life cycle of munitions",
"(iv) Consideration of the relevance and feasibility of the identified measures",
"(v) Consideration of technical cooperation and assistance.",
"48. Shifting of the non-technical aspects of Cluster Munitions to the meetings on ERW of the GGE.",
"v. assessment of the outcome of the work of the group on explosive remnants of war",
"49. There is an agreement that the major achievement of the Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War since the 2001 Review Conference is the adoption and entry into force of Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V). Its universalization and effective implementation is the most important goal in addressing the humanitarian problems related to ERW.",
"50. There is a common understanding that all States Parties to the CCW shall be encouraged to ratify Protocol V as expeditiously as possible. Protocol V does impose basic obligations upon States that are parties to armed conflicts to minimize the risks and effects of ERW as well as encourages them to take generic preventive measures aimed at minimizing the occurrence of ERW.[30]",
"51. In preparations for the First Conference of High Contracting Parties to Protocol V, its implementation issues have already been addressed, and could be also further considered in informal meetings within various existing venues.",
"52. It was commonly recognized by the States Parties that the effective implementation of IHL principles and rules pertinent to ERW should be pursued.",
"53. The Group agreed on the value that all States Parties recognize the significance of legally binding rules of International Humanitarian Law applicable to all weapons types and in particular to the specific problem of ERW. The State Parties should acknowledge the serious consequences of violation of customary and/or treaty-based legal obligations applicable to the problem of ERW.[31]",
"54. The Group also concluded that the States Parties to the CCW which are the parties to the Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions and which do not already do so should be encouraged to establish a process for legal review of all new and modified weapons systems falling under the scope of CCW as a way to increase the likelihood of compliance with international legal obligations relating to the means and methods of warfare in military operations and thus preventing the occurrence of ERW.[32]",
"55. Divergence of views remained concerning an introduction of a system of voluntary confidence building reports by the States Parties as to their unilateral destruction of old or outmoded weapons to reduce potential sources of ERW. [33]",
"56. At the same time the common understanding on whether Protocol V and the existing rules of IHL are specific and comprehensive enough to deal adequately with the problem of ERW was not reached. Some States Parties agreed to the conclusions of the McCormack Report that the existing rules of IHL are sufficient, provided that those rules are faithfully and effectively implemented. Other States Parties felt that there was a need of specific regulations for certain types of munitions, including cluster munitions. Some States Parties noted a need to concentrate particularly on cluster munitions.",
"57. In this context, a number of States Parties have supported the idea proposed in Recommendation 3 of McCormack Report that one of the feasible means to reinforce the effective implementation of IHL principles and rules pertinent to ERW could be the development of a set of non-legally binding guidelines on the best practice of application of relevant rules of IHL to the problem of ERW. Prof. McCormack has proposed preliminary thoughts on the possible structure of such guidelines[34].",
"58. At the same time, during the discussions on this subject, some concerns were expressed that the interpretation of legally binding obligations of IHL within the CCW might encounter certain ambiguity or that legally binding regulations rather than non-legally binding guidelines should be general practice of the CCW regime. A number of States Parties indicated that further clarification of this idea or consideration of other means to reinforce the effective implementation and application of IHL principles and rules pertinent to ERW would be possible. Some States Parties, in particular those of the opinion that existing rules of IHL were sufficient, believed that those rules did not need to be supplemented, but rather faithfully implemented.",
"59. According to the mandate to further study possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific type of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimize the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming ERW, the Group put its particular emphasis on meetings of military and technical experts.",
"60. In the period 2004-2006, the Group of Military and Technical Experts identified types of munitions, including sub-munitions, which needed to be considered for improving the design through possible preventive measures. While considering such measures, the Group of Military and Technical Experts needed to determine whether these preventive measures were essential, effective in substantially enhancing reliability of munitions, including sub-munitions, technologically and economically feasible. Given the disparity in military, technological and economic capabilities among States Parties to the CCW, the Group has agreed to the necessity to take into account the financial and technological implications for the States Parties, particularly for the developing countries, of producing or stockpiling the new munitions with improved design and for decommissioning/retro-fitting or destruction of the existing stockpiles[35].",
"61. Divergence of views remained on what type of munitions posed the greatest humanitarian threat and thus should be further considered with the view to improving their technical characteristics and design in accordance with the mandate of the Group.",
"62. In the opinion of some States Parties most of the problems caused by ERW could be attributed to the use of cluster munitions. Other States Parties continue to consider cluster munitions as one in a number of types of munitions, which could possibly contribute to the problems caused by ERW.",
"63. There is an understanding that the Group of Military and Technical Experts was able to deepen discussion and should continue the work in progress until its completion, in particular on classification of munitions and common understanding and technical preventive measures with a view to reducing the humanitarian risk, as presented in chapter 4 of this report.",
"64. Cooperation and assistance, in particular of technical nature, forms an important aspect in addressing the problems caused by ERW and therefore merits attention by the States Parties.",
"Having taken into account the broad scope of positions of the States Parties with regard to the work accomplished by the Group of Governmental Experts on ERW since the last Review Conference, few options could be considered as a follow-up on ERW.",
"65. A large number of States Parties recognize the value of the work accomplished by the Group at this stage and favor continuation of the work in the CCW beyond the Third Review Conference on munitions which may become ERW in order to fulfill the tasks outlined in the present mandate. As proposed by some States Parties, without prejudice to the issues under the jurisdiction of Protocol V, the work on ERW could be continued on the basis of the present mandate to further study, on an open-ended basis, with particular emphasis on participation of military and technical experts, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimizing the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming explosive remnants of war and to consider, including through participation of legal experts, the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law. Exchange of information, assistance and co-operation should be part of this work.",
"66. A number of States Parties have indicated the need to establish preferably legally binding regulations, within the CCW, aimed to reduce the risks of certain specific munitions, including cluster munitions, or specifically cluster munitions. It was repeatedly mentioned by some States Parties that, the work on ERW could focus without prejudice to the issues under the jurisdiction of Protocol V on requirements for such specific munitions, including their reliability and accuracy, training, transfers, use, management, destruction of stockpiles, etc.",
"67. Some States Parties expressed an opinion that upon the entry into force of Protocol V on 12 November 2006 the basic mandate of the GGE on ERW would be considered to be completed. One state however recognized that the ongoing work of the Military and Technical Expert Group with regard to possible preventive measures should be encouraged to continue until the completion of its respective mandate.",
"68. In any case, the States Parties to the CCW should be called upon to make their every best effort to promote universalization and implementation of Protocol V in its full scope, including voluntary provisions of its Annexes. At the same time, the implementation of IHL principles and rules applicable to ERW should stay under review of the States Parties to the CCW, as appropriate.",
"VI. recommendations",
"69. It would be recommended:",
"(i) To continue consideration and consultations on ERW-related issues, in preparation of the Third Review Conference, within the scope of the mandate of the GGE on ERW for 2006, including the work of the military and technical experts.",
"(ii) To endorse the draft declaration on the occasion of the entry into force of CCW Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V) as contained in Annex VI of this Procedural Report, and transmit it to the Third Review Conference for adoption.",
"(iii) To consider continuation of the work on ERW beyond the Third Review Conference, including the work of the military and technical experts, and in particular taking into account the formal proposals submitted by the States Parties.",
"Annex",
"LIST OF DOCUMENTS OF THE GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS ON THE ISSUE OF EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR",
"Symbol Title Submitted by \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.2 Discussion Paperon Clearance ofExplosiveRemnants of War Coordinator on ERW \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.3 ExplosiveRemnants of War– Assistance andCooperation Brazil, Japan andPeru \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.4 Technicalimprovements andother measuresfor relevanttypes ofmunitions,includingsub-munitions,which couldreduce the riskof suchmunitionsbecoming ERW Switzerland \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.5 The types ofmunitions whichbecome explosiveremnants of war– Factors whichcontribute tothe occurrenceof explosiveremnants of war GICHD and ICRC \nCCW/GGE/WP.5/Add.1 Information onExplosiveRemnants of WarUseful toMine/UXO ActionOrganizations GICHD and ICRC \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.6 Discussion paperon “Warning tocivilians” Norway and LandmineAction (UK) \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.7 European UnionPosition on theIssue ofExplosiveRemnants of War European Union \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.8 InformationSharing as aTool to ProtectCivilians fromthe Effects ofUXO/ ERW United States ofAmerica \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.9 The adequacy ofexistinginternationallaw inminimizing thepost –conflictrisks ofExplosiveRemnants of War Sweden \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.9/Corr.1(Englishonly) The adequacy ofexistinginternationallaw inminimizing thepost –conflictrisks ofExplosiveRemnants of War Sweden \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.10 Legal IssuesRegardingExplosiveRemnants of War United Kingdom ofGreat Britain andNorthern Ireland \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.11 Discussion paperon the issue ofexplosiveremnants of war Russian Federation \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.1 Core questionson ERW by theCoordinator Coordinator on ERW \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.3 Elements for anEU paper on AVM European Union Symbol Title Submitted by \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.4 A Survey ofQuestions andIssues for theGroup ofGovernmentalExperts onExplosiveRemnants of War Canada \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.6 TechnicalImprovements toSubmunitions France \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.8 Explosiveremnants of war– An examinationof legal issuesraised in theERW discussions ICRC \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.10 Group ofGovernmentalExperts onExplosiveRemnants of War– ExplosiveOrdnanceDisposal from afield and donorperspective Landmine Action(UK) \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.11 Group ofGovernmentalExperts onExplosiveRemnants of War– Informationneeds from afieldperspective Landmine Action(UK) \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.13 ExplosiveRemnants of War– Experiencefrom FieldOperations UNMAS \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.15 ExplosiveRemnants of War Russian Federation \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.19 ERW InformationRequirements –Render SafeProcedures(RSPs) duringHumanitarianClearanceOperations GICHD \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.20 Joint DiscussionPaper onTechnicalImprovements ofAmmunitions toPrevent andReduce ERW China and RussianFederation \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.22 The relevance ofthe principle ofprecautions inattack in theERW context Sweden \nCCW/GGE/II/INF.2 Letter tomilitaryparticipants ofthe Group ofGovernmentalExperts ofStates Partiesto the CCWconcerning themeetings ofmilitary expertson ERW –ProposedProgramme ofWork andprovisionalAgenda Chairperson of theMeetings ofMilitary andTechnical Experts \nCCW/GGE/III/WP.1 ExplosiveRemnants of War:The way forward– Note by theCoordinator onERW – DraftProposal Coordinator on ERW \nCCW/GGE/III/WP.3 Measures toPrevent ERW:Good Practice inMunitionManagement United Kingdom ofGreat Britain andNorthern Ireland \nCCW/GGE/III/WP.6 InternationalHumanitarian Lawand Targeting:An AustralianApproach Australia \nCCW/GGE/III/WP.8 Report on theMeeting ofMilitary Expertsat the ThirdSession of theGroup ofGovernmentalExperts of theStates Partiesto the CCW,Geneva, 4^(th)December 2002 Switzerland \nSymbol Title Submittedby\t\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.1 ERWFrameworkPaper:PossibleStructureforanERWInstrument CoordinatoronERW \nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.2 ExplosiveRemnantsofWar:VictimAssistance SouthAfrica \nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.3 ExplosiveRemnantsofWar:AssistanceandCooperation Pakistan \nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.4 AmendmentsontheProtectionoftheCivilianPopulationfromtheEffectsofERW(Article6 oftheERWFrameworkPaper) ICRC \nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.5 ERWFrameworkPaper:Article7 Australia \nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.6 DefinitionofExplosiveRemnantsofWar RussianFederation \nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.1/Rev.1 DraftProposalforanInstrumentonExplosiveRemnantsofWar CoordinatoronERW \nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.2 TheUnitedNationsandExplosiveRemnantsofWar UNMAS \nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.3 TheProvisionofWarningsandRiskEducationforExplosiveRemnantsofWar GICHD \nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.4 InformationRequirementsforExplosiveRemnantsofWar GICHD \nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.5 EnsuringtheReliabilityofMunitionsThroughTheirProperHandling RussianFederation \nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.6 InternationalHumanitarianLawandExplosiveRemnantsofWar Norway \nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.1 DraftProposalforanInstrumentonExplosiveRemnantsofWar CoordinatoronERW \nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.2 CommentsoftheInter-AgencyCoordinationGrouponMineActiononthedraftproposedInstrumentonExplosiveRemnantsofWar UNMAS \nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.3 NationalinterpretationandimplementationofInternationalHumanitarianLawwithregardtotheriskofExplosiveRemnantsofWar Norway \nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1 NotebytheCoordinator CoordinatoronERW \nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.2 ProposalfortheStructuringofIHL/ERWDiscussionsduringCCWExperts’Meetingsin2004 Sweden \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.3andCorr.1(Englishonly) QuestionsandIssueswithregardtoPreventiveTechnicalMeasuresforCertainSpecificTypesofExplosiveOrdnance Switzerland \nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.4 ExchangeofInformationon aVoluntaryBasisonProtocolV Netherlands \nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.1/1 ProvisionalAgendaoftheMeetingsoftheMilitaryExpertsonExplosiveRemnantsofWar(ERW) ChairpersonoftheMeetingsofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.1/WP.1 Methodologicalapproachtoevaluationinthecontextofimprovementofthedesignofcertainspecifictypesofmunitions France \nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1 Meetingsofmilitaryandtechnicalexperts ChairpersonoftheMeetingsofMilitaryExpertsonMOTAPM \nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/WP.1andCorr.1(Englishonly) DealingwiththeImpactofClusterMunitions ClusterMunitionCoalition \nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/WP.2 Reliability,Safety,andPerformanceofConventionalMunitionsandSubmunitions Germany \nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/1 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingofMilitaryExpertsonERW ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.1 MilitaryUtilityofClusterMunitions UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland \nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2 InternationalHumanitarianLawandERW Australia,Canada,NewZealand,Norway,Sweden,Switzerland,UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandandUnitedStatesofAmericainconsultationwiththeICRC \nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.3 Proposeddefinitionsforclustermunitionsandsub-munitions UNMAS,UNDPandUNICEF \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.4 ReliabilityandUseofClusterMunitions Germany \nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.5 Review2004 ChairpersonoftheMeetingsofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.6 Perspectives2005 ChairpersonoftheMeetingsofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/1 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW ChairpersonoftheMeetingsofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.1andCorr.1(Englishonly) ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.2 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Canada \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.3 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Poland \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.4 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 UnitedStatesofAmerica \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.5 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Norway \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.6 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Australia \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.7 ExistingPrinciplesandRulesofInternationalHumanitarianLawApplicabletoMunitionsthatMayBecomeExplosiveRemnantsofWar ICRC \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.8 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Sweden \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.9 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Germany \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.10 RepliestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,Entitled“InternationalHumanitarianLawandERW”,Dated8March2005 Argentina \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.11 PreventiveTechnicalMeasuresinMunitionsManagement Argentina \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.12 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Japan \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.13 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Switzerland \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.14 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Austria \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.15 DiscussionsonImprovingMunitionReliability Australia \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.16andCorr.1(Arabic,EnglishandFrenchOnly) ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 NewZealand \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.17 ExplosiveRemnantsofWarandInternationalHumanitarianLaw France \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.18 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Denmark \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.19 InternationalHumanitarianLawPrinciplesandExplosiveRemnantsofWar(WorkingPaperbasedonthePresentationbyProf.TimMcCormack,UniversityofMelbourne,Australia) PreparedattherequestoftheCoordinatoronExplosiveRemnantsofWar \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.1andCorr.1(English,French,RussianandSpanishonly) ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Brazil \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.2 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Belarus \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.3 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 RussianFederation \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.4 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Netherlands \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.5 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Estonia \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.6 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,of8 March2005,entitledInternationalHumanitarianLawandExplosiveRemnantofWar Belgium \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.7 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Croatia \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.8 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Finland \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.9 WorkingPaperonSubmunitions France \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.10 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Lithuania \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11 SurveyontheHumanitarianThreatPosedbyMunitionsandSub-munitionsthatHaveBecomeERW-PreliminaryAssessmentBasedonResponsesandFindings UNMASandUNDP \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.12 AWayAheadforIHLQuestionnaireResponseAnalysis PresentedbyCanada.PreparedbyIHLQuestionnaireCo-AuthoringDelegations:Australia,Canada,NewZealand,Norway,Sweden,Switzerland,UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandandUnitedStatesofAmerica \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.13 ExplosiveRemnantsofWar-AViewfromanOperationalTheatre Australia \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.14 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 RepublicofKorea \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.15 HowDoesExistingInternationalLawAddresstheIssueofExplosiveRemnantsofWar? PreparedattherequestoftheCoordinatoronERW \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.16 GeneralRequirementsforSafetyandSuitabilityforServiceofClusterMunition Germany \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/1 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.1 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Italy \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.2 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 CzechRepublic \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.3 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Ireland \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.4 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 SouthAfrica \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.5 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Mexico \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.6 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Portugal \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.7 AssessmentoftherelativeriskofcategoriesofexplosiveordnancebecomingExplosiveRemnantsofWar:Methodology UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.8 DraftTableofConventionalAmmunitionTypesandSystems ChairpersonoftheMeetingsofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.9 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 China \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.10 GermanUnderstandingofClusterMunitions Germany \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.11 ClusterWeapons- aRealHumanitarianThreat,oranImaginaryOne? RussianFederation \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12andCorr.1(Englishonly) ReportonStatesParties’ResponsestotheQuestionnaireonInternationalHumanitarianLawandExplosiveRemnantsOfWar,CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,dated8March2005.IntroductiontotheReport AsiaPacificCentreforMilitaryLaw,UniversityofMelbourne \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1 ReportonStatesParties’ResponsestotheQuestionnaireonInternationalHumanitarianLawandExplosiveRemnantsOfWar,CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,dated8March2005 AsiaPacificCentreforMilitaryLaw,UniversityofMelbourne \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2 ReportonStatesParties’ResponsestotheQuestionnaireonInternationalHumanitarianLawandExplosiveRemnantsOfWar,CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,dated8March2005.IntroductiontotheReport AsiaPacificCentreforMilitaryLaw,UniversityofMelbourne \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13 ACriticalAnalysisonthe\"ReportOnStatesParties'ResponsestotheQuestionnaire\"onInternationalHumanitarianLawandExplosiveRemnantsofWar GICHD \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.14 Munitions- AMethodtoReducetheRisksAssociatedwithExplosiveRemnantsofWar France \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15 Commentsonthe\"ReportOnStatesParties'ResponsestotheQuestionnaire\"onInternationalHumanitarianLawandExplosiveRemnantsofWar ICRC CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.16 ResponsestotheSurveyonthehumanitarianthreatposedbymunitionsandsub-munitionsthathavebecomeERW-preliminaryassessmentbasedonresponsesandfindings,documentCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11, Belarus \n Dated12December2005 \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.1 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW-AnnotatedProvisionalAgenda ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.2andCorr.1(EnglishandRussianonly) ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW-DraftTableofExplosiveOrdnanceTypesandSystems ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.1 RemarksondocumentsCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12,CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1andCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add/2 AsiaPacificCentreforMilitaryLaw,UniversityofMelbourne \nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.2 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Hungary \nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.3 TechnicalCommentsondocumentCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.8, Argentina \nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4 PreliminaryThoughtson aPossibleApproachtoRecommendation3 AsiaPacificCentreforMilitaryLaw,UniversityofMelbourne \nCCW/GGE/XV/WP.1 ProposalforaMandatetoNegotiateaLegally-BindingInstrumentthatAddressestheHumanitarianConcernsPosedbyClusterMunitions Austria,HolySee,Ireland,Mexico,NewZealand,Sweden \nCCW/GGE/XV/WP.3 ProposalforaMandateonExplosiveRemnantsofWar(ERW) EuropeanUnion \nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.1 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW-AnnotatedProvisionalAgenda ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.2 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW-DraftTableofExplosiveOrdnanceTypesandSystems ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.1 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Spain \nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.2 TheUnitedNationsandtheImplementationofProtocolV UNMASonbehalfofIACG-MA \nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.3 Initiativeon aCommonUnderstandingofClusterMunitionswithintheMilitaryExpertsGroupoftheCCW Germany",
"[1] In cooperation with the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD).",
"[2] CCW/CONF.II/2.",
"[3] CCW/MSP/2002/2.",
"[4] CCW/MSP/2003/3.",
"[5] CCW/GGE/VI/2.",
"[6] CCW/MSP/2004/2.",
"[7] CCW/GGE/IX/2.",
"[8] CCW/MSP/2005/2.",
"[9] CCW/MSP/2003/3.",
"[10] C.N.382.2006.TREATIES-6 (Depositary Notification).",
"[11] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.2.",
"[12] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1.",
"[13] CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2.",
"[14] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.12.",
"[15] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Corr.1, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Corr.2.",
"[16] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15 and CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13.",
"[17] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12.",
"[18] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12.",
"[19] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13.",
"[20] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15.",
"[21] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.1.",
"[22] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4.",
"[23] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.2.",
"[24] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.3.",
"[25] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1.",
"[26] CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1.",
"[27] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.7.",
"[28] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11.",
"[29] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.14.",
"[30] As recommended in McCormack Report, Recommendation 1.",
"[31] As recommended in McCormack Report, Recommendation 2.",
"[32] As recommended in McCormack Report, Recommendation 4.",
"[33] As recommended in McCormack Report, Recommendation 5.",
"[34] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4.",
"[35] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1."
] | CCW_CONF.III_7_ADD.1 | [
"CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.1 CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.1",
"13 October 2006",
"SPANISH",
"Original:",
"Geneva, 7-17 November 2006",
"Item 10 of the provisional agenda",
"Presentation of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts",
"PROCEDURE REPORT",
"GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS OF THE EMPLEMENTATION OF CONVENTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS WHICH MAY BE CONSIDERED EXCESSIVELY OR OF INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS",
"Fifteenth session Geneva, 28 August-6 September 2006",
"Addendum",
"REPORT OF THE WORK ON THE EXPLOSIVE RESULTS OF WAR",
"GE.06-64582 (E) 311006 011106",
"REPORT OF THE WORK ON THE EXPLOSIVE RESULTS OF WAR",
"Prepared by the Coordinator on Explosive Remnants of War and the Chair of Technical and Military Expert Meetings[1]",
"I. MANDATE OF THE GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS ON EXPLOSIVE REGULATIONS",
"A. Initial mandate adopted by the Second Review Conference in 2001",
"1. At the Second Review Conference, States parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects decided to establish an open-ended Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) with two different focal points, one on mines other than anti-personnel mines (WMD) and one on explosive remnants of war (G). GEG on REG was mandated to:",
"\"a) Consider ways and means to address the issue of explosive remnants of war (REG). In this context, the Panel will review all factors, appropriate measures and proposals, in particular:",
"1. Factors and types of munitions susceptible to humanitarian problems resulting from conflict;",
"2. Technical improvements and other provisions regarding the types of ammunition, including submunitions, that could reduce the risk of such munitions becoming explosive remnants of war;",
"3. The adequacy of existing international humanitarian law to minimize the dangers posed by explosive remnants of war for the civilian and military population in the post-conflict period;",
"4. Provisions to alert the civilian population living in areas affected by or near explosive remnants of war, the removal of explosive remnants of war, the provision of information to facilitate the safe and prompt removal of such remnants and related issues and responsibilities;",
"5. Assistance and cooperation. \"[2]",
"2. Under the same decision, the ERW Coordinator should \" undertake its work efficiently to present its recommendations, adopted by consensus, at an early date for consideration by States Parties, which will include the desirability of negotiating one or more legally binding instruments on explosive remnants of war and/or other approaches.\"",
"3. The Meeting of the States Parties to the 2002 Conference decided that:",
"\"the Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War would continue its work in 2003 with the following mandate:",
"(a) (i) Negotiating an instrument on post-conflict remedies that would reduce the risks of ERW. These measures would be based on a broad definition covering most types of explosive ordnance, with the exception of mines. Abandoned munitions should be included. In these negotiations, issues relating, in particular, to the responsibility of removal, existing ERW, information to facilitate the removal and education of the danger of ERW, alerts to the civilian population, assistance and cooperation, and a framework for regular consultations of the High Contracting Parties should be considered. These negotiations would establish the scope of this instrument in accordance with article I of the Convention, as amended by the Second Review Conference.",
"(ii) Explore and determine whether preventive generic measures could be successfully addressed in these negotiations to improve the reliability of munitions that correspond to the agreed broad definition, through voluntary best practices related to the management of the manufacture, quality control, handling and storage of ammunition. The exchange of information, assistance and cooperation would be important elements of such best practices.",
"(b) Apart from the negotiations provided for in the preceding paragraphs: to continue to review the implementation of existing principles of international humanitarian law and to continue to explore, with a flexible approach, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including submunitions, with a view to minimizing the humanitarian risk of transforming such munitions into ERW. The exchange of information, assistance and cooperation would be part of this work.",
"(c) In the context of the activities described above, military expert meetings could be held to provide advice in support of these activities. \"[3]",
"B. Mandate following the adoption of Protocol V",
"4. Following the recommendations of the GGG, the 2003 Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons decided that the GGE would continue its ERW tasks in 2004 with the following mandate[5]:",
"\"Continuing to examine the implementation of existing principles of international humanitarian law and to continue to study, with a flexible approach, and initially giving particular importance to the holding of meetings of military and technical experts, possible preventive measures to improve the design of certain specific types of munitions, including submunitions, with a view to minimizing the humanitarian risk of transforming such munitions into explosive remnants of war. The exchange of information, assistance and cooperation would be part of this work. \"",
"5. Following the recommendations of the GGE, the 2004 Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons decided[6] that the GGE would continue its ERW tasks in 2005 with the following mandate[7]:",
"\"Continuing to examine the implementation of existing principles of international humanitarian law and to continue to study, with a flexible approach, and initially giving particular importance to the holding of meetings of military and technical experts, possible preventive measures to improve the design of certain specific types of munitions, including submunitions, with a view to minimizing the humanitarian risk of transforming such munitions into explosive remnants of war. The exchange of information, assistance and cooperation would be part of this work. The Group will report on the tasks of the next Meeting of States Parties. \"",
"6. The 2005 mandate was also approved by States parties for 2006[8].",
"II. PROTOCOL ON EXPLOSIVE RESTS OF WAR (PROTOCOL V). ADOPTION, RATIFICATION, UNIVERSALIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION ACTIVITIES",
"7. The Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War was negotiated by the GEG in accordance with the mandate established by the Meeting of States Parties of 2002 as a result of the considerable progress made by the Group in its ERW tasks during the period 2001-2002.",
"8. The Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War was adopted in 2003 by the Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons as the fifth protocol to the Convention:",
"\"Following the recommendations of the Group of Governmental Experts, the Meeting of States Parties decided to adopt the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War contained in appendix II to the Panel of Governmental Experts ' Report of Procedure on its sixth session (CCW/GGE/VI/2), attached to the present report as annex V.\"[9]",
"9. The States Parties adopted Protocol V on 28 November 2003. The Protocol was adopted on the understanding that its versions in the official languages of the United Nations would be subject to official translation control by those States whose working language was not English. Accordingly, the States parties to the Convention have received, considered and adopted proposals for corrections from different delegations on the Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish texts of the Protocol, and the Secretary-General of the United Nations, acting as depositary of the Convention, has given effect to them.",
"10. For their national ratification procedures, some States Parties required the corrected and consolidated versions of the authentic copies of the original Protocol (the six versions in the official languages of the United Nations). The President-designate of the Third Review Conference, States Parties, the Presidency of the European Union and other parties have contacted the Treaty Section of the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs. To this chapter, the following deposit notifications were issued in connection with the authentic texts of Protocol V:",
"Protocol\";",
"of the Protocol\";",
"authentic Chinese) of the Protocol\"",
"authentic) corrected by the Protocol.\"",
"11. In order to promote the early entry into force of the Protocol, the President-designate of the Third Review Conference, the Coordinator on REG and the Presidency of the European Union, on behalf of its member States, deployed their offices to certain States parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons that have not yet ratified Protocol V.",
"12. On 12 May 2006, when 20 States parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons had notified their consent to be bound by Protocol V, the conditions for the entry into force of the Protocol were given. In accordance with article 5, paragraph 3, of the Convention, Protocol V shall enter into force on 12 November 2006[10], six months after the submission of the twentieth instrument of ratification, during the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons.",
"13. For the time being, the following 23 States are parties to Protocol V: Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, El Salvador, Finland, India, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Nicaragua, Netherlands, Norway, the Czech Republic, the Holy See, Sierra Leone, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan and Ukraine.",
"14. The Protocol provides that Contracting Parties shall consult and cooperate with each other on all matters relating to the operation of the Protocol. In accordance with Article 10.1: \"To this end a Conference of the High Contracting Parties shall be held by agreement of the majority, but not less than 18, of the High Contracting Parties\".",
"15. A decision on the date of the First Conference of the High Contracting Parties has not yet been taken. The High Contracting Parties to the Protocol noted that a meeting may be held in preparation for the First Conference in 2007 taking into account other meetings related to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons and, inter alia, addressing procedural matters and considering substantive issues with a view to bringing the Protocol into force as soon as possible. In the preparations for the First Conference of the High Contracting Parties to Protocol V, issues relating to the implementation of Protocol V could also be considered at informal meetings held at the different locations at which it is available.",
"16. In recognition of the importance of the Protocol operating after its entry into force without delay, some activities have already been undertaken in this regard.",
"17. In 2006, at the initiative of the President-designate of the Third Review Conference, the Coordinator on REG, the Netherlands, the United Nations Decade against Drug Abuse, the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS), the ICRC, the International Centre for Humanitarian Demining in Geneva and elsewhere, and with their collaboration, a number of formal GGG meetings and consultations were held in different contexts.",
"18. At the request of the ERW Coordinator, UNMAS, on behalf of the Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action, prepared and presented to the GGE a document entitled \"The United Nations and the Implementation of Protocol V\"[11]. The Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining presented some practical ideas on the same issue and, in particular, on existing mine action tools that have the potential to equally support the implementation of Protocol V, as well as to establish synergies between Protocol V and the implementation of the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines (Otawa Convention).",
"19. Some States parties that have ratified Protocol V have also reported on consultations and practical measures taken at the national level.",
"20. The States Parties have agreed that the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons will hold a special (high-level) segment on 13 November 2006 to commemorate the entry into force of Protocol V. In this regard, States parties drafted, and recommended to the Third Review Conference for adoption, a special declaration on the entry into force of Protocol V.",
"III. ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW",
"A. The three-stage approach proposed by the Coordinator",
"21. During the sixth session of the GEG in March 2004, the Coordinator on REG proposed a \"three-stage\" approach[12] (hereinafter referred to as the Coordinator ' s three-stage approach) in reviewing the implementation of the current principles of international humanitarian law (HDI). The first phase would be to try to discuss the current principles of international humanitarian law and decide which could be considered applicable to explosive remnants of war. The second would be to consider the current status of implementation of those principles by States parties to the Convention, taking into account their obligations under the conventions and/or protocols arising from the principles. And the third phase would include considering whether the mechanisms provided for in those conventions and/or protocols were appropriate to promote the implementation of those principles and whether further action was needed in that regard.",
"B. Initiative of the eight States on international humanitarian law: questionnaire on international humanitarian law. McCormack report, conclusions and recommendations",
"22. In the implementation of the three-step approach of the Coordinator, in March 2005, eight States Parties, namely, Australia, Canada, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Norway, New Zealand, Sweden and Switzerland (hereinafter referred to as IH-8), in consultations with the ICRC, submitted a proposal[13] to facilitate the work of the GHG on stage 1 and phase 2 of the Coordinator Approach. States parties are invited to consider responding to the DIH-8 questionnaire. The proposal enjoyed broad support. This led to a follow-up action, and during the twelfth session of the GGG, held in November 2005, Canada presented a work programme entitled \"Proposal for the analysis of responses to the questionnaire on international humanitarian law (HDI)\"[14]. The DIH-8 proposed that written responses to the IHL questionnaire and compilations of oral interventions transcripts be analysed with a \"no-doubt\" criterion for the purpose of identifying general tenures with the overall objective of establishing one or more baselines, from which discussions can be continued in accordance with stage 3 of the Coordinator Approach.",
"23. Professor Tim McCormack of the University of Melbourne School of Law (Australia) has been offered to perform the required analysis. As at 26 January 2006, 33 States parties had submitted their replies to the IHL questionnaire. In accordance with the proposed process, the conclusions and analysis of Professor McCormack and his team were presented to the Coordinator in a report format (the McCormack Report[15]) and subsequently communicated to the States Parties. The Coordinator also invited the ICRC and the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining to provide their critical analysis of the McCormack report, as did these agencies.[16]",
"24. The McCormack report concluded that \"the Convention Protocol V and the existing IHL standards are sufficiently specific and comprehensive to adequately address the ERW problem, provided that these standards are effectively implemented\"[17].",
"25. The McCormack Report provided the following recommendations for practical measures that the GEG could consider in order to advance its work on IHL and ERW:",
"\"Recommendation 1. All States parties to the Convention should be encouraged to ratify Protocol V on REGs as soon as possible.",
"Recommendation 2. The Group of Governmental Experts should continue to emphasize to all States parties to the Convention the meaning of the legally binding rules of International Humanitarian Law applicable to all types of weapons and the specific problems of ERW.",
"Recommendation 3. The Group of Governmental Experts should consider developing a set of non-legally binding guidelines on the appropriate application of relevant international humanitarian law to the ERW problem.",
"Recommendation 4. The Group of Governmental Experts should encourage all States parties to the Convention that have not yet done so to establish a process for the legal review of all new and modified weapons systems.",
"Recommendation 5. The Group of Governmental Experts could consider adopting a system of confidence-building reports, submitted in writing by States, on the unilateral destruction of their old or old weapons to reduce possible sources of ERW.\"[18]",
"26. During the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth sessions of the GEG, the debate on the implementation of the current IHL principles relating to ERW took place mainly on the basis of the IH questionnaire, the McCormack Report, in particular its conclusions and recommendations, the \"Critical Analysis of the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining\"[19], the \"Comentary of the International Committee of the Red Cross\" Melbourne,[20]",
"27. In order to address persistent differences of opinion, especially with regard to recommendation 3, Professor Tim McCormack prepared a new document entitled \"Previous reflections on the possible approach taken in relation to recommendation 3\"[22], which was presented and discussed at the fourteenth session of the GGE, and on which a debate was held.",
"28. Following the presentation of the McCormack Report for consideration by the GEG, at the end of the fifteenth session of the GEG, 9 (nine) more States Parties submitted their responses to the IHL questionnaire.",
"IV. MEETINGS OF MILITARY AND TECHNICAL EXPERTS ON THE ASSESSMENT OF HUMANITARIAN AND ON TECHNICAL PREVENTION MEASURES",
"29. Following the adoption of Protocol V, the following meetings of the Panel of Military and Technical Experts focused on the following points:",
"(i) Specific types of munitions and risk assessment from ERW perspective;",
"(ii) Technical preventive measures aimed at reducing humanitarian risk;",
"(iii) Review of the relevance and feasibility of the measures;",
"(iv) Possible assistance and cooperation in the implementation of the measures.",
"30. These points were reflected in the agendas of the meetings (see annex \"GGGG document list on the issue of ERW\").",
"31. The following proposals and substantive achievements were made and obtained.",
"A. Specific types of munitions and risk assessment from ERW perspective",
"(a) Classification of shared munitions and notions",
"32. As a first step towards reaching a common understanding of \"such types of munitions, in particular submunitions\", under the terms of reference, it was necessary to have a coherent overview of explosive munitions. To this end, a \"Project of tables on explosive ordnance types and systems\" was developed, which is continuously updated and improved. A usable version has been obtained, to which however the last touches must be given.",
"33. Germany has launched the process aimed at achieving a common notion of the term \" cluster munitions\"[24], and has compiled, at the request of the Coordinator, contributions from other delegations. Common positions have been identified as well as controversial points. Further work will be needed on the issue of a common notion. The common notion is part of the eight-point German position on cluster munitions, which has been presented for consideration during the sessions, and is proposed to replace cluster munitions with alternative munitions in the long term.",
"(b) Humanitarian risk assessment",
"34. The ERW Coordinator observed on 8 March 2004: \"Since the Panel has been tasked to consider preventive measures to improve the design of certain specific types of munitions, the Group's first task will therefore be to determine which types of munitions, including submunitions, should be considered in order to improve their design through possible preventive measures[25]\". Article 9 and part 3 of the technical annex to Protocol V already address generic preventive measures.",
"35. The objective of the meetings of military and technical experts was to define ERW that pose a specific humanitarian risk, taking into account that all ERW, in large quantities, constitute a humanitarian problem, but that some munitions, by design, may have greater potential to constitute a humanitarian threat in their status as ERW. The definition of ERW representing a specific humanitarian risk has been a difficult task, because there is currently no methodology and there is a significant lack of detailed data regarding many types of ammunition. The approaches adopted were as follows.",
"36. The previous Swiss Presidency of the Meeting of Military and Technical Experts prepared a matrix that considered the humanitarian risk of ERW (last version: CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1, to which we will refer as \"the Swiss matrix\"), but that matrix did not intend to offer a methodology to define this risk. It was intended to form a structure for collecting information on possible technical preventive measures. In this regard, the Swiss matrix is open to improvements.",
"37. The United Kingdom had prepared a humanitarian risk matrix[26], which was considered too subjective. Accordingly, the United Kingdom develops a methodology[27] with the aim of more objectively assessing the relative risk of explosive ammunition categories that become ERW. However, the available framework has not been able to improve results by applying the methodology. It is the reason that this approach has been abandoned and its essential elements are available for incorporation into the French matrix (see below).",
"38. UNMAS presented the preliminary findings of a survey undertaken in 2005 together with UNDP.[28] UNMAS and UNDP requested United Nations programme managers and technical experts from a number of mine action programmes to assess the risks posed by specific ERW from a mine-action perspective. The main preliminary conclusion was that cluster munitions and their associated submunitions represent a specific humanitarian risk and a special problem for removal operations.",
"39. Several non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have published numerous studies and made presentations at parallel meetings indicating that, from a humanitarian point of view, cluster munitions remain the main explosive remnants of war to be addressed.",
"40. The presentation of general ideas or presentations on how to define more precisely \"determined types of munitions, in particular submunitions\", as was done. In addition, the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining conducted, in the context of the Convention on Certain Conventional Types of Weapons, a review of publications, presentations and declarations on the issue.",
"41. The above-mentioned munitions that present a specific humanitarian risk have been cluster munitions. Some delegations argued that all munitions pose a risk of becoming ERW and that distinctions should not be made between them.",
"B. Technical preventive measures aimed at reducing humanitarian risk",
"42. There have been numerous presentations on this issue during the GEG sessions. Some of the presentations focused on generic preventive measures and national practices, some on preventive measures in relation to specific types of ammunition, namely cluster munitions. Detailed statements on these issues were made by other delegations.",
"43. France, in its working paper \"Munditions: Methodology applicable to munitions for the reduction of risks associated with explosive remnants of war (REG)[29]\" (called the \"French Matrix\"), addressed measures to prevent munitions from becoming ERW. The Matrix has been continuously improved and is becoming a common document of the Group of Military and Technical Experts by including elements in the explosive ordnance table, the United Kingdom methodology, the Swiss Matrix, of national practices on how to prevent munitions from becoming ERW and experts, for example, in the areas of munitions design and production and training for use. The Matrix, at this stage, is intended to offer a catalogue of questions and answers, enabling countries to evaluate preventive measures of a technical nature in relation to all ERW, and thus facilitate the implementation of Protocol V. The Matrix has not yet been completed.",
"C. Review of the relevance and feasibility of measures",
"44. To date, only preliminary discussions have been held on this issue, as no viable technical measures have yet been identified. Once these measures are reached, their relevance to reducing the humanitarian risk of ERW and its viability should be considered.",
"D. Possible assistance and cooperation in the implementation of measures",
"45. So far, there have been only preliminary discussions on the issue. Once concrete results have been obtained on technical preventive measures, their relevance and feasibility, ideas on information exchange, assistance and cooperation should be raised.",
"E. Future options for the tasks of the ERW Military and Technical Expert Group",
"46. Continuation of the risk assessment process:",
"(i) Completion of the ammunition table, in order to have a technical basis from which to deepen the discussions;",
"(ii) Development of the common notion of the term \"Cluster museums\"; Germany will continue to compile contributions from other delegations and inform the Group;",
"(iii) Ammunition Agreement that poses a specific humanitarian risk.",
"47. Continuation of research on technical preventive measures:",
"(i) Further work on the French Matrix, which will later become a common document of the Group and incorporate the working papers and presentations of other delegations;",
"(ii) Priority attention to munitions, in particular cluster munitions, which is considered to represent a specific humanitarian risk;",
"(iii) Enlargement of the mandate from design issues to the review of the entire life cycle of munitions;",
"(iv) Review of the relevance and feasibility of the measures identified;",
"(v) Review of technical cooperation and assistance.",
"48. The non-technical aspects of cluster munitions will be derived from the GEG meetings on ERW.",
"V. ASSESSMENT OF THE OUTCOME OF THE GROUP ' s TAREAS ON THE EXPLOSIVE RESULTS OF WAR",
"49. There is agreement that the main achievement of the Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War since the 2001 Review Conference is the adoption and entry into force of the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V). Its universalization and effective implementation is the most important objective in dealing with ERW-related humanitarian problems.",
"50. There is also a consensus that all States parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons should be encouraged to ratify Protocol V as quickly as possible. Protocol V imposes core obligations on States taking part in armed conflict, in minimizing the risks and effects of ERW, and also encourages them to adopt generic preventive measures aimed at minimizing the presence of ERW[30].",
"51. In the preparations for the First Conference of the High Contracting Parties to Protocol V, the issues of implementation have already been addressed, and could be considered again at informal meetings to be held at the different headquarters available.",
"52. States parties were generally aware that effective implementation of IHL principles and standards in relation to ERW should be sought.",
"53. The Group agreed on the added value of the fact that all States parties recognize the importance of legally binding international humanitarian law standards applicable to all types of weapons, and in particular the specific problem of ERW. States parties should recognize the serious consequences arising from the violation of customary and/or treaty-based legal obligations applicable to the problem of ERW[31].",
"54. The Group also concluded that States parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons that are Parties to Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions and that have not yet done so should be encouraged to establish a process of legal review of all new and modified weapons systems that fall within the scope of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, as a measure to increase the likelihood of becoming bound by international legal obligations relating to the methods and means of war in military operations, and to prevent the existence of REG.",
"55. There remains a divergence of views regarding the introduction of a system of voluntary confidence-building reports by States parties regarding their unilateral destruction of old or defamed weapons to reduce potential sources of ERW[33].",
"56. At the same time, no shared understanding was reached on whether existing Protocol V and IHL standards are sufficiently specific and exhaustive to adequately address the ERW problem. Some States Parties agreed with the findings of the McCormack report that the current IHL standards are sufficient, provided that these standards are applied in a reliable and effective manner. Other States Parties considered that specific rules were needed for specific types of munitions, including cluster munitions. Some States parties noted the need to focus particularly on cluster munitions.",
"57. In this context, a number of States parties have supported the idea proposed in Recommendation 3 of the McCormack Report that one of the viable means of strengthening the effective implementation of the relevant IHL principles and standards for ERW could be the development of a set of non-legally binding guidelines on best practices in the implementation of relevant IHL standards for the ERW problem. Professor McCormack has advanced some preliminary ideas on the possible structure of these guidelines[34].",
"58. At the same time, during the discussions on this issue, some concerns were expressed regarding the possibility that the interpretation of the legally binding obligations of IHL under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons might be of some ambiguity or that legally binding rules, rather than non-legally binding guidelines, should be the general practice of the Convention regime. Several States Parties indicated that it would be possible to obtain further clarification on this idea or to consider other means to strengthen the effective implementation and implementation of the relevant IHL principles and standards to ERW. Some States parties, in particular those that maintain the view that current IHL standards are sufficient, considered that such standards should not be supplemented, but rather applied in a strict manner.",
"59. Pursuant to the mandate to better explore possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of specific types of munitions, in particular submunitions, with a view to minimizing the humanitarian risk of such munitions becoming ERW, the Panel placed particular emphasis on meetings of military and technical experts.",
"60. In the period 2004-2006, the Group of Military and Technical Experts identified types of munitions, in particular submunitions, which should be considered to improve design through possible preventive measures. In considering such measures, the Panel of Military and Technical Experts should determine whether such preventive measures were essential, effective in substantially improving the reliability of munitions, including submunitions, and technologically and economically viable. Given the disparity of military, technological and economic capacities of States parties to the Convention, the Group has agreed on the need to take into account the financial and technological implications for States parties, especially developing countries, which will have the production or storage of new munitions with improved design and the dismantling/readaptation or destruction of existing arsenals[35].",
"61. There was still divergence of views on what types of munitions represented the greatest humanitarian risk and should therefore be better studied with a view to improving their technical characteristics and design in accordance with the Group ' s mandate.",
"62. In the view of some States parties, most of the problems caused by ERW could be attributed to the use of cluster munitions. Other States Parties continue to consider cluster munitions one more of the various types of munitions, which could possibly contribute to the problems caused by ERW.",
"63. It is understood that the Panel of Military and Technical Experts could deepen the debate and should continue the work under way until its completion, including ammunition classification, consensual definition and technical preventive measures to reduce humanitarian risk, as presented in chapter 4 of the present report.",
"64. Cooperation and assistance, in particular of a technical nature, is an important aspect in addressing the problems caused by ERW and therefore deserve the attention of States parties. Having taken into account the wide range of positions of States parties in relation to the tasks undertaken by the Group of Governmental Experts on REG since the last Review Conference, few options could be considered complementary actions on ERW.",
"65. A large number of States parties recognize the value of the tasks accomplished by the Group so far and are favourable to the continuation of the tasks in the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons beyond the Third Review Conference on Ammunition that might become ERW, in order to complete the tasks set out in the present mandate. As suggested by some States Parties, without prejudice to issues under Protocol V ' s jurisdiction, ERW-related tasks could be continued on the basis of this mandate to continue to study, with a flexible approach and giving particular importance to the holding of meetings of military and technical experts, possible preventive measures to improve the design of certain specific types of munitions, including submunitions, with a view to minimizing the humanitarian risk of transforming such munitions into international law, The exchange of information, assistance and cooperation should be part of this task.",
"66. A number of States parties have indicated the need to establish rules that are preferably legally binding under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, aimed at reducing the risks of specific munitions, including cluster munitions, or specifically cluster munitions. Some States parties repeatedly mentioned that ERW tasks could focus, without undermining issues under Protocol V ' s jurisdiction, on requirements for such specific munitions, in particular their reliability and accuracy, training, transfers, use, management, stockpile destruction, etc.",
"67. Some States parties expressed the view that, with the entry into force of Protocol V on 12 November 2006, the core mandate of the GGE on REG should be considered to be fulfilled. One State, however, recognized that the current tasks of the Group of Military and Technical Experts in relation to possible preventive measures should be promoted until the completion of their respective mandate.",
"68. In any event, States parties to the Convention should be invited to do their utmost to promote the universalization and implementation of Protocol V in all its scope, including the voluntary provisions contained in their annexes. At the same time, the application of the principles and standards of IHL applicable to ERW should continue to be subject to consideration by States parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, as appropriate.",
"VI. RECOMMENDATIONS",
"69. It will be recommended:",
"(i) Continue its review and consultations on ERW issues, in preparation for the Third Review Conference, within the scope of the GGE mandate on ERW for 2006, in particular the tasks of military and technical experts;",
"(ii) To support the draft declaration on the entry into force of the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V) of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, as contained in CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.6‐CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.6, and to transmit it to the Third Review Conference for adoption;",
"(iii) Consider continuing the tasks on ERW past the Third Review Conference, in particular the tasks of military and technical experts, taking into account in particular the formal proposals submitted by States parties.",
"Annex",
"LIST OF DOCUMENTS OF THE GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS ON THE QUESTION OF EXPLOSIVE RESTS OF WAR",
"Symbol Title Submitted by CCW/GGE/I/WP.2 Discussion paper on the Coordinator on removal of remnants explosive war materials",
"CCW/GGE/I/WP.3 Assistance and cooperation in Brazil, Japan and Peru on explosive remnants of war",
"CCW/GGE/I/WP.4 Best techniques and other Switzerland provisions regarding relevant types of munitions, including submunitions that could reduce the risk of such munitions becoming explosive remnants of war",
"CCW/GGE/I/WP.5 The types of munitions that are International Centre become material remnants of explosive demining of war - Humanitarian factors that contribute to the existence of Geneva/ICRC of explosive remnants of war",
"CCW/GGE/WP.5/Add.1 Information of Explosive Centro Internacional Remnants of War Useful to de Desminated Mine/UXO Action Organizations Humanitario de Ginebra/CICR",
"CCW/GGE/I/WP.6 Discussion paper on Norway, Landmine \"Stop the Civilian Population\" Action (United Kingdom)",
"CCW/GGE/I/WP.7 European Union Position on the issue of explosive remnants of war",
"CCW/GGE/I/WP.8 The exchange of information United States as a tool to protect civilians from the effects of unexploded ordnance and explosive remnants of war",
"CCW/GGE/I/WP.9 The adequacy of current international Sweden law to reduce the dangers of explosive remnants of war after conflict",
"CCW/GGE/I/WP.9/Corr.1 (in The adequacy of existing Sweden English only) international law in minimizing the postconflict risks of Explosive Remnants of War",
"CCW/GGE/I/WP.10 Legal issues United Kingdom relating to explosive remnants of war",
"CCW/GGE/I/WP.11 Discussion paper on the Russian Federation on explosive remnants of war",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.1 Basic issues on the Coordinator for explosive remnants of ERW",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.3 Elements for a European Union document the European Union on anti-vehicle mines",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.4 Consideration of issues and Canada issues by the Group of Governmental Experts on Explosive Remnants of War",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.6 Technical improvements of France submunitions",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.8 ICRC explosive remnants of war ‐ Review of legal problems raised in the discussions on ERW",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.10 Landmine Action Group of Governmental Experts on Explosive Remnants of War - Elimination of IEDs from the perspective of work on the ground and donors",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.11 Landmine Action Group of Governmental Experts on Explosive Remnants of War - Information requirements from a field perspective",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.13 Reservoir explosive materials of war service ‐ United Nations lessons learned from mine action field operations (UNMAS)",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.15 Explosive materials remnants of Russian Federation war",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.19 Information requirements Coordinator on explosive remnants of war ‐ Deactivation procedures during humanitarian demining operations",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.20 Joint working paper China and the Russian Federation on technical improvements in ammunition to prevent and reduce ERW",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.22 The relevance of the principle of Sweden of precautions in the attack in the context of ERW",
"CCW/GGE/II/INF.2 Letter to the participants Chairman of the Panel of Experts of Governmental Meetings of the States Military Experts Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons on Meetings of Military Experts on Explosive Remnants of War - Proposed Programme of Work and Provisional Agenda",
"CCW/GGE/III/WP.1 Explosive remnants of War Coordinator: the way forward - REG Note by the Coordinator on ERW ‐ Draft proposal",
"CCW/GGE/III/WP.3 Measures to prevent ERW: United Kingdom best practices in ammunition management",
"CCW/GGE/III/WP.6 International Law Australia Humanitarian and Target Determination: An Australian Method",
"CCW/GGE/III/WP.8 Report on the Swiss Meeting of Military Experts at the third session of the Group of Governmental Experts of States Parties to the Convention, Geneva, 4 December 2002",
"CCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.1 Framework paper on Coordinators for Explosive Remnants of War: possible ERW structure of an instrument on explosive remnants of war",
"CCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.2 Explosive remnants of war: South Africa victim assistance",
"CCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.3 Explosive remnants of war: Pakistan assistance and cooperation",
"CCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.4 Amendments relating to the International Committee for the Protection of Civilian Red Cross Populations from the Effects of (ICRC) REG (Article 6 of the Framework Document on REGs)",
"CCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.5 Framework paper on Australia ' s explosive remnants of war: article 7",
"CCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.6 Definition of explosive remnants Russian Federation of war",
"CCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.1/Rev.1 Draft proposal of Coordinator for the Instruments on Explosive Remnants of War",
"CCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.2 The United Nations and UNMAS explosive remnants of war",
"CCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.3 Dissemination of notices and International Centre for the Provision of Demining Information on the Dangers of Humanitarian Explosive Remnants of War Geneva",
"CCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.4 Information requirements International Centre on Explosive Remnants of Demining Humanitarian War Geneva",
"CCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.5 Need to ensure the Russian Federation reliability of munitions by correct handling",
"CCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.6 International Humanitarian Law and Explosive Remnants of War",
"CCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.1 Draft proposal of Coordinator for the instrument on explosive remnants of war",
"CCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.2 Comments of the UNMAS Inter-Agency Mine Action Coordination Group on the proposed draft instrument on explosive remnants of war",
"CCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.3 National interpretation and application of international humanitarian law on the risk of explosive remnants of war",
"CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1 Note by the Coordinator for ERW",
"CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.2 Proposal for the structuring of Sweden discussions on international humanitarian law and explosive remnants of war (REG) during expert meetings in 2004 on the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons",
"CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.3 and Corr.1 Questions and issues in Switzerland (correction in English regarding only) technical preventive measures for certain specific types of explosive devices",
"CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.4 Exchange of information with the Netherlands on a voluntary basis on protocol V",
"CCW/GGE/VIII/WG.1/1 Provisional agenda for the Presidents of the Meetings of Military Experts Meetings on Explosive Remnants of Military Experts War (REG) on REGs",
"CCW/GGE/VIII/WG.1/WP.1 France assessment methodology for improving the design of specific types of munitions",
"CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1 List of military and technical experts Meetings of Military and Technical Experts on Explosive Remnants of War (REG)",
"CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/WP.1 and Corr.1 Measures to the impact of Cluster Munition (Cluster Munition Cluster Cluster Cluster Cluster Cluster Correction only)",
"CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/WP.2 Reliability, security and Germany performance of conventional munitions and submunitions",
"CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/1 Provisional agenda for the President of the Meeting of Military Experts Meeting of Experts on Explosive Remnants of Military and Technical Wars (REG)",
"CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.1 United Kingdom military utility cluster munitions",
"CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2 Australia, Canada, humanitarian and ERW United States of America, Norway, New Zealand, Sweden, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Switzerland in consultation with the International Committee of the Red Cross",
"CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.3 Proposed definitions for UNMAS, UNDP and UNICEF for cluster munitions and submunitions",
"CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.4 Reliability and use of cluster munitions by Germany",
"CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.5 Review of 2004 President of the Meeting of Military and Technical Experts on Explosive Remnants of War (REG)",
"CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.6 2005 Perspectives Chair of the Meeting of Military and Technical Experts on Explosive Remnants of War (REG)",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/1 Provisional agenda for the President of the Meeting of Military Experts and Meeting of Technical Experts on Military and Explosive War Resins (REG) on Explosive Remnants of War (REG)",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.1 and Corr.1 Replies to document United Kingdom (correction in English and Russian CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled only) \"International humanitarian law and ERW\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.2 Replies to document Canada CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.3 Replies to document Poland CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.4 Replies to document United States of CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.5 Responses to document Norway CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.6 Replies to document Australia CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.7 Existing principles and norms ICRC of international humanitarian law applicable to the use of munitions that may become explosive remnants of war",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.8 Replies to document Sweden CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.9 Replies to document Federal Republic of CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled Germany \"International humanitarian law and ERW\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.10 Replies to Argentina CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.11 Preventive technical measures in Argentina to manage ammunition",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.12 Replies to document Japan CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.13 Replies to document Switzerland CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.14 Replies to document Austria CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.15 Discussion on improving Australia ' s reliability of ammunition",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.16 and Corr.1 Replies to New Zealand Document (correction in Arabic, CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, French and English only) \"International humanitarian and ERW Law\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.17 Explosive Remnants of War France and International Humanitarian Law",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.18 Replies to document Denmark CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.19 Principles of Law Prepared at International Humanitarian Request and those of the Coordinator for Explosive Remnants of War (War Explosive Work Document at the Exhibition of Professor Tim McCormack, University of Melbourne, Australia)",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.1 and Corr.1 Responses to document Brazil (correction in Spanish, CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled French, English and Russian \"Only international humanitarian law and ERW\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.2 Replies to document Belarus CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.3 Replies to Russian Federation CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.4 Replies to document Netherlands CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.5 Replies to document Estonia CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.6 Replies to document Belgium CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2 of 8 March 2005, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\"",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.7 Replies to document Republic of Croatia CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.8 Replies to document Finland CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.9 Working paper on France submunitions",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.10 Replies to document Lithuania CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11 Study on the threat UNMAS and humanitarian UNDP representing munitions and submunitions that have become REG - Preliminary assessment based on responses and conclusions",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.12 Proposal for the Analysis of Submitted by the Responses to the Canadian Questionnaire and prepared on international law by humanitarian delegations (HDI) co-authors of the IHL Questionnaire: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom and Switzerland",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.13 Explosive remnants of war: Australia perspective from theatre of operations",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.14 Replies to the document Republic of Korea CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\" of 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.15 How is the issue of Prepared at the request of the Coordinator ' s explosive remnants of war in international law on current remnants of war?",
"CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.16 General requirements of Germany security and adequacy for the use of cluster munitions",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/1 Provisional agenda for the President of the Meeting of Military Experts and Meeting of Technical Experts on Military and Explosive Technical Remnants of War (REG)",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.1 Replies to document Italy CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\", dated 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.2 Replies to document Czech Republic CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\", dated 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.3 Replies to document Ireland CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\", dated 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.4 Replies to document South Africa CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\", dated 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.5 Replies to document Mexico CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\", dated 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.6 Replies to document Portugal CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\", dated 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.7 United Kingdom relative risk assessment for certain categories of explosive devices to become explosive remnants of war: methodology",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.8 Draft table on Types Chair and Ammunition Systems Meeting of Military and Technical Conventional Experts on REGs",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.9 Replies to document China CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\", dated 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.10 German conception of the German cluster munitions",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.11 Cluster munitions: A Russian Federation real humanitarian threat or myth?",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12, Corr.1 Report on the responses of Asia Pacific Centre (English only) and Corr.2 States Parties to the for Military Law, (Chinese, Spanish and English questionnaire on the University of Only) international humanitarian law and Melbourne explosive remnants of war, (Australia) CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, dated 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1 Report on States Parties ' Prepared Responses to Asia Pacific Centre questionnaire on the law for Military Law, international humanitarian law and the University of Explosive Remnants of War, Melbourne CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, dated 8 (Australia) and March 2005, Addendum: presented to Analysis of the experience of the request for the implementation of the REG Coordinator on relevant humanitarian principles",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2 Report on the responses of Asia Pacific Centre States Parties to the for Military Law, questionnaire on the law University of international humanitarian and Melbourne explosive remnants of war, (Australia) CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, dated 8 March 2005, Addendum: Analysis of experience on the implementation of relevant principles of international humanitarian law",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13 Critical analysis of the \"International Centre for the Responses of Demining States Parties to the Humanitarian Questionnaire on International Humanitarian Law and Explosive Remnants of War\"",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.14 Methodology applicable to France ammunition for risk reduction associated with explosive remnants of war (REG)",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15 Comments on the International Committee on the Responses of the Red Cross States Parties to the questionnaire (ICRC) on international humanitarian law and explosive remnants of war",
"CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.16 Responses to the Belarus questionnaire on the humanitarian threat posed by munitions and submunitions that have become explosive remnants of war - Preliminary assessment based on responses and conclusions, CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11 of 12 December 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1 Provisional agenda for the President of the Meeting of Military Experts and Meeting of Technical Experts on Military and Explosive Technical Remnants of War on REGs",
"CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.1 Provisional agenda for the President of the Meeting of Military Experts and Meeting of Technical Experts on Military and Explosive War Resins ‐ Annotated Provisional REG Programme",
"CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.2 and Provisional Agenda of the President of the Corr.1 (English and Russian Meeting of Military Experts and Meeting of Experts only) Technicians on Military and Explosive Technicians of War ‐ Draft Panels on Explosive Types and Systems",
"CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.1 Comments on the Asia Pacific Centre documents for Military Law, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12, University of CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1 and Melbourne CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2 (Australia)",
"CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.2 Replies to document Hungary CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\", dated 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.3 Technical observations on Argentina document CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.8",
"CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4 Previews around Asia Pacific Centre possible approach to adopt in for Military Law, in relation to Recommendation 3 University of Melbourne, Australia",
"CCW/GGE/XV/WP.1 Proposal for the establishment of a Austria, Ireland, mandate for the negotiation of Mexico, a legally binding instrument on the Holy See and Sweden, humanitarian consequences of cluster munitions",
"CCW/GGE/XV/WP.3 Proposed mandate on the European Union for explosive remnants of war (REG)",
"CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1 Provisional agenda for the President of the Meeting of Military Experts and Meeting of Technical Experts on Military and Explosive Technical Remnants of War (REG)",
"CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.1 Provisional agenda for the President of the Meeting of Military Experts and Meeting of Technical Experts on Military and Explosive Technical Remnants of War on REG (REG) ‐ Annotated provisional agenda",
"CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.2 Provisional agenda for the President of the Meeting of Military Experts and Meeting of Technical Experts on Military and Explosive War Resins on REGs (REG) - Draft table on conventional ammunition types and systems",
"CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.1 Replies to document Spain CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitled \"International humanitarian law and ERW\", dated 8 March 2005",
"CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.2 The United Nations and the United Nations Mine Action Implementation Service (UNMAS) on behalf of the Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action (IACG-MA)",
"CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.3 Initiative on a Common Conception of Cluster Munitions in the Group of Military Experts of the Convention",
"[1] In cooperation with the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining.",
"[2] CCW/CONF.II/2.",
"[3] CCW/MSP/2002/2.",
"[4] CCW/MSP/2003/3.",
"[5] CCW/GGE/VI/2.",
"[6] CCW/MSP/2004/2.",
"[7] CCW/GGE/IX/2.",
"[8] CCW/MSP/2005/2.",
"[9] CCW/MSP/2003/3.",
"[10] C.N.382.2006.TREATIES-6 (Repository notification).",
"[11] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.2.",
"[12] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1.",
"[13] CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2.",
"[14] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.12.",
"[15] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Corr.1, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Corr.2.",
"[16] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15 and CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13.",
"[17] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12.",
"[18] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12.",
"[19] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13.",
"[20] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15.",
"[21] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.1.",
"[22] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4.",
"[23] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.2.",
"[24] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.3.",
"[25] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1.",
"[26] CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1.",
"[27] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.7.",
"[28] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11.",
"[29] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.14.",
"[30] As recommended in the McCormack report (Recommendation 1).",
"[31] As recommended in the McCormack report (Recommendation 2).",
"[32] As recommended in the McCormack report (Recommendation 4).",
"[33] As recommended in the McCormack report (Recommendation 5).",
"[34] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4.",
"[35] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1."
] |
[
"CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.2 CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.2",
"13 de octubre de 2006",
"ESPAÑOL",
"Original: INGLÉS",
"Ginebra, 7 a 17 de noviembre de 2006",
"Tema 10 del programa provisional",
"Presentación del informe del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales",
"INFORME DE PROCEDIMIENTO",
"GRUPO DE EXPERTOS GUBERNAMENTALES DE LOS ESTADOS PARTES EN LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE PROHIBICIONES O RESTRICCIONES DEL EMPLEO DE CIERTAS ARMAS CONVENCIONALES QUE PUEDAN CONSIDERARSE EXCESIVAMENTE NOCIVAS O DE EFECTOS INDISCRIMINADOS",
"15º período de sesiones Ginebra, 28 de agosto a 6 de septiembre de 2006",
"Adición",
"INFORME DE LA LABOR REALIZADA EN 2006 SOBRE LAS MINAS DISTINTAS DE LAS MINAS ANTIPERSONAL",
"GE.06-64589 (S) 071106 071106",
"INFORME DE LA LABOR REALIZADA EN 2006 SOBRE LAS MINAS DISTINTAS DE LAS MINAS ANTIPERSONAL",
"Preparado por el Coordinador para las minas distintas de las minas antipersonal (MDMA) y por el Presidente de las reuniones de expertos militares",
"1. Este informe, sobre los resultados de la labor realizada por el Coordinador para las MDMA durante los tres períodos de sesiones del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales de la Convención que tuvieron lugar durante 2006, se presenta al Presidente designado de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen de los Estados Partes en la Convención.",
"2. En la Reunión de los Estados Partes celebrada en 2005 se nombró un Coordinador para las MDMA y se decidió que el Grupo prosiguiera su labor en el año 2006 con el siguiente mandato:",
"\"a) Seguir examinando todas las propuestas sobre las MDMA que se hayan formulado desde el establecimiento del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales con objeto de elaborar recomendaciones adecuadas sobre las MDMA para presentarlas a la Tercera Conferencia de Examen en 2006.",
"b) Celebrar también reuniones de expertos militares para prestar asesoramiento sobre esas actividades.\"[1]",
"3. Para desempeñar su cometido, el Coordinador para las MDMA contó con las valiosas contribuciones del Brigadier General Gerson Menandro Garcia de Freitas, que actuó como asesor del Coordinador y presidió las reuniones de expertos militares sobre las MDMA celebradas durante los períodos de sesiones de 2006 del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales, y cuyo informe se adjunta a este documento.",
"4. En el 13º período de sesiones, que tuvo lugar del 6 al 10 de marzo, el Coordinador informó a las delegaciones de que, a pesar de los denodados esfuerzos realizados por el Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales durante los últimos cuatro años en materia de MDMA, seguía siendo imposible eliminar ciertas divergencias, en particular las relativas a las cuestiones, sumamente controvertidas, de la \"detectabilidad\" y la \"vida útil\" de las MDMA. En vista de ello, el Coordinador pidió a las delegaciones que evaluaran con franqueza la situación de los debates en ese momento y que le orientaran sobre las alternativas que existían para la futura labor del Grupo sobre esta cuestión. El Coordinador también anunció su intención de celebrar consultas oficiosas con todas las delegaciones interesadas, con miras a encontrar un margen de maniobra en los debates que tuvieran lugar durante 2006.",
"5. Antes del 14º período de sesiones, el Coordinador distribuyó un cuestionario sobre asuntos que podían contribuir a una mejor comprensión del uso responsable de las MDMA. Ese cuestionario contenía una terminología nueva que podría utilizarse para abordar los temas más controvertidos: las \"zonas de perímetro marcado\", la \"vida útil de las MDMA\", la \"producción y transferencia de MDMA\" y la \"detectabilidad de las MDMA\". En el cuestionario se pedía además que se hicieran observaciones sobre otras cuestiones que pudieran considerarse pertinentes. Se pidió a las delegaciones que comentasen la terminología propuesta (así como las ideas y los conceptos relacionados con ella) y que indicasen si la consideraban pertinente y aceptable, si les parecía que podía incorporarse al marco conceptual objeto de debate o si creían que podía sustituirlo.",
"6. Durante el 14º período de sesiones, que se celebró del 19 al 23 de junio, los debates se centraron en las posibilidades evocadas por el cuestionario. También se celebró una nueva ronda de consultas oficiosas en distintos lugares.",
"7. En el período anterior al 15º período de sesiones del Grupo, el Coordinador decidió distribuir un documento titulado \"Conjunto de disposiciones sobre el empleo de las MDMA/MAV - Recopilación de disposiciones que podrían generar un consenso en el Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales\"[2], que en su opinión abarcaba todos los sectores en los que se había llegado a un consenso en los debates sobre las MDMA. El texto se basaba en todos los documentos anteriores, en particular la serie de recomendaciones elaboradas por el anterior Coordinador para las MDMA, el Embajador Markku Reimaa, de Finlandia (CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2, de 22 de noviembre de 2005), y se presentó como base para un posible consenso durante los debates que habrían de celebrarse en los primeros días del 15º período de sesiones.",
"8. Además de las cuestiones, muy controvertidas, de la \"detectabilidad\" y de la \"vida útil\", también se señalaron algunas otras que suscitaban divergencias entre las delegaciones y en relación con las cuales se introdujeron modificaciones con respecto al texto del Coordinador anterior, tratando de encontrar una terminología que permitiese llegar a un consenso: una de las modificaciones consistió en introducir la expresión \"minas distintas de las minas antipersonal/minas antivehículo\" (MDMA/MAV) para salvar las preocupaciones de algunas delegaciones ante lo que percibían como la \"excesiva amplitud\" y el \"carácter subjetivo\" de la anterior definición de las MDMA. También se reorganizaron en general los artículos y los párrafos, para agrupar las disposiciones por temas y disponerlas de manera coherente y lógica.",
"9. En cuanto a las cuestiones, sumamente controvertidas, de la \"detectabilidad\" y la \"vida útil\" de las MDMA, como no se pudo hallar ninguna solución que permitiese llegar a un consenso, no se incluyeron en la primera versión del conjunto de disposiciones propuesto por el Coordinador. En la introducción de ese documento, el Coordinador esbozó las tres alternativas siguientes para la inclusión de esas dos cuestiones pendientes en un posible protocolo futuro sobre las MDMA: a) utilizar una terminología jurídicamente vinculante sobre ambas cuestiones en el texto principal; b) tratar las cuestiones de la \"detectabilidad\" y de la \"vida útil\" de manera que los Estados Partes tuvieran la opción de aceptar o rechazar obligaciones relativas a esas dos cuestiones, y c) incluir ambos cuestiones como prácticas óptimas en un anexo técnico.",
"10. En el 15º y último período de sesiones del Grupo antes de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen, que tuvo lugar del 28 de agosto al 6 de septiembre, los debates sobre las MDMA se centraron en el conjunto de disposiciones mencionado. Durante las sesiones plenarias se hicieron muchos comentarios y se celebraron varias consultas oficiosas para que las delegaciones pudieran presentar observaciones y propuestas, y así estudiar toda la terminología que pudiera generar un consenso en torno a la manera de avanzar hacia la Tercera Conferencia de Examen.",
"11. En cuanto a la \"detectabilidad\" y a la \"vida útil\", muchas delegaciones indicaron que seguían apoyando la aprobación de disposiciones jurídicamente vinculantes sobre esas dos cuestiones pendientes, conforme a los capítulos III y IV de la serie de recomendaciones formuladas por el anterior Coordinador, el Embajador Markku Reimaa, de Finlandia.",
"12. Una delegación, después de celebrar consultas con un amplio abanico de delegaciones, preparó una propuesta de terminología sobre la \"detectabilidad\" y la \"vida útil\" que seguía el segundo enfoque sugerido en la introducción de la primera versión del conjunto de disposiciones, es decir, la inclusión de ambas cuestiones como compromisos opcionales jurídicamente vinculantes. Con arreglo a esa propuesta, todo Estado que se adhiriese a un posible protocolo futuro sobre las MDMA podría indicar, al presentar su instrumento de ratificación, que consentía en vincularse por una de esas disposiciones o por las dos, mediante una declaración escrita presentada al Depositario. En cualquier momento después de la entrada en vigor del futuro protocolo para un Estado dado, éste podría declarar por escrito ante el Depositario que consentía en vincularse por una de esas disposiciones o por las dos. Algunas delegaciones manifestaron su malestar ante la idea de introducir disposiciones opcionales en un protocolo facultativo, así como ante la posibilidad de crear obligaciones que vinculasen a unos Estados y no a otros, pero varias delegaciones indicaron que esa fórmula podría ser un medio prometedor de conciliar las preocupaciones de carácter humanitario con las exigencias dimanantes de las doctrinas y necesidades en materia de defensa y seguridad nacionales.",
"13. Otras delegaciones mantuvieron sus reservas acerca de la adopción de compromisos jurídicamente vinculantes sobre la \"detectabilidad\" y la \"vida útil\", aduciendo que tales compromisos podrían afectar las capacidades esenciales de defensa nacional, a cambio de lo que esas delegaciones consideraban como una reducción meramente marginal de las consecuencias humanitarias, ya limitadas, de las MDMA. En esta situación, esas delegaciones preferían que ambas cuestiones pendientes se incluyesen en forma de prácticas óptimas no vinculantes en un anexo del posible protocolo futuro sobre las MDMA.",
"14. Algunas delegaciones señalaron también que, al considerar cualesquiera restricciones de la \"detectabilidad\" y la \"vida útil\" de las MDMA (tanto según el enfoque de la vinculación jurídica como según el de las disposiciones opcionales), era necesario prever un período de transición para poder adaptar los arsenales existentes y/o los procedimientos militares.",
"15. Además del debate sobre las cuestiones pendientes, tuvieron lugar debates de fondo sobre otros asuntos, como la definición de las \"MDMA/MAV\" y de las \"zonas de perímetro marcado\", el \"ámbito de aplicación\", las restricciones de las \"transferencias\" y el \"diseño de las espoletas y los sensores\".",
"16. En particular, quedó claro que, para un número considerable de delegaciones, la cuestión de las \"transferencias\" y la definición de las \"zonas de perímetro marcado\" estaban intrínsecamente relacionadas con las cuestiones pendientes de la detectabilidad y de la vida útil, y por consiguiente no podían analizarse por separado. Asimismo, aunque algunas delegaciones insistieron en que se prohibieran las transferencias de MDMA no detectables y persistentes (salvo para su destrucción o para desarrollar técnicas de detección, remoción o destrucción de minas o impartir capacitación sobre el particular), otras delegaciones cuestionaron esa prohibición alegando que el conjunto de disposiciones autorizaba el uso operacional de tales minas dentro de las zonas de perímetro marcado.",
"17. Una delegación volvió a presentar una propuesta sobre las MDMA con arreglo a la cual todas las disposiciones que se estaban discutiendo se sustituirían por la prohibición de que los Estados utilizasen MDMA fuera de su territorio nacional. Otra delegación presentó una propuesta nueva en la que figuraban lo que a su juicio eran \"los principales elementos que podrían constituir la base de las deliberaciones futuras en el Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales sobre las MAV\".",
"18. Tras largos debates sobre los tres enfoques relativos a la \"detectabilidad\" y a la \"vida útil\", así como sobre otras cuestiones todavía controvertidas mencionadas más arriba, el Coordinador decidió revisar su conjunto de disposiciones para incluir todas las variantes de texto referentes a cada uno de los tres enfoques, lo que podría contribuir a que se llegara a un consenso durante los debates de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen, siempre que todos los Estados Partes daban muestras de voluntad política y de flexibilidad para tratar todas las cuestiones delicadas.",
"19. El Coordinador ha adjuntado al presente informe la última versión del documento. También se han incluido variantes de texto sobre cuestiones controvertidas distintas de las de la \"detectabilidad\" y la \"vida útil\". Todas las modificaciones con respecto a la versión anterior figuran en cursivas. Las variantes de texto van entre corchetes.",
"20. El Coordinador entiende que las propuestas presentadas durante el 15º período de sesiones se distribuirán como documentos oficiales de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen, si lo desean las delegaciones que las han presentado y siempre que las entreguen a tiempo a la secretaría.",
"CONCLUSIONES",
"21. A la vista de lo que antecede, el Coordinador tiene el honor de someter a la consideración de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen de los Estados Partes en la Convención, que se celebrará del 7 al 17 de noviembre de 2006, la versión revisada de su \"Conjunto de disposiciones sobre el empleo de las MDMA/MAV - Recopilación de disposiciones que podrían generar un consenso en el Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales\", que figura en el anexo II de este informe.",
"22. El Coordinador entiende que todas las demás propuestas formales sometidas a la consideración del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales desde su creación -enumeradas en el anexo III de este informe- serán estudiadas por la Tercera Conferencia de Examen, de conformidad con el mandato conferido al Grupo por la Reunión de los Estados Partes celebrada en 2005.",
"Anexo I",
"INFORME DEL PRESIDENTE DE LAS REUNIONES DE EXPERTOS MILITARES SOBRE LAS MDMA EN 2006",
"1. A la luz de los tres períodos de sesiones celebrados en 2006, esta evaluación de la situación da un panorama general de la labor llevada a cabo por los expertos militares sobre las MDMA. Cabe recordar que el mandato general del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales respecto de las MDMA dispone que se celebrarán \"también reuniones de expertos militares para prestar asesoramiento sobre esas actividades\".",
"2. En la sesión de apertura del 13º período de sesiones, se constató que las persistentes divergencias de opinión -que habían impedido todo posible avance en la materia- seguían siendo marcadas.",
"3. El Coordinador también era consciente de que el documento CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2 había sido presentado pero no debatido a fondo en el 12º período de sesiones del Grupo, en noviembre de 2005. Aunque no se trataba de un texto de consenso, fue presentado oficialmente por el anterior Coordinador y reflejaba las opiniones expresadas por muchos Estados Partes sobre muy diversos temas.",
"4. Por lo tanto, era necesario, antes poder avanzar en la búsqueda de un terreno de encuentro, evaluar las posiciones de los Estados Partes sobre las cuestiones que figuraban en ese documento en particular y, de conformidad con el mandato, en todas las propuestas presentadas desde la creación del Grupo.",
"5. En el 13º período de sesiones se celebró una reunión oficial de expertos militares. Este Grupo también participó en dos sesiones plenarias presididas por el Coordinador para las MDMA. Sin embargo, las actividades más útiles y provechosas fueron las siete reuniones oficiosas tanto bilaterales como plurilaterales. En esas reuniones, el Coordinador entabló un contacto directo con 16 Estados Partes y organizaciones internacionales. Entre los resultados preliminares figura la mejora de las condiciones para un diálogo franco y constructivo, paso indispensable para lograr un entendimiento mutuo.",
"6. Como en algunos debates quedó claramente de manifiesto que había cuestiones clave que eran objeto de controversia, se distribuyó, bajo la supervisión del Coordinador, un cuestionario centrado en los siguientes asuntos: zonas de perímetro marcado donde colocar las MDMA, vida útil, transferencia y detectabilidad de las MDMA. Asimismo, se pidió a las delegaciones que formulasen más observaciones o sugerencias sobre las formas posibles de abordar esos asuntos.",
"7. Las respuestas al cuestionario fueron útiles y sirvieron para orientar la organización del 14º período de sesiones, cuyo objetivo era profundizar en el examen de las cuestiones evocadas en el documento.",
"8. En el 14º período de sesiones se celebró otra reunión de expertos militares, junto con las dos sesiones oficiales dirigidas por el Coordinador para las MDMA. Tuvieron lugar 11 consultas oficiosas, en distintos lugares, para tratar de hallar posibilidades de entendimiento mutuo y hacer algún progreso decisivo concreto.",
"9. Aunque era evidente que seguían existiendo considerables divergencias, los trabajos oficiales y oficiosos realizados durante ese período de sesiones aportaron a la labor de coordinación relativa a las MDMA una valiosa contribución para generar confianza y crear nuevas posibilidades de llegar a un consenso en la elaboración de recomendaciones sobre las MDMA.",
"10. En ese momento, entre los períodos de sesiones, el equipo de coordinación para las MDMA decidió presentar un texto que abarcase todos los ámbitos que eran objeto de consenso y que debían ser analizadas en su conjunto.",
"11. Ese documento, titulado \"Conjunto de disposiciones\", tenía por objeto contribuir a facilitar unos debates más centrados, ayudar a evaluar el grado de aceptación de algunas cuestiones clave y, era de esperar, sentar las bases para que la labor del Grupo llegase a feliz término.",
"12. En el último período de sesiones de preparación de la Tercera Conferencia de Examen tuvieron lugar unas consultas oficiales intensivas entre expertos militares en tres sesiones plenarias y en una sesión de carácter técnico y militar. En el mismo período de sesiones se celebraron en distintos lugares 18 sesiones oficiosas que dieron lugar a unos debates más centrados y fructíferos. Se debe mencionar que nueve delegaciones presentaron propuestas y observaciones que ayudaron mucho al Coordinador en sus esfuerzos por refinar su conjunto de disposiciones. En cuanto a los resultados tangibles recientes, tales consultas e intercambios de opinión dieron lugar a la elaboración de dos versiones revisadas del documento CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1, ambas presentadas durante el 15º período de sesiones.",
"13. En la última versión del citado documento se incorporan nuevos enfoques, desde puntos de vista distintos, de cuestiones que siguen siendo controvertidas, como la definición de las MDMA/MAV, las transferencias, la detectabilidad, la vida útil y el diseño de las espoletas y los sensores de las MDMA/MAV. También se unificó una definición consensuada de la expresión \"zona de perímetro marcado\" y se formularon nuevas observaciones al respecto. Asimismo, se introdujo una terminología innovadora sobre los aspectos humanitarios del uso responsable de las minas.",
"Anexo II",
"CONJUNTO DE DISPOSICIONES SOBRE EL EMPLEO DE LAS MDMA/MAV",
"Recopilación de disposiciones que podrían generar un consenso[3]",
"Propuesta modificada por el Coordinador",
"Artículo 1",
"Disposición general y ámbito de aplicación",
"1. Este conjunto de disposiciones se aplica al empleo sobre el terreno o a la transferencia de MDMA/MAV, incluidas las minas emplazadas para impedir el acceso a playas, el cruce de vías acuáticas o el cruce de ríos, pero no es aplicable al empleo de minas antibuques en el mar o en vías de navegación interiores.",
"2. El presente conjunto de disposiciones se aplica a las situaciones descritas en el artículo 1 de la Convención, enmendado el 21 de diciembre de 2001.",
"3. El presente documento no menoscaba el derecho internacional humanitario existente, las disposiciones de la Convención de 1980 sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de ciertas armas convencionales que puedan considerarse excesivamente nocivas o de efectos indiscriminado u otros instrumentos internacionales o decisiones del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas en que se prevean obligaciones más rigurosas o que sean de aplicación más amplia.",
"Artículo 2",
"Definiciones",
"1. A los efectos del presente conjunto de disposiciones:",
"a) Por \"mina\" se entiende toda munición colocada debajo, sobre o cerca de la superficie del terreno u otra superficie cualquiera y concebida para explotar debido a la presencia, la proximidad o el contacto de una persona o vehículo.",
"b) Por \"MDMA/MAV\" se entiende toda mina que no pueda ser definida como mina antipersonal. Una mina antipersonal es toda mina concebida primordialmente para que explosione por la presencia, la proximidad o el contacto de una persona y que incapacite, hiera o mate a una o más personas. Una \"MDMA/MAV\" está concebida primordialmente para que explosione por la presencia, la proximidad o el contacto de un vehículo blindado o de transporte y que dañe, incapacite o destruya a uno o más de esos vehículos.",
"c) Por \"dispositivo antimanipulación\" se entiende un dispositivo destinado a proteger una mina, que forma parte de la MDMA/MAV, está conectado o fijado a ella, o colocado bajo ella, y que se activa cuando se intenta manipularla.",
"d) Por \"campo de minas\" se entiende una zona determinada en la que se han colocado minas y por \"zona minada\" se entiende una zona que es peligrosa a causa de la presencia de minas. Por \"campo de minas simulado\" se entiende una zona libre de minas que aparenta ser un campo de minas. Por \"campo de minas\" se entiende también los campos de minas simulados.",
"e) Por \"zona de perímetro marcado\" se entiende una zona que, para garantizar una exclusión efectiva de los civiles, esté vigilada por personal militar u otro personal autorizado o protegida por cercas o por otros medios.",
"f) Por \"registro\" se entiende una operación de carácter material, administrativo y técnico cuyo objeto es obtener, a los efectos de su inclusión en registros oficiales, toda la información disponible que facilite la localización de MDMA/MAV, campos de minas y zonas minadas.",
"g) Por \"MDMA/MAV lanzada a distancia\" se entiende toda MDMA/MAV no colocada directamente sino lanzada por medio de artillería, misiles, cohetes, morteros o medios similares, o arrojada desde aeronaves. Las MDMA/MAV lanzadas desde un sistema basado en tierra, a menos de 500 m, no se consideran \"lanzadas a distancia\".",
"h) Por \"autodesactivación\" se entiende el hacer inoperativa, de manera automática, una munición mediante el agotamiento irreversible de un componente, por ejemplo una batería eléctrica, que sea esencial para el funcionamiento de la munición.",
"i) Por \"mecanismo de autodestrucción\" se entiende un mecanismo incorporado o agregado exteriormente, de funcionamiento automático, que causa la destrucción de la munición a la que se ha incorporado o agregado.",
"j) Por \"mecanismo de autoneutralización\" se entiende un mecanismo incorporado, de funcionamiento automático, que hace inoperativa la munición a la que se ha incorporado.",
"k) Por \"transferencia\" se entiende, además del traslado físico de MDMA/MAV desde o hacia el territorio nacional, la transferencia del dominio y del control sobre las MDMA/MAV, pero no se entenderá la transferencia de territorio que contenga MDMA/MAV colocadas.",
"Artículo 3",
"Detectabilidad de las MDMA/MAV[4]",
"Artículo 4",
"Vida útil de las MDMA/MAV[5]",
"Artículo 5",
"Medidas para limitar el empleo irresponsable de las MDMA/MAV",
"1. De conformidad con este conjunto de disposiciones, cada Estado o parte en un conflicto es responsable de todas las MDMA/MAV que haya empleado y se compromete a proceder a su limpieza, a retirarlas, destruirlas o mantenerlas según lo previsto en los artículos pertinentes del presente documento.",
"2. Los Estados tomarán medidas para limitar el empleo irresponsable de las MDMA/MAV, entre las que cabe incluir las siguientes:",
"a) El establecimiento de sistemas nacionales adecuados de documentación pertinente;",
"b) Medidas de control efectivas de las exportaciones e importaciones de MDMA/MAV;",
"c) Una gestión y una seguridad adecuadas en lo que respecta a las existencias y el transporte de las MDMA/MAV;",
"d) La adopción de las medidas que sean necesarias, entre ellas, según proceda, sanciones penales, para prevenir y eliminar las actividades prohibidas en este conjunto de disposiciones;",
"e) La supresión de actividades relacionadas con la producción de MDMA/MAV con arreglo a licencias inválidas o caducas; y",
"f) Un aumento de la cooperación con miras a la aplicación de este conjunto de disposiciones.",
"3. Queda prohibido, en toda circunstancia, emplear ninguna MDMA/MAV concebida de tal forma o que sea de tal naturaleza que cause daños superfluos o sufrimientos innecesarios.",
"4. Queda prohibido el empleo de MDMA/MAV provistas de un mecanismo o dispositivo concebido específicamente para hacer detonar la munición ante la presencia de detectores de minas fácilmente disponibles como resultado de su influencia magnética u otro tipo de influencia que no sea el contacto directo durante su utilización normal en operaciones de detección.",
"5. Queda prohibido emplear MDMA/MAV con autodesactivación provistas de un dispositivo antimanipulación diseñado de modo que este dispositivo pueda funcionar después de que la mina ya no pueda hacerlo.",
"6. Queda prohibido en todas las circunstancias, emplear las MDMA/MAV, sea como medio de ataque, como medio de defensa o a título de represalia, contra la población civil propiamente dicha o contra personas civiles o bienes de carácter civil según se definen en el párrafo 7 del artículo 2 del Protocolo II Enmendado.",
"7. Queda prohibido el empleo indiscriminado de MDMA/MAV. Empleo indiscriminado es cualquier ubicación de MDMA/MAV:",
"a) Que no se encuentre en un objetivo militar ni esté dirigido contra un objetivo militar, conforme se define en el Protocolo sobre Prohibiciones o Restricciones del Uso de Minas, Armas Trampa y otros Artefactos enmendado el 3 de mayo de 1996 (Protocolo II Enmendado). En caso de duda de si un objeto que normalmente se destina a fines civiles, como un lugar de culto, una casa u otro tipo de vivienda, o una escuela, se utiliza con el fin de contribuir efectivamente a una acción militar, se presumirá que no se utiliza con tal fin.",
"b) En que se recurra a un método o medio de lanzamiento que no pueda ser dirigido contra un objetivo militar determinado.",
"c) Del que se pueda prever que cause fortuitamente pérdidas de vidas de personas civiles, heridas a personas civiles, daños a bienes de carácter civil o más de uno de estos efectos, que serían excesivos en relación con la ventaja militar concreta y directa prevista.",
"8. No se considerarán como un solo objetivo militar diversos objetivos militares claramente separados e individualizados que se encuentren en una ciudad, pueblo, aldea u otra zona en la que haya una concentración análoga de personas civiles o bienes de carácter civil.",
"9. Se tomarán todas las precauciones viables para proteger a las personas civiles de los efectos de las MDMA/MAV. Precauciones viables son aquellas factibles o posibles en la práctica, habida cuenta de todas las circunstancias del caso, incluidas consideraciones humanitarias y militares. Entre otras, estas circunstancias incluyen, pero no se limitan a:",
"a) El efecto a corto y a largo plazo de las MDMA/MAV sobre la población civil local durante el período en que esté activo el campo de minas;",
"b) Posibles medidas para proteger a las personas civiles (por ejemplo, cercas, señales, avisos y vigilancia);",
"c) La disponibilidad y viabilidad de emplear alternativas; y",
"d) Las necesidades militares de un campo de minas a corto y a largo plazo.",
"10. Se dará por adelantado aviso eficaz de cualquier ubicación de MDMA/MAV que puedan afectar a la población civil, salvo que las circunstancias no lo permitan.",
"11. Los Estados, ateniéndose a sus procedimientos nacionales, adoptarán y harán cumplir leyes y reglamentaciones apropiadas para prohibir y sancionar la producción, adquisición, posesión, desarrollo, transporte, transferencia o uso de MDMA/MAV por toda persona o entidad no autorizada, así como la participación en alguna de las actividades mencionadas en calidad de cómplice, o de proveedor de asistencia o financiación.",
"12. Los Estados adoptarán y harán cumplir medidas nacionales eficaces con miras a prevenir la circulación y el tráfico ilícitos de MDMA/MAV, en particular:",
"a) Supervisión y fiscalización de la producción, almacenamiento y transporte de MDMA/MAV; y",
"b) Protección física de las existencias.",
"13. Los Estados cooperarán entre sí para prevenir, combatir y erradicar el tráfico ilícito de MDMA/MAV de conformidad con la legislación nacional y en aplicación del derecho internacional.",
"Artículo 6",
"Registro de MDMA/MAV, y de campos de minas y zonas minadas con MDMA",
"1. Queda prohibido emplear MDMA/MAV a menos que esté registrada conforme a lo dispuesto en el párrafo 1 del anexo técnico A toda la información concerniente a MDMA/MAV y campos de minas y zonas minadas con MDMA/MAV. Todos los registros mencionados serán conservados por las partes en un conflicto, las cuales adoptarán, sin demora, tras el cese de las hostilidades activas, todas las medidas necesarias y apropiadas, incluida la utilización de esa información, para proteger a las personas civiles de los efectos de las MDMA/MAV, campos de minas y zonas minadas con MDMA/MAV en las zonas bajo su control.",
"2. Sin demora, tras el cese de las hostilidades activas, facilitarán también a la otra parte o a las otras partes en el conflicto y al Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas toda la información que posean respecto de las MDMA/MAV, los campos de minas y las zonas minadas con MDMA/MAV, colocados por ellas en las zonas que ya no estén bajo su control.",
"3. No obstante, y a condición de que haya reciprocidad, cuando las fuerzas de una parte en el conflicto estén en el territorio de una parte contraria, cada una de las partes podrá abstenerse de facilitar esa información al Secretario General y a la otra parte, en la medida en que lo exijan sus intereses de seguridad, hasta que ninguna parte se encuentre en el territorio de la otra. En este último caso, la información retenida se divulgará tan pronto como lo permitan dichos intereses de seguridad.",
"4. Siempre que sea factible, las partes en el conflicto procurarán, por mutuo acuerdo, disponer la divulgación de esa información lo antes posible y de modo acorde con los intereses de seguridad de cada parte.",
"Artículo 7",
"Remoción de las MDMA/MAV, campos de minas y zonas minadas con MDMA/MAV",
"1. Sin demora, tras el cese de las hostilidades activas, todas las MDMA/MAV, campos de minas y zonas minadas con MDMA/MAV deberán ser despejados, removidos, destruidos o mantenidos de conformidad con lo dispuesto en este conjunto de disposiciones.",
"2. Los Estados y las partes en un conflicto asumen esta responsabilidad respecto de las MDMA/MAV y los campos de minas y zonas minadas con MDMA/MAV, situados en zonas bajo su control.",
"3. Cuando una parte ya no ejerza el control de la zonas en las que ha colocado MDMA/MAV, campos de minas y zonas minadas con MDMA/MAV, proporcionará a la parte que ejerce el control de la zona, de conformidad con el párrafo 1 del presente artículo, en la medida que lo permita esa parte, la asistencia técnica y material necesaria para cumplir con esa responsabilidad, sin perjuicio de las obligaciones establecidas en el párrafo 1 del artículo 5.",
"4. Siempre que sea necesario, las partes en un conflicto procurarán llegar a un acuerdo, tanto entre sí como, en su caso, con otros Estados y con organizaciones internacionales, sobre la facilitación de asistencia técnica y material, en particular, en circunstancias apropiadas, para la organización de las operaciones conjuntas necesarias para cumplir con esas responsabilidades.",
"Artículo 8",
"Protección contra los efectos de las MDMA/MAV, campos de minas y zonas minadas con MDMA/MAV",
"1. Cada Parte en este conjunto de disposiciones estará vinculada por las disposiciones del artículo 12 de Protocolo II Enmendado, indistintamente de que ese Estado sea Parte en el Protocolo II Enmendado. Esas disposiciones incluyen el ámbito de aplicación; fuerzas y misiones de mantenimiento de la paz y de otra índole; misiones humanitarias y de investigación del sistema de las Naciones Unidas; misiones del Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja; otras misiones humanitarias y misiones de investigación; confidencialidad; y respeto de las leyes y reglamentos.",
"Artículo 9",
"Transferencias",
"1. Cada Estado se compromete a no transferir MDMA/MAV:",
"a) A ningún receptor distinto de un Estado o un organismo estatal autorizado para recibir tales transferencias;",
"b) Que no satisfagan el requisito de detectabilidad y vida útil de las MDMA/MAV, salvo para su empleo en zonas de perímetro marcado, para su destrucción o para desarrollar técnicas de detección, remoción o destrucción de minas o impartir capacitación sobre el particular[6];",
"[Variante del subpárrafo \"b\":",
"b) Que no satisfagan el requisito de detectabilidad y vida útil de las MDMA/MAV, salvo para su destrucción o para desarrollar técnicas de detección, remoción o destrucción de minas o impartir capacitación sobre el particular;][7]",
"c) Sin un certificado de usuario final, que, en el caso de las medidas que no satisfagan el requisito de detectabilidad y vida útil, incluirá un compromiso explícito de respetar las restricciones mencionadas en el subpárrafo \"b\" supra; y",
"d) A los Estados que no estén obligados por este conjunto de disposiciones, a menos que el Estado receptor convenga oficialmente en aplicar sus disposiciones.",
"2. Para prevenir el tráfico ilícito de MDMA/MAV, los Estados establecerán o mejorarán controles nacionales eficaces.",
"3. Cada Estado se compromete a ser restrictivo en la transferencia de todo tipo de MDMA/MAV con un sistema de espoletas de la Categoría Uno, con arreglo a la descripción que figura en el apartado b) del párrafo 5 del anexo técnico B, salvo para su destrucción o para desarrollar técnicas de detección, remoción o destrucción de minas o impartir capacitación sobre el particular.",
"4. Hasta la entrada en vigor de este conjunto de disposiciones, todos los Estados se abstendrán de todo tipo de acciones que sean incompatibles con el presente artículo.",
"Artículo 10",
"Transparencia y otras medidas de fomento de la confianza",
"1. Los Estados proporcionarán al Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas, que la distribuirá a los otros Estados, información sobre la aplicación de las disposiciones de este conjunto de disposiciones. La información deberá incluir los elementos siguientes:",
"a) Un informe inicial que se facilitará a la entrada en vigor de este conjunto de disposiciones para cada Estado; y",
"b) Una actualización periódica del informe.",
"2. El informe a que se hace referencia en el párrafo 1 podrá comprender, entre otras cosas, información sobre:",
"a) La divulgación a sus fuerzas armadas y a la población civil de las disposiciones de este conjunto de disposiciones;",
"b) Los programas de remoción de minas y rehabilitación;",
"c) Las medidas tomadas para cumplir los requisitos técnicos de las disposiciones de este conjunto de disposiciones y cualquier otra información conexa pertinente, salvo la información relativa a la tecnología de armamentos;",
"d) Las medidas legislativas y de otra índole tomadas para la aplicación de las disposiciones de este conjunto de disposiciones;",
"e) Las medidas tomadas en cuanto a la cooperación técnica y la asistencia técnica que se haya prestado en virtud del artículo 11 de este conjunto de disposiciones; y",
"f) Las normas y requisitos nacionales para las transferencias de MDMA/MAV e información al respecto.",
"Artículo 11",
"Cooperación y asistencia",
"1. Cada Estado que esté en condiciones de hacerlo, deberá promover la cooperación y la asistencia en los planos bilateral, regional e internacional para asistir a otros Estados en el cumplimiento de sus obligaciones respecto de las MDMA/MAV. La cooperación y la asistencia podrán prestarse a través de organizaciones humanitarias. La cooperación y la asistencia podrán incluir lo siguiente:",
"a) Asistencia técnica y financiera, incluido el intercambio de experiencia, tecnología, salvo la tecnología de armamentos, e información, para facilitar la aplicación de las modificaciones necesarias a fin de mejorar la fiabilidad de las MDMA/MAV existentes y futuras y reducir al mínimo sus riesgos humanitarios. Esa asistencia podrá proporcionarse también para promover el desarrollo, si ello es viable, de equipo avanzado de detección de minas, y facilitar el acceso a ese equipo.",
"b) Cooperación y asistencia para la destrucción de las existencias de MDMA/MAV que no satisfagan las exigencias de este conjunto de disposiciones y que no puedan modificarse para que las satisfagan.",
"c) Cooperación y asistencia técnica, material y humana para la limpieza, remoción o destrucción rápida y efectiva de las MDMA/MAV.",
"d) Presentación oportuna de información geográfica y técnica sobre las MDMA/MAV a las misiones humanitarias pertinentes y a la base de datos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas sobre medidas en relación con las minas.",
"e) Cooperación y asistencia para educar a la población civil sobre los peligros de las MDMA/MAV.",
"f) Cooperación y asistencia para la atención y la rehabilitación de las víctimas de las MDMA/MAV y su reintegración social y económica.",
"g) Cooperación y asistencia para la aplicación de las disposiciones de este conjunto de disposiciones.",
"Artículo 12",
"Diseño de las espoletas y los sensores de las MDMA/MAV",
"1. Los Estados, en la medida de lo posible, deberán atenerse a las directrices para el diseño de las espoletas, estipuladas en el párrafo 5 del anexo técnico B.",
"[Variante de enfoque:",
"1. Los Estados, en la medida de lo posible, en su futura producción de MDMA/MAV, deberán atenerse a la práctica óptima en relación con la producción de espoletas y sensores, para diseñarlos de manera que se reduzca a un mínimo la posibilidad de que una persona active involuntaria o accidentalmente una mina.",
"2. En su futura producción de espoletas, los Estados, en la medida de lo posible, se empeñarán en aplicar una tecnología moderna, en particular de sensores múltiples, para desarrollarlas sobre la base de factores tecnológicos, de vida útil, y ambientales.][8]",
"[Artículo 13[9]",
"Período de transición",
"1. En el caso de que un Estado llegue a la conclusión de que no puede cumplir de inmediato con lo exigido en [los artículos 3 y 4 de] este conjunto de disposiciones, podrá declarar, cuando notifique su consentimiento a quedar obligado por este conjunto de disposiciones, que aplaza dicho cumplimiento por un período no superior a [XX] años contado a partir de la entrada en vigor de este conjunto de disposiciones para ese Estado.]",
"Anexo técnico A",
"1. Registro de campos de minas",
"a) El registro de la ubicación de MDMA/MAV que no sean minas lanzadas a distancia se hará de conformidad con las disposiciones siguientes:",
"i) Se especificará con exactitud la ubicación de los campos de minas y de las zonas minadas en relación de las coordenadas de por lo menos dos puntos de referencias y la dimensión estimada de las zonas en que se encuentren esas armas en relación con dichos puntos de referencia.",
"ii) Se confeccionarán mapas, diagramas u otros registros en que se indique la ubicación de los campos de minas y las zonas minadas en relación con puntos de referencia, indicándose además en esos registros el perímetro y la superficie de dichos campos y zonas.",
"iii) A los efectos de la detección y limpieza de MDMA/MAV, los mapas, diagramas o demás registros comprenderán información concreta sobre el tipo, el número, el método de colocación, el tipo de espoleta, la vida útil, la fecha y hora de colocación, los dispositivos antimanipulación (si los hubiere) y toda otra información pertinente sobre todas las armas de ese tipo que se hayan colocado. En todos los casos en que sea posible, en el registro de los campos de minas se indicará el lugar exacto de cada MDMA/MAV, salvo en los campos de minas de sembrado en hilera, en que bastará con indicar la ubicación de las hileras.",
"b) La ubicación y la superficie estimadas de las MDMA/MAV lanzadas a distancia deberán especificarse y determinarse mediante coordenadas de puntos de referencia (normalmente puntos situados en las esquinas) y, en todos los casos en que sea viable, marcarse sobre el terreno en la primera oportunidad posible. También deberá registrarse el número total y el tipo de las MDMA/MAV colocadas, la fecha y hora de su colocación y los períodos que mediarán hasta su autodestrucción.",
"c) Se conservarán copias de los registros a un nivel de mando que permita garantizar su seguridad en la mayor medida posible.",
"d) Todas las MDMA/MAV fabricadas después de la entrada en vigor de este conjunto de disposiciones deberán estar marcadas en inglés o en el idioma o idiomas nacionales respectivos, con la información siguiente:",
"i) Nombre del país de origen;",
"ii) Mes y año de fabricación, y",
"iii) Número de serie o número de lote.",
"2. Señalización de una zona de perímetro marcado",
"a) Una zona de perímetro marcado se señalizará mediante señales apropiadas de conformidad con el párrafo 3 de este anexo técnico, salvo durante períodos de hostilidades activas. Las marcas deberán ser de carácter distinto y duradero y serán por lo menos visibles a una persona que esté a punto de penetrar en la zona con el perímetro marcado.",
"b) Las marcas deberán ser visibles, legibles, duraderas y resistentes a los efectos ambientales, en la medida de lo posible.",
"c) Durante los períodos de hostilidades activas, deberá señalizarse apropiadamente, en la medida de lo posible, una zona de perímetro marcado. Tras la cesación de las hostilidades activas, y en cuanto sea posible, se señalizará la zona de conformidad con el subpárrafo a) supra.",
"3. Señales internacionales para los campos de minas y zonas minadas",
"a) Se utilizarán señales análogas a las especificadas en el Protocolo II Enmendado el 3 de mayo de 1996 de la CAC, según se especifica a continuación, para marcar los campos de minas y las zonas minadas a fin de que la población civil pueda verlas y reconocerlas:",
"i) Tamaño y forma: un triángulo o un cuadrilátero no menor de 28 cm (11 pulgadas) por 20 cm (7,9 pulgadas) para el triángulo y de 15 cm (6 pulgadas) de lado para el cuadrilátero;",
"ii) Color: rojo o naranja con un borde amarillo reflectante;",
"iii) Símbolo: el símbolo que se da como ejemplo en el modelo adjunto o cualquier otro símbolo fácilmente reconocible en la zona en que haya de colocarse para identificar una zona peligrosa;",
"iv) Idioma: la señal deberá contener la palabra \"minas\" en uno de los seis idiomas oficiales de la presente Convención (árabe, chino, español, inglés, francés y ruso) y en el idioma o los idiomas que se utilicen en la zona;",
"v) Separación: las señales deberán colocarse en torno del campo de minas o la zona minada a una distancia que permita que un civil que se acerque a la zona las vea perfectamente desde cualquier punto.",
"Anexo técnico B",
"En el presente anexo figuran las prácticas óptimas para lograr los objetivos de este conjunto de disposiciones. La aplicación del anexo por los Estados será voluntaria.",
"1. Medidas de control",
"a) Antes de la iniciación de hostilidades activas:",
"Todos los campos de minas, situados en el territorio controlado por la parte interesada, deberán estar vigilados por personal militar u otro personal autorizado, o protegidos por cercas u otros medios, para garantizar la exclusión efectiva de civiles de la zona.",
"b) Durante las hostilidades activas:",
"Las partes en un conflicto deberán asegurarse, en la medida de lo posible, de que todos los campos de minas de cuya existencia tengan información en ese momento y que se encuentren en territorio bajo su control estén vigilados por personal militar u otro personal autorizado o protegidos por cercas u otros medios a fin de garantizar la exclusión efectiva de los civiles de la zona. Las MDMA/MAV lanzadas a distancia y los campos de minas de obstáculo podrán emplazarse, según sea necesario, durante hostilidades activas teniendo en cuenta los requisitos de registro enumerados en el anexo técnico A.",
"c) Tras la cesación de hostilidades activas:",
"i) Tras la cesación de hostilidades activas, deberá alentarse a todas las partes en un conflicto a que cooperen a fin de facilitar, en la medida de lo posible, el intercambio con las demás partes interesadas de toda la información en su conocimiento en materia de campos de minas, zonas minadas y MDMA/MAV emplazadas por ellas en las zonas que han dejado de estar bajo su control.",
"ii) En la primera oportunidad y en la medida de lo posible, todos los campos de minas situados en el territorio controlado por la parte interesada deberán ser clausurados y vigilados por personal militar y otro personal autorizado, o protegidos por cercas u otros medios a fin de garantizar la exclusión efectiva de los civiles de la zona. Si durante el conflicto se han quitado de los campos de minas las cercas u otros tipos de marcas, éstos deberán reponerse a la mayor brevedad posible a fin de garantizar la exclusión efectiva de civiles de la zona.",
"iii) En la primera oportunidad y en la medida de lo posible, todos los campos de minas lanzadas a distancia y los campos de minas de obstáculo emplazados durante hostilidades activas en el territorio controlado por la parte interesada deberán ser registrados debidamente con arreglo al anexo técnico A. Además, y en la medida de lo posible, deberán ser clausurados y vigilados por personal militar u otro personal calificado y protegidos por cercas u otros medios a fin de garantizar la exclusión efectiva de los civiles de la zona.",
"2. Exigencia permanente de señales comunes de advertencia",
"En la medida de lo posible, y tan pronto sea practicable tras la colocación de las MDMA/MAV, deberán emplazarse carteles u otras señales de advertencia en todas las rutas de tráfico primario que conduzcan a la zona minada a fin de garantizar que los civiles reciban efectivamente las advertencias del caso. Son rutas de tráfico primario aquéllas por las que se efectúa la mayoría de los movimientos de población entre centros poblados. Al proporcionar estas señales de advertencia, las partes deberán tener presentes los factores ambientales reinantes en la localidad, por ejemplo inundaciones periódicas, que podrían contribuir a un desplazamiento natural, pero no previsto, de MDMA/MAV a lo largo del tiempo.",
"3. Sistemas de señalización",
"Los sistemas de señalización se utilizan para indicar de manera eficaz y efectiva el perímetro o los límites entre las zonas minadas y las zonas no minadas. Pueden comprender elementos naturales o artificiales, o una combinación de éstos, pero en la medida de lo posible deben reforzarse con señales de advertencia, como las descritas en el anexo técnico A. Pese a que es posible que estos elementos (cercas u otros medios) sean quitados al iniciarse las hostilidades activas y a pesar del requisito permanente, en estas circunstancias, de que las partes velen por que, en la medida de lo posible, todos los campos de minas sean vigilados por personal militar u otro personal calificado a fin de garantizar la exclusión efectiva de los civiles de la zona, se presentan las directrices siguientes de señalización para cualesquiera otros momentos.",
"a) Señales de advertencia de emplazamiento inmediato. Las señales de advertencia de emplazamiento inmediato se usan para señalizar sin demora los peligros descubiertos por personal militar o civil hasta que puedan emplazarse señales más sólidas o de larga duración. Los requisitos básicos de estas señales son:",
"i) Los medios de señalización que se utilicen tendrán por efecto identificar las zonas peligrosas lo antes posible;",
"ii) Las señales deberán ser visibles por lo menos a 50 m e indicar la ubicación, la dirección y el tipo de peligro;",
"iii) El material de las señales debe tener una vida útil de por lo menos 180 días; y",
"iv) La señalización deberá ser fácil de reconocer en la zona en que se instale para indicar una zona de peligro.",
"Las señales de emplazamiento inmediato podrían incluir, pero no limitarse a:",
"i) Cintas de señalización de minas; o",
"ii) Alambre, estacas (de hierro, madera, hormigón, plástico u otro material) y rótulos; o",
"iii) La pintura de elementos de la naturaleza, como árboles y rocas, con colores de señalización de peligro; o",
"iv) Cualesquiera otros materiales disponibles en la localidad o de fácil obtención y aceptados como material que indica peligro;",
"v) Las señales deberán emplazarse sólidamente y ser difíciles de quitar. En la medida de lo posible, el lugar de peligro y los detalles de la señalización, por ejemplo, los sistemas de señalización empleados, deberán ponerse en conocimiento de la población civil en términos generales tan pronto como sea factible a fin de garantizar su exclusión efectiva de la zona. En la medida de lo posible, la señalización deberá reforzarse con señales de advertencia como las descritas en el anexo técnico A.",
"b) Señales de advertencia de larga duración. Deberán emplearse señales de advertencia de larga duración si es probable que siga habiendo peligro en ese lugar durante períodos prolongados o si es necesario reponer o mejorar las señales de advertencia de emplazamiento inmediato. Estas señales representan una mejora respecto de los sistemas de advertencia de emplazamiento inmediato, por lo que las normas mínimas de las señales de advertencia de larga duración podrían incluir, pero no limitarse a:",
"i) Una cerca (como mínimo un solo hilo de alambre de púas) a la altura de la cintura con las debidas señales militares de advertencia de peligro de minas detalladas en el anexo técnico A, a intervalos suficientes según lo dicten el terreno y la vegetación;",
"ii) Rótulos permanentes, visibles, en la medida de lo posible de día y de noche, tanto cerca de los elementos de peligro propiamente dichos como en todas las rutas de tráfico primario conocidas que conduzcan a la zona en que se encuentran los elementos de peligro;",
"iii) Una cerca permanente de tipo \"ciclón\" reforzada con alambre de púas y dispositivos que dificulten su escalamiento, con rótulos de peligro de minas a determinados intervalos mínimos y de tipo específico;",
"iv) Alambre de tipo \"concertina\" y estacas;",
"v) Barricadas de hormigón; u",
"vi) Otros refuerzos hechos de material disponible en el lugar.",
"4. Especificaciones relativas a la autodestrucción, la autoneutralización y la autodesactivación[10]",
"a) Las MDMA/MAV que estén programadas para autodestruirse o autoneutralizarse deberán hacerlo a los 45 días de haber sido armadas. Las MDMA/MAV que queden sin autodestruirse o autoneutralizarse deberán autodesactivarse a los 120 días de haber sido armadas.",
"b) Cada Estado deberá tomar las medidas necesarias para que no quede sin autodestruirse o autoneutralizarse, una vez transcurridos 45 días, más del 10% de las MDMA/MAV activadas (con un nivel de confianza del 90%).",
"c) Cada Estado deberá tomar las medidas necesarias para que, en combinación con los mecanismos de autodestrucción y autoneutralización, no más de 1 de cada 1.000 MDMA/MAV activadas siga funcionando como tal después de 120 días.",
"5. Diseño de espoletas y sensores para MDMA/MAV[11]",
"a) Sobre la base de la información y de los datos proporcionados por los Estados, se consideran pertinentes las siguientes espoletas y los siguientes sensores de amplia disponibilidad: los alambres de tracción; los alambres de trampa; los brazos de rodillo; los cables de fibra óptica; las espoletas basculantes; los sensores acústicos; los sensores de alambre de frotación; los sensores de presión; los sensores infrarrojos; los sensores magnéticos; y los sensores sísmicos/sensores de vibración[12].",
"b) Los sensores de amplia disponibilidad mencionados se graduarán según las categorías siguientes:",
"Categoría Uno. Sistemas de espoletas que no pueden diseñarse de modo que no sean excesivamente sensibles.",
"i) Los alambres de tracción y los alambres de trampa no parecen ser un método recomendado de activación, ya que no parece posible diseñarlos de manera tal que una persona, dentro de lo razonable, no pueda activar la mina;",
"ii) Las espoletas basculantes no parecen ser un método recomendado de activación si no se pueden diseñar de manera que una persona, dentro de lo razonable, no pueda activar la mina.",
"Categoría Dos. Sistemas de espoletas que puedan diseñarse de modo que no sean excesivamente sensibles, pero que funcionen mejor en combinación con otros sensores.",
"i) Las espoletas activadas acústicamente usan sensores electrónicos para reaccionar a la presión acústica y reconocer la firma acústica. Es preferible su uso en combinación con otros sensores.",
"ii) Las espoletas activadas por rayos infrarrojos deben diseñarse de modo que no sean activadas por la presencia de una persona. De preferencia, el sensor debería poder establecer una correspondencia entre las firmas de calor detectadas y el objetivo previsto en combinación con otros sensores.",
"iii) Actualmente los sensores sísmicos/sensores de vibración no pueden ubicar sus objetivos con precisión; en consecuencia, parece indispensable usarlos en combinación con otros sensores. El sensor debe ser capaz de hacer corresponder una firma sísmica con el objetivo previsto.",
"Categoría Tres. Sistemas de espoletas que pueden diseñarse de modo que no sean excesivamente sensibles y que puedan funcionar satisfactoriamente sin otros sensores y se atengan a las directrices de prácticas óptimas del presente anexo técnico:",
"i) La presión necesaria para interrumpir la señal de la fibra óptica debe corresponder al objetivo previsto.",
"ii) Para realzar su utilidad militar, las minas activadas magnéticamente deben ser capaces de hacer corresponder la firma magnética con el objetivo previsto.",
"iii) Los sensores de presión y los mecanismos activados por la presión, de ser posible, deben diseñarse para una presión mínima adecuada al objetivo previsto. La presión debería ejercerse de preferencia sobre una superficie bastante grande (equivalente a la de un vehículo) y no en un solo punto.",
"iv) El número de vueltas necesario para activar la espoleta del brazo del rodillo debe corresponder al objetivo previsto.",
"v) El sensor de alambre de frotación debe diseñarse para objetivos concretos, optimizando el tiempo de frotación, la frecuencia y la amplitud necesarios para que lo active el objetivo previsto.",
"c) Todas las MDMA/MAV que se fabriquen en el futuro, con la excepción de los que estén dotados de espoletas de la Categoría Tres, deberán incorporar en la futura producción, en la medida en que ello sea viable, una tecnología de espoletas de sensores múltiples para reducir la posibilidad de que sean activadas por una persona, por inadvertencia o accidentalmente y teniendo en cuenta la influencia de los factores operacionales, de vida útil, ambientales y climáticos.",
"d) Al seleccionar los tipos de espoletas y determinar la sensibilidad de éstas deberá tenerse en cuenta la influencia de diversos factores ambientales, en particular:",
"i) El tiempo y el clima; y",
"ii) El almacenamiento, la manipulación y otras condiciones externas.",
"e) En las consideraciones y propuestas relativas a las medidas técnicas deberán tenerse en cuenta los factores operacionales y de adquisición, así como la vida útil; deberán tenerse presentes también diversas cuestiones humanitarias claramente identificadas.",
"Apéndice",
"Se prevén tres opciones para abordar las cuestiones de la \"detectabilidad\" y de la \"vida útil\":",
"I. Primera opción: Inclusión de terminología jurídicamente vinculante sobre la \"detectabilidad\" y la \"vida útil\".",
"Artículo 3",
"Detectabilidad de las MDMA/MAV",
"1. Queda prohibido utilizar MDMA/MAV no detectables, con sujeción a las exclusiones que se indican a continuación.",
"2. Una MDMA/MAV detectable es la que, una vez emplazada:",
"a) Da una señal de respuesta equivalente a 8 g o más de hierro en una sola masa homogénea enterrada a 5 cm debajo de la superficie y que puede detectarse con un equipo corriente de detección de minas, o",
"b) Puede detectarse de manera efectiva y segura mediante el uso de métodos y equipos alternativos que reflejen avances de las metodologías de detección, y si los Estados, sobre la base de los ensayos y la evaluación de las organizaciones pertinentes, han decidido por una mayoría de las cuatro quintas partes de los Estados presentes y votantes, que esos métodos y equipos alternativos son efectivos y fáciles de obtener.",
"3. Una MDMA/MAV es detectable también si puede detectarse de manera segura y efectiva mediante el uso de métodos y equipos que no sean fáciles de obtener, pero sí para un Estado, siempre que:",
"a) Antes de utilizar una MDMA/MAV de esa índole, el Estado haya demostrado a los otros Estados que la MDMA/MAV puede detectarse de manera segura y efectiva mediante el uso de métodos y equipos que sean fáciles de obtener, y",
"b) No se utilizará fuera de las zonas de perímetro marcado localizadas en el territorio de dicho Estado.",
"4. Una MDMA/MAV emplazada en una zona de perímetro marcado quedará exenta del requisito de detectabilidad del presente capítulo.",
"5. Queda prohibido fabricar MDMA no detectables a partir de la entrada en vigor de esta serie de recomendaciones.",
"6. Todas las existencias actuales de MDMA/MAV deberán satisfacer el requisito de detectabilidad previsto en el presente capítulo antes de ser emplazadas, salvo en el caso indicado en el párrafo 4.",
"7. En el caso de que un Estado llegue a la conclusión de que no puede cumplir de inmediato con lo dispuesto en el presente capítulo, podrá declarar, cuando notifique su consentimiento a quedar obligado por esta serie de recomendaciones, que aplaza dicho cumplimiento por un período no superior a 12 años contado a partir de la entrada en vigor de esta serie de recomendaciones. Mientras tanto reducirá al mínimo, en la medida de lo posible, el empleo de MDMA que no satisfagan el requisito de detectabilidad del presente capítulo[13].",
"Artículo 4",
"Vida útil de las MDMA/MAV",
"1. Queda prohibido el empleo de MDMA/MAV lanzadas a distancia que no estén provistas de un mecanismo de autodestrucción o de autoneutralización, en ambos casos reforzado por un dispositivo de autodesactivación (denominados en adelante \"AD/DAD o AN/DAD\"), mediante el cual la MDMA/MAV no funcionará como una mina cuando ya no sirva para la finalidad militar para la que fue emplazada.",
"2. Los Estados no lanzarán MDMA/MAV desde un sistema basado en tierra a menos de 500 m, ni emplazarán MDMA/MAV que no lleven incorporados dispositivos AD/DAD o AN/DAD, fuera de una zona de perímetro marcado.",
"3. Al aplicar las recomendaciones que figuran en el presente capítulo, los Estados tomarán todas las medidas estipuladas en el anexo técnico A y se atendrán a las prácticas óptimas estipuladas en el anexo técnico B.",
"4. En el caso de que un Estado llegue a la conclusión de que no puede cumplir de inmediato con lo dispuesto en los párrafos 1 y 2, podrá declarar, cuando notifique su consentimiento a quedar obligado por esta serie de recomendaciones, que aplaza dicho cumplimiento por un período no superior a 12 años contado a partir de la entrada en vigor de esta serie de recomendaciones. Mientras tanto reducirá al mínimo, en la medida de lo posible, el empleo de MDMA/MAV que no cumplan las disposiciones[14].",
"II. Segunda opción: Inclusión de las disposiciones sobre la detectabilidad y la vida útil como dos anexos facultativos jurídicamente vinculantes.",
"En este caso, las disposiciones sobre la detectabilidad y la vida útil se incorporarían al texto en forma de dos anexos facultativos distintos, y en el texto principal se insertaría un artículo destinado a regular la entrada en vigor de esos anexos para los Estados Partes.",
"Artículo 3",
"Detectabilidad y vida útil de las MDMA/MAV",
"1. En el momento de presentar ante el Depositario el instrumento por el que consiente en vincularse por este conjunto de disposiciones, un Estado podrá declarar por escrito que consiente en vincularse por el anexo facultativo A sobre la detectabilidad, por el anexo facultativo B sobre la vida útil, o por ambos.",
"2. Un Estado que haya consentido previamente en vincularse por este conjunto de disposiciones también podrá presentar al Depositario la declaración mencionada en el párrafo 1 en cualquier momento posterior a la entrada en vigor de este conjunto de disposiciones para ese Estado.",
"3. Las declaraciones mencionadas en los párrafos 1 y 2 pueden estipular que entran en vigor inmediatamente o a partir de una fecha determinada.",
"Anexo facultativo A",
"Detectabilidad de las MDMA/MAV",
"1. Queda prohibido utilizar MDMA/MAV no detectables.",
"2. Una MDMA/MAV detectable es la que, una vez emplazada, da una señal de respuesta equivalente a 8 g o más de hierro en una sola masa homogénea enterrada a 5 cm debajo de la superficie y que puede detectarse con un equipo técnico corriente de detección de minas.",
"3. Las MDMA/MAV colocadas en una zona de perímetro marcado están exentas del requisito de detectabilidad del presente anexo.",
"Anexo facultativo B",
"Vida útil de las MDMA/MAV",
"1. Queda prohibido utilizar MDMA/MAV que no estén provistas de un mecanismo de autodestrucción o de autoneutralización diseñado y construido de manera que no queden sin autodestruirse, una vez transcurridos 45 días después de ser armadas, más del 10% de las minas activadas.",
"2. Queda prohibido utilizar MDMA/MAV que no estén provistas de un mecanismo de autodesactivación de apoyo que esté diseñado y construido de modo que, en combinación con el mecanismo mencionado en el párrafo 1, no más de 1 de cada 1.000 minas activadas siga funcionando como tal una vez transcurridos 120 días después de ser armadas.",
"3. Las MDMA/MAV colocadas en una zona de perímetro marcado están exentas del requisito de detectabilidad del presente anexo.",
"III. Tercera opción: Inclusión de la detectabilidad y de la vida útil como \"prácticas óptimas\" en un anexo técnico.",
"Se han debatido diversas ideas y propuestas generales sobre la inclusión de disposiciones sobre la detectabilidad y la vida útil como prácticas óptimas en un anexo técnico no vinculante.",
"La adopción del enfoque de las prácticas óptimas para estas cuestiones conllevaría necesariamente la introducción de cambios tanto en el texto principal de un posible entendimiento sobre las MDMA/MAV como en las disposiciones de un nuevo anexo técnico vinculante.",
"Anexo III",
"LISTA DE DOCUMENTOS DEL GRUPO DE EXPERTOS GUBERNAMENTALES SOBRE LA CUESTIÓN DE LAS MINAS DISTINTAS DE LAS MINAS ANTIPERSONAL",
"Signatura Título Presentado por \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.1\tProyecto de documento dereflexión de la UniónEuropea sobre las minasdistintas de las minasantipersonal\tUnión Europea\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.12\tDocumento de debatesobre la cuestión de lasrestricciones del empleode minas antivehículo\tFederaciónde Rusia\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.2(No se dispone deversión electrónica)\tElementos que deberánexaminarse durante lasegunda reunión delGrupo de ExpertosGubernamentales(Ginebra, 15 a 26 dejulio de 2002) enrelación con la cuestiónrelativa a las minasdistintas de las minasantipersonal\tCoordinadorpara las MDMA\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.3\tElementos para undocumento de la UniónEuropea sobre las minasantivehículo\tUnión Europea\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.5\tDocumento de reflexiónsobre las minasdistintas de las minasantipersonal para lasegunda reunión deexpertos que se celebraen julio de 2002 -Espoletas sensibles\tAlemania\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.5/Add.1\tAdición: espoletassensibles para minasantivehículo\tAlemania\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.9\tMinas antivehículo:efectos en la asistenciahumanitaria y laspoblaciones civiles\tCICR\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.12\tLista de esferas quepodrían examinarse en lareunión de expertosmilitares sobre lasminas distintas de lasminas antipersonal(MDMAP)\tCoordinadorpara las MDMA\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.14\tMinas antivehículo:experiencia de lasoperaciones sobre elterreno\tServicio de lasNaciones Unidasde ActividadesRelativas a lasMinas\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.16\tDocumento de reflexiónsobre las espoletassensibles de las minasterrestres distintas delas minas antipersonal\tRumania\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.17 yCorr.1\tCiertos aspectostécnicos de las minasterrestres antivehículo\tChina\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.18\tRestriccionesespecíficas actuales delempleo de minasantivehículo con arregloal derecho internacional\tCoordinadorpara las MDMA\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.21\tInformación sobremedidas técnicasrelacionadas con minasantivehículo:detectabilidad yautodestrucción/autoneutralización/autodesactivación\tEstados Unidosde AméricaCCW/GGE/III/WP.2\tMinas distintas de lasminas antipersonal(MDMAP)\tCoordinadorpara las MDMA \n\tProyecto de propuestadel Coordinador sobrelas MDMAP\t\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.4\tMinas distintas de lasminas antipersonal(MDMA) sembradas fuerade zonas cercadas ymarcadas\tIrlanda\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.5\tMinas distintas de lasminas antipersonal -Espoletas sensibles paraminas antivehículo(visión general de lasespoletas yrecomendaciones sobreprácticas optimas) -Sinopsis\tAlemania\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.1\tCuestiones básicas sobrelas minas distintas delas minas antipersonal(MDMA)\tCoordinadorpara las MDMA\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.2\tUso irresponsable de lasminas distintas de lasminas antipersonal(MDMA) por agentes noestatales\tIndia\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.3\tInforme sobre el terreno- Afganistán\tServicio de lasNaciones Unidasde ActividadesRelativas a lasMinas\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.1\tCuestiones básicas sobrelas minas distintas delas minas antipersonal(MDMA)\tCoordinadorpara las MDMA\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.2\tEspoletas sensibles paralas minas antivehículo -Visión general de lasespoletas y sensores yrecomendaciones sobreprácticas óptimas(Sinopsis)\tAlemania\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.3\tDocumento de reflexiónsobre la cooperación yasistenciainternacionales en loreferente a las minasdistintas de las minasantipersonal\tCanadá\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.4\tMinas distintas de lasminas antipersonal:Visión general de lasespoletas y sensores yrecomendaciones sobreprácticas óptimas\tCanadá\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.1\tMinas distintas de lasminas antipersonal(MDMAP) - Proyecto depropuesta delCoordinador\tCoordinadorpara las MDMA\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.2\tLos agentes no estatalesy los peligroshumanitarios querepresentan las minasdistintas de las minasantipersonal\tGrupo encargadode lasactividadesrelativas a lasminas delCanadá\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.3\tEspoletas sensibles paralas minas antivehículo(visión general de lasespoletas y sensores yrecomendaciones sobreprácticas óptimas)\tAlemania\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.4\tMinas distintas de lasminas antipersonalsembradas fuera de zonascercadas y marcadas\tFederación deRusia\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.5\tDetectabilidad de lasminas\tFederación deRusia\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.6\tArtefactos explosivos defabricación casera\tFederación deRusia\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.7\tDe la sensibilidad delas espoletas de minasdistintas de las minasantipersonal\tFederación deRusia\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.8\tAlgunas observacionessobre la destrucción delos medios de transportede las misioneshumanitarias\tFederación deRusia\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.9\tProtocolo sobreprohibiciones orestricciones del empleoy la transferencia deminas distintas de lasminas antipersonal\tDinamarca,Estados Unidosde América yotros Estados\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.9/Corr.1\tProtocolo sobreprohibiciones orestricciones del empleoy la transferencia deminas distintas de lasminas antipersonal\tDinamarca,Estados Unidosde América yotros Estados\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.10\tPropuesta de laFederación de Rusia parael proseguimiento de lalabor del Grupo deExpertos Gubernamentalessobre el problema de lasminas terrestresdistintas de las minasantipersonal\tFederación deRusia\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.11\tInforme operacionalsobre Angola\tServicio de lasNaciones Unidasde ActividadesRelativas a lasMinas\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.1\tReunión de expertosmilitares: Listaprovisional de temas dedebate\tCoordinadorpara las MDMA\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.2\tTecnología de detecciónde minas terrestres\tAustraliaCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.2/Corr.1\tLandmine DetectionTechnology ‑ Corrigendum\tAustralia \n (en inglés únicamente) \nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.3\tGrupo interinstitucionalcomún de coordinación deactividades relativas alas minas distintas delas minas antipersonal(MDMA)\tServicio de lasNaciones Unidasde ActividadesRelativas a lasMinas, ennombre delGrupoInterinstitucionalde Coordinaciónde ActividadesRelativas a lasMinas de lasNaciones Unidas\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.3/Corr.1(en inglés solamente)\tA Common Inter-AgencyCoordination Group onMine Action (IACG-MA) onMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines\tServicio de lasNaciones Unidasde ActividadesRelativas a lasMinas en nombredel GrupoInterinstitucionalde Coordinaciónde ActividadesRelativas a lasMinas de lasNaciones Unidas\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.4\tTecnología actual yfutura para la deteccióny la remoción de minasdistintas de las minasantipersonal (MDMA)\tServicio de lasNaciones Unidasde ActividadesRelativas a lasMinas\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.5\tDos nuevos artículossobre la cooperación yasistenciainternacionales y sobremedidas de transparencia\tLituania\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.6\tProtocolo sobreprohibiciones orestricciones del empleoy la transferencia deminas distintas de lasminas antipersonal\tSecretaría\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/1\tPropuestas e ideasformuladas respecto delas MDMA en el Grupo deExpertos Gubernamentalescomo base para continuarlos trabajos\tCoordinador\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/2\tPrograma provisionalpara las reuniones deexpertos militares sobrelas MDMA\t\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.1\tDetectabilidad de lasminas antivehículo\tReino Unido deGran Bretaña eIrlanda delNorte\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.2\tMinas distintas de lasminas antipersonal(MDMA) sembradas fuerade zonas con elperímetro marcado\tIrlanda\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.3\tEspoletas y sensoressensibles para minasdistintas de las minasantipersonal (MDMA),Propuesta sobreprácticas óptimas\tAlemania\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.4\tDetectabilidad actual delas minas distintas delas minas antipersonalde que disponenactualmente los EstadosPartes en la Convenciónsobre Ciertas ArmasConvencionales\tCentroInternacionalde DesminadoHumanitario deGinebra, asolicitud delCoordinador\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.5\tRespuestas a algunosproblemas planteados enrelación con elestablecimiento de unprotocolo sobreprohibiciones orestricciones del empleoy la transferencia deminas distintas de lasminas antipersonal\tEstados Unidosde América\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/1\tPropuestas e ideasformuladas respecto delas minas distintas delas minas antipersonal(MDMA) en el Grupo deExpertos Gubernamentalescomo base para continuarlos trabajos\tCoordinadorpara las MDMA\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/2\tPrograma provisional dela reunión de expertosmilitares sobre lasminas distintas de lasminas antipersonal(MDMA)\tPresidente dela reunión deexpertosmilitares sobrelas MDMA\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/WP.1\tLas espoletas sensiblesen minas distintas delas minas antipersonal(MDMA)\tReino Unido deGran Bretaña eIrlanda delNorte\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/WP.2\tMetodologías deseñalización de loscampos de minas\tAustralia\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/1\tPropuestas e ideasformuladas respecto delas minas distintas delas minas antipersonal(MDMA) en el Grupo deExpertos Gubernamentalescomo base para continuarlos trabajos\tCoordinadorpara las MDMA\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/2\tPrograma provisional dela reunión de expertosmilitares sobre lasminas distintas de lasminas antipersonal(MDMA)\tPresidente dela reunión deexpertosmilitares sobrelas MDMA\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/WP.1\tVisualización de lasrepercusionesoperacionales de lasnormas propuestas sobrela detectabilidad y lossistemas de espoletas\tCoordinadorpara las MDMA\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/WP.2\tObservaciones sobrecuestiones pertinentesrelacionadas con lasminas distintas de lasminas antipersonal\tAlemania\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/WP.3\tConclusiones de lareunión de expertosmilitares sobre las MDMA\tPresidente dela reunión deexpertosmilitares sobrelas MDMA\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/1\tPropuestas e ideasformuladas respecto delas minas distintas delas minas antipersonal(MDMA) en el Grupo deExpertos Gubernamentalescomo base para continuarlos trabajos\tCoordinadorpara las MDMA\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/2\tPrograma provisional delas reuniones deexpertos militares sobrelas minas distintas delas minas antipersonal(MDMA)\tPresidente dela reunión deexpertosmilitares sobrelas MDMA\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/WP.1\tNormas seleccionadassobre las MDMA y lasminas antipersonal quefiguran en el ProtocoloII Enmendado de laConvención\tCICR\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/WP.2*\tSolución de conjunto ala cuestión de las MDMA\tRepúblicaPopular China\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1\tPropuestas e ideasformuladas respecto delas minas distintas delas minas antipersonal(MDMA) en el Grupo deExpertos Gubernamentalescomo base para continuarlos trabajos\tCoordinadorpara las MDMA\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.1(en inglés solamente)\tProposals and ideas onMOTAPM in the Group ofGovernmental Experts(GGE) with the purposeto provide a basis forfurther work\tCoordinadorpara las MDMA\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2\tPropuestas e ideasrevisadas formuladasrespecto de las minasdistintas de las minasantipersonal (MDMA) enel Grupo de ExpertosGubernamentales comobase para continuar lostrabajos - Serie derecomendaciones sobrelas minas distintas delas minas antipersonal(MDMA)\tCoordinadorpara las MDMA\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/2\tPrograma provisional delas reuniones deexpertos militares sobrelas minas distintas delas minas antipersonal(MDMA)\tPresidente dela reunión deexpertosmilitares sobrelas MDMA\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.1\tPropuesta sobre el temade las minas diferentesa las minas antipersonal(MDMA)\tCuba\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.1/Corr.1(en español solamente)\tPropuesta sobre el temade las minas diferentesa las minas antipersonal(MDMA) - Corrección\tCuba\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.2\tComentarios sobre eldocumento preparado porel Coordinador para lasminas distintas de lasminas antipersonal(MDMA) parael 12º período desesiones del Grupo deExpertos Gubernamentalesen la CAC\tCICR\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.2/Corr.1\tComentarios sobre eldocumento preparado parael 12º período desesiones del Grupo deExpertos Gubernamentalesde los Estados Partes enla CAC por elCoordinador para lasminas distintas de lasminas antipersonal(MDMA) con la signaturaCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1, defecha 17 de octubre de2005\tCICR\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/1\tPrograma provisional delas reuniones deexpertos militares sobrelas minas distintas delas minas antipersonal(MDMA)\tPresidente dela reunión deexpertosmilitares sobrelas MDMA\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.1\tInfluencia de ladetectabilidad de lasminas terrestresdistintas de las minasantipersonal (MDMA) ensu eficacia militar\tFederación deRusia\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.2\tExperiencia práctica dela Federación de Rusiaen la detección ydesactivación deartefactos explosivosimprovisados\tFederación deRusia\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.3\tPosibles tecnologías dedetección de artefactosexplosivos\tFederación deRusia\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.4\tMinas antivehículo\tFederación deRusia\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.5\tPrincipales criteriospara la elaboración deun método deverificación de lafiabilidad de losmecanismos deautodestrucción y losdispositivos deautodesactivación de lasminas antipersonal\tFederación deRusia\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.6\tPráctica de registro,cercado y marcado dezonas minadas en laFederación de Rusia\tFederación deRusia\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.7\tRestricciones actualesdel empleo de minasantipersonal\tFederación deRusia\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1/Rev.1\tConjunto dedisposiciones sobre elempleo de las MDMA/MAV -Recopilación dedisposiciones quepodrían generar unconsenso en el Grupo deExpertos Gubernamentales\tPropuestamodificada porel Coordinador\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.1\tObservaciones sobre elconjunto dedisposiciones sobre elempleo de las MDMA.Recopilación dedisposiciones quepodrían generar unconsenso en el Grupo deExpertos Gubernamentales(GEG), que figuran en eldocumentoCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1 yCorr.1\tUnión Europea\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.2\tPropuesta sobre lasminas antivehículo (MAV)\tPakistán",
"[1] CCW/MSP/2005/2.",
"[2] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1.",
"[3] En esta versión del conjunto de disposiciones se esbozan las distintas alternativas referentes a cada uno de los tres enfoques sugeridos en la introducción del documento CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1 para las cuestiones de la \"detectabilidad\" y de la \"vida activa\", enfoques que se incluyen en un anexo. Todas las demás modificaciones relacionadas con la versión anterior (Rev.1) figuran en cursivas. Las variantes de texto van entre corchetes.",
"[4] Para este artículo se prevén tres modos de proceder posibles en el apéndice que acompaña a este conjunto de disposiciones.",
"[5] Para este artículo se prevén tres modos de proceder posibles en el apéndice que acompaña a este conjunto de disposiciones.",
"[6] Texto provisional en espera de un acuerdo sobre el artículo 3, \"Detectabilidad de las MDMA/MAV\", y el artículo 4, \"Vida útil de las MDMA/MAV\".",
"[7] Texto provisional en espera de un acuerdo sobre el artículo 3, \"Detectabilidad de las MDMA/MAV\", y el artículo 4, \"Vida útil de las MDMA/MAV\".",
"[8] Esta variante de texto se basa en un enfoque genérico al diseño de las espoletas, en contraposición al enfoque específico del texto actual, en que se hace referencia a una lista de espoletas y sensores categorizados según su sensibilidad (en función del riesgo de activación involuntaria por una persona), tal como se incluye en el anexo técnico B. En caso de que prevalezca el enfoque genérico, deberá suprimirse la subsección 5 del anexo técnico B.",
"[9] La inclusión de este artículo dependerá de cómo se decida solucionar las cuestiones de la \"detectabilidad\" y la \"vida útil\". Véase también el apéndice I (I. Primera opción: párrafo 7 del artículo 3 y párrafo 4 del artículo 4).",
"[10] ¹ La evaluación de la tasa de fiabilidad de los AD/DAD o AN/DAD queda a la discreción de cada Estado.",
"[11] ² Como se menciona en la nota de pie de página del artículo 12, esta subsección del anexo técnico B no deberá incluirse en caso de que se elija el enfoque genérico para el diseño de espoletas y sensores.",
"[12] ³ La secuencia de los fusibles y sensores obedece a un orden rigurosamente alfabético y no entraña una evaluación de su disponibilidad, distribución o uso.",
"[13] Véase también el artículo 13 del conjunto de disposiciones.",
"[14] Véase también el artículo 13 del conjunto de disposiciones."
] | [
"THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.2CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.213 October 2006Original:ENGLISH",
"Geneva, 7-17 November 2006",
"Item 10 of the provisional agenda",
"Submission of the report of the",
"Group of Governmental Experts",
"PROCEDURAL REPORT",
"GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS",
"Fifteenth Session",
"Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006",
"Addendum",
"REPORT OF THE WORK IN 2006 ON MINES OTHER THAN ANTI-PERSONNEL MINES",
"REPORT ON THE WORK IN 2006 ON MINES OTHER THAN ANTI-PERSONNEL MINES",
"Prepared by the Coordinator on MOTAPM",
"and the Chairperson of the Meetings of Military Experts",
"1. The present report on the results of the work carried out by the Coordinator on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines (MOTAPM) during the three Sessions of the CCW Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) of the CCW held throughout 2006, is presented to the President-designate of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to CCW",
"2. The 2005 Meeting of the States Parties appointed a Coordinator of the Working Group on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines, and decided that the Group should continue its work in the year 2006 with the following mandate:",
"“a) To continue to consider all proposals on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines put forward since the establishment of the Group of Governmental Experts with the aim of elaborating appropriate recommendations on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines for submission to the Third Review Conference in 2006.",
"b) Meetings of military experts shall also be conducted to provide advice on these activities.”[1]",
"3. In discharging his duties, the Coordinator on MOTAPM relied on the invaluable contributions of Brig.-Gen. Gerson Menandro Garcia de Freitas, who acted as an advisor to the Coordinator and chaired the Meetings of Military Experts on MOTAPM held during the 2006 GGE Sessions, and whose report is enclose to this document.",
"4. In the Thirteenth Session, held between March 6^(th) and 10^(th), the Coordinator indicated to delegations that, despite the strenuous efforts by the GGE on MOTAPM throughout the last four years, it was yet not possible to eliminate a number of divergences, in particular as regards the most controversial issues of “detectability” and “active life” of MOTAPM. In light of this, the Coordinator asked delegations to present a frank assessment of the current status of debates, and requested indications of alternatives for future work of the GGE on the issue. The Coordinator also announced his intention to conduct informal consultations with all interested delegations, with a view to identify room for manoeuvre in the discussions throughout 2006.",
"5. Prior to the Fourteenth Session, the Coordinator has circulated a “Questionnaire on issues that might enhance the level of understanding on the question of responsible use of Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines (MOTAPM)”. The Questionnaire was presented in the format of new language that might be considered for addressing the topics identified as most contentious, as follows: “perimeter marked areas” (PMA); “active life of MOTAPM”; “production and transfer of MOTAPM”; and “detectability of MOTAPM”. It also provided for the submission of additional comments on other issues that may be deemed relevant. Delegations were requested to comment the proposed language (and ideas and/or concepts related to), on the basis of relevance, acceptance, possibility of being incorporated to or of replacing the conceptual framework under discussion.",
"6. During the Fourteenth Session, held between June 19^(th) and 23^(rd), discussions were based on the possibilities identified by the abovementioned questionnaire. A new round of informal consultations in various settings also took place.",
"7. In the intersessional period prior to the Fifteenth Session of the GGE, the Coordinator has decided to circulate a document entitled “Set Of Provisions On The Use of MOTAPM/AVM - A Compilation of Provisions that could Command Consensus In The Group Of Governmental Expert (GGE)”[2], which in his opinion encompasses all the areas that command consensus in the discussions held on MOTAPM. The text builds upon all previous papers, including the Set of Recommendations prepared by the previous Coordinator on MOTAPM, Ambassador Markku Reimaa of Finland (CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2, dated 22 November 2005), and was presented as a basis for a possible consensus during discussions that were to be held in the first days of the Fifteenth Session.",
"8. In addition to the most controversial issues of “detectability” and “active life”, some other questions have also been identified as inspiring divergences among delegations, and were modified in relation to the previous Coordinator´s text, in an attempt to identify consensus language: among the modifications, the expression “Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines/Anti-Vehicle Mines” (MOTAPM/AVM) was introduced as a means to address concerns raised by some delegations in relation to what they perceive as “excessive breadth” and “subjective character” of the previous definition of MOTAPM. A general reorganization of articles and paragraphs was also performed, in order to bring together provisions on a single subject and to arrange them in a coherent, logical manner.",
"9. As regards the most contentious issues of “detectability” and “active life” of MOTAPM, once no possible consensus solution had yet been identified, they were not included in the first version of my Set of Provisions. In its introduction, the Coordinator has outlined three possibilities as to the inclusion of those two pending issues on a possible future protocol on MOTAPM, namely: a) the insertion of legally binding language on the two issues in the main text; b) dealing with the issues of “detectability” and “active life” in a way which would allow States-Parties the option to accept or reject obligations on those two issues; c) place those two issues as non-binding best practices in a technical annex.",
"10. In the Fifteenth and final Session of the GGE prior to the Third Review Conference, held between August 28^(th) and September 6^(th), discussions on MOTAPM were based on the abovementioned Set of Provisions. Many comments have been presented during plenary sessions, and a number of informal consultations have taken place, with a view to allowing delegations to present comments and proposals, and hence explore all possibilities of language that could lead to a consensus on how to move forward towards the Third Review Conference.",
"11. As regards to the issues of “detectability” and “active life”, many delegations indicated that they continue to support the adoption of legally-binding provisions on both pending issues, along the lines of chapters III and IV of the Set of Recommendations[3] by the previous Coordinator, Ambassador Markku Reimaa of Finland.",
"12. One delegation, after consultations with a wide spectrum of other delegations, has prepared a proposal of language on “detectability” and “active life” that follows the second approach suggested in the introduction of the first version of the Set of Provisions, i.e., the inclusion of both issues as optional legally-binding commitments. According to the proposal, a State that adheres to a possible future Protocol on MOTAPM may indicate, at the time of the submission of the instrument of ratification, that it agrees to be bound by one or both of such provisions, by means of a written declaration to the Depositary. At any time after the entry into force of the future Protocol for a given State, the State concerned may submit written declarations to the Depositary expressing consent to be bound by one or both of such provisions. While some delegations expressed discomfort with the idea of introducing optional provisions in an optional Protocol, as well as with the possibility of creating obligations that would bind some States Parties while not binding others, a number of delegations have indicated this approach as a promising possible way of reconciling humanitarian concerns with the requirements related to national security and defence doctrines and needs.",
"13. Other delegations retained their reservations as to the adoption of legally-binding commitments on “detectability” and “active life”, on the grounds that such commitments may impinge upon essential capabilities related to national defence, in exchange of what they perceived as merely marginal returns in terms of minimisation of an already limited humanitarian impact of MOTAPM. Against such background, those delegations expressed their preference for the inclusion of both pending issues on a non-binding “best-practices” annex to a possible future Protocol on MOTAPM.",
"14. Some delegations have also indicated that, in considering any restrictions on “detectability” and “active life” of MOTAPM (both under the legally-binding and the optional approach), a transitional period was needed in order to allow for adaptation of existing stocks and/or military procedures.",
"15. In addition to the debate on the pending issues, substantive discussions were held on other subjects such as the definition of “MOTAPM/AVM” and “perimeter-marked areas”, the “scope of application”, restrictions on “transfers”, as well as on “fuse design and sensors”.",
"16. In particular, it became clear that, for a considerable number of delegations, the issues of “transfers” and the definition of “PMA” were intrinsically connected to the pending issues of detectability and active life, and consequently could not be analyzed separately. Additionally, while some delegations insisted upon the prohibition of transfers of non-detectable, persistent MOTAPM (except for the purposes of destruction or for development of and training in mine detection, mine clearance, or mine destruction techniques), other delegations have questioned such prohibition, on the grounds that the Set of Provisions allowed the operational use of such persistent, non-detectable mines inside PMA.",
"17. One delegation has re-introduced a proposal on MOTAPM, according to which all the provisions being discussed would be substituted by a prohibition of the use of MOTAPM by a State outside its national territory. Another delegation has introduced a new proposal containing what it regards as the “main features that could form the basis of future deliberations in the GGE on the issue of anti-vehicle mines”.",
"18. After the extensive debate on all three approaches on “detectability” and “active life”, as well as on other yet controversial issues mentioned above, the Coordinator has decided to revise his Set of Provisions so as to include all alternative languages pertaining to each of the three approaches, which may help to command consensus during discussions at the Third Review Conference, if States Parties agree to demonstrate political will and flexibility to cope with all sensitive issues.",
"19. The Coordinator has enclosed the last version of the document to the present report. Alternative texts on controversial issues other than “detectability” and “active life” were also included. All modifications in relation to the previous version are displayed in the text in italics. Alternative language is displayed between brackets.",
"20. It is the understanding of the Coordinator that, upon discretion of delegations that have introduced proposals during the Fifteenth Session, in case such proposals are timely handed to the Secretariat, they will be circulated as official documents of the Third Review Conference.",
"Conclusions",
"21. In light of the above, the Coordinator has the honour to submit to the consideration of the Third Review Conference of the CCW, to be held between November 7^(th) and 17^(th), 2006, the revised version of his “Set of Provisions on the Use of MOTAPM/AVM – A Compilation of Provisions that Could Command Consensus in the Group of Governmental Experts”, as contained in the annex II to this report.",
"22. It is the understanding of the Coordinator that all other formal proposals put forward to the consideration of the Group of Governmental Experts since its establishment – a list of which shall also be enclosed to this report as annex III - will be considered by the Third Review Conference, in accordance with the mandate bestowed upon the Group by the 2005 Meeting of States Parties.",
"Annex I",
"REPORT OF THE CHAIRPERSON OF THE MEETINGS OF MILITARY EXPERTS ON MOTAPM IN 2006",
"1. In the light of the three sessions held in 2006, this appraisal of the situation provides an overview on the work performed by the Military Experts on MOTAPM. As a reminder, the overall mandate of the GGE on MOTAPM states:” … Meeting of military experts shall also be conducted to provide advice on these activities.”",
"2. At the opening meeting of the XIII Session, was realized that the persisting divergences in views - which had undermined any possible progress on this issue – were still strong.",
"3. The Coordination was also aware that CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2 was presented but not thoroughly discussed at the XII Session of GGE in November 2005. Although not a consensual text, it was officially submitted by the former coordinator and reflected positions expressed by many State Parties on a wide range of subjects.",
"4. It was therefore necessary, before moving forward in a search of common grounds, to assess the positions of States Parties on the issues contained in that specific paper and, as contained in our mandate, in all proposals put forward since the establishment of this Group.",
"5. During the Thirteenth Session, one formal Meeting of Military Experts was held. This group also participated in two plenary meetings conducted by the Coordinator on MOTAPM. However, the most useful and productive events were the seven informal meetings, in both formats: bilateral and plurilateral. In those sessions the Coordinator had direct contact with 16 State Parties and International Organizations. As preliminary results, were improved the conditions to a frank and constructive dialogue, mandatory step towards a mutual understanding.",
"6. As some discussions have clearly highlighted key controversial issues, under the guidance of the Coordinator a questionnaire was circulated, focusing on the following topics: Perimeter Marked-Areas (PMA) to emplace MOTAPM; Active Life; Transfer; and Detectability of MOTAPM. In addition, the delegations were requested to make further comments or suggestions on possible ways to address the mentioned items.",
"7. The responses to the questionnaire were helpful and oriented the organization of the Fourteenth Session, which was intended to deepen the examination of the issues raised in that document.",
"8. In the Fourteenth Session another Meeting of the Military Experts took place, along with the two formal sessions conducted by Coordinator on MOTAPM. Eleven informal consultations were conducted, in different settings, in search of possibilities for mutual understanding and a concrete breakthrough.",
"9. Although it was clear that significant divergences still remained, the informal and formal works during that Session have provided the coordination on MOTAPM valuable tools for building confidence and orienting new possibilities to broker consensus in the elaboration of recommendations on MOTAPM.",
"10. At that time, during the intersessional period, the Coordination team on MOTAPM has decided to submit a comprehensive text, encompassing all the areas that command consensus and which required an analysis in its entirety.",
"11. This paper, entitled “Set of Provisions”, was aimed to facilitate more focused discussions, to help in assessing the level of acceptance of some key issues and, hopefully, to pave the way for successful outcome of the Group`s work.",
"12. The Last Preparatory Session for the 3^(rd) Review Conference hosted intensive formal consultations among military experts, in three plenary meetings and one specific technical-military meeting. In the same session eighteen informal meetings were held in different settings, leading to more focused and fruitful discussions. It should be mentioned that nine delegations presented proposals and comments, which greatly helped the Coordinator in his efforts towards the refinement of the Set of Provisions. In terms of tangible and recent outcomes, such consultations and exchanges of views led to the elaboration of two revised versions of CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1, both introduced during the Fifteenth Session.",
"13. The last version of the abovementioned document incorporates new approaches, from different perspectives, on issues that proved to remain controversial, such as the definition of MOTAPM/AVM, transfers, detectability, active life, and fuse design and sensors of MOTAPM/AVM. It was also consolidated a consensual definition and additional remarks on perimeter marked-area. Moreover, innovative language was introduced on the humanitarian aspects related to responsible use of mines.",
"Annex II",
"SET OF PROVISIONS ON THE USE OF MOTAPM/AVM –",
"A Compilation of Provisions that Could Command Consensus[4]",
"Presented by the Coordinator",
"Article 1",
"General provision and scope of application",
"1. This set of provisions applies to the use on land or the transfer of MOTAPM/AVM, including mines laid to interdict beaches, waterway crossings or river crossings, but does not apply to the use of anti-ship mines at sea or in inland waterways.",
"2. This set of provisions shall apply to situations referred to in Article 1 of this Convention, as amended on 21 December 2001.",
"3. This document is without prejudice to the existing international humanitarian law, provisions of the Convention of 1980 on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which my be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects or other international instruments and decisions by the Security Council of the United Nations which provide for more strict obligations or have wider application.",
"Article 2",
"Definitions",
"1. For the purpose of this set of provisions:",
"(a) \"Mine\" means a munition placed under, on or near the ground or other surface area and designed to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a person or vehicle.",
"(b) \"MOTAPM/AVM” means a mine which cannot be defined as an anti-personnel mine. An anti-personnel mine is a mine primarily designed to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a person and that will incapacitate, injure or kill one or more persons. A MOTAPM/AVM is primarily designed to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of armored or transportation vehicles and that will damage, incapacitate or destroy one or more of such vehicles.",
"(c) \"Anti-handling device\" means a device intended to protect a mine and which is part of, linked to, attached to or placed under the MOTAPM/AVM and which activates when an attempt is made to tamper with the MOTAPM/AVM.",
"(d) \"Minefield\" is a defined area in which mines have been emplaced and \"mined area\" is an area which is dangerous due to the presence of mines. \"Phoney minefield\" means an area free of mines that simulates a minefield. The term \"minefield\" includes phoney minefields.",
"(e) \"Perimeter-marked area\" is an area which, in order to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians, is monitored by military or other authorized personnel, or protected by fencing or other means.",
"(f) \"Recording\" means a physical, administrative and technical operation designed to obtain, for the purpose of registration in official records, all available information facilitating the location of MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas.",
"(g) \"Remotely-delivered MOTAPM/AVM means those not directly emplaced but delivered by artillery, missile, rocket, mortar, or similar means, or dropped from an aircraft. MOTAPM/AVM delivered from a land-based system from less than 500 meters are not considered to be \"remotely delivered\".",
"(h) \"Self-deactivation\" means automatically rendering a munition inoperable by means of the irreversible exhaustion of a component, for example a battery, that is essential to the operation of the munition.",
"(i) \"Self-destruction mechanism\" means an incorporated or externally attached automatically-functioning mechanism which secures the destruction of the munition into which it is incorporated or to which it is attached.",
"(j) \"Self-neutralization mechanism\" means an incorporated automatically-functioning mechanism which renders inoperable the munition into which it is incorporated.",
"(k) \"Transfer\" involves, in addition to the physical movement of MOTAPM/AVM into or from national territory, the transfer of title to and control over the MOTAPM/AVM, but does not involve the transfer of territory containing emplaced MOTAPM/AVM.",
"Article 3",
"Detectability of MOTAPM/AVM[5]",
"Article 4",
"Active life of MOTAPM/AVM[6]",
"Article 5",
"Measures on the Restriction of Irresponsible Use of MOTAPM/AVM",
"1. Each State or party to a conflict is, in accordance with this set of provisions, responsible for all MOTAPM/AVM employed by it and undertakes to clear, remove, destroy or maintain them as specified in the relevant articles of this document.",
"2. Each State shall take action with a view to limiting the irresponsible use of MOTAPM/AVM, which may include:",
"(a) establishment of adequate national systems and corresponding documentation;",
"(b) effective export and import control measures relating to MOTAPM/AVM;",
"(c) effective management and security of stockpiles and transport of MOTAPM/AVM;",
"(d) adoption of such measures as may be necessary, including, where appropriate, penal sanctions, to prevent and suppress activities prohibited by this set of provisions;",
"(e) suppression of activities related to the production of MOTAPM/AVM under invalid or expired licenses; and",
"(f) strengthening cooperation with the purpose of implementation of this set of provisions.",
"3. It is prohibited in all circumstances to use any MOTAPM/AVM which is designed or of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering.",
"4. It is prohibited to use a MOTAPM/AVM which employs a mechanism or device specifically designed to detonate the munition by the presence of commonly available mine detectors as a result of their magnetic or other non-contact influence during normal use in detection operations.",
"5. It is prohibited to use a self-deactivating MOTAPM/AVM equipped with an anti-handling device that is designed in such a manner that the anti-handling device is capable of functioning after the MOTAPM/AVM has ceased to be capable of functioning.",
"6. It is prohibited in all circumstances to direct any MOTAPM/AVM, either in offence or",
"defense, or by way of reprisals, against the civilian population as such or against individual civilians or civilian objects, as defined by paragraph 7 of article 2 of Amended Protocol II.",
"7. The indiscriminate use of MOTAPM/AVM is prohibited. Indiscriminate use is any placement of MOTAPM/AVM:",
"(a) which is not on, or directed against, a military objective, as defined in the Protocol on Prohibition or Restriction on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and other Devices, as amended on 3 May 1996 (Amended Protocol II). In case of doubt as to whether an object which is normally dedicated to civilian purposes, such as a place of worship, a house or other dwelling or a school, is being used to make an effective contribution to military action, it shall be presumed not to be so used; or",
"(b) which employs a method or means of delivery which cannot be directed at a specific military objective; or",
"(c) which may be expected to cause incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians, damage to civilian objects, or a combination thereof, which would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated.",
"8. Several clearly separated and distinct military objectives located in a city, town, village or other area containing a similar concentration of civilians or civilian objects are not to be treated as a single military objective.",
"9. All feasible precautions shall be taken to protect civilians from the effects of MOTAPM/AVM. Feasible precautions are those precautions which are practicable or practically possible taking into account all circumstances ruling at the time, including humanitarian and military considerations. These circumstances include, but are not limited to:",
"(a) the short- and long-term effect of MOTAPM/AVM upon the local civilian population for the duration of the minefield;",
"(b) possible measures to protect civilians (for example, fencing, signs, warning and monitoring);",
"(c) the availability and feasibility of using alternatives; and",
"(d) the short- and long-term military requirements for a minefield.",
"10. Effective advance warning shall be given of any emplacement of a MOTAPM/AVM which may affect the civilian population, unless circumstances do not permit.",
"11. States, in accordance with their national procedures, shall adopt and enforce appropriate laws and regulations in order to prohibit and sanction the production, acquisition, possession, development, transport, transfer or use of MOTAPM/AVM by any unauthorized individual or entity, as well as participating in any of the abovementioned actions as an accomplice, or providing them with assistance or finance.",
"12. States shall adopt and enforce effective national measures with a view to preventing illicit circulation and trafficking of MOTAPM/AVM, including the following:",
"(a) oversight and control over the production, storage or transportation of MOTAPM/AVM; and",
"(b) physical protection of stockpiles.",
"13. States shall cooperate among themselves in order to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trafficking of MOTAPM/AVM, in accordance with national legislation and pursuant to international law.",
"Article 6",
"Recording of MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas",
"1. It is prohibited to use any MOTAPM/AVM unless all information concerning MOTAPM/AVM minefields and mined areas is recorded in accordance with paragraph 1 of Technical Annex A. All such records shall be retained by the parties to a conflict, who shall, without delay after the cessation of active hostilities, take all necessary and appropriate measures, including the use of such information, to protect civilians from the effects of MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas, in areas under their control.",
"2. Without delay after the cessation of active hostilities, the parties to a conflict shall also make available to the other party or parties to the conflict and to the Secretary-General of the United Nations all such information in their possession concerning MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas, laid by them in areas no longer under their control.",
"3. However, subject to reciprocity, where the forces of a party to a conflict are in the territory of an adverse party, either party may withhold such information from the Secretary-General and the other party, to the extent that security interests require such withholding, until neither party is in the territory of the other. Any information so withheld shall be disclosed as soon as those security interests permit.",
"4. Wherever possible, the parties to the conflict shall seek, by mutual agreement, to provide for the release of such information at the earliest possible time in a manner consistent with the security interests of each party.",
"Article 7",
"Removal of MOTAPM/AVM, minefields, and mined areas",
"1. Without delay after the cessation of active hostilities, all MOTAPM/AVM, and minefields and mined areas shall be cleared, removed, destroyed or maintained in accordance with the provisions of this set of provisions.",
"2. States and parties to a conflict bear such responsibility with respect to MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas, in areas under their control.",
"3. With respect to MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas laid by a party in areas over which it no longer exercises control, such party shall provide to the party in control of the area, pursuant to paragraph 2 of this article, to the extent agreed by the parties concerned, technical and material assistance necessary to fulfill such responsibility, without prejudice to the obligations set by paragraph 1 Article 5.",
"4. At all times necessary, the parties to a conflict shall endeavour to reach agreement, both among themselves and, where appropriate, with other States and with international organizations, on the provisions of technical and material assistance, including, in appropriate circumstances, the undertaking of joint operations necessary to fulfill such responsibilities.",
"Article 8",
"Protection from the effects of MOTAPM/AVM, minefields, and mined areas",
"1. Each Party to this set of provisions shall be bound by the provisions in Article 12 of Amended Protocol II, regardless of whether that State is a Party to Amended Protocol II. Such provisions include the Scope of application; Peace-keeping and certain other forces and missions; Humanitarian and fact-finding missions of the UN system; Missions of the International Committee of the Red Cross; Other humanitarian missions and missions of enquiry; Confidentiality; and Respect for laws and regulations.",
"Article 9",
"Transfers",
"1. Each State shall not transfer any MOTAPM/AVM:",
"(a) to any recipient other than a State or State agency authorized to receive it;",
"(b) which does not meet the standards set out for detectability and active life of MOTAPM/AVM, except for the use in perimeter marked area, or for the purpose of destruction or for development of and training in mine detection, demining, or mine destruction techniques;[7]",
"[alternative language for subparagraph “b”:",
"(b) which does not meet the standards set out for detectability and active life of MOTAPM/AVM, except for the purpose of destruction or for development of and training in mine detection, demining , or mine destruction techniques; [8] ]",
"(c) without an end-user certificate, which, in the case of mines that do not meet the standards set out for detectability and active life, shall include an explicit commitment to abide by the restrictions mentioned in subparagraph “b” above; and",
"(d) to States that are not bound by this set of provisions, unless the recipient formally agrees to apply its provisions.",
"2. In order to prevent illicit trafficking of MOTAPM/AVM, States shall establish or improve effective national controls.",
"3. Each State undertakes to exercise restraint in the transfer of any MOTAPM/AVM with a Category One fusing system, as described in Technical Annex B, paragraph 5 (b), except for the purpose of destruction or for development of and training in mine detection, demining, or mine destruction techniques.",
"4. Pending the entry into force of this set of provisions, all States will refrain from any actions which would be inconsistent with this Article.",
"Article 10",
"Transparency and other confidence-building measures",
"1. Each State shall provide to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall circulate to the other States, information on the implementation of the provisions of this set of provisions. This information should include the following elements:",
"(a) an initial report, to be provided upon the entry into force of this set of provisions for each State ; and",
"(b) periodic updating of the report.",
"2. The report referred to in paragraph 1 may include, information on:",
"(a) dissemination of the provisions of this set of provisions to their armed forces and to the civilian population;",
"(b) demining and rehabilitation programmes;",
"(c) steps taken to meet technical requirements of the provisions of this set of provisions and any other relevant information pertaining thereto, other than that relating to weapons technology;",
"(d) legislative and other measures taken for the implementation of the provisions of this set of provisions;",
"(e) measures taken on cooperation and assistance provided under Article 11 of this set of provisions; and",
"(f) general information on the national rules and requirements for transfers of MOTAPM/AVM, and information on these transfers.",
"Article 11",
"Cooperation and assistance",
"1. Each State in a position to do so shall enhance cooperation and assistance at bilateral, regional and international levels aimed at assisting the other States in the fulfillment of their obligations in respect of MOTAPM/AVM. Cooperation and assistance may be provided through humanitarian organizations. Such cooperation and assistance may include the following:",
"(a) Provision of technical and financial assistance, including exchange of experience, technology other than weapons technology, and information, in order to facilitate the implementation of necessary modifications to improve the reliability of, and minimize the humanitarian risks posed by, existing and future MOTAPM/AVM. Provision of such assistance may be used to facilitate the development, if feasible, of advanced mine detection equipment and to make such equipment readily available.",
"(b) Cooperation and assistance in the destruction of stockpiles of MOTAPM/AVM that do not meet and cannot be modified to meet the requirements of this set of provisions.",
"(c) Cooperation and technical, material and human assistance for the rapid and effective demining, removal or destruction of MOTAPM/AVM.",
"(d) The timely provision of geographic and technical information on MOTAPM/AVM to relevant humanitarian missions and to the database on mine action maintained within the United Nations System.",
"(e) Cooperation and assistance on the provision of risk education for civilian populations.",
"(f) Cooperation and assistance for the care and rehabilitation and the social and economic reintegration of victims of MOTAPM/AVM.",
"(g) Cooperation and assistance in the implementation of the provisions of this set of provisions.",
"Article 12",
"Fuse design and sensors of MOTAPM/AVM",
"1. The States should, to the extent feasible, follow the best practices on fuse design stipulated in paragraph 5 of Technical Annex B.",
"[alternative approach:",
"1. The States, to the extent feasible, in the future production of MOTAPM/AVM, shall follow the best practices in relation to the fuse and sensors production to design them to minimize the possibility of involuntary or accidental activation of a mine by a person.",
"2. In the future production of fuses the States, to the extent feasible, shall strive to apply modern, including multi-sensor, technology to develop them based on technology factors, life environment factors.][9]",
"[Article 13[10]",
"Transition Period",
"1. In the event that a State determines it cannot immediately comply with the requirements of [articles 3 and 4] of this Set of Provisions, it may declare at the time of its notification of consent to be bound by this set of Provisions that it will defer compliance for a period not to exceed [XX] years from the entry into force of this Set of Provisions for that State. ]",
"Technical Annex A",
"1. Minefield Recording",
"(a) Recording of the location of MOTAPM/AVM other than remotely-delivered MOTAPM/AVM shall be carried out in accordance with the following provisions:",
"(i) the location of the minefields and mined areas shall be specified accurately by relation to the coordinates of at least two reference points and the estimated dimensions of the area containing these weapons in relation to those reference points;",
"(ii) maps, diagrams or other records shall be made in such a way as to indicate the location of minefields and mined areas in relation to reference points, and these records shall also indicate their perimeters and extent; and",
"(iii) for the purposes of detection and clearance of MOTAPM/AVM, maps, diagrams or other records shall contain complete information on the type, number, emplacing method, type of fuse and life time, date and time of laying, anti-handling devices (if any) and any other relevant information on all of these weapons laid. Whenever feasible the minefield record shall show the exact location of every MOTAPM/AVM, except in row minefields where the row location is sufficient.",
"(b) The estimated location and area of remotely-delivered MOTAPM/AVM shall be specified by coordinates of reference points (normally corner points) and shall be ascertained and when feasible marked on the ground at the earliest opportunity. The total number and types of MOTAPM/AVM laid, the date and time of laying and the self-destruction time periods shall also be recorded.",
"(c) Copies of records shall be held at a level of command sufficient to guarantee their safety as far as possible.",
"(d) All MOTAPM/AVM produced after entry into force of this set of provisions shall be marked in English or in the respective national language or languages with the following information:",
"(i) Name of the country of origin; and",
"(ii) Month and year of production; and",
"(iii) Serial number or lot number.",
"2. Marking of Perimeter-marked area",
"(a) a perimeter-marked area shall be marked by appropriate signage in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Technical Annex, except during periods of active hostilities. The marking shall be of a distinct and durable character and shall at least be visible to a person who is about to enter the perimeter-marked area;",
"(b) the marking shall be visible, legible, durable and resistant to environmental effects, as far as possible; and",
"(c) during periods of active hostilities, a perimeter-marked area should, to the extent feasible, be appropriately marked. After the cessation of active hostilities and as soon as feasible, the area shall be marked in accordance with sub-paragraph (a) above.",
"3. International signs for Minefields and Mined Areas",
"(a) Signs similar to those specified within Amended Protocol II and detailed below shall be utilized in the marking of minefields and mined areas to ensure their visibility and recognition by the civilian populations:",
"(i) Size and shape: a triangle or square no smaller than 28 centimetres (11 inches) by 20 centimetres (7.9 inches) for a triangle, and 15 centimetres (6 inches) per side for a square;",
"(ii) Colour: red or orange with a yellow reflecting border;",
"(iii) Symbol: the symbol illustrated in the attachment, or an alternative readily recognizable in the area in which the sign is to be displayed as identifying a dangerous area;",
"(iv) Language: the sign shall contain the word “mines” in one of the six official languages of the convention (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish) and the language or languages prevalent in the area;",
"(v) Spacing: signs shall be placed around the minefield at a distance to ensure their visibility at any point by a civilian approaching the area.",
"Technical Annex B",
"This Annex contains best practices for achieving the objectives of this set of provisions. This Annex will be implemented by States on a voluntary basis.",
"1. Control Measures",
"(a) Prior to Commencement of Active Hostilities",
"All minefields, within the territory controlled by the party concerned, should be monitored by military or other authorized personnel, or protected by fencing or other means, to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area.",
"(b) During Active Hostilities",
"Parties to a conflict should ensure, to the extent feasible, that all minefields known to them at the time and within territory under their control are either monitored by military or other authorized personnel or protected by fencing or other means, to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area. Remotely-delivered MOTAPM/AVM and nuisance minefields may be emplaced as required during active hostilities noting the recording requirements detailed in Technical Annex A.",
"(c) After the Cessation of Active Hostilities",
"(i) All parties to a conflict should be encouraged to cooperate in order to facilitate, to the extent feasible, the exchange to the other parties concerned of all information in their possession concerning minefields, mined areas, and MOTAPM/AVM laid by them in areas no longer under their control.",
"(ii) At the earliest opportunity and to the extent feasible all minefields within the territory controlled by the party concerned, are to be secured and monitored by military or other authorized personnel, or protected by fencing or other means to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area. If fencing or other marking means have been removed from minefields during the conflict they should be restored at the earliest opportunity in order to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area.",
"(iii) At the earliest opportunity and to the extent feasible, all remotely-delivered and nuisance minefields emplaced during active hostilities, and within the territory controlled by the party concerned, should be appropriately recorded in accordance with Technical Annex A. In addition and to the extent feasible, they should be secured and monitored by military or other qualified personnel, or protected by fencing or other means, to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area.",
"2. Common Warning Measures Required At All Times",
"To the extent feasible, and as soon as practicable after MOTAPM/AVM are laid, signposted or other warning measures should be provided on all primary traffic routes into the mined area to ensure the effective warning of civilians. A primary traffic route is one over which most population movement occurs between population centres. When providing these warning measures parties should be mindful of prevailing local environmental factors, such as regular flooding, which could contribute to the natural but unintended movement of MOTAPM/AVM over time.",
"3. Marking Systems",
"Marking systems are utilized to effectively and efficiently identify the perimeter or boundary between mined and unmined areas. They can include natural or artificial features or a combination thereof but to the extent feasible they will be enhanced through the inclusion of warning signs, as described in Technical Annex A. Notwithstanding the potential removal of these measures (fencing or other means) at the onset of active hostilities and the ongoing requirement in these circumstances for parties to ensure, to the extent feasible, that all minefields are monitored by military or other qualified personnel, to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area, the following guidelines are provided for marking at all other times:",
"(a) Immediate Warning Markers. Immediate warning markers are used to expediently mark hazards encountered by military or civilian personnel until a long-term or more permanent marker can be established. The basic pre-requisites for these markers are:",
"(i) any marking means capable of identifying the hazardous areas as quickly as possible;",
"(ii) visibility at not less than 50 m indicating the location, direction and type of hazard;",
"(iii) the marking material(s) have a lifespan of at least 180 days; and",
"(iv) the marking means used should be readily recognizable in the area in which they are displayed as identifying a hazardous area.",
"Immediate markers could include but should not be limited to:",
"(i) mine marking tape; or",
"(ii) wire, pickets (iron, timber, concrete, plastic or other) and signage; or",
"(iii) painting of natural features such as trees and rocks in hazard recognition colours; or",
"(iv) any other locally or otherwise available and accepted hazard recognition materials;",
"(v) sign should be robustly emplaced and difficult to remove.",
"To the extent feasible, the location of the hazard and its marking details such as the marking systems employed should be promulgated in general terms to the civil population as soon as is practicable to ensure their effective exclusion from the area. To the extent feasible they should be enhanced through the inclusion of warning signs, as described in Technical Annex A.",
"(b) Long-Term Warning Markers. Long-term warning markers are to be used if the hazard is likely to remain in location for a protracted duration or when immediate hazard markers need to be replaced and upgraded. Long-term markers represent an improvement on an immediate warning system and the minimum standard of a long term warning sign could include but should not be limited to:",
"(i) A fence (minimum single strand of barb wire) to waist height with appropriate military mine hazard recognition markers as detailed in Technical Annex A at intervals appropriate to the terrain and vegetation;",
"(ii) Permanent signage, visible to the extent feasible by day and by night, both proximate to the hazard itself and on all identifiable primary traffic routes into the area in which the hazard is contained;",
"(iii) A permanent cyclone wire type fence reinforced with barbed wire and anti-climbing measures inclusive with mine hazard markers at specified minimum intervals and type;",
"(iv) Concertina wire and pickets;",
"(v) Concrete barricades; or",
"(vi) Other locally or otherwise available material enhancements.",
"4. Specifications on Self-destruction, Self-neutralization and Self-deactivation[11]",
"(a) MOTAPM/AVM that are designed to self-destruct or self-neutralize should do so within 45 days after arming. Self-deactivation of MOTAPM/AVM that fail to self-destruct or self-neutralize should take place within 120 days after arming.",
"(b) Each State should take the measures necessary to ensure that no more than 10 percent (with a 90 percent confidence level) of activated MOTAPM/AVM will fail to self-destruct or self neutralize after 45 days.",
"(c) Each State should take the measures necessary to ensure that in combination with self-destruction or self-neutralization mechanisms, no more than one in a thousand of activated MOTAPM/AVM will function as a mine after 120 days.",
"5. Fuse design and sensors of MOTAPM/AVM[12]",
"(a) Based on information and data provided by States the following broadly available fuses and sensors should be considered as relevant: acoustic sensors; break wires; fiber-optic wires; infra-red-sensors; magnetic sensors; pressure sensors; roller arms; scratch wire sensors; seismic/vibration sensors; tilt rods; trip wires.[13]",
"(b) The broadly available fuses and sensors referred to in the previous paragraph should be graded into the following categories:",
"Category One: Fusing systems that cannot be designed not to be excessively sensitive.",
"(i) Break wires and trip wires do not appear to be a recommended method of activation, as it does not seem possible to design them in such a way that an individual cannot, within reason, initiate the mine.",
"(ii) Tilt rods do not appear to be recommended method of activation, if they cannot be designed in such a way that an individual cannot, within reason, initiate the mine.",
"Category Two: Fusing systems that can be designed not to be excessively sensitive, but are best used in conjunction with other sensors.",
"(i) Acoustically activated fuses use electronic sensors to react to acoustic pressure and recognize the acoustic signature. Use in conjunction with other sensors is preferable.",
"(ii) Infrared activated fuses should be designed so as not to be activated in the presence of a person. The sensor should be able to match detected heat signatures to the intended target preferably in conjunction with other sensors.",
"(iii) Seismic/Vibration sensors cannot currently locate their targets precisely; their use in conjunction with other sensors appears therefore to be indispensable. The sensor should be capable to match a seismic signature to the intended target.",
"Category Three: Fusing systems that can be designed not to be excessively sensitive, that can be designed to operate satisfactorily without other sensors and which fulfill the best practice safety guidelines of this Technical Annex.",
"(i) The pressure required to break the fiber-optic signal should be appropriate for the intended target.",
"(ii) To enhance military utility, magnetically activated mines should be capable of matching a magnetic signature to the intended target.",
"(iii) Pressure sensors, pressure activated mechanisms, should, where possible, be subject to a minimum pressure force appropriate for the intended target. Pressure should preferably be exerted over a significant area (equal to that of a vehicle) rather than a single point.",
"(iv) The number of turns required to initiate the roller arm fuse should be matched to the intended target.",
"(v) The scratch wire sensor should be designed for specific targets by optimizing the scratch time, frequency and amplitude required to initiate the sensor by the intended target.",
"(c) All MOTAPM/AVM, with the exception of those fitted with Category Three fuses, should incorporate in future production, to the extent feasible, multi-sensor fuses technology in order to reduce the possibility of inadvertent or accidental activation by a person taking into account operational, life cycle, environmental and climate factors.",
"(d) The influence of environmental factors, particularly:",
"(i) of weather and climate;",
"(ii) of storage, handling and other external conditions should be taken into account when selecting the types of fuses and determining the sensitivity of fuses; and",
"e. Considerations and proposals of technical measures should take into account operational, procurement as well as life cycle factors; they should address clearly identified humanitarian issues.",
"Appendix",
"Three possible options on how to address the issues of “detectability” and “active life” are envisaged:",
"I. First option – Insertion of legally-binding language on “detectability” and “active life”.",
"Article 3",
"Detectability of MOTAPM/AVM",
"1. It is prohibited to use a non-detectable MOTAPM/AVM, subject to the exclusions specified below.",
"2. A MOTAPM/AVM is detectable if, upon emplacement:",
"(a) it provides a response signal equivalent to a signal from eight grammes or more of iron in a single coherent mass buried five centimetres beneath the ground and can be detected by commonly available mine detection equipment; or",
"(b) it can be reliably and effectively detected through the use of alternative methods and equipment that reflect developments in detection methodologies, and if the States, taking into account testing and evaluation by relevant institutions, have decided by a four-fifths majority of the States present and voting that such alternative methods and equipment are effective and commonly available.",
"3. A MOTAPM/AVM is also detectable if it can be reliably and effectively detected through the use of methods and equipment that are not commonly available but are readily available to a State, provided that:",
"(a) the State in question has, before the use of such MOTAPM/AVM, demonstrated to the other States that the MOTAPM/AVM can be reliably and effectively detected through the use of such readily available methods or equipment; and",
"(b) it is not used outside perimeter-marked areas located on the territory of the State in question.",
"4. A MOTAPM/AVM emplaced in a perimeter-marked area is excluded from the detectability requirement of this chapter.",
"5. It is prohibited to produce, after the entry into force of this set of recommendations, any MOTAPM that is not detectable.",
"6. All MOTAPM/AVM from existing stocks shall meet the detectability requirement of this chapter prior to their emplacement, except in the case referred to in paragraph 4.",
"7. In the event that a State determines it cannot immediately comply with the requirements of this chapter, it may declare at the time of its notification of consent to be bound by this set of recommendations that it will defer compliance for a period not to exceed 12 years from the entry into force of this set of recommendations. In the meantime that State shall, to the extent feasible, minimize the use of any MOTAPM/AVM that does not meet the detectability requirement of this chapter.[14]",
"Article 4",
"Active life of MOTAPM/AVM",
"1. It is prohibited to use a remotely-delivered MOTAPM/AVM which does not incorporate a self-destruction mechanism or a self-neutralization mechanism with, in either case, a back-up self-deactivation feature (hereinafter referred to as \"SD/SDA or SN/SDA\"), whereby the MOTAPM/AVM will no longer function as a mine when it no longer serves the military purpose for which it was emplaced.",
"2. States shall not deliver a MOTAPM/AVM from a land-based system from less than 500 meters, nor shall they hand-emplace a MOTAPM/AVM, which does not incorporate a SD/SDA or SN/SDA, outside a perimeter marked area.",
"3. When implementing the recommendations of this chapter the States shall take all measures stipulated in Technical Annex A and should follow the best practices stipulated in Technical Annex B.",
"4. In the event that a State determines it cannot immediately comply with paragraphs 1 and 2, it may declare at the time of its notification of consent to be bound by this set of recommendations that it will defer compliance for a period not to exceed 12 years from the entry into force of this set of recommendations. In the meantime that State shall, to the extent feasible, minimize the use of any MOTAPM/AVM that does not so comply.[15]",
"II. Second option – Inclusion of Provisions on Detectability and Active Life as two optional, legally-binding Annexes.",
"In this case, provisions on detectability and active life would be incorporated into the text as two separate optional annexes, and an article disciplining the entry into force of such annexes for States Parties would be inserted on the main text.",
"Article 3",
"Detectability and Active Life of MOTAPM/AVM",
"1. At the time of submittal to the Depositary of its instrument expressing its consent to be bound to this set of provisions, a State may submit a written declaration agreeing to be bound by Optional Annex A on detectability or Optional Annex B on active life, or agreeing to be bound by both.",
"2. A declaration referred to in paragraph 1 may also be submitted to the Depositary by a State that has previously expressed consent to be bound by this set of provisions at any time after the entry into force of this set of provisions for that State.",
"3. A declaration referred to in paragraph 1 or 2 may stipulate that it is effective immediately or may stipulate a specific date upon which it shall be effective.",
"Optional Annex A",
"Detectability of MOTAPM/AVM",
"1. It is prohibited to use MOTAPM/AVM which are not detectable.",
"2. A MOTAPM/AVM is detectable if, upon emplacement, it provides a response signal equivalent to a signal from eight grammes or more of iron in a single coherent mass buried five centimeters beneath the ground and can be detected by commonly-available technical mine detection equipment.",
"3. MOTAPM/AVM used in a perimeter-marked area are excluded from the detectability requirement of this Annex.",
"Optional Annex B",
"Active Life of MOTAPM/AVM",
"1. It is prohibited to use MOTAPM/AVM that do not incorporate a self-destruction mechanism or a mechanism for self-neutralization designed and constructed so that no more than ten percent of activated mines will fail to self-destruct within forty-five days after arming.",
"2. It is prohibited to use MOTAPM/AVM that do not incorporate a back-up self-deactivation feature that is designed and constructed so that, in combination with the mechanism referred to in paragraph 1, no more than one in one thousand activated mines will function as a mine one hundred twenty days after arming.",
"3. MOTAPM/AVM used in a perimeter-marked area are excluded from the requirements of this Annex.",
"III. Third option – Inclusion of detectability and active life in the form of “best practices” in a technical annex.",
"Some general ideas and proposals have been discussed as regards the inclusion of provisions on detectability and active life as best practices in a technical, non-binding annex.",
"The adoption of a “best practices” approach to theses issues would necessarily imply changes both in the main text of a possible understanding on MOTAPM/AVM and in the provisions of a new binding technical annex.",
"Annex III",
"LIST OF DOCUMENTS OF THE GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS",
"ON THE ISSUE OF MINES OTHER THAN ANTI-PERSONNEL MINES",
"Symbol\tTitle\tSubmitted by\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.1\tDraft EU Food-for-ThoughtPaper on Mines Other ThanAntipersonnel Mines\tEuropeanUnion\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.12\tDiscussion paper on theissue of restrictions on theuse of anti-vehicle mines\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.2(No electronic versionavailable)\tElements for discussionduring the Second meeting ofGGE (Geneva, 15-26 July2002) on the issue of MinesOther Than AntipersonnelMines (MOTAPM)\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.3\tElements for an EU paper onAVM\tEuropeanUnion\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.5\t“Food for Thought” on Minesother than Anti-PersonnelMines (MOTAPM) for thesecond meeting of experts inJuly 2002 – Sensitive fuzes\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.5/Add.1\tAddendum: Sensitive Fusesfor Anti Vehicle Mines\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.9\tAnti-vehicle mines: effectson humanitarian assistanceand civilian populations\tICRC\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.12\tList of Areas for PossibleDiscussion in the CCW Groupof Governmental Experts,Military Experts Meeting onMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM)\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.14\tAnti-Vehicle Mines –Experience from FieldOperations\tUNMAS\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.16\tReflection Paper onSensitive Fuses of LandMines Other thanAnti-Personnel Mines\tRomania\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.17 andCorr.1\tCertain technical aspects ofanti-vehicle landmines\tChina\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.18\tCurrent AV Mine SpecificRestrictions underInternational Law\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.21\tInformation on TechnicalMeasures Related to AVMines: Detectability andSD/SN/SDA\tUnitedStates ofAmerica\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.2\tMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM) – Draft Proposal bythe Coordinator on MOTAPM\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nSymbol\tTitle\tSubmitted by\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.4\tMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM) laid outside fencedand marked areas\tIreland\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.5\tMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM) – Sensitive Fuzesfor Anti-Vehicle Mines(Overview of Fuzes andRecommendations for BestPractice) - Synopsis\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.1\tCore Questions on MinesOther Than Anti-PersonnelMines\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.2\tIrresponsible Use of MinesOther Than Anti-PersonnelMines by Non-State Actors\tIndia\n CCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.3 Field Report Afghanistan UNMAS \nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.1\tCore questions on MinesOther Than Anti-PersonnelMines\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.2\tSensitive Fuses forAnti-Vehicle Mines: Overviewof Fuses, Sensors andRecommendations for BestPractice (Synopsis)\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.3\t‘Food for Thought’ Paper onInternational Cooperationand Assistance for MinesOther Than Anti-PersonnelMines\tCanada\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.4\tMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines:Canadian Overview of Fuses,Sensors and Recommendationsfor Best Practice\tCanada\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.1\tMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines – DraftProposal by the Coordinator\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.2\tNon-State Actors and thehumanitarian dangers ofMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines\tMinesActionCanada\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.3\tSensitive Fuses forAnti-Vehicle Mines –Overview of Fuses, Sensorsand Recommendations for BestPractice\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.4\tLandmines Other ThanAnti-Personnel MinesEmplaced Outside Fenced andMarked Areas\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.5\tDetectability of Mines\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.6\tImprovised Explosive Devices\tRussianFederation\nSymbol\tTitle\tSubmitted by\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.7\tConsideration Relating tothe Sensitivity of the Fusesof Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.8\tConsideration Relating tothe Blowing Up of MotorVehicles Belonging toHumanitarian Missions\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.9\tProtocol on Prohibitions orRestrictions on the Use andTransfer of Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines\tDenmark,UnitedStates ofAmericaand otherStates\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.9/Corr.1\tProtocol on Prohibitions orRestrictions on the Use andTransfer of Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines\tDenmark,UnitedStates ofAmericaand otherStates\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.10\tProposals by the RussianFederation for further workby the Group of GovernmentalExperts on the issue ofMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM)\tRussianFederation\n CCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.11 Field Report on Angola UNMAS \nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.1\tMilitary Experts Meeting:Tentative List of Areas forDiscussion\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.2\tLandmine DetectionTechnology\tAustraliaCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.2/Corr.1\tLandmine DetectionTechnology - Corrigendum\tAustralia \n (English only) \nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.3\tA Common Inter-AgencyCoordination Group on MineAction (IACG-MA) on MinesOther Than Anti-PersonnelMines\tUNMAS onbehalf oftheIACG-MA\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.3/Corr.1(English only)\tA Common Inter-AgencyCoordination Group on MineAction (IACG-MA) on MinesOther Than Anti-PersonnelMines\tUNMAS onbehalf oftheIACG-MA\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.4\tCurrent and FutureTechnology for MOTAPMDetection and Clearance\tUNMAS\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.5\tTwo New Articles onInternational Cooperationand Assistance and onTransparency Measures\tLithuania\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.6\tProtocol on Prohibitions orRestrictions on the Use andTransfer of Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines\tSecretariat\nSymbol\tTitle\tSubmitted by\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/1\tProposals and ideas onMOTAPM in the Group ofGovernmental Experts (GGE)with the purpose to providea basis for further work\tCoordinator\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/2\tProvisional Agenda of theMeetings of the MilitaryExperts on MOTAPM\t\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.1\tDetectability ofAnti-Vehicle Mines\tUnitedKingdomof GreatBritainandNorthernIreland\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.2\tMines other thanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM) laid outsideperimeter-marked areas\tIreland\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.3\tSensitive Fuses and Sensorsfor Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM), Proposal for BestPractice\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.4\tThe current detectabilitystatus of Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Minescurrently available toStates Parties to theConvention on CertainConventional Weapons\tGICHD attherequestof theCoordinator\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.5\tResponses to CertainConcerns Regarding a MOTAPMProtocol\tUnitedStates ofAmerica\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/1\tProposals and ideas onMOTAPM in the Group ofGovernmental Experts (GGE)with the purpose to providea basis for further work\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/2\tProvisional Agenda of theMeetings of the MilitaryExperts on MOTAPM\tChairpersonof theMeetingsof theMilitaryExpertson MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/WP.1\tSensitive Fuzes in MinesOther than Anti-PersonnelMines\tUnitedKingdomof GreatBritainandNorthernIreland\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/WP.2\tMinefield MarkingMethodologies\tAustralia\nSymbol\tTitle\tSubmitted by\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/1\tProposals and ideas onMOTAPM in the Group ofGovernmental Experts (GGE)with the purpose to providea basis for further work\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/2\tProvisional Agenda for theMeeting of the MilitaryExperts on MOTAPM\tChairpersonof theMeetingof theMilitaryExpertson MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/WP.1\tVisualising OperationalImpacts of proposedDetectability and FusingStandards\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/WP.2\tObservations on PertinentIssues Related to MinesOther than Anti-PersonnelMines\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/WP.3\tWrap-up of the Meeting ofthe Military Experts onMOTAPM\tChairpersonof theMeetingof theMilitaryExpertson MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/1\tProposals and ideas onMOTAPM in the Group ofGovernmental Experts (GGE)with the purpose to providea basis for further work\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/2\tProvisional Agenda for theMeetings of the MilitaryExperts on MOTAPM\tChairpersonof theMeetingsof theMilitaryExpertson MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/WP.1\tSelected Rules on MOTAPM andAnti-Personnel Mines inAmended Protocol II to theCCW\tICRC\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/WP.2*\tPackage Solution to theIssue of MOTAPM\tPeople’sRepublicof China\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1\tProposals and ideas onMOTAPM in the Group ofGovernmental Experts (GGE)with the purpose to providea basis for further work\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.1(English only)\tProposals and ideas onMOTAPM in the Group ofGovernmental Experts (GGE)with the purpose to providea basis for further work\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nSymbol\tTitle\tSubmitted by\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2\tRevised Proposals and ideason MOTAPM in the Group ofGovernmental Experts (GGE)with the purpose to providea basis for further work –Set of recommendations onMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM)\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/2\tProvisional Agenda for theMeetings of the MilitaryExperts on MOTAPM\tChairpersonof theMeetingof theMilitaryExpertson MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.1\tProposal on Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM)\tCuba\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.1/Corr.1(Español solamente)\tPropuesta sobre el tema delas minas diferentes a lasminas antipersonal (MDMA) –Corrección\tCuba\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.2\tComments on the paperprepared by the Coordinatoron Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM) for the 12^(th)Meeting of GovernmentalExperts to the CCW\tICRC\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.2/Corr.1\tComments on the paperprepared for the twelfthsession of the Group ofGovernmental Experts of theStates Parties to the CCW bythe Coordinator on MinesOther Than Anti-PersonnelMines (MOTAPM), as containedin CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1, dated17 October 2005\tICRC\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/1\tProvisional Agenda for the Meetings of the Military Experts on MOTAPM\tChairperson ofthe Meeting of theMilitaryExpertson MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.2\tPractical experience in theRussian Federation in thedetection and deactivationof improvised explosivedevices\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.3\tPromising technologies forthe detection of explosiveobjects\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.4\tAnti-vehicle mines\tRussianFederation\nSymbol\tTitle\tSubmitted by\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.5\tPrincipal approaches to thedevelopment of methods forchecking the reliability ofanti-personnel mineself-destruction mechanismsand self-deactivationdevices\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.6\tMapping, fencing and markingof minefields: practice inthe Russian Federation\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.7\tCurrent restrictions on theuse of anti-personnel mines\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1/Rev.1\tSet of provisions on the useof MOTAPM/AVM - Acompilation of provisionsthat could command consensusin the group of governmentalexpert (GGE)\tRevisedproposalby theCoordinator\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.1\tComments on the set ofprovisions on the use ofMOTAPM/AVM. A compilation ofprovisions that couldcommand consensus in theGroup of GovernmentalExperts (GGE), contained inCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1 and Corr.1\tEuropeanUnion\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.2\tProposal on Anti-VehicleMines (AVM)\tPakistan",
"[1] CCW/MSP/2005/2.",
"[2] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1.",
"[3] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2.",
"[4] This version of the Set of Provisions outlines alternative options pertaining to each of the three approaches on the issues of “detectability” and “active life” suggested in the introduction to CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1, which are included in an annex. All other modifications in relation to the previous version (Rev.1) are displayed in italics. Alternative texts are displayed [between brackets].",
"[5] Three possible courses of action are envisaged for this article, as described in the appendix that follows this set of provisions.",
"[6] Three possible courses of action are envisaged for this article, as described in the appendix that follows this set of provisions.",
"[7] Language retained pending an agreement on Article 3 “Detectability of MOTAPM/AVM” and Article 4 “Active life of MOTAPM/AVM”.",
"[8] Language retained pending an agreement on Article 3 “Detectability of MOTAPM/AVM” and Article 4 “Active life of MOTAPM/AVM”.",
"[9] This alternative language is based in a generic approach to fuse design, as opposed to the specific approach of the current text, which makes reference to a list of fuses and sensors categorized according to sensitivity (in terms of the risk of involuntary activation by a person), as included in Technical Annex B. In case the generic approach prevails, subsection 5 of Technical Annex B should be deleted.",
"[10] The inclusion of this article will depend on the decision on how to address the issues of “detectability” and “active life”. See also Appendix I ( I. First Option: Article 3 paragraph 7 and Article 4 paragraph 4).",
"[11] The assessment of the reliability rate of the SD/SDA or SN/SDA is left to the discretion of each State.",
"[12] As mentioned in the footnote to article 12, this subsection of Technical Annex B should not be included in case the generic approach to fuze and sensor design is chosen.",
"[13] The sequence of the fuses and sensors is strictly alphabetical and does not entail an assessment of their availability, distribution or use.",
"[14] See also Article 13 / Set of Provisions.",
"[15] See also Article 13 / Set of Provisions."
] | CCW_CONF.III_7_ADD.2 | [
"CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.2 CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.2",
"13 October 2006",
"SPANISH",
"Original:",
"Geneva, 7-17 November 2006",
"Item 10 of the provisional agenda",
"Presentation of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts",
"PROCEDURE REPORT",
"GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS OF THE EMPLEMENTATION OF CONVENTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS WHICH MAY BE CONSIDERED EXCESSIVELY OR OF INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS",
"Fifteenth session Geneva, 28 August-6 September 2006",
"Addendum",
"REPORT OF THE WORK OF 2006 ON ANTI-PERSONAL MINES",
"GE.06-64589 (E) 071106",
"REPORT OF THE WORK OF 2006 ON ANTI-PERSONAL MINES",
"Prepared by the Coordinator for Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines (MDMA) and by the President of the Meetings of Military Experts",
"1. This report, on the results of the work of the Coordinator for MOTAPM during the three sessions of the Group of Governmental Experts of the Convention that took place during 2006, is submitted to the President-designate of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention.",
"2. The Meeting of States Parties in 2005 appointed a Coordinator for MOTAPM and decided that the Group would continue its work in 2006 with the following mandate:",
"\"a) Continue to consider all proposals on MOTAPM that have been made since the establishment of the Group of Governmental Experts to develop appropriate recommendations on MOTAPM for submission to the Third Review Conference in 2006.",
"(b) Also hold meetings of military experts to advise on such activities. \"[1]",
"3. In order to fulfil its role, the Coordinator for MOTAPM received valuable contributions from Brigadier General Gerson Menandro Garcia de Freitas, who served as adviser to the Coordinator and chaired the meetings of military experts on MOTAPM held during the 2006 sessions of the Group of Governmental Experts, and whose report is attached to this document.",
"4. At the thirteenth session, which took place from 6 to 10 March, the Coordinator informed delegations that, despite the denoted efforts made by the Group of Governmental Experts over the past four years in the area of MOTAPM, it was still impossible to eliminate certain divergences, in particular those on the highly controversial issues of the \"detectability\" and the \"life\" of MOTAPM. In view of this, the Coordinator requested delegations to frankly assess the situation of the discussions at that time and to guide him on the alternatives that existed for the future work of the Panel on this issue. The Coordinator also announced his intention to hold informal consultations with all interested delegations with a view to finding a space for manoeuvre in the discussions taking place during 2006.",
"5. Prior to the fourteenth session, the Coordinator circulated a questionnaire on issues that could contribute to a better understanding of the responsible use of MOTAPM. This questionnaire contained a new terminology that could be used to address the most controversial topics: \"marked perimeter zones\", \"full life of MOTAPM\", \" MDMA production and transfer\" and \"MDMA detectability\". The questionnaire further called for comments on other issues that might be considered relevant. Delegations were asked to comment on the proposed terminology (as well as ideas and concepts related to it) and to indicate whether they considered it relevant and acceptable, whether they appeared to be able to be incorporated into the conceptual framework under discussion or believed that it could be replaced.",
"6. During the fourteenth session, held from 19 to 23 June, the discussions focused on the possibilities evoked by the questionnaire. A new round of informal consultations was also held at various locations.",
"7. During the period prior to the fifteenth session of the Group, the Coordinator decided to circulate a document entitled \"Second provisions on the use of MOTAPM/AVM - Compilation of provisions that could generate consensus in the Group of Governmental Experts\"[2], which in his view covered all sectors in which consensus had been reached in the discussions on MOTAPM. The text was based on all previous documents, in particular the series of recommendations prepared by the former Coordinator for MOTAPM, Ambassador Markku Reimaa of Finland (CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2 of 22 November 2005), and was presented as a basis for possible consensus during the discussions to be held in the first days of the fifteenth session.",
"8. In addition to the very controversial issues of \"detectability\" and \"useful life\", some others were also pointed out that provoked differences between the delegations and in relation to which modifications were introduced regarding the text of the previous Coordinator, trying to find a terminology that would allow to reach a consensus: one of the modifications consisted of introducing the term \"mines other than the anti-personnel mines/mines antive\" (MDD) Articles and paragraphs were also reorganized in general to group the provisions by subject matter and to dispose of them in a coherent and logical manner.",
"9. As to the highly controversial issues of the \"detectability\" and the \"helpful life\" of MOTAPM, since no solution could be found that would allow consensus to be reached, they were not included in the first version of the package proposed by the Coordinator. In the introduction of that document, the Coordinator outlined the following three alternatives for the inclusion of these two outstanding issues in a possible future protocol on MOTAPM: (a) use of a legally binding terminology on both issues in the main text; (b) address the issues of \"detectability\" and \"useful life\" so that States Parties have the option to accept or reject obligations relating to those two issues, and (c) include both annexes as best practices in a practice.",
"10. At the fifteenth and final session of the Panel before the Third Review Conference, which took place from 28 August to 6 September, discussions on MOTAPM focused on the package mentioned above. During the plenary meetings, many comments were made and a number of informal consultations were held to enable delegations to submit comments and proposals, and to consider all the terminology that could generate consensus on how to move towards the Third Review Conference.",
"11. With regard to \"detectability\" and \"helpful life,\" many delegations indicated that they continued to support the adoption of legally binding provisions on those two outstanding issues, in accordance with chapters III and IV of the series of recommendations made by the former Coordinator, Ambassador Markku Reimaa of Finland.",
"12. A delegation, after consultations with a wide range of delegations, prepared a proposal for terminology on \"detectability\" and the \"helpful life\" that followed the second approach suggested in the introduction of the first version of the set of provisions, that is, the inclusion of both issues as optional legally binding commitments. Under that proposal, any State that acceded to a possible future protocol on MOTAPM could indicate, in submitting its instrument of ratification, that it consented to be bound by one or both of those provisions, by a written statement submitted to the Depositary. At any time after the entry into force of the future protocol for a given State, it could declare in writing to the Depositary that it consented to be bound by one of those provisions or by the two. Some delegations expressed their distress at the idea of introducing optional provisions in an optional protocol, as well as at the possibility of creating obligations that would link some States and not others, but several delegations indicated that such a formula could be a promising means of reconciling humanitarian concerns with the demands of national defence and security doctrines and needs.",
"13. Other delegations maintained their reservations about the adoption of legally binding commitments on \"detectability\" and \"helpful life,\" arguing that such commitments could affect the essential national defence capacities, in exchange for what those delegations considered to be a mere marginal reduction in the already limited humanitarian consequences of MOTAPM. In this situation, those delegations preferred the inclusion of both outstanding issues in the form of non-binding best practices in an annex to the possible future protocol on MOTAPM.",
"14. Some delegations also noted that, in considering any restrictions on the \"detectability\" and the \"helpful life\" of MOTAPM (both according to the approach of legal linkage and as per the optional provisions), a transition period was needed in order to adapt existing arsenals and/or military procedures.",
"15. In addition to the debate on outstanding issues, substantive discussions took place on other issues, such as the definition of the \"MDMA/MAV\" and the \"marked perimeter zones\", the \"applicable scope\", the restrictions of the \"transfers\" and the \"design of the fuses and sensors\".",
"16. In particular, it was clear that for a considerable number of delegations, the issue of \"transfers\" and the definition of \"marked perimeter zones\" were intrinsically related to the outstanding issues of detectability and useful life, and therefore could not be analyzed separately. Furthermore, while some delegations insisted that non-detectable and persistent MOTAPM transfers (except for their destruction or for the development of mine detection, removal or destruction techniques or training on them) were prohibited, other delegations questioned that prohibition on the grounds that the set of provisions authorized the operational use of such mines within the marked perimeter zones.",
"17. One delegation resubmitted a proposal on MOTAPM under which all provisions under discussion would be replaced by a ban on States from using MOTAPM outside their national territory. Another delegation presented a new proposal containing what it considered to be \"the main elements that could form the basis for future deliberations in the GGE.\"",
"18. After lengthy discussions on the three approaches relating to \"detectability\" and \"useful life\", as well as on other still controversial issues mentioned above, the Coordinator decided to revise its set of provisions to include all text variants on each of the three approaches, which could contribute to reaching consensus during the discussions of the Third Review Conference, provided that all States Parties demonstrated the flexibility and flexibility of all the issues.",
"19. The Coordinator has attached the latest version of the document to the present report. Text variants have also been included on controversial issues other than \"detectability\" and \"helpful life\". All modifications with respect to the previous version are in italics. Text variants go in square brackets.",
"20. The Coordinator understands that the proposals presented during the fifteenth session will be circulated as official documents of the Third Review Conference, if desired by the delegations that have submitted them and provided that they are delivered in time to the secretariat.",
"Conclusions",
"21. In the light of the foregoing, the Coordinator has the honour to submit to the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention, to be held from 7 to 17 November 2006, the revised version of its \"Conjunct of provisions on the use of MOTAPM/MAV - Compilation of provisions that could generate consensus in the Group of Governmental Experts\", as contained in annex II to this report.",
"22. The Coordinator understands that all other formal proposals submitted for consideration by the Group of Governmental Experts since its establishment, as listed in annex III to this report, will be considered by the Third Review Conference, in accordance with the mandate given to the Group by the Meeting of States Parties in 2005.",
"Annex I",
"REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE MILITARY EXPERT MEETINGS ON THE MOMENT IN 2006",
"1. In the light of the three sessions held in 2006, this assessment of the situation gives an overview of the work of military experts on MOTAPM. It should be recalled that the general mandate of the Group of Governmental Experts on MOTAPM provides that \"military expert meetings will also be held to provide advice on such activities.\"",
"2. At the opening session of the thirteenth session, it was found that the persistent divergences of opinion, which had prevented any possible progress on the subject, remained marked.",
"3. The Coordinator was also aware that document CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2 had been presented but not discussed in depth at the twelfth session of the Group in November 2005. Although it was not a consensus text, it was formally presented by the former Coordinator and reflected the views expressed by many States parties on a variety of topics.",
"4. It was therefore necessary, before it could advance in the search for a meeting ground, to assess the positions of States parties on the issues contained in that particular document and, in accordance with the terms of reference, to all proposals submitted since the establishment of the Group.",
"5. An official meeting of military experts was held at the thirteenth session. This Group also participated in two plenary meetings chaired by the Coordinator for MOTAPM. However, the most useful and beneficial activities were the seven bilateral and plurilateral informal meetings. At those meetings, the Coordinator contacted 16 States parties and international organizations directly. Preliminary results include improving the conditions for a frank and constructive dialogue, an indispensable step towards mutual understanding.",
"6. As in some discussions, it was clear that there were key issues that were controversial, a questionnaire focused on the following issues was circulated under the supervision of the Coordinator: areas of marked perimeter where MOTAPM was placed, useful life, transfer and detectability of MOTAPM. Delegations were also requested to make further comments or suggestions on ways to deal with those matters.",
"7. The responses to the questionnaire were useful and served to guide the organization of the fourteenth session, the aim of which was to deepen the consideration of the issues raised in the document.",
"8. Another meeting of military experts was held at the fourteenth session, together with the two formal meetings led by the Coordinator for MOTAPM. There were 11 informal consultations, in various places, to seek opportunities for mutual understanding and to make some concrete decisive progress.",
"9. Although significant divergences continued to exist, formal and informal work during that session contributed to the coordination work on MOTAPM in a valuable contribution to building confidence and creating new possibilities for reaching consensus in developing recommendations on MOTAPM.",
"10. At that time, between sessions, the coordinating team for MOTAPM decided to submit a text covering all areas of consensus and that they should be analysed as a whole.",
"11. This document, entitled \"Second of Provisions\", was intended to help facilitate more focused discussions, help to assess the degree of acceptance of some key issues and, it was to be hoped, lay the basis for the Group ' s work to be successful.",
"12. At the last session of preparation for the Third Review Conference, intensive formal consultations were held between military experts in three plenary meetings and a technical and military meeting. At the same session, 18 informal meetings were held at various locations, leading to more focused and fruitful discussions. It should be mentioned that nine delegations submitted proposals and comments that greatly helped the Coordinator in his efforts to refine his package of provisions. With regard to recent tangible results, such consultations and exchanges of views resulted in the elaboration of two revised versions of document CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1, both submitted during the fifteenth session.",
"13. The latest version of the above-mentioned document incorporates new approaches, from different perspectives, of issues that remain controversial, such as the definition of MOTAPM/MAV, transfers, detectability, useful life and the design of CDM/MAV fuses and sensors. A consensual definition of the term \"marked perimeter zone\" was also unified and further comments were made on the subject. An innovative terminology was also introduced on the humanitarian aspects of the responsible use of mines.",
"Annex II",
"PROVISIONS ON MOTAPM/MAV",
"Compilation of provisions that could generate consensus[3]",
"Proposal amended by the Coordinator",
"Article 1",
"General provision and scope of application",
"1. This set of provisions applies to employment on the ground or to the transfer of MOTAPM/MAV, including mines placed to prevent access to beaches, crossing waterways or crossing rivers, but is not applicable to the use of anti-ship mines at sea or inland waterways.",
"2. This set of provisions applies to situations described in article 1 of the Convention, as amended on 21 December 2001.",
"3. The present document does not undermine existing international humanitarian law, the provisions of the 1980 Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects or Other International Instruments or Decisions of the United Nations Security Council providing for more stringent or wider implementation obligations.",
"Article 2",
"Definitions",
"1. For the purposes of this set of provisions:",
"(a) \"mine\" means any ammunition placed under, over or near the surface of the ground or any other surface and designed to explode due to the presence, proximity or contact of a person or vehicle.",
"(b) \"MDMA/MAV\" means all mines that cannot be defined as anti-personnel mines. An anti-personnel mine is all designed primarily to explode by the presence, proximity or contact of a person and to incapacitate, wound or kill one or more people. A \"MDMA/MAV\" is designed primarily to explode by the presence, proximity or contact of an armoured or transport vehicle and to damage, incapacitate or destroy one or more of those vehicles.",
"(c) \"An anti-handling device\" means a device intended to protect a mine, which is part of the MDMA/MAV, is connected or fixed to it, or placed under it, and which is activated when trying to manipulate it.",
"(d) The \"mining field\" means a certain area where mines have been placed and a \"mined zone\" means an area that is dangerous because of the presence of mines. \"Smoke minefield\" means a mine-free zone that appears to be a minefield. The minefields also mean simulated minefields.",
"(e) The \"marked perimeter zone\" means an area that, in order to ensure effective exclusion of civilians, is monitored by military personnel or other personnel authorized or protected by fences or by other means.",
"f) The \"registration\" means a material, administrative and technical operation aimed at obtaining, for the purposes of its inclusion in official records, all available information that facilitates the location of MOTAPM/MAV, minefields and mined areas.",
"(g) \"MDMA/MAV remotely launched\" means any MOTAPM/MAV not directly placed but launched through artillery, missiles, rockets, mortars or similar means, or dropped from aircraft. The MOTAPM/MAVs launched from a ground-based system, less than 500 m, are not considered \"distance lifts.\"",
"(h) By \"self-deactivation\" it is understood to make inoperable, automatically, an ammunition by the irreversible exhaustion of a component, for example an electrical battery, which is essential for the operation of the ammunition.",
"(i) \"self-destruction mechanism\" means an externally incorporated or aggregated mechanism of automatic operation, which causes the destruction of the ammo to which it has been incorporated or added.",
"(j) \"self-neutralization mechanism\" means a built-in, automatic operation mechanism, which makes inoperable the ammo to which it has been incorporated.",
"(k) \"transfer\" means, in addition to the physical transfer of MOTAPM/MAV from or to the national territory, the transfer of domain and control over MOTAPM/MAV, but the transfer of territory containing MOTAPM/MAV is not understood.",
"Article 3",
"Detectability of MOTAPM/MAV[4]",
"Article 4",
"Useful Life of MOTAPM/MAV[5]",
"Article 5",
"Measures to limit irresponsible use of MOTAPM/MAV",
"1. In accordance with this set of provisions, each State or party to a conflict is responsible for all MOTAPM/AVM used and undertakes to clean up, withdraw, destroy or maintain them as provided for in the relevant articles of this document.",
"2. States shall take measures to limit the irresponsible use of MOTAPM/MAV, including the following:",
"(a) The establishment of appropriate national documentation systems;",
"(b) Effective control measures of MOTAPM/AVM exports and imports;",
"(c) Appropriate management and security of stockpiles and transport of MOTAPM/MAVs;",
"(d) Taking such measures as may be necessary, including, as appropriate, criminal sanctions, to prevent and eliminate activities prohibited by this set of provisions;",
"(e) Removal of activities related to the production of MOTAPM/MAV under invalid or deciduous licences; and",
"f) An increase in cooperation with a view to the implementation of this set of provisions.",
"3. In all circumstances, it is prohibited to use any MOTAPM/MAV designed in such a way or in such a way that causes superfluous damage or unnecessary suffering.",
"4. The use of MOTAPM/MAV is prohibited by a mechanism or device specifically designed to detonate the ammunition in the presence of readily available mine detectors as a result of its magnetic influence or other influence other than direct contact during its normal use in detection operations.",
"5. It is forbidden to use MOTAPM/MAV with self-deactivation provided with an anti-handling device designed so that this device can work after the mine is no longer able to do so.",
"6. It is prohibited in all circumstances to use MOTAPM/MAV, either as a means of attack, as a means of defence or as a means of reprisal, against the civilian population itself or against civilians or civilian property as defined in Article 2, paragraph 7, of Amended Protocol II.",
"7. Indiscriminate use of MOTAPM/MAV is prohibited. Indiscriminate employment is any location of MDMA/MAV:",
"(a) That it is not in a military objective or directed against a military objective, as defined in the Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Trap Arms and Other Amended Artefacts on 3 May 1996 (Protocol II Amended). In the event of doubt whether an object that is normally intended for civilian purposes, such as a place of worship, a house or another type of housing, or a school, is used to effectively contribute to military action, it is assumed that it is not used to that end.",
"(b) The use of a method or means of launch that cannot be directed against a particular military objective.",
"(c) From which it may be expected to cause fortuitous loss of civilian lives, injury to civilians, damage to civilian property or more than one of these effects, which would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage envisaged.",
"8. A number of clearly separated and individualized military objectives in a city, village, village or other area where there is a similar concentration of civilian persons or civilian property shall not be considered as a single military objective.",
"9. All feasible precautions will be taken to protect civilians from the effects of MOTAPM/MAV. Achievable precautions are feasible or possible in practice, given all circumstances of the case, including humanitarian and military considerations. Among others, these circumstances include, but are not limited to:",
"(a) The short- and long-term impact of MOTAPM/AVM on the local civilian population during the minefield period;",
"(b) Possible measures to protect civilians (e.g. fences, signals, warnings and surveillance);",
"(c) The availability and feasibility of using alternatives; and",
"(d) The military needs of a short- and long-term minefield.",
"10. Effective notice of any location of MOTAPM/AVM that may affect the civilian population shall be given in advance, unless circumstances do not permit.",
"11. States, in accordance with their national procedures, shall adopt and enforce appropriate laws and regulations to prohibit and punish the production, acquisition, possession, development, transport, transfer or use of MOTAPM/MAV by any person or unauthorized entity, as well as participation in any of the above-mentioned activities as an accomplice, or as a provider of assistance or funding.",
"12. States will take and implement effective national measures to prevent illicit movement and trafficking in MOTAPM/AVM, including:",
"(a) Monitoring and monitoring of the production, storage and transport of MOTAPM/MAV; and",
"(b) Physical protection of stocks.",
"13. States shall cooperate with each other to prevent, combat and eradicate illicit trafficking in MOTAPM/MAV in accordance with national legislation and in the application of international law.",
"Article 6",
"MDMA/MAV registry, minefields and mined areas with MOTAPM",
"1. It is prohibited to use MOTAPM/MAV unless it is registered in accordance with paragraph 1 of the technical annex to all information concerning MOTAPM/MAV and minefields and mined areas with MOTAPM/MAV. All the above-mentioned records shall be retained by the parties to a conflict, which shall, without delay, take all necessary and appropriate measures following the cessation of active hostilities, including the use of such information, to protect civilians from the effects of MOTAPM/MAV, minefields and mined areas with MOTAPM/MAV in areas under their control.",
"2. Without delay, after the cessation of active hostilities, the other party or the other parties to the conflict and the Secretary-General of the United Nations will also provide all information they possess regarding MOTAPM/MAV, minefields and mined areas with MOTAPM/MAV, which are placed by them in areas that are no longer under their control.",
"3. However, on the condition that reciprocity exists, when the forces of one party to the conflict are in the territory of an opposing party, each party may refrain from providing such information to the Secretary-General and the other party, to the extent that their security interests require it, until no party is in the territory of the other. In the latter case, the information retained will be disclosed as soon as such security interests permit.",
"4. Where feasible, the parties to the conflict shall, by mutual agreement, seek the dissemination of such information as soon as possible and in a manner consistent with the security interests of each party.",
"Article 7",
"MOTAPM/MAV removal, minefields and mined areas with MOTAPM/MAV",
"1. Without delay, after the cessation of active hostilities, all MOTAPM/MAV, minefields and mined areas with MOTAPM/MAV should be cleared, removed, destroyed or maintained in accordance with the provisions of this set of provisions.",
"2. States and parties to a conflict assume this responsibility for MOTAPM/MAV and minefields and mined areas with MOTAPM/MAV, located in areas under their control.",
"3. Where a party no longer exercises control over the areas in which it has placed MOTAPM/MAV, minefields and mined areas with MOTAPM/MAV, it shall provide to the party exercising control of the area, in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article, to the extent permitted by that party, the technical and material assistance necessary to fulfil that responsibility, without prejudice to the obligations set out in paragraph 1 of Article 5.",
"4. Where necessary, the parties to a conflict shall endeavour to reach agreement, both among themselves and, where appropriate, with other States and with international organizations, on the facilitation of technical and material assistance, in particular, in appropriate circumstances, for the organization of joint operations necessary to fulfil those responsibilities.",
"Article 8",
"Protection against the effects of MOTAPM/MAV, minefields and mined areas with MOTAPM/MAV",
"1. Each Party to this set of provisions shall be bound by the provisions of Article 12 of Amended Protocol II, irrespective of whether that State is a Party to Amended Protocol II. These provisions include the scope of application; peacekeeping and other forces and missions; humanitarian and research missions of the United Nations system; missions of the International Committee of the Red Cross; other humanitarian missions and fact-finding missions; confidentiality; and respect for laws and regulations.",
"Article 9",
"Transfers",
"1. Each State undertakes not to transfer MOTAPM/MAV:",
"(a) No recipient other than a State or State agency authorized to receive such transfers;",
"(b) That they do not meet the requirement of detectability and useful life of MOTAPM/AVMs, except for their use in areas of marked perimeter, for their destruction or for the development of techniques for the detection, removal or destruction of mines or the provision of training on mines[6];",
"[Variant of sub-paragraph \"b\":",
"(b) That they do not meet the requirement of detectability and useful life of MOTAPM/MAVs, except for their destruction or for the development of or training techniques for mine detection, clearance or destruction;][7]",
"(c) Without a final user certificate, which, in the case of measures that do not meet the requirement of detectability and useful life, will include an explicit commitment to respect the restrictions mentioned in subparagraph \"b\" above; and",
"(d) States that are not bound by this set of provisions, unless the receiving State formally agrees to apply its provisions.",
"2. To prevent illicit trafficking in MOTAPM/MAV, States will establish or improve effective national controls.",
"3. Each State undertakes to be restrictive in the transfer of all types of MOTAPM/MAV with a category one-spot system, in accordance with the description contained in paragraph 5 (b) of technical annex B, except for its destruction or for the development of mine detection, removal or destruction techniques or training in this area.",
"4. Until the entry into force of this set of provisions, all States shall refrain from any actions that are incompatible with this article.",
"Article 10",
"Transparency and other confidence-building measures",
"1. States shall provide to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall distribute it to other States, information on the implementation of the provisions of this set of provisions. The information should include the following elements:",
"(a) An initial report to be provided for the entry into force of this set of provisions for each State; and",
"(b) A regular update of the report.",
"2. The report referred to in paragraph 1 may include, inter alia, information on:",
"(a) The disclosure of the provisions of this set of provisions to their armed forces and the civilian population;",
"(b) Mine-clearing and rehabilitation programmes;",
"(c) Measures taken to meet the technical requirements of the provisions of this set of provisions and any other relevant related information, except information relating to arms technology;",
"(d) Legislative and other measures taken to implement the provisions of this set of provisions;",
"(e) Measures taken regarding technical cooperation and technical assistance under article 11 of this set of provisions; and",
"f) National standards and requirements for MOTAPM/AVM transfers and information.",
"Article 11",
"Cooperation and assistance",
"1. Each State in a position to do so shall promote cooperation and assistance at the bilateral, regional and international levels to assist other States in fulfilling their obligations to MOTAPM/MAV. Cooperation and assistance can be provided through humanitarian organizations. Cooperation and assistance may include:",
"(a) Technical and financial assistance, including the exchange of experience, technology, except arms technology, and information, to facilitate the implementation of the necessary modifications in order to improve the reliability of existing and future MOTAPM/MAVs and minimize their humanitarian risks. Such assistance may also be provided to promote the development, if feasible, of advanced mine detection equipment and to facilitate access to such equipment.",
"(b) Cooperation and assistance for the destruction of stockpiles of MOTAPM/MAV that do not meet the requirements of this set of provisions and cannot be modified to meet them.",
"(c) Technical, material and human cooperation and assistance for the prompt and effective clearance, removal or destruction of MOTAPM/MAVs.",
"(d) Timely submission of geographical and technical information on MOTAPM/MAV to relevant humanitarian missions and the United Nations system database on mine action.",
"(e) Cooperation and assistance in educating the civilian population on the dangers of MOTAPM/AVM.",
"(f) Cooperation and assistance in the care and rehabilitation of victims of MOTAPM/AVM and their social and economic reintegration.",
"(g) Cooperation and assistance in the implementation of the provisions of this set of provisions.",
"Article 12",
"Design of the fuses and sensors of MOTAPM/MAV",
"1. States, to the extent possible, should comply with the guidelines for the design of the fuses, as stipulated in paragraph 5 of technical annex B.",
"[Life of approach:",
"1. States, to the extent possible, in their future production of MOTAPM/MAV, should adhere to the best practice in relation to the production of fuses and sensors, to design them in such a way as to minimize the possibility that a person may accidentally activate a mine.",
"2. In their future production of fuses, States, to the extent possible, will endeavour to apply modern technology, in particular multiple sensors, to develop them on the basis of technological, useful life, and environmental factors.][8]",
"[Article 13[9]",
"Transition period",
"1. In the event that a State concludes that it cannot immediately comply with the requirements of [Articles 3 and 4 of] this set of provisions, it may declare, when it notifies its consent to be bound by this set of provisions, that it postpones such compliance for a period not exceeding [XX] years from the entry into force of this set of provisions for that State. ]",
"Technical Annex A",
"1. Registration of minefields",
"(a) The registration of the location of MOTAPM/MAV other than remotely launched mines shall be in accordance with the following provisions:",
"(i) The location of minefields and mined areas relative to the coordinates of at least two benchmarks and the estimated size of the areas in which such weapons are located will be specified accurately.",
"(ii) Maps, diagrams or other records indicating the location of minefields and mined areas in relation to reference points will be developed, and the perimeter and surface of minefields and areas will also be indicated in those records.",
"(iii) For the purposes of the detection and clearance of MOTAPM/MAV, maps, diagrams or other registries shall include specific information on the type, number, placement method, type of fuss, service life, date and time of placement, anti-handling devices (if any) and any other relevant information on all such weapons placed. In all cases where possible, the minefield register will indicate the exact location of each MOTAPM/MAV, except in the minefields planted in row, where the location of rows will be sufficient.",
"(b) The estimated location and surface of remotely launched MOTAPM/MAVs should be specified and determined by reference point coordinates (usually corner points) and, in all cases where feasible, marked on the ground at the first possible opportunity. The total number and type of MOTAPM/AVMs placed, the date and time of placement and the periods that will mediate to their self-destruction should also be recorded.",
"(c) Copies of records will be kept at a command level to ensure their safety to the maximum extent possible.",
"(d) All MOTAPM/MAV manufactured after the entry into force of this set of provisions shall be marked in English or in the respective national language or languages, with the following information:",
"(i) Name of country of origin;",
"(ii) Month and year of manufacture; and",
"(iii) Number of series or lot number.",
"2. Signage of a marked perimeter zone",
"(a) A marked perimeter area will be marked by appropriate signals in accordance with paragraph 3 of this technical annex, except during active periods of hostilities. The marks shall be of a different and lasting character and shall be at least visible to a person who is about to penetrate the area with the marked perimeter.",
"(b) Brands should be visible, legible, durable and environmentally resistant, to the extent possible.",
"(c) During periods of active hostilities, a marked perimeter area should be appropriately marked to the extent possible. Following the cessation of active hostilities, and as soon as possible, the area will be marked in accordance with subparagraph (a) above.",
"3. International signs for minefields and mined areas",
"(a) Signs similar to those specified in Amended Protocol II on 3 May 1996 of ACC, as specified below, will be used to mark minefields and mined areas so that the civilian population can see and recognize them:",
"(i) Size and shape: a triangle or a quadrilateral not less than 28 cm (11 inches) by 20 cm (7.9 inches) for the triangle and 15 cm (6 inches) side for the quadrilateral;",
"(ii) Color: red or orange with a reflective yellow edge;",
"(iii) Symbol: the symbol given as an example in the attached model or any other easily recognizable symbol in the area where it is to be placed to identify a dangerous area;",
"(iv) Language: the signal must contain the word \"mins\" in one of the six official languages of this Convention (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian) and in the language or languages used in the area;",
"(v) Separation: signals should be placed around the minefield or mined area at a distance that allows a civilian to approach the area to see them perfectly from any point.",
"Technical annex B",
"The present annex contains best practices for achieving the objectives of this set of provisions. The implementation of the annex by States will be voluntary.",
"1. Control measures",
"(a) Prior to the initiation of active hostilities:",
"All minefields, located in the territory controlled by the party concerned, shall be monitored by military personnel or other authorized personnel, or protected by fences or other means, to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area.",
"(b) During active hostilities:",
"The parties to a conflict shall ensure, to the extent possible, that all minefields of which they are in possession at that time and which are in territory under their control are monitored by military personnel or other personnel authorized or protected by fences or other means to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians in the area. Remotely launched MOTAPM/MAVs and minefields may be placed, as necessary, during active hostilities taking into account the registration requirements listed in Technical Annex A.",
"(c) Following the cessation of active hostilities:",
"(i) After the cessation of active hostilities, all parties to a conflict should be encouraged to cooperate in order to facilitate, to the extent possible, the exchange with other stakeholders of all information in their knowledge of minefields, mined areas and MOTAPM/MAV planted by them in areas beyond their control.",
"(ii) At the first time and to the extent possible, all minefields located in the territory controlled by the party concerned should be closed and monitored by military personnel and other authorized personnel, or protected by fences or other means, in order to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area. If the fences or other types of markings have been removed from the minefields during the conflict, they must be replaced as soon as possible in order to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area.",
"(iii) At the first opportunity and to the extent possible, all remote minefields and minefields in place during active hostilities in the territory controlled by the party concerned should be duly registered under technical annex A. In addition, and to the extent possible, they should be shut down and monitored by military personnel or other personnel qualified and protected by fences or other means in order to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area.",
"2. Permanent demand for common warning signals",
"To the extent possible, and as soon as practicable after the placement of MOTAPM/AVM, posters or other warning signs should be placed on all primary traffic routes leading to the mined area in order to ensure that civilians are effectively warned of the case. These are primary traffic routes that are carried out by the majority of population movements between populated centers. By providing these warning signals, the parties should bear in mind the prevailing environmental factors in the locality, for example periodic floods, which could contribute to a natural, but not anticipated, displacement of MOTAPM/MAV over time.",
"3. Signaling systems",
"Signaling systems are used to effectively and effectively indicate the perimeter or limits between mined areas and non-mined areas. They may include natural or artificial elements, or a combination thereof, but to the extent possible they must be reinforced with warning signs, such as those described in Technical Annex A. Although these elements (near or other means) may be removed from active hostilities and despite the continuing requirement, under these circumstances, that the parties ensure that, to the extent possible, all minefields are monitored by military personnel or other qualified personnel in order to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians in the area, the following signaling guidelines are presented for any other time.",
"(a) Warning signs of immediate location. Warning signs of immediate location are used to signal the dangers discovered by military or civilian personnel without delay until more solid or long-term signals can be deployed. The basic requirements of these signals are:",
"(i) The means of signalling used will have the effect of identifying hazardous areas as soon as possible;",
"(ii) The signals should be visible at least 50 m and indicate the location, direction and type of hazard;",
"(iii) The signal material must have a life of at least 180 days; and",
"(iv) Signaling should be easy to recognize in the area where it is installed to indicate a danger zone.",
"Immediate location signals could include, but not limited to:",
"(i) Mine marking tapes; or",
"(ii) Width, stakes (iron, wood, concrete, plastic or other material) and labels; or",
"(iii) The painting of elements of nature, such as trees and rocks, with colors of signaling danger; or",
"(iv) Any other materials available in the locality or easily obtained and accepted as hazardous material;",
"(v) The signals must be solidly placed and difficult to remove. To the extent possible, the hazard and the signaling details, for example, the signaling systems used, should be made aware of the civilian population in general as soon as practicable in order to ensure their effective exclusion from the area. To the extent possible, signalling should be reinforced with warning signals such as those described in technical annex A.",
"(b) Long-term warning signs. Long-term warning signs should be used if there is a likelihood that there will still be danger in that place for prolonged periods or if there is a need to replenish or improve warning signs immediately. These signals represent an improvement in immediate location warning systems, so the minimum standards of long-term warning signals could include, but not limited to:",
"(i) A fence (at least a single thread of barbed wire) at the height of the waist with due military warning signs of mine hazard detailed in Technical Annex A, at sufficient intervals as dictated by land and vegetation;",
"(ii) Permanent, visible, to the extent possible of day and night, both close to the danger elements themselves and on all known primary traffic routes leading to the area where the danger elements are located;",
"(iii) A permanent \"cyclone\" fence reinforced with barbed wire and devices that make it difficult to scale, with mine-risk labels at certain minimum and specific intervals;",
"(iv) \"concertain\" and stakes;",
"(v) Concrete fences; or",
"(vi) Other reinforcements made of material available on site.",
"4. Specifications relating to self-destruction, self-neutralization and self-deactivation[10]",
"(a) MOTAPM/AVM that are programmed to self-destruct or self-neutralize should be done within 45 days of being armed. MOTAPM/MAVs that remain unselfish or self-neutralized should be self-deactivated within 120 days of being armed.",
"(b) Each State shall take the necessary measures to ensure that it is not self-destructed or self-neutralized, after 45 days, more than 10 per cent of the activated MOTAPM/MAV (with a confidence level of 90 per cent).",
"(c) Each State shall take the necessary measures to ensure that, in combination with the self-destruction and self-neutralization mechanisms, no more than 1 in 1,000 active MOTAPM/AVMs continue to function as such after 120 days.",
"5. Stem and sensor design for MDMA/MAV[11]",
"(a) Based on the information and data provided by States, the following fuses and the following wide-availability sensors are considered relevant: traction wires; trap wires; roll arms; optical fiber cables; tilt fuses; acoustic sensors; rubbing wire sensors; pressure sensors; infrared sensors; magnetic sensors; and vibration sensors.12",
"(b) The above wide availability sensors will be graduated according to the following categories:",
"Category One. Stem systems that cannot be designed so that they are not excessively sensitive.",
"(i) Traction wires and trap wires do not seem to be a recommended method of activation, as it does not seem possible to design them in such a way that a person, within reason, cannot activate the mine;",
"(ii) Basting fuses don't seem to be a recommended activation method if they can't be designed so that a person, within reason, cannot activate the mine.",
"Category Two. Polet systems that can be designed so that they are not excessively sensitive, but that work better in combination with other sensors.",
"(i) Acoustically activated fuses use electronic sensors to react to acoustic pressure and recognize acoustic signature. It is preferable to use in combination with other sensors.",
"(ii) The fuses activated by infrared rays should be designed so that they are not activated by the presence of a person. Preferably, the sensor should be able to establish a correspondence between the detected heat signatures and the intended target in combination with other sensors.",
"(iii) Currently, seismic sensors/vibration sensors cannot accurately locate their objectives; consequently, it seems essential to use them in combination with other sensors. The sensor should be able to match a seismic signature with the intended target.",
"Category Three. Polet systems that can be designed so that they are not excessively sensitive and that they can function satisfactorily without other sensors and conform to the best practices guidelines of this technical annex:",
"(i) The pressure needed to interrupt the fiber optic signal must correspond to the intended target.",
"(ii) To enhance its military utility, magnetically activated mines must be able to match the magnetic signature with the intended objective.",
"(iii) Pressure sensors and pressure-activated mechanisms, if possible, should be designed for minimum pressure appropriate to the intended target. Pressure should be used preferably on a fairly large surface (equivalent to a vehicle) and not at a single point.",
"(iv) The number of laps necessary to activate the roller arm spike must correspond to the intended target.",
"(v) The rubbing wire sensor should be designed for specific objectives, optimizing the time of frost, frequency and amplitude required to enable the intended target.",
"(c) All MOTAPM/MAVs that are developed in the future, with the exception of those that are equipped with Category Three fuses, should incorporate into future production, to the extent feasible, a multi-sensor fuses technology to reduce the possibility of being activated by a person, inadvertently or accidentally and taking into account the influence of operational, useful, environmental and climate factors.",
"(d) When selecting the types of fuses and determining their sensitivity, the influence of various environmental factors should be taken into account, in particular:",
"(i) Weather and Climate; and",
"(ii) Storage, handling and other external conditions.",
"(e) Considerations and proposals relating to technical measures should take into account operational and procurement factors, as well as useful life; a number of clearly identified humanitarian issues should also be taken into account.",
"Appendix",
"Three options are envisaged to address the issues of \"detectability\" and \"helpful life\":",
"I. First option: Inclusion of legally binding terminology on \"detectability\" and \"helpful life\".",
"Article 3",
"Detectability of MOTAPM/MAV",
"1. Non-detectable MOTAPM/MAV is prohibited, subject to the following exclusions.",
"2. A detectable MOMA/MAV is the one that, once implemented:",
"(a) It gives a response signal equivalent to 8 g or more iron in a single homogeneous mass buried 5 cm below the surface and can be detected with a current mine detection equipment, or",
"(b) It can be effectively and safely detected through the use of alternative methods and equipment reflecting advances in screening methodologies, and if States, on the basis of testing and evaluation of relevant organizations, have decided by a majority of the four-fifths of States present and voting, that such alternative methods and equipment are effective and easy to obtain.",
"3. A MDMA/MAV is also detectable if it can be detected safely and effectively by using methods and equipment that are not easy to obtain, but for a State, provided that:",
"(a) Before using such MOTAPM/MAV, the State has demonstrated to other States that MOTAPM/MAV can be safely and effectively detected through the use of methods and equipment that are readily available, and",
"(b) It shall not be used outside the perimeter marked areas located in the territory of that State.",
"4. A MOTAPM/MAV installed in a marked perimeter area will be exempt from the detectability requirement of this chapter.",
"5. It is prohibited to manufacture MOTAPM not detectable from the entry into force of this set of recommendations.",
"6. All existing stockpiles of MOTAPM/AVM shall meet the detectability requirement provided for in this chapter before being replaced, except in the case indicated in paragraph 4.",
"7. In the event that a State concludes that it cannot immediately comply with the provisions of this chapter, it may declare, when it notifies its consent to be bound by this set of recommendations, that it defers such compliance for a period not exceeding 12 years from the entry into force of this set of recommendations. In the meantime, it will minimize, to the extent possible, the use of MOTAPM that does not meet the detectability requirement of this chapter[13].",
"Article 4",
"Useful life of MOTAPM/MAV",
"1. The use of remote-launched MOTAPM/MAV that are not provided with a self-destruct or self-neutralization mechanism is prohibited, in both cases reinforced by a self-deactivation device (hereinafter referred to as \"AD/DAD or AN/DAD\"), whereby MOTAPM/MAV will not function as a mine when it no longer serves the military purpose for which it was deployed.",
"2. States will not launch MOTAPM/MAV from a ground-based system at less than 500 m, nor will MOTAPM/MAV be placed that do not carry built-in AD/DAD or AN/DAD devices outside a marked perimeter zone.",
"3. In implementing the recommendations contained in the present chapter, States shall take all measures provided for in technical annex A and shall adhere to the best practices provided for in technical annex B.",
"4. In the event that a State concludes that it cannot immediately comply with the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2, it may declare, when it notifies its consent to be bound by this set of recommendations, that it defers such compliance for a period not exceeding 12 years from the entry into force of this set of recommendations. In the meantime, it will minimize, to the extent possible, the use of MOTAPM/AVM that does not comply with the provisions.[14]",
"II. Second option: Inclusion of provisions on detectability and life as two legally binding optional annexes.",
"In this case, the provisions on detectability and life would be incorporated into the text in the form of two separate optional annexes, and the main text would include an article to regulate the entry into force of those annexes for States parties.",
"Article 3",
"Detectability and useful life of MOTAPM/MAV",
"1. At the time of submitting to the Depositary the instrument by which it consents to be bound by this set of provisions, a State may declare in writing that it consents to be bound by optional annex A on detectability, by optional annex B on life or both.",
"2. A State that has previously consented to being bound by this set of provisions may also submit to the Depositary the declaration referred to in paragraph 1 at any time after the entry into force of this set of provisions for that State.",
"3. The declarations referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 may stipulate that they enter into force immediately or from a specified date.",
"Optional Annex A",
"Detectability of MOTAPM/MAV",
"1. Non-detectable MOTAPM/MAV is prohibited.",
"2. A detectable MDMA/MAV is the one that, once installed, gives a response signal equivalent to 8 g or more of iron in a single homogeneous mass buried at 5 cm below the surface and can be detected with a current technical mine detection equipment.",
"3. MOTAPM/MAVs placed in a marked perimeter area are exempt from the detectability requirement of the present annex.",
"Optional Annex B",
"Useful life of MOTAPM/MAV",
"1. It is prohibited to use MOTAPM/MAV that are not provided with a self-destruct or self-neutralization mechanism designed and built so that they are not self-destructed, after 45 days after being armed, more than 10% of the mines activated.",
"2. It is prohibited to use MOTAPM/MAV that are not provided with a support self-deactivation mechanism that is designed and built so that, in combination with the mechanism referred to in paragraph 1, no more than 1 in 1,000 active mines continue to operate as perhaps after 120 days after being armed.",
"3. MOTAPM/MAVs placed in a marked perimeter area are exempt from the detectability requirement of the present annex.",
"III. Third option: Inclusion of detectability and useful life as \"best practices\" in a technical annex.",
"Various general ideas and proposals have been discussed on the inclusion of provisions on detectability and life as best practices in a non-binding technical annex.",
"The adoption of the best practices approach to these issues would necessarily entail changes in both the main text of a possible understanding on MOTAPM/MAV and the provisions of a new binding technical annex.",
"Annex III",
"LIST OF DOCUMENTS OF THE GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS ON THE QUESTION OF ANTI-PERSONAL MINES",
"Symbol Title Presented by CCW/GGE/I/WP.1 Draft European Union Reflection Paper on Mines Other Than Personality European Union CCW/GGE/I/WP.12 Discussion paper on the issue of anti-vehicle mine-use restrictions Russian Federation CCW/GGE/II/WP.2(Electronic deversion is not available) Elements to be considered during the second meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (Geneva, 15-26 dejulio of 2002) in relation to the issue of mines other than personnel Coordinator for MOTAPM CCW/GGE/II/WP.3 Elements for a European Union document on minesareported EUWP.5/GGE/II Reflection paper on the mine-distincts of the anti-personnel mines for the second meeting of experts held in July 2002 - Sensitive fuses Germany CCW/GGE/II/WP.5/Add.1 Addendum: Poletssensible for Mines Convention on the Use of Anti-Personnel Weapons Mines other than anti-personnel mines - Sensitive paramines anti-vehicles (general view of ospoules and optimal overpractice recommendations) -Sinopsis Germany CCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.1 Basic issues on mines other than anti-personnel mines (MDMA) Coordinating MOTAPM CCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.2 irresponsible use of anti-personnel mines (MDMA) by non-State actors India CCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.3 United Nations Service of ActivitiesRelatives to the CCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.1 Basic issues on mines other than anti-personnel mines (MDMA) Coordinator for CDM CCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.2 Sensitive fuses for anti-personnel mines Non-State actors and humanitarian hazards that represent mines other than mines of mine, including the Canada CCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.3 Sensitive fuses for anti-vehicle mines (general view of speculations and sensors and best practices) Non-governmental organizations Number of items on the basis of mines Chairman of the meeting of military experts on MOTAPM CCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/WP.1 The sensitivities of mines other than anti-personnel mines (MDMA) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland of the CCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/WP.2 Methods of demarcation of minefields Australia CCW/GGE/X/WG.2/1 Proposals and ideas for mines other than anti-personnel mines (MDMA) in the Group of Governmental Coordinators Chair of the Military Experts Meeting on MOTAPM CCW/GGE/X/WG.2/WP.1 View of the proposed Norms on Detectability and Poet Systems Coordinator for MOTAPM CCW/GGE/X/WG.2/WP.2 Remarks on relevant issues related to mines other than anti-personnel mines Conference on Mines ICRC/GGE/XII/WG.2 Proposal on the topic of mines different(MDMA) MAX/MOPTIONS",
"[1] CCW/MSP/2005/2.",
"[2] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1.",
"[3] This version of the set of provisions outlines the different alternatives for each of the three approaches suggested in the introduction of CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1 for the issues of \"detectability\" and \"active life\", approaches included in an annex. All other modifications related to the previous version (Rev.1) are in italics. Text variants go in square brackets.",
"[4] This article provides for three possible ways of proceeding in the appendix accompanying this set of provisions.",
"[5] This article provides for three possible ways of proceeding in the appendix accompanying this set of provisions.",
"[6] Provisional text pending an agreement on Article 3, \"Detectability of MOTAPM/MAVs\", and Article 4, \"Wide Life of MOTAPM/MAVs\".",
"[7] Provisional text pending an agreement on Article 3, \"Detectability of MOTAPM/MAVs\", and Article 4, \"Wide Life of MOTAPM/MAVs\".",
"[8] This text variant is based on a generic approach to the design of the fuses, in contrast to the specific approach of the current text, which refers to a list of fuses and sensors categorized according to their sensitivity (based on the risk of involuntary activation by a person), as included in Technical Annex B. If the generic approach prevails, subsection 5 of technical annex B should be deleted.",
"[9] The inclusion of this article will depend on how the issues of \"detachability\" and \"helpful life\" are resolved. See also appendix I (I. First option: Article 3, paragraph 7, and Article 4).",
"[10] 1 The assessment of the reliability rate of AD/DAD or AN/DAD is at the discretion of each State.",
"[11] 2 As mentioned in the footnote to Article 12, this subsection of Technical Annex B should not be included in the event that the generic approach to the design of fuses and sensors is chosen.",
"[12] 3 The sequence of fuse and sensors is due to a rigorously alphabetical order and does not involve an assessment of its availability, distribution or use.",
"[13] See also article 13 of the set of provisions.",
"[14] See also article 13 of the set of provisions."
] |
[
"CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.3",
"CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.3",
"13 de octubre de 2006",
"ESPAÑOL",
"Original: INGLÉS",
"Ginebra, 7 a 17 de noviembre de 2006",
"Tema 10 del programa provisional Presentación del informe del Grupo",
"de Expertos Gubernamentales",
"INFORME DE PROCEDIMIENTO",
"GRUPO DE EXPERTOS GUBERNAMENTALES DE LOS ESTADOS PARTES EN LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE PROHIBICIONES O RESTRICCIONES DEL EMPLEO DE CIERTAS ARMAS CONVENCIONALES QUE PUEDAN CONSIDERARSE EXCESIVAMENTE NOCIVAS O DE EFECTOS INDISCRIMINADOS",
"15º período de sesiones Ginebra, 28 de agosto a 6 de septiembre de 2006",
"Adición",
"INFORME DEL PRESIDENTE DESIGNADO SOBRE EL CUMPLIMIENTO",
"GE.06-64785 (S) 311006 311006",
"INFORME DEL PRESIDENTE DESIGNADO SOBRE EL CUMPLIMIENTO",
"Mandato",
"1. En el párrafo 32 del informe de la Reunión de los Estados Partes celebrada en 2005 (CCW/MSP/2005/2) se estipula que el Presidente designado deberá realizar \"consultas entre los períodos de sesiones sobre las posibles opciones para promover el cumplimiento de la Convención y sus Protocolos anexos, teniendo en cuenta las propuestas formuladas\" y presentar \"a los Estados Partes un informe aprobado por consenso\".",
"Colaborador del Presidente",
"2. El Presidente designado ha pedido al Embajador Markotić que, como Colaborador de la Presidencia, persevere en su esfuerzo por lograr un acuerdo sobre el cumplimiento. El Presidente designado le agradece que haya aceptado esta misión y el esfuerzo infatigable que despliega. Con el consentimiento de los Estados Partes, el Presidente designado le pide que siga colaborando hasta la Conferencia de Examen.",
"Informe sobre la marcha de las actividades",
"3. Sobre la base de las consultas realizadas se presentó el documento revisado \"Proyecto de enmienda a la Convención sobre prohibiciones o restricciones del empleo de ciertas armas convencionales que puedan considerarse excesivamente nocivas o de efectos indiscriminados\"[1], documento que servirá de base en los trabajos de la Conferencia de Examen.",
"4. Sin embargo, este documento no está todavía listo para aprobación. Con objeto de llegar a un consenso, los Estados Partes tendrán todavía que resolver cuatro cuestiones pendientes:",
"i) La cuestión del procedimiento para la adopción del texto: por decisión o por enmienda de la Convención;",
"ii) El contenido de los párrafos 6, 7 y 9 de la parte II de la propuesta contenida en el documento CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1.",
"Siguiente fase",
"5. El Presidente designado y el Colaborador del Presidente consideran que se puede llegar más fácilmente a un acuerdo sobre una decisión que sobre una enmienda. Su opinión es también que no será posible ampliar el mandato del grupo de expertos previsto en el párrafo 6, ni restringir más la posibilidad de transmitir el informe del modo previsto en el párrafo 9.",
"6. En relación con el párrafo 7, sería aconsejable explicar debidamente la manera concreta en que el Presidente designado contempla el proceso de selección de los miembros del grupo de expertos por consulta entre el Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas y el Estado Parte solicitante.",
"7. En conclusión, el Presidente designado opina que, con unas cuantas modificaciones de última hora que cabría introducir en los párrafos 6 a 10, los Estados Partes deberían estar preparados para llegar a la Conferencia de Examen dispuestos a tomar una decisión final sobre la base del documento CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1 y, en particular, sobre la base de la variante de la Decisión.",
"Anexo",
"LISTA DE DOCUMENTOS DEL GRUPO DE EXPERTOS GUBERNAMENTALES SOBRE EL CUMPLIMIENTO",
"Signatura Título Presentado por \nCCW/CONF.II/PC.1/WP.8\tAnexo sobre elcumplimiento\tEstados Unidos deAmérica\nCCW/CONF.II/PC.3/WP.7\tArtículos adicionalessobre consultas ycumplimiento\tSudáfrica\nCCW/CONF.II/PC.3/WP.8\tCumplimiento\tBélgica, en nombrede la Unión Europea\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.7\tDocumento de trabajosobre el cumplimiento.\tPresidentedesignado\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.7\tCumplimiento en elcontexto de laConvención\tSuecia\nCCW/GGE/V/2\tCumplimiento en elcontexto de laConvención\tGrecia, en nombrede la Unión Europea\nCCW/GGE/VIII/2\tDocumento de debatesobre el cumplimiento\tPresidentedesignado\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WP.1\tConvención Marco:artículos adicionalessobre consultas ycumplimiento\tSudáfrica\nCCW/GGE/IX/WP.1\tIdeas y sugerencias enrelación con un posiblemecanismo decumplimiento con arregloa la Convención sobreciertas armasconvencionales\tUnión Europea\nCCW/GGE/X.3\tCumplimiento\tPresidentedesignado\nCCW/GGE/X/WP.1\tRespuestas a ciertaspreocupaciones relativasa un posible mecanismode cumplimiento conarreglo a la CAC.Memorando informativosobre el documentoCCW/GGE/IX/WP.1\tUnión Europea\nCCW/GGE/XI/2\tCumplimiento\tPresidentedesignado\nCCW/GGE/XII/3\tCumplimiento\tPresidentedesignado\nCCW/GGE/XIV/2\tEnmienda a la Convenciónsobre prohibiciones orestricciones del empleode ciertas armasconvencionales quepuedan considerarseexcesivamente nocivas ode efectosindiscriminados\tPresidentedesignado\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WP.2\tCriterio alternativopara promover elcumplimiento de laConvención y susProtocolos anexos\tEstados Unidos deAmérica\nCCW/GGE/XV/2\tPropuesta de enmienda ala Convención sobreprohibiciones orestricciones del empleode ciertas armasconvencionales quepuedan considerarseexcesivamente nocivas ode efectosindiscriminados\tPresidentedesignadoCCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1yCCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.2\tRevised Draft Proposalon Compliance\tPresidentedesignado \n (Inglés únicamente)",
"[1] CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1."
] | [
"THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.3CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.313 October 2006Original:ENGLISH",
"Geneva, 7-17 November 2006",
"Item 10 of the provisional agenda",
"Submission of the report of the",
"Group of Governmental Experts",
"PROCEDURAL REPORT",
"GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS",
"Fifteenth Session",
"Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006",
"Addendum",
"REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT-DESIGNATE ON THE ISSUE OF COMPLIANCE",
"REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT-DESIGNATE ON THE ISSUE OF COMPLIANCE",
"Mandate",
"1. Paragraph 32 of the Report of the Meeting of the States Parties in 2005 (CCW/MSP/2005/2) stipulates that “the President-designate shall undertake consultations during the intersessional period on possible options to promote compliance with the Convention and its annexed Protocols, taking into account proposals put forward, and shall submit a report, adopted by consensus, to the States Parties.”",
"Friend of the President",
"2. The President-designate has requested Ambassador Markotić to continue his efforts in order to achieve an agreement on the issue of Compliance as Friend of the Chair. The President-designate thanks him for his agreement and his tireless efforts. With the consent of the States parties, the President-designate is requesting him to continue this work until the Review Conference.",
"Status Report",
"3. On the basis of our consultations a revised document, “Proposal of amendment to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may Be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects” was presented[1]. It will constitute the basis of the work for the Review Conference.",
"4. However, this document is not yet ready to be endorsed. To achieve a consensus the States parties still need to resolve four pending issues:",
"(i) The question of the procedure on how to adopt the text: by a Decision or by an Amendment to the Convention;",
"(ii) The content of paragraphs 6, 7 and 9 of Part II of the proposal as contained in CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1.",
"Way forward",
"5. The President-designate and the Friend of the President consider that an agreement can be reached on a Decision more easily than on an Amendment. Their advice is also that it will not be possible to broaden the mandate of the pool of experts provided for in paragraph 6, nor to restrict further the possibility to transmit the report as provided in paragraph 9.",
"6. Concerning paragraph 7, it would be advisable to explain in the appropriate form the concrete manner in which the President-designate envisages the selection process of the members of the pool of experts in consultation between the UNSG and the requesting State party.",
"7. In conclusion, it is the view of the President-designate that with a few last modifications, that could be made to paragraphs 6 to 10, the States Parties should be prepared to arrive at the Review Conference, ready to take a final decision on the basis of CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1, and in particular on the basis of the option of the Decision.",
"Annex",
"LIST OF DOCUMENTS OF THE GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS",
"ON THE ISSUE OF COMPLIANCE",
"Symbol Title Submitted by\n CCW/CONF.II/PC.1/WP.8 Compliance Annex United States of America",
"CCW/CONF.II/PC.3/WP.7 Additional Articles on South Africa Consultations and Compliance",
"CCW/CONF.II/PC.3/WP.8 Compliance Belgium on behalf of the European Union",
"CCW/GGE/II/WP.7 Working Paper on Chairperson-designate Compliance",
"CCW/GGE/III/WP.7 Compliance in the CCW Sweden Context",
"CCW/GGE/V/2 Compliance in the CCW Greece on behalf of the Context European Union",
"CCW/GGE/VIII/2 Discussion Paper on Chairperson-designate Compliance",
"CCW/GGE/VIII/WP.1 CCW Framework South Africa Convention: Additional Articles on Consultations and Compliance",
"CCW/GGE/IX/WP.1 Ideas and Suggestions European Union regarding a Possible Compliance Mechanism under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons",
"CCW/GGE/X/3 Compliance Chairperson-designate",
"CCW/GGE/X/WP.1 Responses to Certain European Union Concerns regarding a Possible Compliance Mechanism under CCW. Elaborative Memorandum on CCW/GGE/IX/WP.1",
"CCW/GGE/XI/2 Compliance Chairperson-designate",
"CCW/GGE/XII/3 Compliance Chairperson-designate",
"Symbol Title Submitted by",
"CCW/GGE/XIV/2 Amendment to the President-designate Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects",
"CCW/GGE/XIV/WP.2 Alternative Approach to United States of Promoting Compliance America with the Convention and its Annexed Protocols",
"CCW/GGE/XV/2 Proposal of Amendment President-designate to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects",
"CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1 and Revised draft proposal President-designate CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.2 on Compliance (English only)",
"[1] CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1."
] | CCW_CONF.III_7_ADD.3 | [
"CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.3",
"CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.3",
"13 October 2006",
"SPANISH",
"Original:",
"Geneva, 7-17 November 2006",
"Item 10 of the provisional agenda Introduction of the report of the Panel",
"Governmental Experts",
"PROCEDURE REPORT",
"GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS OF THE EMPLEMENTATION OF CONVENTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS WHICH MAY BE CONSIDERED EXCESSIVELY OR OF INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS",
"Fifteenth session Geneva, 28 August-6 September 2006",
"Addendum",
"REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL",
"GE.06-64785 (E) 311006 311006",
"REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL",
"Mandate",
"1. Paragraph 32 of the report of the Meeting of States Parties held in 2005 (CCW/MSP/2005/2) stipulates that the President-designate shall conduct \"intersessional consultations on possible options for promoting compliance with the Convention and its annexed Protocols, taking into account the proposals made\" and submit \"a report adopted by consensus to the States Parties\".",
"Collaborator of the President",
"2. The President-designate has requested Ambassador Markotić, as a Collaborator of the Chair, to continue his efforts to reach agreement on compliance. The President-designate thanks you for accepting this mission and for the tireless effort that it deploys. With the consent of the States Parties, the President-designate requests him to continue to cooperate until the Review Conference.",
"Progress report",
"3. On the basis of consultations, the revised document \"Project for Amendment to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects\"[1], which will serve as a basis for the work of the Review Conference.",
"4. However, this document is not yet ready for approval. In order to reach a consensus, States parties will still have to resolve four outstanding issues:",
"(i) The question of the procedure for the adoption of the text: by decision or by amendment of the Convention;",
"(ii) The content of part II, paragraphs 6, 7 and 9, of the proposal contained in document CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1.",
"Next phase",
"5. The President-designate and the President ' s Collaborator believe that agreement on a decision can be reached more easily than on an amendment. His view was also that it would not be possible to extend the mandate of the expert group provided for in paragraph 6, nor to further restrict the possibility of transmitting the report as provided for in paragraph 9.",
"6. In connection with paragraph 7, it would be advisable to give due account of the specific manner in which the President-designate contemplates the selection process of the members of the expert group by consultation between the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the requesting State Party.",
"7. In conclusion, the President-designate is of the view that, with a few last-minute changes to be made in paragraphs 6 to 10, States parties should be prepared to reach the Review Conference ready to take a final decision on the basis of document CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1 and, in particular, on the basis of the variant of the Decision.",
"Annex",
"LIST OF DOCUMENTS OF THE GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS ON THE",
"Symbol Title Submitted by CCW/CONF.II/PC.1/WP.8 Annex on Compliance United States of America CCW/CONF.II/PC.3/WP.7 Additional articles on consultations and implementation South Africa CCW/CONF.II/PC.3/WP.8 Compliance Belgium, on behalf of the European Union CCW/GGE/II/WP.7 Working paper on compliance. President-designate CCW/GGE/III/WP.7 Compliance with the Convention Sweden CCW/GGE/V/2 Compliance with the Context of the Greece Convention, on behalf of the European Union CCW/GGE/VIII/2 Discussion paper on compliance President-designate CCW/GGE/VIII/WP.1 Framework Convention: additional articles on consultations and implementation Responses to certain concerns regarding a possible mechanism of compliance with ACC.Memorandum of information on CCW/GGE/IX/WP.1 European Union CCW/GGE/XI/2 Compliance with the President-designate CCW/GGE/XII/3",
"[1] CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1."
] |
[
"[][]",
"Distr. GENERAL",
"FCCC/SBI/2006/24 18 de octubre de 2006",
"ESPAÑOL Original: INGLÉS",
"ÓRGANO SUBSIDIARIO DE EJECUCIÓN",
"25º período de sesiones",
"Nairobi, 6 a 14 de noviembre de 2006",
"Tema 4 b) del programa provisional",
"Comunicaciones nacionales de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I de la Convención",
"Apoyo financiero y técnico",
"Informe del Grupo Consultivo de Expertos sobre las comunicaciones nacionales de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I de la Convención sobre la forma de mejorar el acceso al apoyo financiero y técnico para preparar las comunicaciones nacionales segunda y subsiguientes",
"Nota de la Presidenta del Grupo Consultivo de Expertos sobre las comunicaciones nacionales de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I de la Convención[1]",
"Resumen El Órgano Subsidiario de Ejecución (OSE), en su 23º período desesiones, invitó a las Partes a que facilitaran a la secretaríainformación sobre las actividades y programas en curso, incluidoslos de las fuentes de financiación bilaterales y multilaterales,para que el Grupo Consultivo de Expertos sobre las comunicacionesnacionales de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I de laConvención (GCE) pudiera informar al OSE en su 25º período desesiones, sobre la manera de mejorar el acceso al apoyo financieroy técnico para la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales. \nEl OSE tal vez desee examinar las recomendaciones del GCE alpreparar la orientación sobre la manera de mejorar el acceso alapoyo financiero y técnico para la preparación de lascomunicaciones nacionales de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo Ide la Convención.",
"ÍNDICE",
"Párrafos Página",
"I. Introducción 1 - 2 3",
"A. Mandato 1 3",
"B. Objeto de la nota 2 3",
"II. Antecedentes 3 3",
"III. Marco para la prestación de apoyo a las partes no incluidas en el anexo I en la preparación de sus comunicaciones nacionales 4 - 5 4",
"IV. Prestación de apoyo financiero y técnico 6 - 17 5",
"A. Mecanismos para la prestación de la asistencia financiera y técnica 6 - 13 5",
"B. Apoyo prestado directamente por las Partes incluidas en el anexo II de la Convención 14 - 16 8",
"C. Otras entidades que prestan asistencia financiera y técnica 17 9",
"V. Cuestiones que se consideran importantes para la prestación de apoyo 18 - 19 11",
"VI. Formas de mejorar el acceso al apoyo técnico y financiero para la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales 20 13",
"I. Introducción",
"A. Mandato",
"1. El Órgano Subsidiario de Ejecución (OSE), en su 23º período de sesiones, invitó a las Partes a que facilitaran a la secretaría información sobre las actividades y programas en curso, incluidos los de las fuentes de financiación bilaterales y multilaterales, para que el Grupo Consultivo de Expertos sobre las comunicaciones nacionales de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I de la Convención (GCE) pudiera informar al OSE en su 25º período de sesiones sobre la manera de mejorar el acceso al apoyo financiero y técnico para la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales (FCCC/SBI/2005/23, párr. 30). El OSE, en su 24º período de sesiones, reiteró a las Partes y a las organizaciones internacionales pertinentes su solicitud de que presentaran a la secretaría, a más tardar el 4 de agosto de 2006, información sobre sus actividades acerca de la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales a fin de recopilarlas en un documento de la serie MISC que el OSE examinaría en su 25º período de sesiones (FCCC/SBI/2006/11, párr. 41).",
"B. Objeto de la nota",
"2. En el presente documento se hace una evaluación de las fuentes multilaterales y bilaterales del apoyo financiero y técnico, y de los procesos de prestación de ese apoyo, para la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales segunda y subsiguientes de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I de la Convención (Partes no incluidas en el anexo I), incluidos los estudios y actividades conexos, como la investigación y la observación sistemática.",
"II. Antecedentes",
"3. Esta evaluación por parte del GCE tiene por objeto formular y presentar recomendaciones prácticas sobre la manera de facilitar un mejor acceso al apoyo financiero y técnico para la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales, teniendo presente que la mayoría de los países están comenzando la preparación de sus segundas comunicaciones nacionales. Al 2 de octubre de 2006, se habían presentado a la secretaría 132 comunicaciones nacionales iniciales y 3 segundas comunicaciones nacionales. Según información recibida del Programa de apoyo a las comunicaciones nacionales, proyecto del Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial (FMAM), el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA)[2], 130 países no incluidos en el anexo I se hallan actualmente en las diferentes fases de preparación de sus comunicaciones nacionales, desde las iniciales hasta las terceras, según los casos. De ese total, 87 países están preparando o iniciando las segundas comunicaciones nacionales y 12 han presentado sus propuestas para las segundas comunicaciones nacionales a los organismos de realización del FMAM para su aprobación. Además, 31 países están realizando la autoevaluación.",
"III. Marco para la prestación de apoyo a las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I en la preparación de sus comunicaciones nacionales",
"4. El párrafo 7 del artículo 12 de la Convención establece la base para la prestación de apoyo financiero y técnico a los países no incluidos en el anexo I en la preparación de sus comunicaciones nacionales. Dicho artículo trata de la transmisión de información relacionada con la aplicación de la Convención y estipula que \"[a] partir de su primer período de sesiones, la Conferencia de las Partes tomará disposiciones para facilitar asistencia técnica y financiera a las Partes que son países en desarrollo, a petición de ellas, a efectos de recopilar y presentar información con arreglo a este artículo, así como de determinar las necesidades técnicas y financieras asociadas con los proyectos propuestos y las medidas de respuesta en virtud del artículo 4. Esa asistencia podrá ser proporcionada por otras Partes, por organizaciones internacionales competentes y por la secretaría, según proceda\".",
"Recuadro 1 Principales decisiones de la Conferencia de las Partes relativas ala asistenciafinanciera y técnica para la preparación de las comunicacionesnacionales ----------- ------------------------------------------------------Decisión Directrices para la preparación de las comunicaciones17/CP.8 nacionales de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I dela Convención Decisión Orientación adicional para la entidad encargada del6/CP.8 funcionamiento del mecanismo financiero Decisión Grupo Consultivo de Expertos sobre las comunicaciones3/CP.8 nacionales de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I dela Convención Decisión Otras cuestiones relacionadas con las comunicaciones32/CP.7 de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I de laConvención Decisión Grupo Consultivo de Expertos sobre las comunicaciones31/CP.7 nacionales de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I Decisión Financiación en el marco del Protocolo de Kyoto10/CP.7 Decisión Financiación en el ámbito de la Convención7/CP.7 Decisión Orientación adicional para la entidad encargada del6/CP.7 funcionamiento del mecanismo financiero Decisión Otros asuntos relacionados con las comunicaciones de8/CP.5 las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I de la Convención Decisión Orientación adicional para la entidad encargada del2/CP.4 funcionamiento del mecanismo financiero Decisión Memorando de Entendimiento entre la Conferencia de las12/CP.2 Partes y el Consejo del Fondo para el Medio AmbienteMundial Decisión Orientaciones al Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial11/CP.2 Decisión Comunicaciones de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo10/CP.2 I de la Convención: directrices, facilitación yprocedimiento de examen \nDecisión Orientación inicial sobre políticas, prioridades de11/CP.1 los programas y criterios de aceptabilidad para laentidad o las entidades encargadas del funcionamientodel mecanismo financiero----------- ------------------------------------------------------",
"5. En aplicación del párrafo 7 del artículo 12, la Conferencia de las Partes (CP) adoptó una serie de decisiones en relación con la puesta a disposición y la distribución de la asistencia financiera y técnica, y el acceso a ella, así como la orientación a las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I para la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales (véase el recuadro 1). En particular, en la decisión 17/CP.8 se dan directrices para la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I.",
"IV. Prestación de apoyo financiero y técnico",
"A. Mecanismos para la prestación de la asistencia financiera y técnica",
"6. Tres instituciones, organizaciones o proyectos principales constituyen la base para la prestación de apoyo financiero y técnico a las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I en la preparación de sus comunicaciones nacionales. El FMAM es la entidad encargada del funcionamiento del mecanismo financiero de la CP para el desembolso de la asistencia financiera. El Programa de apoyo a las comunicaciones nacionales presta apoyo técnico y de política a las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I para que mejoren su capacidad en lo que se refiere al cambio climático. Los organismos de realización, o sea, el PNUD, el PNUMA y el Banco Mundial, tienen una función de ejecución en la coordinación de la asistencia financiera y técnica. El GCE tiene el objetivo de mejorar el proceso de preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales segunda y subsiguientes mediante la prestación de asesoramiento y apoyo técnicos a las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I.",
"1. El Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial y sus organismos de realización",
"7. En el artículo 21 de la Convención se estipula que el funcionamiento del mecanismo financiero a que se hace referencia en el artículo 11 se confiará al FMAM. En decisiones adoptadas por la CP en varios períodos de sesiones se han impartido orientaciones al FMAM sobre las modalidades de financiación, y se ha pedido que se dé prioridad al apoyo a las comunicaciones nacionales. En respuesta a la orientación impartida por la Conferencia de las Partes, el FMAM ha elaborado las directrices para la prestación de asistencia financiera y técnica que se indican a continuación.",
"a) Criterios operacionales para las actividades de apoyo: en este documento, que se preparó durante 1995-1996, se propusieron cuatro criterios para acelerar el acceso a la financiación del FMAM (a saber, la cobertura sin duplicación, la ordenación secuencial apropiada, la utilización de buenas prácticas y la eficacia en función de los costos) para la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales iniciales de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I. La financiación puesta a disposición con arreglo a los \"procedimientos acelerados\" fue de un máximo de 350.000 dólares de los EE.UU. por país. También se puso a disposición la financiación del FMAM en el marco de los procedimientos del ciclo completo de los proyectos para la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales iniciales.",
"b) Directrices operacionales para los procedimientos acelerados - Parte II: en este documento, que se elaboró en 1999, se apoyaron medidas provisionales para el fomento de la capacidad en esferas prioritarias en las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I (complementos o adiciones), por lo general por valor de unos 100.000 dólares de los EE.UU. por país.",
"c) Financiación para el programa nacional de adaptación (PNA): la financiación basada en las directrices para la preparación de los PNA (decisión 28/CP.7) gira por lo general en torno a los 220.000 dólares de los EE.UU. La CP, mediante su decisión 5/CP.7, decidió que se prestara apoyo a la elaboración por parte de los países menos adelantados de programas nacionales de adaptación, que constituyeran un medio sencillo y directo para comunicar información sobre los sectores vulnerables y las necesidades de adaptación de los países menos adelantados.",
"d) Financiación de las comunicaciones nacionales (segundas o subsiguientes): con arreglo a los procedimientos acelerados del FMAM, actualmente se dispone de 420.000 dólares de los EE.UU. por país. Esta financiación incluye 15.000 dólares de los EE.UU. para las autoevaluaciones destinadas a preparar propuestas de proyectos para las segundas comunicaciones nacionales. La labor de autoevaluación pretende aumentar la identificación de los países con el proceso de la comunicación nacional, que entraña un balance de las actividades anteriores pertinentes (por ejemplo, el análisis de la comunicación nacional inicial, los PNA, estudios conexos, las iniciativas en curso pertinentes) y amplias consultas con los interesados. También se dispone de financiación del FMAM en el marco de los procedimientos del ciclo completo de los proyectos para la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales.",
"8. El PNUD, el PNUMA y el Banco Mundial son los principales organismos de realización para la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales, al administrar la mayoría de las actividades de apoyo. De esas organizaciones, el PNUD es el encargado de la realización de casi todas las actividades de apoyo. Los organismos de realización, junto con las otras instituciones descritas en esta sección, desempeñan importantes funciones en la elaboración y aprobación de propuestas de actividades de apoyo relativas al cambio climático.",
"2. El Programa de apoyo a las comunicaciones nacionales",
"9. El FMAM puso en marcha en 1998 la primera fase del Programa de apoyo a las comunicaciones nacionales a fin de proporcionar apoyo técnico y de política a las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I para que aumentaran su capacidad en lo referente al cambio climático. El objetivo era mejorar la calidad, exhaustividad y entrega a tiempo de las comunicaciones iniciales de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I. Tras la evaluación positiva de la primera fase del Programa, el FMAM financió una segunda fase, iniciada en junio de 2005, para proporcionar el apoyo técnico y de política pertinente a las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I en la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales segundas, terceras o iniciales, según fuera el caso. Las principales actividades de apoyo realizadas en la fase actual del Programa son las siguientes:",
"a) Orientación sobre la planificación y gestión del proceso de las segundas comunicaciones nacionales;",
"b) Preparación y difusión de documentos de orientación sobre cuestiones técnicas y de política;",
"c) Prestación de apoyo técnico a distancia y en el lugar;",
"d) Determinación y difusión de prácticas óptimas a partir de las experiencias de los países;",
"e) Facilitación de los debates y el aprendizaje en línea;",
"f) Examen técnico de los proyectos de comunicaciones nacionales e informes técnicos sectoriales;",
"g) Talleres sobre el comienzo del proceso de las segundas comunicaciones nacionales y sobre esferas temáticas;",
"h) Capacitación práctica específica sobre componentes concretos de la comunicación nacional, a solicitud de los países.",
"3. El Grupo Consultivo de Expertos sobre las comunicaciones nacionales de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I",
"10. El Grupo Consultivo de Expertos fue establecido por la Conferencia de las Partes en su quinto período de sesiones (decisión 8/CP.5). En su octavo período de sesiones, la CP revisó las atribuciones del GCE. Reconociendo el útil papel desempeñado por el GCE al ayudar a las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I a mejorar el proceso de preparación de sus comunicaciones nacionales, la CP decidió prorrogar el mandato del Grupo y revisó sus atribuciones (decisión 3/CP.8). De conformidad con su nuevo mandato, el objetivo del GCE es mejorar el proceso de preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales segunda y subsiguientes, proporcionando asesoramiento y apoyo técnicos a las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I. Las actividades específicas son las siguientes:",
"a) Determinar y evaluar los problemas y limitaciones técnicas que hayan repercutido en la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales iniciales de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I que todavía no las hayan terminado.",
"b) Determinar y evaluar, según proceda, las dificultades con que hayan tropezado las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I en la utilización de las directrices y metodologías para la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales y formular recomendaciones para introducir mejoras.",
"c) Examinar las comunicaciones nacionales presentadas a la secretaría, en particular la descripción de las cuestiones analíticas y metodológicas, incluidos los problemas y limitaciones técnicas de la preparación y notificación de los inventarios de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), las actividades de mitigación, las evaluaciones de la vulnerabilidad y la adaptación y otras informaciones, con miras a mejorar la coherencia de la información facilitada, la recogida de datos, el uso de los factores de emisión y los datos de actividad locales y regionales y el desarrollo de metodologías.",
"d) Brindar asesoramiento y apoyo técnicos, organizando y llevando a cabo talleres, incluidos talleres de capacitación práctica a nivel regional o subregional, sobre los de inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero, la vulnerabilidad y adaptación y la mitigación, así como de capacitación en la utilización de las directrices para la preparación de las segundas comunicaciones nacionales y comunicaciones nacionales posteriores de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I.",
"e) Examinar las actividades y programas en curso, incluidos los de las fuentes de financiación multilateral y bilateral, a fin de facilitar y apoyar la preparación de las segundas comunicaciones nacionales y comunicaciones nacionales posteriores de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I.",
"f) Brindar asesoramiento técnico al OSE acerca de las cuestiones relativas a la aplicación de la Convención por las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I.",
"g) Elaborar el programa de los talleres y reuniones, con asistencia de la secretaría, para garantizar un tratamiento adecuado de las cuestiones señaladas en el mandato. Los expertos y especialistas de estos talleres se seleccionarán a partir de la lista de expertos. De considerarse necesario, podrá invitarse a otros expertos con reconocimiento internacional.",
"11. El GCE está integrado por 24 miembros: 5 representan a África y otros tantos a Asia y el Pacífico y a América Latina y el Caribe; 6 representan a Partes del anexo I; y otros 3 a una organización internacional cada uno. Para facilitar su labor, el GCE estableció los siguientes cuatro grupos temáticos: inventarios nacionales de GEI; evaluaciones de la vulnerabilidad y la adaptación; mitigación; y cuestiones intersectoriales, que incluyen la investigación y la observación sistemática, la transferencia de tecnología, el fomento de la capacidad, la educación, capacitación y sensibilización del público, la información y el trabajo en redes, y el apoyo financiero y técnico.",
"12. Las actividades del GCE han consistido en examinar las comunicaciones nacionales de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I; realizar talleres regionales de capacitación práctica en los inventarios de GEI, las evaluaciones de la vulnerabilidad y la adaptación y las evaluaciones de la mitigación en el contexto de la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales; y preparar informes técnicos al OSE sobre, por ejemplo, el mejoramiento del acceso al apoyo financiero y técnico para la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales. El GCE está ejecutando actualmente su programa de trabajo para el período 2003-2007.",
"13. En el marco de su apoyo técnico a las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I, el GCE ha celebrado, desde su establecimiento, un taller de capacitación directa de carácter mundial (sobre la mitigación) y seis de carácter regional (sobre la vulnerabilidad y la adaptación y los inventarios nacionales de GEI). En total se ha impartido capacitación a 325 expertos de 125 Partes no incluidas en el anexo I.",
"B. Apoyo prestado directamente por las Partes incluidas en el anexo II de la Convención",
"14. El artículo 4 de la Convención abarca la asistencia que las Partes incluidas en el anexo II de la Convención (Partes del anexo II) deberían prestar para concluir las actividades señaladas en las comunicaciones nacionales y para ayudar a los países particularmente vulnerables al cambio climático. También comprende la asistencia técnica en esferas como el fortalecimiento de la capacidad y la transferencia de tecnologías ecológicamente racionales.",
"15. Las Partes del anexo II consideran que las comunicaciones nacionales son la principal fuente de información sobre el cambio climático en los países en desarrollo, ya que proporcionan información importante sobre las actividades y los programas para hacer frente al cambio climático y las estrategias para reducir los riesgos conexos, así como información sobre las actividades y necesidades de fomento de la capacidad.",
"16. Hay varios ejemplos (el número crece continuamente) de Partes del anexo II que prestan apoyo técnico directo, además de las otras formas de financiación. Ese apoyo técnico de las Partes del anexo II se proporciona de diversas maneras, como se indica en el cuadro 1. En la mayoría de los casos, se trata de apoyo de carácter técnico prestado con el objetivo de promover una mayor conciencia y capacidad de investigación en las diversas esferas del estudio del cambio climático (a saber, los inventarios de GEI, el análisis de la mitigación de los GEI y las evaluaciones de la vulnerabilidad y la adaptación). Ese apoyo también concierne a la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales y al fortalecimiento de la capacidad institucional y humana.",
"Cuadro 1",
"Apoyo prestado por Partes del anexo II al proceso de las comunicaciones nacionales de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I",
"Tipo de asistencia técnica Ejemplos de proyectos Fomento de la capacidadinstitucional deorganismos/organizaciones\t- Ayuda en la elaboración deaplicaciones para lafinanciación del FMAM \n\t- Establecimiento deinfraestructura institucionalpara la preparación de lassegundas comunicacionesnacionalesDesarrollo de recursos humanos yformación de expertos nacionales\t- Apoyo a los expertos para elexamen de las comunicacionesnacionales de las Partes noincluidas en el anexo I - Apoyo a estudios del cambioclimático específico paraexpertos/institucionesnacionales \n\t- Financiación de cursos decapacitación en estrategiaspara hacer frente al cambioclimático\nDesarrollo de bases de datos(inventarios de GEI,vulnerabilidad y adaptación,mitigación)\t- Ayuda a las Partes pararecuperar registrosclimáticos\nInventario de gases de efectoinvernadero\t- Ayuda a las Partes adesarrollar su capacidad paramedir las emisiones y elsecuestro de carbono ensistemas terrestresEvaluación de las medidas de lavulnerabilidad y la adaptación\t- Contribución a proyectos devigilancia del cambioclimático \n\t- Establecimiento de proyectosexperimentales dedemostración de iniciativasprácticas de adaptaciónEvaluación de las opciones demitigación\t- Contribución a talleres decapacitación en la mitigaciónde los GEI \n\t- Promoción y organización dela participación de expertos\nInvestigación y observaciónsistemática, incluidos serviciosmeteorológicos, hidrológicos yclimatológicos\t- Establecimiento de un sistemaregional de información sobreel clima- Fortalecimiento de lacapacidad regional paravigilar y analizar loscambios en la cubiertaterrestre/el uso de la tierraEducación, capacitación ysensibilización del público\t- Contribución a talleresregionales sobre el artículo6 de la Convención - Contribución al desarrollo yla puesta en práctica de lared de intercambio deinformación sobre el cambioclimático (CC: iNet) - Organización de actividadesparalelas a las Conferenciasde las Partes para destacarla asistencia prestada porlas Partes del anexo I, losbeneficios colaterales de lasobservaciones del clima parala adopción de decisiones ylos ejemplos de fomento de lacapacidad local \n\t- Movilización de losinteresadosEvaluaciones de las necesidadesde tecnología: plan deaplicación\t- Determinación de laspolíticas y tecnologías quereducen a la vez lacontaminación local del airey las emisiones de gases deefecto invernadero - Difusión de nuevastecnologías mediante lapromoción de un comercioambientalmente sostenible \n\t- Asociaciones en pro de laenergía renovable y laeficiencia energéticaCreación de redes de información\t- Redes regionales para mejorarla calidad de los inventariosde GEI - Establecimiento deinvestigaciones sobre laadaptación centradas enregiones específicas - Celebración de talleres paraintercambiar información ycrear redes regionales \n\t- Promoción de losconocimientos, la capacidad yel trabajo en redes en África\nDesarrollo de programasnacionales sobre el cambioclimático\t- Examen de la experienciainternacional y elaboraciónde prácticas óptimas deinterés para las Partes noincluidas en el anexo I,ayuda en el desarrollo deprogramas nacionales sobre elcambio climático\nIntercambio de información entreorganismos\t- Celebración de debatesconjuntos sobre el cambioclimático (Partes del anexo Iy no incluidas en el anexo I)",
"C. Otras entidades que prestan asistencia financiera y técnica",
"17. Varias otras organizaciones multilaterales prestan un apoyo técnico y financiero útil para la elaboración de las comunicaciones nacionales. La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación, la Organización Mundial de la Salud y el Instituto de las Naciones Unidas para Formación Profesional e Investigaciones brindan principalmente apoyo técnico consistente en bases de datos y/o capacitación, así como otros modos de información e instrumentos para preparar los inventarios de GEI, las evaluaciones de la vulnerabilidad y la adaptación y las evaluaciones de la mitigación con vistas a elaborar las comunicaciones nacionales. En el cuadro 2 se presentan ejemplos de programas e iniciativas realizados por estas entidades.",
"Cuadro 2",
"Detalles de la asistencia financiera y técnica prestada por diversas organizaciones multilaterales",
"OrganizacionesMultilaterales\tAsistenciafinanciera\tAsistenciatécnica\tEjemplos de programasPrograma de lasNaciones Unidaspara el MedioAmbiente\t√\t√\t• Estudios monográficos depaíses sobre las fuentes ylos sumideros de gases deefecto invernadero • Aspectos económicos delas reducciones de losgases de efecto invernadero • Estudios de países sobrelos efectos del cambioclimático y lasevaluaciones de laadaptación \n • Centro Risø sobreenergía, clima y desarrollososteniblePrograma de lasNaciones Unidaspara el MedioAmbiente\t√\t√\t• Programa de apoyo a lascomunicaciones nacionales• Estrategia de mínimocosto de reducción de losgases de efecto invernaderoen Asia • Fomento de la capacidaden el Magreb/Áfricasubsahariana • China: estudio de controlde las emisiones de losgases de efecto invernadero \n • India: opciones eficacesy económicas para limitarlas emisiones de gases deefecto invernaderoInstituto de lasNaciones Unidaspara FormaciónProfesional eInvestigaciones\t√\t√\t• Fomento de la capacidaden relación con el cambioclimático‑Plataforma decolaboración (C3D)• Fomento de la capacidaden apoyo de la adaptaciónal cambio climático • CC: Train • Cursos de formación envulnerabilidad y adaptación • Talleres de elaboraciónde políticas \n • Talleres técnicos \nOrganizaciónmeteorológicamundial √\t• Sistema Mundial deObservación del Clima, encooperación con el Programade las Naciones Unidas parael Medio Ambiente, laOrganización de lasNaciones Unidas para laEducación, la Ciencia y laCultura y el ConsejoInternacional para laCiencia\nOrganización delas NacionesUnidas para laAgricultura y laAlimentación √\t• Talleres y seminarios defomento de la capacidadsobre la forestación yreforestación y elmecanismo para undesarrollo limpioBanco Mundial √\t• Programas de formaciónpara especialistas encambio climático \n • Base de datos en línea:Indicadores de desarrollomundial\nOrganizaciónMundial de laSalud √\t• Carga de morbilidadatribuible al medioambiente",
"V. Cuestiones que se consideran importantes para la prestación de apoyo",
"18. Sobre la base de la información proporcionada en los informes de recopilación y síntesis de las comunicaciones nacionales y los informes del GCE al Órgano Subsidiario de Ejecución, las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I consideraron que se requería apoyo financiero y técnico en las siguientes esferas[3]:",
"a) Fomento de la capacidad institucional: asistencia financiera y técnica relativa a las necesidades de fortalecimiento de la capacidad de los organismos y organizaciones nacionales que se prevé participarán en la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales siguientes;",
"b) Desarrollo de recursos humanos y formación de expertos nacionales: asistencia financiera y técnica relativa a las necesidades de fortalecimiento de la capacidad de los consultores, expertos y especialistas nacionales que se prevé participarán en la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales;",
"c) Bases de datos: establecimiento y gestión de bases de datos técnicos y administrativos que podrían utilizarse durante la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales segunda y subsiguientes;",
"d) Inventarios de GEI: asistencia financiera y técnica para el desarrollo de los inventarios de las fuentes y los sumideros de emisiones de GEI, incluidos los factores de emisión;",
"e) Evaluaciones de la vulnerabilidad y la adaptación: asistencia financiera y técnica para la aplicación y el análisis de métodos e instrumentos de evaluación de la vulnerabilidad y la adaptación;",
"f) Evaluación de las opciones de mitigación: asistencia técnica para la aplicación y el análisis de métodos e instrumentos de evaluación de la reducción de los GEI y de los aspectos relativos a los costos de las tecnologías para reducir las emisiones de esos gases;",
"g) Aplicación de la mitigación: asistencia técnica en la formulación de proyectos y la identificación de tecnologías para reducir las emisiones de GEI;",
"h) Investigación y observación sistemática: asistencia financiera y técnica con el fin de desarrollar y mantener la capacidad necesaria para realizar actividades continuas de investigación y observación sistemática del cambio climático;",
"i) Educación, capacitación y sensibilización del público: asistencia técnica para elaborar estrategias que aumenten a nivel nacional los conocimientos sobre las cuestiones y desafíos del cambio climático;",
"j) Evaluaciones de las necesidades de tecnología y elaboración del plan de aplicación: asistencia financiera y técnica para estudiar las tecnologías potenciales que podrían ser más adecuadas para alcanzar los objetivos de mitigación de los GEI y adaptación al cambio climático;",
"k) Creación de redes de información: apoyo al mantenimiento de repositorios centrales y fácilmente accesibles de la información necesaria para realizar los estudios y evaluaciones relacionados con el cambio climático;",
"l) Desarrollo de programas nacionales sobre el cambio climático: apoyo para desarrollar programas e iniciativas nacionales sobre el cambio climático mediante la coordinación de los distintos ministerios y organismos;",
"m) Intercambio de información: apoyo para lograr que los especialistas nacionales tengan la oportunidad de participar en las redes de intercambio de información.",
"Otras cuestiones/problemas importantes con que se tropieza en la prestación de asistencia",
"19. Para entender la gama de cuestiones que afectan a la prestación de apoyo financiero y técnico en la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I, se consultó a representantes del Programa de apoyo a las comunicaciones nacionales y de algunas Partes del anexo II. Además, la secretaría de la Convención llevó a cabo una encuesta mediante cuestionarios dirigidos a las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I, las Partes del anexo II y organismos multilaterales. De esos procesos consultivos se desprenden diversos mensajes relacionados con la política, que se resumen a continuación:",
"a) Comunicación: el Programa de apoyo a las comunicaciones nacionales señaló que sigue tropezando con dificultades para evaluar y entender las necesidades específicas relacionadas con la asistencia técnica, debido en gran parte a que las respuestas de los países son a veces vagas o no suficientemente detalladas;",
"b) Tiempo de respuesta: el Programa de apoyo a las comunicaciones nacionales determinó que había dos tipos de retraso que limitaban la eficacia en la prestación de asistencia técnica: el retraso en la preparación de las propuestas de proyectos una vez que se habían proporcionado a los países los fondos para la autoevaluación; y retrasos a nivel nacional en el comienzo de la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales una vez aprobada la propuesta por el organismo de realización;",
"c) Capacidad: El Programa de apoyo a las comunicaciones nacionales indicó que en muchos países la capacidad técnica para presentar una segunda comunicación nacional de buena calidad aún debía reforzarse.",
"Ello indica la necesidad de emprender un examen crítico que permita determinar las estrategias para abordar esferas problemáticas concretas, como la ineficiencia de la coordinación de los organismos nacionales, las dificultades para realizar la autoevaluación y el fortalecimiento del compromiso institucional. Ello ayudaría a armonizar las expectativas de financiación de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I con los criterios de financiación de los proyectos utilizados por los donantes.",
"VI. Formas de mejorar el acceso al apoyo técnico y financiero para la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales",
"20. El GCE determinó que las siguientes cuestiones eran importantes para mejorar el acceso al apoyo financiero y técnico al proceso de las comunicaciones nacionales:",
"a) Vinculación con la reducción de la pobreza y el desarrollo sostenible. La labor relativa a las comunicaciones nacionales debería ayudar a las iniciativas ambientales que fortalecen la aplicación de estrategias de reducción de la pobreza y el desarrollo sostenible a lograr una mayor aceptación. Por consiguiente, en los componentes de las comunicaciones nacionales deberían estudiarse expresamente las vinculaciones entre la pobreza, el medio ambiente y el cambio climático. Si se tienen debidamente en cuenta los objetivos de desarrollo, deberían lograrse sinergias entre las medidas orientadas a hacer frente al cambio climático y las orientadas al desarrollo. En particular, las cuestiones relacionadas con las estrategias de subsistencia y la seguridad alimentaria revisten importancia extrema. A este respecto, y teniendo en cuenta que los arreglos institucionales varían de un país a otro, se requieren fuertes vínculos entre la entidad de enlace para el cambio climático y los ministerios e instituciones encargados de establecer las políticas y los planes, así como los objetivos sectoriales que incluyen a los organismos de realización, como condición imprescindible para integrar las preocupaciones relativas al cambio climático en los diálogos de política y como medio para atraer apoyo bilateral a las actividades relacionadas con las comunicaciones nacionales.",
"b) Continuidad dentro de los países. Habida cuenta de que las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I destacaron que mantener la continuidad de las actividades del cambio climático es muy importante y que pueden producirse interrupciones entre la terminación de una comunicación y el inicio del siguiente conjunto de actividades relacionadas con el cambio climático, deberían adoptarse medidas para institucionalizar el proceso de las comunicaciones nacionales en las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I con el fin de garantizar, entre otras cosas, la continuidad en la preparación de los diversos elementos de esas comunicaciones. Deberían establecerse estructuras institucionales nacionales permanentes y una cooperación intersectorial para la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales, que se \"mantengan en vida\" después de terminadas las segundas comunicaciones nacionales. En algunos casos, puede ser necesario fortalecer la capacidad técnica, la continuidad y el perfil de las entidades de enlace nacionales.",
"c) Continuidad de la financiación. Las estructuras institucionales y la cooperación intersectorial establecidas durante el proceso de preparación de la comunicación nacional pueden mantenerse sólo si la estructura financiera de apoyo no deja de existir. Por lo tanto, será importante que la Conferencia de las Partes adopte decisiones sobre la financiación en las primeras etapas del proceso de las comunicaciones nacionales, a fin de que se disponga de los fondos, con toda seguridad, bastante antes del inicio efectivo del proceso de las comunicaciones siguientes.",
"d) Reducción del tiempo requerido en las diversas etapas del acceso a la financiación del FMAM para preparar las comunicaciones nacionales. Varias Partes consultadas subrayaron la importancia de que se preste atención al tiempo que tardaron las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I en terminar sus comunicaciones nacionales iniciales. Sería conveniente acortar el proceso que va desde la autoevaluación hasta la presentación, y asegurar que el trabajo en las comunicaciones siguientes comience poco después. Ello ayudaría a mantener el impulso alcanzado en las actividades relativas al cambio climático y también a mantener intacto el equipo técnico y de gestión.",
"e) Reducción de los tiempos de respuesta. Varios países indicaron que la continuidad, la capacidad de las entidades de enlace y el compromiso nacional se verían fortalecidos si se acortara el tiempo de respuesta entre la presentación de la propuesta y la liberación de los fondos para iniciar las actividades. Se requiere un proceso expedito de revisión de las propuestas de proyectos, y el proceso de formulación y ejecución de las propuestas de proyectos debe seguir siendo flexible y simple.",
"f) Maximización de la sinergia. Muchas Partes del anexo II ya están llevando a cabo una serie de programas y cursos de formación que están vinculados con componentes de las comunicaciones nacionales. Las entidades que realizan las actividades de capacitación relacionadas con el proceso de las comunicaciones deberían coordinarse entre sí, a fin de que se saque partido de las posibilidades que ofrecen.",
"g) Fomento de la formación de instructores. Las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I subrayaron que la formación de expertos nacionales es una alta prioridad, que debe destacarse en la futura orientación estratégica del apoyo financiero y técnico. En lo posible debería evitarse el recurso a expertos internacionales. La formación de instructores locales debería continuar y recibir más atención en el futuro.",
"h) Mejoramiento de la coordinación de los organismos multilaterales. Algunos países han propuesto que se establezca un foro multilateral para mejorar la coordinación de la asistencia técnica prestada a las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I para la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales segunda y subsiguientes.",
"i) Mitigación de la falta de personal. Se ha señalado que no resulta posible contratar a expertos de dedicación exclusiva para la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales. La competencia técnica requerida sólo existe, por lo general, en las instituciones académicas y técnicas. Pero esas personas, al ser funcionarios de jornada completa de las instituciones, pueden dedicar sólo poco tiempo a las actividades relacionadas con las comunicaciones nacionales. El acortamiento del ciclo de los proyectos y la garantía de la continuidad ayudarían a subsanar este problema.",
"j) Facilitación de intercambio de información. Debe desarrollarse y mantenerse una base de datos internacional sobre las iniciativas de capacitación relacionadas con el cambio climático disponibles en los países donantes. Una base de datos bien desarrollada ayudaría a los donantes a planificar los programas de asistencia de manera más eficaz, y a los beneficiarios a aprovechar mejor las sinergias entre las oportunidades de recibir apoyo para el proceso de las comunicaciones nacionales, como las iniciativas de capacitación de las Partes del anexo II. Con este fin, el GCE tiene la intención de desarrollar[4], en consulta con la secretaría y en función de la disponibilidad de recursos financieros, un sitio específico, dentro del sitio web ya existente de la secretaría, con el fin de difundir información sobre la asistencia prestada por programas de apoyo bilaterales y multilaterales para la preparación de las comunicaciones nacionales.",
"k) Disponibilidad de documentos técnicos traducidos. Algunas Partes no incluidas en el anexo I subrayaron que demasiado material técnico (por ejemplo, métodos, instrumentos, manuales, programas informáticos, etc.) que es esencial para realizar los análisis técnicos está disponible sólo en inglés. Deberían ponerse a disposición más fondos para traducir los documentos de orientación técnica fundamentales a los seis idiomas de las Naciones Unidas.",
"l) Insistencia en la calidad. Podría prestarse más apoyo a las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I en la preparación de sus comunicaciones nacionales si existiera un conjunto de criterios relativamente claros para definir lo que constituye un producto de alta calidad. Actualmente la calidad de las comunicaciones nacionales varía considerablemente, incluso si se tiene en cuenta que la vulnerabilidad, la adaptación y otras evaluaciones pueden variar de país en país. Un conocimiento más claro de los requisitos de calidad aumentaría la confianza en que la asistencia prestada se traduzca directamente en logros mensurables.",
"[1] ^(*) Este documento se presentó después del plazo previsto debido a la fecha de celebración de la reunión del Grupo Consultivo de Expertos.",
"GE.06-64607 (S) 021106 041106",
"[2] Basada en el documento titulado Technical Support Activities undertaken by the National Communication Support Programme (NCSP), que se preparó para la séptima reunión del GCE, celebrada en Pretoria (Sudáfrica) los días 25 y 26 de septiembre de 2006.",
"[3] Véase la sexta recopilación y síntesis de las comunicaciones nacionales iniciales de las Partes no incluidas en el anexo I de la Convención (FCCC/SBI/2005/18 y Add.1 a 6).",
"[4] Véase FCCC/SBI/2003/8, párr. 57 f)."
] | [
"[] UNITED \n NATIONS \n [] Distr. \n GENERAL \n FCCC/SBI/2006/24 \n 18 October 2006 \n Original: English \n \nSUBSIDIARYBODYFORIMPLEMENTATION \nTwenty-fifthsession \nNairobi,6–14November2006 \nItem4 (b)oftheprovisionalagenda \nNationalcommunicationsfromPartiesnotincludedinAnnexI totheConvention \nProvisionoffinancialandtechnicalsupport",
"Report by the Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention on ways to improve access to financial and technical support to prepare second and subsequent national communications",
"Note by the Chair of the Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention[1]",
"Contents",
"Paragraphs Page",
"I. Introduction 1–2 3",
"A. Mandate 1 3",
"B. Scope 2 3",
"II. Background 3 3",
"III. Framework for the provision of support to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of national communications 4–5 3",
"IV. Delivery of financial and technical support 6–17 4",
"A. Mechanisms in place to deliver financial and technical assistance 6–13 4",
"B. Support provided directly by Parties included in Annex II to the Convention 14–16 7",
"C. Other entities providing financial and technical assistance 17 8",
"V. Issues identified as important for the delivery of support 18–19 9",
"VI. Ways of improving access to financial and technical support for preparing national communications 20 11",
"I. Introduction",
"A. Mandate",
"1. The Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI), at its twenty-third session, invited Parties to provide information to the secretariat on existing activities and programmes, including those of bilateral and multilateral funding sources, to enable the Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention (CGE) to report to the SBI at its twenty-fifth session on ways to improve access to financial and technical support provided for the preparation of national communications (FCCC/SBI/2005/23, para. 30). The SBI, at its twenty-fourth session, reiterated its request to Parties and relevant international organizations to submit to the secretariat, by 4 August 2006, information on their activities relating to the preparation of national communications, for compilation into a miscellaneous document for consideration by the SBI at its twenty-fifth session (FCCC/SBI/2006/11, para. 41).",
"B. Scope",
"1. This document assesses multilateral and bilateral sources of and processes for the delivery of financial and technical support for second and subsequent national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention (non-Annex I Parties) including the related studies and activities, such as research and systematic observation.",
"II. Background",
"1. This assessment by the CGE is intended to formulate and present practical recommendations on ways to facilitate improved access to financial and technical support for preparing national communications, bearing in mind that most countries are embarking on the preparation of their second national communication. As at 2 October 2006, 132 initial national communications and three second national communications have been submitted to the secretariat. Information received from the National Communications Support Programme (NCSP), a project of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)[2], indicates that 130 non-Annex I countries are currently involved in the different stages of the preparation of their initial national communications and third national communications, as appropriate. Out of this number, 87 are preparing or initiating the second national communications and 12 have submitted their proposals for second national communications to the implementing agencies of the GEF for approval. In addition, 31 countries are involved in the self-assessment exercise.",
"III. Framework for the provision of support to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of national communications",
"1. Article 12, paragraph 7, of the Convention provides the basis for technical and financial support of non-Annex I countries in developing their national communications. This article addresses the communication of information relating to implementation of the Convention and states that “From its first session, the Conference of the Parties shall arrange for the provision to developing country Parties of technical and financial support, on request, in compiling and communicating information under this",
"Article, as well as in identifying the technical and financial needs associated with proposed projects and response measures under Article 4. Such support may be provided by other Parties, by competent international organizations and by the secretariat, as appropriate.”",
"2. Pursuant to Article 12, paragraph 7, the Conference of the Parties (COP) adopted a number of decisions to address the availability and distribution of and access to financial and technical assistance, as well as guidance to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of national communications (see box 1). In particular, decision 17/CP.8 provides the guidelines for the preparation of national communications from non-Annex I Parties.",
"IV. Delivery of financial and technical support",
"A. Mechanisms in place to deliver financial and technical assistance",
"1. There are three major institutions, organizations or projects that represent the basis for the provision of financial and technical support to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of their national communications. The GEF serves as an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the COP for the disbursement of financial assistance. The NCSP provides non-Annex I Parties with technical and policy support to enhance their capacity with regard to climate change. Implementing agencies – i.e., UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank have an implementation role in the coordination of financial and technical assistance. The CGE has the objective of improving the process of preparation of the second and subsequent national communications by providing technical advice and support to non-Annex I Parties.",
"1. The Global Environment Facility and its implementing agencies",
"1. Article 21 of the Convention states that the operation of the financial mechanism referred to in Article 11 will be entrusted to the GEF. Decisions taken by the COP in several sessions have provided guidance to the GEF on funding modalities, and have directed that priority be given to the support of national communications. In response to guidance from the COP, the GEF has developed the following guidelines for the delivery of financial and technical assistance.",
"a. Operational criteria for enabling activities: this document was developed during 1995–96 and proposed four criteria for expediting access to GEF funding (i.e., coverage without duplication, appropriate overall sequencing, good practice and cost-effectiveness) for the preparation of initial national communications of non-Annex I Parties. Funding under “expedited procedures” was USD 350,000 maximum per country. GEF funding following full project cycle procedures was also made available for the preparation of initial national communications.",
"b. Operational Guidelines for Expedited Procedures – Part II: this document was developed in 1999 and supported interim measures for capacity-building in priority areas in non-Annex I Parties (add-ons or top-ups), typically about USD 100,000 per country.",
"c. Funding for the national adaptation programme of action (NAPA): Funding based on the guidelines for the preparation of NAPAs (decision 28/CP.7) is typically about USD 220,000. The COP, by its decision 5/CP.7, decided that support should be provided for the development, by the least developed countries, of NAPAs which will serve as a simplified and direct channel of communication of information relating to the vulnerabilities and adaptation needs of the least developed countries.",
"d. Financing for national communications (second or subsequent): Under GEF expedited procedures, USD 420,000 per country is currently available. This funding includes USD 15,000 for self-assessment exercises to prepare second national communications project proposals. The self-assessment exercises seek to enhance country ownership of the national communication process, which involves stocktaking of previous relevant activities (e.g. analysis of the initial national communication, NAPAs, related studies, ongoing relevant initiatives) and extensive consultations with stakeholders. GEF funding following full project cycle procedures is also available for the preparation of national communications.",
"2. UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank are the key implementing agencies for the preparation of national communications through the administration of most enabling activities. Of these organizations, UNDP is responsible for the implementation of most enabling activities. The implementing agencies, together with the other institutions described in this section, play important roles in the development and approval of enabling activity proposals relating to climate change.",
"2. The National Communication Support Programme",
"1. The first phase of the NCSP was launched by GEF in 1998 to provide non-Annex I Parties with technical and policy support to enhance their capacity with regard to climate change. It was established with the objective of improving the quality, comprehensiveness and timely delivery of initial communications from non-Annex I Parties. Following the positive evaluation of the first phase of the NCSP, a second phase was funded by the GEF and launched in June 2005 to provide technical and policy relevant support to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of second, third, or initial, as appropriate,",
"national communications. Major support activities undertaken by the current phase of the NCSP include:",
"a. Guidance on the planning and management of the second national communications process;",
"b. Preparation and dissemination of technical and policy-relevant guidance documents;",
"c. Provision of distance and on-site technical backstopping;",
"d. Identification and dissemination of best practices from country experiences;",
"e. Facilitation of online discussions and learning;",
"f. Technical review of draft national communications and sectoral technical reports;",
"g. Workshops on the initiation of the second national communications process and on thematic areas;",
"h. Targeted hands-on training for specific components of the national communication, on the basis from countries requests.",
"3. The Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from non-Annex I Parties",
"1. The CGE was established by the COP at its fifth session (decision 8/CP.5). At its eighth session, the COP reviewed the terms of reference of the CGE. In recognition of the helpful role that the CGE has played in assisting non-Annex I Parties to improve the process of the preparation of their national communications, the COP decided to continue the mandate of the CGE and revised its terms of reference (decision 3/CP.8). Under its new mandate, the objective of the CGE is to improve the process of the preparation of the second and subsequent national communications, by providing technical advice and support to non-Annex I Parties. Specific activities include the following:",
"a. Identify and assess technical problems and constraints that have affected the preparation of initial national communications by non-Annex I Parties that have yet to complete them;",
"b. Identify and assess, as appropriate, the difficulties encountered by non-Annex I Parties in the use of the guidelines and methodologies for the preparation of national communications and make recommendations for their improvement;",
"c. Examine national communications submitted to the secretariat, in particular the description of analytical and methodological issues, including technical problems and constraints in the preparation and reporting of greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, mitigation activities, vulnerability and adaptation (V&A) assessments and other information, with a view to improving the consistency of the information provided, data collection, the use of local and regional emission factors and activity data and the development of methodologies;",
"d. Provide technical advice and support, by organizing and conducting workshops, including hands-on training workshops at the regional or subregional level, on national GHG inventories, V&A and mitigation, as well as training on the use of the guidelines for the preparation of second and subsequent national communications by non-Annex I Parties;",
"e. Review existing activities and programmes, including those of multilateral and bilateral funding sources, to facilitate and support the preparation of second and subsequent national communications by non-Annex I Parties;",
"f. Provide technical advice to the SBI on matters relating to the implementation of the Convention by non-Annex I Parties;",
"g. Develop the agenda for workshops and meetings with the assistance of the secretariat, to ensure adequate coverage of issues identified in the mandate. Experts and resource persons at these workshops will be drawn from the roster of experts. If deemed necessary, other experts of international standing may be invited.",
"2. The CGE is composed of 24 members representing the following: five members each from Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean; six members from Annex I Parties; one member each from three international organizations. To facilitate its work, the CGE set up the following four thematic groups: national GHG inventories; V&A assessments; mitigation; and cross-cutting issues, which include research and systematic observation, technology transfer, capacity-building, education, training and public awareness, information and networking, and financial and technical support.",
"3. The activities of the CGE have included examining national communications of non-Annex I Parties; conducting regional hands-on training workshops on GHG inventories, V&A assessments and mitigation assessments in the context of the preparation of national communications; and preparing technical reports to the SBI on, for example, improving access to financial and technical support for the preparation of national communications. The CGE is presently implementing its work programme for the period 2003–2007.",
"4. In providing technical support to non-Annex I Parties, the CGE has conducted one global (mitigation) and six regional (V&A and national GHG inventories) hands-on training workshops since its establishment. This represents a total of 325 experts from 125 non-Annex I Parties that have been trained.",
"B. Support provided directly by Parties included in Annex II to the Convention",
"1. Article 4 of the Convention covers the assistance that Parties included in Annex II to the Convention (Annex II Parties) should provide for completing activities reported in national communications and to countries particularly vulnerable to climate change. It also includes technical assistance in areas such as capacity strengthening and technology transfer of environmentally sound technologies.",
"2. Annex II Parties consider national communications as the key source of information on climate change in developing countries since they provide important information on activities and programmes addressing climate change and strategies to reduce climate change risks, as well as information on capacity-building efforts and needs.",
"3. There are several examples (the number continues to grow) in which Annex II Parties are directly providing technical support in addition to other avenues of funding. Technical support from Annex I Parties is provided in a number of forms, as outlined in table 1. In almost all cases, this support is technical in nature and provided with the objective of promoting a greater awareness of and stronger research capability in the various areas of climate change study (i.e., GHG inventories, GHG mitigation analysis and V&A assessments). It is also relevant to the preparation of national communications and for strengthening institutional and human capacity.",
"Table 1. Support provided by Annex II Parties for the national communications process of non-Annex I Parties",
"Type of technicalassistance\tExamples of projects\nInstitutionalcapacity-building ofagencies/organizations\t- Help in drafting applications for GEFfunding- Establishing institutional infrastructurefor preparation of second nationalcommunicationsHuman resourcedevelopment ofnational experts\t- Supporting experts to examine nationalcommunications from non-Annex I Parties- Supporting climate change studiestargeting national experts/institutions \n\t- Funding training courses on climatechange strategies\nDatabase development(GHG inventory, V&A,mitigation)\t- Helping Parties to rescue climate records\nGreenhouse gasinventory\t- Helping Parties develop capacity tomeasure carbon emissions andsequestration from land-based systemsAssessment of V&Ameasures\t- Contributing to climate change monitoringprojects \n\t- Establishing pilot projects todemonstrate practical adaptationinitiativesAssessment ofmitigation options\t- Contributing to CGE mitigation trainingworkshops \n\t- Encouraging and organizing participationof experts\nResearch andsystematicobservation,includingmeteorological,hydrological andclimatologicalservices\t- Setting up a regional climate informationsystem- Strengthen regional capacity to monitorand analyse land cover/land-use changeEducation, trainingand public awareness\t- Contributing to Article 6 of theConvention regional workshops - Contributing to the development andimplementation of the information networkclearing house CC:iNet - Hosting side events at COPs highlightingassistance from Annex I Parties,co-benefits of climate observations fordecision-making and examples of localcapacity-building \n - Stakeholder mobilization Technology needsassessments;implementation plan\t- Identification of policies andtechnologies that reduce both local airpollution and the emissions of greenhousegases - New technologies through promotion ofenvironmentally sustainable trade \n\t- Renewable energy and energy efficiencypartnershipsInformationnetworking\t- Regional networking on improvement ofquality of GHG inventories - Establishing region-focused adaptationresearch - Convening of workshops to exchange ofinformation and build regional networks \n\t- Advance of knowledge, capacity andnetworking in Africa\nDevelopment ofnational climatechange programmes\t- Examination of international experienceand development of best practicesrelevant to non-Annex I Parties, help indeveloping national climate changeprogrammes\nExchange ofinformation amongagencies\t- Holding joint discussions on climatechange (non-Annex I and Annex I Parties)",
"A. Other entities providing financial and technical assistance",
"1. There are several other multilateral organizations that provide relevant technical and financial support relating to the development of national communications. The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research provide primarily technical support such as the provision of databases and/or training, as well as other forms of information and tools for preparing GHG inventories, V&A assessments and mitigation assessments as input to the national communications. Examples of programmes and initiatives conducted by these entities are presented in table 2.",
"Table 2. Details of financial and technical assistance by various multilateral organizations",
"Multilateralorganizations\tFinancialassistance\tTechnicalassistance\tExamples of programmesUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme\t√\t√\t- Country case studies of sourcesand sinks of greenhouse gases- Economics of greenhouse gaslimitations - Country studies on climate changeimpacts and adaptationassessments \n - Risoe Centre on Energy Climateand Sustainable DevelopmentUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme\t√\t√\t- NCSP- Asia Least-cost Greenhouse GasAbatement Strategy- Building Capacity inMahgreb/Sub-Saharan Africa - China: greenhouse gas EmissionsControl Study \n - India: cost-effective options forlimiting greenhouse gas EmissionsUnitedNationsInstituteforTrainingandResearch\t√\t√\t- Climate Change CapacityDevelopment–CollaborativePlatform (C3D)- Advancing Capacity to SupportClimate Change Adaptation- CC: Train - Certificate training courses forvulnerability and adaptation - Policy development workshops \n - Technical workshops \nWorldMeteorologicalOrganization √\t- Global Climate Observing Systemin cooperation with UnitedNations Environment Programme,United Nations Educational,Scientific and CulturalOrganization and InternationalCouncil for Science\nFood andAgricultureOrganizationof theUnitedNations √\t- Capacity-building workshops andseminars on afforestation andreforestation and cleandevelopment mechanismsWorldBank √\t- Training programmes for climatechange specialists \n - World Development Indicatorsonline database\nWorldHealthOrganization √\t- Environmental Burden of Diseasetools",
"V. Issues identified as important for the delivery of support",
"1. Based on information provided in the compilation and synthesis reports of national communications and CGE reports to the SBI, the following issues were addressed by non-Annex I Parties as areas requiring financial and technical support:[3]",
"a. Institutional capacity-building: financial and technical assistance relative to the needs for capacity strengthening of national agencies and organizations that are expected to be involved in the preparation of subsequent national communications;",
"b. Human resources and development of national experts: financial and technical assistance relative to the needs for capacity strengthening of national consultants, experts and specialists that are expected to be involved in preparation of national communications;",
"c. Databases: the establishment and management of technical and administrative databases that could be used during the preparation of second and subsequent national communications;",
"d. GHG inventories: financial and technical assistance for the development of the GHG inventories of sources and sinks of GHG emissions, including emission factors;",
"e. V&A assessments: financial and technical assistance for the application and analysis of methods and tools for V&A assessments;",
"f. Assessment of mitigation options: technical assistance for the application and analysis of methods and tools for assessing the GHG reduction and cost aspects of technologies for reducing GHG emissions;",
"g. Implementation of mitigation: technical assistance in the formulation of projects and the identification of technologies for reducing GHG emissions;",
"h. Research and systematic observation: financial and technical assistance for developing and maintaining the capacity necessary for conducting ongoing research and systematic observation regarding climate change;",
"i. Education, training, and public awareness: technical assistance for developing strategies to raise national awareness of climate change issues and challenges;",
"j. Technology needs assessments and development of implementation plan: financial and technical assistance for scoping out the potential technologies that may be most appropriate for meeting GHG mitigation and climate change adaptation objectives;",
"k. Information networking: support for maintaining central and readily accessible repositories of information needed to carry out climate change related studies and assessments;",
"l. Development of national climate change programmes: support for developing national climate change programmes and initiatives that are coordinated across ministries and agencies;",
"m. Exchange of information: support for ensuring that national specialists are able to have the opportunity to participate in information exchange networks.",
"Other key issues/problems faced in providing assistance",
"2. In order to understand the full range of issues that affect the delivery of financial and technical support for the preparation of national communications from non-Annex I Parties, representatives from the NCSP and from some Annex II Parties were consulted. In addition, the UNFCCC secretariat conducted a survey using questionnaires targeting non-Annex I Parties, Annex II Parties and multilateral agencies. There are a number of policy-relevant messages that emerge from these consultative processes as summarized below.",
"a. Communication: the NCSP noted that it continues to encounter difficulties in assessing and understanding the specific needs relating to technical assistance, due in large part to country responses that are sometimes vague or not sufficiently detailed;",
"b. Response time: the NCSP identified two types of delay which constrain the effectiveness of delivering technical assistance: delay in the preparation of project proposals after funds for self-assessments have been provided to countries; and delay at the national level to initiate the preparation of the national communications after the implementing agency has approved the proposal;",
"c. Capacity: the NCSP indicated that technical capacity in many countries to submit second national communications of good quality still needs to be strengthened.",
"This suggests a need to move toward a critical examination and identification of strategies to address specific problem areas such as the inefficiency of national agency coordination, difficulties in self-assessment, and a strengthening of institutional commitment. This would help to harmonize the funding expectations of non-Annex I Parties with the project funding criteria used by donors.",
"VI. Ways of improving access to financial and technical support for preparing national communications",
"1. The CGE identified the following issues as important for improving access to financial and technical support for the national communication process.",
"a. Pursue linkages to poverty reduction and sustainable development: work on national communications should support environmental initiatives that strengthen the implementation of poverty reduction strategies and sustainable development in gaining greater acceptance. Hence, components of national communications should explicitly explore linkages between poverty, environment and climate change. Once development goals are properly taken into account, synergies between climate oriented and development oriented actions may be achieved. In particular issues related to livelihood strategies and food security assume paramount importance. In this regard, and recognizing that institutional arrangements vary from country to country, strong ties between the focal point for climate change and ministries and institutions charged with setting policies and plans, as well as sectoral goals including implementing agencies, are a necessary condition for mainstreaming climate change concerns into policy dialogues and can be viewed as leverage for attracting bilateral support for national communications activities.",
"b. Emphasize in-county continuity: recognizing that non-Annex I Parties highlighted the fact that maintaining continuity in climate change activities is very important and that gaps that can emerge between the completion of one communication and the start of the next set of climate change related activities, steps should be taken to institutionalize the national communication process in non-Annex I Parties, to ensure, among other things, continuity in the preparation of the various elements of the national communication. Permanent national institutional structures and cross-sectoral cooperation should be established for the preparation of national communications, which are “kept alive” after completion of the second national communications. In some cases, enhancing the technical capacity, continuity and profile of national focal points may be required.",
"c. Continuity of funding: institutional structures and cross-sectoral cooperation established during the preparation process of the national communication can be maintained only if the supporting financial infrastructure is continuously in place. It will therefore be important for the COP to take up funding decisions early on in the national communications process so that funding is firmly in place well before the subsequent communication process actually begins.",
"d. Reduce the time required for the various steps to access GEF funding for preparing national communications: A number of Parties consulted emphasized the importance of addressing the length of time it has taken for non-Annex I Parties to complete their initial national communications. It would be desirable to shorten the process from self-assessment to submission, with subsequent communications commencing shortly thereafter. This would serve to both sustain the momentum achieved for climate change activities and help to keep the technical and management team intact.",
"e. Reduce response time: a number of countries indicated the dimensions of enhanced continuity, strong focal points and national engagement would be better served if the response time between proposal submission and release of funding to commence activities were shortened. There needs to be an expedited process for revisions of project proposals, while keeping the process of formulating and executing project proposals flexible and simple.",
"f. Maximize synergy: many Annex II Parties are already engaged in a variety of training programmes and courses that are linked with components of national communications. The training activities involved in the communications process could be coordinated among the providers of training to take advantage of these offerings.",
"g. Emphasize training of trainers: non-Annex I Parties highlighted the fact that training of national experts is a high priority and one that needs to be emphasized in future strategic direction for financial and technical support. Reliance on international experts should be avoided where possible. The role of training local trainers should both continue and receive greater attention in the future.",
"h. Enhance multilateral agency coordination: some countries have proposed that a multilateral forum should be established to improve the coordination of technical assistance to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of second and subsequent national communications.",
"i. Address recruitment shortfalls: there is a perceived inability to recruit experts on a full time basis for the preparation of the national communication. The expertise required is typically available only from academic and technical institutions. But, being full time staff members of these institutions, they are able to contribute limited time for national communication activities. Shortening the project cycle and ensuring continuity would help to address this issue.",
"j. Facilitate information sharing: develop and maintain an international database of climate change related training initiatives available in donor countries. A well-developed database would help donors to plan assistance programmes more effectively and recipients to take greater advantage of synergies between the opportunities of support to national communications process, such as Annex II Party training initiatives. To this end, the CGE intends to develop,[4] in consultation with the secretariat, and subject to the availability of financial resources, a dedicated site within the existing secretariat website that would provide for the dissemination of information on assistance provided by bilateral and multilateral support programmes for the preparation of national communications.",
"k. Make translated technical documents available: some non-Annex I Parties highlighted the fact that too much of the technical material (e.g., methods, tools, handbooks, software, manuals, etc) that is essential for undertaking technical analyses is available only in English. Additional funds should be made available for translating key technical guidance documents into all six United Nations languages.",
"l. Emphasize quality: strengthened support could be provided to assist non-Annex I Parties in the preparation of the national communication if there was a relatively clear set of criteria for what constitutes a high quality product. At present, the quality of national communication vary considerably, even allowing for the fact that vulnerability, adaptation and other assessments may vary from country to country. A clearer understanding of the quality requirements would boost the confidence that the provision of assistance will translate directly into a measurable achievement.",
"[1] ^(∗) This document was submitted after the due date as a result of the timing of the meeting of the Consultative Group of Experts.",
"[2] Based on the paper entitled Technical Support Activities undertaken by the National Communication Support",
"Programme (NCSP) prepared as input to the seventh meeting of the CGE held in Pretoria, South Africa, from",
"25 to 26 September 2006.",
"[3] See the Sixth compilation and synthesis of initial national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to",
"the Convention (FCCC/SBI/2005/18 and Adds.1–6).",
"[4] See FCCC/SBI/2003/8, paragraph 57(f)."
] | FCCC_SBI_2006_24 | [
"[][]",
"Distr. GENERAL",
"FCCC/SBI/2006/24 18 October 2006",
"ENGLISH Original: ENGLISH",
"SUBSIDIARY BODY FOR IMPLEMENTATION",
"Twenty-fifth session",
"Nairobi, 6-14 November 2006",
"Item 4 (b) of the provisional agenda",
"National communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention",
"Financial and technical support",
"Report of the Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention on how to improve access to financial and technical support for the preparation of second and subsequent national communications",
"Note by the Chair of the Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention[1]",
"Summary The Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI), at its twenty-third session, invited Parties to provide the secretariat with information on ongoing activities and programmes, including those from bilateral and multilateral sources of funding, so that the Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention (CEG) could report to the SBI at its twenty-fifth session on technical support for national communications, and on the preparation of financial support. The SBI may wish to consider the recommendations of the CGE by providing guidance on how to improve access to financial and technical support for the preparation of national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention.",
"CONTENTS",
"Paragraphs Page",
"I. Introduction 1 - 2 3",
"A. Mandate 1 3",
"B. Object of note 2 3",
"II. Background 3 3",
"III. Framework for support to non-Annex I Parties in the preparation of their national communications 4 - 5 4",
"IV. Provision of financial and technical support 6 - 17 5",
"A. Financial and technical assistance mechanisms 6 - 13 5",
"B. Support provided directly by Parties included in Annex II to the Convention 14 - 16 8",
"C. Other financial and technical assistance entities 17 9",
"V. Issues considered important for the provision of support 18 - 19 11",
"VI. Ways to improve access to technical and financial support for the preparation of national communications 20 13",
"I. Introduction",
"A. Mandate",
"1. The Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI), at its twenty-third session, invited Parties to provide the secretariat with information on ongoing activities and programmes, including those from bilateral and multilateral sources of funding, so that the Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention (CGE) could report to the SBI at its twenty-fifth session on how to improve access to financial support and support. The SBI, at its twenty-fourth session, reiterated to the Parties and relevant international organizations their request to submit to the secretariat, by 4 August 2006, information on their activities on the preparation of national communications to be compiled in a miscellaneous document to be considered by the SBI at its twenty-fifth session (FCCC/SBI/2006/11, para. 41).",
"B. Object of the note",
"2. The present document provides an assessment of multilateral and bilateral sources of financial and technical support, and of the processes of providing such support, for the preparation of second and subsequent national communications from non-Annex I Parties (non-Annex I Parties), including related studies and activities, such as research and systematic observation.",
"II. Background",
"3. This assessment by the CGE aims to formulate and present practical recommendations on how to facilitate better access to financial and technical support for the preparation of national communications, bearing in mind that most countries are beginning to prepare their second national communications. As at 2 October 2006, 132 initial national communications and 3 second national communications had been submitted to the secretariat. Según información recibida del Programa de apoyo a las comunicaciones nacionales, proyecto del Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial (GEF), el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (UNDP) y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (UNEP)[2], 130 países no incluido en el annex I están actualmente en las diferentes fases de Preparation de sus comunicaciones nacionales, desde las inicial hasta las terceros, según los casos. Of this total, 87 countries are preparing or initiating second national communications and 12 have submitted their proposals for second national communications to GEF implementing agencies for approval. In addition, 31 countries are undertaking self-evaluation.",
"III. Framework for support to non-Annex I Parties in the preparation of their national communications",
"4. Article 12, paragraph 7, of the Convention provides the basis for the provision of financial and technical support to non-Annex I countries in the preparation of their national communications. This article deals with the transmission of information related to the implementation of the Convention and stipulates that \"[a] from its first session, the Conference of the Parties shall make arrangements to provide technical and financial assistance to developing country Parties, at their request, for the purpose of collecting and reporting under this article, as well as identifying the technical and financial needs associated with the proposed projects and the response measures under Article 4. Such assistance may be provided by other Parties, competent international organizations and the secretariat, as appropriate.\"",
"Annex I to the Convention",
"5. Pursuant to article 12, paragraph 7, the Conference of the Parties (COP) adopted a number of decisions regarding the provision and distribution of financial and technical assistance, and access to it, as well as guidance to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of national communications (see box 1). In particular, decision 17/CP.8 provides guidelines for the preparation of national communications from non-Annex I Parties.",
"IV. Provision of financial and technical support",
"A. Mechanisms for the provision of financial and technical assistance",
"6. Three major institutions, organizations or projects provide the basis for the provision of financial and technical support to non-Annex I Parties in the preparation of their national communications. The GEF is the operating entity of the financial mechanism of the COP for the disbursement of financial assistance. The National Communications Support Programme provides technical and policy support to non-Annex I Parties to improve their capacity in climate change. The implementing agencies, that is, UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank, have a performance role in coordinating financial and technical assistance. The CGE aims to improve the process of preparing second and subsequent national communications by providing technical advice and support to non-Annex I Parties.",
"1. Global Environment Facility and its implementing agencies",
"7. Article 21 of the Convention stipulates that the operation of the financial mechanism referred to in Article 11 shall be entrusted to the GEF. Decisions adopted by the COP at several sessions have provided guidance to the GEF on funding modalities, and support for national communications has been called for priority. In response to guidance provided by the Conference of the Parties, the GEF has developed the following guidelines for the provision of financial and technical assistance.",
"(a) Operational criteria for support activities: This document, which was prepared during 1995-1996, proposed four criteria for accelerating access to GEF funding (i.e., non-doubling coverage, appropriate sequential management, use of good practices and cost-effectiveness) for the preparation of initial national communications from non-Annex I Parties. The funding made available under the \"accelerated procedures\" was up to US$ 350,000 per country. GEF funding was also made available in the framework of the procedures for the full cycle of projects for the preparation of initial national communications.",
"(b) Operational Guidelines for Accelerated Procedures - Part II: This document, which was developed in 1999, supported interim measures for capacity-building in priority areas in non-Annex I Parties (complete or addenda), generally of about US$ 100,000 per country.",
"(c) Financing for the national adaptation programme (NAPNA): funding based on NAPA preparation guidelines (decision 28/CP.7) typically revolves around US$200,000. The COP, by its decision 5/CP.7, decided that support should be provided for the development by the least developed countries of national adaptation programmes, which would provide a simple and direct means of reporting on the vulnerable sectors and adaptation needs of the least developed countries.",
"(d) Financing of national communications (second or subsequent): under the accelerated GEF procedures, US$ 420,000 is currently available per country. This funding includes US$ 15,000 for self-assessments to prepare project proposals for second national communications. Self-assessment work seeks to increase the identification of countries with the national communication process, which reflects on previous relevant activities (e.g., analysis of initial national communication, NAPAs, related studies, relevant ongoing initiatives) and extensive consultations with stakeholders. GEF funding is also available under the procedures for the full cycle of projects for the preparation of national communications.",
"8. UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank are the main implementing agencies for the preparation of national communications by managing most support activities. Of these organizations, UNDP is responsible for the implementation of almost all support activities. The implementing agencies, together with the other institutions described in this section, play important roles in developing and adopting proposals for climate change support activities.",
"2. The National Communications Support Programme",
"9. The GEF launched the first phase of the National Communications Support Programme in 1998 to provide technical and policy support to non-Annex I Parties to enhance their capacity for climate change. The objective was to improve the quality, completeness and timely delivery of initial communications from non-Annex I Parties. Following the positive evaluation of the first phase of the Programme, the GEF funded a second phase, initiated in June 2005, to provide relevant technical and policy support to non-Annex I Parties in the preparation of second, third or initial national communications, as appropriate. The main support activities undertaken at the current phase of the Programme are:",
"(a) Guidance on the planning and management of the process of second national communications;",
"(b) Preparation and dissemination of guidance documents on technical and policy issues;",
"(c) Provision of distance and location technical support;",
"(d) Identification and dissemination of best practices from country experiences;",
"(e) Facilitating discussions and online learning;",
"f) Technical review of national communications projects and sectoral technical reports;",
"(g) Workshops on the commencement of the process of second national communications and thematic areas;",
"(h) Specific practical training on specific components of national communication, at the request of countries.",
"3. The Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from Non-Annex I Parties",
"10. The Consultative Group of Experts was established by the Conference of the Parties at its fifth session (decision 8/CP.5). At its eighth session, the COP revised the terms of reference of the CGE. Recognizing the useful role played by the CGE in assisting non-Annex I Parties in improving the process of preparing their national communications, the COP decided to extend the mandate of the Panel and revised its terms of reference (decision 3/CP.8). In accordance with its new mandate, the objective of the CGE is to improve the process of preparing second and subsequent national communications by providing technical advice and support to non-Annex I Parties. Specific activities include:",
"(a) Identify and assess the technical problems and constraints that have impacted on the preparation of initial national communications from non-Annex I Parties that have not yet completed them.",
"(b) Identify and assess, as appropriate, the difficulties encountered by non-Annex I Parties in the use of guidelines and methodologies for the preparation of national communications and make recommendations for improvements.",
"(c) Review national communications submitted to the secretariat, including the description of analytical and methodological issues, including technical problems and constraints in the preparation and reporting of greenhouse gas inventories (GHGs), mitigation activities, vulnerability and adaptation assessments and other information, with a view to improving the coherence of information provided, data collection, use of emission factors and local and regional activity data and development methodologies.",
"(d) Provide technical advice and support, organizing and conducting workshops, including practical training workshops at the regional or subregional levels, on national greenhouse gas inventories, vulnerability and adaptation and mitigation, as well as training in the use of guidelines for the preparation of second national communications and subsequent national communications from non-Annex I Parties.",
"(e) Review ongoing activities and programmes, including those of multilateral and bilateral sources of funding, to facilitate and support the preparation of second national communications and subsequent national communications from non-Annex I Parties.",
"(f) Provide technical advice to the SBI on matters relating to the implementation of the Convention by non-Annex I Parties.",
"(g) Develop the programme of workshops and meetings, with the assistance of the secretariat, to ensure appropriate treatment of issues identified in the mandate. Experts and specialists from these workshops will be selected from the list of experts. If necessary, other experts with international recognition may be invited.",
"11. The CGE consists of 24 members: 5 represent Africa and many others to Asia and the Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean; 6 represent Annex I Parties; and 3 others represent an international organization each. To facilitate its work, the CGE established the following four thematic clusters: national GHG inventories; vulnerability and adaptation assessments; mitigation; and cross-cutting issues, including research and systematic observation, technology transfer, capacity-building, education, training and public awareness, information and networking, and financial and technical support.",
"12. The activities of the CGE have been to review national communications from non-Annex I Parties; conduct regional hands-on training workshops in GHG inventories, vulnerability and adaptation assessments and mitigation assessments in the context of national communications preparation; and prepare technical reports to the SBI on, for example, improving access to financial and technical support for the preparation of national communications. The CGE is currently implementing its work programme for the period 2003-2007.",
"13. As part of its technical support to non-Annex I Parties, the CGE has since its establishment held a global direct training workshop (on mitigation) and six regional (on vulnerability and adaptation and national GHG inventories). A total of 325 experts from 125 non-Annex I Parties have been trained.",
"B. Support provided directly by Parties included in Annex II to the Convention",
"14. Article 4 of the Convention covers the assistance that Parties included in Annex II to the Convention (Annex II Parties) should provide to complete the activities identified in national communications and to assist countries particularly vulnerable to climate change. It also includes technical assistance in areas such as capacity-building and the transfer of environmentally sound technologies.",
"15. Annex II Parties consider that national communications are the main source of information on climate change in developing countries, as they provide important information on activities and programmes to address climate change and related risk reduction strategies, as well as information on capacity-building activities and needs.",
"16. There are several examples (the number grows continuously) of Annex II Parties that provide direct technical support, in addition to other forms of funding. This technical support from Annex II Parties is provided in a variety of ways, as shown in table 1. In most cases, technical support is provided to promote greater awareness and research capacity in the various areas of the climate change study (i.e., GHG inventories, GHG mitigation analysis and vulnerability and adaptation assessments). Such support also concerns the preparation of national communications and the strengthening of institutional and human capacity.",
"Table 1",
"Support provided by Annex II Parties to the process of national communications from non-Annex I Parties",
"Type of technical assistance Examples of projects Capacity-building of organizations/organizations - Assistance in the development of applications for the financing of the GEF - Institutional infrastructure for the preparation of national communications Strengthening regional capacity to monitor and analyse land-use changesEducation, training and awareness-raising - Contribution to regional workshops on article6 of the Convention - Contribution to the development and implementation of the exchange of information on changeclimatics (CC: iNet) - Organization of activities for the Conferences of the Parties to highlight the assistance provided by Annex I Parties, the collateral benefits of climate observations for decision-making and examples of local capacity-building - Mobilization of local gases Assessments of technology needs: implementation plan - Identification of policies and technologies that reduce air emissions Dissemination of new technologies through the promotion of environmentally sustainable trade - Partnerships for Renewable Energy and Energy EfficiencyCreating Information Networks - Regional Networks to Improve the Quality of GHG Inventories - Establishment of Research on Ensuring Inter-Country and Development",
"C. Other entities providing financial and technical assistance",
"17. Several other multilateral organizations provide useful technical and financial support for the development of national communications. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research provide mainly technical support consisting of databases and/or training, as well as other information modes and tools for preparing GHG inventories, vulnerability and adaptation assessments and mitigation assessments to develop national communications. Table 2 provides examples of programmes and initiatives undertaken by these entities.",
"Table 2",
"Details of financial and technical assistance provided by various multilateral organizations",
"OrganizationsMultilateral AssistanceTechnical Assistance Examples of programmesUnited Nations Environment Programme √ • Case studies of country sources and sinks of greenhouse gases • Economic aspects of greenhouse gas reductions • Country studies on the effects of changeclimatic and laadaptation assessments • Centro Risøenergía Minimal greenhouse gas reduction strategy in Asia • Capacity-building in the Maghreb/Africasub-Saharan • China: greenhouse gas emissions control study • India: effective and economic options to limit greenhouse gas emissions United Nations Institute for TrainingProfessional and Research • Capacity-building in relation to change Capacity-building in support of adaptation climate change • CC: Train • Invulnerability and adaptation training courses • Policy-making workshops • Technical workshops World-wide Organization for Climate Observation • Global Climate Observation System, in cooperation with the United Nations Environment Programme, the United Nations Organization for World Health",
"V. Issues considered important for the provision of support",
"18. Based on the information provided in the compilation and synthesis reports of national communications and the reports of the CGE to the Subsidiary Body for Implementation, non-Annex I Parties considered that financial and technical support was required in the following areas[3]:",
"(a) Institutional capacity-building: financial and technical assistance on capacity-building needs of national agencies and organizations expected to participate in the preparation of the following national communications;",
"(b) Human resources development and training of national experts: financial and technical assistance on the capacity-building needs of national consultants, experts and specialists expected to participate in the preparation of national communications;",
"(c) Databases: establishment and management of technical and administrative databases that could be used during the preparation of second and subsequent national communications;",
"(d) GHG inventors: financial and technical assistance for the development of GHG emissions inventories and sinks, including emission factors;",
"(e) Vulnerability and adaptation assessments: financial and technical assistance for the implementation and analysis of vulnerability and adaptation assessment methods and tools;",
"f) Assessment of mitigation options: technical assistance for the implementation and analysis of GHG reduction methods and tools and cost aspects of technologies to reduce GHG emissions;",
"(g) Mitigation implementation: technical assistance in project formulation and the identification of technologies to reduce GHG emissions;",
"(h) Research and systematic observation: financial and technical assistance in order to develop and maintain the capacity to undertake continuous research and systematic observation of climate change;",
"(i) Education, training and public awareness: technical assistance to develop strategies that enhance knowledge on climate change issues and challenges at the national level;",
"(j) Assessments of technology needs and development of the implementation plan: financial and technical assistance to study potential technologies that could be more appropriate for achieving GHG mitigation and adaptation to climate change;",
"(k) Development of information networks: support for the maintenance of central and easily accessible repositories of information necessary for conducting climate change studies and assessments;",
"(l) Development of national climate change programmes: support for the development of national climate change programmes and initiatives through the coordination of the various ministries and agencies;",
"(m) Information exchange: support to enable national specialists to have the opportunity to participate in information exchange networks.",
"Other major issues/problems encountered in the provision of assistance",
"19. To understand the range of issues affecting the provision of financial and technical support in the preparation of national communications from non-Annex I Parties, representatives of the National Communications Support Programme and some Annex II Parties were consulted. In addition, the Convention secretariat conducted a survey through questionnaires for non-Annex I Parties, Annex II Parties and multilateral agencies. These consultative processes include a number of policy-related messages, summarized below:",
"(a) Communication: the National Communications Support Programme noted that it continues to face difficulties in assessing and understanding specific needs related to technical assistance, largely because country responses are sometimes vague or not sufficiently detailed;",
"(b) Response time: the National Communications Support Programme determined that there were two types of delays limiting the effectiveness of the provision of technical assistance: the delay in the preparation of project proposals once the funds for self-assessment had been provided to countries; and delays at the national level at the beginning of the preparation of national communications following the adoption of the proposal by the implementing agency;",
"(c) Capacity: The National Communications Support Programme indicated that in many countries the technical capacity to submit a second national quality communication should still be strengthened.",
"This indicates the need to undertake a critical review to identify strategies to address specific problematic areas, such as the inefficiency of the coordination of national agencies, difficulties in self-evaluation and strengthening institutional commitment. This would help to align the funding expectations of non-Annex I Parties with the funding criteria for projects used by donors.",
"VI. Ways to improve access to technical and financial support for the preparation of national communications",
"20. The CGE identified the following issues as important for improving access to financial and technical support for the national communications process:",
"(a) Linking with poverty reduction and sustainable development. Work on national communications should help environmental initiatives that strengthen the implementation of poverty reduction strategies and sustainable development to achieve greater acceptance. The linkages between poverty, the environment and climate change should therefore be specifically addressed in the components of national communications. If development goals are properly taken into account, synergies between climate change and development-oriented measures should be achieved. In particular, issues related to livelihood strategies and food security are of extreme importance. In this regard, and taking into account that institutional arrangements vary from country to country, strong linkages are required between the climate change focal point and the ministries and institutions responsible for establishing policies and plans, as well as sectoral objectives that include implementing agencies, as an essential condition for integrating climate change concerns into policy dialogues and as a means of attracting bilateral support for national communications activities.",
"(b) Continuity within countries. Since non-Annex I Parties emphasized that maintaining the continuity of climate change activities is very important and that there may be interruptions between the termination of a communication and the initiation of the next set of climate change activities, steps should be taken to institutionalize the process of national communications in non-Annex I Parties to ensure, inter alia, continuity in the preparation of the various elements of such communications. Permanent national institutional structures and cross-sectoral cooperation should be established for the preparation of national communications, which are \"living\" after the end of the second national communications. In some cases, it may be necessary to strengthen the technical capacity, continuity and profile of national focal points.",
"(c) Continuity of funding. Institutional structures and intersectoral cooperation established during the national communication preparation process can be maintained only if the financial support structure does not cease to exist. It will therefore be important for the Conference of the Parties to take decisions on funding in the early stages of the national communications process, so that the funds are available, in safety, well before the effective start of the next communications process.",
"(d) Reduced time required at various stages of access to GEF funding to prepare national communications. A number of Parties consulted stressed the importance of attention being paid at the time of non-Annex I Parties in completing their initial national communications. It would be useful to shorten the process from self-assessment to presentation, and ensure that the work in the following communications begins shortly thereafter. This would help to maintain the momentum in climate change activities and also to maintain the technical and management team intact.",
"(e) Reduction of response times. Several countries indicated that continuity, the capacity of focal points and national commitment would be strengthened by shortening the response time between the submission of the proposal and the release of funds to start activities. An expeditious process of reviewing project proposals is required, and the process of formulating and implementing project proposals must remain flexible and simple.",
"(f) Maximizing synergy. Many Annex II Parties are already undertaking a number of training programmes and courses that are linked to components of national communications. Entities engaged in training related to the communications process should be coordinated with each other in order to take advantage of their potential.",
"(g) Promoting training of trainers. Non-Annex I Parties stressed that the training of national experts is a high priority, which should be highlighted in the future strategic orientation of financial and technical support. As far as possible, recourse to international experts should be avoided. Training of local trainers should continue and receive more attention in the future.",
"(h) Improved coordination of multilateral agencies. Some countries have proposed that a multilateral forum be established to improve the coordination of technical assistance provided to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of second and subsequent national communications.",
"(i) Mitigation of lack of staff. It has been noted that it is not possible to hire dedicated experts for the preparation of national communications. The required technical competence is generally only available in academic and technical institutions. But those persons, as full-time officials of the institutions, may devote only little time to activities related to national communications. The shortening of the project cycle and the guarantee of continuity would help to address this problem.",
"(j) Information-sharing facilitation. An international database on climate change-related training initiatives available in donor countries should be developed and maintained. A well-developed database would assist donors in planning aid programmes more effectively, and recipients to make better use of synergies between opportunities for support for the national communications process, such as training initiatives for Annex II Parties. To this end, the CGE intends to develop[4], in consultation with the secretariat and on the basis of the availability of financial resources, a specific site, within the existing secretariat website, to disseminate information on assistance provided by bilateral and multilateral support programmes for the preparation of national communications.",
"(k) Availability of translated technical documents. Some non-Annex I Parties stressed that too much technical material (e.g. methods, tools, manuals, software, etc.) that is essential for technical analysis is available only in English. More funds should be made available to translate key technical guidance documents into the six United Nations languages.",
"(l) Quality insistence. Further support could be provided to non-Annex I Parties in the preparation of their national communications if a set of relatively clear criteria existed to define what constitutes a high-quality product. At present, the quality of national communications varies considerably, even if it is taken into account that vulnerability, adaptation and other assessments may vary from country to country. A clearer knowledge of quality requirements would increase the confidence that the assistance provided would be translated directly into measurable achievements.",
"[1] ^(*) This document was submitted after the deadline owing to the date of the meeting of the Consultative Group of Experts.",
"GE.06-64607 (E) 021106 041106",
"[2] Based on the document entitled Technical Support Activities undertaken by the National Communication Support Programme (NCSP), which was prepared for the seventh meeting of the CGE, held in Pretoria, South Africa, on 25 and 26 September 2006.",
"[3] See the sixth compilation and synthesis of initial national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention (FCCC/SBI/2005/18 and Add.1-6).",
"[4] See FCCC/SBI/2003/8, para. 57 (f)."
] |
[
"BWC/CONF.VI/WP.1 20 de octubre de 2006",
"ESPAÑOL Original: FRANCÉS/INGLÉS",
"Ginebra, 20 de noviembre a 8 de diciembre de 2006 Tema 10 del programa provisional Examen de la aplicación de la Convención",
"según lo dispuesto en su artículo XII",
"MARCO DE RENDICIÓN DE CUENTAS",
"Preparado por el Canadá",
"I. INTRODUCCIÓN",
"1. Las respuestas al texto oficioso presentado por el Canadá en 2005 en relación con la Conferencia de Examen de la Convención sobre las armas biológicas y toxínicas, así como las opiniones expresadas en numerosas consultas, seminarios y conferencias, indican un reconocimiento general de que los Estados Partes deberían centrar su atención en aplicar plenamente y seguir fortaleciendo la Convención. La Sexta Conferencia de Examen de la Convención puede contribuir a lograr ese objetivo aumentando la rendición de cuentas de los Estados Partes entre sí en cuanto a cómo aplican las disposiciones de la Convención. En el marco de rendición de cuentas siguiente se formula un enfoque exhaustivo de ese objetivo, dando especial importancia a la aplicación nacional, las medidas de fomento de la confianza, el apoyo a la aplicación y las reuniones anuales.",
"II. APLICACIÓN NACIONAL",
"2. El artículo IV de la Convención prevé la obligación de promulgar legislación nacional. Lamentablemente, no todos los Estados Partes lo han hecho. En la Conferencia de Examen, los Estados Partes deberían convenir en:",
"i) Promover medidas sobre la aplicación nacional, entre otras esferas en la regional, y alentar, en particular, la formulación de objetivos, plazos y metodologías concretos para facilitar la aplicación efectiva;",
"ii) Alentar a los Estados Partes a que informen periódicamente de sus progresos para promulgar leyes nacionales sobre la aplicación, por ejemplo en las reuniones anuales y en los documentos que presenten sobre las medidas de fomento de la confianza;",
"GE.06-64630 (S) 311006 311006",
"iii) Alentar a aquellos que se encuentren en condiciones de hacerlo a que presten apoyo a la aplicación.",
"III. MEDIDAS DE FOMENTO DE LA CONFIANZA",
"3. La presentación anual de información sobre las medidas de fomento de la confianza contribuye a aumentar la transparencia y a demostrar la observancia del proceso de la Convención por los Estados Partes. Con el objeto de aumentar la rendición de cuentas y lograr la información correcta que permita demostrar la observancia, es preciso mejorar las medidas de fomento de la confianza y el desempeño y la participación de los Estados Partes en su realización. Por lo tanto, los Estados Partes deberían convenir en la Conferencia de Examen en:",
"i) Alentar a todos los Estados Partes en la Convención a que presenten medidas de fomento de la confianza cada año, formuladas de manera precisa y oportuna, y alentar a algunos Estados Partes a que presten apoyo a los Estados que necesiten asistencia para formular sus medidas;",
"ii) Presentar información sobre cada medida de fomento de la confianza cada año, aunque no se hayan producido novedades desde el año anterior, para aumentar la transparencia y permitir que todos los Estados Partes tengan acceso a las medidas realizadas;",
"iii) Crear un formulario más sencillo sobre las medidas de fomento de la confianza que permita, en la medida de lo posible, utilizar casillas de verificación y así evitar la necesidad de redactar las respuestas (ese sistema normalizado contribuiría a superar el obstáculo que supone la falta de traducción);",
"iv) Encargar al Departamento de Asuntos de Desarme que prepare un resumen de los principales elementos, tendencias y consideraciones presentados en los informes sobre las medidas de fomento de la confianza;",
"v) Distribuir las medidas de fomento de confianza de manera más eficaz (electrónicamente mediante un CD-ROM o en un sitio web seguro);",
"vi) Estudiar propuestas para modificar y ampliar las medidas de fomento de la confianza existentes, incluidas las que se formularon en las anteriores Conferencias de Examen, así como propuestas para crear nuevas medidas.",
"IV. APOYO A LA APLICACIÓN",
"4. Otro elemento del \"paquete de rendición de cuentas\" sería el fortalecimiento de la capacidad institucional, creando, por ejemplo, una secretaría de la Convención o una dependencia de apoyo a la aplicación. Ello permitiría mejorar la aplicación y el seguimiento de las obligaciones contraídas en virtud de la Convención. Los Estados Partes podrían encargar a esa entidad que llevara a cabo actividades concretas, como:",
"i) Seguir la aplicación y preparar un resumen anual de la situación de la aplicación nacional;",
"ii) Trabajar en cooperación con los Estados Partes para mejorar los resultados de la aplicación, en particular proporcionando asistencia para la formulación de leyes y reglamentos pertinentes, así como prestando un mejor apoyo a las medidas de fomento de la confianza (recordatorios, asistencia, resúmenes anuales);",
"iii) Facilitar y apoyar la labor de los Estados Partes para lograr la adhesión universal a la Convención, en particular en la esfera regional;",
"iv) Servir de centro de coordinación que traslade las peticiones de asistencia para la aplicación a los Estados Partes que se hayan mostrado dispuestos a proporcionar ese tipo de asistencia;",
"v) Proporcionar preparación, servicios sustantivos y memoria institucional a las reuniones de la Convención, en particular preparando documentación de antecedentes relacionada con los temas de las reuniones anuales y resúmenes de los acontecimientos sucedidos entre las reuniones (incluidos los registrados, entre otros foros, en la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO));",
"vi) Coordinarse con otros foros y organizaciones internacionales cuyos mandatos y labor guarden relación con los de la Convención.",
"V. REUNIONES ANUALES",
"5. Las reuniones anuales brindan a los Estados Partes una importante oportunidad para estudiar el estado de aplicación de la Convención y las novedades que guarden relación con su propósito. La Conferencia de Examen de 2006 debería disponer que se celebren reuniones anuales en las que se podría combinar el estudio de temas establecidos con la posibilidad de abordar cuestiones de interés contemporáneo para la Convención. Por ejemplo, una parte de esas reuniones, o \"sesiones de rendición de cuentas\", se podría dedicar a temas como la aplicación nacional, la cooperación y asistencia, las medidas de fomento de la confianza y la ciencia y la tecnología. Esos temas recurrentes podrían estudiarse durante una parte de todas las reuniones anuales y complementarse a solicitud de los participantes con el examen de otros temas, como la universalización. En el contexto de esos temas se podrían estudiar cuestiones transversales como la seguridad biológica y la protección contra los peligros biológicos, así como la mitigación y la vigilancia de las enfermedades. El formato actual de las reuniones, de dos semanas de duración para los expertos y una para los Estados Partes, podría combinarse razonablemente en una única reunión de dos semanas de duración. Así, los grupos de trabajo de expertos podrían estudiar las cuestiones designadas en la primera semana de la reunión anual y presentar sus resultados durante las deliberaciones de la segunda semana, dedicada a la adopción de decisiones. Ese enfoque permitiría que en cada reunión anual se abarcaran todas las cuestiones relacionadas con la Convención en un período dado."
] | [
"SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON THEPROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIONAND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL(BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ONTHEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.120 October 2006ENGLISHOriginal: ENGLISHand FRENCH",
"Geneva, 20 November – 8 December 2006",
"Item 10 of the provisional agenda",
"Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its Article XII",
"ACCOUNTABILITY FRAMEWORK",
"Submitted by Canada",
"I. Introduction",
"1. Feedback on the 2005 Canadian Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) Review Conference non-paper, as well as views expressed in numerous consultations, seminars and conferences, suggest a general recognition that States Parties should focus on the full implementation and continued strengthening of the Convention. The BTWC Sixth Review Conference can help achieve this goal by making States Parties more accountable to one another in how they implement the provisions of the Convention. A comprehensive approach to this objective is elaborated in the following accountability framework, focussing on national implementation, confidence building measures, implementation support and annual meetings.",
"II. National implementation",
"2. Article IV of the BTWC contains an obligation to enact national legislation. Unfortunately, not all States Parties have yet done so. At the Review Conference, States Parties should agree to:",
"(i) promote action on National Implementation, including at the regional level, and encourage, in particular, the development of specific goals, time lines and methodologies to facilitate effective implementation;",
"(ii) encourage States Parties to report on their progress in passing national implementing legislation on a regular basis, such as at annual meetings and in their Confidence Building Measure (CBM) submissions;",
"(iii) encourage those in a position to do so to provide implementation support.",
"III. Confidence building measures",
"3. Annual submissions of CBMs foster increased transparency and help demonstrate States Parties’ compliance with the BTWC process. To enhance accountability, and ensure we are getting the right information to demonstrate compliance we need both better CBMs and better performance and participation from States Parties on completing them. Accordingly, the States Parties should agree at the Review Conference to:",
"(i) encourage all BTWC States Parties to submit CBMs on an annual basis, completed accurately and in a timely manner, and encourage individual States Parties to offer support to states requiring assistance to complete their CBMs;",
"(ii) submit information for every CBM on an annual basis, even when there have been no new developments since the previous year, to enhance transparency and ensure that all States Parties have access to complete CBMs;",
"(iii) develop a more user-friendly CBM form that allows, to the extent possible, use of specific check-boxes rather than requiring written entries (such standardized forms would help overcome the hurdle posed by the lack of translation);",
"(iv) mandate DDA to prepare a summary of major elements, trends and considerations presented in CBM reporting;",
"(v) more efficiently distribute CBMs (electronically through a CD-ROM or on a secure website);",
"(vi) consider proposals to modify and expand existing CBMs, including those that were made at previous Review Conferences, as well as proposals to create new CBMs.",
"IV. Implementation support",
"4. Another element of an “accountability package” would be a strengthened institutional capacity, such as a BTWC secretariat or implementation support unit. This would allow for better implementation and follow-up on BTWC obligations. States Parties could mandate such an entity to carry out specific activities, including:",
"(i) tracking implementation and preparing an annual overview of the status of national implementation;",
"(ii) working with States Parties to improve performance in implementation, including by providing assistance for the drafting of relevant legislation and regulations as well as by providing enhanced support for CBMs (reminders, assistance, annual summaries);",
"(iii) facilitating and supporting States Parties’ efforts to achieve universal adherence to the Convention, including those at the regional level.",
"(iv) serving as a clearing house in conveying requests for implementation assistance to States Parties that have expressed a willingness to provide such assistance;",
"(v) providing preparation, substantive service and institutional memory for BTWC meetings, including preparing background documentation related to topics of annual meetings and summaries of developments between meetings (including developments those in related fora such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO));",
"(vi) coordinating with other fora and International Organizations (IOs) whose mandates and work are of relevance to that of the BTWC.",
"V. Annual meetings",
"5. Annual meetings provide an important opportunity for States Parties to consider the state of implementation of the Convention and new developments relevant to its purpose. The 2006 Review Conference should mandate annual meetings that could combine the consideration of set topics with the possibility to discuss matters of contemporary concern for the Convention. For example, a portion of such meetings, or “accountability sessions”, could be dedicated to such themes as National Implementation, Cooperation and Assistance, CBMs and Science and Technology. These recurrent themes could be considered during a portion of all annual meetings and be complemented as required by consideration of other themes such as universalization. Cross-cutting topics such as bio-safety and bio-security, as well as disease mitigation and surveillance, could be considered within the context of these themes. The current meeting format of two weeks for experts and one week for States Parties could reasonably be combined into a single meeting of two weeks duration. In this way, expert-level working groups might consider designated issues in the first week of the annual meeting and feed into the decision making deliberations of the second week. Such an approach would ensure that each annual session covered the range of issues facing the Convention at any given period of time."
] | BWC_CONF.VI_WP.1 | [
"BWC/CONF.VI/WP.1 20 October 2006",
"ENGLISH Original: ENGLISH/FRENCH",
"Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006 Item 10 of the provisional agenda Review of the implementation of the Convention",
"as provided for in article XII",
"FRAMEWORK",
"Prepared by Canada",
"I. Introduction",
"1. Responses to the informal text submitted by Canada in 2005 regarding the Review Conference of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, as well as the views expressed in numerous consultations, seminars and conferences, indicate a general recognition that States parties should focus their attention on the full implementation and further strengthening of the Convention. The Sixth Review Conference of the Convention can contribute to this goal by increasing the accountability of States parties to each other as to how they implement the provisions of the Convention. The following accountability framework provides a comprehensive approach to this objective, with particular emphasis on national implementation, confidence-building measures, support for implementation and annual meetings.",
"II. NATIONAL APPLICATION",
"2. Article IV of the Convention provides for the obligation to enact national legislation. Unfortunately, not all States parties have. At the Review Conference, States parties should agree to:",
"(i) To promote measures on national implementation, among other areas at the regional level, and to encourage, in particular, the development of specific objectives, timelines and methodologies to facilitate effective implementation;",
"(ii) Encourage States parties to report periodically on their progress in enacting national laws on implementation, for example in annual meetings and documents they submit on confidence-building measures;",
"GE.06-64630 (E) 311006 311006",
"(iii) Encourage those in a position to do so to support implementation.",
"III. CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURES",
"3. Annual reporting on confidence-building measures contributes to increased transparency and to demonstrating compliance with the Convention process by States parties. In order to increase accountability and ensure the correct information to demonstrate compliance, confidence-building measures and the performance and participation of States parties in their implementation need to be improved. States parties should therefore agree at the Review Conference to:",
"(i) Encourage all States parties to the Convention to submit confidence-building measures every year, formulated in a timely and accurate manner, and encourage some States parties to support States in need of assistance in formulating their measures;",
"(ii) Provide information on each confidence-building measure every year, although there have been no developments since the previous year, in order to increase transparency and allow all States parties to have access to the measures undertaken;",
"(iii) Creating a simpler form on confidence-building measures that would allow, to the extent possible, the use of check boxes and thus avoiding the need to draft responses (this standardized system would contribute to overcoming the obstacle posed by lack of translation);",
"(iv) To instruct the Department for Disarmament Affairs to prepare a summary of the main elements, trends and considerations presented in the reports on confidence-building measures;",
"(v) Distribute confidence-building measures more effectively (electronically through a CD-ROM or a secure website);",
"(vi) To consider proposals to modify and expand existing confidence-building measures, including those made at previous Review Conferences, as well as proposals for further action.",
"IV. SUPPORT TO IMPLEMENTATION",
"4. Another element of the \"accounting package\" would be strengthening institutional capacity, creating, for example, a Convention secretariat or an implementation support unit. This would enhance the implementation and follow-up of the obligations under the Convention. States Parties could order that entity to undertake specific activities, such as:",
"(i) Follow implementation and prepare an annual summary of the status of national implementation;",
"(ii) Work in cooperation with States parties to improve implementation results, including by providing assistance in the formulation of relevant laws and regulations, as well as by providing better support for confidence-building measures (recordance, assistance, annual summaries);",
"(iii) Facilitate and support the efforts of States parties to achieve universal adherence to the Convention, in particular in the regional area;",
"(iv) Serve as a focal point to transfer requests for assistance for implementation to States Parties that have been willing to provide such assistance;",
"(v) Provide preparation, substantive services and institutional memory to the meetings of the Convention, in particular by preparing background documentation related to the themes of the annual meetings and summaries of the events between the meetings (including those recorded, inter alia, at the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO));",
"(vi) Coordinate with other international forums and organizations whose mandates and work are relevant to those of the Convention.",
"V. ANNUAL MEETINGS",
"5. The annual meetings provide an important opportunity for States parties to consider the status of implementation of the Convention and developments relevant to its purpose. The 2006 Review Conference should provide for annual meetings that could combine the study of topics established with the possibility of addressing issues of contemporary relevance to the Convention. For example, a part of those meetings, or \"reliance sessions,\" could be devoted to such topics as national implementation, cooperation and assistance, confidence-building measures and science and technology. These recurring topics could be considered during part of all annual meetings and complemented at the request of participants with consideration of other topics, such as universalization. In the context of these topics, cross-cutting issues such as biological security and protection against biological hazards, as well as the mitigation and monitoring of disease could be considered. The current format of the two-week meetings for experts and one for States parties could be reasonably combined in a single two-week meeting. Thus, expert working groups could consider the issues identified in the first week of the annual meeting and present their results during the second week ' s deliberations on decision-making. Such an approach would allow each annual meeting to cover all issues related to the Convention in a given period."
] |
[
"BWC/CONF.VI/WP.2 20 de octubre de 2006",
"ESPAÑOL Original: INGLÉS",
"Ginebra, 20 de noviembre a 8 de diciembre de 2006 Tema 10 del programa provisional",
"Examen de la aplicación de la Convención según lo dispuesto en su artículo XII",
"SEGURIDAD BIOLÓGICA Y BIOSEGURIDAD",
"Presentado por Alemania en nombre de la Unión Europea[1]",
"I. OBLIGACIÓN DE IMPEDIR LAS ACTIVIDADES PROHIBIDAS",
"1. El artículo IV de la Convención sobre las armas biológicas y toxínicas puede considerarse la disposición clave en relación con la aplicación de la Convención a nivel nacional. Estipula que cada Estado Parte adoptará \"las medidas necesarias para prohibir y prevenir\" actividades prohibidas dentro de su territorio, o bajo su jurisdicción o su control en cualquier lugar. Una lectura atenta del artículo IV pone de manifiesto que ello incluye diversas obligaciones fundamentales.",
"2. En primer lugar, abarca todas las actividades prohibidas con arreglo a los precedentes artículos, a saber, los artículos I, II y III, y se refiere a la definición global de armas biológicas con arreglo al criterio de finalidad general.",
"3. En segundo lugar, puesto que no especifica cuál es el agente, el receptor o el beneficiario de cualesquiera actividades prohibidas, la legislación nacional debe elaborarse de tal manera que abarque efectivamente todos los posibles agentes que puedan participar en dichas actividades.",
"4. En tercer lugar, el artículo IV no es simplemente una obligación de medios, sino que equivale a una obligación de resultado. No será suficiente introducir meras prohibiciones en la ley nacional para hacer frente a las obligaciones incluidas en el artículo IV, ya que los Estados Partes deben tomar \"medidas para prohibir y prevenir\". Alguien podrá remitirse también a la necesidad de adoptar \"medidas necesarias\", lo que puede también leerse como un intento de no abrumar a los Estados Partes, introduciendo un elemento de proporcionalidad en la aplicación nacional.",
"5. Teniendo en cuenta los nuevos riesgos generados por los desarrollos científicos en la esfera de la biotecnología y las amenazas terroristas con armas biológicas, la prevención de un acceso irrestricto a microorganismos y toxinas que puedan usarse como armas biológicas también ha adquirido una creciente importancia política.",
"II. MEDIDAS PARA PREVENIR EL ACCESO IRRESTRICTO A MATERIALES PELIGROSOS",
"6. El artículo IV de la Convención se refiere a \"medidas necesarias\". Pero ¿qué quiere decir \"necesarias\"? o, por decirlo de otro modo, ¿cómo un Estado Parte sabe si es necesario o no adoptar medidas? La respuesta es bien sencilla: mediante la evaluación del riesgo; pero ¿con eso se resuelve el problema? Seguramente no, en tanto un Estado Parte no tenga conocimiento sobre si posee materiales problemáticos dentro de su territorio, y dónde, y sobre quién está manejando esos materiales, con qué objeto y en qué condiciones de inmunidad y seguridad.",
"7. El criterio con el que resolver el problema es doble: conocimiento de la posesión de materiales que puedan utilizarse para armas biológicas dentro del territorio y evaluación del riesgo.",
"8. Los documentos de trabajo y declaraciones de la Reunión de Expertos de la Convención sobre armas biológicas y toxínicas, celebrada en agosto de 2003, pusieron de manifiesto que los Estados Partes son más que conscientes de la necesidad de limitar el acceso a microorganismos y toxinas peligrosas a personas e instalaciones que manejen de forma legítima dichos materiales en actividades científicas, comerciales o con fines de diagnóstico. Información adicional sobre cómo los Estados Partes participan para prevenir el acceso no autorizado a dichos materiales puede consultarse en la base de datos sobre legislación del Comité creado en virtud de la resolución 1540 del Consejo de Seguridad, en la que figura la legislación nacional que describe las normativas para el manejo y la protección física de materiales relacionados con armas biológicas. No obstante, la lógica que subyace tras la restricción del acceso a dichos tipos de material se basa en diferentes tipos de criterios.",
"9. En cualquier caso, el conocimiento sobre la posesión de microorganismos y toxinas que puedan ser mal utilizados en armas biológicas es un requisito previo para que cualquier Estado pueda aprobar medidas ulteriores. Algunos Estados siguen un procedimiento que sólo exige registrar la posesión o el manejo de dichos materiales. La mayoría de los Estados que han aplicado legislación sobre microorganismos y toxinas permiten que particulares o instalaciones posean y manejen dichos materiales sólo si han superado con éxito un proceso de certificación. Dicho proceso permite a los Estados vincular la concesión de una licencia a distintos paquetes de condiciones, que el solicitante de la licencia debe reunir como requisito previo para la obtención de la misma. Normalmente, también somete la licencia a medidas de supervisión por parte de la autoridad que la emite.",
"10. El proceso de concesión de licencias o de registro permite a un Estado conocer dónde se pueden obtener materiales biológicos problemáticos en su territorio y quién tiene acceso a ellos. Dicho conocimiento constituye una base a la hora de tomar cualquier decisión sobre medidas necesarias para prevenir riesgos relacionados con estos materiales dentro de un territorio nacional.",
"III. SEGURIDAD BIOLÓGICA Y BIOSEGURIDAD",
"11. Las medidas necesarias aplicadas por los Estados Partes para impedir el acceso irrestricto a materiales biológicos peligrosos y reducir al mínimo los riesgos pueden diferir en sus puntos de partida, incorporando no obstante conceptos que se complementan mutuamente. Consisten normalmente en una combinación de leyes, normativas y criterios mínimos en materia de inmunidad y seguridad. Estos conceptos se basan en los riesgos inherentes de los microorganismos y toxinas específicos.",
"12. La mayoría de los Estados que ya han aplicado medidas para reducir al mínimo los riesgos se centran en su legislación, normativas y criterios nacionales sobre protección de los trabajadores que manejan materiales biológicos y sobre preservación del medio ambiente, en particular la población, contra los escapes o pérdidas accidentales de materiales peligrosos. Algunos Estados, especialmente los que promulgaron legislación tras el 11 de septiembre de 2001, centran sus enfoques en la protección física de los materiales biológicos relacionados con las armas biológicas para impedir el acceso no autorizado de agentes no estatales, en particular terroristas, mediante robo o desviación.",
"13. En general, los dos conceptos se denominan seguridad biológica y bioseguridad; son términos que ofrecen algunos problemas a los países en los que las palabras \"safety\" y \"security\" se traducen mediante el mismo vocablo en sus idiomas nacionales.",
"14. Una comparación minuciosa de las leyes, normativas y criterios ya promulgados por Estados Partes pone de manifiesto que las medidas aplicadas con arreglo a ambos conceptos son muy similares, incluyendo entre otras cosas:",
"i) La concesión de licencias para la posesión y manejo;",
"ii) Requisitos en materia de conocimientos profesionales;",
"iii) Verificaciones de la fiabilidad del personal;",
"iv) Elaboración de listas del personal que tiene acceso a materiales biológicos;",
"v) Clasificación de materiales biológicos conforme a los riesgos inherentes;",
"vi) Requerimientos físicos en materia de infraestructura sobre la base de los sistemas de clasificación del riesgo en relación con materiales biológicos;",
"vii) Medidas organizativas para el manejo seguro de microorganismos de conformidad con diferentes grupos de riesgo, en particular limitando el acceso a materiales problemáticos mediante un criterio de \"necesidad profesional\";",
"viii) Almacenamiento seguro de microorganismos y toxinas de conformidad con clasificaciones de los grupos de riesgo;",
"ix) Documentación de las tareas (diarios de laboratorio);",
"x) Autorización para transferir materiales biológicos solamente entre instalaciones certificadas;",
"xi) Medidas para garantizar el transporte salvo y seguro de materiales biológicos problemáticos;",
"xii) Supervisión a cargo de los organismos que conceden la autorización u otros organismos competentes, etc.",
"15. La diferencia entre los dos conceptos se apoya principalmente en dos cuestiones. En primer lugar, como ya se mencionó, ambos términos se basan en los riesgos inherentes de determinados microorganismos y toxinas. Mientras que un sistema de clasificación del riesgo en términos de seguridad biológica se basa en la capacidad inherente de los microorganismos para causar enfermedades -de menor o mayor gravedad- en humanos, animales y plantas, el sistema de clasificación del riesgo en términos de bioseguridad se refiere a las posibilidades de que un microorganismo o toxina pueda ser utilizado como arma. En la práctica, en lo que respecta a la inmunidad/seguridad en relación con los materiales biológicos problemáticos, existe poca diferencia entre las clases de riesgo; no obstante, el concepto de seguridad biológica abarca un número mucho más amplio de materiales biológicos que el concepto de bioseguridad. En segundo lugar, mientras que la mayoría de las medidas adoptadas en virtud de ambos conceptos son más o menos las mismas, el concepto de bioseguridad se centra básicamente en impedir el acceso a materiales peligros mediante robo, desviación o entrega intencional. Por esta razón, las nociones de bioseguridad incluyen normalmente medidas adicionales para blindar y preservar instalaciones que contienen materiales biológicos problemáticos que tengan un potencial de uso en armas biológicas.",
"IV. CÓMO MEJORAR LA APLICACIÓN DE MEDIDAS DE SEGURIDAD BIOLÓGICA/BIOSEGURIDAD",
"16. Sobre la base de las declaraciones nacionales, el informe del Comité 1540 del Consejo de Seguridad, de abril de 2006, sobre el estado de aplicación de medidas nacionales legislativas y de otro tipo para la protección física de materiales relacionados con armas biológicas incluye una relación de 48 Estados que tienen legislación en vigor que contempla los requisitos para la concesión de licencias o el registro de materiales biológicos peligrosos e indican que disponen de leyes y normativas específicas que abordan diferentes inquietudes en materia de inmunidad y seguridad. En relación con las medidas de carácter ejecutivo, la mayoría de estos Estados han señalado que sus códigos penales o leyes específicas contienen sanciones penales o administrativas contra las violaciones de los requisitos de inmunidad y seguridad. Frente a la existencia en el mundo de una amplia gama de microorganismos problemáticos y a la necesidad de diagnosis médica, veterinaria o fitosanitaria en relación con enfermedades causadas por estos agentes, el número de Estados que han aplicado legislación al respecto y otras medidas parece sorprendentemente exiguo.",
"17. La Reunión de Expertos de 2003 debatió ampliamente problemas de seguridad biológica/bioseguridad en relación con el tema \"Mecanismos nacionales para instituir y mantener la seguridad y la vigilancia de los microorganismos patógenos y las toxinas\". No obstante, el debate se tradujo tan sólo en una compilación de documentos, que por sí mismos no pueden constituirse en un catálogo sistemático que identifique los problemas y ofrezca posibles soluciones para asistir a los Estados Partes que carecen de medidas legislativas o de otro tipo en materia de seguridad biológica/bioseguridad a colmar sus lagunas. La Reunión de 2003, así como la base de datos sobre legislación del Comité 1540 del Consejo de Seguridad, demuestra claramente que se dispone de información abundante a partir de medidas ya aplicadas y aprobadas a nivel nacional. La Unión Europea propone que los Estados Partes, en un proceso adscrito a la Convención y celebrado entre los períodos de sesiones de 2007 a 2010, desarrollen y mantengan actualizado un catálogo sistemático de medidas de seguridad biológica/bioseguridad basado en esos datos, lo que constituiría una actividad muy valiosa a la hora de mejorar la concienciación nacional sobre cuestiones de seguridad biológica/bioseguridad, así como asistir a los Estados Partes a promulgar y aplicar medidas adecuadas, legislativas y de otro tipo, para controlar y asegurar los materiales biológicos problemáticos a nivel nacional.",
"18. Los Estados Partes que se encuentran en posición de asistir a otros Estados a elaborar dichas medidas nacionales en materia de seguridad biológica/bioseguridad deberían ofrecer y proporcionar asistencia, caso de ser invitados a hacerlo. A este respecto, se hace referencia también a la Acción Común 2006/184/PESC del Consejo, de 27 de febrero de 2006, en apoyo de la Convención sobre armas bacteriológicas y toxínicas, que se propone, entre otras cosas, asistir a los Estados Partes en la aplicación nacional. Un catálogo de prácticas ya aplicadas y probadas por los Estados Partes, elaborado sobre la base de medidas nacionales de seguridad biológica/bioseguridad ya existentes, facilitaría tanto a la parte proveedora como a la receptora cualquier actividad de asistencia.",
"[1] Este es el primero de una serie de documentos complementarios presentados por Estados Miembros de la Unión Europea para su examen por los Estados Partes. Bulgaria y Rumania, en calidad de países adherentes, Turquía, Croacia y la ex República Yugoslava de Macedonia, como países candidatos, los países del Proceso de Estabilización y Asociación y candidatos potenciales como Albania, Bosnia y Herzegovina y Serbia, así como Ucrania y la República de Moldova, se adhieren al contenido de este documento.",
"GE.06-64637 (S) 011106 021106"
] | [
"SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON THEPROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIONAND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL(BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ONTHEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.220 October 2006Original: ENGLISH",
"Geneva, 20 November – 8 December 2006",
"Item 10 of the provisional agenda",
"Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its Article XII",
"BIOSAFETY AND BIOSECURITY",
"Submitted by Germany on behalf of the European Union[1]",
"I. An obligation to prevent prohibited activities",
"1. Article IV of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) may be considered as the core provision relating to national implementation of the Convention. It stipulates that each State Party shall “take any necessary measures to prohibit and prevent” prohibited activities within its territory, under its jurisdiction or under its control anywhere. A close reading of Article IV demonstrates that it includes several key obligations:",
"2. Firstly, it covers all activities prohibited under the preceding Articles I, II and III and it refers to the comprehensive definition of biological weapons based on the general-purpose criterion.",
"3. Secondly, since it does not specify the actor, the recipient or the beneficiary of any of the prohibited activities, national legislation must be constructed in such a way as to effectively cover all potential actors involved in such activities.",
"4. Thirdly, Article IV is not simply an obligation of conduct but amounts to an obligation of result. It will not be sufficient to introduce mere prohibitions into national law to meet the obligations included in Article IV since States Parties have to take “measures to prohibit and prevent”. One may also refer to the need to adopt “necessary measures”, which can also be read as an attempt not to over-burden States Parties, introducing an element of proportionality into national implementation.",
"5. In the light of new risks generated by scientific developments in the field of biotechnology and terrorist threats with biological weapons, the prevention of unimpeded access to microorganisms and toxins that can be used as biological weapons has also gained increasing political importance.",
"II. Measures to prevent unimpeded access to hazardous materials",
"6. Article IV of the Convention refers to “necessary measures”. But what does “necessary” mean, or to put it another way, how does a State Party know if it is necessary at all to take measures? The simple answer is risk assessment; but does this alone solve the problem? Surely not, as long as a State Party has no knowledge of whether and where it possesses materials of concern within its territory, who is handling these materials, for what purpose, and under what safety/security conditions.",
"7. The approach to solving the problem is twofold: knowledge of possession of potential biological weapons materials within a territory and risk assessment.",
"8. The working papers and statements at the BTWC Meeting of Experts in August 2003 showed that States Parties are very well aware of the need to restrict access to dangerous micro-organisms and toxins to personnel and facilities that legitimately handle such materials in science, commerce and for diagnostic purposes. Additional information on how States Parties take care to prevent unauthorised access to such materials is available from the legislative database of the UNSCR 1540 Committee, which includes national legislation describing regulations for handling and physical protection of biological weapons-related materials. However, the reasoning behind restricting access to such types of material is based on different types of approaches.",
"9. In any case, knowledge of possession of microorganisms and toxins with a potential of biological weapons misuse is a prerequisite for any further State action. Some States follow a procedure that requires the registration of possession or handling of such materials only. The majority of States that have implemented legislation on microorganisms and toxins allow individuals or facilities to possess and to handle such materials only if they have successfully passed a licensing process. Such a process allows States to bind licensing to different sets of conditions that have to be fulfilled as a prerequisite by the licence applicant. It usually also subjects the licensee to oversight measures by the authority issuing a licence.",
"10. The licensing or registration process provides a State with knowledge of where biological materials of concern are available within its territory and who has access to them. Such knowledge provides a basis for any decision on necessary measures to prevent risks related to such materials within a national territory.",
"III. Biosafety and biosecurity",
"11. The necessary measures implemented by States Parties to prevent unimpeded access to hazardous biological materials and to minimise risks might differ in their starting points, but provide mutually complementary concepts. They usually consist of a mixture of laws, regulations and standards for safety and security. These concepts are based on the inherent risks of specific microorganisms and toxins.",
"12. A majority of States which have already implemented measures to minimise risks focus their national legislation, regulations and standards on safeguarding the workforce handling biological materials and on the protection of the environment, including the population, against accidental release or loss of hazardous materials. Some States, especially those implementing legislation after 11 September 2001, focus their approaches on the physical protection of biological weapons-related biological materials to prevent unauthorised access by theft or diversion by non-State actors, including terrorists.",
"13. In general the two concepts are labelled as Biosafety and Biosecurity; names which pose some problems for countries where the words “safety” and “security” translate into the same term in their national languages.",
"14. An in-depth comparison of laws, regulations and standards already enacted by States Parties demonstrates that the measures implemented under both concepts are very similar, including inter alia:",
"(i) Licensing of possession and handling,",
"(ii) Requirement of professional knowledge,",
"(iii) Reliability checks of personnel,",
"(iv) Listing of workforce with access to biological materials,",
"(v) Classification of biological materials according to inherent risks,",
"(vi) Physical requirements for infrastructure based on risk classification systems for biological materials,",
"(vii) Organisational measures for safe handling of micro-organisms according to different risk groups, including limited access to sensitive materials on a ‘need-to-work’ basis,",
"(viii) Secure storage of micro-organisms and toxins according to risk group classifications,",
"(ix) Documentation of work (laboratory journals),",
"(x) Authorisation of transfer of biological materials between licensed facilities only,",
"(xi) Measures to ensure safe/secure transport of sensitive biological materials,",
"(xii) Oversight by licensing or other competent agencies, etc.",
"15. The difference between the two concepts is primarily based on two issues. Firstly, as already mentioned, both are based on the inherent risks of certain microorganisms and toxins. While a biosafety risk classification system is based on the inherent capability of micro-organisms to cause disease, of lesser or greater severity, in humans, animals and plants, a biosecurity risk classification system is founded on the potential of a micro-organism or toxin to be used as a weapon. In practice, with respect to safety/security of sensitive biological materials, there is little difference between the risk classes; however the biosafety concept covers a far wider number of biological materials than the biosecurity concept. Secondly, while the majority of measures under both concepts are more or less the same, the biosecurity concept focuses primarily on the prevention of access to sensitive materials by theft, diversion or intentional release. For this reason biosecurity concepts usually include additional measures to harden and safeguard facilities containing sensitive biological materials with a biological weapons potential.",
"IV. How to improve the implementation of biosafety/biosecurity measures",
"16. Based on national statements, the report of the 1540 Committee to the UN Security Council of April 2006 on the status of implementation of national legislative and other measures for the physical protection of biological weapons-related materials counts 48 States having legislation in place that provides for licensing or registration requirements for hazardous biological materials and indicating that they have specific laws and regulations addressing different safety and security concerns. With regard to enforcement measures, most of these States have indicated that their penal codes or specific laws contain criminal or administrative penalties against violations of safety and security requirements. Compared with the global occurrence of a wide range of micro-organisms of concern and the need for medical, veterinary or phytosanitary diagnosis relating to diseases caused by these agents, the number of States that have implemented respective legislative and other measures seems surprisingly small.",
"17. The 2003 Meeting of Experts discussed biosafety/biosecurity problems extensively under the topic “national mechanisms to establish and maintain the security and oversight of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins”. However, the discussion resulted in only a collation of papers which cannot alone provide a systematic catalogue identifying problems and offering possible solutions to assist States Parties without national biosafety/biosecurity legislative or other measures in filling their gaps. The 2003 Meeting, as well as the legislative database of the UNSCR 1540 Committee, clearly demonstrates that abundant information is available from measures that have already been nationally implemented and approved. The European Union proposes that States Parties develop and keep up to date a systematic catalogue of biosafety/biosecurity measures based on these data in an intersessional BTWC process from 2007 to 2010, which would be a worthwhile activity to improve national awareness about biosafety/biosecurity issues as well as assisting States Parties to enact and implement appropriate legislative and other measures to control and secure domestically sensitive biological materials.",
"18. States Parties that are in a situation to assist other States in developing such national biosafety/biosecurity measures should offer and provide assistance, if invited to do so. In this respect, reference is also made to the European Union Council Joint Action of 27 February 2006 in support of the BTWC that aims inter alia at assistance to States Parties in national implementation. A catalogue of already implemented and proven practices by States Parties worked out on the basis of existing national biosafety/biosecurity measures would facilitate any assistance activity on both the provider recipient side.",
"[1] This is one of a series of complementary papers submitted by the EU Member States for the consideration of States Parties. The Acceding Countries Bulgaria and Romania, the Candidate Countries Turkey, Croatia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Countries of the Stabilisation and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, as well as Ukraine and Republic of Moldova align themselves with this paper."
] | BWC_CONF.VI_WP.2 | [
"BWC/CONF.VI/WP.2 20 October 2006",
"ENGLISH Original: ENGLISH",
"Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006 Item 10 of the provisional agenda",
"Review of the implementation of the Convention in accordance with article XII of the Convention",
"AND BIOSEGURITY",
"Submitted by Germany on behalf of the European Union[1]",
"I. OBLIGATION OF IMPEDING PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES",
"1. Article IV of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention may be considered as the key provision for the implementation of the Convention at the national level. It stipulates that each State Party shall take \"the necessary measures to prohibit and prevent\" prohibited activities within its territory, or under its jurisdiction or control anywhere. A careful reading of article IV shows that this includes a number of fundamental obligations.",
"2. First, it covers all activities prohibited under the preceding articles, namely, articles I, II and III, and refers to the global definition of biological weapons according to the general purpose criterion.",
"3. Secondly, since it does not specify the agent, receiver or beneficiary of any prohibited activities, national legislation should be developed in such a way as to effectively cover all potential actors that may participate in such activities.",
"4. Thirdly, article IV was not merely an obligation of means, but was an obligation of result. It will not be sufficient to introduce mere prohibitions in the national law to address the obligations contained in article IV, as States parties must take \"measures to prohibit and prevent.\" Someone may also refer to the need to adopt \"necessary measures\", which can also be read as an attempt not to overwhelm States Parties, introducing a proportionality element in national implementation.",
"5. Taking into account the new risks generated by scientific developments in the field of biotechnology and terrorist threats with biological weapons, the prevention of unrestricted access to microorganisms and toxins that may be used as biological weapons has also become increasingly politically important.",
"II. MEASURES TO PREVENY IRRESTRICTO ACCESS TO PELIGROSS MATERIALS",
"6. Article IV of the Convention refers to \"necessary measures\". But what does it mean to say \"necessary\"? or, to say otherwise, how does a State party know whether it is necessary or not to take action? The answer is very simple: by risk assessment; but is that the problem solved? Surely not, as long as a State party has no knowledge of whether it possesses problematic materials within its territory, and where, and who is handling such materials, for what purpose and under what conditions of immunity and security.",
"7. The approach to solving the problem is twofold: knowledge of the possession of materials that can be used for biological weapons within the territory and risk assessment.",
"8. The working papers and declarations of the Meeting of Experts of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, held in August 2003, showed that States parties are more than aware of the need to limit access to dangerous microorganisms and toxins to individuals and facilities that legitimately handle such materials in scientific, commercial or diagnostic activities. Additional information on how States parties participate in preventing unauthorized access to such materials can be found in the Committee ' s legislation database established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1540, which contains national legislation describing regulations for the management and physical protection of biological weapons materials. However, the logic underlying the restriction of access to such types of material is based on different types of criteria.",
"9. In any case, knowledge of the possession of microorganisms and toxins that may be misused in biological weapons is a prerequisite for any State to adopt further measures. Some States follow a procedure that only requires registering or handling such materials. Most States that have applied legislation on microorganisms and toxins allow individuals or facilities to possess and manage such materials only if they have successfully passed a certification process. This process allows States to link the granting of a licence to different packages of conditions, which the licensee must meet as a prerequisite for obtaining it. Normally, it also submits the license to supervisory measures by the authority issuing it.",
"10. The licensing or registration process allows a State to know where problematic biological materials can be obtained in its territory and who has access to them. Such knowledge is a basis for making any decision on measures necessary to prevent risks related to these materials within a national territory.",
"III. AND BIOSEGURITY",
"11. The necessary measures implemented by States parties to prevent unrestricted access to hazardous biological materials and minimize risks may differ at their starting points, incorporating concepts that complement each other. They usually consist of a combination of minimum laws, regulations and criteria for immunity and security. These concepts are based on the inherent risks of specific microorganisms and toxins.",
"12. Most States that have already implemented measures to minimize risks focus on their national legislation, regulations and criteria on the protection of workers who handle biological materials and on the preservation of the environment, in particular the population, against accidental leaks or losses of hazardous materials. Some States, especially those enacting legislation after 11 September 2001, focus their approaches on the physical protection of biological materials related to biological weapons to prevent unauthorized access by non-State actors, including terrorists, through theft or diversion.",
"13. In general, the two concepts are called biosafety and biosafety; they are terms that offer some problems to countries where the words \"safety\" and \"security\" are translated by the same word in their national languages.",
"14. A thorough comparison of laws, regulations and criteria already promulgated by States parties shows that the measures applied under both concepts are very similar, including, inter alia:",
"(i) The licensing of possession and management;",
"(ii) Professional knowledge requirements;",
"(iii) Verifications of staff reliability;",
"(iv) Development of staff lists that have access to biological materials;",
"(v) Classification of biological materials according to the inherent risks;",
"(vi) Physical infrastructure requirements based on risk classification systems for biological materials;",
"(vii) Organizational measures for the safe management of microorganisms in accordance with different risk groups, in particular by limiting access to problematic materials through a \"professional need\" approach;",
"(viii) Safe storage of microorganisms and toxins in accordance with classifications of risk groups;",
"(ix) Task documentation (lab days);",
"(x) Authorization to transfer biological materials only between certified facilities;",
"(xi) Measures to ensure safe and safe transport of problematic biological materials;",
"(xii) Supervision by authorizing agencies or other competent bodies, etc.",
"15. The difference between the two concepts is mainly based on two issues. First, as already mentioned, both terms are based on the inherent risks of certain microorganisms and toxins. While a risk classification system in terms of biological safety is based on the inherent capacity of microorganisms to cause diseases - of less or greater severity - in humans, animals and plants, the risk classification system in terms of biosecurity refers to the possibilities that a microorganism or toxin may be used as a weapon. In practice, with regard to immunity/security in relation to problematic biological materials, there is little difference between risk classes; however, the concept of biological security covers a much wider number of biological materials than the concept of biosafety. Second, while most of the measures taken under both concepts are more or less the same, the concept of biosafety is basically focused on preventing access to hazardous materials through theft, diversion or intentional surrender. For this reason, biosafety notions normally include additional measures to shield and preserve facilities that contain problematic biological materials that have a potential for use in biological weapons.",
"IV. IMPROVING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOLOGICAL SECURITY MEASURES/BIOSEGURITY",
"16. On the basis of national declarations, the report of the Security Council 1540 Committee of April 2006 on the status of implementation of national legislative and other measures for the physical protection of biological weapons-related materials includes a ratio of 48 States that have existing legislation that provides for licensing requirements or registration of hazardous biological materials and indicate that they have specific laws and regulations that address different concerns regarding immunity and security. In relation to executive measures, most of these States have indicated that their penal codes or specific laws contain criminal or administrative sanctions against violations of the requirements of immunity and security. Faced with the existence in the world of a wide range of problematic microorganisms and the need for medical, veterinary or phytosanitary diagnosis in relation to diseases caused by these agents, the number of States that have applied legislation in this regard and other measures seems surprisingly lacking.",
"17. The 2003 Expert Meeting widely discussed biosafety/biosafety issues under the theme \"National mechanics to institute and maintain the safety and monitoring of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins.\" However, the debate resulted only in a compilation of documents, which themselves cannot be a systematic catalogue that identifies problems and offers possible solutions to assist States parties that lack legislative or other measures in the field of biosafety/biosafety to fill their gaps. The 2003 Meeting, as well as the database on Security Council 1540 Committee legislation, clearly demonstrates that abundant information is available from measures already implemented and adopted at the national level. The European Union proposes that States parties, in a process under the Convention and held between the 2007 to 2010 sessions, develop and update a systematic catalogue of biosafety/biosafety measures based on such data, which would be a very valuable activity in improving national awareness of biological security/biosafety issues, as well as assisting States parties in enacting and implementing appropriate, legislative and other measures, to monitor national and problematic issues.",
"18. States Parties in a position to assist other States in developing such national biological/biosafety measures should offer and provide assistance, if invited. In this regard, reference is also made to the Council ' s Common Action 2006/184/CFSP of 27 February 2006 in support of the Convention on Bacteriological and Toxin Weapons, which aims, inter alia, to assist States parties in national implementation. A catalogue of practices already applied and tested by States parties, developed on the basis of existing national biosafety/biosafety measures, would provide both the supplier and the recipient with any assistance activities.",
"[1] This is the first of a series of supplementary documents submitted by Member States of the European Union for consideration by States parties. Bulgaria and Romania, as acceding countries, Turkey, Croatia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, as candidate countries, the Stabilization and Association Process countries and potential candidates such as Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, as well as Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova, adhere to the content of this document.",
"GE.06-64637 (E) 011106 021106"
] |
[
"BWC/CONF.VI/WP.3 20 de octubre de 2006",
"ESPAÑOL Original: INGLÉS",
"Ginebra, 20 de noviembre a 8 de diciembre de 2006",
"Tema 10 del programa provisional",
"Examen de la aplicación de la Convención según lo dispuesto en su artículo XII",
"EXAMEN DE LA APLICACIÓN NACIONAL DE LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE LAS ARMAS BIOLÓGICAS Y TOXÍNICAS",
"Presentado por Alemania en nombre de la Unión Europea[1]",
"I. OBLIGACIONES DERIVADAS DE LA CONVENCIÓN QUE GUARDAN RELACIÓN CON LA APLICACIÓN NACIONAL",
"1. En virtud el artículo I de la Convención, cada Estado Parte se compromete \"a no desarrollar, producir, almacenar o de otra forma adquirir o retener, nunca ni en ninguna circunstancia; 1) Agentes microbianos u otros agentes biológicos, o toxinas sea cual fuere su origen o modo de producción, de tipos y en cantidades que no estén justificados para fines profilácticos, de protección u otros fines pacíficos; 2) Armas, equipos o vectores destinados a utilizar esos agentes o toxinas con fines hostiles o en conflictos armados\". Así pues, el artículo I establece una definición amplia de las armas biológicas, según el criterio de su finalidad general y -prohibiendo su desarrollo, producción, almacenamiento y adquisición- trata de impedir que los Estados Partes obtengan armas biológicas. También proscribe la proliferación vertical.",
"2. El artículo III amplía la prohibición de las armas biológicas al hacer referencia a cualquier posible intervención de los Estados Partes en la proliferación horizontal de esas armas: en primer lugar, prohíbe ayudar, alentar o inducir a otros Estados, grupos de Estados u organizaciones internacionales a realizar actividades prohibidas a tenor del artículo I. En segundo lugar, prohíbe traspasar \"a nadie\", directa o indirectamente, los elementos prohibidos. Esta disposición abarca los traspasos internacionales o nacionales de sustancias e incluye a los receptores no estatales.",
"3. Por último, el artículo IV puede considerarse la disposición esencial en materia de aplicación nacional. En él se estipula que cada Estado Parte \"adoptará las medidas necesarias para prohibir y prevenir\" las actividades prohibidas en el territorio propio, \"bajo su jurisdicción o bajo su control en cualquier lugar\". Leyendo atentamente el artículo IV, se observa que impone una obligación importante a los Estados Partes.",
"4. En primer lugar, la obligación es de carácter global. Abarca todas las actividades prohibidas a tenor de los artículos I, II y III y se refiere a la definición general de las armas biológicas según el criterio de su finalidad general.",
"5. En segundo lugar, dado que la disposición no especifica quiénes son los que participan en las actividades prohibidas, ni sus receptores o beneficiarios, la legislación nacional debe efectivamente abarcar a todos los posibles participantes en dichas actividades.",
"6. En tercer lugar, el artículo IV no supone una simple obligación de conducta sino que equivale a una obligación de resultado. Para cumplir las obligaciones dimanantes del artículo IV no bastará con introducir en la legislación nacional simples prohibiciones, ya que los Estados Partes deben adoptar medidas para \"prohibir y prevenir\". También cabe remitirse a la necesidad de adoptar las \"medidas necesarias\".",
"7. En cuarto lugar, el artículo IV introduce un concepto general de jurisdicción y control. No se limita al territorio de los Estados Partes sino que incluye la jurisdicción de jure y el control de facto derivados de vínculos auténticos distintos de la soberanía territorial.",
"8. Aparte de estos elementos que ponen de manifiesto el rigor de la obligación, otros dos elementos del artículo IV dejan a los Estados Partes cierto margen en la aplicación de la Convención. En primer lugar, el artículo IV respeta el orden jurídico nacional (\"en conformidad con sus procedimientos constitucionales\") de cada Estado Parte. En segundo lugar, también cabe interpretar que con \"las medidas necesarias\" se pretende no sobrecargar a los Estados Partes, introduciendo un elemento de proporcionalidad en la aplicación nacional.",
"II. LEGISLACIÓN: OBLIGATORIA EN EL FONDO, PERO CON FORMATO FLEXIBLE",
"9. La aplicación nacional remite en primer lugar y ante todo a la legislación nacional. Sin embargo, la propia Convención no especifica expresamente si las prohibiciones en ella previstas deben aplicarse mediante leyes, reglamentos, medidas administrativas o una combinación de éstos. El artículo IV exige únicamente que los Estados Partes \"adopten... las medidas necesarias\". Así pues, los Estados Partes podrían alegar que cualquier tipo de aplicación nacional es acorde con el artículo IV. Sin embargo sería erróneo hacerlo. Según se ha explicado, el artículo IV entraña una obligación de resultado en la medida en que los Estados Partes deben prevenir \"el desarrollo, la producción, el almacenamiento, la adquisición o la retención de los agentes, toxinas, armas, equipos y vectores especificados en el artículo I de la Convención\". Para adoptar las \"medidas necesarias\" exigidas, los Estados Partes deben adoptar medidas jurídicamente vinculantes. Generalmente esto implica recurrir a las leyes.",
"10. La práctica de los Estados hasta la fecha demuestra -y ello es importante a efectos de la interpretación de las disposiciones de la Convención- que hay leyes que abarcan una amplia gama de temas y a diversos niveles. En la reunión de expertos de la Convención de 2003, 23 Estados Partes presentaron documentos de trabajo en los que explicaban el alcance de la legislación nacional de aplicación de la Convención y las medidas para prevenir el acceso irrestricto a material biológico peligroso. La secretaría de las reuniones de 2003 distribuyó información de antecedentes sobre las medidas legislativas y de otro tipo adoptadas por los 84 Estados Partes para aplicar las prohibiciones estipuladas en la Convención, incluida la promulgación de leyes penales y el establecimiento de mecanismos nacionales para instituir y mantener la seguridad y la vigilancia de los microorganismos patógenos y las toxinas. Un pequeño grupo de Estados Partes que participan en el intercambio anual sobre las medidas de fomento de la confianza de la Convención aportó información reciente sobre las medidas legislativas nacionales con arreglo a la medida de fomento de la confianza \"E\": declaración de legislación, reglamentos y otras medidas, incluidas la exportación e importación de microorganismos patógenos de conformidad con la Convención.",
"11. En la base de datos legislativa del Comité 1540 del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas se encuentran datos completos sobre la legislación y demás medidas de aplicación de las prohibiciones establecidas en la Convención, incluida la promulgación de leyes penales y los mecanismos nacionales para instituir y mantener la seguridad y la vigilancia de los microorganismos patógenos y las toxinas. La base es ahora accesible en el sitio web del Comité 1540 y contiene la información facilitada por los Estados (los Estados Partes en la Convención, los signatarios y otros Estados) acerca de las medidas nacionales de aplicación, legislativas o de otro tipo, para prevenir la proliferación de armas biológicas, sus vectores y material conexo.",
"12. Desde 2004 sólo unos pocos países promulgaron y aplicaron nuevas leyes o medidas para adecuar las leyes y normas nacionales a las obligaciones previstas en la resolución 1540 (2004) del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas. Así pues, en la base de datos 1540 se encuentra información actualizada sobre el estado de aplicación nacional de la Convención. La base contiene ahora una lista de documentos legislativos sometidos por 124 Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas, incluidos 112 Estados Partes y 7 signatarios de la Convención. La mayoría de los documentos de la base pueden consultarse en su idioma original o en versión inglesa a través de enlaces web. Los documentos se incorporan a la base con autorización de los Estados.",
"III. ¿QUÉ CONCLUIR A TENOR DE LO EXPUESTO EN CUANTO A LA LEGISLACIÓN DE APLICACIÓN?",
"13. Sin perjuicio del hecho de que en el artículo IV de la Convención no se haga referencia expresa a leyes relativas a la aplicación, en los documentos de la base de datos se observa que la mayoría de los Estados Partes siguen la interpretación bona fide de la Convención que requiere medidas de aplicación jurídicamente vinculantes. Se siguen diversos enfoques legislativos nacionales que dan resultados distintos en una serie de esferas reglamentadas. Esta diversidad también queda patente en las distintas sanciones previstas con objeto de hacer efectivas las medidas legislativas para \"prohibir y prevenir\" las actividades proscritas por la Convención.",
"14. En cuanto a las actividades prohibidas con arreglo al artículo I, según los documentos de la base de datos 1540, se pueden observar cinco pautas generales en la legislación nacional relativa a la aplicación:",
"i) Los procesos constitucionales que incorporan directamente los tratados internacionales en la legislación nacional, a menudo sin incluir en los códigos penales nacionales medidas coercitivas por incumplimiento de las obligaciones previstas en el tratado.",
"ii) La legislación que abarca las actividades nucleares, químicas y biológicas prohibidas, juntas o por separado, combinando un marco legislativo y medidas punitivas penales.",
"iii) La legislación que suele regular y controlar la utilización pacífica de materiales relacionados con las armas biológicas mediante la expedición de licencias para realizar actividades permitidas. Es probable que partan del razonamiento de que, puesto que no se autorizarán las actividades relacionadas con las armas biológicas y sus vectores, se cumplirán las obligaciones previstas en la Convención. Examinando a fondo esas leyes, se observa que las medidas coercitivas suelen basarse en sanciones administrativas únicamente por incumplimiento de las condiciones de licencia.",
"iv) El tratamiento de las actividades prohibidas a tenor del artículo I de la Convención únicamente en el contexto de sus códigos penales nacionales, incorporando sanciones por violar la prohibición.",
"v) La legislación nacional contra el terrorismo que engloba una serie de actividades prohibidas en relación con las armas de destrucción en masa, sus vectores y materiales conexos, que incluye la penalización de las violaciones de la ley cometidas por terroristas. Los Estados con este tipo de legislación quizás no se den cuenta de que es posible que los actores no estatales no siempre obren animados solamente por propósitos terroristas.",
"15. La Convención sobre armas biológicas no incluye la obligación expresa de adoptar legislación penal. Sin embargo, según la interpretación ya citada del artículo IV, al menos sí sugiere que las disposiciones penales forman parte de las obligaciones previstas en la Convención. Teniendo en cuenta la práctica de los Estados en relación con la Convención, constatada en los documentos de la base de datos 1540, parece generalmente aceptada la adopción de disposiciones penales para prevenir efectivamente las actividades prohibidas. A pesar de esa falta de disposiciones expresas en la legislación penal, la Convención impone efectivamente la obligación de promulgar leyes penales o de basarse en la legislación penal vigente para aplicar sus obligaciones.",
"16. No es necesario adoptar una sola norma jurídica global de aplicación que abarque las prohibiciones del artículo I y las medidas coercitivas por vulnerar las actividades prohibidas. En cambio, parece lógico introducir las obligaciones allí donde los afectados sean más conscientes de su existencia, siempre que la legislación nacional en conjunto abarque las obligaciones previstas en los tratados y las medidas coercitivas penales adecuadas, así como a todos los tipos de interesados, es decir, los actores estatales o no estatales.",
"IV. APLICACIÓN ADMINISTRATIVA: AUTORIDADES COMPETENTES, FACULTADES DISCRECIONALES",
"17. La situación en materia de aplicación nacional todavía es más compleja en cuanto al artículo III. En él se prohíbe el traspaso directo o indirecto de \"ninguno de los agentes, toxinas, armas equipos o vectores especificados en el artículo I de la Convención \"a nadie\". Esto incluye los traspasos internacionales o nacionales y a los destinatarios no estatales.",
"18. El artículo III plantea a los Estados varios problemas, tres de los cuales parecen sumamente importantes. En primer lugar, se justifica la utilización de agentes biológicos y de toxinas con fines profilácticos, de protección y otros fines pacíficos. Son comunes la manipulación y el traspaso de agentes y toxinas con fines científicos, diagnósticos y comerciales. La obligación establecida en el artículo III en conjunción con el artículo I requiere que los Estados practiquen algún tipo de control para velar por que el traspaso de material se ajuste al criterio de uso justificado. En segundo lugar, el artículo I no especifica agentes, toxinas, armas o vectores precisos sino que prohíbe las actividades relacionadas con esos materiales. Por ese motivo queda a discreción de los Estados Partes especificar los puntos pertinentes. En tercer lugar, en el contexto de los traspasos internacionales, aunque no posea los agentes o las toxinas en cuestión en su territorio, el Estado tendría que aplicar la legislación y las medidas para cumplir las obligaciones previstas en el artículo III de no traspasar \"indirectamente\" y \"no ayudar... en forma alguna\" al transporte o transbordo a través de su territorio nacional ni la intermediación ilícita.",
"19. Según la información aportada por los documentos de la base de datos 1540, los Estados procuran resolver los problemas citados mediante normas jurídicas y la ejecución administrativa.",
"20. El examen de la ejecución administrativa en el contexto de la aplicación nacional abre una vertiente práctica. Conduce a un debate sobre la manera de poner en práctica medidas \"sobre el terreno\". En este sentido, hay dos cuestiones pertinentes: determinar las autoridades competentes y establecer el grado de discreción política y administrativa. En primer lugar, la Convención no incluye una disposición sobre las autoridades nacionales. A falta de una disposición explícita sobre una autoridad nacional u otras autoridades encargadas de la ejecución administrativa de las leyes y reglamentos de aplicación, el único punto de referencia pertinente es el artículo IV. Si se entiende como una obligación de resultado y se tiene presente que se deben adoptar las \"medidas necesarias\", está claro que no basta la legislación de por sí para cumplir los requisitos de la Convención. La aplicación efectiva requiere una ejecución administrativa competente.",
"21. Lo ideal sería que las leyes designaran a las autoridades competentes que deberían estar dotadas de suficientes capacidades y recursos. Además, debe haber cierta especialización para garantizar la correcta aplicación de la ley. Esto supone buen gobierno en la administración de las leyes que regulan la manipulación, incluido el traspaso, y el control de los agentes y toxinas en cuestión. En cuanto al segundo aspecto de las medidas administrativas, a saber el grado de discreción en la aplicación de las leyes y reglamentos pertinentes, éste depende de la naturaleza de las obligaciones incluidas en la Convención. El simple hecho de que la definición de armas biológicas se base en el criterio de finalidad general requiere cierta flexibilidad.",
"22. En la legislación nacional incluida en la base de datos de la resolución 1540 del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas, la responsabilidad administrativa de los traspasos internacionales (control de las exportaciones) suele estar repartida entre los ministerios encargados de la política general y los organismos estatales, que se ocupan de expedir licencias y asumen una responsabilidad directa. Cuando no hay organismos estatales, la responsabilidad de desarrollar políticas y conceder licencias suele repartirse entre varios ministerios. En lo tocante a la manipulación y el trabajo con agentes biológicos, esta responsabilidad incumbe a los correspondientes ministerios y organismos estatales -lo que significa que se trata de manera descentralizada en función de los tipos de agentes, ya sean patógenos humanos, animales o vegetales, naturales o modificados genéticamente. La razón de separar las responsabilidades está relacionada con las prácticas nacionales tradicionales en materia de salud pública y veterinaria y los mecanismos de licencias y control fitosanitarios. Si bien estas estructuras organizativas están lejos de ser exhaustivas, ponen de manifiesto que las normas administrativas de aplicación de leyes y reglamentos se abordan de acuerdo con las disposiciones jurídicas y constitucionales del país, ya que el artículo IV estipula \"en conformidad con sus procedimientos constitucionales\". Todo arreglo nacional como tal es adecuado en la medida en que se rija por consideraciones de eficacia, que suelen incluir reglamentaciones de control del traspaso de agentes dentro del país, sólo permitido entre instalaciones autorizadas.",
"23. En cuanto a las técnicas de reglamentación, la legislación de los Estados se basa en sistemas de concesión de licencias dejando cierto grado de discreción a las autoridades responsables. Los procedimientos de concesión de licencias para los traspasos internacionales se basan en listas de agentes y toxinas y tecnologías conexas que presentan un riesgo inherente de proliferación de armas biológicas. Las listas, por ejemplo la establecida por el Grupo de Australia, se usan mucho como referencia para establecer los sistemas nacionales de concesión de licencias. No obstante, es necesario equilibrar las prohibiciones incluidas en las leyes nacionales y el requisito constitucional de libre comercio exterior. En muchas otras facetas del derecho es necesario respetar consideraciones similares sobre derechos fundamentales, lo que significa que las autoridades administrativas desempeñan un papel decisivo en la aplicación de las obligaciones de la Convención.",
"24. En conclusión, podría decirse que la Convención deja un margen razonable a los Estados Partes para organizar las medidas administrativas en la medida en que se garantice la aplicación efectiva. El establecimiento de sistemas de licencias como parte del proceso de aplicación es totalmente acorde con la Convención, y puede suponer el cumplimiento de la obligación de adoptar medidas para prohibir y prevenir la proliferación de armas biológicas.",
"V. MÁS ALLÁ DE LA JURISDICCIÓN NACIONAL",
"25. Por último, debemos abordar la cuestión de la jurisdicción citada expresamente en el artículo IV que habla del \"territorio de dicho Estado ..., su jurisdicción... su control en cualquier lugar\". Esta formulación se introdujo en otros acuerdos sobre control de armas y desarme y hoy puede considerarse acuñada. Aunque esto parece prometedor, todavía no hay consenso sobre la interpretación de esa cláusula. La falta de consenso se debe a que en derecho internacional no hay acuerdo sobre la medida en que un Estado puede aprobar leyes extraterritoriales. Sin embargo, al ampliar la responsabilidad de los Estados Partes más allá de su territorio, el artículo IV no sólo sienta la base de la jurisdicción extraterritorial sino que incluso obliga a los Estados Partes a hacer extensivas sus leyes de aplicación a los límites de su \"jurisdicción... (y) control\". Con independencia de la falta de consenso internacional sobre la legislación extraterritorial, un número creciente de Estados Partes sigue la interpretación de que el artículo IV sienta la base de la legislación extraterritorial.",
"26. Teniendo en cuenta los documentos de la base de datos 1540, se incluyen en la legislación nacional las correspondientes disposiciones de derecho penal relativas a las prohibiciones del artículo I, los códigos penales y la legislación nacional de control de las exportaciones. Están basadas en el principio de territorialidad y el principio de personalidad activa ‑que significa que los nacionales de un Estado que se encuentren en el extranjero estarán sujetos a sanciones penales si violan las disposiciones nacionales de dicho Estado.",
"VI. CONCLUSIONES: NECESIDAD DE COHERENCIA HORIZONTAL Y VERTICAL",
"27. La presente comunicación no puede ser sino una introducción al debate. Sin embargo, del análisis anterior cabe destacar lo siguiente:",
"i) En primer lugar, la legislación nacional de aplicación es obligatoria, aunque flexible en cuanto a su formato;",
"ii) En segundo lugar, las medidas administrativas deben ser efectivas pero pueden establecerse con arreglo al sistema jurídico de cada Estado Parte;",
"iii) En tercer lugar, la legislación nacional de aplicación de la Convención requiere que se introduzcan sanciones penales; y",
"iv) En cuarto lugar, la formulación \"jurisdicción... (y) control\" no sólo permite la aplicación extraterritorial de las leyes de aplicación sino que establece la obligación de hacerlas extensivas más allá del territorio del Estado Parte, en particular a la luz de las amenazas terroristas y de proliferación.",
"28. Se debe destacar otro aspecto más: la necesidad de coherencia, tanto en los niveles de la legislación y la ejecución (de supranacional a subnacional) como en relación con la amplia gama de asuntos en cuestión. Aunque un único estatuto de aplicación no resultaría necesariamente útil, se podría establecer un catálogo de las prácticas ya aplicadas y probadas por los Estados Partes, basándose en la legislación nacional disponible en la base de datos 1540 y en otras fuentes documentales. El catálogo sería una herramienta muy útil para todos los Estados Partes. Los Estados que tengan que elaborar sus leyes, reglamentos y medidas para cumplir sus obligaciones con arreglo a la Convención lo considerarían un buen documento de referencia y los Estados Partes que ya han establecido leyes nacionales pueden usarlo para comprobar si existen lagunas y como orientación para subsanar las que puedan aparecer. La Unión Europea propone que los Estados Partes establezcan y mantengan ese catálogo en el proceso de la Convención entre períodos de sesiones, de 2007 a 2010.",
"29. Según se ha indicado, la aplicación nacional de todas las obligaciones de la Convención abarca una amplia gama de asuntos. Algunos Estados Partes posiblemente hayan considerado en el pasado que no debían promulgar leyes específicas de aplicación de la Convención ya que no tienen -o no creen tener- los materiales en cuestión en su territorio. Pero, en la medida en que la Convención incluye obligaciones vinculantes, todos los Estados Partes en ella deben promulgar las normas y aplicar las medidas legislativas nacionales correspondientes. Algunos Estados Partes pueden no tener materiales sensibles, pero es posible que actores no estatales usen su territorio como refugio y los encaminen a la proliferación. Esto no significa que en un momento dado todos los Estados Partes tengan el mismo nivel de requisitos de aplicación nacional. Sin embargo, cada Estado Parte debe desarrollar un plan nacional de acción, determinar sus lagunas y promulgar y aplicar las leyes, los reglamentos y las medidas pertinentes para dar cumplimiento convenientemente a sus obligaciones con arreglo a la Convención.",
"30. Los Estados Partes que estén en condiciones de ayudar a otros a elaborar los planes nacionales de acción deben ofrecer y prestar su ayuda, si se les solicita. En este sentido, cabe citar también la Acción Común del Consejo de la Unión Europea de 27 de febrero de 2006 en apoyo de la Convención sobre armas bacteriológicas y toxínicas en el marco de la estrategia de la UE contra la proliferación de armas de destrucción masiva, que, entre otras cosas, tiene por objeto \"la asistencia a los Estados Partes para la aplicación nacional de la Convención, con objeto de que los Estados Partes incorporen las obligaciones internacionales de la Convención a sus actos legislativos y medidas administrativas nacionales\". La elaboración, a partir de las leyes nacionales vigentes, de un catálogo de las prácticas ya aplicadas y probadas por los Estados Partes facilitaría cualquier actividad de asistencia tanto a los proveedores como a los receptores.",
"[1] Esta ponencia pertenece a una serie de documentos complementarios que los Estados miembros de la UE someten al examen de los Estados Partes. Los Estados en proceso de adhesión (Bulgaria y Rumania), los países candidatos (Turquía, Croacia y la ex República Yugoslava de Macedonia), los países del proceso de asociación y estabilización y posibles candidatos (Albania, Bosnia y Herzegovina, Serbia) y Ucrania y la República de Moldova se asocian al documento.",
"GE.06-64644 (S) 061106 081106"
] | [
"SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON THEPROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIONAND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL(BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ONTHEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.320 October 2006Original: ENGLISH",
"Geneva, 20 November – 8 December 2006",
"Item 10 of the provisional agenda",
"Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its Article XII",
"ASSESSMENT OF NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION (BTWC)",
"Submitted by Germany on behalf of the European Union[1]",
"I. Obligations of the BTWC relevant for national implementation",
"1. According to Article I of the BTWC, each State Party “undertakes never in any circumstances to develop, produce, stockpile or otherwise acquire or retain: (1) Microbial or other biological agents, or toxins whatever their origin or method of production, of types and in quantities that have no justification for prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes; (2) Weapons, equipment or means of delivery designed to use such agents or toxins for hostile purposes or in armed conflict”. Article I thus establishes a broad definition of biological weapons (BW) on the basis of the general purpose criterion and – in prohibiting development, production, stockpiling and acquisition – seeks to prevent States Parties from getting hold of BW. It outlaws vertical proliferation.",
"2. Article III expands the ban on BW in addressing any active role that States Parties may take in the horizontal proliferation of BW: Firstly, it proscribes assistance, encouragement and inducement of other States, groups of States and international organisations in activities prohibited under Article I. Secondly, it bans direct and indirect transfers of prohibited items “to any recipient whatsoever”. This covers international and domestic transfers of substances and includes non-State recipients.",
"3. Finally, Article IV may be considered as the core provision relating to national implementation. It stipulates that each State Party shall “take any necessary measures to prohibit and prevent” prohibited activities within its territory, “under its jurisdiction or under its control anywhere”. A close reading of Article IV demonstrates that it includes a significant obligation on States Parties:",
"4. Firstly, the obligation is comprehensive in scope. It covers all activities prohibited under the preceding Articles I, II and III and it refers to the comprehensive definition of BW based on the general-purpose criterion.",
"5. Secondly, since it does not specify the actor, the recipient or the beneficiary of any of the prohibited activities, national legislation must be constructed in such a way as to effectively cover all potential actors involved in such BW activities.",
"6. Thirdly, Article IV is not simply an obligation of conduct but amounts to an obligation of result. It will not be sufficient to introduce mere prohibitions into national law to meet the obligations included in Article IV since States Parties have to take measures “to prohibit and prevent”. One may also refer to the need to adopt the “necessary measures”.",
"7. Fourthly, Article IV introduces a broad concept of jurisdiction and control. It is not limited to the territory of States Parties but includes de jure jurisdiction and de facto control relying upon genuine links other than territorial sovereignty.",
"8. Apart from these elements illustrating the strictness of the obligation, two other elements included in Article IV give some leeway to States Parties when implementing the Convention. Firstly, Article IV pays respect to the national legal order (“in accordance with its constitutional processes”) of each State Party. Secondly, “necessary measures” can also be read as an attempt not to over-burden States Parties, introducing an element of proportionality into national implementation.",
"II. Legislation – obligatory in substance, but flexible in format",
"9. National implementation first and foremost means national legislation. However, the Convention itself does not explicitly specify whether the prohibitions included therein have to be implemented by legislation, regulation, administrative measures, or a combination of these. Article IV only requires States Parties to “take ... necessary measures”. States Parties could thus argue that any form of national implementation is in line with Article IV. However, this would miss the point. As explained, Article IV includes an obligation of result insofar as States Parties have to prevent the “development, production, stockpiling, acquisition or retention of the agents, toxins, weapons, equipment and means of delivery specified in Article I of the Convention”. In order to take the “necessary measures” required States Parties must adopt measures which are legally binding. This generally means making use of legislation.",
"10. State practice as of today – and this is relevant when interpreting the provisions of the BTWC – demonstrates that legislation exists covering a broad field of topics as well as various levels. At the 2003 BTWC Meeting of Experts 23 States Parties presented working papers explaining the scope of national BTWC implementation legislation and measures to prevent unimpeded access to dangerous biological materials. The Secretariat of the 2003 meetings distributed background information on legislative and other measures taken by 84 States Parties to implement the prohibitions set forth in the Convention, including enactment of penal legislation as well as national mechanisms to establish and maintain the security and oversight of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins. A limited number of States Parties participating in the annual exchange of BTWC Confidence-Building Measures provided updated information on national legislative measures under CBM Measure E: Declaration of legislation, regulations and other measures including exports and/or imports of pathogenic microorganisms in accordance with the Convention.",
"11. Comprehensive data on legislative and other measures to implement the prohibitions set forth in the Convention, including enactment of penal legislation as well as national mechanisms to establish and maintain the security and oversight of pathogenic micro-organisms and toxins are provided by the Legislative Database of the UNSCR 1540 Committee. This database is now openly accessible on the 1540 Committee website and contains information provided by States (BTWC States Parties, BTWC Signatories and other States) relating to national legislative and other implementation measures to prevent the proliferation of BW, their means of delivery and related materials.",
"12. Since 2004 only a few countries have enacted and implemented new legislation or measures to adjust national laws and regulations to obligations under UNSCR 1540 (2004). Thus the 1540 database provides an up-to-date status of national implementation of the BTWC. The database at present contains a list of legislative documents submitted by 124 UN Member States, including 112 BTWC States Parties and 7 BTWC Signatories. Most of the documents contained in the database are accessible in their original language or as English versions by web-links. The inclusion of the documents in the database is authorised by the States.",
"III. What can be taken from this in respect of implementing legislation?",
"13. Notwithstanding the fact that Article IV of the BTWC does not explicitly refer to implementing legislation, the database documents show that most of the States Parties follow the bona fide interpretation of the Convention that necessitates legally binding implementing measures. Use is made of a variety of national legislative approaches, which lead to different results in the number of regulated areas. This variety also becomes apparent in the different sanctions to enforce legislative measures in order to “prohibit and prevent” activities outlawed by the BTWC.",
"14. With regard to prohibited activities under Article I, according to the 1540 database documents, five general patterns can be identified in national implementation legislation:",
"(i) Constitutional processes that directly enact international treaties as national law, often without any enforcement measures in national penal codes for breaching treaty obligations;",
"(ii) Legislation that covers nuclear, chemical and biological prohibited activities jointly or separately combining framework legislation with penal sanction measures;",
"(iii) Legislation that commonly regulates and controls peaceful use of BW-related materials by licensing permitted activities. The underlying reasoning presumably is that since the activities relating to BW and their means of delivery will not be licensed, the obligations under the BTWC will be met. In-depth examination of such legislation reveals that enforcement measures are usually based on administrative penalties for breaching licensing requirements only.",
"(iv) Addressing the prohibited activities under Article I of the BTWC only in the context of their national criminal codes by including penalties for violation of the prohibitions; and",
"(v) National anti-terrorism legislation that covers sets of prohibited activities associated with WMD, their means of delivery and related materials, including the penalisation of violations by terrorists. States with such legislation may miss the fact that non-State actors may not always be motivated by terrorist purposes only.",
"15. The BTWC does not include an explicit obligation to adopt penal legislation. However, the previously discussed interpretation of Article IV BTWC at least suggests that penal provisions form part of BTWC obligations. Taking into account State practice under the BTWC, as demonstrated by the 1540 database documents, the adoption of penal provisions in order to effectively prevent prohibited activities seems to be generally accepted. Despite this lack of explicit provisions on penal legislation, the Convention does impose an obligation to enact criminal law or rely upon existing criminal law in implementing its obligations.",
"16. There is no need to adopt a single piece of comprehensive implementing legislation to cover the prohibitions of Article I as well as enforcement measures for violations of the prohibited activities. Rather, it seems to make sense to introduce the obligations where those affected will best become aware of them, as long as the national legislation in total covers treaty obligations, adequate penal enforcement measures and all types of constituencies, i.e. States and non-State actors.",
"IV. Administrative enforcement – relevant authorities, discretionary powers",
"17. With regard to Article III the situation of national implementation becomes even more complex. Article III bans direct and indirect transfers of “any of the agents, toxins, weapons, equipment or means of delivery specified in Article I of this Convention” “to any recipient whatsoever”. This covers international and domestic transfers and includes non-State recipients.",
"18. Article III confronts States with several issues of which three seem to be of major importance. Firstly, the use of biological agents and toxins is justified for prophylactic, protective and other peaceful purposes. Handling and transfer of agents and toxins is day-to-day business for scientific, diagnostic and commercial purposes. The obligation under Article III in combination with Article I requires States to execute some type of control to ensure that transfers of material fulfil the criterion of justified use. Secondly, Article I does not specify distinctive agents, toxins, weapons or means of delivery, but instead prohibits activities relating to such materials. For this reason it is at the discretion of States Parties to specify relevant items. Thirdly, in the context of international transfers, even without possessing any agents and toxins of concern within a State’s territory, a State may need to implement legislation and measures in order to meet the obligations under Article III not to transfer “indirectly”, and “not in any way to assist” illegal transport or trans-shipment through its national territory as well as illegal brokering.",
"19. According to the information provided by 1540 database documents, States try to solve the problems mentioned by both legislative regulations and administrative enforcement.",
"20. The discussion of administrative enforcement in the context of national implementation opens a practical dimension. It leads to a debate about how to carry out measures “on the ground”. Two issues are of concern in this respect: the determination of relevant authorities and the extent of political and administrative discretion. Firstly the BTWC does not include a provision on national authorities. Without any explicit provision on either a national authority or other authorities in charge of the administrative enforcement of implementing laws and regulations, the only relevant point of reference is Article IV. When read as an obligation of result and bearing in mind the need to take “necessary measures”, it is quite clear that legislation alone is not sufficient to meet the requirements of the Convention. Effective implementation necessitates competent administrative enforcement.",
"21. Ideally legislation should name empowered authorities, which must be equipped with sufficient capacities and resources. Further, there must be a degree of specialisation ensuring the proper application of the law. This amounts to good governance in the administration of any legislation that serves the handling, including transfers, and control of agents and toxins of concern. Turning to the second aspect of administrative enforcement, namely the extent of discretion in applying pertinent laws and regulations, this depends upon the nature of obligations included in the BTWC. The very fact that the definition of BW is based upon the general-purpose criterion necessitates a degree of flexibility.",
"22. In the national legislation included in the UNSCR 1540 database, administrative responsibility for international transfers (export controls) is usually split between ministries which are in charge of the general policy, and governmental agencies, which handle licensing and have directive responsibility. In cases where no governmental agencies exist, the responsibility for policy-making and licensing is usually split between different ministries. As far as the handling of and work with biological agents is concerned, this lies within the responsibility of the respective ministries and governmental agencies – which means that it is handled in a decentralised way according to the types of agents, whether they are human, animal or plant pathogens, naturally occurring or genetically modified. The reason for separate responsibilities is linked to long-standing national practices of public health, animal health and phytosanitary licence and control mechanisms. While these organisational structures are far from comprehensive, they illustrate the fact that the administrative enforcement of implementing laws and regulations is handled according to the country’s legal and constitutional arrangements, as Article IV stipulates: “in accordance with its constitutional processes”. Any national arrangement as such is adequate as long as it is governed by considerations of effectiveness, which usually include regulations to control domestic transfers of agents that only permit transfers between licensed facilities.",
"23. As far as the regulatory techniques are concerned, States’ legislation builds upon licensing systems leaving an amount of discretion to the authorities in charge. Licensing procedures for international transfers rely on lists of agents and toxins and related technologies with an inherent BW proliferation risk. These lists, as for instance developed by the Australia Group, are widely used as a basis for enacting States’ national licensing systems. However, there has to be a balance between the prohibitions included in any national legislation and the constitutional requirement of freedom of foreign trade. In many other areas of the law, similar considerations of fundamental rights have to be respected which means that administrative authorities play a decisive role in implementing the obligations of the BTWC.",
"24. In conclusion, one might argue that the BTWC gives a fair degree of leeway to States Parties in organising administrative enforcement as long as effective implementation is guaranteed. The establishment of licensing systems as part of the implementation process is fully in line with the Convention, potentially fulfilling the obligation to take measures to both prohibit and prevent the proliferation of biological weapons.",
"V. Beyond national jurisdiction",
"25. Finally, we should address the issue of jurisdiction explicitly referred to in Article IV which speaks of “the territory of such State, ... its jurisdiction or ... its control anywhere”. This formula has been introduced in various other arms control and disarmament agreements and can be considered a standard formula today. While this seems to be promising, there still is no consensus as to the interpretation of such a clause. This lack of consensus is due to the fact that there is no agreement in international law on the extent to which any particular State may adopt extraterritorial legislation. However, in extending the responsibility of States Parties beyond their territory, Article IV not only provides a basis for extraterritorial jurisdiction but even obliges States Parties to extend their implementing legislation to the extent of their “jurisdiction ... (and) control”. Notwithstanding the lack of international consensus on extraterritorial legislation, an increasing number of States Parties follow the interpretation that Article IV provides a basis for extraterritorial legislation.",
"26. Taking into account the 1540 database documents, pertinent provisions of criminal law are included in national legislation relating to Article I prohibitions, penal codes and national export control legislation. They rely upon both the territoriality principle and the active personality principle – which means that nationals of a State abroad are subject to criminal sanctions should they violate pertinent domestic provisions of that State.",
"VI. Conclusions: the need for coherence: horizontal and vertical",
"27. This statement cannot be more than an introduction into discussions. However, the following can be taken from the above analysis:",
"(i) Firstly, national implementing legislation is obligatory, but flexible in format;",
"(ii) Secondly, administrative enforcement must be effective, but can be set up according to each States Parties’ individual legal system;",
"(iii) Thirdly, national implementation legislation of the BTWC necessitates the inclusion of penal sanctions; and",
"(iv) Fourthly, the formula “jurisdiction ... (and) control” does not only permit extraterritorial application of implementing legislation but establishes an obligation to extend such implementing laws beyond the territory of a State Party, in particular in the light of terrorist and proliferation threats.",
"28. An additional aspect must be underlined: the need for coherence, both as far as the levels of legislation and enforcement are concerned (from supranational to sub-national) and with respect to the broad range of topics concerned. While a single implementing statute might not necessarily be useful, a catalogue of already implemented and proven practices by States Parties could be worked out on the basis of existing national legislation available from the 1540 database and other source documents. This catalogue could serve as a useful tool for all States Parties. States which need to develop their laws, regulations and measures to implement the obligations under the BTWC would find it a useful source document and States Parties which have already implemented national legislation can use it to check if gaps exist and as a guideline to fill possible lacunae. The European Union proposes that States Parties develop and keep up to date such a catalogue as part of the intersessional BTWC process from 2007 to 2010.",
"29. As mentioned, national implementation of all BTWC obligations touches on a broad range of topics. Some States Parties might have considered in the past that they do not need to enact specific BTWC implementation legislation since they do not have - or they believe that they do not have - relevant materials within their territory. But, in as much as the BTWC contains binding obligations, all BTWC States Parties must enact and enforce appropriate national legislative measures. Although some States Parties may not possess relevant materials, their territories may be used as a safe haven by non-State actors and become a part of proliferation pathways. This does not mean that at any given time all States Parties will have the same degree of national implementation requirements. However, each State Party should develop a national action plan, to identify its gaps and to enact and implement adequate laws, regulations and measures that cover its obligations under the BTWC.",
"30. States Parties that are in a situation to assist other States in developing such national action plans should offer and provide assistance, if invited to do so. In this respect reference is also made to the European Union Council Joint Action of 27 February 2006 in support of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, in the framework of the EU Strategy against the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, that aims inter alia at “assistance to States Parties for the national implementation of the BTWC, in order to ensure that States Parties transpose the international obligations of the BTWC into their national legislation and administrative measures”. A catalogue of already implemented and proven practices by States Parties worked out on the basis of existing national legislation would facilitate any assistance activity on both the provider and recipient side.",
"[1] This is one of a series of complementary papers submitted by the EU Member States for the consideration of States Parties. The Acceding Countries Bulgaria and Romania, the Candidate Countries Turkey, Croatia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Countries of the Stabilisation and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, as well as Ukraine and Republic of Moldova align themselves with this paper."
] | BWC_CONF.VI_WP.3 | [
"BWC/CONF.VI/WP.3 20 October 2006",
"ENGLISH Original: ENGLISH",
"Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006",
"Item 10 of the provisional agenda",
"Review of the implementation of the Convention in accordance with article XII of the Convention",
"CONSIDERATION OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL AND TOXINIC WEAPONS",
"Submitted by Germany on behalf of the European Union[1]",
"I. DERIVATE OBLIGATIONS OF THE CONVENTION GUARDING THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION",
"1. Under article I of the Convention, each State Party undertakes \"not to develop, produce, store or otherwise acquire or retain, never under any circumstances; (1) Microbial agents or other biological agents, or toxins whatever their origin or mode of production, of types and in quantities that are not justified for prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes; 2) Weapons, equipment or vectors intended to use such agents or toxins for hostile purposes or in armed conflicts.\" Article I, therefore, establishes a comprehensive definition of biological weapons, according to its general purpose and - prohibiting their development, production, storage and acquisition - seeks to prevent States parties from obtaining biological weapons. It also prohibits vertical proliferation.",
"2. Article III extends the prohibition of biological weapons by referring to any possible intervention by States parties in the horizontal proliferation of such weapons: first, it prohibits the assistance, encouragement or inducement of other States, groups of States or international organizations to engage in prohibited activities under article I. Secondly, it prohibits the transfer of \"no one,\" directly or indirectly, prohibited elements. This provision covers international or national transfers of substances and includes non-State recipients.",
"3. Finally, article IV may be considered as the essential provision for national implementation. It stipulates that each State Party shall \"adopt the necessary measures to prohibit and prevent\" activities prohibited in its own territory, \"under its jurisdiction or under its control anywhere.\" Carefully reading article IV, it is noted that it imposes an important obligation on States parties.",
"4. First, the obligation is of a global nature. It covers all activities prohibited under articles I, II and III and refers to the general definition of biological weapons according to the criterion of their general purpose.",
"5. Secondly, since the provision does not specify who is involved in prohibited activities, or their recipients or beneficiaries, national legislation must effectively cover all potential participants in such activities.",
"6. Thirdly, article IV does not represent a simple obligation of conduct but is an obligation of result. In order to comply with Article IV obligations, it is not sufficient to introduce simple prohibitions into national legislation, as States parties must take measures to \"prohibite and prevent\". Reference should also be made to the need to adopt the \"measures necessary\".",
"7. Fourth, article IV introduces a general concept of jurisdiction and control. It is not confined to the territory of States parties but includes de jure jurisdiction and de facto control resulting from authentic links other than territorial sovereignty.",
"8. Apart from these elements that demonstrate the rigour of the obligation, two other elements of article IV leave a certain margin for States parties in the implementation of the Convention. First, article IV respects the national legal order (\"in accordance with its constitutional procedures\") of each State Party. Secondly, it can also be interpreted that \"necessary measures\" are intended not to overload States parties, introducing a proportionality element in national implementation.",
"II. LEGISLATION: OBLIGATORY IN THE FUND, BUT WITH FLEXIBLE FORMATO",
"9. National implementation refers first and foremost to national legislation. However, the Convention itself does not expressly specify whether the prohibitions provided for therein should be applied through laws, regulations, administrative measures or a combination thereof. Article IV requires only States parties to \"adopte... the necessary measures.\" Thus, States Parties may argue that any type of national application is in line with Article IV. However, it would be wrong to do so. As explained, Article IV entails an obligation of result to the extent that States parties must prevent \"the development, production, storage, acquisition or retention of agents, toxins, weapons, equipment and vectors specified in Article I of the Convention.\" To adopt the \"necessary measures\" required, States parties must take legally binding measures. Generally this implies resorting to laws.",
"10. The practice of States to date demonstrates - and this is important for the purposes of interpreting the provisions of the Convention - that there are laws covering a wide range of subjects and at various levels. At the 2003 Convention expert meeting, 23 States parties submitted working papers explaining the scope of national legislation implementing the Convention and measures to prevent unrestricted access to hazardous biological materials. The 2003 meeting secretariat provided background information on legislative and other measures taken by the 84 States Parties to implement the Convention ' s prohibitions, including the enactment of criminal laws and the establishment of national mechanisms to institute and maintain the safety and monitoring of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins. A small group of States Parties participating in the annual exchange on confidence-building measures of the Convention provided recent information on national legislative measures under the confidence-building measure \"E\": declaration of legislation, regulations and other measures, including the export and import of pathogenic microorganisms under the Convention.",
"11. The United Nations Security Council 1540 Committee legislative database contains comprehensive data on legislation and other measures to implement the prohibitions established by the Convention, including the enactment of criminal laws and national mechanisms to institute and maintain the safety and monitoring of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins. The basis is now accessible on the 1540 Committee website and contains information provided by States (States Parties to the Convention, signatories and other States) on national implementation measures, legislative or other, to prevent the proliferation of biological weapons, their means of delivery and related materials.",
"12. Since 2004, only a few countries have enacted and implemented new laws or measures to bring national laws and standards into line with the obligations contained in United Nations Security Council resolution 1540 (2004). Thus, the 1540 database provides an update on the status of national implementation of the Convention. The basis now contains a list of legislative documents submitted by 124 States Members of the United Nations, including 112 States parties and 7 signatories to the Convention. Most of the database documents are available in their original or English language through web links. The documents are incorporated into the base with State authorization.",
"III. WHAT CAN I CONCLUSION TO TAKE ANYTHING IN THE LEGISLATION OF IMPLEMENTATION?",
"13. Without prejudice to the fact that article IV of the Convention does not explicitly refer to laws relating to implementation, the database documents show that most States parties follow the bona fide interpretation of the Convention that requires legally binding enforcement measures. A number of national legislative approaches are followed with different results in a number of regulated areas. This diversity is also evident in the various sanctions envisaged to give effect to legislative measures to \"prohibit and prevent\" the activities proscribed by the Convention.",
"14. With regard to activities prohibited under article I, according to database documents 1540, five general guidelines can be observed in national legislation on implementation:",
"(i) Constitutional processes that directly incorporate international treaties into national legislation, often without including coercive measures in national criminal codes for breach of treaty obligations.",
"(ii) Legislation covering prohibited nuclear, chemical and biological activities, together or separately, combining a legislative framework and criminal punitive measures.",
"(iii) The legislation that usually regulates and controls the peaceful use of biological weapons-related materials by issuing licences for permitted activities. They are likely to rely on the reasoning that, since activities related to biological weapons and their means of delivery will not be authorized, the obligations under the Convention will be fulfilled. Examining these laws in depth, it is noted that coercive measures tend to be based on administrative sanctions only for breach of license conditions.",
"(iv) The treatment of activities prohibited under article I of the Convention only in the context of its national criminal codes, incorporating sanctions for violating the prohibition.",
"(v) National anti-terrorism legislation encompassing a number of prohibited activities in relation to weapons of mass destruction, their means of delivery and related materials, including the criminalization of violations of the law committed by terrorists. States with such legislation may not realize that non-State actors may not always be encouraged solely by terrorist purposes.",
"15. The Biological Weapons Convention does not include the express obligation to adopt criminal legislation. However, according to the above-mentioned interpretation of article IV, it does at least suggest that criminal provisions are part of the obligations under the Convention. Taking into account the practice of States in relation to the Convention, as noted in database documents 1540, it seems generally accepted to adopt criminal provisions to effectively prevent prohibited activities. Despite this lack of provisions expressed in criminal law, the Convention effectively imposes an obligation to enact criminal laws or to rely on the existing criminal legislation to implement its obligations.",
"16. It is not necessary to adopt a single comprehensive legal standard of application that covers the prohibitions of article I and coercive measures to violate prohibited activities. On the other hand, it seems logical to introduce obligations where those affected are more aware of their existence, provided that national legislation as a whole covers the obligations provided for in the treaties and appropriate criminal coercive measures, as well as all types of stakeholders, i.e. State or non-State actors.",
"IV. ADMINISTRATIVE IMPLEMENTATION: COMPETENT AUTHORITIES,",
"17. The national implementation situation is still more complex in terms of article III. It prohibits the direct or indirect transfer of \"no agents, toxins, weapons equipment or vectors specified in Article I of the Convention \"no one\". This includes international or national transfers and non-State recipients.",
"18. Article III presents a number of problems to States, three of which appear to be extremely important. First, the use of biological agents and toxins for prophylactic, protection and other peaceful purposes is justified. The manipulation and transfer of agents and toxins for scientific, diagnostic and commercial purposes are common. The obligation under article III in conjunction with article I requires States to exercise some kind of control to ensure that the transfer of material is in conformity with the criterion of justified use. Secondly, article I does not specify agents, toxins, weapons or precise vectors but prohibits activities related to such materials. That is why it is at the discretion of States parties to specify the relevant points. Thirdly, in the context of international transfers, even if it does not possess the agents or toxins in question in its territory, the State would have to apply the legislation and measures to comply with its obligations under article III not to \"indirectly\" and \"not to help\" transport or transfer through its national territory or illicit brokering.",
"19. According to information provided by database documents 1540, States seek to resolve the problems cited through legal standards and administrative enforcement.",
"20. The review of administrative execution in the context of national implementation opens up a practical aspect. It leads to a debate on how to implement \"on the ground\" measures. In this regard, there are two relevant issues: identifying the competent authorities and establishing the degree of political and administrative discretion. First, the Convention does not include a provision on national authorities. In the absence of an explicit provision on a national authority or other authorities responsible for the administrative enforcement of implementing laws and regulations, the only relevant reference point is article IV. If it is understood as an obligation of result and it is borne in mind that the \"necessary measures\" should be adopted, it is clear that the legislation itself is not sufficient to meet the requirements of the Convention. Effective implementation requires competent administrative execution.",
"21. The ideal thing would be for the laws to designate the competent authorities to be adequately resourced. In addition, there must be some specialization to ensure the proper application of the law. This implies good governance in the administration of laws regulating manipulation, including transfer, and control of the agents and toxins in question. With regard to the second aspect of administrative measures, namely the degree of discretion in the implementation of the relevant laws and regulations, it depends on the nature of the obligations under the Convention. The simple fact that the definition of biological weapons is based on the general purpose criterion requires some flexibility.",
"22. In the national legislation included in the database of United Nations Security Council resolution 1540, administrative responsibility for international transfers (export control) is often shared between the ministries responsible for general policy and State agencies, which are responsible for issuing licences and assume direct responsibility. Where there are no State agencies, the responsibility for policy development and licensing is often shared among several ministries. With regard to manipulation and work with biological agents, this responsibility rests with the relevant government ministries and agencies - which means that it is treated in a decentralized manner depending on the types of agents, whether human pathogens, animals or vegetables, natural or genetically modified. The reason for separating responsibilities is related to traditional national public and veterinary health practices and phytosanitary licensing and control mechanisms. While these organizational structures are far from exhaustive, they show that administrative rules for the application of laws and regulations are addressed in accordance with the legal and constitutional provisions of the country, as Article IV stipulates \"in accordance with its constitutional procedures\". Any national arrangement as such is appropriate to the extent that it is governed by considerations of effectiveness, which typically include regulations for controlling the transfer of agents within the country, only permitted between authorized facilities.",
"23. With regard to regulatory techniques, State legislation was based on licensing systems, leaving some discretion to the responsible authorities. Licensing procedures for international transfers are based on lists of agents and toxins and related technologies that present an inherent risk of proliferation of biological weapons. The lists, for example, that established by the Australia Group, are widely used as a reference for establishing national licensing systems. However, it is necessary to balance the prohibitions contained in national laws and the constitutional requirement for free foreign trade. In many other aspects of the law, similar considerations on fundamental rights need to be respected, which means that administrative authorities play a crucial role in the implementation of the obligations of the Convention.",
"24. In conclusion, it could be said that the Convention leaves a reasonable margin for States parties to organize administrative measures to the extent that effective implementation is ensured. The establishment of licensing systems as part of the implementation process is fully consistent with the Convention, and may entail compliance with the obligation to take measures to prohibit and prevent the proliferation of biological weapons.",
"V. MORE THAN THE NATIONAL JURISDICTION",
"25. Finally, we must address the question of the jurisdiction expressly referred to in article IV that speaks of the \"the territory of that State ..., its jurisdiction ... its control anywhere\". This formulation was introduced into other arms control and disarmament agreements, and today it can be regarded as minted. Although this seems promising, there is still no consensus on the interpretation of that clause. The lack of consensus is because there is no agreement in international law on the extent to which a State can adopt extraterritorial laws. However, by broadening the responsibility of States parties beyond their territory, article IV not only lays the foundation of extraterritorial jurisdiction but also compels States parties to extend their laws of application to the limits of their \"jurisdiction ... (y) control\". Regardless of the lack of international consensus on extraterritorial legislation, an increasing number of States parties follow the interpretation that article IV lays the basis for extraterritorial legislation.",
"26. Taking into account database documents 1540, the relevant criminal law provisions relating to the prohibitions of article I, penal codes and national export control legislation are included in national legislation. They are based on the principle of territoriality and the principle of active personality - which means that nationals of a State abroad shall be subject to criminal sanctions if they violate the national provisions of that State.",
"VI. Conclusions: HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL COHERENCE NECESSITY",
"27. This communication cannot be but an introduction to the debate. However, the above analysis highlights the following:",
"(i) First, national implementing legislation is mandatory, but flexible in terms of its format;",
"(ii) Secondly, administrative measures must be effective but can be established in accordance with the legal system of each State party;",
"(iii) Third, national legislation on the implementation of the Convention requires criminal sanctions; and",
"(iv) Fourthly, the wording \"jurisdiction ... (y) control\" not only allows the extraterritorial application of the laws of implementation but also establishes the obligation to extend them beyond the territory of the State party, in particular in the light of terrorist and proliferation threats.",
"28. Another aspect should be emphasized: the need for coherence, both at the levels of legislation and enforcement (from supranational to subnational) and in relation to the wide range of issues in question. Although a single status of implementation would not necessarily be useful, a catalogue of practices already applied and tested by States parties could be established, based on national legislation available in the database 1540 and other documentary sources. The catalogue would be a very useful tool for all States parties. States that have to develop their laws, regulations and measures to comply with their obligations under the Convention would consider it a good reference document and States Parties that have already established national laws may use it to check whether there are gaps and as guidance to remedy those that may appear. The European Union proposed that States parties should establish and maintain that catalogue in the intersessional process of the Convention from 2007 to 2010.",
"29. As indicated, national implementation of all obligations under the Convention covers a wide range of issues. Some States parties may have considered in the past that they should not enact specific laws of implementation of the Convention since they do not have or do not believe to have the materials in question in their territory. But to the extent that the Convention includes binding obligations, all States parties to it must enact the rules and implement the relevant national legislative measures. Some States parties may not have sensitive materials, but non-State actors may use their territory as a refuge and lead them to proliferation. This does not mean that at a given time all States Parties have the same level of national implementation requirements. However, each State party should develop a national plan of action, identify its gaps and enact and implement the relevant laws, regulations and measures to adequately implement its obligations under the Convention.",
"30. States Parties in a position to assist others in developing national action plans should provide and assist them, if requested. In this regard, the Common Action of the Council of the European Union of 27 February 2006 in support of the Convention on Bacteriological and Toxin Weapons in the framework of the EU strategy against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, which, among other things, aims to \"aid the States Parties for the national implementation of the Convention, so that the States Parties incorporate the international obligations of the Convention into their national legislative acts and administrative measures\". The development of a catalogue of practices already applied and tested by States parties from existing national laws would facilitate any assistance activities for both suppliers and recipients.",
"[1] This paper belongs to a series of supplementary documents that EU member States submit to the review of States Parties. The acceding States (Bulgaria and Romania), the candidate countries (Turkey, Croatia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), the countries of the partnership and stabilization process and potential candidates (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia) and Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova associate themselves with the document.",
"GE.06-64644 (E) 061106 081106"
] |
[
"Orden del día provisional de la 6592^(a) sesión del Consejo de Seguridad",
"Que se celebrará el miércoles 27 de julio de 2011, a las 11.15 horas",
"1. Aprobación del orden del día.",
"2. Operaciones de las Naciones Unidas para el mantenimiento de la paz."
] | [
"Provisional agenda for the 6592nd meeting of the Security Council",
"To be held on Wednesday, 27 July 2011, at 11.15 a.m.",
"1. Adoption of the agenda.",
"2. United Nations peacekeeping operations."
] | S_AGENDA_6592 | [
"Provisional agenda for the 6592^(a) meeting of the Security Council",
"To be held on Wednesday, 27 July 2011, at 11.15 a.m.",
"1. Adoption of the agenda.",
"2. United Nations peacekeeping operations."
] |
[
"Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones",
"* A/66/150.",
"Tema 76 a) del programa provisional*",
"Los océanos y el derecho del mar",
"Informe sobre la labor del Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial sobre el Proceso Ordinario de presentación de informes y evaluación del estado del medio marino a escala mundial, incluidos los aspectos socioeconómicos",
"Carta de fecha 13 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente de la Asamblea General por los Copresidentes del Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial",
"Tenemos el honor de adjuntar a la presente el informe sobre la labor del Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial, en cuya sección II figuran las recomendaciones que el Grupo acordó formular a la Asamblea General en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones. De conformidad con el párrafo 7 de la resolución 65/37 B de la Asamblea General, el Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial se reunió en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas el 27 y 28 de junio de 2011.",
"Le rogamos que la presente carta y el informe se hagan distribuir como documento de la Asamblea General en relación con el tema del programa titulado “Los océanos y el derecho del mar”.",
"(Firmado) Donatus Keith St. Aimee",
"(Firmado) Renée Sauvé",
"Copresidentes",
"Informe del Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial sobre el Proceso Ordinario de presentación de informes y evaluación del estado del medio marino a escala mundial, incluidos los aspectos socioeconómicos",
"I. Informe del Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial",
"1. La segunda reunión del Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial sobre el Proceso Ordinario de presentación de informes y evaluación del estado del medio marino a escala mundial, incluidos los aspectos socioeconómicos, se convocó en cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en el párrafo 7 de la resolución 65/37 B de la Asamblea General, de 4 de abril de 2011. La reunión se celebró en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas, en Nueva York, el 27 y 28 de junio de 2011.",
"2. Presidieron la reunión, Donatus Keith St. Aimee (Santa Lucía) y Renée Sauvé (Canadá), los Copresidentes de la primera reunión del Grupo de Trabajo, cuyos nombramientos habían sido renovados por el Presidente de la Asamblea General. Los Amigos de los Copresidentes nombrados por los grupos regionales en la primera reunión continuaron en sus cargos: Jacqueline Kemunto Moseti (Kenya), por los Estados de África; Abdul Hameed (Pakistán), por los Estados de Asia; Walter Schuldt (Ecuador), por los Estados de América Latina y el Caribe; y Kent Blom (Suecia), por los Estados de Europa Occidental y otros Estados.",
"3. Asistieron a la reunión representantes de 55 Estados Miembros, 15 organizaciones intergubernamentales y otros órganos, y 4 organizaciones no gubernamentales. La lista completa de los participantes, de fecha 28 de junio de 2011, figura en el sitio web de la División de Asuntos Oceánicos y del Derecho del Mar de la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos de la Secretaría (véase www.un.org/Depts/los/global_reporting/List_of_Participants_June_2011.pdf).",
"4. También asistieron a la reunión[1] los miembros siguientes del Grupo de Expertos establecido en cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en el párrafo 209 de la resolución 65/37 A: Patricio Bernal (Chile); Peter Harris (Australia); Lorna Inniss (Barbados); George Martin (Estonia); Enrique Marschoff (Argentina); Sean O. Green (Jamaica); Jake Rice (Canadá); Andrew Rosenberg (Estados Unidos de América); Alan Simcock (Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte); y Wang Juying (China).",
"5. Los participantes en la reunión contaron con la siguiente documentación de apoyo: a) el programa provisional, el programa provisional anotado y la estructura de la reunión, incluido el proyecto de organización de los trabajos; b) un proyecto de directrices para los seminarios, un proyecto de criterios para el nombramiento de expertos y un posible esbozo de la primera evaluación integrada del estado del medio marino a escala mundial, incluidos los aspectos socioeconómicos, preparado por el Grupo de Expertos, junto con un documento de presentación; c) un proyecto de mandato y métodos de trabajo para el Grupo de Expertos y disposiciones para las comunicaciones con los Estados; d) un informe sobre el inventario preliminar de necesidades de fomento de la capacidad para realizar evaluaciones y los tipos de expertos que se requerirían para los seminarios, preparado por la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario y el Grupo de Expertos; y e) el informe sobre las necesidades en materia de comunicaciones y la gestión de datos e información para el Proceso Ordinario, preparado por la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario y el Grupo de Expertos. A petición de algunos delegados, el Grupo de Expertos proporcionó material informativo adicional titulado “Sugerencias del Grupo de Expertos sobre posibles funciones de la mesa del Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial”.",
"6. El 27 de junio de 2011, el Grupo de Trabajo aprobó el programa y prestó su acuerdo a la organización de los trabajos propuesta por los Copresidentes. En sus deliberaciones sustantivas, y tras celebrar consultas oficiosas, el Grupo de Trabajo examinó y aprobó, el 28 de junio de 2011, los documentos titulados “Criterios para el nombramiento de expertos” y “Directrices para los seminarios en apoyo al Proceso Ordinario”. En la misma fecha, el Grupo de Trabajo tomó nota del documento titulado “Posible esbozo de la primera evaluación integrada del estado del medio marino a escala mundial, incluidos los aspectos socioeconómicos” y “Proyecto de mandato y métodos de trabajo del Grupo de Expertos” y acordó que sería necesario volver a examinar esos documentos en su reunión siguiente.",
"7. El Grupo de Trabajo pidió al Grupo de Expertos que revisara el documento titulado “Posible esbozo de la primera evaluación integrada del estado del medio marino a escala mundial”, teniendo en cuenta las observaciones hechas por las delegaciones. A tal fin, se pidió a los Copresidentes que enviaran invitaciones a Estados y grupos, como seguimiento de la invitación hecha de conformidad con el párrafo 5 de la resolución 65/37 B, pidiendo que proporcionaran nuevas observaciones sobre el documento a más tardar el 23 de julio de 2011. El Grupo de Trabajo convino en la conveniencia de que esas observaciones se incluyeran en el sitio web de la División de Asuntos Oceánicos y del Derecho del Mar, con sujeción a la aprobación del Estado o grupo interesado.",
"8. El 28 de junio de 2011, tras una declaración de la Oficina de Tecnología de la Información y las Comunicaciones de la Secretaría, el Grupo de Trabajo tomó nota del informe sobre las necesidades de comunicación y gestión de datos e información para el Proceso Ordinario. El Grupo de Trabajo tomó nota también del informe sobre el inventario preliminar de necesidades de fomento de la capacidad para realizar evaluaciones y los tipos de expertos que se requerirían para los seminarios, y convino en que era necesario invitar a Estados, organismos especializados, fondos y programas de las Naciones Unidas y otras organizaciones intergubernamentales pertinentes, así como a las instituciones de financiación, a que proporcionaran información sobre las oportunidades y disposiciones existentes en relación con el fomento de la capacidad para realizar evaluaciones. Las delegaciones sugirieron también que el inventario preliminar de necesidades de fomento de la capacidad para realizar evaluaciones se distribuyera en los seminarios para información de los participantes.",
"9. El Grupo de Trabajo examinó el establecimiento de una mesa para aplicar sus decisiones y proporcionar orientación durante los períodos entre sesiones. La reunión decidió establecer la mesa y llegó a un acuerdo sobre su composición.",
"10. Con respecto a los seminarios, el 28 de junio de 2011 el Grupo de Trabajo acordó recomendar que se organizaran a la mayor brevedad posible a fin de que contribuyeran al primer ciclo del Proceso Ordinario. El Grupo de Trabajo aceptó con profundo agradecimiento la declaración de los Estados miembros de la Comisión Permanente del Pacífico Sur y del Plan de Acción para la protección del medio marino y las zonas costeras del Pacífico sudeste, y la generosa oferta del Gobierno de Chile de dar acogida a un seminario para el Pacífico sudoriental en apoyo de la primera etapa del primer ciclo del Proceso Ordinario. El Director de la División de Asuntos Oceánicos y del Derecho del Mar señaló las posibles dificultades con que tropezaría la División para participar en todos los seminarios debido a las exigencias de la labor en la Sede.",
"11. El Grupo de Trabajo examinó la situación del fondo fiduciario establecido con el propósito de prestar apoyo a las operaciones del primer ciclo quinquenal del Proceso Ordinario. Acordó también recomendar que la Asamblea General alentara la aportación de contribuciones financieras al fondo fiduciario y otras contribuciones al Proceso Ordinario. A este respecto, algunas delegaciones pusieron de relieve la importancia de estudiar medios para que el Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial prestara apoyo al Proceso Ordinario. Varias delegaciones destacaron la necesidad de considerar todas las fuentes de apoyo al Proceso Ordinario, incluidas las contribuciones financieras y las contribuciones en especie. Se expresó la opinión de que las contribuciones financieras al Proceso Ordinario debían aportarse por conducto del fondo fiduciario establecido a tal fin.",
"12. El Director de la División de Asuntos Oceánicos y del Derecho del Mar informó de la situación del fondo fiduciario y dio las gracias a los Gobiernos de Islandia, Jamaica, la República de Corea y Nueva Zelandia por las generosas contribuciones que habían aportado en 2011, que habían permitido la asistencia de expertos a la reunión. Se recordó a los delegados que, si no se contaba con financiación adicional, no sería posible prestar ayuda financiera para la asistencia de expertos a futuras reuniones del Proceso Ordinario.",
"13. Sobre la base de las deliberaciones, el Grupo de Trabajo aprobó las recomendaciones que figuran en la sección II del presente informe. El Grupo de Trabajo recomendó que la reunión siguiente se realizara en el primer semestre de 2012.",
"14. El 13 de julio de 2011, los Copresidentes transmitieron el presente informe, con las recomendaciones, al Presidente del sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General.",
"II. Recomendaciones del Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial a la Asamblea General en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones",
"15. El Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial presenta las siguientes recomendaciones a la Asamblea General.",
"1) El Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial recomienda a la Asamblea General que apruebe:",
"a) Los criterios para el nombramiento de expertos, que se adjuntan como anexo I del presente informe;",
"b) Las directrices para los seminarios en apoyo del Proceso Ordinario de presentación de informes y evaluación del estado del medio marino a escala mundial, incluidos los aspectos socioeconómicos, que se adjuntan como anexo II.",
"2) El Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial recomienda a la Asamblea General que tome nota de lo siguiente:",
"a) El proyecto de mandato y métodos de trabajo del Grupo de Expertos del Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial sobre el Proceso Ordinario de presentación de informes y evaluación del estado del medio marino a escala mundial, incluidos los aspectos socioeconómicos, que se adjunta como anexo III;",
"b) El informe sobre necesidades de comunicación y gestión de datos e información para el Proceso Ordinario, que se adjunta como anexo IV;",
"c) El informe sobre el inventario preliminar de necesidades de fomento de la capacidad para realizar evaluaciones y tipos de expertos que se requerirían para los seminarios, que se adjunta como anexo V.",
"3) El Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial toma nota del posible esbozo de la primera evaluación integrada del estado del medio marino a escala mundial, incluidos los aspectos socioeconómicos, que se adjunta como anexo VI, y conviene en la necesidad de volver a examinarlo con miras a su posible adopción en la próxima reunión del Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial.",
"4) El Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial recomienda que el Secretario General señale el inventario preliminar de necesidades de fomento de la capacidad para realizar evaluaciones a la atención de los Estados Miembros y jefes de los organismos especializados, fondos y programas de las Naciones Unidas y otras organizaciones intergubernamentales pertinentes que realizan actividades relacionadas con el fomento de la capacidad para realizar evaluaciones sobre el estado del medio marino, incluidos los aspectos socioeconómicos, así como las instituciones de financiación, y los invite a proporcionar información para el inventario preliminar sobre las oportunidades y las disposiciones existentes de fomento de la capacidad para realizar evaluaciones.",
"5) El Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial recomienda que, de conformidad con el párrafo 216 de la resolución 65/37 A, la Asamblea General inste a los Estados Miembros, las instituciones financieras internacionales, los organismos donantes, las organizaciones intergubernamentales, las organizaciones no gubernamentales y las personas físicas y jurídicas a que hagan contribuciones financieras a los fondos establecidos en virtud del párrafo 183 de la resolución 64/71 y a que hagan contribuciones de otro tipo al Proceso Ordinario.",
"6) De conformidad con el párrafo 208 de la resolución 65/37 A, el Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial acuerda establecer una mesa para poner en práctica las decisiones del Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial y proporcionar orientación durante los períodos entre sesiones, por ejemplo, aprobando la asignación de miembros de la lista de expertos para que trabajen en la redacción de originales o la revisión de borradores, y aprobar los arreglos propuestos por el Grupo de Expertos para su examen por pares.",
"7) El Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial recomienda a la Asamblea General que: a) la mesa esté integrada por 15 Estados Miembros (3 Estados Miembros de cada grupo regional) y b) se establezca, como requisito mínimo para que la mesa pueda cumplir sus funciones, la necesidad de que estén presentes por lo menos un Copresidente y un quórum de cinco Estados Miembros.",
"8) El Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial recomienda que el Presidente de la Asamblea General renueve el nombramiento de los Copresidentes del Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial para que puedan asistir a reuniones de la mesa durante los períodos entre sesiones.",
"9) El Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial recomienda que los seminarios se organicen a la brevedad posible a fin de que aporten contribuciones al primer ciclo del Proceso Ordinario.",
"10) El Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial recomienda que su próxima reunión se realice en el primer semestre de 2012.",
"Anexo I",
"Criterios para el nombramiento de expertos",
"1. Los Estados establecerán una lista de expertos, por conducto de los grupos regionales, para apoyar la labor del Grupo de Expertos en la preparación de la primera evaluación integrada del estado del medio marino a escala mundial.",
"2. Cuando el Grupo de Expertos no designe a uno de sus miembros para redactar un documento de trabajo o un proyecto de capítulo para la evaluación, invitará a miembros seleccionados de la lista de expertos a que contribuyan a la redacción de documentos de trabajo y proyectos de capítulos. Se invitará a otros miembros de la lista de expertos con experiencia pertinente a que hagan observaciones sobre los proyectos y se los podría invitar a que participaran en la redacción.",
"3. Cuando el proyecto de la primera evaluación integrada del estado del medio marino a escala mundial se someta a examen, los Estados nombrarán, por conducto de los grupos regionales, a un grupo de homólogos para que revisen el proyecto y hagan observaciones. Los miembros del grupo de homólogos no deben haber participado anteriormente en la preparación de los documentos de trabajo o proyectos de capítulos. El grupo de homólogos trabajará en forma paralela al examen del proyecto por los Estados y las organizaciones intergubernamentales.",
"4. Los siguientes criterios se aplicarán a todos los individuos nombrados por los Estados como miembros del Grupo de Expertos, la lista de expertos o el grupo de homólogos:",
"a) Experiencia internacional conocida, que deberá demostrarse con arreglo a uno o más de los siguientes requisitos:",
"i) Un historial de publicaciones científicas sobre las cuestiones pertinentes, de preferencia en publicaciones examinadas por homólogos;",
"ii) Experiencia de alto nivel en evaluaciones mundiales, regionales o nacionales relativas al estado del medio marino y otras esferas pertinentes, incluidos los aspectos socioeconómicos;",
"iii) Experiencia de alto nivel en el diseño y la gestión de otras iniciativas mundiales, regionales o nacionales importantes en las esferas de las ciencias marinas, la evaluación, la protección del medio ambiente, el transporte marítimo, la ordenación de las costas, la ordenación de la pesca u otras funciones similares relacionadas con el medio marino y otras esferas pertinentes, incluidos los aspectos socioeconómicos;",
"iv) En cuanto a los expertos de regiones en donde haya todavía una relativa escasez de datos de vigilancia y observaciones científicas, una reputación reconocida en materia de conocimientos tradicionales del medio marino de su zona, o en la observación de ese medio marino;",
"b) Participación efectiva demostrada en procesos internacionales relativos al medio marino o las evaluaciones integradas y otras esferas pertinentes, incluidos los aspectos socioeconómicos; y",
"c) Capacidad para actuar a título individual y de manera independiente.",
"5. En la asignación de miembros de la lista de expertos a las diversas tareas se tendrán en cuenta las siguientes consideraciones:",
"a) Los invitados a participar en la redacción de un documento de trabajo o un proyecto de capítulo deberán haber demostrado su capacidad para redactar en forma clara y concisa sobre el tema;",
"b) El material aportado por los invitados a contribuir a la redacción de un documento de trabajo o un proyecto de capítulo deberá presentarse en uno de los idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas.",
"Además, los miembros del grupo de homólogos serán responsables de trabajar con arreglo a las necesidades del Grupo de Expertos.",
"6. La inclusión en la lista de expertos y el grupo de homólogos, así como la asignación de tareas a los miembros de la lista de expertos deberán reflejar el principio de una representación geográfica equitativa en todas las actividades del Proceso Ordinario, y deberán tener debidamente en cuenta la necesidad de un equilibrio conveniente entre los géneros.",
"7. La selección de miembros de la lista de expertos para trabajar en la redacción de una cuestión, o hacer observaciones, deberá asegurar la inclusión de todas las disciplinas pertinentes a una evaluación integrada de esa cuestión.",
"8. Se deberá acordar a los expertos un tiempo suficiente para que aporten al Proceso Ordinario las contribuciones que requieran sus funciones.",
"Anexo II",
"Directrices para los seminarios en apoyo del Proceso Ordinario de presentación de informes y evaluación del estado del medio marino a escala mundial, incluidos los aspectos socioeconómicos",
"Propósito y objetivos",
"1. En febrero de 2011 (véase A/65/759, anexo), el Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial reconoció que los seminarios son un mecanismo esencial para realizar la primera evaluación integrada del estado del medio marino a escala mundial y que los Estados pueden aumentar su capacidad de evaluación. Los seminarios facilitarán el diálogo entre el Grupo de Expertos del Proceso Ordinario y los representantes y expertos de Estados y organizaciones intergubernamentales competentes. Las presentes directrices tienen por objeto aclarar la forma en que se puede organizar un conjunto de seminarios en apoyo de la primera etapa del primer ciclo del Proceso Ordinario. Ayudarán a garantizar la credibilidad y legitimidad de los resultados de cada seminario y, de esa forma, del Proceso Ordinario en general.",
"2. Los objetivos de cada uno de los conjuntos de seminarios deberán incluir:",
"a) El examen y la valoración de todas las evaluaciones consideradas por los participantes como pertinentes para la zona marina en consideración y, sobre la base de esas valoraciones, la compilación de un inventario de evaluaciones que puedan resultar de utilidad para el Proceso Ordinario. Las evaluaciones que se consideren deben guardar relación con cuestiones ambientales y con cuestiones socioeconómicas. De ser necesario, se deben disponer los medios para que el Grupo de Expertos y la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario tengan acceso a esas evaluaciones;",
"b) La creación de una red compuesta de expertos y organizaciones que tomen parte en cada seminario, el Grupo de Expertos y la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario;",
"c) La determinación de las necesidades de fomento de la capacidad de los Estados que participan en el seminario para que puedan aportar una contribución más plena al Proceso Ordinario, incluida la identificación de prioridades, y sacar mayores beneficios de ello, y la determinación de las medidas que podrían tomar esos Estados para aumentar las capacidades de las organizaciones intergubernamentales competentes (si alguna) por cuyo intermedio colaboran los Estados;",
"d) La iniciación de actividades de creación de capacidad para realizar evaluaciones integradas, que pueden incluir deliberaciones y actividades de desarrollo:",
"i) Contenido común de la información para evaluaciones a diversas escalas y enfoques comunes a las metodologías de evaluación;",
"ii) Enfoques para incrementar las evaluaciones, es decir, establecer la medida en que las evaluaciones a un nivel determinado (nacional, subregional, regional o mundial) se pueden utilizar a otros niveles;",
"iii) Informes sobre la forma de prestar asistencia al proceso de integración, con el objetivo de garantizar la coherencia y la compatibilidad en la medida de lo posible;",
"e) El examen de los vínculos entre los factores determinantes y el estado del medio marino reflejado en la evaluación.",
"3. La presente lista de objetivos, la labor preparatoria establecida en el apéndice I infra y el programa descrito en el apéndice II constituirán el mandato de los seminarios.",
"Número y lugares de celebración de los seminarios",
"4. Se invita a los Estados a que ofrezcan dar acogida a seminarios para las siguientes regiones:",
"a) El Pacífico Norte;",
"b) El Pacífico Sur (Pacifico sudoriental y Pacífico sudoccidental);",
"c) Mares del Asia oriental y sudoriental;",
"d) Océano Índico septentrional, Mar de Arabia, Mar Rojo y Golfo de Adén y la zona de la Comisión Regional de Pesca de la Organización Regional para la Protección del Medio Marino;",
"e) El Océano Índico meridional y occidental;",
"f) El Atlántico Norte, el Mar Báltico, el Mar Mediterráneo y el Mar Negro;",
"g) El Atlántico Sur (entre las costas de África y América) y el Gran Caribe.",
"5. Puede que no se necesiten seminarios separados para el Ártico y la Antártida. Ahora bien, los órganos y foros internacionales pertinentes a esas zonas (en particular, el Sistema del Tratado Antártico y el Consejo Ártico) pueden ser invitados a examinar las cuestiones propuestas para los seminarios y aportar contribuciones. Si se solicita, los miembros del Grupo de Expertos podrían estar disponibles para celebrar consultas.",
"6. Las ofertas para dar acogida a seminarios deben hacerse a la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario, la cual, con la ayuda del Grupo de Expertos, tratará de negociar arreglos que eviten los solapamientos en la cobertura o en las fechas. La secretaría del Proceso Ordinario notificará a todos los Estados de los seminarios que se habrán de celebrar, tan pronto como se hayan acordado las disposiciones necesarias.",
"Marco temporal",
"7. En abril de 2012, el Grupo de Expertos deberá adoptar sus conclusiones sobre algunas de las cuestiones que se han sugerido para los seminarios. Por lo tanto, será conveniente que los seminarios se celebren a tiempo para que sus resultados lleguen al Grupo de Expertos al final de marzo de 2012.",
"Anfitriones",
"8. Los seminarios serán organizados por los Estados Miembros bajo los auspicios de las Naciones Unidas[2], en coordinación con la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario y con la asistencia de miembros del Grupo de Expertos. Los Estados Miembros pueden solicitar la cooperación de organizaciones intergubernamentales competentes y/o instituciones científicas nacionales pertinentes a los fines de la organización de los seminarios.",
"Participación",
"9. Los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas, observadores y organizaciones intergubernamentales competentes tendrán derecho a participar en cualquiera de los seminarios que consideren pertinentes a sus fines, hasta cubrir el número de plazas disponibles. Se alienta a las organizaciones intergubernamentales competentes de la región a que participen en los seminarios. Por razones prácticas, los aspectos logísticos y el tamaño y número de las delegaciones deberán ser decididos por el anfitrión, en consulta con la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario.",
"10. Las organizaciones no gubernamentales reconocidas como entidades consultivas por el Consejo Económico y Social, las instituciones científicas pertinentes y las organizaciones que representen a grupos principales con arreglo a la definición del Programa 21, pueden solicitar invitaciones a participar. Los anfitriones pueden reservar un cierto número de plazas en el seminario para extender ese tipo de invitaciones.",
"11. Cada seminario debe incluir por lo menos a un miembro del Grupo de Expertos y a un miembro de la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario, cuya participación será coordinada con dicha secretaría, teniendo en cuenta las necesidades de la labor en la Sede. De ser posible, deberían participar todos los miembros del Grupo de Expertos de Estados de la zona abarcada por el seminario. Los Miembros del Grupo de Expertos de fuera de la zona pueden ser invitados a participar por la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario, y sería conveniente que por lo menos uno de esos miembros participara. Cuando fuera necesario, la participación de los miembros del Grupo de Expertos podría ser apoyada por el fondo fiduciario para el Proceso Ordinario, como se indica en el párrafo 183 de la resolución 64/71 de la Asamblea General.",
"Presidencia y secretaría",
"12. Los anfitriones deben designar al presidente (o copresidentes) del seminario, quienes serán responsables del resumen de los resultados del seminario con la asistencia del personal de apoyo y los miembros del Grupo de Expertos. Los anfitriones pueden considerar la posibilidad de invitar a un miembro del Grupo de Expertos a que ocupe el cargo de presidente, o copresidente, del seminario.",
"13. Los anfitriones deben proporcionar personal de apoyo para organizar las deliberaciones en consulta con la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario y los miembros del Grupo de Expertos que participen, y ayudar al presidente o presidentes y al miembro o los miembros del Grupo de Expertos a preparar un resumen de los resultados.",
"Información preliminar",
"14. Se debe pedir a los participantes en el seminario que proporcionen, por anticipado, contribuciones que contengan la información enumerada en el apéndice I de las presentes directrices. Los Miembros del Grupo de Expertos deben estar preparados para colaborar en este proceso prestando asesoramiento y, si corresponde, aportando documentación pertinente.",
"15. El personal de apoyo al seminario debe reunir esa información en resúmenes, que deberán ponerse a disposición de los participantes y ser distribuidos con antelación al seminario.",
"Actividades de los seminarios",
"16. El programa de un seminario de apoyo al Proceso Ordinario debe incluir, en la medida de lo posible, los elementos establecidos en el apéndice II de las presentes directrices. Las actividades del seminario deben tener plenamente en cuenta los principios del Proceso Ordinario recomendados por el Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial y hechos suyos por la Asamblea General en 2009 (resolución 64/71, párrs. 173 a 183), y las recomendaciones hechas por el Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial en 2010 (A/65/358) y 2011 (A/65/259).",
"17. Una parte importante de cada seminario será tomar las medidas iniciales sobre fomento de la capacidad para realizar evaluaciones integradas, de modo que los participantes en el seminario puedan comprender mejor la labor del Proceso Ordinario y contribuir a ella.",
"Resultados de los seminarios",
"18. Los resultados del seminario se deben presentar en forma de un resumen de las deliberaciones preparado por el presidente, o los copresidentes, con ayuda del miembro o los miembros del Grupo de Expertos. Se debe prever el tiempo necesario para que los participantes hagan observaciones sobre un proyecto del resumen y para que la versión final sea revisada por el presidente o los presidentes y el representante o los representantes del Grupo de Expertos a la luz de esas observaciones. Cuando un Estado u organización intergubernamental que no participa en el seminario haya realizado evaluaciones o sea responsable de evaluaciones, instituciones, redes u otros arreglos considerados como pertinentes, ese Estado u organización intergubernamental debe ser invitado o requerido a examinar sobre lo que se haya dicho sobre esa materia, y hacer observaciones.",
"19. Se debe enviar una copia electrónica de la versión final del resumen a la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario para su inclusión en el sitio web de la División de Asuntos Oceánicos y del Derecho del Mar como un documento de las Naciones Unidas y/o en el sitio web del Proceso Ordinario.",
"Apéndice I",
"Información que deberán presentar los participantes con antelación al seminario",
"1) Los Estados o las organizaciones intergubernamentales que asistan al seminario deberán proporcionar: detalles de las evaluaciones realizadas bajo sus auspicios sobre cuestiones pertinentes al proyecto de posible esbozo de la primera evaluación integrada del estado del medio marino a escala mundial, incluidos los aspectos socioeconómicos. Un punto de partida para reunir esta información debe ser las evaluaciones enunciadas en la base de datos de las evaluaciones mundiales y regionales del medio marino, donde ya hay una gran cantidad de información. Las evaluaciones que no hayan sido realizadas por los Estados o las organizaciones intergubernamentales, pero que estos utilizaron o consideraron pertinentes también deben ser incluidas. Los detalles que se proporcionen deben incluir, en la medida de lo posible:",
"a) El organismo que realiza la evaluación determinada;",
"b) Los principales usuarios previstos de la evaluación, y los usos para los que fue prevista;",
"c) La escala espacial y temporal de la evaluación, y la frecuencia del ciclo de evaluaciones;",
"d) Cuestiones abarcadas por la evaluación;",
"e) Tipos de datos, conocimientos basados en la experiencia e indicadores, y las razones de su selección, y otras fuentes de información que se hayan utilizado en la evaluación;",
"f) Cuando se hayan deducido tendencias de los conjuntos de información se deberán indicar los métodos empleados;",
"g) Cuando se haya procurado integrar diferentes tipos de información, en particular información social, económica y ecológica, se deberá indicar el ámbito de esa integración y los métodos empleados;",
"h) Las fuentes de las referencias utilizadas en la evaluación, sus niveles o los criterios ecotoxicológicos que se han utilizado en la evaluación;",
"i) Las fuentes y los ámbitos de cualesquiera pronósticos, proyecciones o escenarios utilizados en la evaluación;",
"j) Si en la evaluación se tuvieron en cuenta las limitaciones de los datos (por ejemplo, errores en la extrapolación de datos, incertidumbres y/o lagunas en la información) se deberá describir la forma en que estas se tuvieron en cuenta;",
"2) En cuanto a las cuestiones que figuran en el proyecto de posible esbozo de la primera evaluación integrada del estado del medio marino a escala mundial, incluidos los aspectos socioeconómicos, respecto de las cuales no se cuente con una evaluación de un Estado o una organización intergubernamental participante en el seminario, pero un participante posea datos o información pertinentes, se deberá indicar:",
"a) ¿Qué tipos de datos o información pertinente han sido reunidos y utilizados, y por qué Estado u organismo (se prevé que este sea el caso de algunos datos económicos y sociales clave)? ¿Qué información se puede proporcionar sobre la cobertura espacial y temporal y sobre el contenido técnico de esos datos o información?",
"b) Cuando se sepa que no existen ciertos tipos de información clave ¿se pueden movilizar los conocimientos obtenidos por los expertos para colmar las brechas y, en ese caso, cómo se puede acceder a los expertos?",
"3) Los datos de contacto con los centros de información de los Estados y las organizaciones intergubernamentales que estarán representados en el seminario.",
"4) Una notificación con antelación al seminario de las necesidades de fomento de la capacidad determinadas.",
"Apéndice II",
"Elementos del programa de un seminario de apoyo al Proceso Ordinario",
"1. Presentación a cargo de un representante del Grupo de Expertos del Proceso Ordinario sobre el objetivo, el alcance y el marco del Proceso Ordinario y la función prevista para el seminario.",
"2. El seminario deberá determinar si el proyecto de posible esbozo de la primera evaluación integrada del estado del medio marino a escala mundial, incluidos los aspectos socioeconómicos, satisfará las necesidades de los Estados y las organizaciones intergubernamentales representadas en el seminario. Se deberán determinar las cuestiones prioritarias para la evaluación integrada y cualesquiera otras cuestiones que deban considerarse en la primera evaluación integrada del medio marino a escala mundial.",
"3. Examen por el seminario de las evaluaciones incluidas en el resumen preparado sobre la base de la información presentada en virtud del tema 1) del apéndice I supra y compilación de un inventario de las que se consideren útiles para el Proceso Ordinario.",
"4. Examen de los enfoques regionales y las metodologías existentes relativos a las evaluaciones integradas.",
"5. El seminario deberá determinar lo que podría hacerse en relación con las cuestiones sobre las que se sabe que hay datos y/o información pero que no han sido objeto de evaluación.",
"6. Se deberán determinar las cuestiones que son importantes pero respecto de las cuales no se dispone de datos o información para la zona marina en examen, y estudiar la forma en que podría movilizarse la información u organizarse la investigación necesaria sobre esas cuestiones.",
"7. El seminario deberá determinar si se necesitan cambios en el proyecto de orientaciones para los autores[3].",
"8. Determinación por el seminario de las capacidades existentes de las instituciones nacionales y regionales de investigación y desarrollo marino y oceánico que son pertinentes para los Estados y las organizaciones intergubernamentales interesadas en la zona marina en examen, a los efectos de la vigilancia y evaluación del medio marino y la realización de evaluaciones integradas.",
"9. Determinación de las redes de expertos existentes en los Estados y las organizaciones intergubernamentales interesadas en la zona marina en examen, o entre ellos, y su adecuación para cumplir una función importante en el fortalecimiento de la capacidad.",
"10. Determinación por el seminario de las necesidades de fomento de la capacidad (incluida la adquisición de la tecnología necesaria) para la vigilancia y evaluación del medio marino (incluida la realización de evaluaciones integradas).",
"11. Elaboración por el seminario de un plan de fomento de la capacidad a corto plazo para movilizar la información y los conocimientos relacionados con la zona marina en examen, cuya existencia se conoce pero que todavía no han sido organizados de manera sistemática, para que puedan ser de utilidad al Proceso Ordinario.",
"12. Una sesión para iniciar las actividades de creación de capacidad para realizar evaluaciones integradas.",
"13. Examen por el seminario de la forma en que los usuarios de las evaluaciones existentes que figuran en el resumen puedan mantenerse informados de las actividades del Proceso Ordinario, y de la forma en que el Grupo de Expertos del Proceso Ordinario puede mantenerse al tanto de sus necesidades y responder a ellas.",
"Anexo III",
"Proyecto de mandato y métodos de trabajo para el Grupo de Expertos del Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial sobre el proceso ordinario para la presentación de informes y la evaluación del estado del medio marino a escala mundial, incluidos los aspectos socioeconómicos",
"I. Introducción",
"1. En el párrafo 180 de su resolución 64/71, la Asamblea General solicitó al Secretario General que invitara a los Presidentes de los grupos regionales a formar un grupo de expertos que tuviera unos conocimientos especializados y una distribución geográfica adecuados, integrado por un máximo de 25 expertos y no más de 5 expertos por grupo regional, para un período que se extendiera hasta la reunión oficiosa del Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial que se celebraría del 30 de agosto al 3 de septiembre de 2010.",
"2. En el párrafo 209 de su resolución 65/37 A, la Asamblea General decidió establecer un grupo de expertos que formara parte integral del Proceso Ordinario y solicitó a los miembros del Grupo de Expertos nombrados por los Estados Miembros de conformidad con el párrafo 180 de la resolución 64/71 que siguieran desempeñando sus funciones en el Grupo de Expertos durante toda la primera fase del primer ciclo de evaluación, y alentó a los grupos regionales que aún no lo hubieran hecho a que nombraran expertos para integrar el Grupo de Expertos de conformidad con el párrafo 180 de la resolución 64/71.",
"3. En el presente documento, preparado por la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario en consulta con el Grupo de Expertos, se define el mandato para los expertos ya nombrados o que serán nombrados miembros del Grupo de Expertos.",
"II. Mandato",
"4. La tarea general del Grupo de Expertos consistirá en realizar evaluaciones en el marco del Proceso Ordinario, bajo la supervisión del Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial [y de su mesa]. En particular, las tareas del Grupo de Expertos serán las siguientes:",
"a) Preparar un esbozo de las cuestiones que se considerarán en la evaluación principal que se realizará en cada ciclo del Proceso Ordinario, para su aprobación por el Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial;",
"b) A petición de la Asamblea General o del Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial [o de su mesa], elaborar un esbozo de cualesquiera evaluaciones complementarias que se realicen durante un ciclo del Proceso Ordinario, para su aprobación por el Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial;",
"c) Proporcionar especificaciones sobre los tipos de experiencia adicional que necesitará el Grupo de Expertos para realizar evaluaciones; estas especificaciones servirán de base para los nombramientos, por conducto de los grupos regionales, de los miembros de la lista de expertos;",
"d) Designar de entre sus miembros a un líder y, según corresponda, a otros miembros para que se hagan cargo, bajo la responsabilidad general del Grupo de Expertos, de cada parte, sección o capítulo de cualquier evaluación;",
"e) Proponer, para su aprobación por la mesa, la designación de miembros de la lista de expertos:",
"i) Para que trabajen con el miembro líder designado del Grupo de Expertos en la redacción de documentos de trabajo y/o proyectos de capítulos de cualquier evaluación;",
"ii) Para que examinen el material así producido, y hacer observaciones;",
"f) Preparar un plan de aplicación y un calendario para cada tarea, para su aprobación por [la mesa del] el Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial, y, de ser necesario, proponer enmiendas a ese plan y calendario para su aprobación de la misma forma;",
"g) Acordar orientaciones generales para todos los que participen en la realización de cualquier tarea;",
"h) Llevar a cabo el plan de aplicación de conformidad con el calendario y las orientaciones generales;",
"i) Examinar todo el material producido durante cualquier evaluación, tomar las medidas que considere necesarias para asegurar la calidad de los datos y la información utilizados en ese material, y tomar todas las otras medidas que sean necesarias para terminar la evaluación de manera satisfactoria, con sujeción a la aprobación del [de la mesa del] Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial si cualquiera de las medidas requiriese gastos con cargo al fondo fiduciario para el Proceso Ordinario;",
"j) Proponer arreglos para la aprobación, por la mesa, del examen por pares del proyecto de resultados de la evaluación;",
"k) Teniendo en cuenta las observaciones del examen por pares, acordar el texto final de la evaluación para su presentación [a través de su mesa] al Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial, y presentar ese texto al Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial;",
"l) Promover el establecimiento de redes entre los procesos de evaluación marina y los distintos expertos;",
"m) Realizar cualesquiera otras tareas que le hayan sido asignadas por [la mesa del] el Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial.",
"Composición",
"5. La composición del Grupo de Expertos será la siguiente:",
"a) El Grupo de Expertos estará integrado por un máximo de 25 expertos y no más de 5 expertos por cada grupo regional. Su composición reflejará una distribución geográfica y de género equilibrada;",
"b) La composición del grupo de expertos deberá asegurar una diversidad de disciplinas y dar cabida a la participación de todas las regiones, con objeto de tomar en consideración circunstancias regionales y conocimientos especializados diversos. Se deberán tener en cuenta, para su posible inclusión, todas las disciplinas principales de las ciencias naturales y sociales, entre ellas las políticas y la legislación, y los conocimientos tradicionales;",
"c) Los expertos podrán provenir de cualquier tipo de entidades (por ejemplo, gobiernos, organizaciones no gubernamentales, organizaciones intergubernamentales, el sector privado, las instituciones académicas y de investigación, grupos poseedores de conocimientos tradicionales);",
"d) Los expertos deberán tener conocimientos y experiencia en una de las diversas categorías que se describen en el perfil colectivo del Grupo de Expertos;",
"e) Los expertos deberán tener una reputación internacionalmente reconocida en sus esferas de experiencia;",
"f) Los expertos deberán tener un historial demostrado de participación de alto nivel en procesos internacionales relativos al medio marino;",
"g) Los expertos deberán estar en condiciones de prestar servicios a título individual y de manera independiente.",
"Nombramientos",
"6. De conformidad con las disposiciones de la resolución 65/37 A, los miembros del Grupo de Expertos serán nombrados de la siguiente manera:",
"a) Los miembros serán nombrados por los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas, por conducto de los cinco grupos regionales (Grupo de Estados del África, Estados de Asia, Estados de Europa Oriental, Estados de América Latina y el Caribe y Estados de Europa Occidental y otros Estados); cada grupo regional nombrará hasta cinco expertos;",
"b) Las candidaturas deberán tener en cuenta los criterios para el nombramiento de expertos;",
"c) Los miembros deberán estar en condiciones de dedicar un tiempo sustancial exclusivamente a la labor del Proceso Ordinario;",
"d) Los miembros se renovarán completamente al comienzo de cada ciclo del Proceso Ordinario. Los mandatos de los miembros en funciones del Grupo de Expertos podrán ser renovados, pero ningún miembro podrá prestar servicios por más de dos ciclos completos consecutivos;",
"e) El nombramiento para cubrir una vacante que se produce durante un ciclo puede ser hecho en cualquier momento, pero el nombramiento terminará al final del ciclo en el que fue efectuado;",
"f) Cuando la presidencia de un grupo regional informe a la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario de que el grupo regional ha hecho un nombramiento al Grupo de Expertos, la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario obtendrá la confirmación del experto de que está dispuesto a prestar servicios con arreglo al mandato y los métodos de trabajo vigentes y, tras recibir esa confirmación, emitirá una carta de confirmación del nombramiento del experto, publicará el nombramiento en los sitios web del Proceso Ordinario y de la División de Asuntos Oceánicos y del Derecho del Mar e informará a los otros miembros del Grupo de Expertos;",
"g) Los miembros podrán renunciar en cualquier momento dirigiéndose por escrito a la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario;",
"h) Los miembros participarán en el Grupo de Expertos como participantes en reuniones de asesoramiento y actuarán a título personal y no como representantes de gobiernos o cualesquiera otras autoridades externas a las Naciones Unidas;",
"i) Los servicios de los miembros del Grupo de Expertos se obtendrán mediante una carta de invitación emitida por la Secretaría.",
"Derechos de propiedad",
"7. Las Naciones Unidas tendrán todos los derechos de propiedad, incluidas patentes, derechos de autor y marcas de fábrica, pero no limitados a ellos, con respecto al material que guarde una relación directa con los servicios prestados a la Organización, o que sean una consecuencia de esos servicios.",
"Compensación",
"8. Los miembros del Grupo de Expertos no recibirán honorarios, derechos u otras remuneraciones de las Naciones Unidas por su participación en el Grupo de Expertos. Los miembros de países en desarrollo, en particular los países menos adelantados, los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo y los Estados en desarrollo sin litoral recibirán, con sujeción a la disponibilidad de recursos, ayuda para sufragar el viaje para asistir a las reuniones que convoque las Naciones Unidas en relación con la labor del Grupo de Expertos.",
"Métodos de trabajo",
"9. Los métodos de trabajo del Grupo de Expertos serán los siguientes:",
"a) El Grupo de Expertos podrá funcionar aún cuando haya vacantes en su composición;",
"b) El Grupo de Expertos designará de entre sus miembros a dos coordinadores, uno de un país desarrollado y uno de un país en desarrollo. La tarea de los coordinadores consistirá en realizar todas las acciones que, consideradas conjuntamente, puedan facilitar el desempeño de las funciones que se han asignado al Grupo de Expertos. El Grupo de Expertos podrá cambiar a los coordinadores en cualquier momento;",
"c) Las comunicaciones entre el Grupo de Expertos, la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario y los Estados se realizarán utilizando un sitio web seguro que proporcionará la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario;",
"d) El Grupo de Expertos se comunicara con el Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial por conducto de la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario y durante las reuniones que ésta convoque;",
"e) Cuando sea necesario, y dentro de los recursos disponibles, el Grupo de Expertos podrá reunirse para examinar esferas de trabajo que no puedan considerarse en reuniones por medios electrónicos u otras formas de comunicaciones electrónicas;",
"f) El Grupo de Expertos procurará trabajar por consenso. Cuando no se pueda obtener un consenso, el Grupo de Expertos se asegurará de que todas las opiniones divergentes se reflejen adecuadamente en cualquier proyecto o propuesta, o el texto final de cualquier evaluación.",
"Secretaría",
"10. La División de Asuntos Oceánicos y del Derecho del Mar, como parte de sus funciones de secretaría del Proceso Ordinario, actuará como secretaría del Grupo de Expertos.",
"Anexo IV",
"Informe sobre necesidades de comunicación y gestión de datos e información para el Proceso Ordinario",
"1. El presente informe, preparado por la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario y el Grupo de Expertos, responde a las solicitudes hechas en los párrafos 2, 4 y 6 de la resolución 65/37 de la Asamblea General. Se ha preparado en consulta con la Oficina de Tecnología de la Información y las Comunicaciones de la Secretaría.",
"Párrafos 2 y 6 de la resolución 65/37 B de la Asamblea General",
"2. La mayoría de las diversas necesidades de comunicación, manipulación de datos y gestión de la información se pueden satisfacer mejor mediante un sitio web único que abarque todos los aspectos del Proceso Ordinario. Por lo tanto, se ha incluido en el presente informe un apéndice que contiene una posible especificación enmendada de las funciones que debe cumplir un sitio web del Proceso Ordinario.",
"3. Como se indica en el apéndice (párr. 8 a) a c)), la inclusión de la oficina virtual en un sistema separado puede resultar ventajosa. Las nuevas deliberaciones entre el Grupo de Expertos, la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario y la Oficina de Tecnología de la Información y las Comunicaciones han contribuido a demostrar que la mejor forma de administrar la oficina virtual sería por medio de un sistema separado.",
"4. La Oficina de Tecnología de la Información y las Comunicaciones está actualizando las instalaciones y los servicios que podría poner a disposición de una oficina virtual. Se tomaron medidas de carácter urgente en relación con el sistema Quickr, que es el formato actualmente disponible, para que respondiera mejor a las necesidades del Grupo de Expertos. Este sistema proporciona actualmente un apoyo adecuado al Grupo de Expertos. Se espera que la versión actualizada del sistema, que deberá estar disponible al final del tercer trimestre de 2011, responda mejor a las necesidades del Grupo de Expertos.",
"5. La División de Evaluaciones Ambientales y Alerta Temprana del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA) y la Comisión Oceanográfica Intergubernamental (COI) de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura han preparado una propuesta que podría satisfacer las necesidades del Proceso Ordinario. El PNUMA y la COI han ofrecido crear y mantener un portal de información especializada que permita a los Estados Miembros tener acceso a recursos clave relacionados con el Proceso Ordinario, incluida la Base de datos de las evaluaciones mundiales y regionales del medio marino. El PNUMA y la COI han desarrollado un prototipo de ese portal como parte del seguimiento de la “evaluación de evaluaciones” (véase A/64/88). La Oficina de Tecnología de la Información y las Comunicaciones evaluó las especificaciones preparadas por el PNUMA y la COI y debía informar sobre su evaluación en la segunda reunión del Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial, que se celebró el 27 y 28 de junio de 2011.",
"6. Con respecto a las comunicaciones entre los Estados y la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario y el Grupo de Expertos, se sugiere que se realicen utilizando la propuesta sección “reservada” del sitio web. A tal fin, será importante que los Estados designen un centro de coordinación, como se recomienda en la “evaluación de evaluaciones”[4]. Se podrían establecer centros de coordinación similares para las organizaciones intergubernamentales y las organizaciones no gubernamentales reconocidas con carácter consultivo por el Consejo Económico y Social que participen en el Proceso Ordinario. Las disposiciones para los centros de coordinación se podrían establecer tan pronto como comience a funcionar el propuesto sitio web.",
"Párrafo 4 de la resolución 65/37 B de la Asamblea General",
"7. El párrafo 4 de la resolución 65/37 B tenía aparentemente el objetivo de dar al Grupo de Expertos la facultad de presentar solicitudes de apoyo para la gestión de datos e información. Ahora bien, el Grupo de Expertos no ha tenido necesidad de hacer peticiones formales en ese sentido. Las actividades de la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario, la Oficina de Tecnología de la Información y las Comunicaciones y el PNUMA y la COI parecen satisfacer las necesidades actuales.",
"Apéndice",
"Posibles especificaciones revisadas de las funciones de un sitio web para el Proceso Ordinario",
"1. La presente nota está organizada en orden de acceso descendente, comenzando con la sección abierta a cualquiera que tenga acceso a la Internet.",
"2. El sitio web público y el sitio web reservado, por una parte, y la oficina virtual, por la otra, pueden estar situados en servidores diferentes y utilizar sistemas diferentes, o estar integrados en un servidor único.",
"3. Todas las partes del sitio web (pública, reservada y oficina virtual), cualquiera sea el servidor en que se encuentren, deberán contar con seguridad adecuada para impedir el acceso no autorizado o las interferencias, y tener un servicio adecuado que cree copias de seguridad a intervalos regulares.",
"4. Será importante resguardar la integridad del sitio web para que proporcione un registro permanente completo de la forma en que se lleva a cabo el Proceso Ordinario.",
"Sitio web público (abierto a todos)",
"5. El sitio web público contendrá:",
"a) Una introducción al Proceso Ordinario y sus métodos de trabajo (solamente documentos en lenguaje de marcación hipertexto (HTML));",
"b) Detalles del Grupo de Expertos y la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario y los medios de contacto (solamente documentos HTML);",
"c) Un calendario de acontecimientos que formen parte del Proceso Ordinario (documentos HTML y documentos descargables en formato de documento portable (PDF);",
"d) Una sección de biblioteca con acceso a todos los documentos relativos al Proceso Ordinario, incluidos:",
"i) La sección pertinente del Plan de Aplicación de Johannesburgo;",
"ii) Extractos pertinentes de resoluciones de la Asamblea General;",
"iii) Informes (o extractos de informes) del Secretario General;",
"iv) Informes del Grupo de Expertos de 2004 y los seminarios internacionales;",
"v) Informes del Grupo Directivo Especial de la “evaluación de evaluaciones”;",
"vi) El informe sobre la “evaluación de evaluaciones”;",
"vii) Documentos e informes relativos a las reuniones del Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial;",
"viii) Otro material de antecedentes.",
"Todo el material de la presente sección estará disponible en documentos de formato HTML, documentos descargables en formato PDF y documentos de procesamiento de textos;",
"e) Una sección con los detalles financieros de los fondos fiduciarios del Proceso Ordinario, incluidas las contribuciones y los gastos (únicamente documentos HTML);",
"f) Una sección con los documentos aprobados que establecen el esbozo de la primera evaluación integrada del medio marino a escala mundial y las directrices para los autores y documentos similares. Todo el material de la presente sección estará disponible en documentos de formato HTML, documentos descargables en formato PDF y documentos de procesamiento de textos;",
"g) Una sección con los documentos de trabajo y los proyectos de capítulos para la primera evaluación integrada del medio marino a escala mundial que hayan sido aprobados para su distribución pública. Todo el material de esta sección estará disponible en documentos de formato HTML, documentos descargables en formato PDF y documentos de procesamiento de textos;",
"h) A su debido tiempo, una sección que contenga:",
"i) El proyecto de informe de la primera evaluación integrada del medio marino a escala mundial;",
"ii) Un documento con las observaciones al proyecto de primer informe de evaluación integrada del medio marino a escala mundial hechas por los homólogos, y las respuestas de los redactores/editores;",
"iii) El informe final de la primera evaluación integrada del medio marino a escala mundial;",
"Todo el material de la presente sección estará disponible en documentos de formato HTML y documentos descargables en formato PDF, pero no es necesario que sea descargable como documento de procesamiento de textos;",
"i) Una sección de acceso a los datos y la información en que se basen los documentos de trabajo y los proyectos de capítulo. Esta sección deberá estar en condiciones de incluir:",
"i) Informes de seminarios realizados a los fines del Proceso Ordinario;",
"ii) Una base de datos de información básica (metadatos) sobre las evaluaciones que se hayan considerado o utilizado;",
"iii) Una bibliografía de libros, artículos y otro material (como bases de datos) que se hayan utilizado en la preparación de documentos de trabajo o proyectos de capítulos. Esta bibliografía debe proporcionar detalles sobre el acceso a sitios (como Journal Storage (JSTOR)) que almacenen en forma electrónica y permanente revistas científicas;",
"iv) Hiperenlaces a sitios web en donde se puedan consultar evaluaciones, libros, artículos u otros materiales;",
"v) Archivos (en diversos formatos) con información que no figure en otra parte.",
"Sitio web reservado (accesible solo para miembros del Grupo de Expertos, la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario, colaboradores, centros de coordinación de gobiernos nacionales y organizaciones intergubernamentales y corresponsales de organizaciones no gubernamentales reconocidas como entidades consultivas por el Consejo Económico y Social)",
"6. El sitio web reservado contendrá:",
"a) Una sección para la organización de seminarios que formen parte del Proceso Ordinario. Esta sección deberá tener capacidad para documentos HTML así como documentos en formatos PDF y de procesamiento de textos que se puedan descargar. Cada seminario podrá tener una subsección separada;",
"b) Una sección interactiva en la que los centros de coordinación y los corresponsales puedan plantear preguntas o hacer observaciones y en que los miembros del Grupo de Expertos o la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario puedan contestar las preguntas o las observaciones. En la práctica, esto sería un “blog” interno para el Proceso Ordinario;",
"c) Una sección para apoyar el proceso de redacción de documentos de trabajo y proyectos de capítulos. Esta sección deberá facilitar a los principales redactores y sus colaboradores la creación, el acceso y la enmienda de documentos de trabajo y proyectos de capítulos. Otras entidades con acceso al sitio web reservado podrán observar lo que se está haciendo, pero sólo los responsables de cada documento de trabajo o proyecto de capítulo podrán crear o enmendar texto. Es esencial que esta sección tenga la capacidad para identificar en forma clara y automática a los autores de los documentos y las enmiendas, mantener un registro de las fechas en que se han creado o enmendado los textos, y mantener una copia de seguridad de las primeras versiones de cada documento. También sería muy conveniente que, mientras una persona esté trabajando en un documento, otros individuos no tengan acceso a él, por lo menos por un período razonable;",
"d) A su debido tiempo, una sección para transmitir a los homólogos examinadores los proyectos de capítulos (probablemente durante 2013), en dos subsecciones:",
"i) Una sección para el examen por los Estados y las organizaciones intergubernamentales. Además de las funciones necesarias para la sección sobre documentos de trabajo y proyectos de capítulos (véase párr. c) supra), la presente sección deberá prever la posibilidad de que los examinadores (autorizados por Estados u organizaciones intergubernamentales) añadan comentarios al texto de los proyectos de capítulos, pero sin modificar el texto. El sistema deberá mostrar todas las observaciones sobre cualquier párrafo o apartado junto con la identidad del autor de esos comentarios. La prohibición de que los examinadores modifiquen el texto ayudará a impedir confusiones y facilitará la edición final;",
"ii) Una sección para el examen por homólogos examinadores seleccionados. Dado que habrá sólo un número relativamente pequeño de homólogos para cada capítulo, éstos podrán enmendar el texto de su capítulo y añadir comentarios. Con esta salvedad, los requisitos serán los mismos que los de la sección sobre documentos de trabajo y proyectos de capítulos (véase párr. c) supra).",
"7. Además, la sección para el examen por pares deberá:",
"a) Mantener un registro de lo siguiente:",
"i) Los títulos, nombres y datos de contacto de los autores de comentarios de los Estados y las organizaciones intergubernamentales;",
"ii) Las tareas para los homólogos examinadores seleccionados y sus títulos, nombres y datos de contacto;",
"b) Registrar automáticamente las fechas en que los examinadores hagan comentarios y los editores de los capítulos actúen en respuesta a ellos;",
"c) Permitir que los autores de comentarios y los homólogos intercambien mensajes con los editores de los capítulos y dispongan que esos mensajes se mantengan y estén vinculados al capítulo pertinente;",
"d) Mantener copias de todos los comentarios y cambios propuestos;",
"e) Notificar automáticamente a los editores de los capítulos de todo el nuevo material añadido y de los plazos que no se hayan cumplido;",
"f) Permitir que los autores y los examinadores carguen y descarguen documentos relacionados con la labor de examen, según se requiera.",
"Oficina virtual (accesible sólo para los miembros del Grupo de Expertos, la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario y representantes de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, la Organización Marítima Intergubernamental, el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, la Comisión Oceanográfica Intergubernamental, etc.)",
"8. La oficina virtual contendrá:",
"a) Una sección que permita a los que tengan acceso a la oficina virtual crear, acceder y enmendar los documentos en que se esté trabajando. Es esencial que esta sección identifique clara y automáticamente a los autores de los documentos y las enmiendas y mantenga una copia de seguridad de las versiones anteriores de cada documento. Es también sumamente conveniente que, mientras una persona esté trabajando en un documento, otros individuos no tengan acceso a él, por lo menos por un período razonable;",
"b) Una sección que permita la realización de varias “conversaciones” en las que todos los individuos con acceso a la oficina virtual puedan añadir sus observaciones y leer las de todos los demás, sin tener que abrir cada mensaje en forma separada. De ser posible, el sistema debe tener un elemento de sinopsis que permita a los individuos con acceso a la oficina virtual observar las nuevas contribuciones a las “conversaciones” sin tener que abrir cada “conversación” por separado;",
"c) Un sistema de notificación que indique cuándo se han creado nuevos documentos y, si se solicita, cuándo se han hecho enmiendas a los documentos existentes.",
"Anexo V",
"Informe sobre el inventario preliminar de las necesidades de fomento de la capacidad para realizar evaluaciones y de los tipos de expertos que se necesitan para los seminarios",
"1. El presente informe, preparado por la secretaría del Proceso Ordinario con la asistencia del Grupo de Expertos, responde a la solicitud hecha en el párrafo 3 de la resolución 65/37 B de la Asamblea General.",
"2. De acuerdo con lo solicitado, se adjunta como apéndice I un inventario preliminar de las oportunidades y las disposiciones existentes en materia de fomento de la capacidad para realizar evaluaciones, y como apéndice II, un inventario preliminar de los tipos de expertos que se necesitan para los seminarios.",
"3. Actualmente no existe ningún inventario general de oportunidades y disposiciones para crear capacidad para realizar evaluaciones y esa información no es fácil de obtener. La información que figura en el apéndice I se preparó sobre la base de las siguientes fuentes:",
"a) Estudio sobre la asistencia disponible y sobre las medidas que podrían tomar los Estados en desarrollo para aprovechar los beneficios del desarrollo efectivo y sostenible de los recursos marinos y los usos de los océanos dentro de los límites de su jurisdicción nacional (A/63/342);",
"b) Compilación de fuentes de asistencia disponible para los Estados en desarrollo y necesidades de fomento de la capacidad de esos Estados, y suministro de asistencia para la conservación y gestión de las poblaciones de peces transzonales y sumamente migratorias (ICSP8/UNFSA/INF.4/Rev);",
"c) Informe del Secretario General sobre los océanos y el derecho del mar (A/65/69);",
"d) Informe sobre la labor realizada en la 11^(a) reunión del proceso abierto de consultas oficiosas de las Naciones Unidas sobre los océanos y el derecho del mar (A/65/164).",
"Apéndice I",
"Inventario preliminar de las oportunidades y las disposiciones existentes en materia de fomento de la capacidad para realizar evaluaciones",
"A. Instituciones financieras internacionales y organizaciones, programas y fondos mundiales",
"Secretaría del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica\n Mecanismo de intercambio de información",
"Estados en desarrollo Todos receptores",
"Forma de la asistencia Mundial",
"Esfera de asistencia El mecanismo de intercambio de información del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica se estableció de conformidad con el artículo 18.3 del Convenio. De conformidad con la decisión X/15 de la Conferencia de las Partes, el mecanismo de intercambio de información contribuirá significativamente a la aplicación del Convenio y su Plan Estratégico para la Diversidad Biológica 2011-2020, mediante servicios de información eficaces y otros medios apropiados para promover y facilitar la cooperación científica y técnica y el intercambio de información y conocimientos, y para establecer una red plenamente operacional de partes y asociados. Se ha definido una lista de actividades prioritarias y en el documento UNEP/CBD/CHM/IAC/2010/1/3 se ha incluido una descripción de los servicios de información que proporcionará el mecanismo de intercambio de información.",
"Comisión para la Conservación de los Recursos Vivos Marinos Antárticos",
"Fondo Especial para el Fomento de la Capacidad Científica General",
"Estados en desarrollo Todos receptores",
"Forma de la asistencia Regional",
"Esfera de la asistencia La finalidad del Fondo es asegurar una participación más amplia en la labor del Comité Científico de la Convención, promover la distribución de la carga y crear capacidad en el Comité y prestar asistencia para la reunión, el estudio y el intercambio de información relativa a los recursos marinos vivos a los que se aplica la Convención para la Conservación de los Recursos Marinos Vivos Antárticos. El Fondo servirá también para estimular y promover la investigación cooperativa y la colaboración a fin de ampliar los conocimientos sobre los recursos marinos vivos del ecosistema marino antártico.",
"Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO)",
"Fondo de asistencia en virtud de la parte VII del Acuerdo sobre la aplicación de la Parte XI de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar, de 10 de diciembre de 1982",
"Estados en desarrollo Todos los Estados en desarrollo que son receptores partes en el Acuerdo",
"Forma de la asistencia Mundial",
"Esfera de asistencia Facilitar la participación de Estados partes en desarrollo en reuniones de organizaciones o arreglos y en reuniones para la creación de nuevas organizaciones o arreglos regionales de ordenación pesquera; fomento de la capacidad y desarrollo de recursos humanos; facilitación del intercambio de información y experiencia sobre la aplicación del Acuerdo entre Estados partes; asistencia técnica y capacitación.",
"Agencia Sueca de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo, contribución al fondo fiduciario del programa FishCode",
"Estados en desarrollo Todos receptores",
"Formas de la asistencia Mundial/regional/nacional",
"Esfera de asistencia El fondo fiduciario del programa FishCode financia actividades para promover una mejor comprensión y aplicación del Código de Conducta para la Pesca Responsable en el marco del programa FishCode. En este contexto, la Agencia Sueca proporciona: a) grupos de trabajo de expertos y consultas (a nivel mundial); b) estudios especiales (mundiales, regionales y nacionales); c) seminarios regionales de fomento de la capacidad; y d) misiones nacionales de asistencia técnica para promover, entre otras cosas, la generación efectiva y el uso de estadísticas e información sobre la pesca y evaluaciones más apropiadas de la pesca en pequeña escala.",
"Evaluación y vigilancia de los recursos pesqueros y los ecosistemas en el estrecho de Sicilia (MedSudMed) (fondo fiduciario)",
"Estados receptores Entre los beneficiarios figuran las instituciones científicas nacionales de los cuatro países participantes (Jamahiriya Árabe Libia, Italia, Malta y Túnez) que trabajan en actividades de investigación a nivel regional, así como las administraciones pesqueras de los Gobiernos participantes. La Comisión General de Pesca para el Mediterráneo también aprovecha el sistema mejorado de vigilancia e información.",
"Formas de la asistencia Regional",
"Esfera de la asistencia El objetivo principal del proyecto es mejorar los conocimientos sobre los recursos pesqueros y sus ecosistemas, como contribución al establecimiento de una gestión responsable de la pesca, apoyando actividades de investigación relacionadas con las interacciones entre los recursos de peces demersales y los peces pelágicos pequeños y los factores ambientales bióticos y abióticos. Entre las actividades figuran: a) examen de los conocimientos y reunión de pruebas científicas sobre poblaciones compartidas (peces demersales y peces pelágicos pequeños) en el estrecho de Sicilia y la normalización de las colecciones de datos y los métodos de análisis de los datos; b) estudios cooperativos conjuntos en el mar a escala subregional (huevos y larvas, estudios ecológicos, estudios de resonancia, estudios de arrastre) para evaluar las poblaciones compartidas; c) reunión de información sobre las repercusiones de los factores ambientales en las poblaciones seleccionadas; d) identificación y ubicación de zonas de cría de las poblaciones seleccionadas; e) fomento de la capacidad nacional mediante seminarios regionales; f) publicación de manuales técnicos y creación de bases de datos; g) cursos de capacitación (procesamiento de datos para la evaluación de las poblaciones, determinación de la edad de los recursos pesqueros y la identificación de las etapas de madurez de los recursos pesqueros).",
"Coordinación del apoyo a la gestión de la pesca en el Mediterráneo occidental y central (CopeMed II) (fondo fiduciario)",
"Estados receptores Instituciones de investigación de la pesca de la región y órganos nacionales de gestión de Argelia, España, Francia, Italia, Jamahiriya Árabe Libia, Malta, Marruecos y Túnez",
"Forma de la asistencia Regional",
"Esfera de la asistencia Apoyo a las administraciones pesqueras en la reunión de datos e información a nivel nacional y subregional (flotillas, captura, esfuerzos, datos socioeconómicos); suministro de asistencia técnica y capacitación a países para que puedan satisfacer sus necesidades y prioridades y fortalecer su capacidad nacional en ciencias pesqueras (organizar reuniones y seminarios, preparar documentos científicos, prestar apoyo a las actividades de investigación anuales, etc.).",
"Enfoque ecosistémico de la pesca marina – proyecto Nansen “Reforzamiento de la base de conocimientos para aplicar un enfoque ecosistémico a las pesquerías marinas en los países en desarrollo” (fondo fiduciario)",
"Estados en desarrollo Todos, haciendo hincapié en el África receptores subsahariana",
"Forma de la asistencia Mundial",
"Esfera de la asistencia Hacer conocer a los asociados los procedimientos y métodos para vigilar y evaluar las propiedades de los ecosistemas clave, incluido el desarrollo de una reunión de datos normalizada, los métodos de muestreo y un conjunto apropiado de indicadores científicos; aumentar la capacidad en los planos científico y de gestión para el enfoque ecosistémico de la pesca marina; prestar asesoramiento sobre el empleo de naves de investigación nacionales o regionales, incluida una cobertura coordinada por naves locales o de otro origen; planificación de proyectos y difusión de información.",
"Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial (FMAM) del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA)/Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD)/Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial (ONUDI)/Banco Mundial/bancos de desarrollo regionales",
"Mecanismo de financiación multilateral para la esfera de actividad del programa del FMAM relacionada con las aguas internacionales",
"Estados en desarrollo Todos receptores",
"Forma de la asistencia Mundial",
"Esfera de la asistencia La esfera de actividad del programa del FMAM relacionada con las aguas internacionales proporciona financiación para ayudar a los Estados a abordar la cuestión de los sistemas de aguas transfronterizas y compartidas como las costas y los océanos, las cuencas fluviales y los sistemas de acuíferos. Se ha proporcionado asistencia del FMAM para los trabajos en colaboración que realizan los Estados que comparten 19 grandes ecosistemas marinos que constituyen más de la mitad de los países en desarrollo con este tipo de ecosistemas compartidos. El fondo en fideicomiso de varios miles de millones de dólares del FMAM está abierto a la participación universal, que tiene actualmente 176 países miembros, aprovecha una asociación del PNUD, el PNUMA, el Banco Mundial, cuatro bancos de desarrollo regionales, la FAO y la ONUDI. Estos organismos tienen acceso a los fondos en nombre de países en desarrollo y de países con economías en transición para actividades que se conforman a la estrategia operacional del FMAM. En la actualidad, 127 Estados receptores del FMAM y 21 países industriales colaboran en el Consejo del FMAM; los proyectos aprobados guardan relación con los grandes ecosistemas marinos y sus costas. La información sobre estos proyectos se puede consultar en el sitio web del FMAM sobre la gestión de los conocimientos sobre las aguas internacionales: www.iwlearn.net.",
"Organización Hidrográfica Internacional (OHI)",
"Fondo de fomento de la capacidad de la OHI",
"Estados en desarrollo Todos receptores",
"Forma de la asistencia Mundial",
"Esfera de la asistencia Suministro de la asistencia necesaria a los Estados en que la falta de capacidades hidrográficas socava, entre otras cosas, la protección del medio marino. El fondo de fomento de la capacidad presta apoyo a las principales categorías de actividades de fomento de la capacidad, es decir: a) asistencia técnica: apoyo para realizar visitas técnicas a Estados miembros a fin de evaluar los estudios hidrográficos, la preparación de cartas náuticas y el estado de la información náutica; directrices para el desarrollo de capacidades hidrográficas locales y/o asesoramiento sobre cuestiones técnicas relacionadas con los proyectos hidrográficos; b) capacitación y educación: apoyo para la aplicación de iniciativas de educación y capacitación en hidrografía, la preparación de cartas náuticas y otras cuestiones conexas que se ajusten al programa de trabajo de la OHI; c) asistencia financiera para la participación en actividades de la OHI: apoyo para que representantes de Estados miembros puedan participar en cursos y/o reuniones técnicas que se ajusten al programa de trabajo de la OHI; y d) financiación inicial para los elementos hidrográficos de los proyectos: apoyo a las primeras etapas de la ejecución de proyectos de hidrocartografía de alta prioridad que se ajusten a los objetivos de la OHI.",
"Comisión Oceanográfica Intergubernamental (COI)",
"Criterios y directrices de la COI para la transferencia de tecnología marítima",
"Estados en desarrollo Todos receptores",
"Forma de la asistencia Mundial",
"Esfera de la asistencia Los programas de la Comisión de educación, asistencia recíproca y capacitación mediante la investigación, proporcionan capacitación en los países en desarrollo que procuran crear capacidad para resolver prioridades nacionales. El Órgano consultivo de expertos sobre el derecho del mar acordó ofrecer asistencia a Estados miembros y establecer la cooperación entre ellos en proyectos de investigaciones científicas marinas, prestando particular atención al fomento de la capacidad. La Comisión también ha creado un mecanismo de intercambio de información para ayudar a los países desarrollados y en desarrollo interesados que procuran establecer asociaciones apropiadas para la transferencia de tecnología. El servicio de Intercambio Internacional de Datos e Información Oceanográficos de la Comisión facilita el intercambio de datos e información oceanográficos entre los Estados miembros participantes y satisface las necesidades de los usuarios de datos y productos de información. El acceso en línea a las investigaciones sobre el medio ambiente, un consorcio internacional público-privado coordinado por el PNUMA, la Universidad de Yale e importantes editoriales de material científico y tecnológico, también permite a los países en desarrollo obtener acceso a investigaciones sobre ciencias ambientales.",
"Autoridad Internacional de los Fondos Marinos",
"Fondo de dotación para investigaciones científicas marinas en la Zona",
"Estados en desarrollo Todos los Estados partes en la Convención receptores de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar",
"Forma de la asistencia Mundial",
"Esfera de la asistencia Con respecto a las investigaciones científicas marinas en la Zona, la Autoridad se ha ocupado del fomento de la capacidad principalmente mediante el establecimiento del Fondo de dotación para investigaciones científicas marinas en la Zona, que apoya la participación de científicos y personal técnico calificado de países en desarrollo en programas internacionales cooperativos de investigaciones científicas marinas. El Fondo ha facilitado el desarrollo de la capacidad proporcionando capacitación y asistencia técnica.",
"Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE)",
"Sistema de notificación por parte de los países acreedores y base de datos agregados anuales del Comité de Asistencia para el Desarrollo.",
"Estados en desarrollo Todos receptores",
"Forma de la asistencia Mundial",
"Esfera de la asistencia El Comité efectúa el seguimiento de la asistencia de donantes bilaterales y multilaterales y otros recursos que fluyen hacia los países en desarrollo en dos bases de datos separadas: la base de datos agregados anuales, que proporciona datos detallados sobre el volumen, el origen y los tipos de la asistencia y otras corrientes de recursos; y el sistema de notificación por parte de los países acreedores, que proporciona información detallada sobre actividades de asistencia individuales, como sectores, países, descripciones de proyectos, etc.",
"Apéndice II",
"Inventario preliminar de los tipos de expertos que se necesitan para los seminarios",
"1. La secretaría del Proceso Ordinario y el Grupo de Expertos han considerado los tipos de expertos que podrían hacer contribuciones importantes a los seminarios que se celebrarán en apoyo del Proceso Ordinario y llevar a cabo la primera evaluación integrada del medio marino a escala mundial.",
"2. Se ha reconocido que todos los expertos en cualquiera de los campos comprendidos en el esbozo de la evaluación podrían hacer contribuciones útiles a los resultados de un seminario. También sería importante asegurar la participación de expertos en las ciencias ambientales y en las ciencias sociales y económicas.",
"3. Cabe esperar contribuciones significativas, en particular, de expertos que hayan participado en funciones de liderazgo en la mayoría de las evaluaciones amplias recientes en la zona marina abarcada por un seminario.",
"4. Además, sería particularmente útil que los expertos que participen en un seminario puedan abarcar el mayor número posible de las siguientes esferas:",
"a) Oceanografía, meteorología (incluido el cambio climático en cuanto afecte a los océanos), química oceánica y geología marina;",
"b) Biología marina y oceanografía biológica (producción primaria);",
"c) Evaluación y gestión de poblaciones de peces y mariscos;",
"d) Planificación, gestión y desarrollo de industrias pesqueras y de cultivos acuáticos, y comunidades que dependen de ellas;",
"e) Planificación y desarrollo del transporte marítimo, gestión de puertos e instalación de tuberías y cables submarinos;",
"f) Seguridad marítima;",
"g) Vigilancia y evaluación de insumos costeros, fluviales y atmosféricos a los mares y vertimiento en el mar;",
"h) Exploración y aprovechamiento de recursos minerales y de petróleo mar adentro (incluidos los agregados);",
"i) Planificación y desarrollo de la energía eólica, undimotriz y mareomotriz;",
"j) Planificación y desarrollo de las zonas costeras (incluidas la urbanización y la planificación urbana y rural y la zonificación);",
"k) Vigilancia y evaluación de las especies marinas, los hábitats, las zonas ecológica y biológicamente sensibles y los ecosistemas marinos vulnerables (incluidos los ecosistemas económicos);",
"l) Designación y gestión de zonas marinas protegidas;",
"m) Experiencia en plagas marinas importadas;",
"n) Experiencia en recursos genéticos marinos;",
"o) Aspectos económicos de los recursos marinos;",
"p) Aspectos económicos y sociales de las industrias marinas, incluidos el turismo y el uso de los océanos con fines de recreación.",
"Anexo VI",
"Posible esbozo de la primera evaluación integrada[5] del estado del medio marino a escala mundial, incluidos los aspectos socioeconómicos",
"Nota: El presente documento se transmite con fines de información únicamente. Contiene revisiones sugeridas por el Grupo de Expertos y el Proceso Ordinario y requiere un nuevo examen por el Grupo de Trabajo Plenario Especial en su próxima reunión.",
"Parte I Resumen para encargados de adoptar decisiones",
"En esta parte no se seguirán las pautas del informe principal, pero se destacarán las conclusiones más importantes. Se procurará poner de relieve:",
"a) La forma en que se ha realizado la evaluación;",
"b) La evaluación general de la escala del impacto humano sobre los océanos;",
"c) Las principales amenazas al medio marino y el bienestar humano económico y social;",
"d) Las necesidades de fomento de la capacidad y los enfoques que son eficaces para satisfacer esas necesidades;",
"e) Las lagunas más graves en los conocimientos y las posibles formas de colmarlas.",
"Parte II El contexto de la evaluación",
"Capítulo 1 El planeta, los océanos y la vida",
"El presente capítulo contendrá un estudio introductorio amplio de la función que cumplen los océanos y los mares en la vida del planeta, la forma en que funcionan y sus relaciones con los seres humanos. Estará apoyado por lo menos por dos documentos de trabajo en los que se resumirá lo siguiente:",
"1.A. La población humana en las zonas costeras, incluidas las ciudades principales en zonas costeras y los cambios de pronóstico.",
"El material incluido en este epígrafe procurará aprovechar la labor realizada para las previsiones demográficas mundiales de las Naciones Unidas.",
"1.B. El impacto de los seres humanos en las zonas costeras: la medida en que las actividades humanas en tierra crean presiones sobre los ecosistemas marinos y costeros.",
"El material pertinente podría incluir la proporción de tierra en los colectores costeros que se utiliza para una agricultura intensiva en diferentes partes del mundo, la intensidad del desarrollo industrial y urbano en los colectores costeros, y la proporción de la costa que se transfiere al desarrollo urbano.",
"Capítulo 4 Mandato, fuentes de información y métodos de trabajo",
"4.A. Objetivos, ámbito y mandato del Proceso Ordinario, acordado por la Asamblea General.",
"4.B. Cuestiones generales relativas a la reunión de datos ambientales, económicos y sociales relativos a los océanos y los mares y su uso por los seres humanos, incluida la agregación y los análisis de la información y los datos a nivel nacional, regional y mundial, la garantía de calidad de los datos y el acceso a la información.",
"4.C. Descripción de los procedimientos acordados para llevar a cabo la primera evaluación integrada del estado del medio marino a escala mundial, y la forma en que se han aplicado esos procedimientos, incluido el enfoque de la interfaz ciencia/política, la selección de contribuciones, las opciones adoptadas para el establecimiento de líneas de base, la descripción y categorización de incertidumbres y la garantía de calidad de los datos.",
"Parte III Evaluación de los principales servicios sistémicos del medio marino (distintos del aprovisionamiento)[6]",
"En varios capítulos de esta parte se aprovechará mucho la labor del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático. El objetivo sería utilizar la labor del Grupo y no duplicarla o ponerla en tela de juicio.",
"Capítulo 5 La función de los océanos en el ciclo hidrológico",
"5.A. La interacción entre los segmentos de agua salada y agua fresca del ciclo hidrológico: la tasa de movimientos y sus cambios; flujos de agua fresca en el mar y su integración con éste, incluidos los efectos sobre el medio marino de los cambios en esos flujos como resultado de los cambios en los glaciares y el manto de hielo continental, y los cambios antropogénicos en esos flujos (por ejemplo, la construcción de represas o los aumentos en la abstracción); reducción de la cobertura de hielo; cambios en el nivel del mar.",
"5.B. Consecuencias ambientales, económicas y sociales del calentamiento de los océanos, los cambios en el nivel del mar, incluidas las consecuencias de la subida del nivel del mar para la seguridad y las consecuencias para los países bajos, y cambios antropogénicos y de otro tipo en los flujos de agua dulce.",
"5.C. Composición química del agua de mar: salinidad y nutrientes, contenido de los diferentes cuerpos de agua; cambios en la salinidad y el contenido de nutrientes.",
"5.C.bis. Consecuencias ambientales, económicas y sociales de los cambios en la salinidad y el contenido de nutrientes.",
"5.D. La función de los océanos en el transporte térmico: calentamiento de los océanos; la influencia general de los océanos en la temperatura de superficie y las pautas de circulación; oscilaciones oceánicas; El Niño y fenómenos similares.",
"5.E. Efectos ambientales, económicos y sociales de los cambios en la temperatura de los océanos y de los principales fenómenos térmicos de los océanos.",
"Capítulo 6 Interacción del mar y el aire",
"6.A. La función de los océanos en la regulación de los flujos atmosféricos y la concentración de oxígeno y dióxido de carbono (producción de oxígeno, secuestro del dióxido de carbono): función de los océanos y los mares como sumideros de dióxido de carbono; cuestiones relativas al mantenimiento o aumento de esa función.",
"6.B. Fenómenos meteorológicos relacionados con los océanos: huracanes y tifones, lluvias monzónicas, vientos alisios.",
"6.C. Consecuencias ambientales, económicas y sociales de las tendencias de los fenómenos meteorológicos, incluidos los cambios en la frecuencia y la intensidad de las tormentas, los efectos sobre los mares cubiertos de hielo durante gran parte del año y las comunidades que dependen de ellos, y las consecuencias para los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo.",
"6.D. Acidificación de los océanos: grado y extensión de la acidificación de los océanos resultante de las actividades humanas.",
"6.E. Consecuencias ambientales, económicas y sociales de las tendencias en la acidificación de los océanos (con remisión a la parte IV sobre seguridad alimentaria).",
"Capítulo 7 Producción primaria, ciclo de nutrientes, capa superficial y plancton",
"7.A. Distribución mundial de la producción primaria: las razones de la actual distribución; factores que afectan al ciclo de nutrientes y la variabilidad y resistencia de la base de la red alimentaria; cambios conocidos y previstos, incluidos los cambios en la radiación ultravioleta proveniente de problemas en la capa de ozono.",
"7.B. Capa superficial y plancton: función de la capa superficial; factores que influyen en ella; variaciones en las especies de plancton.",
"7.C. Consecuencias ambientales, económicas y sociales de las tendencias en la producción primaria y otros factores que afectan a la variabilidad y resistencia inherentes de la base de la red alimentaria (con remisión a la parte IV sobre seguridad alimentaria).",
"Capítulo 7 bis Producción de carbonatos de fuentes oceánicas",
"Función de la producción de carbonatos de fuentes oceánicas en la formación de atolones y playas; posibles efectos de la acidificación de los océanos.",
"Capítulo 8 Servicios estéticos, culturales, religiosos y espirituales de los ecosistemas derivados del medio marino",
"Escala de las interacciones humanas con los océanos y los mares en los planos estético, cultural, religioso y espiritual, incluidos los entierros en el mar, y formas en que esas interacciones pueden ser afectadas por otros cambios. Se hará también remisión al capítulo 26 (turismo).",
"Capítulo 8 bis Comprensión científica de los servicios de los ecosistemas",
"Panorama general del estado de la comprensión científica de los servicios de los ecosistemas, incluida la reunión de datos, la gestión de la información, las diferencias entre diferentes partes del mundo y las necesidades de investigación.",
"Capítulo 9 Conclusiones sobre los principales servicios que prestan los ecosistemas diferentes de los servicios de suministro",
"Resumen de las cuestiones principales, incluidas las necesidades de fomento de la capacidad y las lagunas en la información, determinadas en los capítulos 5 a 8 bis.",
"Parte IV Evaluación de cuestiones intersectoriales: seguridad alimentaria",
"En esta parte se utilizará sustancialmente la evaluación realizada por la FAO.",
"Capítulo 10 Los océanos y los mares como fuentes de alimentos",
"Magnitud de la dependencia de los seres humanos respecto de los océanos y los mares como fuentes de alimentos y presiones que ejerce el aumento de la demanda, las variaciones entre diferentes partes del mundo, y la medida en que algunas partes del mundo dependen de otras para el suministro de pescado y frutos marinos y la contribución de los recursos marinos vivos a la seguridad alimentaria.",
"Capítulo 11 La pesca de captura",
"11.A. La pesca comercial y las poblaciones de mariscos: estado actual de las poblaciones de peces y mariscos que son objeto de explotación comercial; escala de la actividad económica (pesca de recreación, artesanal y comercial en gran escala)[7].",
"11.B. Otras poblaciones de peces y mariscos: situación actual de las poblaciones de peces y mariscos explotadas mediante pesca artesanal o de subsistencia; importancia como medio de vida; situación de las poblaciones de peces actualmente no explotadas.",
"11.C. Impacto de la pesca de captura (pesca comercial en gran escala, artesanal y de subsistencia) sobre los ecosistemas marinos, a través de los efectos en la red alimentaria, las capturas incidentales (peces, mamíferos, reptiles y aves marinas), y diferentes aparejos y métodos de pesca, incluidos los efectos de los descartes sobre otra fauna silvestre, y los efectos de los aparejos de pesca perdidos o abandonados.",
"11.C.bis. Efectos de la contaminación en los recursos marinos vivos: posibles efectos de la contaminación química y radiactiva sobre las poblaciones de recursos marinos vivos que se utilizan como alimento; consecuencias de las posibles amenazas de ese tipo de contaminación.",
"11.D. Pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada[8]: escala, ubicación y efectos sobre las poblaciones de peces. Efectos de las medidas adoptadas para prevenir, desalentar y eliminar la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada, incluido el Acuerdo de la FAO sobre medidas del Estado rector del puerto destinadas a prevenir, desalentar y eliminar la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada.",
"11.E. Enfoques reglamentarios de la gestión de la pesca de captura comercial: descripción de los principales criterios e instrumentos, incluidas las medidas económicas; extensión de la aplicación de los diferentes criterios de gestión; consecuencias típicas para el medio marino y las actividades económicas conexas de las medidas adoptadas en virtud de los diferentes criterios de gestión, incluidas las cuestiones de la pesca incidental y los desechos; relación con el estado de las poblaciones de peces.",
"11.F. Enfoques reglamentarios de la gestión de la pesca artesanal y de subsistencia: descripciones de los principales enfoques e instrumentos; medida en que se aplican los diferentes criterios de gestión; consecuencias típicas para el medio marino y las actividades económicas conexas de las medidas adoptadas en virtud de los diferentes criterios de gestión; relación con el estado de las poblaciones de peces.",
"11.G. Proyecciones sobre el estado de las poblaciones de peces y mariscos para el próximo decenio a la luz de todos los factores pertinentes.",
"Capítulo 12 Acuicultura",
"12.A. Escala y distribución de la acuicultura: lugares en que se realizan actividades de acuicultura; especies cultivadas; importancia económica y contribución a la seguridad alimentaria.",
"12.B. Insumos y efectos de la acuicultura: demanda de espacio costero; demanda de harina de pescado proveniente de la pesca de captura.",
"12.B.bis. Contaminación proveniente de la acuicultura: empleo de productos químicos; interacciones de las poblaciones escapadas con las poblaciones salvajes.",
"12.C. Enfoques reglamentarios de la gestión de la acuicultura: descripciones de los principales criterios e instrumentos; medida en que se aplican los diferentes criterios de gestión; consecuencias típicas para el medio marino y las actividades económicas conexas de las medidas adoptadas en virtud de los diferentes criterios de gestión.",
"12.D. Proyecciones de la función de la acuicultura durante el próximo decenio teniendo en cuenta todos los factores pertinentes.",
"12.E. Necesidades de fomento de la capacidad para la gestión de la acuicultura y la vigilancia de sus efectos.",
"Capítulo 12 bis Propagación de las poblaciones de peces",
"12.bis.A. Reconstitución de las poblaciones agotadas mediante granjas marinas y liberación de peces de criaderos.",
"12.bis.B. Trasplantes de recursos marinos vivos a diferentes ecosistemas.",
"12.bis.C. Efectos de la propagación artificial en los ecosistemas marinos.",
"12.bis.D. Enfoques reglamentarios aplicables a la propagación de poblaciones de peces; ámbito de aplicación; resultados.",
"12.bis.E. Necesidades de fomento de la capacidad de gestión de la propagación de poblaciones de peces y la vigilancia de sus efectos.",
"Capítulo 13 Algas marinas y otros alimentos marinos",
"13.A. Escala, ubicación de las zonas de recolección e importancia de los alimentos derivados de los océanos y los mares distintos de los peces y mariscos; desarrollo proyectado para el próximo decenio.",
"13.B. Posibles efectos de la recolección de algas marinas y otros alimentos marinos.",
"13.C. Enfoques reglamentarios de la recolección de algas marinas y otros alimentos marinos; enfoques y ámbito de aplicación; beneficios logrados y efectos no deseados.",
"13.D. Necesidades de fomento de la capacidad para mejorar y administrar el uso de esos alimentos y vigilar los efectos de su recolección sobre el medio marino.",
"Capítulo 14 Aspectos sociales y económicos de la pesca",
"14.A. Relación con la salud humana: beneficios y problemas para la salud de los alimentos marinos, incluido el posible suplemento de dietas escasas en proteínas; contaminación química, tóxica y bacteriológica; necesidades de fomento de la capacidad para promover los beneficios y controlar los problemas.",
"14.B. Escala e importancia del empleo en la pesca y la acuicultura: número de personas empleadas; relación de la remuneración con los ingresos medios locales; magnitud de las lesiones que sufren los pescadores en comparación con los empleados en otras industrias.",
"14.C. La función de la pesca en la estructura social: la función de los pescadores en las sociedades locales; medida en que la pesca es la única fuente de subsistencia; medida en que las sociedades locales dependen de la pesca y la acuicultura.",
"14.E. Relaciones entre las zonas de captura, la propiedad y la explotación de barcos pesqueros, puertos de carga y distribución para el consumo: los beneficios que los Estados (y los operadores económicos con base en ellos) obtienen de la pesca y de la acuicultura en sus mares territoriales y zonas económicas exclusivas; los Estados (y los operadores económicos con base en ellos) que sacan provecho de la pesca en alta mar y la pesca en aguas lejanas.",
"14.E.bis. Aplicación de los acuerdos internacionales sobre la pesca: necesidad de introducir cambios en las naves y los aparejos de pesca; necesidad de capacitar a pescadores; necesidades de fomento de la capacidad para apoyar la aplicación.",
"14.E.ter. Efectos de los cambios en los mercados: aumento del transporte a larga distancia de pescados y mariscos descargados en tierra; certificación ecológica; efectos de otras campañas de grupos ecológicos.",
"14.F. Vínculos con otras industrias: escala de las actividades económicas que dependen de la pesca y la acuicultura, tanto respecto del suministro de equipo (especialmente naves) como del procesamiento del producto.",
"Capítulo 15 Conclusiones sobre la seguridad alimentaria",
"15.A. Resumen de las cuestiones principales, incluidas las necesidades de fomento de la capacidad y lagunas en la información, determinadas en los capítulos 10 a 14.",
"15.B. Desarrollo a largo plazo de los alimentos derivados de recursos marinos; efectos del cambio climático; efectos de los cambios demográficos; relación con los cambios en la producción de alimentos en tierra.",
"Parte V Evaluación de otras actividades humanas y el medio marino",
"Capítulo 16 Transporte marítimo",
"16.A. Importancia del transporte en el comercio mundial: principales rutas de transporte; cantidad del comercio mundial que se transporta por mar; beneficios económicos para los Estados que tienen actividades de transporte, incluso como Estados del pabellón; proyección de los cambios en el próximo decenio, incluidos los cambios en las posibilidades de transporte en altas latitudes como resultado de los cambios en la cobertura de hielo.",
"16.B. Gente de mar: escala de empleo; adecuación de la capacitación en relación con la protección del medio marino; relación entre los ingresos de la gente de mar con los ingresos medios; escala de lesiones de la gente de mar en comparación con otros tipos de empleo.",
"16.C. Amenazas del transporte marítimo: lugares, escalas y tendencias; contaminación proveniente del transporte marítimo (abarcando todas las formas de contaminación reglamentada por el Convenio internacional para prevenir la contaminación por los buques (Convenio MARPOL), anexos I a VI, los tratamientos antiincrustantes y el ruido); efectos acústicos del transporte sobre los organismos marinos; desastres del transporte marítimo, incluso sus efectos a más largo plazo; movilidad de especies invasoras en el agua de lastre y otros riesgos para la seguridad biológica; transporte de barcos para desguace; riesgos del transporte marítimo para los Estados costeros en comparación con su comercio.",
"16.C.bis. Efectos económicos sobre el transporte marítimo de las medidas de protección del medio marino, incluidos los convenios de la OMI y otros instrumentos.",
"16.D. Vínculos con otras industrias y con el comercio: construcción de barcos; desguace de barcos; tanques de combustible; seguros, servicios de fletamento y navegación.",
"16.D.bis. Transporte de sustancias radiactivas por mar.",
"16.F. Enfoques reglamentarios de la gestión del transporte marítimo: descripciones de los enfoques principales (especialmente los convenios de la OMI y otros instrumentos); medida en que se aplican los diversos enfoques de gestión; consecuencias típicas para el medio marino y las actividades económicas conexas de las medidas adoptadas en virtud de los diversos enfoques de gestión, incluso, pero sin estar limitado a ellas, zonas especiales y zonas marinas particularmente sensibles; aplicación de la ley.",
"16.G. Necesidades de fomento de la capacidad de gestión del transporte marítimo y vigilancia de sus efectos, incluida la necesidad de apoyar la aplicación de los convenios internacionales y otros instrumentos.",
"Capítulo 17 Puertos",
"17.A. Escala e importancia de las actividades portuarias: ubicación y tráfico; crecimiento proyectado, incluidos los cambios en las rutas de transporte que se examinan en el epígrafe 16.A.; beneficios económicos para los Estados portuarios.",
"17.B. Efectos de la creación y el mantenimiento de puertos: escala del desarrollo portuario; dragado con fines de navegación; gestión de los desechos de los barcos, incluidos los efectos sobre los regímenes de carga; contaminación proveniente de los barcos en los puertos; nueva movilización de los contaminantes debida al dragado.",
"17.C. Marcos reglamentarios para la gestión de los puertos: descripción de los principales criterios para controlar los efectos de los puertos en el medio marino; medida en que se aplican esos criterios; beneficios previstos y efectos no deseados; relación con la industria del transporte marítimo; relación con la pesca y el comercio internacional.",
"17.D. Necesidades de fomento de la capacidad de gestión de los puertos y vigilancia de sus efectos en el medio marino.",
"Capítulo 18 Tuberías y cables submarinos",
"18.A. Escala, ubicación y papel de los cables y el tendido de cables: la función que cumplen en las comunicaciones internacionales y en la Internet; novedades que se prevén para el próximo decenio; empleo; vínculos con otras industrias; beneficios económicos.",
"18.B. Posible contaminación y daños físicos de los cables y las tuberías; durante la construcción y la instalación; durante el uso; después de la clausura.",
"18.C. Marcos reglamentarios para la gestión por los Estados de cables y tuberías, y del tendido de cables y tuberías bajo su jurisdicción: medida en que se aplican esos marcos; beneficios previstos y efectos no deseados; interferencia con otros usos de los océanos.",
"18.D. Necesidades de fomento de la capacidad de gestión de cables y el tendido de cables y de la instalación de tuberías y para la vigilancia de sus efectos sobre el medio marino.",
"Capítulo 19 Aportaciones de fuentes terrestres a las costas, las vías fluviales y la atmósfera",
"19.A. Aguas residuales municipales, incluidos los efectos de las principales ciudades y los barcos de crucero sobre los puertos: escala y grado de tratamiento; naturaleza de los efectos, tanto de las aportaciones directas como de las fluviales, incluidos los efectos sobre la calidad microbiológica de las aguas costeras, así como el impacto económico de los efectos adversos sobre la calidad del agua, especialmente en la acuicultura y el turismo; evolución proyectada para el próximo decenio.",
"19.B. Descargas industriales, incluidas las fuentes localizadas: sustancias peligrosas, incluidos los contaminantes orgánicos persistentes y los metales pesados; hidrocarburos; nutrientes; escala de las cargas (aportaciones directas y fluviales y transporte atmosférico); grado de tratamiento; naturaleza de los efectos, incluidos los que afectan a la salud humana a través de la cadena alimentaria; evolución prevista para el próximo decenio.",
"19.C. Escorrentías y emisiones agrícolas: escala (aportaciones directas y fluviales y transporte atmosférico de nutrientes); naturaleza de los efectos; evolución prevista para el próximo decenio.",
"19.D. Eutrofización: efectos combinados de las aportaciones municipales, industriales y agrícolas, teniendo en cuenta también los efectos de la turbidez en las aguas costeras y la desnitrificación en los estuarios; remisión a los efectos sobre las poblaciones de peces y sobre la red alimentaria.",
"19.F. Aportaciones de sustancias radiactivas provenientes de industrias nucleares y no nucleares; efectos reales, posibles y sospechados de las aportaciones de sustancias radiactivas.",
"19.G. Marco reglamentario para la gestión de los efectos de las aportaciones provenientes de fuentes terrestres: Programa de Acción Mundial; convenciones regionales; planes nacionales; serie de criterios aplicados; resultados previstos y efectos no deseados.",
"19.H. Necesidades de fomento de la capacidad para la gestión de las aguas residuales, las descargas industriales y las escorrentías agrícolas y vigilancia de sus efectos sobre el medio marino.",
"Capítulo 20 Industrias de hidrocarburos[9] mar adentro",
"20.A. Escala e importancia de las industrias de hidrocarburos mar adentro: ubicación, escala de la producción y evolución proyectada para el próximo decenio; beneficios económicos para los Estados.",
"20.B. Efectos de la exploración, incluidas las prospecciones sísmicas: escala y evolución proyectada para el próximo decenio.",
"20.C. Efectos de la producción: escala y evolución proyectada, pilas de recortes, productos químicos utilizados mar adentro, quema de gases, agua producida; descargas de los sistemas de alcantarillado de las instalaciones.",
"20.D. Desastres en las instalaciones mar adentro y sus efectos, incluidos los efectos a más largo plazo.",
"20.E. Clausura.",
"20.G. Marco reglamentario para la gestión de las instalaciones de producción de hidrocarburos mar adentro: enfoques y ámbito de aplicación; beneficios logrados y efectos no deseados; capacitación en la aplicación de normas para la protección del medio marino.",
"20.H. Necesidades de fomento de la capacidad para la gestión de la interfaz entre los gobiernos y las industrias de hidrocarburos mar adentro y para la vigilancia de los efectos de las instalaciones de producción de hidrocarburos en el medio marino.",
"Capítulo 21 Otras industrias energéticas basadas en el medio marino",
"21.A. Escala de la generación de energía eólica, undimotriz y mareomotriz; actividades actuales y previstas y pronóstico.",
"21.B. Beneficios ambientales y efectos de la generación de energía eólica, undimotriz y mareomotriz.",
"21.C. Rendimiento económico previsto de la generación de energía eólica, undimotriz y mareomotriz.",
"21.D. Marcos reglamentarios para la gestión de las instalaciones energéticas mar adentro distintas de los hidrocarburos: enfoques y ámbito de aplicación; beneficios logrados y efectos no deseados.",
"21.E. Fomento de la capacidad de planificación y gestión de instalaciones de generación de energía eólica, undimotriz y mareomotriz mar adentro y vigilancia de sus efectos en el medio marino.",
"Capítulo 22 Industrias de la minería mar adentro",
"22.A. Escala e importancia de la extracción de arena y grava: efectos ambientales de la extracción de arena y grava.",
"22.B. Beneficios económicos de la extracción de arena y grava.",
"22.C. Novedades en otras actividades extractivas en los fondos marinos: situación actual y escala potencial.",
"22.D. Marco reglamentario para la gestión de las industrias mineras mar adentro: enfoques y ámbito de aplicación; beneficios logrados y efectos no deseados.",
"22.E. Fomento de la capacidad de planificación y gestión de industrias mineras mar adentro.",
"Capítulo 23 Eliminación de residuos sólidos",
"23.A. Tipos y cantidades de residuos vertidos en el mar, incluidos los posibles efectos sobre el medio marino; niveles proyectados de vertimiento para el próximo decenio.",
"23.B. Marcos reglamentarios para la gestión del vertimiento de residuos sólidos: enfoques y ámbito de aplicación; beneficios logrados y efectos no deseados.",
"23.C. Necesidades de fomento de la capacidad para la gestión de la eliminación de residuos sólidos en el mar y la vigilancia de los efectos en el medio marino.",
"Capítulo 24 Desechos marinos",
"24.A. Las causas múltiples de los desechos marinos, incluida la falta de control de la eliminación de desechos en tierra, la falta de gestión de desechos comunes y desechos generados por los barcos en las playas, y la escala y distribución del problema.",
"24.B. Criterios para combatir la producción de desechos marinos; ámbito de aplicación; casos en que se han logrado avances.",
"24.C. Necesidades de fomento de la capacidad para combatir la producción de desechos marinos y vigilar su nivel.",
"Capítulo 25 Interacción física entre la tierra y el mar",
"25.A. Recuperación de tierras: escala y ubicación de las actividades de recuperación de tierras, la modificación de hábitats y los hábitats afectados; enfoques reglamentarios de la gestión de la recuperación y modificación de tierras; ámbito de aplicación; resultados.",
"25.B. Erosión de la tierra por el mar: costos económicos y sociales de la erosión de las tierras; efectos sobre los hábitats marinos y costeros de las defensas costeras, incluidas las playas y las islas protegidas; consecuencias para los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo; costo de las defensas costeras; criterios reglamentarios y de gestión para la defensa de las costas; ámbito de aplicación; resultados.",
"25.C. Cambios en la sedimentación: la sedimentación en el medio marino como resultado de la erosión de las tierras por las lluvias y los ríos; declinación de la sedimentación marina como resultado de la ordenación de las aguas; efectos de ambos tipos de cambios en los hábitats marinos y costeros, incluidos los estuarios, los deltas y los cañones submarinos; enfoques reglamentarios al control de los cambios en la sedimentación; ámbito de aplicación; resultados.",
"26.D. Necesidades de fomento de la capacidad para la gestión de la interacción física entre la tierra y el mar y para la vigilancia de los efectos sobre el medio marino.",
"Capítulo 26 Turismo y actividades de recreación",
"26.A. Ubicación y escala del turismo y las actividades de recreación, incluidos los barcos de cruceros: empleo; beneficios económicos del turismo; beneficios económicos provenientes de la protección de la biodiversidad marina.",
"26.A.bis. Las actividades de recreación y la pesca deportiva y sus efectos sobre la vida marina silvestre.",
"26.A.ter. Efectos de los barcos de recreación y turismo sobre zonas marinas sensibles.",
"26.B. Contribución del turismo a los problemas provenientes de los sistemas de alcantarillado y la contaminación, incluidos los provenientes de los barcos de cruceros (véase también el epígrafe 19.A, Aguas residuales municipales).",
"26.C. Ubicación y escala de otros efectos ambientales del turismo, incluida la perturbación y destrucción de hábitats.",
"26.C.bis. Relación entre el turismo y la protección de las especies y los hábitats marinos (por ejemplo, la observación de ballenas y los santuarios de ballenas).",
"26.D. Enfoques reglamentarios de la gestión de los efectos ambientales del turismo; ámbito de aplicación; resultados.",
"26.E. Necesidades de fomento de la capacidad para la gestión del turismo y la vigilancia de sus efectos en el medio marino.",
"Capítulo 27 Desalinización",
"Escala de la desalinización, sus beneficios sociales y económicos y sus efectos ambientales. Necesidades de fomento de la capacidad de desalinización.",
"Capítulo 28 Utilización de los recursos genéticos marinos",
"28.A. Temas de actualidad, ubicaciones y escala de las actividades de investigación y explotación, incluidos los usos de los recursos genéticos marinos y cuestiones conexas, como los derechos de propiedad intelectual.",
"28.B. Enfoques reglamentarios de las actividades de investigación y explotación de los recursos genéticos marinos en aguas sometidas a la jurisdicción de los Estados[10]; ámbito de aplicación; resultados.",
"28.C. Fomento de la capacidad de investigación y explotación de los recursos genéticos marinos y su ordenación.",
"Capítulo 29 Cuestiones específicas de las actividades de defensa en relación con el medio marino",
"29.B. Impacto acústico de las operaciones de defensa recurrentes sobre la vida marina.",
"29.C. La escala del vertimiento en el mar de munición descartada y problemas resultantes del vertimiento de municiones y armas químicas.",
"Capítulo 30 Investigaciones científicas marinas",
"30.A. Temas, escala y ubicación de las investigaciones científicas marinas.",
"30.B. Enfoques reglamentarios de las investigaciones científicas marinas; ámbito de aplicación; resultados.",
"30.C. Necesidades de fomento de la capacidad para realizar investigaciones científicas marinas, incluida la transferencia de tecnología.",
"Capítulo 31 Conclusiones sobre otras actividades humanas",
"Resumen de las cuestiones principales, incluidas las necesidades de fomento de la capacidad y las lagunas en la información, determinadas en los capítulos 16 a 30.",
"Parte VI Evaluación de los hábitats y la diversidad biológica marina",
"Capítulo 31 bis Introducción",
"La finalidad de la presente parte es: a) ofrecer un panorama general de la diversidad biológica marina y lo que se sabe de ella; b) examinar la situación, las tendencias y las amenazas a los ecosistemas marinos, las especies y los hábitats que las autoridades competentes en los planos mundial, regional o nacional han considerado amenazados o en declinación o que por cualquier otra causa requieren protección; c) examinar los enfoques reglamentarios y de gestión de la conservación, incluido el ámbito de su aplicación y los resultados; y d) identificar las necesidades de fomento de la capacidad.",
"Sección AA – Panorama general de la diversidad biológica marina",
"Capítulo 31 ter Escala de la diversidad biológica marina",
"Principales gradientes de la diversidad para las especies, las comunidades y los hábitats (de costeros a abisales, de ecuatoriales a polares, tipo de sustrato, salinidad).",
"Capítulo 31 quater Ámbito de la evaluación de la diversidad biológica marina",
"Proporción de grupos principales de especies y hábitats en las diferentes regiones marinas que han sido evaluados de manera sistemática para determinar su situación, sus tendencias y las amenazas a ellos.",
"Capítulo 31 quinquies Situación general de los principales grupos de especies y hábitats",
"Resumen, por grupo principal y región marina, de la situación, las tendencias y las amenazas, incluidos los efectos acumulativos de las presiones, que indican esas evaluaciones.",
"Sección A – Zonas ecológica y biológicamente sensibles y ecosistemas marinos vulnerables",
"Estos son tipos de zonas y ecosistemas que ya han sido identificados como objetos de atención especial por una organización competente a nivel mundial, como la Asamblea General, el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica o la FAO",
"Capítulo 32 Arrecifes de coral (y otros arrecifes biogénicos)",
"Tipos, ubicaciones, escala, situación y amenazas, incluidas las presiones acumulativas.",
"Capítulo 33 Manglares, marismas y otras zonas con macro-vegetación",
"Tipos, ubicaciones, escala, situación y amenazas, incluidas las presiones acumulativas.",
"Capítulo 34 Algas marinas y crin marina",
"Tipos, ubicaciones, escala, situación y amenazas, incluidas las presiones acumulativas.",
"Capítulo 35 Bosques de algas marinas",
"Tipos, ubicaciones, escala, situación y amenazas, incluidas las presiones acumulativas.",
"Capítulo 36 Montes submarinos, bancos y mesetas de los fondos marinos",
"Ubicaciones, escala, situación y amenazas, incluidas las presiones acumulativas.",
"Capítulo 37 Respiraderos hidrotermales",
"Ubicaciones, escala, situación y amenazas, incluidas las presiones acumulativas.",
"Capítulo 38 Otros tipos de zonas ecológica y biológicamente sensibles y ecosistemas marinos vulnerables",
"Tipos, ubicaciones, número y escala, situación y amenazas, incluidas las presiones acumulativas.",
"Sección B - Otras especies y hábitats considerados amenazados, en declinación o que requieren protección",
"Capítulo 40 Especies marinas migratorias que dependen de diversos ecosistemas regionales y están comprendidas en acuerdos concertados en virtud de la Convención de Bonn u otros acuerdos internacionales, incluidas las convenciones y los arreglos de las organizaciones regionales de ordenación de la pesca",
"40.A. Mamíferos marinos migratorios: distribución, número, situación y amenazas, incluidas las presiones acumulativas.",
"40.B. Tortugas marinas: distribución, número, situación y amenazas, incluidas las presiones acumulativas.",
"40.C. Especies de peces altamente migratorios: distribución, número, situación y amenazas, incluidas las presiones acumulativas.",
"40.D. Aves marinas migratorias: distribución, número, situación y amenazas, incluidas las presiones acumulativas.",
"Capítulo 41 Otras especies que las autoridades competentes en los planos mundial, regional o nacional han considerado amenazadas, en declinación o que requieren protección",
"Respecto de cada especie o grupos de especies: distribución, número, situación y amenazas, incluidas las presiones acumulativas.",
"Capítulo 42 Otros hábitats que las autoridades competentes en los planos mundial, regional o nacional han considerado amenazados, en declinación o que requieren protección",
"Respecto de cada tipo de hábitat o grupo de tipos de hábitats: distribución, zona, situación y amenazas, incluidas las presiones acumulativas.",
"Sección B bis – Marcos reglamentarios y de ordenación y necesidades de fomento de la capacidad",
"Capítulo 42 bis Marcos reglamentarios y de ordenación",
"Marcos reglamentarios y de ordenación y enfoques de la conservación de especies y hábitats, incluidas las zonas marinas protegidas; ámbito de aplicación; beneficios logrados y efectos no deseados.",
"Capítulo 42 ter Necesidades de fomento de la capacidad",
"Necesidades de fomento de la capacidad para determinar la situación de las especies y los hábitats y para la gestión de la conservación de especies y hábitats que requieren protección.",
"Sección C – Resumen Capítulo 43",
"Resumen",
"Resumen de las cuestiones principales, incluidas las necesidades de fomento de la capacidad y las lagunas en la información, identificadas en los capítulos 31 bis a 42 ter.",
"Parte VII Evaluación general",
"Capítulo 44 Evaluación general de los impactos humanos en los océanos",
"44.A. Examen de las consecuencias de las presiones acumulativas sobre la situación general de los océanos y los mares.",
"44.B. Evaluaciones realizadas con métodos diferentes a los utilizados en la evaluación de los impactos humanos generales sobre los océanos y mares.",
"Capítulo 45 Valor general de los océanos para los seres humanos",
"Evaluaciones, realizadas con métodos diferentes, de los beneficios que reportan los océanos a los seres humanos.",
"Apéndice",
"Terminología",
"Terminología utilizada para describir las principales características de las cuencas oceánicas y las zonas vinculadas a ellas",
"1.A. Breve resumen de los términos técnicos utilizados para describir las principales características geológicos: zonas cerradas y semicerradas; plataformas y taludes continentales; dorsales mesooceánicas; montes marinos; arrecifes de coral y otros arrecifes biogénicos; sedimentación; estuarios principales; zonas de fiordos y rías; cañones oceánicos; estructuras geológicas costeras, playas, humedales marinos, manglares y llanuras de mareas.",
"1.B. Breve resumen de los términos técnicos empleados para describir las principales características de la columna de agua: cuerpos de agua; circulación termohalina; principales corrientes oceánicas; formaciones de aguas profundas (flujos descendentes) y flujos ascendentes; estratificación; acidificación; cobertura de hielo.",
"Terminología utilizada para describir derechos y obligaciones en los océanos",
"En esta sección se establecerán las definiciones contenidas en la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar para los términos (mar territorial, zona económica exclusiva, etc.) utilizados en la evaluación, de modo que los lectores puedan comprender su propósito.",
"[1] Una delegación señaló a la atención de la reunión que un miembro del Grupo de Expertos no pudo asistir a la reunión porque no pudo obtener un visado de entrada a tiempo.",
"[2] ^(a) La organización de un seminario puede requerir la concertación de un acuerdo entre el país anfitrión y las Naciones Unidas.",
"[3] ^(a) Véase el anexo B del conjunto de opciones preparado de conformidad con el párrafo 212 de la resolución 65/37 de la Asamblea General, de diciembre de 2010, que se puede consultar en www.un.org/Depts/los/global_reporting/set_of_options.pdf.",
"[4] ^(a) A/64/88, párrs. 108 a 111. El centro de coordinación podría ser una autoridad o institución nacional apropiada, o una misión permanente en Nueva York. Los Estados podrían designar también otros puntos de contacto que podrían tener acceso a la parte reservada del sitio web, pero sería importante que hubiera un centro de coordinación único claramente identificado para las comunicaciones con todos los Estados que participen en el Proceso Ordinario.",
"[5] ^(a) En este contexto, por “integrada” se entiende la evaluación de los efectos de diversos factores de perturbación individuales y el examen de los efectos acumulativos sobre los ecosistemas marinos, es decir, los efectos generales de múltiples procesos y actividades que se superponen en el tiempo y el espacio.",
"[6] ^(b) El principal servicio de aprovisionamiento de los océanos es el de los alimentos, que se trata en la parte IV (seguridad alimentaria). Otros servicios de aprovisionamiento se tratan en la parte V (otras actividades humanas que tienen efectos en el medio marino).",
"[7] ^(c) Véase también el capítulo 26 (turismo) sobre pesca de recreación.",
"[8] ^(d) Según la definición que figura en el Plan de acción internacional sobre la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada de la FAO.",
"[9] ^(e) En el presente capítulo y en los dos capítulos siguientes, el término “mar adentro” abarca todas las instalaciones situadas en el medio marino, ya sea en aguas internas, mares territoriales o zonas económicas exclusivas.",
"[10] ^(f) Dado el estado actual de las deliberaciones sobre los recursos genéticos marinos en relación con la alta mar, no parece haber justificación para una evaluación de los enfoques reglamentarios en esta esfera."
] | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"* A/66/150.",
"Agenda item 76 (a) of the provisional agenda*",
"Oceans and the law of the sea",
"Report on the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-economic Aspects",
"Letter dated 13 July 2011 from the Co-Chairs of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole addressed to the President of the General Assembly",
"We have the honour to transmit to you the attached report on the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole, which sets out in section II the agreed recommendations to the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. Pursuant to paragraph 7 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B, the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole met at United Nations Headquarters on 27 and 28 June 2011.",
"We kindly request that the present letter and the report be circulated as a document of the General Assembly under the agenda item entitled “Oceans and the law of the sea”.",
"(Signed) Donatus Keith St. Aimee",
"(Signed) Renée Sauvé",
"Co-Chairs",
"Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio‑economic Aspects",
"I. Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole",
"1. The second meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-economic Aspects, was convened pursuant to paragraph 7 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B of 4 April 2011. The meeting was held at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 27 and 28 June 2011.",
"2. The meeting was presided over by Donatus Keith St. Aimee (Saint Lucia) and Renée Sauvé (Canada), the Co-Chairs of the first meeting of the Working Group, who had been reappointed by the President of the General Assembly. The Friends of the Co-Chairs nominated by the regional groups at the first meeting continued to serve in that capacity: Jacqueline Kemunto Moseti (Kenya) for the African States; Abdul Hameed (Pakistan) for the Asian States; Walter Schuldt (Ecuador) for the Latin American and Caribbean States; and Kent Blom (Sweden) for the Western European and Other States.",
"3. Representatives of 55 Member States, 15 intergovernmental organizations and other bodies and 4 non-governmental organizations attended the meeting. A complete list of participants, dated 28 June 2011, is available on the website of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea of the Office of Legal Affairs of the Secretariat (see www.un.org/Depts/los/global_reporting/List_of_Participants_ June_2011.pdf).",
"4. The following members of the Group of Experts established pursuant to paragraph 209 of resolution 65/37 A also attended the meeting:[1] Patricio Bernal (Chile); Peter Harris (Australia); Lorna Inniss (Barbados); George Martin (Estonia); Enrique Marschoff (Argentina); Sean O. Green (Jamaica); Jake Rice (Canada); Andrew Rosenberg (United States of America); Alan Simcock (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland); and Juying Wang (China).",
"5. The following supporting documentation was available to the meeting: (a) provisional agenda, annotated provisional agenda and format, including proposed organization of work; (b) draft guidelines for workshops, draft criteria for the appointment of experts and possible outline for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, prepared by the Group of Experts, together with a covering document; (c) draft terms of reference and working methods for the Group of Experts and provisions for communication with States; (d) report on the preliminary inventory of capacity-building for assessments and types of experts for workshops, prepared by the secretariat of the Regular Process and the Group of Experts; and (e) report on communication requirements and data and information management for the Regular Process, prepared by the secretariat of the Regular Process and the Group of Experts. At the request of delegates, the Group of Experts provided additional information material entitled, “Suggestions by the Group of Experts of possible functions for the bureau of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole”.",
"6. On 27 June 2011, the Working Group adopted the agenda and agreed on the organization of work as proposed by the Co-Chairs. In its substantive discussions, and following informal consultations, the Working Group considered and adopted, on 28 June 2011, the documents entitled “Criteria for the appointment of experts” and “Guidelines for workshops to assist the Regular Process”. On the same date, the Working Group took note of the documents entitled “Possible outline for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects” and “Draft terms of reference and working methods for the Group of Experts” and agreed on the need for these documents to be considered further at its next meeting.",
"7. The Working Group requested the Group of Experts to revise the document entitled “Possible outline for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment”, taking into account the comments made by delegations. To that end, the Co-Chairs were requested to send invitations to States and groups, following the invitation made pursuant to paragraph 5 of resolution 65/37 B, to provide further comments on the document by 23 July 2011 at the latest. The Working Group agreed on the usefulness of having those comments posted on the website of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, subject to the approval of the State or group concerned.",
"8. On 28 June 2011, following a statement by the Office of Information and Communications Technology of the Secretariat, the Working Group took note of the report on communication requirements and data and information management for the Regular Process. The Working Group also took note of the report on the preliminary inventory of capacity-building for assessments and types of experts for workshops and agreed on the need to invite States, specialized agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations and other relevant intergovernmental organizations, as well as funding institutions, to contribute information on existing opportunities and arrangements for capacity-building for assessments. Delegations also suggested that the preliminary inventory of capacity-building for assessments be circulated at workshops for the information of participants.",
"9. The Working Group considered the establishment of a bureau to implement its decisions and guidance during intersessional periods. The meeting decided to establish the bureau and agreed on its composition.",
"10. With regard to workshops, the Working Group agreed, on 28 June 2011, to recommend that they be organized at the earliest possible opportunity in order to inform the first cycle of the Regular Process. The Working Group accepted with deep appreciation the declaration of the member States of the Permanent Commission for the South Pacific and of the Action Plan for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Area of the South-East Pacific and the generous offer of the Government of Chile to act as host for a workshop for the South-East Pacific in support of the first phase of the first cycle of the Regular Process. The Director of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea noted possible difficulties of the Division in participating in all workshops owing to the exigencies of work at Headquarters.",
"11. The Working Group considered the status of the trust fund established for the purpose of supporting the operations of the first five-year cycle of the Regular Process. It agreed to recommend that the General Assembly encourage financial contributions to the trust fund and other contributions to the Regular Process. In that regard, some delegations noted the importance of exploring ways for the Global Environment Facility to support the Regular Process. Several delegations emphasized the need to consider all sources of support for the Regular Process, including financial contributions and contributions in kind. The view was expressed that financial contributions to the Regular Process should be made through the trust fund established for that purpose.",
"12. The Director of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea reported on the status of the trust fund and thanked the Governments of Iceland, Jamaica, the Republic of Korea and New Zealand for their generous contributions in 2011, which had made it possible for experts to attend the meeting. Delegates were reminded that, without additional funding, it would not be possible to provide financial assistance to experts to attend future meetings of the Regular Process.",
"13. Based on the discussions, the Working Group adopted recommendations which are presented in section II of present report. The Working Group recommended that its next meeting be convened in the first half of 2012.",
"14. On 13 July 2011, the Co-Chairs transmitted the present report, with the recommendations, to the President of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.",
"II. Recommendations of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole to the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly",
"15. The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole submits the following recommendations to the General Assembly.",
"(1) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that the General Assembly adopt:",
"(a) The criteria for the appointment of Experts, attached as annex I to the present report;",
"(b) The guidelines for workshops to assist the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio‑economic Aspects, attached as annex II.",
"(2) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that the General Assembly take note of:",
"(a) The draft terms of reference and working methods for the Group of Experts of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-economic Aspects, attached as annex III;",
"(b) The report on communication requirements and data and information management for the Regular Process, attached as annex IV;",
"(c) The report on the preliminary inventory of capacity-building for assessments and types of experts for workshops, attached as annex V.",
"(3) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole takes note of the possible outline for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, attached as annex VI, and agrees on the need for it to be considered further with a view to its possible adoption at the next meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole.",
"(4) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that the Secretary-General bring the preliminary inventory of capacity-building for assessments to the attention of Member States and heads of the specialized agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations and other relevant intergovernmental organizations engaged in activities relating to capacity-building for assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, as well as funding institutions, and invite them to contribute information to the preliminary inventory on existing opportunities and arrangements for capacity-building for assessments.",
"(5) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that, pursuant to paragraph 216 of resolution 65/37 A, the General Assembly urge Member States, international financial institutions, donor agencies, intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations and natural and juridical persons to make financial contributions to the trust funds established pursuant to paragraph 183 of resolution 64/71 and to make other contributions to the Regular Process.",
"(6) Pursuant to paragraph 208 of resolution 65/37 A, the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole agrees to establish a bureau to put in practice the decisions and guidance of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole during the intersessional period, for example by approving the assignment of members of the pool of experts to work on drafting or to review drafts, and approving arrangements proposed by the Group of Experts for peer review.",
"(7) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends to the General Assembly (a) that the bureau be composed of 15 Member States (3 Member States from each regional group) and (b) that at least one Co-Chair and a quorum of five Member States, one per regional group, be considered as the minimum requirement for the bureau to perform its functions.",
"(8) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that the President of the General Assembly reappoint the Co-Chairs of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole so that they may attend meetings of the bureau during the intersessional period.",
"(9) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that workshops be organized at the earliest possible opportunity in order to inform the first cycle of the Regular Process.",
"(10) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that its next meeting be convened in the first half of 2012.",
"Annex I",
"Criteria for the appointment of experts",
"1. A pool of experts will be appointed by States, through the regional groups, to support the work of the Group of Experts in the preparation of the first global integrated marine assessment.",
"2. Where the Group of Experts does not designate one of its own members to draft a working paper or draft chapter for the assessment, it will invite selected members of the pool of experts to contribute to drafting working papers and draft chapters. Other members of the pool of experts with relevant expertise will be invited to comment on the drafts and may be invited to participate in the drafting.",
"3. When the draft of the first global integrated marine assessment is submitted for review, a panel of peer reviewers will be appointed by States, through the regional groups, to review and comment on the draft. The members of the panel of peer reviewers should not previously have been involved in the preparation of working papers or draft chapters. The panel of peer reviewers will work in parallel with the review of the draft by States and intergovernmental organizations.",
"4. The following criteria should apply to all individuals nominated by States to the Group of Experts, the pool of experts or the panel of peer reviewers:",
"(a) Internationally recognized expertise, to be demonstrated by one or more of the following:",
"(i) A record of scientific publications on the relevant issues, preferably in peer-reviewed publications;",
"(ii) Experience at a high level in global, regional or national assessments relating to the marine environment and other relevant areas, including socio-economic aspects;",
"(iii) Experience at a high level in the design and management of other major global, regional or national initiatives in marine science, assessment, environmental protection, maritime transport, coastal management, fisheries management, or other similar functions related to the marine environment and other relevant areas, including socio-economic aspects;",
"(iv) For experts from regions where there is as yet a relative paucity of scientific observation and monitoring data, a recognized status in traditional knowledge of, or in observing, the marine environment of their area;",
"(b) Demonstrated effective participation in international processes relevant to the marine environment or integrated assessment and other relevant areas, including socio-economic aspects; and",
"(c) The ability to serve in an independent, individual capacity.",
"5. In the allocation of members of the pool of experts to the various tasks, the following will be considered:",
"(a) Those invited to contribute to drafting a working paper or draft chapter should have a demonstrated ability to write clearly and concisely on their subject;",
"(b) Material from those invited to contribute to drafting a working paper or draft chapter should be submitted in one of the official languages of the United Nations.",
"In addition, members of the panel of peer reviewers will be responsible for working according to the needs of the Group of Experts.",
"6. The appointments to the pool of experts and the panel of peer reviewers and the allocation of tasks to members of the pool of experts should reflect the principle of adherence to equitable geographical representation in all activities of the Regular Process, and have due regard to a desirable balance between the genders.",
"7. The selection of members of the pool of experts to draft, or to comment on, an issue should ensure that all disciplines relevant to an integrated assessment of that issue are included.",
"8. Experts should be given sufficient time to make the contributions to the Regular Process that their roles will require.",
"Annex II",
"Guidelines for workshops to assist the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-economic Aspects",
"Purpose and objectives",
"1. As recognized by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole in February 2011 (see A/65/759, annex), workshops are a key mechanism by which the first global integrated marine assessment will be accomplished and States can enhance their assessment capacity. Workshops will facilitate dialogue between the Group of Experts of the Regular Process and representatives and experts from States and competent intergovernmental organizations. The present guidelines are intended to make clear how a set of workshops should be organized in support of the first phase of the first cycle of the Regular Process. They will help ensure the credibility and legitimacy of the output of each workshop, and thus of the Regular Process in general.",
"2. The objectives of each of the set of workshops should be to:",
"(a) Review and evaluate all assessments considered by the participants to be relevant to the sea area under consideration and, on the basis of those evaluations, compile an inventory of assessments likely to be useful for the Regular Process. The assessments to be considered should be both those related to environmental issues and those related to socio-economic issues. If necessary, arrangements should be initiated for access to those assessments by the Group of Experts and the secretariat of the Regular Process;",
"(b) Start building a network composed of experts and organizations taking part in each workshop, the Group of Experts and the secretariat of the Regular Process;",
"(c) Identify the capacity-building needs of States taking part in the workshop to allow them to contribute more fully to, and benefit more fully from, the Regular Process, including identification of priorities, and identify steps that those States could usefully take to build the capacities of competent intergovernmental organizations (if any) through which the States collaborate;",
"(d) Start building capacity for integrated assessment, which could include discussing and developing:",
"(i) Common information content for assessments at various scales and common approaches to assessment methodologies;",
"(ii) Approaches for scaling up assessments, that is, establishing the extent to which assessments at one level (national, subregional, regional or global) can be used at other levels;",
"(iii) Reporting forms to assist the integration process, with the aim of securing coherence, consistency and comparability as far as possible;",
"(e) Consider the linkages between driving factors and the state of the marine environment as reflected in assessment.",
"3. This list of objectives, the preparatory work set out in appendix I below and the outline agenda in appendix II will constitute the terms of reference of the workshops.",
"Number and locations",
"4. States are invited to offer to host workshops for the following:",
"(a) The North Pacific;",
"(b) The South Pacific (south-east Pacific and south-west Pacific);",
"(c) The eastern and south-eastern Asian Seas;",
"(d) The northern Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden and the Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment/Regional Commission for Fisheries area;",
"(e) The southern and western Indian Ocean;",
"(f) The North Atlantic, the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea;",
"(g) The South Atlantic (between the African and American coasts) and the wider Caribbean.",
"5. Separate workshops may not be needed for the Arctic and Antarctic. However, the relevant international bodies and forums with regard to those areas (in particular, the Antarctic Treaty System and the Arctic Council) could be invited to consider, and to contribute to, the issues proposed for the workshops. If requested, members of the Group of Experts could be available for consultation.",
"6. Offers to host workshops should be made to the secretariat of the Regular Process, which, with the help of the Group of Experts, will seek to negotiate arrangements which will avoid overlap of coverage or clash of dates. The secretariat of the Regular Process will notify all States of workshops to be held, as soon as arrangements have been agreed.",
"Timing",
"7. The Group of Experts will need to reach conclusions in April 2012 on some of the issues suggested for consideration by the workshops. It will therefore be best if workshops are held in time for their output to reach the Group of Experts by the end of March 2012.",
"Hosts",
"8. Workshops are to be hosted by Member States and organized under the auspices of the United Nations,[2] in coordination with the secretariat of the Regular Process and with the assistance of members of the Group of Experts. Member States may request the cooperation of competent intergovernmental organizations and/or relevant national scientific institutions for the organization of workshops.",
"Participation",
"9. States Members of the United Nations, observers and competent intergovernmental organizations shall be entitled to participate in any workshop that they consider relevant to them, up to the number of available places. Competent intergovernmental organizations in the region are encouraged to participate. For practical reasons, the logistics and the size and number of delegations will need to be managed by the host in consultation with the secretariat of the Regular Process.",
"10. Non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council, relevant scientific institutions and organizations representing major groups as defined in Agenda 21 may request invitations to participate. Hosts may reserve a number of places in the workshop to be filled by such invitations.",
"11. Each workshop should include at least one member of the Group of Experts and one member of the secretariat of the Regular Process, whose participation will be coordinated with the secretariat of the Regular Process, taking into account the exigencies of work at Headquarters. If possible, all members of the Group of Experts from States in the area covered by the workshop should participate. Members of the Group of Experts from outside that area could be invited by the secretariat of the Regular Process to participate, and it would be desirable if at least one such member participates. Where necessary, such participation of the members of the Group of Experts may be supported by the trust fund for the Regular Process as referenced in paragraph 183 of General Assembly resolution 64/71.",
"Chair and secretariat",
"12. Hosts should designate a chair (or co-chairs) of the workshop, who will be expected to take responsibility for summarizing the outcomes of the workshop with the aid of the workshop support staff and members of the Group of Experts. Hosts may consider inviting a member of the Group of Experts to be the chair, or a co‑chair, of the workshop.",
"13. Hosts should provide support staff to organize proceedings in consultation with the secretariat of the Regular Process and the members of the Group of Experts who are taking part, and to help the chair(s) and the member(s) of the Group of Experts provide a summary of the outcome.",
"Preliminary information",
"14. Participants in the workshop should be asked to provide, in advance of the workshop, contributions containing the information listed in appendix I to the present guidelines. Members of the Group of Experts should be prepared to help this process with advice and, as appropriate, relevant documentation.",
"15. The workshop support staff should compile that information into summaries, which should be available, and distributed to participants, in advance of the workshop.",
"Activities of workshops",
"16. The agenda of a workshop to support the Regular Process should, as far as possible, include the elements set out in appendix II to these guidelines. The activities of a workshop should take full account of the principles for the Regular Process recommended by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole and endorsed by the General Assembly in 2009 (resolution 64/71, paras. 123-183), and the recommendations of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole in 2010 (A/65/358) and 2011 (A/65/259).",
"17. An important part of each workshop will be to make a start on capacity-building in carrying out integrated assessments, so that the workshop participants can better understand, and contribute to, the work of the Regular Process.",
"Output of workshops",
"18. The output of the workshop should take the form of a summary of the discussions prepared by the chair or co-chairs, with the help of the member(s) of the Group of Experts. Provision should be made for the participants to comment on a draft of the summary and for the final version to be revised by the chair(s) and representative(s) of the Group of Experts in the light of such comments. Where a State or intergovernmental organization not participating in the workshop conducted or was responsible for assessments, institutions, networks or other arrangements which have been identified as relevant, that State or intergovernmental organization should be invited and/or requested to review and comment on what is said about any such matter.",
"19. An electronic copy of the final version of the summary should be sent to the secretariat of the Regular Process, to be posted on the website of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea as a United Nations document and/or on the Regular Process website.",
"Appendix I",
"Information to be provided by participants in advance of the workshop",
"States or intergovernmental organizations attending the workshop are to provide:",
"(1) Details of assessments carried out under their auspices relevant to issues in the draft possible outline for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects. A starting point for assembling this information should be the assessments listed in the Global and Regional Assessments of the Marine Environment Database, where much of the information is already to be found. Assessments not carried out by States or intergovernmental organizations but which they use or consider to be relevant, should also be included. The details to be provided should include, as far as possible:",
"(a) Agency conducting the specific assessment;",
"(b) Major intended users of the assessment, and the uses for which it was intended;",
"(c) Spatial and temporal scale of the assessment, and frequency of assessment cycle;",
"(d) Issues covered by the assessment;",
"(e) Types of data, experiential knowledge, indicators and the reasons for their selection, and other information sources contributing to the assessment;",
"(f) Where trends of component information sets have been deduced, the methods employed;",
"(g) Where an effort has been made to integrate different types of information, particularly social, economic and ecological information, the extent of, and methods for, such integration;",
"(h) Sources of any evaluation benchmarks, reference levels or ecotoxicological assessment criteria used in the assessment;",
"(i) Extent and sources of any forecasts, projections and scenarios used in the assessment;",
"(j) If data assessment limitations (such as data extrapolation errors, uncertainties and/or information gaps) were addressed in the assessment, a description of how this was done;",
"(2) For issues in the draft possible outline for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, for which no assessment has been carried out by a State or intergovernmental organization attending the workshop, but for which a participant holds relevant data or information:",
"(a) What types of relevant data or information are known to be collected and managed, and by what State(s) and agencies (this is expected to be the case for some key social and economic data)? What information can be provided about the spatial and temporal coverage and technical content of such data or information?",
"(b) Where key types of information are not known to exist, can expert knowledge be mobilized to fill the gap and, if so, how can the experts be accessed?",
"(3) Contact details of focal points for the States and intergovernmental organizations to be represented at the workshop;",
"(4) Advance notice of identified capacity-building needs.",
"Appendix II",
"Elements for the agenda of a workshop to support the Regular Process",
"1. Presentation by a representative of the Group of Experts of the Regular Process on the objective, scope and framework of the Regular Process and the intended function of the workshop.",
"2. Consideration by the workshop of whether the draft possible outline for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, will meet the needs of the States and intergovernmental organizations represented in the workshop. Identification of priority issues for integrated assessment and of any additional questions that should be considered in the first global integrated marine assessment.",
"3. Evaluation by the workshop of the assessments in the summary prepared on the basis of the information submitted under item (1) of appendix I above and compilation of an inventory of those considered useful for the Regular Process.",
"4. Consideration of existing regional approaches and methodologies on integrated assessment.",
"5. Consideration by the workshop of what might be done in relation to issues on which data and/or information is known to be available but no assessment has been carried out.",
"6. Identification of issues which are important but for which no data/information is available for the sea area under consideration, and discussion of how information can be mobilized or the necessary research into such issues can be organized.",
"7. Consideration by the workshop of whether any changes are needed in the draft guidance to authors.[3]",
"8. Stock-taking by the workshop of the existing capacities of national and regional ocean and marine research and training institutions relevant to the States and intergovernmental organizations concerned with the sea area under consideration, for marine monitoring and assessment and integrated assessments.",
"9. Stock-taking of existing expert networks in and among the States and intergovernmental organizations concerned with the sea area under consideration, and of their suitability for playing major roles in strengthening capacity.",
"10. Identification by the workshop of needs for capacity-building (including the acquisition of necessary technology) for marine monitoring and assessment (including making integrated assessments).",
"11. Development by the workshop of a short-term capacity-building plan to mobilize the information and knowledge that is known to exist in relation to the sea area under consideration, but has not yet been systematically organized in a way that would allow its use for the Regular Process.",
"12. A session to start building capacity for integrated assessments.",
"13. Consideration by the workshop of how users of the existing assessments in the summary can be kept informed of activities of the Regular Process, and how the Group of Experts of the Regular Process can be kept aware of, and responsive to, their needs.",
"Annex III",
"Draft terms of reference and working methods for the Group of Experts of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-economic Aspects",
"I. Introduction",
"1. In paragraph 180 of its resolution 64/71, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to invite the Chairs of the regional groups to constitute a group of experts, ensuring adequate expertise and geographical distribution, comprised of a maximum of 25 experts and no more than 5 experts per regional group, for a period up to and including the informal meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole to be held from 30 August to 3 September 2010.",
"2. In its paragraph 209 of its resolution 65/37 A, the General Assembly decided to establish a group of experts to be an integral part of the Regular Process and requested the members of the Group of Experts, who had been appointed by Member States pursuant to paragraph 180 of resolution 64/71, to continue serving on the Group of Experts for the duration of the first phase of the first assessment cycle, and encouraged regional groups that had not yet done so to appoint experts to the Group of Experts in accordance with paragraph 180 of resolution 64/71.",
"3. The present document, prepared by the secretariat of the Regular Process in consultation with the Group of Experts, defines the terms of reference for the experts appointed to, or to be appointed to, the Group of Experts.",
"II. Terms of reference",
"4. The general task of the Group of Experts shall be to carry out assessments within the framework of the Regular Process, under the supervision of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole [and its bureau]. In particular, the tasks of the Group of Experts shall be:",
"(a) To draft an outline of questions to be considered in the main assessment to be undertaken in each cycle of the Regular Process, for approval by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole;",
"(b) At the request of the General Assembly or the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole [or its bureau], to draft an outline of any supplementary assessment to be undertaken during a cycle of the Regular Process, for approval by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole;",
"(c) To provide specifications of the types of additional expertise that the Group of Experts will need to carry out any assessment, as a basis for appointments, through the regional groups, of members of the pool of experts;",
"(d) To designate from among its members a lead member and, as appropriate, other members to take responsibility, under the overall responsibility of the Group of Experts, for each part, section or chapter of any assessment;",
"(e) To propose assignments for approval by the bureau of members of the pool of experts:",
"(i) To work with the designated lead member of the Group of Experts in drafting working papers and/or draft chapters of any assessment;",
"(ii) To review and comment on material produced for any assignment;",
"(f) To draft an implementation plan and timetable for every assessment, for approval by the [bureau of the] Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole, and, if necessary, to propose amendments to that plan and timetable for approval in the same way;",
"(g) To agree on general guidance to all those involved in carrying out any assessment;",
"(h) To carry out the implementation plan in accordance with the timetable and any such general guidance;",
"(i) To review all material produced for any assessment, to take such steps as it considers necessary to assure the quality of data and information used in such material, and to take any further steps necessary to bring the assessment to a satisfactory conclusion, subject to the approval of the [bureau of the] Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole if any such action would require expenditure from the trust fund for the Regular Process;",
"(j) To propose arrangements for approval by the bureau for the peer review of the draft output of any assessment;",
"(k) In the light of the comments from the peer review, to agree on a final text of any assessment for submission [through its bureau] to the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole, and to present that text to the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole;",
"(l) To promote networking among marine assessment processes and individual experts;",
"(m) To perform any other tasks assigned to it by the [bureau of the] Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole.",
"Composition",
"5. The Group of Experts shall be composed as follows:",
"(a) The Group of Experts shall be composed of a maximum of 25 experts and no more than 5 experts per regional group. Its composition shall reflect geographic and gender balance;",
"(b) The composition shall ensure a mix of disciplinary expertise and involve participants from all regions in order to take into account different regional circumstances and experience. All of the main disciplines in the natural and social sciences, including their policy aspects, and law and traditional knowledge should be considered for inclusion;",
"(c) The experts may be drawn from any type of affiliation (e.g. Government, non-governmental organization, intergovernmental organization, private sector, academic and research institutions, holders of traditional knowledge);",
"(d) The experts shall have experience and expertise in one or several of the categories described in the collective profile of the Group of Experts;",
"(e) The experts shall have internationally recognized excellence in their field or fields of expertise;",
"(f) The experts shall have demonstrated high-level participation in international processes relevant to the marine environment;",
"(g) The experts shall have the ability to serve in an independent, individual capacity.",
"Appointments",
"6. Members of the Group of Experts shall be appointed in accordance with resolution 65/37 A as follows:",
"(a) Members shall be nominated by the Member States of the United Nations, through the five regional groups (African States Group, Asian States, Eastern European States, Latin American and Caribbean States and Western European and other States), with each regional group nominating up to five experts;",
"(b) Nominations shall take account of the criteria for the appointment of experts;",
"(c) Members shall be in a position to devote substantial amounts of time solely to the work of the Regular Process;",
"(d) Membership shall be renewed completely at the start of each cycle of the Regular Process. Existing members of the Group of Experts may be renominated, but no member shall serve for more than two consecutive complete cycles;",
"(e) An appointment to fill a vacancy occurring during a cycle may be made at any time, but the appointment shall come to an end at the end of the cycle during which it is made;",
"(f) When the chair of a regional group informs the secretariat of the Regular Process that the regional group has made an appointment to the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the Regular Process shall seek confirmation from the expert that s/he is willing to serve under the present terms of reference and methods of work and, upon receipt of that confirmation, shall issue a letter of confirmation of the appointment to the expert, publish the appointment on the websites of the Regular Process and the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, and inform the other members of the Group of Experts;",
"(g) Members may resign at any time by writing to the secretariat of the Regular Process;",
"(h) Members shall participate in the Group of Experts as participants in advisory meetings and shall serve in their personal capacity and not as a representative of a Government or of any authority external to the United Nations;",
"(i) The services of the members of the Group of Experts shall be obtained pursuant to a letter of invitation issued by the Secretariat.",
"Proprietary rights",
"7. The United Nations shall be entitled to all property rights, including but not limited to patents, copyrights and trademarks, with regard to material which bears a direct relation to, or is made in consequence of, the services provided to the Organization.",
"Compensation",
"8. Members of the Group of Experts shall not receive any honorarium, fee or other remuneration from the United Nations for their participation in the Group of Experts. Members from developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing States, will, subject to the availability of resources, receive travel assistance to participate in the meetings to be convened by the United Nations in conjunction with the work of the Group of Experts.",
"Working methods",
"9. The working methods of the Group of Experts shall be as follows:",
"(a) The Group of Experts may operate even if there are vacancies in its composition;",
"(b) The Group of Experts shall designate two coordinators from among its members, one from a developed country and one from a developing country. The task of the coordinators shall be to take such actions as they jointly consider will facilitate the discharge by the Group of Experts of the tasks which it has been given. The Group of Experts may change the designation of the coordinators at any time;",
"(c) Communications between the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the Regular Process and States shall be made through a secure website to be provided for by the secretariat of the Regular Process;",
"(d) The Group of Experts shall communicate with the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole through the secretariat of the Regular Process and through meetings convened by the secretariat of the Regular Process;",
"(e) When needed and within the available resources, the Group of Experts may meet to discuss areas of work which cannot be dealt with through electronic meetings or other forms of electronic communication;",
"(f) The Group of Experts shall aim to work by consensus. Where consensus cannot be achieved, the Group of Experts shall ensure that all divergent opinions are appropriately reported in any draft, any proposal or any final text of any assessment.",
"Secretariat",
"10. The Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, as part of its functions as secretariat of the Regular Process, shall serve as the secretariat of the Group of Experts.",
"Annex IV",
"Report on communication requirements and data and information management for the Regular Process",
"1. The present report, prepared by the secretariat of the Regular Process and the Group of Experts, responds to the related requests in paragraphs 2, 4 and 6 of General Assembly resolution 65/37. It has been prepared in consultation with the Office of Information and Communications Technology of the Secretariat.",
"Paragraphs 2 and 6 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B",
"2. Most of the various needs for communication, data handling and information management can best be met within a single website covering all aspects of the Regular Process. A revised possible specification of functionalities for a Regular Process website has, therefore, been appended to the present report.",
"3. As indicated in the appendix (para. 8 (a)-(c)), there may be benefits to hosting the virtual office on a separate system. Further discussion between the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the Regular Process and the Office of Information and Communications Technology has helped to substantiate that the virtual office would indeed be better managed on a separate system.",
"4. The Office of Information and Communications Technology is in the process of updating the facilities that could be made available for a virtual office. Urgent steps were taken to make the Quickr system, which is the currently available format, more responsive to the needs of the Group of Experts. This system is currently providing adequate support for the Group of Experts. The updated system, which should be available in the late summer of 2011, is expected to be more responsive to the requirements of the Group of Experts.",
"5. A proposal has been prepared by the Division of Early Warning and Assessment of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization that could meet the requirements of the Regular Process. UNEP and IOC have offered to create and host a dedicated information portal that allows Member States to access key resources related to the Regular Process, including the Global and Regional Assessments of the Marine Environment Database. UNEP and IOC have developed a prototype of such a portal as part of the follow-up to the “assessment of assessments” (see A/64/88). The Office of Information and Communications Technology is assessing the specification prepared by UNEP and IOC and will report on its assessment at the second meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole, to be held on 27 and 28 June 2011.",
"6. In regard to provisions for communications between States and the secretariat of the Regular Process and the Group of Experts, it is suggested that such communications be made through the proposed “restricted” section of the website. To this end, it will be important for States to nominate a focal point, as recommended in the “assessment of assessments”.[4] Parallel arrangements for focal points could also be made for intergovernmental organizations and non‑governmental organizations with consultative status with the Economic and Social Council which are involved in the Regular Process. Arrangements for focal points could be made as soon as the proposed website is in operation.",
"Paragraph 4 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B",
"7. Paragraph 4 of resolution 65/37 B was apparently aimed at giving the Group of Experts the ability to initiate requests for support in managing data and information. However, the Group of Experts has seen no need to make any such formal request. The efforts being made by the secretariat of the Regular Process, the Office of Information and Communications Technology and UNEP and IOC seem to be meeting current needs.",
"Appendix",
"Revised possible specification of functionalities for a Regular Process website",
"1. This note is organized in descending order of access, starting with the section open to everyone with Internet access.",
"2. The public website and the restricted website, on the one hand, and the virtual office, on the other hand, could be located on different servers and use different systems, or be integrated on a single server.",
"3. All parts of the website (public website, restricted website and virtual office), whatever server they are carried on, will need to be provided with adequate security to prevent unauthorized access or interference and with adequate, regular backup.",
"4. It will be important that the integrity of the website be safeguarded so that it provides a permanent and complete record of how the Regular Process is being carried out.",
"Public website (open to everyone)",
"5. The public website will contain:",
"(a) An introduction to the Regular Process and its working methods (Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) documents only);",
"(b) Details of the Group of Experts and the secretariat of the Regular Process and methods of contact (HTML documents only);",
"(c) A calendar of events forming part of the Regular Process (HTML document and downloadable (portable document format) (PDF) document);",
"(d) A library section giving access to all the documents relating to the Regular Process, including:",
"(i) Relevant section of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation;",
"(ii) Relevant extracts from General Assembly resolutions;",
"(iii) Reports (or extracts of reports) of the Secretary-General;",
"(iv) Reports of the 2004 Group of Experts and the international workshops;",
"(v) Reports of the Ad Hoc Steering Group for the “assessment of assessments”;",
"(vi) The “assessment of assessments” report;",
"(vii) Documents and reports relating to meetings of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole;",
"(viii) Other background material.",
"All the material in this section should be viewable as HTML documents and downloadable as PDF files and word-processor documents;",
"(e) A section giving the financial details of the Regular Process trust funds, including contributions and expenditures (HTML documents only);",
"(f) A section giving the approved documents setting out the outline of the first global integrated marine assessment and the guidance to authors and similar documents. All the material in this section should be viewable as HTML documents and downloadable as PDF files and word-processor documents;",
"(g) A section giving working papers and draft chapters for the first global integrated marine assessment which have been approved for public release. All the material in this section should be viewable as HTML documents and downloadable as PDF files and word-processor documents;",
"(h) In due course, a section giving:",
"(i) The draft first global integrated marine assessment report;",
"(ii) A document showing comments on the draft first global integrated marine assessment report by peer reviewers, and responses by drafters/editors;",
"(iii) The final first global integrated marine assessment report;",
"The material in this section should be viewable as an HTML document and downloadable as a PDF file, but does not need to be downloadable as a word-processor document;",
"(i) A section giving access to data and information on which the working papers and draft chapters are based. This section will need to be able to include:",
"(i) Reports of workshops held for the purposes of the Regular Process;",
"(ii) A database of basic information (metadata) about assessments which have been considered or used;",
"(iii) A bibliography of books, articles and other material (such as databases) which have been used in preparing working papers or draft chapters. This bibliography should be able to provide access details for sites (such as Journal Storage (JSTOR)) where scientific journals are stored permanently in electronic form;",
"(iv) Hyperlinks to websites where the assessments, books, articles or other material can be found;",
"(v) Files (in a variety of formats) containing information not elsewhere available.",
"Restricted website (open only to members of the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the Regular Process, collaborators, focal points in national Governments and intergovernmental organizations and correspondents in non-governmental organizations with consultative status with the Economic and Social Council)",
"6. The restricted website will contain:",
"(a) A section for organizing workshops forming part of the Regular Process. This section should be able to include HTML documents as well as documents in PDF format and word-processor format that can be downloaded. Each workshop will need to be able to have a separate subsection;",
"(b) An interactive section where focal points and correspondents can post questions or comments and members of the Group of Experts or the secretariat of the Regular Process can post answers to the questions or responses to the comments. This should, in effect, be an internal “blog” for the Regular Process;",
"(c) A section to support the drafting process of working papers and draft chapters. This section needs to allow lead drafters and their collaborators to create, access and amend working papers and draft chapters. Others with access to the restricted website should be able to see what is being done, but only those responsible for each working paper or draft chapter should be able to create or amend text. It is essential that this section have the capacity to clearly and automatically identify the authors of documents and amendments made to documents, keep a record of the dates of creation and amendment of the texts and keep a backup of earlier versions of each document. It is also highly desirable that, while one person is working on a document, other individuals cannot access it, at least for a reasonable period of time;",
"(d) In due course, a section to provide for peer review of draft chapters (probably during 2013), in two subsections:",
"(i) A section for review by States and intergovernmental organizations. In addition to the functionalities required for the section on working papers and draft chapters (see para. (c) above), this section should provide for reviewers (authorized by States or intergovernmental organizations) to add comments to the text of the draft chapters, but not to change the text. The system should display all the comments on any paragraph or subparagraph together and identify the source of each comment. Restricting reviewers from changing the text will help to prevent confusion and facilitate later editing;",
"(ii) A section for review by the selected peer reviewers. Since there will only be a comparatively small number of peer reviewers for each chapter, it should be possible for them to amend the text of their chapter and to add comments. Otherwise, the requirements will be the same as for the section on working papers and draft chapters (see para. (c) above).",
"7. In addition, the section for peer review will need to be able to:",
"(a) Keep a record of:",
"(i) The titles, names and contact details of commentators from States and intergovernmental organizations;",
"(ii) The assignments for the selected peer reviewers and their titles, names and contact details;",
"(b) Record automatically the dates when reviewers make each comment and chapter editors take action in response;",
"(c) Permit commentators and peer reviewers to exchange messages with the chapter editors and provide for such messages to be kept and linked to the relevant paragraph;",
"(d) Keep copies of all comments and proposed changes;",
"(e) Automatically notify chapter editors of newly posted material and of deadlines that have not been met;",
"(f) Permit authors and reviewers to upload and download documents related to the review work, as required.",
"Virtual office (open only to the members of the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the Regular Process and representatives of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the International Maritime Organization, the United Nations Environment Programme, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, etc.)",
"8. The virtual office will contain:",
"(a) A section which allows those with access to the virtual office to create, access and amend documents on which work is being carried out. It is essential that this section clearly and automatically identify the authors of documents and amendments made to documents and keep a backup of earlier versions of each document. It is also highly desirable that, while one person is working on a document, other individuals cannot access it, at least for a reasonable period of time;",
"(b) A section which allows a number of “conversations” to take place in which all individuals with access to the virtual office can add their comments and see the comments of all others, without having to open each message separately. The system should, if possible, have an overview that enables individuals with access to the virtual office to see new contributions to “conversations” without having to open each “conversation” separately;",
"(c) A system of notification which shows when new documents have been created and, if requested, when amendments have been made to existing documents.",
"Annex V",
"Report on the preliminary inventory of capacity-building for assessments and types of experts for workshops",
"1. The present report, prepared by the secretariat of the Regular Process with the assistance of the Group of Experts, responds to the request in paragraph 3 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B.",
"2. As requested, a preliminary inventory of existing opportunities and arrangements for capacity-building for assessments is attached as appendix I and a preliminary inventory of types of experts for workshops is attached as appendix II.",
"3. No comprehensive inventory of opportunities and arrangements for capacity-building for assessments currently exists and the information is not readily available. The information in Appendix I was prepared on the basis of the following sources:",
"(a) Study on the assistance available to, and measures that may be taken by, developing States to realize the benefits of sustainable and effective development of marine resources and uses of the oceans within the limits of national jurisdiction (A/63/342);",
"(b) Compilation of sources of available assistance for developing States and the needs of developing States for capacity-building and assistance in the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks (ICSP8/UNFSA/INF.4/Rev);",
"(c) Report of the Secretary-General on oceans and the law of the sea (A/65/69);",
"(d) Report on the work of the United Nations Open-Ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea at its eleventh meeting (A/65/164).",
"Appendix I",
"Preliminary inventory of existing opportunities and arrangements for capacity-building for assessments",
"A. International financial institutions and global organizations, programmes and funds",
"Secretariat of theConvention onBiological Diversity \nClearing-housemechanism \nRecipient developingStates\tAll\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tThe clearing-house mechanism of the Convention on Biological Diversity was established pursuant to article 18.3 of the Convention. Further to decision X/15 of the Conference of the Parties, the clearing-house mechanism is to contribute significantly to the implementation of the Convention and its Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, through effective information services and other appropriate means in order to promote and facilitate scientific and technical cooperation, knowledge sharing and information exchange, and to establish a fully operational network of parties and partners. A list of priority activities has been defined, and a description of the information services to be provided by the clearing-house mechanism is available in document UNEP/CBD/CHM/ \n\tIAC/2010/1/3.\t\nCommission for theConservation ofAntarctic MarineLiving Resources \nGeneral ScienceCapacity Special Fund \nRecipient developingStates\tAll\t\nForms of assistance\tRegional\tArea of assistance\tThe purpose of the Fund is to secure wider participation in the work of the Commission’s Scientific Committee, to promote burden-sharing and build capacity within the Committee, and to assist with the collection, study and exchange of information relating to the marine living resources to which the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources applies. The Fund also serves to encourage and promote the conduct of cooperative and collaborative research in order to extend knowledge of the marine living resources of the Antarctic marine \n\tecosystem.\t\nFood and AgricultureOrganization of theUnited Nations (FAO) \nAssistance Fund underPart VII of theAgreement for theImplementation ofPart XI of the UnitedNations Convention onthe Law of the Sea of10 December 1982 Recipient developingStates\tAll developing States parties to the \n\tAgreement\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tFacilitating the participation of developing States parties in meetings of regional fisheries management organizations and agreements, global meetings and meetings for new regional fisheries management organizations and agreements; capacity-building and the development of human resources; facilitating exchange of information and experience on the implementation of the Agreement among States parties; technical assistance and \n\ttraining.\t\nSwedish InternationalDevelopmentCooperation Agency(SIDA) contributionto the FishCode Trust \nRecipient developingStates\tAll\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal/regional/national\tArea of assistance\tThe FishCode Trust finances activities to promote improved understanding and application of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, under the framework of the FishCode programme. In this context, SIDA provides (a) expert working groups and consultations (global level); (b) special studies (global, regional and national); (c) regional capacity-building workshops; and (d) national technical assistance missions to promote, inter alia, the effective generation and use of fishery statistics and information and more appropriate assessments of small-scale \n\tfisheries.\t\nAssessment andMonitoring of theFishery Resources andthe Ecosystems in theStraits of Sicily(MedSudMed) (trustfund) Recipient States\tThe beneficiaries include the national scientific institutions in the four participating countries (Italy, Libya, Malta and Tunisia) involved in research activities at a regional level as well as the fisheries administrations of the participating Governments. The General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean also benefits from the improved information and monitoring \n\tsystem.\t\nForms of assistance\tRegional\tArea of assistance\tThe project’s main objective is to improve knowledge of fishery resources and their ecosystems — as a contribution to the development of responsible fisheries management — by supporting research activities related to the interactions between demersal and small pelagic fishery resources and biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Activities include: (a)review of knowledge and collection of scientific evidence on shared stocks (demersal and small pelagic fish) in the Strait of Sicily and standardization of data collection and data analysis methods; (b) joint cooperative surveys at sea at subregional scale (eggs and larvae, echo-surveys, trawl surveys) for assessment of shared stocks; (c) collection of information on impacts of environmental factors on target stocks; (d) identification and location of nursery areas of target stocks; (e) national capacity-building through regional workshops; (f) issue of technical manuals and creation of databases; (g) training courses (data processing for stock assessment, fisheries resources age determination, identification of maturity stages of fisheries \n\tresources).\t\nCoordination toSupport FisheriesManagement in theWestern and CentralMediterranean(CopeMed II) (trustfund) Recipient States\tThe fishery research institutions of the region and the national management bodies of Algeria, France, Italy, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Spain and \n\tTunisia\t\nForms of assistance\tRegional\tArea of assistance\tSupporting fisheries administrations in the collection of data and information at national and subregional level (fleet, catches, efforts, socio-economic data); providing technical assistance and training to countries to meet their needs and priorities and to strengthen their national capacity in fisheries sciences (organize meetings and workshops, prepare scientific papers, support annual research activities, \n\tetc.).\t\nEcosystem approach tofisheries — Nansenproject“Strengthening theknowledge base forand implementing anecosystem approach tomarine fisheries indeveloping countries”(trust fund) Recipient developingStates\tAll, with an early emphasis on sub-Saharan \n\tAfrica\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tTo apprise partners of procedures and methods for assessment and monitoring of key ecosystem properties, including the development of standardized data collection, sampling methods and appropriate set of scientific indicators; increased capacity at scientific and management level for the ecosystem approach to marine fisheries; advice on the use of national or regional research vessels, including coordinated coverage by local or other vessels; project planning and dissemination of \n\tinformation.\t\nGlobal EnvironmentFacility (GEF)/UnitedNations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP)/United NationsDevelopment Programme(UNDP)/United NationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganization(UNIDO)/WorldBank/regionaldevelopment banks \nMultilateralfinancial mechanismfor the internationalwaters focal area ofGEF \nRecipient developingStates\tAll\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tThe international waters focal area of GEF provides funding to help States address shared, transboundary water systems such as coasts and oceans, river basins and aquifer systems. GEF assistance has been provided for collaborative work to States sharing 19 large marine ecosystems, which constitute over one half of the large marine ecosystems shared by developing countries. The GEF multi-billion-dollar trust fund is open to universal participation, with 176 countries currently as members, and builds on a partnership of UNDP, UNEP, the World Bank, four regional development banks, FAO and UNIDO. These agencies can access funding on behalf of developing countries and those in economic transition for activities consistent with the GEF operational strategy. At present, 127 GEF recipient States and 21 industrial countries are collaborating on GEF Council-approved projects related to large marine ecosystems and their coasts. Information on these projects can be found on the GEF international waters knowledge management website at \n\twww.iwlearn.net.\t\nInternationalHydrographicOrganization (IHO) \nIHO capacity-buildingfund \nRecipient developingStates\tAll\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tProvision of the necessary assistance to States where the lack of hydrographic capabilities undermines, inter alia, the protection of the marine environment. The capacity-building fund provides support for the main categories of capacity-building activity, namely (a) technical assistance: support for technical visits to member States to assess hydrographic surveying, nautical charting and nautical information status; provision of guidelines for the development of local hydrographic capabilities and/or advice on technical matters pertaining to hydrographic projects; (b) training and education: support for the implementation of hydrographic, nautical cartography and other related training and education initiatives consistent with the IHO work programme; (c) financial assistance for participation in IHO events: support for member States’ representatives to attend courses and/or technical meetings, consistent with the IHO work programme; and (d)start-up funding for hydrographic elements of projects: support for the very first steps of the implementation of high priority hydrocartographic projects consistent with the IHO \n\tobjectives.\t\nInternationalOceanographicCommission (IOC) \nIOC Criteria andGuidelines on theTransfer of MarineTechnology \nRecipient developingStates\tAll\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tThrough its education and mutual assistance and training through research programmes, the Commission provides in‑country training for developing countries seeking capacity-building in addressing national priorities. The Commission’s Advisory Body of Experts in the Law of the Sea agreed to offer assistance to member States and to develop cooperation among member States for marine scientific research projects, with particular attention to capacity-building. The Commission has also developed a clearing-house mechanism to assist interested developing and developed countries that are seeking appropriate partnerships for technology transfer. The Commission’s International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange facilitates the exchange of oceanographic data and information between participating member States and meets the needs of users for data and information products. Online Access to Research in the Environment, an international public-private consortium coordinated by UNEP, Yale University and leading science and technology publishers, also enables developing countries to gain access to research on environmental \n\tscience.\t\nInternational SeabedAuthority \nEndowment Fund forMarine ScientificResearch in the Area Recipient developingStates\tAll States parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the \n\tSea\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tWith regard to marine scientific research in the Area, the Authority has addressed capacity-building primarily through the establishment of the Endowment Fund for Marine Scientific Research in the Area, which supports the participation of qualified scientists and technical personnel from developing countries in international cooperative marine scientific research programmes. The Fund has facilitated the development of capacity through training and technical \n\tassistance.\t\nOrganization forEconomic Cooperationand Development(OECD) \nDevelopmentAssistance Committeeannual aggregatesdatabase and creditorreporting system \nRecipient developingStates\tAll\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tThe Committee tracks bilateral and multilateral donors’ aid and other resource flows to developing countries in two separate databases: the annual aggregates database, which provides comprehensive data on the volume, origin and types of aid and other resource flows; and the creditor reporting system, which provides detailed information on individual aid activities, such as sectors, countries, project descriptions, \n\tetc.",
"Appendix II",
"Preliminary inventory of types of experts for workshops",
"1. The secretariat of the Regular Process and the Group of Experts have considered what types of experts would be able to make important contributions to the workshops to be held to support the Regular Process and accomplish the first global integrated marine assessment.",
"2. It has been recognized that all experts in any of the fields to be covered by the outline of the assessment would be able to make a useful contribution to the output of a workshop. It would also be important to ensure that experts from both the environmental sciences and the economic and social sciences take part.",
"3. Significant contributions can be expected, in particular, from experts who have taken a leading part in the most comprehensive recent assessments carried out for the area of sea covered by a workshop.",
"4. Furthermore, it would be particularly helpful if the expertise represented in a workshop can cover as many as possible of the following fields:",
"(a) Oceanography, meteorology (including climate change as it affects the oceans), ocean chemistry and marine geology;",
"(b) Marine biology and biological oceanography (primary production);",
"(c) Assessment and management of fish and shellfish stocks;",
"(d) Planning, management and development of fishing and aquaculture industries and communities dependent on them;",
"(e) Planning and development of maritime transport, management of ports and installation of submarine cables and pipelines;",
"(f) Maritime safety;",
"(g) Monitoring and assessment of coastal, riverine and atmospheric inputs to the seas and dumping at sea;",
"(h) Exploration and development of offshore petroleum and mineral resources (including aggregates);",
"(i) Planning and development of wind, wave and tidal power;",
"(j) Planning and development of the coastal zone (including urbanization, town and country planning and zoning);",
"(k) Monitoring and assessment of marine species, habitats, ecologically and biologically sensitive areas and vulnerable marine ecosystems (including ecological economics);",
"(l) Designation and management of marine protected areas;",
"(m) Expertise in introduced marine pests;",
"(n) Expertise in marine genetic resources;",
"(o) Economics of marine resources;",
"(p) Economics and social aspects of marine industries, including tourism and recreational uses of the oceans.",
"Annex VI",
"Possible outline for the first global integrated[5] assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects",
"Note: The present document is for information only. It contains revisions suggested by the Group of Experts of the Regular Process and requires further consideration by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole at its next meeting.",
"Part I Summary for decision makers",
"This part would not follow the pattern of the main report, but highlight the most significant conclusions. It would aim to bring out:",
"(a) The way in which the assessment has been carried out;",
"(b) Overall assessment of the scale of human impact on the oceans;",
"(c) The main threats to the marine environment and human economic and social well-being;",
"(d) The needs for capacity-building and effective approaches to meeting such needs;",
"(e) The most serious gaps in knowledge and possible ways of filling them.",
"Part II The context of the assessment",
"Chapter 1 Planet, oceans and life",
"This chapter would be a broad, introductory survey of the role played by the oceans and seas in the life of the planet, the way in which they function, and humans’ relationships to them. It should be supported by at least two Working Papers summarizing:",
"1.A. Human population in coastal areas, including major cities in coastal areas and forecast changes.",
"The material under this heading would aim to draw on the work done for the United Nations World Population Prospects",
"1.B. Human impact on coastal areas: the extent to which human activities on land create pressures on coastal and marine ecosystems.",
"Material that could be relevant could include the proportion of land in coastal catchments that is used for intensive agriculture in different parts of the world, the intensity of industrial and urban development in coastal catchments, and the proportion of coastline which is given over to urban development.",
"Chapter 4 Mandate, information sources and method of work",
"4.A. Objectives, scope and mandate of the Regular Process, as agreed by the General Assembly.",
"4.B. General issues relating to the collection of environmental, economic and social data relating to the oceans and seas and human uses of them, including national, regional and global aggregation and analysis of information and data, quality assurance of data and access to information.",
"4.C. Description of the procedures agreed for carrying out the first global integrated marine assessment, and the way in which these procedures have been implemented, including the approach to the science/policy interface, the selection of contributors, the choices made on the establishment of baselines, the description and categorizing of uncertainties and the quality assurance of data.",
"Part III Assessment of major ecosystem services from the marine environment (other than provisioning services)[6]",
"Several chapters in this part would draw heavily on the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The aim would be to use the work of the Panel, not to duplicate it or challenge it.",
"Chapter 5 The oceans’ role in the hydrological cycle",
"5.A. The interactions between the seawater and freshwater segments of the hydrological cycle: the rate of turnover and changes in it — freshwater fluxes into the sea and their interaction with it, including the effects on the marine environment of changes in those fluxes as a result of changes in continental ice sheets and glaciers, and of anthropogenic changes in those fluxes (for example, from dam-building or increased abstraction) — reduction in ice coverage — sea level changes.",
"5.B. Environmental, economic and social implications of ocean warming, sea level change, including the implications of rises in sea level for the security and implications for low-lying countries, and anthropogenic and other changes to freshwater fluxes.",
"5.C. Chemical composition of seawater: salinity and nutrient content of the different water bodies — changes in salinity and nutrient content.",
"5.C bis. Environmental, economic and social implications of changes in salinity and nutrient content.",
"5.D. The oceans’ role in heat transportation: ocean warming — the overall influence of the oceans on surface temperature and circulation patterns — oceanic oscillations — El Niño and similar events.",
"5.E. Environmental, economic and social impacts of changes in ocean temperature and of major ocean temperature events.",
"Chapter 6 Sea/air interaction",
"6.A. The role of the seas in regulating atmospheric fluxes and concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide (oxygen production, carbon dioxide sequestration): role of the oceans and seas as carbon-dioxide sinks — issues about maintaining or enhancing that role.",
"6.B. Meteorological phenomena related to the oceans: hurricanes and typhoons — monsoon rains — trade winds.",
"6.C. Environmental, economic and social implications of trends in meteorological phenomena, including changes in the frequency and intensity of storms, effects on seas covered by ice for much of the year and the communities that depend on them, and the implications for small island developing States.",
"6.D. Ocean acidification: degree and extent of ocean acidification resulting from human activities.",
"6.E. Environmental, economic and social implications of trends in ocean acidification (with cross-reference to part IV on food security).",
"Chapter 7 Primary production, cycling of nutrients, surface layer and plankton",
"7.A. Global distribution of primary production: the reasons for the present distribution — factors affecting cycling of nutrients and the variability and resilience of the base of the food web — changes known and foreseen, including changes in ultraviolet radiation from ozone-layer problems.",
"7.B. Surface layer and plankton: role of the surface layer — factors influencing it — variations in plankton species.",
"7.C. Environmental, economic and social implications of trends in primary production and other factors affecting the inherent variability and resilience of the base of the food web (with cross-reference to part IV on food security).",
"Chapter 7 bis Ocean-sourced carbonate production",
"Role of ocean-sourced carbonate production in the formation of atolls and beaches — potential impacts of ocean acidification.",
"Chapter 8 Aesthetic, cultural, religious and spiritual ecosystem services derived from the marine environment",
"Scale of human interactions with the oceans and seas on the aesthetic, cultural, religious and spiritual levels, including burials at sea, and ways in which these interactions may be affected by other changes. There would also be a cross-reference to chapter 26 (tourism).",
"Chapter 8 bis Scientific understanding of ecosystem services",
"Overview of the state of scientific understanding of ecosystem services, including data collection, information management, differences between different parts of the world and research needs.",
"Chapter 9 Conclusions on major ecosystems services other than provisioning services",
"Summary of the main issues, including capacity-building needs and information gaps, as identified in chapters 5 to 8 bis.",
"Part IV Assessment of cross-cutting issue: food security and safety",
"This part would draw substantially on assessments carried out by FAO.",
"Chapter 10 Oceans and seas as sources of food",
"Scale of human dependence on the oceans and seas for food and pressures of increased demands, the variations between different parts of the world, and the extent to which some parts of the world depend on other parts for fish and seafood and the contribution of living marine resources to food security.",
"Chapter 11 Capture fisheries",
"11.A. Commercial fish and shellfish stocks: present status of fish and shellfish stocks that are commercially exploited — scale of economic activity (large-scale commercial, artisanal and recreational fishing).[7]",
"11.B. Other fish and shellfish stocks: present status of fish and shellfish stocks exploited by artisanal or subsistence fishing — significance for livelihoods — present status of fish stocks not currently exploited.",
"11.C. Impacts of capture fisheries (large-scale commercial, artisanal and subsistence fishing) on marine ecosystems, through effects on the food web, by-catch (fish, mammals, reptiles and sea-birds), and different fishing gear and methods, including the impact of discards on other wildlife, and impacts from lost or abandoned fishing gear.",
"11.C bis. Effects of pollution on living marine resources: possible effects of chemical and radioactive pollution on stocks of living marine resources used for food — implications of potential threats of such pollution.",
"11.D. Illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing:[8] scale, location and impacts on fish stocks. Effects of measures adopted to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing, including the FAO International Plan of Action on Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported Fishing and the FAO Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing.",
"11.E. Regulatory approaches for the management of commercial capture fisheries: descriptions of the major tools and approaches, including economic measures — extent of the application of the different management approaches — typical consequences for the marine environment and related economic activities of measures taken under the different management approaches, including such issues as by-catch handling and discards — relationships to status of fish stocks.",
"11.F. Regulatory approaches for the management of artisanal and subsistence fishing: descriptions of the major tools and approaches — extent of the application of the different management approaches — typical consequences for the marine environment and related economic activities of measures taken under the different management approaches — relationships to status of fish stocks.",
"11.G. Projections of the status of fish and shellfish stocks over the next decade in the light of all relevant factors.",
"Chapter 12 Aquaculture",
"12.A. Scale and distribution of aquaculture: locations of aquaculture activities — species cultivated — economic significance and contribution to food security.",
"12.B. Aquaculture inputs and effects: demand for coastal space — demand for fish meal from capture fisheries.",
"12.B bis. Pollution and contamination from aquaculture: use of chemicals — interactions of escaped stock with wild stocks.",
"12.C. Regulatory approaches for the management of aquaculture: descriptions of the major tools and approaches — extent of the application of the different management approaches — typical consequences for the marine environment and related economic activities of measures taken under the different management approaches.",
"12.D. Projections of the role of aquaculture over the next decade in the light of all relevant factors.",
"12.E. Capacity-building needs for the management of aquaculture and the monitoring of its impacts.",
"Chapter 12 bis Fish stock propagation",
"12 bis.A. Rebuilding depleted stocks through marine ranching and release of fish from hatcheries.",
"12 bis.B. Transplantation of living marine resources to different ecosystems.",
"12 bis.C. Effects of artificial propagation on natural ecosystems.",
"12 bis.D. Regulatory approaches to fish stock propagation — range of application — results.",
"12 bis.E. Capacity-building needs for management of fish stock propagation and monitoring its impacts.",
"Chapter 13 Seaweeds and other sea-based food",
"13.A. Scale, location of collection and significance of food derived from the oceans and seas other than fish and shellfish — projected developments over the next decade.",
"13.B. Potential impacts of collection of seaweed and other sea-based food.",
"13.C. Regulatory approaches to the collection of seaweed and other sea-based food — approaches and range of application — benefits achieved and unintended effects.",
"13.D. Capacity-building needs for improving, and managing, the use of such food and monitoring the impact of collection on the marine environment.",
"Chapter 14 Social and economic aspects of fisheries",
"14.A. Relationship with human health: health benefits and problems from sea-based food, including the potential to supplement protein-poor diets — chemical, toxic and bacterial contamination — capacity-building needs to promote benefits and to control problems.",
"14.B. Scale and significance of employment in fisheries and aquaculture: numbers employed — relationship of earnings to local median earnings — scale of injuries to fishers compared to other industries.",
"14.C. Role of fisheries in social structure: role of fishers in local societies — extent to which fishing is the sole source of livelihood — extent to which local societies are dependent on fisheries and aquaculture.",
"14.E. Relationship between catch areas, ownership and operation of fishing vessels, landing ports and consumption distribution: the benefits States (and economic operators based in them) obtain from fisheries and aquaculture in their territorial seas and exclusive economic zones — the States (and economic operators based in them) that benefit from high-seas fisheries and distant-water fisheries.",
"14.E bis. Implementation of international fisheries agreements: need for changes in fishing vessels and gear — need for training of fishers — capacity-building needs to support implementation.",
"14.E ter. Effects of changes in markets: growth of long-distance transport of landed fish and shellfish — ecocertification — impact of other campaigns by ecological groups.",
"14.F. Links to other industries: scale of economic activity dependent on fisheries and aquaculture, both in providing equipment (especially ships) and in processing output.",
"Chapter 15 Conclusions on food security",
"15.A. Summary of the main issues, including capacity-building needs and information gaps, identified in chapters 10 to 14.",
"15.B. Longer-term development of food from marine resources — impacts of climate change — impacts of population changes — relation with changes in terrestrial food production.",
"Part V Assessment of other human activities and the marine environment",
"Chapter 16 Shipping",
"16.A. Significance of shipping in world trade: major shipping routes — amount of world trade carried by sea — economic benefits to States from shipping activities, including as flag States — projections of changes over the next decade, including changes in shipping possibilities at high latitudes as a result of changes in ice cover.",
"16.B. Seafarers: scale of employment — adequacy of training in relation to protection of the marine environment — relationship of seafarers’ earnings to median earnings — scale of injuries to seafarers in comparison to other employments.",
"16.C. Threats from shipping: locations, scale and trends — pollution from shipping (covering all forms of pollution regulated by the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) annexes I to VI, anti-fouling treatments and noise) — the acoustic impact of shipping on marine organisms — shipping disasters, including their longer-term effects — invasive species through ballast water and other biosecurity risks — transport of ships for ship-breaking — risks to coastal States from shipping compared to their trade.",
"16.C bis. Economic impact on shipping of marine environment protection measures, including IMO conventions and other instruments.",
"16.D. Links to other industries and commerce: shipbuilding — ship-breaking — bunkers — insurance, chartering and navigation services.",
"16.D bis. Transport of radioactive substances by sea.",
"16.F. Regulatory approaches to managing shipping: descriptions of the major approaches (especially IMO conventions and instruments) — extent of the application of the various management approaches — typical consequences for the marine environment and related economic activities of measures taken under the various management approaches, including, but not limited to, special areas and particularly sensitive sea areas — enforcement.",
"16.G. Capacity-building needs for managing shipping and monitoring its effects, including needs to support the implementation of international conventions and other instruments.",
"Chapter 17 Ports",
"17.A. Scale and significance of port activities: locations and traffic — projected growth, including the implications of changes in shipping routes considered under heading 16.A, economic benefits to port States.",
"17.B. Impacts of the creation and maintenance of ports: scale of port development — dredging for navigational purposes — management of ships’ waste, including effects of charging regimes — pollution from ships in port — remobilization of pollutants by dredging.",
"17.C. Regulatory frameworks for management of ports: description of main approaches to control of impacts of ports on the marine environment — extent of application of these approaches — intended benefits and unintended effects — relationship to shipping industry — relationship to fisheries and to international trade.",
"17.D. Capacity-building needs for management of ports and monitoring of their impact on the marine environment.",
"Chapter 18 Submarine cables and pipelines",
"18.A. Scale, location and role of cables and cable-laying: role in international communications and the Internet — projected developments over the next decade — employment — links to other industries — economic benefits.",
"18.B. Potential pollution and physical harm from cables and pipelines — during construction/installation — during use — after decommissioning.",
"18.C. Regulatory frameworks for management by States of pipelines and cables and pipeline and cable laying under their jurisdiction: extent of application of these frameworks — intended benefits and unintended effects — interference with other uses of the oceans.",
"18.D. Capacity-building needs for managing cable laying and pipeline installation and for monitoring their effects on the marine environment.",
"Chapter 19 Coastal, riverine and atmospheric inputs from land",
"19.A. Municipal wastewater, including the impact of major cities and of cruise ships in harbours: scale and degree of treatment — nature of impact, through both direct and riverine inputs, including impacts on microbiological quality of coastal waters as well as economic impacts of adverse effects on water quality, especially on aquaculture and tourism — projected developments over the next decade.",
"19.B. Industrial discharges, including point sources: hazardous substances, including persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals — hydrocarbons — nutrients — scale of discharges (direct and riverine inputs and atmospheric transport) — degree of treatment — nature of impact, including impacts on human health through food chain — projected developments over the next decade.",
"19.C. Agricultural runoff and emissions: scale (direct and riverine inputs and atmospheric transport of nutrients) — nature of impact — projected developments over the next decade.",
"19.D. Eutrophication: combined effects of municipal, industrial and agricultural inputs, considering also the effects of turbidity in coastal waters and denitrification in estuaries — cross-reference to effects on fish stocks and effects on the food web.",
"19.F. Inputs of radioactive substances from both nuclear and non-nuclear industries — actual, potential and suspected impacts of inputs of radioactive substances.",
"19.G. Regulatory frameworks for managing the impact of land-based inputs: Global Programme of Action — regional conventions — national plans — range of approaches applied — intended outcomes and unintended effects.",
"19.H. Capacity-building needs for the management of wastewater, industrial discharges and agricultural run-off and for monitoring their impact on the marine environment.",
"Chapter 20 Offshore[9] hydrocarbon industries",
"20.A. Scale and significance of the offshore hydrocarbon industries: location, scale of production and projected development over the next decade — economic benefits to States.",
"20.B. Impacts from exploration, including seismic surveys: scale and projected development over the next decade.",
"20.C. Impacts from production: scale and projected development, including cuttings piles, chemicals used offshore, flaring, produced water — sewage discharges from installations.",
"20.D. Offshore installation disasters and their impacts, including longer-term effects.",
"20.E. Decommissioning.",
"20.G. Regulatory frameworks for management of offshore hydrocarbon installations: approaches and range of application — benefits achieved and unintended effects — training on the implementation of rules for the protection of the marine environment.",
"20.H. Capacity-building needs for managing the interface between Governments and offshore hydrocarbon industries and for monitoring the impact of hydrocarbon installations on the marine environment.",
"Chapter 21 Other marine-based energy industries",
"21.A. Scale of wind, wave and tidal power generation — current, planned and forecast.",
"21.B. Environmental benefits and impacts of wind, wave and tidal power generation.",
"21.C. Expected economic performance of wind, wave and tidal power generation.",
"21.D. Regulatory frameworks for management of offshore non-hydrocarbon energy installations: approaches and range of application — benefits achieved and unintended effects.",
"21.E. Capacity-building for the planning and management of offshore wind, wave and tidal power generation and for monitoring its impact on the marine environment.",
"Chapter 22 Offshore mining industries",
"22.A. Scale and significance of sand and gravel extraction: environmental impacts of sand and gravel extraction.",
"22.B. Economic benefits of sand and gravel extraction.",
"22.C. Developments in other seabed mining: current state and potential scale.",
"22.D. Regulatory frameworks for the management of offshore mining industries: approaches and range of application — benefits achieved and unintended effects.",
"22.E. Capacity-building for the planning and management of offshore mining industries.",
"Chapter 23 Solid waste disposal",
"23.A. Types and amounts of waste dumped at sea, including potential impacts on the marine environment — projected levels of dumping over the next decade.",
"23.B. Regulatory frameworks to manage solid-waste dumping: approaches and range of application — benefits achieved and unintended effects.",
"23.C. Capacity-building needs for the management of solid-waste disposal at sea and for monitoring effects on the marine environment.",
"Chapter 24 Marine debris",
"24.A. The multiple causes of marine debris, including lack of controls on land-based disposal of waste, lack of management of beach litter and ship-generated litter, and the scale and distribution of the problem.",
"24.B. Approaches to combating marine debris — range of application — cases where progress has been made.",
"24.C. Capacity-building needs for combating marine debris and for monitoring the level of marine debris.",
"Chapter 25 Land/sea physical interaction",
"25.A. Land reclamation: scale and location of land reclamation and habitat modification and the habitats affected — regulatory approaches to the management of reclamation and modification — range of application — results.",
"25.B. Erosion of land by the sea: economic and social costs of land erosion — effects on marine and coastal habitats of coastal defences, including beaches and fringing islands — implications for small island developing States — costs of coastal defences — regulatory and management approaches to coastal defence — range of application — results.",
"25.C. Sedimentation changes: sedimentation in the marine environment as a result of land erosion by rainfall and rivers — decline in marine sedimentation as a result of water management — effect of both types of change on marine and coastal habitats, including estuaries, deltas, submarine canyons — regulatory approaches to control sedimentation changes — range of application — results.",
"25.D. Capacity-building needs for managing land/sea physical interaction and for monitoring effects on the marine environment.",
"Chapter 26 Tourism and recreation",
"26.A. Location and scale of tourism and recreation, including cruise ships: employment — economic benefits of tourism — economic benefits resulting from protecting marine biodiversity.",
"26.A bis. Recreational and sport fishing and its impact on marine wildlife.",
"26.A ter. Impacts of recreational and tourist vessels on sensitive sea areas.",
"26.B. Contribution of tourism to problems of sewage and pollution, including from cruise ships (see also heading 19A, municipal wastewater).",
"26.C. Location and scale of other environmental impacts of tourism, including habitat disturbance and destruction.",
"26.C bis. Relationship of tourism to protection of marine species and habitats (for example, whale-watching and whale sanctuaries).",
"26.D. Regulatory approaches to managing the environmental impacts of tourism — range of application — results.",
"26.E. Capacity-building needs for managing tourism and for monitoring its impact on the marine environment.",
"Chapter 27 Desalinisation",
"Scale of desalinization, its social and economic benefits and its environmental impacts. Capacity-building needs for desalinization.",
"Chapter 28 Use of marine genetic resources",
"28.A. Current topics, locations and scale of research and exploitation, including the uses being made of marine genetic resources and associated issues such as intellectual property rights.",
"28.B. Regulatory approaches to research and exploitation for marine genetic resources in waters under the jurisdiction of States[10] — range of application — results.",
"28.C. Capacity-building for research and exploitation of marine genetic resources and their management.",
"Chapter 29 Specific issues for the marine environment from defence activities",
"29.B. The acoustic impact of recurrent defence operations on marine life.",
"29.C. The scale of dumping at sea of unwanted munitions and problems resulting from dumped munitions and chemical weapons.",
"Chapter 30 Marine scientific research",
"30.A. Topics, scale and location of marine scientific research.",
"30.B. Regulatory approaches to marine scientific research — range of application — results.",
"30.C. Capacity-building needs for marine scientific research, including transfer of technology.",
"Chapter 31 Conclusions on other human activities",
"Summary of the main issues, including capacity-building needs and information gaps, identified in chapters 16 to 30.",
"Part VI Assessment of marine biological diversity and habitats",
"Chapter 31 bis Introduction",
"The aim of this part is (a) to give an overview of marine biological diversity and what is known about it; (b) to review the status and trends of, and threats to, marine ecosystems, species and habitats that have been identified by competent authorities at the global, regional or national level as threatened, declining or otherwise in need of protection; (c) to review the regulatory and management approaches to conservation, including the range of their application and results; and (d) to identify capacity-building needs.",
"Section AA — Overview of marine biological diversity",
"Chapter 31 ter Scale of marine biological diversity",
"Main gradients of diversity for species, communities and habitats (coastal to abyssal, equatorial to polar, substrate type, salinity).",
"Chapter 31 quater Extent of assessment of marine biological diversity",
"Proportion of major groups of species and habitats in the different marine regions that are assessed on a systematic basis for status, trends and threats.",
"Chapter 31 quinquies Overall status of major groups of species and habitats",
"Summary, by major group and marine region, of the status, trends and threats, including the cumulative effects of pressures, shown by those assessments.",
"Section A — Ecologically and biologically sensitive areas and vulnerable marine ecosystems",
"These are types of areas and ecosystems which have already been identified by a competent organization at the global level, such as the General Assembly, the Convention on Biological Diversity or FAO, as needing special attention.",
"Chapter 32 Coral (and other biogenic) reefs",
"Types, locations, scale, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"Chapter 33 Mangroves, salt marsh and other macro-vegetation areas",
"Types, locations, scale, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"Chapter 34 Seagrass and eel-grass beds",
"Types, locations, scale, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"Chapter 35 Kelp forests",
"Types, locations, scale, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"Chapter 36 Seamounts, deep-sea banks and plateaus",
"Locations, numbers, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"Chapter 37 Hydrothermal vents",
"Locations, scale, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"Chapter 38 Other types of ecologically and biologically sensitive areas and vulnerable marine ecosystems",
"Types, locations, numbers and extent, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"Section B — Other species and habitats identified as threatened, declining or otherwise in need of protection",
"Chapter 40 Migratory marine species depending on a range of regional ecosystems and covered by agreements under the Bonn Convention or other international agreements, including conventions of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements",
"40.A. Migratory marine mammals: distribution, numbers, status and threats, including cumulative pressures;",
"40.B. Sea turtles: distribution, numbers, status and threats, including cumulative pressures;",
"40.C. Highly migratory fish species: distribution, numbers, status and threats, including cumulative pressures;",
"40.D. Migratory sea-birds: distribution, numbers, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"Chapter 41 Other species identified by a competent authority at the global, regional or national level as threatened, declining or in need of protection",
"For each species or group of species: distribution, numbers, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"Chapter 42 Other habitats identified by a competent authority at global, regional or national level as threatened, declining or in need of protection",
"For each type of habitat or group of types of habitat: distribution, area, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"Section B bis — Regulatory and management frameworks and capacity-building needs",
"Chapter 42 bis Regulatory and management frameworks",
"Regulatory and management frameworks and approaches for the conservation of species and habitats, including marine protected areas — range of application — benefits achieved and unforeseen effects.",
"Chapter 42 ter Capacity-building needs",
"Capacity-building needs for assessing the status of species and habitats and for managing the conservation of species and habitats judged to need protection.",
"Section C — Summary",
"Chapter 43 Summary",
"Summary of the main issues, including capacity-building needs and information gaps, identified in chapters 31 bis to 42 ter.",
"Part VII Overall assessment",
"Chapter 44 Overall assessment of human impact on the oceans",
"44.A. Consideration of the implications of cumulative pressures on the overall state of the oceans and seas.",
"44.B. Evaluations under different methods of assessing overall human impact on the oceans and seas.",
"Chapter 45 Overall value of the oceans to humans",
"Evaluations under different methods of the benefits accruing to humans from the oceans.",
"Appendix",
"Terminology",
"Terminology used to describe the major features of the ocean basins and linked seas",
"1.A. A short summary of the technical terms used to describe the main geological features: enclosed and semi-enclosed seas — continental shelves and slopes — mid‑ocean ridges — seamounts — coral and other biogenic reefs — sedimentation — major estuaries — fjord and ria areas — ocean canyons — coastal geological structures, beaches, marine wetlands, mangroves and tidal flats.",
"1.B. A short summary of the technical terms used to describe the main features of the water column: bodies of water — thermohaline circulation — the main ocean currents — deep water formation (downwelling) and upwelling — stratification — acidification — ice coverage.",
"Terminology used to describe rights and obligations in the oceans",
"This section would set out the definitions contained in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea for the terms (territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, etc.) used in the assessment, so that readers can see what is intended.",
"[1] A delegation brought to the attention of the meeting that one member of the Group of Experts could not attend the meeting because he had been unable to obtain an entry visa in time.",
"[2] The organization of workshops may require the conclusion of an agreement between the host country and the United Nations.",
"[3] See annex B to the set of options prepared pursuant to paragraph 212 of General Assembly resolution 65/37, December 2010, available at www.un.org/Depts/los/global_reporting/ Set_of_Options.pdf.",
"[4] A/64/88, paras. 108-111. A focal point could be in an appropriate national authority or institution, or in a permanent mission in New York. States could also designate additional contact points which could have access to the restricted part of the website, but it would be important for there to be a clear, single focal point for communication with each State taking part in the Regular Process.",
"[5] In this context, “integrated” means assessing impacts from a number of individual stressors and considering cumulative effects on marine ecosystems, i.e., the overall impact from multiple processes and activities overlapping in time and space.",
"[6] The main provisioning service from the oceans is food, which is covered in part IV (food security and safety). Other provisioning services are covered in part V (other human activities impacting on the marine environment).",
"[7] See also chapter 26 (tourism) on recreational fishing.",
"[8] As defined in the FAO International Plan of Action on Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported Fishing.",
"[9] “Offshore” in this chapter and the following two chapters covers all installations that are situated in the marine environment, whether in internal waters, territorial seas or exclusive economic zones.",
"[10] Given the present state of discussions on marine genetic resources in relation to the high seas, there seems to be no scope for any assessment of regulatory approaches in this area."
] | A_66_189 | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"* A/66/150.",
"Item 76 (a) of the provisional agenda*",
"Oceans and the law of the sea",
"Report on the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-Economic Aspects",
"Letter dated 13 July 2011 from the Co-Chairs of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole addressed to the President of the General Assembly",
"We have the honour to transmit herewith the report on the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole, section II of which contains the recommendations that the Group agreed to make to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. In accordance with paragraph 7 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B, the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole met at United Nations Headquarters on 27 and 28 June 2011.",
"We request that the present letter and the report be circulated as a document of the General Assembly under the agenda item entitled “Oceans and the law of the sea”.",
"(Signed) Donatus Keith St. Aimee",
"(Signed) Renée Sauvé",
"Co-Chairs",
"Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment at the Global Level, including Socio-Economic Aspects",
"I. Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole",
"1. The second meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment at the Global Level, including Socio-Economic Aspects, was convened pursuant to paragraph 7 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B of 4 April 2011. The meeting was held at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 27 and 28 June 2011.",
"2. They chaired the meeting, Donatus Keith St. Aimee (Saint Lucia) and Renée Sauvé (Canada), the Co-Chairs of the first meeting of the Working Group, whose appointments had been renewed by the President of the General Assembly. The Friends of the Co-Chairpersons appointed by the regional groups at the first meeting continued to serve: Jacqueline Kemunto Moseti (Kenya), African States; Abdul Hameed (Pakistan), Asian States; Walter Schuldt (Ecuador), Latin American and Caribbean States; and Kent Blom (Sweden), Western European and other States.",
"3. The meeting was attended by representatives of 55 Member States, 15 intergovernmental organizations and other bodies, and 4 non-governmental organizations. The full list of participants, dated 28 June 2011, is available on the website of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea of the Office of Legal Affairs of the Secretariat (see www.un.org/Depts/los/global_reporting/List_of_Participants_June_2011.pdf).",
"4. The meeting was also attended by the following members of the Expert Group established pursuant to paragraph 209 of resolution 65/37 A: Patricio Bernal (Chile); Peter Harris (Australia); Lorna Inniss (Barbados); George Martin (Estonia); Enrique Marschoff (Argentina); Sean O. Green China (Jamaica); Jake Rice (Canada); Andrew Rosenberg (United States of America); Alan Simcock (United Kingdom);",
"5. The meeting participants had the following supporting documentation: (a) the provisional agenda, the annotated provisional agenda and the structure of the meeting, including the proposed organization of work; (b) a draft guidelines for the workshops, a draft criteria for the appointment of experts and a possible outline of the first integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment at the global level, including the socio-economic aspects, prepared by the Group of Experts, together with a working paper; At the request of some delegates, the Group of Experts provided additional information material entitled " Suggestions by the Panel of Experts on possible functions of the panel of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole " .",
"6. On 27 June 2011, the Working Group adopted the agenda and agreed to the organization of work proposed by the Co-Chairs. In its substantive deliberations, and following informal consultations, the Working Group considered and adopted, on 28 June 2011, documents entitled “Criteria for the appointment of experts” and “Guidelines for seminars in support of the Regular Process”. On the same date, the Working Group took note of the paper entitled “Possible outline of the first integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment at the global level, including socio-economic aspects” and “Project of terms of reference and working methods of the Group of Experts” and agreed that it would be necessary to revisit those documents at its next meeting.",
"7. The Working Group requested the Group of Experts to revise the document entitled “Possible outline of the first integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment on a global scale”, taking into account the comments made by delegations. To that end, the Co-Chairs were requested to send invitations to States and groups, as a follow-up to the invitation under paragraph 5 of resolution 65/37 B, requesting further comments on the document by 23 July 2011. The Working Group agreed that such comments should be included on the website of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, subject to the approval of the State or group concerned.",
"8. On 28 June 2011, following a statement by the Office of Information and Communications Technology of the Secretariat, the Working Group took note of the report on communication and data and information management needs for the Regular Process. The Working Group also took note of the report on the preliminary inventory of capacity-building needs for evaluations and the types of experts required for the workshops, and agreed that it was necessary to invite States, specialized agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations and other relevant intergovernmental organizations, as well as funding institutions, to provide information on existing opportunities and arrangements for capacity-building for evaluations. Delegations also suggested that the preliminary inventory of capacity-building needs for evaluations should be distributed at the seminars for participants ' information.",
"9. The Working Group considered the establishment of a table to implement its decisions and provide guidance during the intersessional period. The meeting decided to establish the table and agreed on its composition.",
"10. With regard to the seminars, on 28 June 2011, the Working Group agreed to recommend that they be organized as soon as possible in order to contribute to the first cycle of the Regular Process. The Working Group accepted with deep appreciation the statement of the States members of the Permanent Commission of the South Pacific and the Plan of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment and Coastal Areas of the South-East Pacific, and the generous offer of the Government of Chile to host a seminar for the South-East Pacific in support of the first phase of the Regular Process. The Director of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea noted the potential difficulties that the Division would face in participating in all seminars owing to the demands of the work at Headquarters.",
"11. The Working Group considered the status of the trust fund established to support the operations of the first five-year cycle of the Regular Process. It also agreed to recommend that the General Assembly encourage financial contributions to the trust fund and other contributions to the Regular Process. In this regard, some delegations emphasized the importance of exploring ways and means for the Global Environment Facility to support the Regular Process. Several delegations stressed the need to consider all sources of support for the Regular Process, including financial contributions and in-kind contributions. The view was expressed that financial contributions to the Regular Process should be made through the trust fund established for that purpose.",
"12. The Director of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea reported on the status of the trust fund and thanked the Governments of Iceland, Jamaica, the Republic of Korea and New Zealand for the generous contributions they had made in 2011, which had enabled expert assistance to the meeting. Delegates were reminded that, if additional funding was not available, it would not be possible to provide financial assistance for the assistance of experts to future meetings of the Regular Process.",
"13. On the basis of the deliberations, the Working Group adopted the recommendations contained in section II of the present report. The Working Group recommended that the next meeting be held in the first half of 2012.",
"14. On 13 July 2011, the Co-Chairs transmitted the present report, with the recommendations, to the President of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.",
"II. Recommendations of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session",
"15. The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole presents the following recommendations to the General Assembly.",
"(1) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends to the General Assembly the adoption of:",
"(a) The criteria for the appointment of experts, attached as annex I to the present report;",
"(b) Guidelines for the seminars in support of the Regular Process for global reporting and assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, attached as annex II.",
"(2) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends to the General Assembly the following:",
"(a) The draft terms of reference and working methods of the Group of Experts of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for the Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment on a global scale, including socio-economic aspects, attached as annex III;",
"(b) The report on communication and data and information management needs for the Regular Process, which is attached as annex IV;",
"(c) The report on the preliminary inventory of capacity-building needs for evaluations and types of experts that would be required for the seminars, attached as annex V.",
"(3) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole takes note of the possible outline of the first integrated global assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, attached as annex VI, and agrees on the need to revisit it for possible adoption at the next meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole.",
"(4) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that the Secretary-General identify the preliminary inventory of capacity-building needs for assessments to the attention of Member States and heads of the specialized agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations and other relevant intergovernmental organizations engaged in capacity-building activities to undertake assessments on the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, as well as funding institutions, and invite them to provide information for the preliminary inventory of existing assessments.",
"(5) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that, in accordance with paragraph 216 of resolution 65/37 A, the General Assembly urge Member States, international financial institutions, donor agencies, intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations and individuals and legal entities to make financial contributions to the funds established by paragraph 183 of resolution 64/71 and to make other contributions to the Regular Process.",
"6) In accordance with paragraph 208 of resolution 65/37 A, the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole agrees to establish a table to implement the decisions of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole and to provide guidance during the intersessional periods, for example by adopting the allocation of members of the roster of experts to work on the drafting of originals or the revision of drafts, and adopting the arrangements proposed by the Panel of Experts for peer review.",
"7) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that the General Assembly: (a) the bureau be composed of 15 Member States (3 Member States of each regional group) and (b) establish, as a minimum requirement for the table to fulfil its functions, the need for at least one Co-Chair and a quorum of five Member States.",
"8) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that the President of the General Assembly renew the appointment of the Co-Chairs of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole to attend meetings of the bureau during the intersessional period.",
"9) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that the seminars be organized as soon as possible in order to contribute to the first cycle of the Regular Process.",
"10) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that its next meeting be held in the first half of 2012.",
"Annex I",
"Criteria for the appointment of experts",
"1. States will establish a roster of experts, through regional groups, to support the work of the Expert Group in the preparation of the first integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment at the global level.",
"2. When the Expert Group does not designate one of its members to draft a working paper or a draft chapter for the evaluation, it will invite selected members from the roster of experts to contribute to the drafting of working papers and draft chapters. Other members of the list of experts with relevant experience will be invited to comment on the projects and invited to participate in the drafting.",
"3. When the draft of the first integrated assessment of the global state of the marine environment is under review, States shall, through regional groups, appoint a group of counterparts to review the draft and comment. Members of the peer group should not have previously participated in the preparation of working papers or draft chapters. The peer group will work in parallel to the consideration of the project by States and intergovernmental organizations.",
"4. The following criteria shall apply to all individuals appointed by States as members of the Group of Experts, the list of experts or the group of counterparts:",
"(a) Known international experience, to be demonstrated according to one or more of the following requirements:",
"(i) A history of scientific publications on relevant issues, preferably in peer-reviewed publications;",
"(ii) High-level experience in global, regional or national assessments of the state of the marine environment and other relevant areas, including socio-economic aspects;",
"(iii) High-level experience in the design and management of other major global, regional or national initiatives in the areas of marine sciences, assessment, environmental protection, shipping, coastal management, fisheries management or other similar functions related to the marine environment and other relevant areas, including socio-economic aspects;",
"(iv) As for experts from regions where there is still a relative shortage of monitoring data and scientific observations, a recognized reputation for the traditional knowledge of the marine environment in their area, or for the observation of that marine environment;",
"(b) Effective participation demonstrated in international processes relating to the marine environment or integrated assessments and other relevant areas, including socio-economic aspects; and",
"(c) Capacity to act individually and independently.",
"5. The allocation of members of the roster of experts to the various tasks shall take into account the following considerations:",
"(a) Guests to participate in the drafting of a working paper or a draft chapter should have demonstrated their ability to draft clearly and concisely on the subject;",
"(b) The material provided by guests to contribute to the drafting of a working paper or a draft chapter should be presented in one of the official languages of the United Nations.",
"In addition, the members of the peer group will be responsible for working according to the needs of the Group of Experts.",
"6. The inclusion in the roster of experts and the group of counterparts, as well as the assignment of tasks to the members of the roster of experts, should reflect the principle of equitable geographical representation in all activities of the Regular Process, and should take due account of the need for a desirable gender balance.",
"7. The selection of members of the roster of experts to work on the drafting of an issue, or make comments, should ensure the inclusion of all relevant disciplines to an integrated assessment of that issue.",
"8. The experts should be given sufficient time to provide the Regular Process with the contributions required by its functions.",
"Annex II",
"Guidelines for seminars in support of the Regular Process for global reporting and assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects",
"Purpose and objectives",
"1. In February 2011 (see A/65/759, annex), the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recognized that seminars are an essential mechanism for undertaking the first integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment at the global level and that States can enhance their assessment capacity. The seminars will facilitate dialogue between the Group of Experts of the Regular Process and representatives and experts from relevant States and intergovernmental organizations. The present guidelines are intended to clarify how a set of seminars can be organized in support of the first phase of the first cycle of the Regular Process. They will help to ensure the credibility and legitimacy of the results of each seminar and, in this way, the Regular Process in general.",
"2. The objectives of each set of seminars should include:",
"(a) The review and valuation of all assessments considered by participants as relevant to the marine area under consideration and, on the basis of these assessments, the compilation of an inventory of assessments that may prove useful to the Regular Process. Such assessments should be relevant to environmental issues and socio-economic issues. If necessary, means should be available for access by the Group of Experts and the secretariat of the Regular Process to such assessments;",
"(b) The establishment of a network of experts and organizations taking part in each seminar, the Group of Experts and the secretariat of the Regular Process;",
"(c) Identifying the capacity-building needs of the States participating in the seminar to enable them to make a fuller contribution to the Regular Process, including prioritization, and to make greater profits from it, and identifying measures that might be taken by those States to enhance the capacities of relevant intergovernmental organizations (if any) through which States collaborate;",
"(d) The initiation of capacity-building activities for integrated assessments, which may include discussions and development activities:",
"(i) Common content of information for assessments at various scales and approaches common to evaluation methodologies;",
"(ii) Approaches to increase evaluations, i.e. to establish the extent to which assessments at a given level (national, subregional, regional or global) can be used at other levels;",
"(iii) Reports on how to assist the integration process, with the objective of ensuring coherence and compatibility to the extent possible;",
"(e) The review of the linkages between the determining factors and the state of the marine environment reflected in the assessment.",
"3. The present list of objectives, the preparatory work set out in appendix I below and the programme described in appendix II will constitute the mandate of the seminars.",
"Number and venues of seminars",
"4. States are invited to host seminars for the following regions:",
"(a) The North Pacific;",
"(b) South Pacific (South-East Pacific and South-West Pacific);",
"(c) East and South-East Asian seas;",
"(d) Northern Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden and the Regional Fisheries Commission area of the Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment;",
"(e) The Southern and Western Indian Ocean;",
"f) The North Atlantic, the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea;",
"(g) The South Atlantic (between the coasts of Africa and America) and the Great Caribbean.",
"5. Separate seminars may not be required for the Arctic and Antarctica. However, international bodies and forums relevant to those areas (in particular the Antarctic Treaty System and the Arctic Council) may be invited to discuss the issues proposed for the seminars and to contribute. If requested, the members of the Expert Group could be available for consultations.",
"6. Offers to host seminars should be made to the secretariat of the Regular Process, which, with the assistance of the Group of Experts, will seek to negotiate arrangements that avoid overlap in coverage or dates. The secretariat of the Regular Process shall notify all States of the seminars to be held as soon as the necessary arrangements have been agreed.",
"Temporary framework",
"7. In April 2012, the Expert Group should adopt its conclusions on some of the issues suggested for the seminars. It would therefore be useful for the seminars to be held in time for their results to reach the Group of Experts at the end of March 2012.",
"Hosts",
"8. The seminars will be organized by Member States under the auspices of the United Nations[2], in coordination with the secretariat of the Regular Process and with the assistance of members of the Group of Experts. Member States may request cooperation from competent intergovernmental organizations and/or relevant national scientific institutions for the purpose of organizing the seminars.",
"Participation",
"9. Member States of the United Nations, relevant observers and intergovernmental organizations shall have the right to participate in any of the seminars they deem relevant to their purpose, up to the number of places available. The relevant intergovernmental organizations in the region are encouraged to participate in the seminars. For practical reasons, the logistical aspects and the size and number of delegations should be decided by the host, in consultation with the secretariat of the Regular Process.",
"10. Non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council, relevant scientific institutions and organizations representing major groups under the definition of Agenda 21, may request invitations to participate. Hosts may reserve a number of places at the seminar to extend such invitations.",
"11. Each workshop should include at least one member of the Group of Experts and one member of the secretariat of the Regular Process, whose participation will be coordinated with the secretariat, taking into account the needs of the work at Headquarters. If possible, all members of the Group of Experts of States of the area covered by the seminar should participate. Members of the Group of Experts outside the area may be invited to participate by the secretariat of the Regular Process, and it would be useful for at least one of those members to participate. Where necessary, the participation of the members of the Group of Experts could be supported by the trust fund for the Regular Process, as indicated in paragraph 183 of General Assembly resolution 64/71.",
"Presidency and secretariat",
"12. Hosts should designate the chairperson (or co-chairs) of the seminar, who will be responsible for the summary of the results of the seminar with the assistance of the support staff and members of the Group of Experts. Hosts may consider inviting a member of the Group of Experts to serve as chairperson or co-chair of the seminar.",
"13. Hosts should provide support staff to organize discussions in consultation with the secretariat of the Regular Process and the members of the Group of Experts involved, and assist the chairperson or chairpersons and the member or members of the Group of Experts in preparing a summary of the results.",
"Preliminary information",
"14. Participants in the seminar should be requested to provide, in advance, contributions containing the information listed in appendix I to the present guidelines. Members of the Expert Group should be prepared to collaborate in this process by providing advice and, where appropriate, providing relevant documentation.",
"15. The workshop support staff should collect such information in summaries, which should be made available to participants and distributed in advance of the seminar.",
"Activities of seminars",
"16. The agenda of a seminar to support the Regular Process should, to the extent possible, include the elements set out in appendix II to the present guidelines. The activities of the seminar should take fully into account the principles of the Regular Process recommended by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole and its actions by the General Assembly in 2009 (resolution 64/71, paras. 173-183), and the recommendations made by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole in 2010 (A/65/358) and 2011 (A/65/259).",
"17. An important part of each seminar will be to take initial capacity-building measures to undertake integrated assessments, so that participants in the workshop can better understand and contribute to the work of the Regular Process.",
"Results of the seminars",
"18. The results of the seminar should be presented in the form of a summary of the discussions prepared by the chairperson, or the co-chairs, with the assistance of the member or members of the Group of Experts. The time needed for participants to comment on a draft summary and for the final version to be revised by the chairperson or chairpersons and the representative or representatives of the Group of Experts in the light of those observations. When an intergovernmental State or organization that does not participate in the seminar has conducted assessments or is responsible for assessments, institutions, networks or other arrangements deemed relevant, that State or intergovernmental organization should be invited or requested to consider and comment on what has been said on this subject.",
"19. An electronic copy of the final version of the summary should be sent to the secretariat of the Regular Process for inclusion on the website of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea as a United Nations document and/or on the website of the Regular Process.",
"Appendix I",
"Information to be submitted by participants in advance of the seminar",
"(1) States or intergovernmental organizations attending the seminar should provide: details of assessments conducted under their auspices on issues relevant to the draft possible outline of the first integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment at the global level, including socio-economic aspects. A starting point for gathering this information should be the assessments set out in the database of global and regional marine assessments, where there is already a lot of information. Assessments that have not been carried out by States or intergovernmental organizations, but which they used or considered relevant should also be included. Details should include, to the extent possible:",
"(a) The agency conducting the specific evaluation;",
"(b) The main intended users of the evaluation, and the intended uses;",
"(c) The spatial and temporal scale of the assessment, and the frequency of the evaluation cycle;",
"(d) Issues covered by the evaluation;",
"(e) Types of data, experience-based knowledge and indicators, and the reasons for their selection, and other sources of information used in the evaluation;",
"f) When trends in information sets have been deduced, the methods used should be indicated;",
"(g) Where efforts have been made to integrate different types of information, including social, economic and ecological information, the scope of such integration and the methods used should be indicated;",
"(h) Sources of references used in evaluation, levels or ecotoxicological criteria used in evaluation;",
"(i) Sources and areas of any forecasts, projections or scenarios used in the evaluation;",
"(j) If the evaluation took into account the limitations of the data (e.g., errors in the extrapolation of data, uncertainties and/or gaps in information) it should be described how they were taken into account;",
"(2) As to the issues contained in the draft possible outline of the first integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment at the global level, including socio-economic aspects, for which an assessment of a State or an intergovernmental organization participating in the seminar is not available, but a participant has relevant data or information, it should be indicated:",
"(a) What types of relevant data or information have been collected and used, and why State or agency (this is expected to be the case with some key economic and social data)? What information can be provided on space and time coverage and on the technical content of such data or information?",
"(b) When it is known that certain types of key information do not exist, can the knowledge gained by experts be mobilized to bridge the gaps and, in that case, how can experts be accessed?",
"(3) The contact details with the information centres of States and intergovernmental organizations to be represented at the seminar.",
"(4) A notice in advance of the seminar on specific capacity-building needs.",
"Appendix II",
"Elements of the agenda of a seminar to support the Regular Process",
"1. Presentation by a representative of the Group of Experts on the Regular Process on the objective, scope and framework of the Regular Process and the role envisaged for the seminar.",
"2. The seminar should determine whether the draft possible outline of the first integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment at the global level, including socio-economic aspects, will meet the needs of States and intergovernmental organizations represented at the seminar. Priority issues for integrated assessment and any other issues to be considered in the first global integrated marine assessment should be identified.",
"3. Consideration by the seminar of the assessments included in the summary prepared on the basis of the information submitted under item 1) of appendix I above and compilation of an inventory of which they consider useful to the Regular Process.",
"4. Review of existing regional approaches and methodologies for integrated assessments.",
"5. The seminar should determine what could be done on the issues on which data and/or information are known but have not been evaluated.",
"6. Issues that are important should be identified but for which data or information is not available for the marine area under review, and to consider how the information could be mobilized or the necessary research on such issues organized.",
"7. The seminar should determine whether changes are needed in the draft guidelines for authors[3].",
"8. Identification by the workshop of the existing capacities of national and regional marine and ocean research and development institutions that are relevant to States and intergovernmental organizations interested in the marine area under review, for the purposes of marine monitoring and assessment and integrated assessments.",
"9. Identification of existing networks of experts in States and intergovernmental organizations interested in or among the marine area under review and their adequacy to play an important role in capacity-building.",
"10. Identification by the workshop of capacity-building needs (including the acquisition of the necessary technology) for marine monitoring and assessment (including integrated assessments).",
"11. Preparation by the seminar of a short-term capacity-building plan to mobilize information and knowledge related to the marine area under review, known but not yet systematically organized, so that they can be useful to the Regular Process.",
"12. A session to initiate capacity-building activities for integrated assessments.",
"13. Consideration by the seminar of how users of the existing assessments contained in the summary can be kept informed of the activities of the Regular Process, and how the Group of Experts of the Regular Process can keep abreast of and respond to their needs.",
"Annex III",
"Draft terms of reference and working methods for the Panel of Experts of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment at the Global Level, including Socio-Economic Aspects",
"I. Introduction",
"1. In paragraph 180 of its resolution 64/71, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to invite the Chairmen of the regional groups to form an expert group with appropriate expertise and geographical distribution, consisting of up to 25 experts and no more than 5 experts per regional group, for a period extending to the informal meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole, to be held from 30 August to 3 September 2010.",
"2. In paragraph 209 of its resolution 65/37 A, the General Assembly decided to establish an expert group that would form an integral part of the Regular Process and requested the members of the Group of Experts appointed by Member States in accordance with paragraph 180 of resolution 64/71 to continue to serve in the Group of Experts during the first phase of the first cycle of evaluation, and encouraged regional groups that had not yet done so to appoint experts for paragraph 64/71 of the Panel.",
"3. The present document, prepared by the secretariat of the Regular Process in consultation with the Group of Experts, defines the terms of reference for experts already appointed or to be appointed members of the Group of Experts.",
"II. Mandate",
"4. The overall task of the Expert Group will be to conduct assessments within the framework of the Regular Process, under the supervision of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole [and its table]. In particular, the tasks of the Expert Group will be:",
"(a) Prepare a outline of the issues to be considered in the main assessment to be undertaken in each cycle of the Regular Process for adoption by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole;",
"(b) At the request of the General Assembly or of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole [or its bureau], to develop an outline of any supplementary assessments that are carried out during a cycle of the Regular Process for adoption by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole;",
"(c) To provide specifications on the types of additional experience that the Expert Group will need to undertake assessments; these specifications will serve as the basis for the appointment, through regional groups, of the members of the roster of experts;",
"(d) Designate from among its members a leader and, as appropriate, other members to take charge, under the overall responsibility of the Panel of Experts, of each part, section or chapter of any assessment;",
"(e) To propose, for approval by the table, the appointment of members of the roster of experts:",
"(i) To work with the designated leader of the Expert Group on the drafting of working papers and/or draft chapters of any evaluation;",
"(ii) To examine the material thus produced, and to comment;",
"f) Prepare an implementation plan and timetable for each task, for adoption by [the] panel of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole, and, if necessary, propose amendments to that plan and timetable for adoption in the same manner;",
"(g) To agree on general guidelines for all those involved in any task;",
"(h) To carry out the implementation plan in accordance with the overall timetable and guidance;",
"(i) Review all material produced during any assessment, take such measures as it deems necessary to ensure the quality of the data and information used in such material, and take all other measures as may be necessary to complete the assessment in a satisfactory manner, subject to the approval of the [table] Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole if any of the measures required expenditures from the trust fund for the Regular Process;",
"(j) To propose arrangements for the approval by the bureau of the peer review of the draft outcome of the evaluation;",
"(k) Taking into account the comments of the peer review, agree on the final text of the evaluation for submission [through its table] to the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole, and submit that text to the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole;",
"(l) Promote networking between marine assessment processes and individual experts;",
"(m) To perform any other tasks assigned to it by [the table of] the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole.",
"Membership",
"5. The composition of the Panel of Experts shall be as follows:",
"(a) The Expert Group will consist of up to 25 experts and no more than 5 experts per regional group. Its composition will reflect a balanced geographical and gender distribution;",
"(b) The composition of the expert group should ensure a diversity of disciplines and accommodate the participation of all regions, with a view to taking into consideration regional circumstances and diverse expertise. All major disciplines of the natural and social sciences, including policies and legislation, and traditional knowledge, should be taken into account for possible inclusion;",
"(c) Experts may come from any type of entity (e.g. Governments, non-governmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations, the private sector, academic and research institutions, traditional knowledge groups);",
"(d) Experts should have knowledge and experience in one of the various categories described in the collective profile of the Expert Group;",
"(e) Experts should have an internationally recognized reputation in their areas of expertise;",
"f) Experts should have a proven record of high-level participation in international marine environment processes;",
"(g) Experts should be able to provide services individually and independently.",
"Appointments",
"6. In accordance with the provisions of resolution 65/37 A, the members of the Panel of Experts shall be appointed as follows:",
"(a) Members shall be appointed by States Members of the United Nations, through the five regional groups (Africa Group, Asian States, Eastern European States, Latin American and Caribbean States and Western European and other States); each regional group shall appoint up to five experts;",
"(b) Nominations should take into account the criteria for the appointment of experts;",
"(c) Members should be in a position to devote substantial time exclusively to the work of the Regular Process;",
"(d) Members will be completely renewed at the beginning of each cycle of the Regular Process. The mandates of the working members of the Expert Group may be renewed, but no member may serve for more than two consecutive full cycles;",
"(e) Appointment to fill a vacancy during a cycle may be made at any time, but the appointment shall terminate at the end of the cycle in which it was made;",
"f) When the chairmanship of a regional group informs the secretariat of the Regular Process that the regional group has made an appointment to the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the Regular Process will obtain confirmation from the expert that it is willing to serve in accordance with the existing mandate and working methods and, upon receipt of such confirmation, issue a letter of confirmation of the appointment of the expert, publish the appointment on the websites of the Regular Process and the Division of Ocean Affairs and",
"(g) Members may at any time resign by writing to the secretariat of the Regular Process;",
"(h) Members shall participate in the Group of Experts as participants in advisory meetings and shall act in their personal capacity and not as representatives of Governments or any other external authorities to the United Nations;",
"(i) The services of the members of the Group of Experts will be obtained through a letter of invitation issued by the Secretariat.",
"Property rights",
"7. The United Nations shall have all property rights, including patents, copyrights and trademarks, but not limited to them, with respect to materials that are directly related to the services provided to the Organization, or which are a consequence of such services.",
"Compensation",
"8. Members of the Group of Experts shall not receive United Nations fees, rights or other remuneration for their participation in the Group of Experts. Members of developing countries, in particular the least developed countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing States, shall, subject to the availability of resources, assist in the travel to attend meetings convened by the United Nations in connection with the work of the Group of Experts.",
"Methods of work",
"9. The working methods of the Expert Group will be as follows:",
"(a) The Expert Group may operate even when vacancies are made in its composition;",
"(b) The Expert Group shall designate two focal points, one from a developed country and one from a developing country from among its members. The task of the focal points will be to carry out all actions which, considered jointly, can facilitate the performance of the functions assigned to the Expert Group. The Expert Group may change the focal points at any time;",
"(c) Communications between the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the Regular Process and States will be made using a secure website to be provided by the secretariat of the Regular Process;",
"(d) The Group of Experts shall communicate with the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole through the secretariat of the Regular Process and during its meetings;",
"(e) Where necessary, and within available resources, the Expert Group may meet to discuss areas of work that cannot be considered in meetings by electronic means or other forms of electronic communications;",
"f) The Group of Experts will seek to work by consensus. Where consensus cannot be reached, the Expert Group will ensure that all divergent views are adequately reflected in any draft or proposal, or the final text of any evaluation.",
"Secretariat",
"10. The Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, as part of its functions as the secretariat of the Regular Process, will serve as the secretariat of the Group of Experts.",
"Annex IV",
"Report on communication and data and information management needs for the Regular Process",
"1. The present report, prepared by the secretariat of the Regular Process and the Group of Experts, responds to requests made in paragraphs 2, 4 and 6 of General Assembly resolution 65/37. It has been prepared in consultation with the Office of Information and Communications Technology of the Secretariat.",
"Paragraphs 2 and 6 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B",
"2. Most of the various communication, data handling and information management needs can be better met through a unique website covering all aspects of the Regular Process. Accordingly, an appendix containing a possible amended specification of functions to be performed by a website of the Regular Process has been included in the present report.",
"3. As indicated in the appendix (para. 8 (a) to (c)), the inclusion of the virtual office in a separate system may be advantageous. Further discussions between the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the Regular Process and the Office of Information and Communications Technology have helped to demonstrate that the best way to manage the virtual office would be through a separate system.",
"4. The Office of Information and Communications Technology is updating facilities and services that could be made available to a virtual office. Urgent action was taken on the Quickr system, which is currently available, to better respond to the needs of the Panel of Experts. This system currently provides adequate support to the Group of Experts. The updated version of the system, to be available at the end of the third quarter of 2011, is expected to respond better to the needs of the Expert Group.",
"5. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) have prepared a proposal that could meet the needs of the Regular Process. UNEP and IOC have offered to create and maintain a specialized information portal to enable Member States to have access to key resources related to the Regular Process, including the Global and Regional Marine Environmental Assessment Database. UNEP and IOC have developed a prototype of this portal as part of the follow-up to the “assessment assessment” (see A/64/88). The Office of Information and Communications Technology assessed the specifications prepared by UNEP and IOC and should report on its evaluation at the second meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole, held on 27 and 28 June 2011.",
"6. With regard to communications between States and the secretariat of the Regular Process and the Group of Experts, it is suggested that they be made using the proposed “reserved” section of the website. To that end, it would be important for States to designate a focal point, as recommended in the “evaluation of assessments”[4]. Similar focal points could be established for intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council participating in the Regular Process. Arrangements for focal points could be established as soon as the proposed website begins to operate.",
"Paragraph 4 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B",
"7. Paragraph 4 of resolution 65/37 B had apparently the objective of giving the Expert Group the authority to submit requests for support for data and information management. However, the Group of Experts has not had to make formal requests in this regard. The activities of the secretariat of the Regular Process, the Office of Information and Communications Technology and UNEP and IOC seem to meet current needs.",
"Appendix",
"Possible revised specifications of the functions of a website for the Regular Process",
"1. This note is organized in descending access order, starting with the section open to anyone who has access to the Internet.",
"2. The public website and the reserved website, on the one hand, and the virtual office, on the other, may be located on different servers and use different systems, or be integrated into a single server.",
"3. All parts of the website (public, booked and virtual office), whatever the server they are, must have adequate security to prevent unauthorized access or interference, and have an appropriate service that creates backups at regular intervals.",
"4. It will be important to safeguard the integrity of the website to provide a complete permanent record of the way in which the Regular Process is carried out.",
"Public website (open to all)",
"5. The public website will contain:",
"(a) An introduction to the Regular Process and its working methods (only documents in hypertext marking language (HTML));",
"(b) Details of the Group of Experts and the secretariat of the Regular Process and the means of contact (only HTML documents);",
"(c) A calendar of events that are part of the Ordinary Process (html documents and downloadable documents in portable document format (PDF);",
"(d) A library section with access to all documents relating to the Regular Process, including:",
"(i) The relevant section of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation;",
"(ii) Relevant extracts from General Assembly resolutions;",
"(iii) Reports (or extracts of reports) of the Secretary-General;",
"(iv) Reports of the 2004 Expert Group and international seminars;",
"(v) Reports of the Ad Hoc Steering Group on “assessment assessment”;",
"(vi) The report on the “assessment assessment”;",
"(vii) Documents and reports relating to the meetings of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole;",
"(viii) Another background material.",
"All material in this section will be available in HTML format documents, downloadable documents in PDF format and text processing documents;",
"(e) A section with the financial details of the trust funds of the Regular Process, including contributions and expenditures (only HTML documents);",
"f) A section with approved documents setting out the outline of the first global integrated marine assessment and guidelines for authors and similar documents. All material in this section will be available in HTML format documents, downloadable documents in PDF format and text processing documents;",
"(g) A section with working papers and draft chapters for the first global integrated marine assessment that have been approved for public distribution. All material in this section will be available in HTML format documents, downloadable documents in PDF format and text processing documents;",
"(h) In due course, a section containing:",
"(i) The draft report of the first global integrated marine assessment;",
"(ii) A document containing comments on the draft first global integrated marine assessment report by counterparts and the responses of drafters/editors;",
"(iii) The final report of the first global integrated marine assessment;",
"All material in this section will be available in HTML format documents and downloadable documents in PDF format, but it is not necessary to be downloadable as a text processing document;",
"(i) A section on access to data and information based on working papers and draft chapters. This section should be in a position to include:",
"(i) Reports of seminars conducted for the purposes of the Regular Process;",
"(ii) A basic information database (metadata) on assessments that have been considered or used;",
"(iii) A bibliography of books, articles and other materials (such as databases) that have been used in the preparation of working papers or draft chapters. This bibliography should provide details on access to sites (such as Journal Storage (JSTOR) that store in electronic and permanent scientific journals;",
"(iv) Hyperlinks to websites where assessments, books, articles or other materials can be consulted;",
"(v) Files (in various formats) with information not elsewhere.",
"Reserved website (accessible only to members of the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the Regular Process, collaborators, focal points of national Governments and intergovernmental and correspondent organizations of non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council)",
"6. The reserved website will contain:",
"(a) A section for the organization of seminars that are part of the Regular Process. This section should have the capacity for HTML documents as well as documents in PDF and text processing formats that can be downloaded. Each seminar may have a separate subsection;",
"(b) An interactive section in which focal points and correspondents may raise questions or comment and that members of the Group of Experts or the secretariat of the Regular Process may answer questions or comments. In practice, this would be an internal “blog” for the Regular Process;",
"(c) A section to support the drafting of working papers and draft chapters. This section should facilitate the creation, access and amendment of working papers and draft chapters to the main drafters and their collaborators. Other entities with access to the reserved website may observe what is being done, but only those responsible for each working paper or draft chapter may create or amend text. It is essential that this section have the capacity to clearly and automatically identify the authors of the documents and amendments, keep a record of the dates on which the texts have been created or amended, and maintain a backup of the first versions of each document. It would also be very convenient that, while a person is working on a document, other individuals do not have access to it, at least for a reasonable period;",
"(d) In due course, a section to transmit to peer reviewers the draft chapters (probably during 2013), in two subsections:",
"(i) A section for consideration by States and intergovernmental organizations. In addition to the functions required for the section on working papers and draft chapters (see para. (c) above), the present section should provide for the possibility for reviewers (authorized by States or intergovernmental organizations) to add comments to the text of draft chapters, but without modifying the text. The system should show all comments on any paragraph or subparagraph along with the author ' s identity of those comments. The ban on reviewers to modify the text will help to prevent confusion and facilitate the final edition;",
"(ii) A section for peer review selected reviewers. Since there will be only a relatively small number of peers for each chapter, they will be able to amend the text of their chapter and add comments. With this caveat, the requirements will be the same as those of the section on working papers and draft chapters (see para. c) above).",
"7. In addition, the peer review section should:",
"(a) Keep track of the following:",
"(i) The titles, names and contact details of the authors of comments of States and intergovernmental organizations;",
"(ii) Tasks for selected peer reviewers and their titles, names and contact details;",
"(b) Automatically register the dates when reviewers comment and chapter editors act in response to them;",
"(c) Allow commentators and counterparts to exchange messages with chapter editors and provide that these messages are kept and linked to the relevant chapter;",
"(d) Keep copies of all comments and changes proposed;",
"(e) Automatically notify chapter editors of all the new material added and of the deadlines not fulfilled;",
"(f) Allow authors and reviewers to upload and download documents related to the review work, as required.",
"Virtual Office (accessible only to members of the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the Regular Process and representatives of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the Intergovernmental Maritime Organization, the United Nations Environment Programme, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, etc.)",
"8. The virtual office will contain:",
"(a) A section that allows those who have access to the virtual office to create, access and amend the documents in which it is working. It is essential that this section clearly and automatically identify the authors of documents and amendments and maintain a backup of the previous versions of each document. It is also highly desirable that, while a person is working on a document, other individuals do not have access to it, at least for a reasonable period;",
"(b) A section that allows the realization of several “conversations” in which all individuals with access to the virtual office can add their observations and read those of all others, without having to open each message separately. If possible, the system must have an element of synopsis that allows individuals with access to the virtual office to observe new contributions to “conversations” without having to open each “conversation” separately;",
"(c) A notification system indicating when new documents have been created and, if requested, when amendments have been made to existing documents.",
"Annex V",
"Report on the preliminary inventory of capacity-building needs for evaluations and types of experts required for seminars",
"1. The present report, prepared by the secretariat of the Regular Process with the assistance of the Group of Experts, responds to the request contained in paragraph 3 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B.",
"2. As requested, a preliminary inventory of existing opportunities and arrangements for capacity-building for evaluations is attached as appendix I, and as appendix II, a preliminary inventory of the types of experts required for the seminars.",
"3. There is currently no general inventory of opportunities and arrangements for capacity-building for evaluations and that information is not easy to obtain. Information contained in appendix I was prepared on the basis of the following sources:",
"(a) Study on available assistance and possible action by developing States to benefit from the effective and sustainable development of marine resources and ocean uses within their national jurisdiction (A/63/342);",
"(b) Compilation of sources of assistance available to developing States and capacity-building needs of those States, and provision of assistance for the conservation and management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks (ICSP8/UNFSA/INF.4/Rev);",
"(c) Report of the Secretary-General on oceans and the law of the sea (A/65/69);",
"(d) Report on the work of the 11^(a) meeting of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea (A/65/164).",
"Appendix I",
"Preliminary inventory of existing opportunities and arrangements for capacity-building for evaluation",
"A. International financial institutions and global organizations, programmes and funds",
"Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity",
"developing States All recipients",
"Form of Global Assistance",
"Area of assistance The information exchange mechanism of the Convention on Biological Diversity was established in accordance with article 18.3 of the Convention. In accordance with decision X/15 of the Conference of the Parties, the information-sharing mechanism will contribute significantly to the implementation of the Convention and its Strategic Plan for Biological Diversity 2011-2020, through effective information services and other appropriate means to promote and facilitate scientific and technical cooperation and the exchange of information and knowledge, and to establish a fully operational network of parties and partners. A list of priority activities has been defined and a description of the information services provided by the information exchange mechanism has been included in document UNEP/CBD/CHM/IAC/2010/1/3.",
"Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Resources",
"Special Fund for the Promotion of General Scientific Capacity",
"developing States All recipients",
"Form of regional assistance",
"Area of assistance The purpose of the Fund is to ensure wider participation in the work of the Scientific Committee of the Convention, to promote the distribution of the burden and to build capacity in the Committee and to assist in the collection, study and exchange of information on living marine resources to which the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Resources applies. The Fund will also serve to stimulate and promote cooperative research and collaboration in order to expand knowledge on the living marine resources of the Antarctic marine ecosystem.",
"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)",
"Assistance Fund under Part VII of the Agreement on the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982",
"Developing States All developing States that are Parties to the Agreement",
"Form of Global Assistance",
"Assistance area Facilitate the participation of developing States parties in meetings of organizations or arrangements and in meetings for the establishment of new regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements; capacity-building and human resource development; facilitation of the exchange of information and experience on the implementation of the Inter-State Agreement; technical assistance and training.",
"Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, contribution to the FishCode Trust Fund",
"developing States All recipients",
"Forms of Global/regional/national assistance",
"Support Area The FishCode Trust Fund funds activities to promote a better understanding and application of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries under the FishCode programme. In this context, the Swedish Agency provides: (a) expert working groups and consultations (at the global level); (b) special studies (global, regional and national); (c) regional capacity-building workshops; and (d) national technical assistance missions to promote, inter alia, the effective generation and use of fisheries statistics and information and more appropriate assessments of small-scale fisheries.",
"Assessment and monitoring of fisheries and ecosystems in the Sicily Strait (MedSudMed) (trust fund)",
"Recipient States include the national scientific institutions of the four participating countries (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Italy, Malta and Tunisia) working in regional research activities, as well as the fishing administrations of the participating Governments. The General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean also leverages the improved monitoring and information system.",
"Forms of Regional Assistance",
"Area of assistance The main objective of the project is to improve knowledge on fisheries resources and their ecosystems, as a contribution to the establishment of responsible fisheries management, supporting research activities related to interactions between demersal fish resources and small pelagic fish and biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Activities include: (a) review of knowledge and collection of scientific evidence on stocks (demersal and small pelagic fish) in the Sicily Strait and standardization of data collections and methods of data analysis; (b) joint cooperative studies at sea at the subregional level (eggs and fisheries identification, shared studies, resonance studies, trawling studies)",
"Coordination of support for fisheries management in the Western and Central Mediterranean (CopeMed II) (trust fund)",
"States receiving fisheries research institutions of the region and national management bodies of Algeria, Spain, France, Italy, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Malta, Morocco and Tunisia",
"Form of regional assistance",
"Area of assistance Support to fisheries administrations in the collection of data and information at the national and subregional levels (flotillas, capture, efforts, socio-economic data); provision of technical assistance and training to countries to meet their needs and priorities and strengthen their national capacity in fisheries sciences (organize meetings and seminars, prepare scientific documents, support annual research activities, etc.).",
"Ecosystem approach to marine fisheries – Nansen project “Strengthening the knowledge base to apply an ecosystem approach to marine fisheries in developing countries” (trust fund)",
"Developing States All, with emphasis on sub-Saharan Africa",
"Form of Global Assistance",
"Area of assistance Make known to partners the procedures and methods for monitoring and evaluating the properties of key ecosystems, including the development of a standardized data collection, sampling methods and an appropriate set of scientific indicators; increase the capacity at the scientific and management levels for the ecosystem approach of marine fisheries; provide advice on the use of national or regional research vessels, including coordinated coverage by local ships and other sources; planning.",
"United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)/World Bank/Regional development banks",
"Multilateral financing mechanism for the focal area of the GEF international water programme",
"developing States All recipients",
"Form of Global Assistance",
"Area of assistance The focal area of the GEF international water programme provides funding to help States address the issue of cross-border and shared water systems such as coasts and oceans, river basins and aquifer systems. GEF assistance has been provided for collaborative work by States sharing 19 large marine ecosystems that make up more than half of developing countries with such shared ecosystems. The trust fund of several billions of GEF is open to universal participation, which currently has 176 member countries, leverages a partnership between UNDP, UNEP, the World Bank, four regional development banks, FAO and UNIDO. These agencies have access to funds on behalf of developing countries and countries with economies in transition for activities that conform to the GEF operational strategy. Currently, 127 GEF recipient States and 21 industrial countries collaborate in the GEF Council; approved projects relate to large marine ecosystems and their coasts. Information on these projects is available on the GEF website on knowledge management on international waters: www.iwlearn.net.",
"International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)",
"IHO Capacity Building Fund",
"developing States All recipients",
"Form of Global Assistance",
"Area of assistance Supplying the necessary assistance to States where lack of hydrographic capacities undermines, inter alia, the protection of the marine environment. The capacity-building fund supports major categories of capacity-building activities, i.e.: (a) technical assistance: support for technical visits to member States to assess hydrographic studies, the preparation of nautical charts and the status of nautical information; guidelines for the development of local hydrographic capacities and/or advice on related technical issues related to hydrographic projects; (b) training and education: support for the implementation of",
"Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)",
"IOC criteria and guidelines for the transfer of maritime technology",
"developing States All recipients",
"Form of Global Assistance",
"Area of assistance The programmes of the Commission on Education, Mutual Assistance and Training through Research provide training in developing countries that seek to build capacity to resolve national priorities. The Advisory Body of Experts on the Law of the Sea agreed to provide assistance to member States and to establish cooperation among them in marine scientific research projects, with particular attention to capacity-building. The Commission has also established an information-sharing mechanism to assist interested developed and developing countries seeking appropriate partnerships for technology transfer. The Commission ' s International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange Service facilitates the exchange of oceanographic data and information among participating member States and meets the needs of data users and information products. Online access to environmental research, a public-private international consortium coordinated by UNEP, Yale University and major scientific and technological publishing houses, also allows developing countries to gain access to research on environmental sciences.",
"International Seabed Authority",
"Fund for marine scientific research in the Area",
"All States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea",
"Form of Global Assistance",
"Area of assistance With regard to marine scientific research in the Area, the Authority has focused on capacity-building mainly through the establishment of the Marine Scientific Research Endowment Fund in the Area, which supports the participation of scientists and qualified technical staff from developing countries in cooperative international marine scientific research programmes. The Fund has facilitated capacity development by providing training and technical assistance.",
"Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)",
"Reporting system by creditor countries and annual aggregate database of the Development Assistance Committee.",
"developing States All recipients",
"Form of Global Assistance",
"Area of assistance The Committee monitors the assistance of bilateral and multilateral donors and other resources flowing to developing countries in two separate databases: the annual aggregate database, which provides detailed data on volume, origin and types of assistance and other resource flows; and the notice system by creditor countries, which provides detailed information on individual assistance activities, such as sectors, countries, project descriptions, etc.",
"Appendix II",
"Preliminary inventory of types of experts required for seminars",
"1. The secretariat of the Regular Process and the Group of Experts have considered the types of experts that could make significant contributions to the seminars to be held in support of the Regular Process and carry out the first integrated assessment of the marine environment at the global level.",
"2. It has been recognized that all experts in any of the fields covered by the evaluation outline could make useful contributions to the outcomes of a seminar. It would also be important to ensure the participation of experts in environmental sciences and in social and economic sciences.",
"3. Significant contributions are expected, in particular, from experts who have participated in leadership roles in most recent comprehensive assessments in the marine area covered by a seminar.",
"4. In addition, it would be particularly useful for experts participating in a workshop to cover as many areas as possible:",
"(a) Oceanography, meteorology (including climate change in terms of oceans), oceanic chemistry and marine geology;",
"(b) Marine biology and biological oceanography (primary production);",
"(c) Assessment and management of fish and seafood stocks;",
"(d) Planning, management and development of fisheries and aquatic crops, and dependent communities;",
"(e) Planning and development of maritime transport, port management and installation of submarine pipes and cables;",
"(f) Maritime security;",
"(g) Monitoring and evaluation of coastal, river and atmospheric inputs to the seas and dumping at sea;",
"(h) Exploration and use of mineral and offshore oil resources (including aggregates);",
"(i) Planning and development of wind, undimotriz and mareomotriz energy;",
"(j) Coastal planning and development (including urbanization and urban and rural planning and zoning);",
"(k) Monitoring and evaluation of marine species, habitats, ecologically and biologically sensitive areas and vulnerable marine ecosystems (including economic ecosystems);",
"(l) Designation and management of marine protected areas;",
"(m) Experience in imported marine pests;",
"(n) Experience in marine genetic resources;",
"(o) Economic aspects of marine resources;",
"(p) Economic and social aspects of marine industries, including tourism and the use of oceans for recreation purposes.",
"Annex VI",
"Possible outline of the first integrated assessment[5] of the global state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects",
"Note: This document is transmitted for information purposes only. It contains revisions suggested by the Group of Experts and the Regular Process and requires further consideration by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole at its next meeting.",
"Part I Summary for decision makers",
"The main report will not be followed in this part, but the most important conclusions will be highlighted. Efforts will be made to highlight:",
"(a) The way in which the evaluation has been conducted;",
"(b) The overall assessment of the scale of human impact on oceans;",
"(c) The main threats to the marine environment and economic and social human well-being;",
"(d) Capacity-building needs and approaches that are effective in meeting those needs;",
"(e) The most serious gaps in knowledge and possible ways to fill them.",
"Part II The context of the evaluation",
"Chapter 1 The planet, oceans and life",
"This chapter will contain a comprehensive introductory study of the role of oceans and seas in the life of the planet, the way they work and their relationships with human beings. It will be supported by at least two working papers summarizing the following:",
"1.A. Human population in coastal areas, including major cities in coastal areas and forecast changes.",
"The material included in this heading will seek to take advantage of the work done for the United Nations global demographic forecasts.",
"1.B. The impact of human beings on coastal areas: the extent to which human activities on land create pressure on marine and coastal ecosystems.",
"The relevant material could include the proportion of land in coastal collectors used for intensive agriculture in different parts of the world, the intensity of industrial and urban development in coastal collectors, and the proportion of the coast that is transferred to urban development.",
"Chapter 4 Mandate, sources of information and methods of work",
"4.A. Objectives, scope and mandate of the Regular Process, agreed by the General Assembly.",
"4.B. General issues relating to the collection of environmental, economic and social data relating to oceans and seas and their use by human beings, including the aggregation and analysis of information and data at the national, regional and global levels, the quality assurance of data and access to information.",
"4.C. Description of agreed procedures for conducting the first integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment at the global level, and how these procedures have been implemented, including the approach of the science/policy interface, the selection of contributions, the options adopted for establishing baselines, the description and categorization of uncertainties and the quality assurance of data.",
"Part III Assessment of the main systemic services of the marine environment (other than supplying)[6]",
"The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change will be greatly leveraged in several chapters of this part. The objective would be to use the work of the Panel and not duplicate or question it.",
"Chapter 5 The role of oceans in the hydrological cycle",
"5.A. The interaction between saltwater and fresh water segments of the hydrological cycle: the rate of movements and their changes; fresh water flows in the sea and their integration with it, including the effects on the marine environment of changes in those flows as a result of changes in glaciers and the continental ice blanket, and anthropogenic changes in those flows (e.g., the construction of dams or increases in the sealing level);",
"5.B. Environmental, economic and social consequences of ocean warming, sea-level changes, including the implications of sea-level rise for security and consequences for low countries, and anthropogenic and other changes in freshwater flows.",
"5.C. Chemical composition of sea water: salinity and nutrients, content of the different bodies of water; changes in salinity and nutrient content.",
"5.C.bis. Environmental, economic and social consequences of changes in salinity and nutrient content.",
"5.D. The role of oceans in thermal transport: ocean warming; the overall influence of oceans on surface temperature and circulation patterns; ocean oscillations; El Niño and similar phenomena.",
"5.E. Environmental, economic and social effects of changes in ocean temperature and major thermal phenomena of the oceans.",
"Chapter 6 Sea and Air Interaction",
"6.A. The role of oceans in the regulation of atmospheric flows and the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide (oxygen production, carbon dioxide abduction): the role of oceans and seas as carbon dioxide sinks; issues related to the maintenance or enhancement of that function.",
"6.B. Weather phenomena related to the oceans: hurricanes and typhoons, monsoon rains, winds.",
"6.C. Environmental, economic and social implications of weather trends, including changes in the frequency and intensity of storms, effects on ice-covered seas for much of the year and dependent communities, and consequences for small island developing States.",
"6.D. Ocean acidification: degree and extent of ocean acidification resulting from human activities.",
"6.E. Environmental, economic and social implications of trends in ocean acidification (with reference to part IV on food security).",
"Chapter 7 Primary production, nutrient cycle, surface layer and plankton",
"7.A. Global distribution of primary production: the reasons for current distribution; factors affecting the nutrient cycle and the variability and resistance of the food network base; known and expected changes, including changes in ultraviolet radiation from ozone layer problems.",
"7.B. Surface layer and plankton: surface layer function; factors that influence it; variations in plankton species.",
"7.C. Environmental, economic and social consequences of trends in primary production and other factors affecting the inherent variability and resistance of the food network base (with reference to part IV on food security).",
"Chapter 7 bis Production of ocean carbonates",
"The role of carbonate production from oceanic sources in the formation of atolls and beaches; possible effects of ocean acidification.",
"Chapter 8 The aesthetic, cultural, religious and spiritual services of marine ecosystems",
"Scale of human interactions with oceans and seas at aesthetic, cultural, religious and spiritual levels, including burials at sea, and ways in which such interactions can be affected by other changes. Reference will also be made to chapter 26 (tourism).",
"Chapter 8 bis Scientific understanding of ecosystem services",
"Overview of the state of scientific understanding of ecosystem services, including data collection, information management, differences between different parts of the world and research needs.",
"Chapter 9 Conclusions on major services provided by ecosystems other than supply services",
"Summary of key issues, including capacity-building needs and information gaps, as identified in chapters 5 to 8 bis.",
"Part IV Assessment of cross-cutting issues: food security",
"This part will make substantial use of the FAO assessment.",
"Chapter 10 Oceans and seas as food sources",
"Magnitude of dependence on human beings on oceans and seas as food sources and pressures exerting increased demand, variations between different parts of the world, and the extent to which some parts of the world rely on others for the supply of fish and seafood and the contribution of living marine resources to food security.",
"Chapter 11 Capture fishing",
"11.A. Commercial fishing and seafood stocks: current status of fish and seafood stocks that are the subject of commercial exploitation; scale of economic activity (recreational, artisanal and large-scale commercial fisheries)[7].",
"11.B. Other fish and seafood stocks: current status of fish and seafood stocks exploited by artisanal or subsistence fishing; importance as a livelihood; status of currently unexploded fish stocks.",
"11.C. Impact of catch fishing (large-scale, artisanal and subsistence fishing) on marine ecosystems, through the effects on the food network, by-catch (species, mammals, reptiles and seabirds), and different fishing gears and methods, including the effects of discards on other wildlife, and the effects of lost or abandoned fishing gears.",
"11.C.bis. Effects of pollution on living marine resources: possible effects of chemical and radioactive pollution on living marine populations used as food; consequences of potential threats of such pollution.",
"11.D. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing[8]: scale, location and effects on fish stocks. Effects of measures taken to prevent, discourage and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, including the FAO Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eradicate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing.",
"11.E. Regulatory approaches to the management of commercial catch fisheries: description of the main criteria and instruments, including economic measures; extension of the application of the different management criteria; typical implications for the marine environment and related economic activities of the measures taken under the different management criteria, including by-catch and waste issues; relation to the status of fish stocks.",
"11.F. Regulatory approaches to the management of artisanal and subsistence fisheries: descriptions of the main approaches and instruments; extent to which the different management criteria are applied; typical implications for the marine environment and related economic activities of the measures taken under the different management criteria; relation to the status of fish stocks.",
"11.G. Projections on the status of fish and seafood stocks for the next decade in the light of all relevant factors.",
"Chapter 12 Aquaculture",
"12.A. Scale and distribution of aquaculture: places where aquaculture activities are carried out; cultivated species; economic importance and contribution to food security.",
"12.B. Insumos and effects of aquaculture: demand for coastal space; demand for fish flour from catch fishing.",
"12.B.bis. Pollution from aquaculture: use of chemicals; interactions of populations escaped with wild populations.",
"12.C. Regulatory approaches to aquaculture management: descriptions of the main criteria and instruments; extent to which the different management criteria are applied; typical implications for the marine environment and related economic activities of the measures adopted under the different management criteria.",
"12.D. Projections of the role of aquaculture during the next decade taking into account all relevant factors.",
"12.E. Capacity-building needs for aquaculture management and monitoring their impact.",
"Chapter 12 bis Propagation of fish stocks",
"12.bis.A. Reconstitution of depleted stocks through marine farms and release of breeding fish.",
"12.bis.B. Transplants of living marine resources to different ecosystems.",
"12.bis.C. Effects of artificial propagation on marine ecosystems.",
"12.bis.D. Regulatory approaches applicable to the spread of fish stocks; scope of application; results.",
"12.bis.E. Capacity-building needs for managing the spread of fish stocks and monitoring their effects.",
"Chapter 13 Seaweeds and other marine foods",
"13.A. Scale, location of collection areas and importance of food derived from oceans and seas other than fish and seafood; projected development for the next decade.",
"13.B. Possible effects of seaweed harvesting and other marine foods.",
"13.C. Regulatory approaches to the collection of seaweeds and other marine foods; approaches and scope of application; gains achieved and undesirable effects.",
"13.D. Capacity-building needs to improve and manage the use of such foods and monitor the effects of harvesting on the marine environment.",
"Chapter 14 Social and economic aspects of fisheries",
"14.A. Relationship to human health: benefits and problems for marine food health, including possible supplementation of low-protein diets; chemical, toxic and bacteriological pollution; capacity-building needs to promote benefits and control problems.",
"14.B. Scale and importance of employment in fisheries and aquaculture: number of employed persons; ratio of remuneration to local average income; magnitude of fishermen ' s injuries compared to employees in other industries.",
"14.C. The role of fishing in the social structure: the role of fishers in local societies; the extent to which fishing is the only source of subsistence; the extent to which local societies depend on fishing and aquaculture.",
"14.E. Relations between catch zones, the ownership and exploitation of fishing vessels, cargo ports and distribution for consumption: the benefits that States (and economic operators based on them) derive from fishing and aquaculture in their territorial seas and exclusive economic zones; the States (and the economic operators based on them) that profit from fishing on the high seas and fishing in distant waters.",
"14.E.bis. Implementation of international fisheries agreements: need to introduce changes in fishing vessels and gears; need to train fishers; capacity-building needs to support implementation.",
"14.E.ter. Effects of market changes: increased long-range transport of fish and seafood discharged on land; ecological certification; effects of other ecological group campaigns.",
"14.F. Links with other industries: scale of economic activities that depend on fisheries and aquaculture, both in terms of equipment supply (especially ships) and product processing.",
"Chapter 15 Conclusions on food security",
"15.A. Summary of key issues, including capacity-building needs and information gaps, as identified in chapters 10 to 14.",
"15.B. Long-term development of marine-resourced foods; effects of climate change; effects of demographic changes; relation to changes in land-based food production.",
"Part V Assessment of other human and marine activities",
"Chapter 16 Maritime transport",
"16.A. Importance of transport in world trade: major transport routes; quantity of global trade being transported by sea; economic benefits for States with transport activities, including as flag States; projection of changes in the coming decade, including changes in transport possibilities in high latitudes as a result of changes in ice coverage.",
"16.B. Sea people: scale of employment; adequacy of training in relation to the protection of the marine environment; relationship between the income of seafarers with the average income; scale of seafarers' injuries compared to other types of employment.",
"16.C. Marine transport hazards: locations, scales and trends; pollution from maritime transport (supplying all forms of pollution regulated by the International Convention to Prevent Pollution by Ships ( MARPOL Convention), annexes I to VI, anti-incrustant treatments and noise); acoustic effects of transport on marine organisms; disasters of marine transport, including their long-term effects; mobility of invasive species in the sea;",
"16.C.bis. Economic impacts on maritime transport of marine environmental protection measures, including IMO conventions and other instruments.",
"16.D. Links with other industries and with trade: shipbuilding; ship dismantling; fuel tanks; insurance, charter and navigation services.",
"16.D.bis. Transport of radioactive substances by sea.",
"16.F. Regulatory approaches to maritime transport management: descriptions of major approaches (especially IMO conventions and other instruments); extent to which various management approaches are applied; typical implications for the marine environment and related economic activities of the measures taken under the various management approaches, including, but not limited to, special areas and particularly sensitive marine areas; law enforcement.",
"16.G. Necessities for capacity-building for the management of maritime transport and monitoring its impact, including the need to support the implementation of international conventions and other instruments.",
"Chapter 17 Ports",
"17.A. Scale and importance of port activities: location and traffic; projected growth, including changes in transport routes under heading 16.A.; economic benefits for port States.",
"17.B. Effects of the creation and maintenance of ports: port development scale; dredging for navigation purposes; management of the wastes of the ships, including the effects on the load regimes; pollution from the ships in the ports; new mobilization of the contaminants due to the dredging.",
"17.C. Regulatory frameworks for port management: description of the main criteria for controlling the effects of ports on the marine environment; extent to which such criteria are applied; expected benefits and undesirable effects; relationship with the shipping industry; relation to fisheries and international trade.",
"17.D. Port management capacity-building needs and monitoring their impact on the marine environment.",
"Chapter 18 Submarine pipes and cables",
"18.A. Scale, location and role of cables and cables: the role they play in international communications and the Internet; developments planned for the next decade; employment; links to other industries; economic benefits.",
"18.B. Possible contamination and physical damage of cables and pipes; during construction and installation; during use; after closing.",
"18.C. Regulatory frameworks for the management of cables and pipes by States, and cable and pipes under their jurisdiction: the extent to which these frameworks are applied; expected benefits and unwanted effects; interference with other uses of the oceans.",
"18.D. Capacity-building needs for cable management and cable ducting and the installation of pipes and for monitoring their impact on the marine environment.",
"Chapter 19 Contributions from land sources to shores, riverways and the atmosphere",
"19.A. Municipal wastewater, including the effects of major cities and cruise ships on ports: scale and degree of treatment; nature of the effects, both of direct and river inputs, including the effects on the microbiological quality of coastal waters, as well as the economic impact of adverse effects on water quality, especially on aquaculture and tourism; projected evolution for the next decade.",
"19.B. Industrial Downloads, including localized sources: hazardous substances, including persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals; hydrocarbons; nutrients; scale of loads (direct and fluvial deportations and atmospheric transport); degree of treatment; nature of the effects, including those affecting human health through the food chain; expected evolution for the next decade.",
"19.C. Agricultural runoffs and emissions: scale (direct and fluvial inputs and atmospheric transport of nutrients); nature of the effects; expected evolution for the next decade.",
"19.D. Eutrofization: combined effects of municipal, industrial and agricultural inputs, taking into account also the effects of turbidity in coastal waters and denitrification in estuaries; remission to effects on fish stocks and on the food network.",
"19.F. Contributions of radioactive substances from nuclear and non-nuclear industries; actual, potential and suspected effects of radioactive substances.",
"19.G. Regulatory framework for managing the impact of inputs from land sources: Global Programme of Action; regional conventions; national plans; set of criteria implemented; expected results and undesirable effects.",
"19.H. Capacity-building needs for wastewater management, industrial discharges and agricultural runoffs and monitoring of their effects on the marine environment.",
"Chapter 20 Hydrocarbon Industries[9] Inland Sea",
"20.A. Scale and importance of offshore hydrocarbon industries: location, scale of production and projected evolution for the next decade; economic benefits for States.",
"20.B. Effects of exploration, including seismic prospects: scale and projected evolution for the next decade.",
"20.C. Effects of production: projected scale and evolution, cutting stacks, chemicals used in sea, gas burning, water produced; discharges from the sewer systems of the installations.",
"20.D. Disasters in offshore facilities and their effects, including longer-term effects.",
"20.E. Closure.",
"20.G. Regulatory framework for the management of offshore hydrocarbon production facilities: approaches and scope of application; gains achieved and undesirable effects; training in the application of standards for the protection of the marine environment.",
"20.H. Capacity-building needs for the management of the interface between Governments and the offshore hydrocarbon industries and for monitoring the impact of hydrocarbon production facilities on the marine environment.",
"Chapter 21 Other marine-based energy industries",
"21.A. Scale of the generation of wind, undimotriz and mareomotriz; current and planned activities and forecasts.",
"21.B. Environmental benefits and effects of the generation of wind, undimotriz and mareomotriz.",
"21.C. Expected economic performance of the generation of wind, undimotriz and mareomotriz.",
"21.D. Regulatory frameworks for the management of offshore energy facilities other than hydrocarbons: approaches and scope of application; gains achieved and undesirable effects.",
"21.E. Building capacity for the planning and management of wind power generation, undimotriz and mareomotriz inland and monitoring of their impact on the marine environment.",
"Chapter 22 Marine Mining Industries",
"22.A. Scale and importance of sand and gravel extraction: environmental effects of sand and gravel extraction.",
"22.B. Economic benefits of sand and gravel extraction.",
"22.C. News in other extractive activities on the seabed: current situation and potential scale.",
"22.D. Regulatory framework for the management of offshore mining industries: approaches and scope of application; gains achieved and undesirable effects.",
"22.E. Building capacity for planning and management of offshore mining industries.",
"Chapter 23 Elimination of solid waste",
"23.A. Types and quantities of waste dumped at sea, including possible impacts on the marine environment; projected levels of dumping for the next decade.",
"23.B. Regulatory frameworks for the management of solid waste dumping: approaches and scope of application; gains achieved and undesirable effects.",
"23.C. Capacity-building needs for management of solid waste disposal at sea and monitoring of impacts on the marine environment.",
"Chapter 24 Marine wastes",
"24.A. The multiple causes of marine debris, including the lack of control of waste disposal on land, the lack of management of common wastes and wastes generated by ships on the beaches, and the scale and distribution of the problem.",
"24.B. Criteria for combating the production of marine wastes; scope of application; cases where progress has been made.",
"24.C. Capacity-building needs to combat and monitor marine waste production.",
"Chapter 25 Physical interaction between land and sea",
"25.A. Land recovery: scale and location of land recovery activities, habitat modification and affected habitats; regulatory approaches to land recovery and alteration management; scope of implementation; results.",
"25.B. Erosion of land by sea: economic and social costs of land erosion; effects on marine and coastal habitats of coastal defences, including beaches and protected islands; implications for small island developing States; cost of coastal defences; regulatory and management criteria for coastal defence; scope of application; results.",
"25.C. Changes in sedimentation: sedimentation in the marine environment as a result of erosion of land by rain and rivers; decline in marine sedimentation as a result of water management; effects of both types of changes in marine and coastal habitats, including estuaries, deltas and submarine cannons; regulatory approaches to control sedimentation changes; scope of application; results.",
"26.D. Capacity-building needs for the management of physical interaction between land and sea and for the monitoring of impacts on the marine environment.",
"Chapter 26 Tourism and recreation activities",
"26.A. Location and scale of tourism and recreation activities, including cruise ships: employment; economic benefits of tourism; economic benefits from the protection of marine biodiversity.",
"26.A.bis. Recreational activities and sport fishing and their effects on wildlife.",
"26.A.ter. Effects of recreation and tourism ships on sensitive marine areas.",
"26.B. Contribution from tourism to problems from sewage systems and pollution, including those from cruise ships (see also heading 19.A, Municipal wastewater).",
"26.C. Location and scale of other environmental impacts of tourism, including habitat disruption and destruction.",
"26.C.bis. Relationship between tourism and the protection of marine species and habitats (e.g. whale observation and whale sanctuary).",
"26.D. Regulatory approaches to the management of the environmental effects of tourism; scope of application; results.",
"26.E. Capacity-building needs for tourism management and monitoring of their impact on the marine environment.",
"Chapter 27 Disalination",
"Scale of desalination, its social and economic benefits and its environmental effects. Capacity-building needs for desalination.",
"Chapter 28 Use of marine genetic resources",
"28.A. Current topics, locations and scale of research and exploitation activities, including the use of marine genetic resources and related issues, such as intellectual property rights.",
"28.B. Regulatory approaches to research and exploitation of marine genetic resources in waters under the jurisdiction of States[10]; scope of application; results.",
"28.C. Capacity-building for research and exploitation of marine genetic resources and their management.",
"Chapter 29 Specific issues of defence activities relating to the marine environment",
"29.B. Acoustic impact of recurrent defence operations on marine life.",
"29.C. The scale of discharge at sea of discarded ammunition and problems resulting from the dumping of munitions and chemical weapons.",
"Chapter 30 Marine Scientific Research",
"30.A. Topics, scale and location of marine scientific research.",
"30.B. Regulatory approaches to marine scientific research; scope of application; results.",
"30.C. Capacity-building needs for marine scientific research, including technology transfer.",
"Chapter 31 Conclusions on other human activities",
"Summary of key issues, including capacity-building needs and information gaps, as identified in chapters 16 to 30.",
"Part VI Assessment of habitats and marine biodiversity",
"Chapter 31 bis Introduction",
"The purpose of this part is: (a) to provide an overview of marine biodiversity and what is known to it; (b) to review the situation, trends and threats to marine ecosystems, species and habitats that the competent authorities at the global, regional or national levels have considered threatened or declining or that for any other cause require protection; (c) to review regulatory and conservation management approaches, including the scope of their implementation and development)",
"Section AA – Overview of marine biodiversity",
"Chapter 31 ter Scale of marine biodiversity",
"Main gradients of diversity for species, communities and habitats (from abyssal coasters, from equatorials to polars, type of substrate, salinity).",
"Chapter 31 quater Scope of assessment of marine biodiversity",
"Proportion of major groups of species and habitats in the different marine regions that have been systematically assessed to determine their situation, trends and threats to them.",
"Chapter 31 quinquies General situation of major species and habitat groups",
"Summary by major group and marine region of the situation, trends and threats, including the cumulative impact of pressures, as indicated by these assessments.",
"Section A – Green and biologically sensitive areas and vulnerable marine ecosystems",
"These are types of areas and ecosystems that have already been identified as objects of special attention by a competent global organization, such as the General Assembly, the Convention on Biological Diversity or FAO",
"Chapter 32 Coral Reefs (and other biogenic reefs)",
"Types, locations, scale, situation and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"Chapter 33 Mangroves, marshes and other areas with macro-vegetation",
"Types, locations, scale, situation and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"Chapter 34 Marine seaweeds and marine breeding",
"Types, locations, scale, situation and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"Chapter 35 Seaweed Forests",
"Types, locations, scale, situation and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"Chapter 36 Submarine mountains, banks and seabed plateaus",
"Locations, scale, situation and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"Chapter 37 Hydrothermal breathing",
"Locations, scale, situation and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"Chapter 38 Other types of ecologically and biologically sensitive areas and vulnerable marine ecosystems",
"Types, locations, number and scale, situation and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"Section B - Other species and habitats considered threatened, declining or requiring protection",
"Chapter 40 Migratory marine species that depend on various regional ecosystems and are covered by agreements concluded under the Bonn Convention or other international agreements, including the conventions and arrangements of regional fisheries management organizations",
"40.A. Migratory marine mammals: distribution, number, situation and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"40.B. Sea turtles: distribution, number, situation and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"40.C. Highly migratory fish species: distribution, number, situation and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"40.D. Migratory marine birds: distribution, number, situation and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"Chapter 41 Other species that the competent authorities at the global, regional or national levels have considered threatened, in decline or in need of protection",
"For each species or group of species: distribution, number, situation and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"Chapter 42 Other habitats that the competent authorities at the global, regional or national levels have considered threatened, in decline or in need of protection",
"For each type of habitat or group of habitat types: distribution, area, situation and threats, including cumulative pressures.",
"Section B bis - Regulatory and management frameworks and capacity-building needs",
"Chapter 42 bis Regulatory and management frameworks",
"Regulatory and management frameworks and approaches to the conservation of species and habitats, including marine protected areas; scope of application; gains achieved and undesirable effects.",
"Chapter 42 ter Capacity-building needs",
"Capacity-building needs to identify the situation of species and habitats and to manage the conservation of protected species and habitats.",
"Section C - Summary Chapter 43",
"Summary",
"Summary of key issues, including capacity-building needs and information gaps, identified in chapters 31 bis to 42 ter.",
"Part VII. Overall assessment",
"Chapter 44 General assessment of human impacts on the oceans",
"44.A. Review of the implications of cumulative pressures on the overall situation of oceans and seas.",
"44.B. Assessments carried out with different methods used in the assessment of general human impacts on oceans and seas.",
"Chapter 45 General value of oceans for humans",
"Assessments, carried out with different methods, of the benefits of oceans to humans.",
"Appendix",
"Terminology",
"Terminology used to describe the main characteristics of ocean basins and related areas",
"1.A. Brief summary of the technical terms used to describe the main geological characteristics: closed and semi-closed areas; continental platforms and slopes; meso-oceanic dorsals; seamounts; coral reefs and other biogenic reefs; sedimentation; main estuaries; fjord and river areas; oceanic canyons; coastal geological structures, beaches, marine wetlands, mangroves and plains.",
"1.B. Brief summary of the technical terms used to describe the main characteristics of the water column: water bodies; thermohaline circulation; major ocean currents; deep-water formations (lower flows) and upward flows; stratification; acidification; ice cover.",
"Terminology used to describe rights and obligations in the oceans",
"This section will establish the definitions contained in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea for the terms (territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, etc.) used in the assessment, so that readers can understand its purpose.",
"[1] One delegation drew the attention of the meeting that a member of the Group of Experts was unable to attend the meeting because it was unable to obtain an entry visa on time.",
"[2] ^(a) The organization of a seminar may require an agreement between the host country and the United Nations.",
"[3] ^(a) See annex B to the set of options prepared in accordance with paragraph 212 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 of December 2010, which is available at www.un.org/Depts/los/global_reporting/set_of_options.pdf.",
"[4] ^(a) A/64/88, paras. 108 to 111. The focal point could be an appropriate national authority or institution, or a permanent mission in New York. States could also designate other contact points that could have access to the reserved part of the website, but it would be important for a single focal point clearly identified for communications with all States participating in the Regular Process.",
"[5] ^(a) In this context, “integrated” means the assessment of the effects of various individual disruption factors and the review of cumulative impacts on marine ecosystems, i.e., the general effects of multiple processes and activities that overlap in time and space.",
"[6] ^(b) The main supply service for oceans is that of food, which is treated in part IV (food security). Other supply services are dealt with in part V (other human activities that have effects on the marine environment).",
"[7] ^(c) See also chapter 26 (tourism) on recreation fishing.",
"[8] ^(d) According to the definition contained in the FAO International Plan of Action on Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing.",
"[9] ^(e) In the present chapter and in the following two chapters, the term “sea inside” covers all facilities in the marine environment, either in internal waters, territorial seas or exclusive economic zones.",
"[10] ^(f) Given the current status of discussions on marine genetic resources in relation to the high seas, there appears to be no justification for an assessment of regulatory approaches in this area."
] |
[
"Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones",
"* A/66/150.",
"Tema 82 del programa provisional*",
"Informe del Comité Especial de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y del Fortalecimiento del Papel de la Organización",
"Repertorio de la práctica seguida por los órganos de las Naciones Unidas y Repertorio de la práctica seguida por el Consejo de Seguridad",
"Informe del Secretario General",
"Resumen",
"De conformidad con la resolución 65/31 de la Asamblea General, en el presente informe se describen los progresos logrados por la Secretaría en la puesta al día del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por los órganos de las Naciones Unidas y del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por el Consejo de Seguridad desde el informe anterior (A/65/214). Se invita a la Asamblea a que adopte medidas a la luz de las conclusiones formuladas en los párrafos 14 y 27 del presente informe.",
"I. Introducción",
"1. El presente informe se ha preparado en cumplimiento de la resolución 65/31 de la Asamblea General. En el párrafo 9 de la resolución, la Asamblea encomió al Secretario General por los progresos logrados en la preparación de los estudios del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por los órganos de las Naciones Unidas, y en particular por haber aprovechado en mayor medida el programa de pasantías de las Naciones Unidas y haber ampliado la cooperación con instituciones académicas a ese fin, así como por los progresos logrados en la puesta al día del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por el Consejo de Seguridad. En el párrafo 10, la Asamblea observó con aprecio las contribuciones de los Estados Miembros al fondo fiduciario para poner al día la publicación del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por el Consejo de Seguridad y al fondo fiduciario para eliminar el retraso en la publicación del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por los órganos de las Naciones Unidas; y, en el párrafo 11, la Asamblea reiteró su llamamiento para que se aportaran contribuciones voluntarias a esos fondos fiduciarios y a que se patrocinaran voluntariamente y sin costo alguno para las Naciones Unidas los servicios de expertos asociados que ayudaran a poner al día ambas publicaciones. En el párrafo 12, la Asamblea exhortó al Secretario General a que prosiguiera sus esfuerzos para poner al día los dos repertorios y para que estuvieran disponibles en formato electrónico en todos los idiomas correspondientes, y a que abordara en particular el retraso en la preparación del volumen III del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por los órganos de las Naciones Unidas. En el párrafo 13, la Asamblea reiteró que el Secretario General era responsable de la calidad de las dos publicaciones y, con respecto al Repertorio de la práctica seguida por el Consejo de Seguridad, exhortó al Secretario General a que continuara ajustándose a las modalidades esbozadas en los párrafos 102 a 106 del informe del Secretario General de 18 de septiembre de 1952 (A/2170). Por último, en el párrafo 14, la Asamblea solicitó al Secretario General que le presentara, en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, un informe sobre el Repertorio de la práctica seguida por los órganos de las Naciones Unidas y el Repertorio de la práctica seguida por el Consejo de Seguridad.",
"II. Repertorio de la práctica seguida por los órganos de las Naciones Unidas",
"A. Preparación de los Suplementos del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por los órganos de las Naciones Unidas",
"2. Desde el informe anterior (A/65/214), se han registrado avances significativos en la preparación de los estudios correspondientes a los Suplementos que estaban atrasados. Han concluido todos los estudios destinados a los volúmenes II y VI de los Suplementos núms. 7, 8 y 9. Entre ellos figuran los estudios sobre el Artículo 17 para el volumen II de los Suplementos núms. 7, 8 y 9; un estudio sobre el Artículo 11 para el volumen II del Suplemento núm. 9; los estudios sobre el Artículo 13 para el volumen II de los Suplementos núms. 8 y 9; los estudios sobre los Artículos 97, 98 y 101 para el volumen VI de los Suplementos núms. 8 y 9; y los estudios sobre los Artículos 99 y 103 para el volumen VI del Suplemento núm. 9. La Secretaría ha entregado el volumen II de los Suplementos núms. 7 y 8 y en breve entregará el volumen II del Suplemento núm. 9 y el volumen VI de los Suplementos núms. 8 y 9 para que se traduzcan y publiquen.",
"3. Teniendo en cuenta que en el párrafo 12 de su resolución 65/31, la Asamblea General exhortó al Secretario General a que abordara en particular el retraso en relación con el volumen III del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por los órganos de las Naciones Unidas y tras las conversaciones mantenidas con la División de Codificación de la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos (véase párr. 13 infra), que actúa como coordinador de esta publicación, la División de Asuntos del Consejo de Seguridad del Departamento de Asuntos Políticos preparó los estudios sobre los Artículos 23 1), 25, 27, 29, 31, 32 y 33 2) para que se incluyeran en el volumen III de los Suplementos núms. 7, 8 y 9 (1985-1999). Estos estudios introducen los correspondientes al Repertorio de la práctica seguida por el Consejo de Seguridad y ofrecen enlaces con ellos. Se pretende que estos enlaces permitan dejar de elaborar los estudios del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por los órganos de las Naciones Unidas cuando se solapen con los del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por el Consejo de Seguridad. Un único estudio para cada una de las disposiciones de la Carta anteriormente indicadas abarca el período completo cubierto por los tres Suplementos.",
"4. También se han logrado avances significativos en la preparación de los estudios para el Suplemento núm. 10 (2000-2009). Durante el período a que se refiere el informe, se prepararon los siguientes estudios adicionales con ayuda de pasantes o en colaboración con instituciones académicas:",
"a) Un estudio sobre los Artículos 1 1), 1 3), 1 4), 2 1), 2 2), 2 3) y 2 5), así como estudios sobre los Artículos 1 2), 2 6), 4 y 7 para el volumen I;",
"b) Estudios sobre los Artículos 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 20, 21 y 22 para el volumen II;",
"c) Estudios sobre los Artículos 55 a) y b) y 57 para el volumen IV;",
"d) Estudios sobre los Artículos 86, 89, 90 y 91 para el volumen V;",
"e) Estudios sobre los Artículos 96, 98 y 102 para el volumen VI.",
"5. El estado actual de la publicación es el siguiente: se han publicado 28 volúmenes[1] y se han terminado 8 volúmenes, que se han entregado para que se traduzcan y publiquen[2]. Pronto se entregarán para su traducción y publicación cinco volúmenes terminados[3]. Por consiguiente, de los 50 volúmenes de que debería constar la publicación en su conjunto (el Repertorio original y sus Suplementos), se sigue trabajando en 9 volúmenes, 6 de los cuales corresponden al Suplemento núm. 10 y abarcan el período más reciente que puede examinarse. El trabajo sobre estos volúmenes se encuentra en diferentes etapas de preparación (véase párr. 4 supra). Los otros tres volúmenes en que se sigue trabajando corresponden al volumen III de los Suplementos núms. 7, 8 y 9.",
"6. En el anexo I del presente informe se describen las responsabilidades de las diversas dependencias de la Secretaría en lo que respecta a la preparación de los estudios del Repertorio sobre distintos Artículos de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas. En el anexo II se proporciona información sobre el estado de la preparación del Repertorio.",
"B. Posibilidad de consultar los estudios del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por los órganos de las Naciones Unidas en Internet",
"7. En el sitio web de las Naciones Unidas dedicado al Repertorio (www.un.org/law/repertory) están disponibles los estudios recogidos en 41 volúmenes completos, incluidos los 13 volúmenes en proceso de publicación. Además, siguen estando disponibles en el sitio web las versiones anticipadas de varios estudios sobre diferentes Artículos para el volumen III de los Suplementos núms. 7, 8 y 9, así como varios estudios para el Suplemento núm. 10 que se han terminado y están a la espera de que se ultimen los volúmenes respectivos. La versión electrónica del Repertorio dispone de un sistema de búsqueda en todo el texto que ofrece al usuario la oportunidad de encontrar instantáneamente en todos los estudios cualquier palabra o combinación de palabras en los tres idiomas de la publicación, a saber, español, francés e inglés.",
"8. En la actualidad, todos los estudios disponibles en inglés pueden consultarse en Internet y la mayoría de ellos también están disponibles en español y francés. Los estudios finalizados en espera de publicación figuran en Internet en el idioma en que se han preparado (en inglés la mayoría de ellos y algunos en francés). La Secretaría seguirá publicando en formato electrónico las versiones en los tres idiomas de los estudios del Repertorio que se hayan terminado.",
"C. Cooperación con instituciones académicas",
"9. La tradicional cooperación con la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Columbia continuó por octavo año consecutivo. En total, ocho estudiantes contribuyeron a la preparación de nueve estudios para los volúmenes I, II, IV y VI del Suplemento núm. 10[4]. La cooperación con la Universidad de Ottawa, iniciada el año anterior, fue un éxito: seis estudios correspondientes al Suplemento núm. 10 fueron preparados por un equipo de estudiantes avanzados de la Universidad[5]. Asimismo, se terminó un estudio para el volumen VI del Suplemento núm. 9 en colaboración con la Universidad de Ginebra[6].",
"D. Fondo fiduciario",
"10. En su resolución 65/31, la Asamblea General reiteró su llamamiento para que se aportaran contribuciones voluntarias al fondo fiduciario establecido de conformidad con la resolución 59/44, a fin de eliminar el retraso en la publicación del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por los órganos de las Naciones Unidas. En consecuencia, se envió una nota verbal a todas las misiones permanentes ante las Naciones Unidas en la que se les recordaba la posibilidad de realizar contribuciones voluntarias al fondo fiduciario y se les invitaba a que señalaran la cuestión de la financiación del Repertorio a la atención de las instituciones privadas y de particulares que pudieran prestar asistencia a ese respecto. El Secretario General agradece la contribución de 6.929 dólares hecha por Irlanda al fondo fiduciario.",
"11. También se está considerando la posibilidad de seguir utilizando los servicios de consultores para preparar estudios correspondientes a los volúmenes que están a punto de terminarse. Se alienta encarecidamente a que se hagan contribuciones adicionales al fondo fiduciario para permitir que la Secretaría elimine efectivamente el retraso en la publicación del Repertorio.",
"E. Recomendaciones del Comité Especial de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y del fortalecimiento del papel de la Organización",
"12. El Comité Especial de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y del fortalecimiento del papel de la Organización examinó la cuestión del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por los órganos de las Naciones Unidas y el Repertorio de la práctica seguida por el Consejo de Seguridad en el período de sesiones que celebró del 28 de febrero al 4 de marzo y del 7 al 9 de marzo de 2011. En su informe (A/66/33, párr. 63), el Comité Especial recomendó, entre otras cosas, con respecto al Repertorio de la práctica seguida por los órganos de las Naciones Unidas que la Asamblea General encomiara al Secretario General por los progresos conseguidos en la preparación de los estudios, y en particular por haber aprovechado en mayor medida el programa de pasantías de las Naciones Unidas y haber ampliado la cooperación con las instituciones académicas a ese fin; observara con reconocimiento las contribuciones de los Estados Miembros al fondo fiduciario para eliminar el retraso en la publicación del Repertorio; reiterara su llamamiento para que se aportaran contribuciones voluntarias al fondo fiduciario a fin de seguir ayudando a la Secretaría a eliminar efectivamente ese trabajo acumulado, y para que se patrocinaran voluntariamente y sin costo alguno para las Naciones Unidas los servicios de expertos asociados que ayudaran a poner al día la publicación; exhortara al Secretario General a proseguir sus esfuerzos para poner al día la publicación y para que estuviera disponible en formato electrónico en todos los idiomas correspondientes; expresara su gran preocupación por que no se hubieran realizado progresos en la reducción del retraso en la preparación del volumen III del Repertorio y exhortara al Secretario General a atender esa cuestión eficazmente y de manera prioritaria; y reiterara que el Secretario General era responsable de la calidad del Repertorio.",
"F. Comité Interdepartamental del Repertorio sobre la Carta",
"13. En el cumplimiento del mandato de la Asamblea General relativo a la eliminación efectiva del retraso en la publicación del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por los órganos de las Naciones Unidas (resolución 65/31, párr. 11), el Comité Interdepartamental del Repertorio sobre la Carta, en la reunión que celebró el 17 de febrero de 2011, siguió estudiando posibilidades de nuevos enfoques que podrían aplicarse en la preparación de los estudios correspondientes a los volúmenes atrasados. En una reunión de seguimiento celebrada el 11 de marzo de 2011 entre la División de Codificación, en calidad de coordinadora del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por los órganos de las Naciones Unidas, y la División de Asuntos del Consejo de Seguridad, se acordó que se fusionaran los estudios que debían prepararse para el volumen III de los Suplementos núms. 7, 8 y 9 y que en ellos se proporcionaran enlaces con los estudios pertinentes del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por el Consejo de Seguridad (véase párr. 3 supra). También se acordó que se hiciera todo lo posible por eliminar el retraso en la publicación del volumen III, incluso mediante el uso de pasantes y la cooperación con instituciones académicas.",
"G. Conclusiones",
"14. Con respecto al Repertorio de la práctica seguida por los órganos de las Naciones Unidas, a la luz de lo que antecede, tal vez la Asamblea General desee:",
"a) Observar el estado actual de la publicación, incluidos los progresos realizados en la elaboración de los estudios del Repertorio y su publicación en Internet en tres idiomas (español, francés e inglés);",
"b) Examinar las recomendaciones formuladas por el Comité Especial (véase párr. 12 supra) relativas al mayor uso del programa de pasantías de las Naciones Unidas y a la intensificación de la cooperación con instituciones académicas para la preparación de los estudios; las contribuciones voluntarias al fondo fiduciario para eliminar el retraso en la publicación del Repertorio, de manera que se siga respaldando a la Secretaría en su labor de eliminar efectivamente ese retraso; el patrocinio voluntario y sin costo alguno para las Naciones Unidas de los servicios de expertos asociados que ayuden a poner al día la publicación; el llamamiento al Secretario General para que prosiga sus esfuerzos para poner al día la publicación, continúe atendiendo eficazmente y de manera prioritaria la eliminación del retraso en la publicación del volumen III del Repertorio y que la publicación pueda consultarse electrónicamente en todos los idiomas correspondientes; y la reiteración de que el Secretario General es responsable de la calidad del Repertorio;",
"c) Expresar agradecimiento por las contribuciones hechas al fondo fiduciario para la eliminación del retraso en la publicación del Repertorio; tomar nota de los progresos realizados con miras a la eliminación del retraso mediante la utilización del fondo fiduciario; y alentar encarecidamente a los Estados a que hagan nuevas contribuciones al fondo fiduciario.",
"III. Repertorio de la práctica seguida por el Consejo de Seguridad",
"A. Mandato y preparación",
"15. El Repertorio de la práctica seguida por el Consejo de Seguridad, cuya preparación encomendó inicialmente la Asamblea General en su resolución 686 (VII), de 5 de diciembre de 1952, sigue constituyendo un registro de la evolución de la práctica y los procedimientos del Consejo de Seguridad en el marco de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y el reglamento provisional del Consejo. Recientemente, en su resolución 65/31, la Asamblea General exhortó al Secretario General a proseguir sus esfuerzos para poner al día el Repertorio y para que estuviera disponible en formato electrónico en todos los idiomas correspondientes.",
"16. De conformidad con el mandato establecido por la Asamblea General, la Secretaría ha realizado importantes progresos en la preparación de los Suplementos del Repertorio desde el informe anterior (A/65/214). Con arreglo al enfoque de dos niveles, que permite la preparación simultánea de dos o más Suplementos, durante el año transcurrido la Secretaría se concentró en los Suplementos núms. 15 y 16 del Repertorio, que abarcan el período comprendido entre 2004 y 2007 y los años 2008 y 2009, respectivamente, en el contexto de las modalidades expuestas en los párrafos 102 a 106 del informe del Secretario General de 18 de septiembre de 1952 (A/2170).",
"17. La terminación del Suplemento núm. 14 (2000-2003) ha permitido que la Secretaría centre todos sus esfuerzos en la práctica contemporánea, es decir, la seguida por el Consejo de Seguridad desde 2004. Se ha terminado íntegramente el Suplemento núm. 15 (2004-2007), que puede consultarse electrónicamente en el sitio web del Repertorio en su versión anticipada.",
"18. Durante el año transcurrido también se ha avanzado mucho en la preparación del Suplemento núm. 16, que abarca un período más breve, de dos años (2008 y 2009). Prosigue el trabajo sobre todas las partes y se prevé que se termine a finales de 2011. Los estudios correspondientes a la parte que contiene una relación cronológica del examen de los temas de que se ocupa el Consejo de Seguridad ya se pueden consultar electrónicamente en una versión anticipada en el sitio web del Repertorio.",
"19. A la vista de los avances registrados en la terminación del Suplemento núm. 16, la Secretaría ha empezado a trabajar en el Suplemento núm. 17, que abarca los años 2010 y 2011. Las bases para la preparación de ese Suplemento se fueron sentando sistemáticamente durante el año pasado mediante el seguimiento y registro de la práctica contemporánea del Consejo de Seguridad en bases de datos internas. Sin embargo, el avance en la preparación de ese Suplemento dependerá de la dotación de personal de la Subdivisión de Investigaciones sobre las Prácticas del Consejo de Seguridad y sobre la Carta de la División de Asuntos del Consejo de Seguridad y de que se disponga ininterrumpidamente de recursos, cuestión que se vuelve a examinar en el párrafo 26 infra.",
"20. Entretanto, ajustándose a las limitaciones de los recursos con los que cuenta, la Secretaría ha seguido preparando el Repertorio de la forma más rápida que permite la veracidad y el equilibrio, haciendo uso de diversas iniciativas de aumento de la eficiencia. Entre esas iniciativas figuran la capacitación especializada del personal; la creación de mecanismos mejorados para el intercambio de información y conocimientos; la simplificación de distintas partes del Repertorio con miras a reducir las repeticiones y superposiciones; la mejora de las bases de datos, incluidos los nuevos módulos sobre las decisiones y los mandatos del Consejo de Seguridad, a fin de registrar y poder recuperar el conjunto creciente de prácticas y procedimientos anteriores y actuales del Consejo de Seguridad y preparar cuadros y textos; y la actualización de directrices y modelos internos para aprovechar los conocimientos especializados del personal y garantizar la coherencia en la preparación del Repertorio.",
"21. La preparación simultánea de varios Suplementos voluminosos del Repertorio no ha dejado de entrañar problemas. Aunque la Secretaría, merced a diversas iniciativas, ha logrado avances en la puesta al día del Repertorio y el suministro a los Estados Miembros de información más actualizada sobre la práctica del Consejo de Seguridad, se ha enfrentado a problemas adicionales por lo que respecta a la revisión editorial, traducción, indización y publicación de los Suplementos. La Secretaría sigue examinando diversas opciones para hacer frente a las limitaciones existentes en cuanto a los recursos y los consiguientes retrasos en la publicación de los Suplementos. Mientras tanto, una de las opciones a que ha recurrido ha sido la publicación en el sitio web del Repertorio de los Suplementos terminados y de distintos capítulos de los Suplementos en preparación en versiones anticipadas.",
"B. Publicación anticipada: posibilidad de consultar los estudios del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por el Consejo de Seguridad en Internet",
"22. Para asegurar que los capítulos terminados se puedan utilizar plenamente, desde diciembre de 2010 la Secretaría ha remodelado completamente el sitio web del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por el Consejo de Seguridad, mejorando sus medios de búsqueda e incorporando una interfaz más fácil de usar, a fin de permitir un acceso más rápido al acervo de información relativa a la práctica del Consejo. En función de los fondos disponibles, la Secretaría también tratará de que se traduzca el sitio web a los restantes idiomas oficiales.",
"23. Con el fin de que el acceso a la información sea lo más rápido posible, la Secretaría ha publicado en su sitio web los capítulos ya terminados del Repertorio en una versión anticipada (véase el anexo III del presente informe). Aparte de los Suplementos ya publicados, se ha incluido en el sitio web una versión anticipada de todos los capítulos de los Suplementos núms. 13 a 15 (1996 a 2007) que todavía están sin publicar.",
"24. Además de la preparación del Repertorio, la Secretaría proporciona información, siempre que así se le pida, sobre cuestiones relacionadas con la práctica actual y pasada del Consejo de Seguridad y sus órganos subsidiarios. Durante el período que abarca este informe, la Secretaría respondió de manera puntual y fidedigna a comunicaciones y solicitudes de información, recibidas directamente o por conducto del sitio web del Repertorio, que le transmitieron Estados Miembros, así como funcionarios del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y funcionarios de otras organizaciones internacionales, organizaciones no gubernamentales, estudiantes, intelectuales, investigadores y entidades del sector privado. Dado el volumen de consultas en línea, la Secretaría estableció una cuenta especial de correo electrónico para atenderlas y alienta a los Estados Miembros a que dirijan sus preguntas a través de esa cuenta: [email protected].",
"C. Publicación en otros idiomas (en versiones impresa y electrónica)",
"25. En cumplimiento de la resolución 55/222 de la Asamblea General, en la que la Asamblea pidió al Secretario General que los Suplementos futuros del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por el Consejo de Seguridad se publicaran en los seis idiomas oficiales, los Suplementos núms. 10 y 11 se han publicado en todos los idiomas oficiales. Asimismo, los Suplementos núms. 12 (1993-1995), 13 (1996-1999) y 14 (2000-2003) se han entregado para que se traduzcan y publiquen en todos los idiomas oficiales; los volúmenes siguientes se entregarán tan pronto como estén terminados y editados. Además, la Secretaría seguirá haciendo todo lo posible por ofrecer en línea los volúmenes más recientes del Repertorio en los seis idiomas oficiales en cuanto estén disponibles.",
"D. Recursos",
"26. No se habría podido preparar y publicar el Repertorio de la práctica seguida por el Consejo de Seguridad, ni tampoco diseñar nuevamente su sitio web, sin el respaldo constante de la Asamblea General. Por otra parte, en un ambiente de dificultades financieras, las contribuciones voluntarias al fondo fiduciario destinado a poner al día el Repertorio siguen siendo un elemento importante para avanzar en la labor de este ámbito y para el mantenimiento del sitio web en los seis idiomas oficiales. La aportación de recursos extrapresupuestarios ha permitido a la Secretaría obtener los servicios de personal temporario que ayuda en la preparación del Repertorio y dedicarse simultáneamente a varios volúmenes de la publicación. Desde el informe anterior (A/65/214), se ha recibido una contribución de México al fondo fiduciario. Además, Alemania ha seguido patrocinando los servicios de un experto asociado en la Subdivisión de Investigaciones sobre las Prácticas del Consejo de Seguridad y sobre la Carta, que ha realizado contribuciones valiosas a la labor sobre el Repertorio y ha ayudado así a la Secretaría a aproximarse a su objetivo de poner al día la publicación. Puesto que el objetivo no se ha alcanzado aún plenamente, la Secretaría alienta a los Estados Miembros a que sigan apoyándola en su tarea de poner al día el Repertorio mediante contribuciones voluntarias al fondo fiduciario.",
"E. Conclusiones",
"27. Con respecto al Repertorio de la práctica seguida por el Consejo de Seguridad, a la luz de lo que antecede y de las recomendaciones formuladas por el Comité Especial de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y del fortalecimiento del papel de la Organización en el período de sesiones que celebró del 28 de febrero al 4 de marzo y los días 7 y 9 de marzo de 2011, tal vez la Asamblea General desee:",
"a) Observar los progresos realizados en la actualización del Repertorio, en particular mediante la utilización del fondo fiduciario para llevar a cabo esta labor;",
"b) Observar que se han aplicado medidas para aumentar la eficiencia a fin de agilizar la preparación simultánea de los Suplementos del Repertorio;",
"c) Observar que en el sitio web de las Naciones Unidas se siguen publicando versiones electrónicas del Repertorio en todos los idiomas;",
"d) Observar la mejora del sitio web del Repertorio y el fácil acceso que permite al acervo de información sobre la práctica del Consejo de Seguridad;",
"e) Expresar reconocimiento por las contribuciones realizadas al fondo fiduciario para poner al día el Repertorio y reiterar su petición de que se hagan contribuciones voluntarias al fondo fiduciario para llevar a cabo esta labor;",
"f) Observar con reconocimiento el apoyo prestado por Alemania al prorrogar voluntariamente el patrocinio de los servicios de un experto asociado para que ayude a preparar el Repertorio y alentar a otros Estados Miembros que estén en condiciones de hacerlo a que estudien la posibilidad de proporcionar asistencia de ese tipo.",
"Anexo I",
"Dependencias de la Secretaría a las que corresponde la responsabilidad primordial de preparar los estudios del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por los órganos de las Naciones Unidas sobre distintos Artículos de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas^(a)",
"Departamento Volumen del Repertorio \n Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos Volumen I: Artículos 1 a 7 \n\tVolumen II: Artículos 13 1) a),18, 19 y 22\n\tVolumen VI: Artículos 92 a 99, 102a 105 y 108 a 111\nDepartamento de AsuntosPolíticos\tVolumen II: Artículos 10, 12, 131) a), 14 y 16\n\tVolumen III: Artículos 23 a 39 y107\n\tVolumen V: Artículos 73 a 85, 87 y88\nDepartamento de Operaciones deMantenimiento de la Paz\tVolumen III: Artículos 40 a 54 y106\n Oficina de Asuntos de Desarme Volumen II: Artículo 11 \nDepartamento de la AsambleaGeneral y de Gestión deConferencias\tVolumen II: Artículos 9, 15, 20 y21Volumen IV: Artículos 60, 61, 623) y 4), 65 a 69 y 72\n Volumen V: Artículos 86 y 89 a 91 \n Departamento de Gestión Volumen II: Artículo 17 \n Volumen VI: Artículos 100 1) y 101\nDepartamento de Gestión yOficina de Asuntos Jurídicos\tVolumen VI: Artículo 100 2)\nDepartamento de AsuntosEconómicos y Sociales\tVolumen II: Artículos 8^(b) y 131) b) y 2)\n\tVolumen IV: Artículos 55 a) y b),57 a 59, 62 1), 63, 64, 70 y 71\nOficina del Alto Comisionado delas Naciones Unidas para losDerechos Humanos\tVolumen II: Artículo 13 1) b)Volumen IV: Artículos 55 c), 56 y62 2)\nOficina de Asuntos del EspacioUltraterrestre\tVolumen II: Artículo 13 1) a)",
"^(a) Esta distribución es el resultado de varias decisiones adoptadas por el Comité Interdepartamental del Repertorio sobre la Carta en diferentes momentos desde 1996 y puede ser modificada por el Comité.",
"^(b) El Departamento de Gestión (Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos) se encargó de la preparación del Artículo 8 hasta 1996 inclusive. A partir de 1997, esa función corresponde al Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales.",
"Anexo II",
"Estado de la preparación del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por los órganos de las Naciones Unidas (julio de 2011)",
"Volúmenes Estudios Estudios Estudios en publicados y entregados para disponibles en preparación disponibles en su publicación Internet o en revisión Internet (correspondientes a volúmenes no entregados para su publicación)",
"Nota: La organización de los estudios en los volúmenes indicados a continuación se refiere a los Suplementos núms. 6 a 10 y es distinta en el caso del Repertorio original y de los Suplementos núms. 1 a 5.",
"[TABLE]",
"Estudios preparados de 1954 a 1980",
"Estudios preparados de 1996 a 2011",
"Anexo III",
"Estado del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por el Consejo de Seguridad (julio de 2011)",
"Suplementos publicados y Versión Versión Partes en Investigación disponibles final anticipada preparación preliminar en Internet publicada en disponible en en marcha www.un.org/es/sc/repertoire Internet Internet",
"A. Estado de los Suplementos del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por el Consejo de Seguridad terminados",
"Repertorio Estado Idiomas \nRepertorio original ySuplementos I a IX(1946-1984) Francés e inglés\nSuplementos X y XI(1985-1992) Árabe, chino, español,francés, inglés yruso^(a)\nSuplemento XII (1993-1995) Inglés y traducción aotros idiomas en marcha\nSuplemento XIII (1996-1999) Inglés y traducción aotros idiomas en marcha\n Suplemento XIV (2000-2003) Inglés \n Suplemento XV (2004-2007) Inglés",
"B. Estado de los Suplementos del Repertorio de la práctica seguida por el Consejo de Seguridad en preparación",
"Partes (aspectos de procedimiento y aspectos constitucionales)\n I II II IV V VI VII VIII IX X Sinopsis Reglamento Propósitos y Relaciones Funciones y Arreglo Acciones con Acuerdos Órganos Órganos provisional principios con otros poderes del pacífico de respecto al regionales subsidiarios: subsidiarios: de la Carta órganos de Consejo de controversias quebrantamiento comités y otros mantenimiento las Naciones Seguridad de la paz órganos de la paz y Unidas consolidación de la paz",
"Suplemento XVI (2008-2009)",
"Suplemento XVII (2010-2011)",
"^(a) En cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en la resolución 55/222 de la Asamblea General, este y los próximos Suplementos del Repertorio se publicarán en todos los idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas.",
"[1] Repertorio de la práctica seguida por los órganos de las Naciones Unidas y Suplementos núms. 1 a 6 (1946-1984), con 26 volúmenes en total; y volúmenes V y VI del Suplemento núm. 7 (1985-1988).",
"[2] Volúmenes I y IV del Suplemento núm. 7 (1985-1988); y volúmenes I, IV y V de los Suplementos núms. 8 (1989-1994) y 9 (1995-1999).",
"[3] Volumen II del Suplemento núm. 7; y volúmenes II y VI de los Suplementos núms. 8 y 9.",
"[4] Estudios sobre los Artículos 4, 7, 22, 55 a), b) y c), 56, 57, 63 y 96 de la Carta.",
"[5] Un estudio sobre los Artículos 1 1), 1 3), 1 4), 2 1), 2 2), 2 3) y 2 5), así como estudios sobre los Artículos 1 2), 2 6), 10, 11 y 12 de la Carta.",
"[6] Estudio sobre el Artículo 103 de la Carta."
] | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"Item 82 of the provisional agenda*",
"Report of the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization",
"* A/66/150.",
"Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs and Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council",
"Report of the Secretary-General",
"Summary",
"In conformity with General Assembly resolution 65/31, the present report outlines the progress made by the Secretariat since the last report (A/65/214) in updating the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs and the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council. The Assembly is invited to take action in the light of the conclusions drawn in paragraphs 14 and 27 of the present report.",
"I. Introduction",
"1. The present report has been prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/31. In paragraph 9 of the resolution, the Assembly commended the Secretary-General for the progress made in the preparation of studies of the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs, including the increased use of the internship programme of the United Nations and further expanded cooperation with academic institutions for this purpose, as well as the progress made towards updating the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council. In paragraph 10, the Assembly noted with appreciation the contributions made by Member States to the trust fund for the updating of the Repertoire, as well as to the trust fund for the elimination of the backlog in the Repertory; and, in paragraph 11, the Assembly reiterated its call for voluntary contributions to those trust funds and the sponsoring, on a voluntary basis, and with no cost to the United Nations, of associate experts to assist in the updating of the two publications. In paragraph 12, the Assembly called upon the Secretary-General to continue his efforts towards updating the Repertory and the Repertoire and making them available electronically in all their respective language versions and to address, in particular, the backlog in the preparation of volume III of the Repertory. In paragraph 13, the Assembly reiterated the responsibility of the Secretary-General for the quality of the two publications and, with regard to the Repertoire, called upon the Secretary-General to continue to follow the modalities outlined in paragraphs 102 to 106 of his report of 18 September 1952 (A/2170). Finally, in paragraph 14, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report on both the Repertory and the Repertoire to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.",
"II. Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs",
"A. Preparation of supplements to the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs",
"2. Since the last report (A/65/214), significant progress has been made in the preparation of studies pertaining to Supplements that were in the backlog. All the studies in respect of volumes II and VI of Supplements Nos. 7, 8 and 9 have been completed. These include studies on Article 17 for volume II of Supplements Nos. 7, 8 and 9; a study on Article 11 for volume II of Supplement No. 9; studies on Article 13 for volume II of Supplements Nos. 8 and 9; studies on Articles 97, 98 and 101 for volume VI of Supplements Nos. 8 and 9; and studies on Articles 99 and 103 for volume VI of Supplement No. 9. The Secretariat has submitted volume II of Supplements Nos. 7 and 8 and will shortly submit volume II of Supplement No. 9 and volume VI of Supplements Nos. 8 and 9 for translation and publication.",
"3. Bearing in mind the call made upon the Secretary-General, in paragraph 12 of General Assembly resolution 65/31, to address, in particular, the backlog concerning volume III of the Repertory, and following discussions (see para. 13 below) with the Codification Division of the Office of Legal Affairs acting as coordinator for this publication, the Security Council Affairs Division of the Department of Political Affairs prepared studies on Articles 23 (1), 25, 27, 29, 31, 32 and 33 (2), for inclusion in volume III of Supplements Nos. 7, 8 and 9 (1985-1999). These studies introduce and provide links to the relevant studies of the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council. The links thus provided are intended to replace the elaboration of Repertory studies whenever there would be an overlap with the studies of the Repertoire. A single study for each of the above-mentioned provisions of the Charter addresses the entire period that is covered under the three Supplements.",
"4. Significant progress has also been achieved in the preparation of studies for Supplement No. 10 (2000-2009). During the reporting period, the following additional studies have been prepared with the assistance of interns or in collaboration with academic institutions:",
"(a) A study on Articles 1 (1), 1 (3), 1 (4), 2 (1), 2 (2), 2 (3) and 2 (5), as well as studies on Articles 1 (2), 2 (6), 4 and 7 for volume I;",
"(b) Studies on Articles 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 20, 21 and 22 for volume II;",
"(c) Studies on Articles 55 (a) and (b) and 57 for volume IV;",
"(d) Studies on Articles 86, 89, 90 and 91 for volume V;",
"(e) Studies on Articles 96, 98 and 102 for volume VI.",
"5. The current status of the publication is as follows: 28 volumes have been published[1] and 8 volumes have been finalized and submitted for translation and publication.[2] Five completed volumes will soon be submitted for translation and publication.[3] Consequently, from among the 50 volumes of which the publication as a whole (original Repertory and supplements thereto) should consist, work remains to be completed on 9 volumes; 6 of those volumes pertain to Supplement No. 10, covering the most recent reviewable period, and are at different stages of preparation (see para. 4 above). The other three volumes on which work remains to be completed correspond to volume III of Supplements Nos. 7, 8 and 9.",
"6. Annex I to the present report sets out the responsibilities of individual Secretariat units for the preparation of Repertory studies on individual Articles of the Charter of the United Nations. Annex II provides information on the status of the Repertory.",
"B. Availability of Repertory studies on the Internet",
"7. Studies from 41 complete volumes, including the 13 volumes in processing for publication, are available on the United Nations website for the Repertory (www.un.org/law/repertory). Advance versions of several studies on individual Articles for volume III of Supplements Nos. 7, 8 and 9, as well as several studies for Supplement No. 10 which have been finalized and are awaiting completion of the respective volumes, continued to be accessible on the website. The electronic version of the Repertory includes a full-text search feature, providing the users with the opportunity to search all the studies instantaneously for any word or combination of words in the three languages of the publication, namely English, French and Spanish.",
"8. Currently, all studies available in English are on the Internet, and most of them are also available on the Internet in French and Spanish. Finalized studies awaiting publication are placed on the Internet in the language in which they have been prepared (English for most of them, and French for some of them). The Secretariat will continue to make available electronically all three language versions of the finalized Repertory studies.",
"C. Cooperation with academic institutions",
"9. The well-established cooperation with Columbia University Law School continued for the eighth consecutive year. In total, eight students contributed to the preparation of nine studies relating to volumes I, II, IV and VI of Supplement No. 10.[4] The cooperation with the University of Ottawa, commenced during the preceding year, was successful: six studies pertaining to Supplement No. 10 were prepared by a team of advanced students from that University.[5] Furthermore, a study for volume VI of Supplement No. 9 was completed in collaboration with the University of Geneva.[6]",
"D. Trust fund",
"10. In its resolution 65/31, the General Assembly reiterated its call for voluntary contributions to the trust fund established pursuant to its resolution 59/44, in order to eliminate the backlog in the Repertory. Accordingly, a note verbale was sent to all permanent missions to the United Nations reminding them of the possibility of making voluntary contributions to the trust fund and inviting them to bring the question of funding for the Repertory to the attention of private institutions and individuals that might wish to assist in that regard. The Secretary-General welcomes with appreciation the contribution of $6,929 by Ireland to the trust fund.",
"11. The further use of consultants for the preparation of studies pertaining to volumes that are near completion is envisaged. Additional contributions to the trust fund are strongly encouraged so as to allow the Secretariat to carry out the effective elimination of the backlog in the Repertory.",
"E. Recommendations of the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization",
"12. The Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization considered the question of the Repertory and the Repertoire at its session held from 28 February to 4 March and on 7 and 9 March 2011. In its report (A/66/33, para. 63), the Special Committee recommended, inter alia, with regard to the Repertory, that the General Assembly commend the Secretary-General for the progress made in the preparation of studies, including the increased use of the internship programme of the United Nations and further expanded cooperation with academic institutions for this purpose; note with appreciation the contributions made by Member States to the trust fund for the elimination of the backlog in the Repertory; reiterate its call for voluntary contributions to the trust fund so as to further support the Secretariat in carrying out the effective elimination of that backlog, as well as the sponsoring, on a voluntary basis, and with no cost to the United Nations, of associate experts to assist in the updating of the publication; call upon the Secretary-General to continue his efforts towards updating the publication and making it available electronically in all its language versions; express its serious concern that no progress has been made in reducing the backlog in the preparation of volume III of the Repertory and call upon the Secretary-General to address this issue effectively and on a priority basis; and reiterate the responsibility of the Secretary-General for the quality of the Repertory.",
"F. Interdepartmental Committee on Charter Repertory",
"13. In the implementation of the General Assembly mandate concerning the effective elimination of the backlog (resolution 65/31, para. 11), the Interdepartmental Committee on Charter Repertory, at its meeting on 17 February 2011, continued to explore possibilities of new approaches in the preparation of studies concerning volumes that are in the backlog. At a follow-up meeting of 11 March 2011 between the Codification Division acting as coordinator for the Repertory and the Security Council Affairs Division, it was agreed that the studies to be prepared for volume III of Supplements Nos. 7, 8 and 9 would be merged and that links would be provided therein to the relevant studies of the Repertoire (see para. 3 above). It was also agreed that all efforts should be made to eliminate the backlog in volume III, including through the use of interns and cooperation with academic institutions.",
"G. Conclusions",
"14. With respect to the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs, in the light of the foregoing, the General Assembly may wish:",
"(a) To note the current status of the publication, including the progress made in the preparation of Repertory studies and in their posting on the Internet in three languages (English, French and Spanish);",
"(b) To consider the recommendations of the Special Committee (see para. 12 above) concerning the increased use of the internship programme of the United Nations and the further expanded cooperation with academic institutions for the preparation of studies; voluntary contributions to the trust fund for the elimination of the backlog in the Repertory so as to further support the Secretariat in carrying out the effective elimination of that backlog; the sponsoring, on a voluntary basis, and with no cost to the United Nations, of associate experts to assist in the updating of the publication; the call upon the Secretary-General to continue his efforts towards updating the publication, and to continue to address effectively and on a priority basis the elimination of the backlog in volume III of the Repertory; and the desirability of making it available electronically in all its language versions; and the reiteration of the Secretary-General’s responsibility for the quality of the Repertory;",
"(c) To express appreciation for the contributions received to the trust fund for the elimination of the backlog in the Repertory; to note the progress made towards the elimination of that backlog through the utilization of the trust fund; and to strongly encourage States to make additional contributions to the trust fund.",
"III. Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council",
"A. Mandate and preparation",
"15. The Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council, originally mandated by the General Assembly in its resolution 686 (VII) of 5 December 1952, continues to provide a record of the evolving practice and procedure of the Security Council in the framework of the Charter of the United Nations and the Council’s provisional rules of procedure. Most recently, by its resolution 65/31, the General Assembly called upon the Secretary-General to continue his efforts towards updating the Repertoire and making it available electronically in all its respective language versions.",
"16. Pursuant to the mandate provided by the General Assembly, the Secretariat has made much progress in the preparation of supplements to the Repertoire since the last report (A/65/214). In line with the “two-track” approach that allows the simultaneous preparation of two or more supplements, in the past year the Secretariat worked on the fifteenth and sixteenth Supplements to the Repertoire, covering the period 2004 to 2007 and the years 2008 and 2009, respectively, within the context of the modalities outlined in paragraphs 102 to 106 of the report of the Secretary-General of 18 September 1952 (A/2170).",
"17. The completion of the fourteenth Supplement (2000-2003) allowed the Secretariat to focus all of its efforts on the contemporary practice of the Security Council from 2004 onwards. The entire fifteenth Supplement (2004-2007) has been completed and made available electronically on the Repertoire website in the advance version.",
"18. Much progress has also been made in the past year in the preparation of the sixteenth Supplement, covering a shorter two-year period (2008 and 2009). Work on all parts is in progress and it is expected to be completed by the end of 2011. Studies for the part which provides a chronological record of the Security Council’s consideration of items on its agenda have already been made available electronically on the Repertoire website in an advance version.",
"19. In view of the progress made towards the completion of the sixteenth Supplement, the Secretariat has initiated work on the seventeenth Supplement, covering 2010 and 2011. The groundwork for preparation of that Supplement was systematically laid down over the past year, through the tracking and recording of the contemporary practice of the Security Council in internal databases. However, progress on that Supplement will depend on the staffing situation in the Security Council Practices and Charter Research Branch of the Security Council Affairs Division and the continuing availability of resources, which is considered further in paragraph 26 below.",
"20. Meanwhile, within the limits of the resources available to it, the Secretariat has continued its efforts at producing the Repertoire in the most expeditious manner consistent with accuracy and balance by resorting to several efficiency-enhancing initiatives. Such initiatives include specialized training of staff; creation of improved information and knowledge-sharing mechanisms; streamlining of individual parts of the Repertoire to reduce redundancies and overlaps; enhancement of databases, including new modules on Security Council decisions and mandates, to record and retrieve the mounting body of past and current practice and procedures of the Security Council as well as to generate tables and text; and updating of internal guidelines and templates to capture staff expertise and ensure consistency in the preparation of the Repertoire.",
"21. The simultaneous preparation of several voluminous supplements to the Repertoire has not been without challenges. Although the Secretariat has managed to achieve, through various initiatives, progress towards updating the Repertoire and providing Member States with more up-to-date information on current Security Council practice, it has faced additional challenges in terms of editing, translating, indexing and publishing the supplements. The Secretariat is continuing to explore various options to address the existing resource constraints and consequent delays in publishing the supplements. In the interim, one of the options it has relied upon has been the posting of completed supplements and individual chapters of supplements under preparation in an advance version on the Repertoire website.",
"B. Advance publication: availability of Repertoire studies on the Internet",
"22. To ensure that finalized chapters can be fully utilized, since December 2010 the Secretariat has completely overhauled the Repertoire website, further enhancing its search capabilities and providing a user-friendly interface that allows for quicker access to the wealth of information on the practices of the Security Council set out in the Repertoire. Depending on the availability of funds the Secretariat will similarly seek to have the website translated into the remaining official languages.",
"23. To allow access to information as quickly as possible, the Secretariat has posted on its website finalized chapters of the Repertoire in an advance version (see annex III to the present report). In addition to the published supplements, all chapters of the still unpublished thirteenth to fifteenth Supplements (1996 to 2007) have been posted in an advance version.",
"24. In addition to the preparation of the Repertoire, the Secretariat, upon request, provides information on questions relating to both the current and past practice of the Security Council and its subsidiary organs. During the reporting period it responded, in a timely and accurate fashion, to communications and requests for information from Member States as well as from officials of the United Nations system and staff of other international organizations, non-governmental organizations, students, academic scholars and researchers and the private sector which reached the Secretariat directly and through the Repertoire website. Given the volume of queries received online, the Secretariat set up a special e-mail account to process such queries and encourages Member States to address queries to the account: [email protected].",
"C. Publication in language versions (print and electronic)",
"25. In compliance with General Assembly resolution 55/222, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to publish the future supplements to the Repertoire in all six official languages, the tenth and eleventh Supplements have been published in all official languages. The twelfth (1993-1995), thirteenth (1996-1999) and fourteenth (2000-2003) Supplements have been submitted for translation and publication into all official languages and subsequent volumes will be submitted as soon as they are completed and edited. The Secretariat will also continue to make every effort to place the latest volumes of the Repertoire online in the six official languages as soon as they are available.",
"D. Resources",
"26. The preparation and publication of the Repertoire as well as the redesign of its website would not have been possible without the continued support of the General Assembly. At the same time, in an environment of financial constraint, voluntary contributions to the trust fund for the updating of the Repertoire remain an important element for sustaining progress on the Repertoire and maintaining the website in all six official languages. The infusion of extrabudgetary resources has enabled the Secretariat to retain the services of temporary staff assisting in the preparation of the Repertoire and to work simultaneously on several volumes of the publication. Since the last report (A/65/214), a contribution to the trust fund has been received from Mexico. In addition, Germany has continued to contribute by sponsoring an associate expert in the Security Council Practices and Charter Research Branch, who has been making a valuable contribution to advancing the work on the Repertoire and thus helping the Secretariat to achieve its goal of bringing the publication up to date. As this goal remains to be met fully, the Secretariat encourages Member States to continue to support the Secretariat’s work on advancing the Repertoire through their voluntary contributions to the trust fund.",
"E. Conclusions",
"27. With respect to the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council, in the light of the foregoing and the recommendations made by the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization at its session held from 28 February to 4 March and on 7 and 9 March 2011, the General Assembly may wish:",
"(a) To note the progress made towards the updating of the Repertoire, including through the utilization of the trust fund for the updating of the Repertoire;",
"(b) To note the implementation of efficiency-enhancing measures to expedite the simultaneous preparation of supplements to the Repertoire;",
"(c) To note the continued posting of the Repertoire in electronic form in all language versions on the United Nations website;",
"(d) To note the enhancement of the Repertoire website and the easy access it provides to the wealth of information on the practice of the Security Council;",
"(e) To express appreciation for the contributions to the trust fund for the updating of the Repertoire and to reiterate its call for voluntary contributions to the trust fund for the updating of the Repertoire;",
"(f) To note with appreciation the support which Germany has extended by sponsoring, on a voluntary basis, an associate expert to assist in the preparation of the Repertoire, and to encourage other Member States in a position to do so to consider providing such assistance.",
"Annex I",
"Secretariat units bearing primary responsibility for the preparation of Repertory studies on individual Articles of the Charter of the United Nations^(a)",
"Department Repertory volume \n Office of Legal Affairs Volume I: Articles 1 to 7 \n\tVolume II: Articles 13 (l) (a),18, 19 and 22\n\tVolume VI: Articles 92 to 99,102 to 105 and 108 to 111\nDepartment of Political Affairs\tVolume II: Articles 10, 12, 13(1) (a), 14 and 16\n\tVolume III: Articles 23 to 39and 107\n\tVolume V: Articles 73 to 85, 87and 88\nDepartment of PeacekeepingOperations\tVolume III: Articles 40 to 54and 106\n Office for Disarmament Affairs Volume II: Article 11 Department for General Assemblyand Conference Management\tVolume II: Articles 9, 15, 20and 21 \n\tVolume IV: Articles 60, 61, 62(3) and (4),65 to 69 and 72\n\tVolume V: Articles 86 and 89 to91\n Department of Management Volume II: Article 17 \n\tVolume VI: Articles 100 (1) and101\nDepartment of Management withOffice ofLegal Affairs\tVolume VI: Article 100 (2)\nDepartment of Economic and SocialAffairs\tVolume II: Articles 8^(b) and13 (1) (b) and (2)\n\tVolume IV: Articles 55 (a) and(b), 57 to 59, 62 (1), 63, 64,70 and 71\nOffice of the United Nations HighCommissioner for Human Rights\tVolume II: Article 13 (1) (b)Volume IV: Articles 55 (c), 56and 62 (2)\n Office for Outer Space Affairs Volume II: Article 13 (1) (a)",
"^(a) This distribution is the result of several decisions of the Interdepartmental Committee on Charter Repertory taken at various times since 1996 and is subject to review by the Committee.",
"^(b) The Department of Management (Office of Human Resources Management) is responsible for the preparation of Article 8 for the period up to and including 1996. For the period from 1997 onward, that responsibility falls to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs.",
"Annex II",
"Status of the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs (July 2011)",
"Volumes published Studies submitted Studies on the Studies in and for publication Internet preparation on the Internet (pertaining to or in review volumes not submitted for publication)",
"Note: The organization of studies in volumes, as indicated below, relates to Supplements Nos. 6 to 10, and varies for the original Repertory and Supplements Nos. 1 to 5.",
"[TABLE]",
"Studies prepared from 1954 to 1980",
"Studies prepared from 1996 to 2011",
"Annex III",
"Status of the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council (July 2011)",
"Supplements published and Final Advance Parts in Preliminary posted on the Internet at version version preparation research www.un.org/en/sc/repertoire posted on available on in progress the Internet the Internet",
"A. Status of the completed Repertoire Supplements",
"Repertoire Status Languages \nOriginal Repertoire andSupplements I-IX (1946-1984) English, French\nSupplements X and XI(1985-1992) Arabic, Chinese,English, French,Russian, Spanish^(a)\nSupplement XII (1993-1995) English, translationinto other languages inprogress\nSupplement XIII (1996-1999) English, translationinto other languages inprogress\n Supplement XIV (2000-2003) English \n Supplement XV (2004-2007) English",
"B. Status of Repertoire Supplements in preparation",
"Parts (procedural and constitutional)\n I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Overview Provisional Purposes and Relations Functions Pacific Actions Regional Subsidiary Subsidiary rules of principles with other and powers settlement with arrangements organs: organs: procedure of the United of the of disputes respect to committees/ peacekeeping Charter Nations Security breaches other bodies and organs Council of the peacebuilding peace",
"Supplement XVI (2008-2009)",
"Supplement XVII (2010-2011)",
"^(a) As mandated by the General Assembly in resolution 55/222, this Supplement and future Supplements to the Repertoire are to be published in all official languages of the United Nations.",
"[1] Repertory and Supplements Nos. 1 to 6 (1946-1984), for a total of 26 volumes, and volumes V and VI of Supplement No. 7 (1985-1988).",
"[2] Volumes I and IV of Supplement No. 7 (1985-1988); and volumes I, IV and V of Supplements Nos. 8 (1989-1994) and 9 (1995-1999).",
"[3] Volume II of Supplement No. 7; and volumes II and VI of Supplements Nos. 8 and 9.",
"[4] Studies on Articles 4, 7, 22, 55 (a) (b) and (c), 56, 57, 63 and 96 of the Charter.",
"[5] A study on Articles 1 (1), 1 (3), 1 (4), 2 (1), 2 (2), 2 (3) and 2 (5), as well as studies on Articles 1 (2), 2 (6), 10, 11 and 12 of the Charter.",
"[6] Study on Article 103 of the Charter."
] | A_66_201 | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"* A/66/150.",
"Item 82 of the provisional agenda*",
"Report of the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization",
"Repertoire of the Practice of United Nations Organs and Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council",
"Report of the Secretary-General",
"Summary",
"In accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/31, the present report describes the progress made by the Secretariat in updating the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs and the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council since the previous report (A/65/214). The Assembly is invited to take action in the light of the conclusions of paragraphs 14 and 27 of the present report.",
"I. Introduction",
"1. The present report has been prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/31. In paragraph 9 of the resolution, the Assembly commended the Secretary-General for the progress made in the preparation of the studies of the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs, and in particular for making greater use of the United Nations internship programme and for expanding cooperation with academic institutions to that end, as well as for the progress made in updating the Repertory of Practice of the Security Council. In paragraph 10, the Assembly noted with appreciation the contributions of Member States to the trust fund to update the publication of the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council and the Trust Fund to Eliminate the Delay in the Publishing of the Repertoire of Practice of United Nations Organs; and, in paragraph 11, the Assembly reiterated its call for voluntary contributions to those trust funds and for the voluntary and cost-free sponsorship of United Nations publications. In paragraph 12, the Assembly called upon the Secretary-General to continue his efforts to update the two repertoires and to make them available electronically in all relevant languages, and to address in particular the delay in the preparation of volume III of the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs. In paragraph 13, the Assembly reiterated that the Secretary-General was responsible for the quality of the two publications and, with regard to the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council, called upon the Secretary-General to continue to conform to the modalities outlined in paragraphs 102 to 106 of the report of the Secretary-General of 18 September 1952 (A/2170). Finally, in paragraph 14, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a report on the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs and the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council.",
"II. Repertoire of the practice of United Nations bodies",
"A. Preparation of the Supplements to the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs",
"2. Since the previous report (A/65/214), significant progress has been made in the preparation of studies for the overdue Supplements. All studies for volumes II and VI of Supplements No. 7, 8 and 9. These include studies on Article 17 for Volume II of Supplements No. 7, 8 and 9; a study on Article 11 for Volume II of Supplement No. 9; studies on Article 13 for Volume II of Supplements No. 8 and 9; studies on Articles 97, 98 and 101 for volume VI of Supplements No. 8 and 9; and studies on Articles 99 and 103 for volume VI of Supplement No. 9. The Secretariat has delivered volume II of Supplements No. 7 and 8 and will shortly deliver volume II of Supplement No. 9 and volume VI of Supplements No. 8 and 9 to be translated and published.",
"3. Taking into account the fact that in paragraph 12 of its resolution 65/31, the General Assembly called upon the Secretary-General to address in particular the delay in volume III of the Repertoire of Practice of United Nations Organs and following discussions with the Codification Division of the Office of Legal Affairs (see para. 13 below), which serves as the focal point for this publication, the Division for Political Affairs of the Security Council (1) 7, 8 and 9 (1985-1999). These studies introduce the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council and provide links with them. These linkages are intended to enable them to discontinue the studies of the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs when overlapping with those of the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council. A single study for each of the provisions of the above-mentioned Charter covers the full period covered by the three Supplements.",
"4. Significant progress has also been made in the preparation of studies for Supplement No. 10 (2000-2009). During the reporting period, the following additional studies were prepared with the help of interns or in collaboration with academic institutions:",
"(a) A study on Articles 1 (1), 1 (3), 1 (4), 2 (1), 2 (2), 2 (3) and 2 (5), as well as studies on Articles 1 (2), 2 (6), 4 and 7 for volume I;",
"(b) Studies on Articles 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 20, 21 and 22 for volume II;",
"(c) Articles 55 (a) and (b) and 57 for volume IV;",
"(d) Studies on Articles 86, 89, 90 and 91 for volume V;",
"(e) Studies on Articles 96, 98 and 102 for volume VI.",
"5. The current status of the publication is as follows: 28 volumes[1] have been published and 8 volumes have been completed, which have been delivered to be translated and published[2]. Five finished volumes will soon be delivered for translation and publication[3]. Therefore, of the 50 volumes to be recorded in the publication as a whole (the original Repertoire and its Supplements), 9 volumes continue to be worked, 6 of which correspond to Supplement No. 10 and cover the most recent period under review. The work on these volumes is at different stages of preparation (see para. 4 above). The remaining three volumes are volume III of Supplements No. 7, 8 and 9.",
"6. Annex I to the present report describes the responsibilities of the various Secretariat units in the preparation of the studies of the Repertory on various Articles of the Charter of the United Nations. Information on the status of preparation of the Repertoire is provided in annex II.",
"B. Possibility of consulting the Repertory of Practice of United Nations bodies on the Internet",
"7. The United Nations Repertory website (www.un.org/law/repertory) provides for studies in 41 full volumes, including the 13 volumes in the process of publication. In addition, advance versions of several studies on different Articles for volume III of Supplements Nos remain available on the website. 7, 8 and 9, as well as several studies for Supplement No. 10 that have been completed and are awaiting completion of the respective volumes. The electronic version of the Repertory has a search system throughout the text that offers the user the opportunity to instantly find in all studies any word or combination of words in the three languages of the publication, namely, Spanish, French and English.",
"8. At present, all available English studies are available online and most of them are also available in English and Spanish. Studies completed pending publication are on the Internet in the language in which they have been prepared (most of them and some in French). The Secretariat will continue to publish electronic versions in all three languages of the completed Repertory studies.",
"C. Cooperation with academic institutions",
"9. Traditional cooperation with Columbia University Law School continued for the eighth consecutive year. In total, eight students contributed to the preparation of nine studies for volumes I, II, IV and VI of Supplement No. 10[4]. Cooperation with the University of Ottawa, which began last year, was a success: six studies for Supplement No. 10 were prepared by a team of advanced students at the University[5]. A study on volume VI of Supplement No. 9 was also completed in collaboration with the University of Geneva[6].",
"D. Trust Fund",
"10. In its resolution 65/31, the General Assembly reiterated its call for voluntary contributions to the trust fund established pursuant to resolution 59/44 to eliminate the delay in the publication of the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs. A note verbale was therefore sent to all permanent missions to the United Nations reminding them of the possibility of voluntary contributions to the trust fund and inviting them to bring the issue of the Repertory ' s funding to the attention of private institutions and individuals who could assist in that regard. The Secretary-General appreciates Ireland ' s contribution of $6,929 to the trust fund.",
"11. Consideration is also being given to continuing to use consultancy services to prepare studies for volumes that are about to be completed. Additional contributions to the trust fund are strongly encouraged to enable the Secretariat to effectively eliminate the delay in publishing the Repertory.",
"E. Recommendations of the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization",
"12. The Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization considered the question of the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs and the Repertory of Practice of the Security Council at its session from 28 February to 4 March and from 7 to 9 March 2011. In its report (A/66/33, para. 63), the Special Committee recommended, inter alia, the Repertoire of the Practice of United Nations Organs which the General Assembly commends the Secretary-General for the progress made in the preparation of the studies, and in particular for making greater use of the United Nations internship programme and for extending cooperation with academic institutions to that end;",
"F. Interdepartmental Committee on the Charter",
"13. In fulfilling the mandate of the General Assembly on the effective elimination of the delay in the publication of the Repertoire of the Practice of United Nations Organs (resolution 65/31, para. 11), the Interdepartmental Committee of the Repertoire on the Charter, at its meeting held on 17 February 2011, continued to explore possibilities for new approaches that could be applied in the preparation of the studies for the backlog. At a follow-up meeting on 11 March 2011 between the Codification Division, as coordinator of the Repertoire of Practice of United Nations Organs, and the Security Council Affairs Division, it was agreed that studies to be prepared for volume III of Supplements No. 7, 8 and 9 and provide links to relevant studies of the Repertory of Practice of the Security Council (see para. 3 above). It was also agreed that every effort should be made to eliminate the delay in publishing volume III, including through the use of interns and cooperation with academic institutions.",
"G. Conclusions",
"14. With regard to the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs, in the light of the above, the General Assembly may wish:",
"(a) Note the current status of the publication, including the progress made in the preparation of the Repertory studies and its publication on the Internet in three languages (Spanish, French and English);",
"(b) Review the recommendations made by the Special Committee (see para. 12 above) regarding the increased use of the United Nations internship programme and the intensification of cooperation with academic institutions for the preparation of studies; voluntary contributions to the trust fund to eliminate the delay in the publication of the Repertoire, so that the Secretariat will continue to be supported in its work to effectively eliminate that delay; voluntary sponsorship and at no cost to the United Nations",
"(c) Express appreciation for the contributions made to the trust fund for the elimination of the delay in the publication of the Repertoire; note the progress made towards the elimination of the delay through the use of the trust fund; and strongly encourage States to make further contributions to the trust fund.",
"III. Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council",
"A. Mandate and preparation",
"15. The Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council, initially mandated by the General Assembly in its resolution 686 (VII) of 5 December 1952, remains a record of the evolution of the practice and procedures of the Security Council under the Charter of the United Nations and the provisional rules of procedure of the Council. Recently, in its resolution 65/31, the General Assembly called upon the Secretary-General to continue his efforts to update the Repertoire and to make it available electronically in all relevant languages.",
"16. In accordance with the mandate established by the General Assembly, the Secretariat has made significant progress in the preparation of the Repertoire Supplements since the previous report (A/65/214). Under the two-level approach, which allows the simultaneous preparation of two or more supplements, the Secretariat concentrated on Supplements No. 15-16 of the Repertoire, covering the period from 2004 to 2007 and the years 2008 and 2009, respectively, in the context of the modalities set out in paragraphs 102 to 106 of the report of the Secretary-General of 18 September 1952 (A/2170).",
"17. The termination of Supplement No. 14 (2000-2003) has enabled the Secretariat to focus all its efforts on contemporary practice, namely, that followed by the Security Council since 2004. Supplement No. 15 (2004-2007), which can be accessed electronically on the Repertoire website in advance, has been completed in full.",
"18. Much progress has also been made in the preparation of Supplement No. 16, covering a shorter period of two years (2008 and 2009). Work on all parties continues and is expected to be completed by the end of 2011. The studies for the part containing a chronological account of the consideration of the items covered by the Security Council are now available electronically in an advance version on the Repertory website.",
"19. In view of the progress made in the completion of Supplement No. 16, the Secretariat has begun work on Supplement No. 17, covering the years 2010 and 2011. The bases for the preparation of this Supplement were systematically laid down during the past year by monitoring and recording the contemporary practice of the Security Council in internal databases. However, progress in the preparation of this Supplement will depend on the staffing of the Security Council Practices Investigations Branch and on the Charter of the Security Council Affairs Division and the uninterrupted availability of resources, which is re-examined in paragraph 26 below.",
"20. Meanwhile, in line with resource constraints, the Secretariat has continued to prepare the Repertoire as quickly as it allows for veracity and balance, using various efficiency-building initiatives. These initiatives include specialized staff training; the creation of improved mechanisms for the exchange of information and knowledge; the simplification of different parts of the Repertoire with a view to reducing repetitions and overlaps; the improvement of databases, including new modules on decisions and mandates of the Security Council, in order to record and recover the growing set of past and current practices and procedures of the Security Council and to develop guidelines and texts; and the updating of staff",
"21. The simultaneous preparation of several bulky Supplements to the Repertoire has not ceased to pose problems. While the Secretariat, through various initiatives, has made progress in updating the Repertoire and providing Member States with more up-to-date information on the practice of the Security Council, has faced additional challenges in terms of publishing, translation, indexing and publication of the Supplements. The Secretariat continues to examine various options to address existing resource constraints and the resulting delays in the publication of the Supplements. In the meantime, one of the options that has been used has been the publication on the website of the Repertoire of the Completed Supplements and of different chapters of the Supplements in preparation in advance versions.",
"B. Advance publication: the possibility of consulting the Internet Repertory of Practice",
"22. To ensure that the completed chapters can be fully utilized, since December 2010, the Secretariat has completely refurbished the website of the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council, improving its search means and incorporating an easier interface to use, in order to allow faster access to accurate information regarding the practice of the Council. Depending on the funds available, the Secretariat will also seek to translate the website into the remaining official languages.",
"23. In order to ensure that access to information is as quickly as possible, the Secretariat has published on its website the completed chapters of the Repertory in an early version (see annex III to the present report). Apart from the Supplements already published, an advance version of all chapters of Supplements Nos has been included on the website. 13-15 (1996-2007) still unpublished.",
"24. In addition to the preparation of the Repertoire, the Secretariat provides information, whenever requested, on matters relating to the current and past practice of the Security Council and its subsidiary bodies. During the reporting period, the Secretariat responded in a timely and credible manner to communications and requests for information received directly or through the Repertoire website, which was transmitted to it by Member States, as well as officials of the United Nations system and officials of other international organizations, non-governmental organizations, students, intellectuals, researchers and private sector entities. Given the volume of online consultations, the Secretariat established a special e-mail account to address them and encourages Member States to address their questions through that account: [email protected].",
"C. Publication in other languages (in printed and electronic versions)",
"25. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 55/222, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to publish future Supplements to the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council in the six official languages, Supplement No. 10 and 11 have been published in all official languages. In addition, Supplements No. 12 (1993-1995), 13 (1996-1999) and 14 (2000-2003) have been delivered for translation and publication in all official languages; the following volumes will be delivered as soon as they are completed and edited. In addition, the Secretariat will continue to make every effort to provide the most recent volumes of the Repertory online in the six official languages as soon as they are available.",
"D. Resources",
"26. The Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council would not have been prepared and published, nor could it design its website again, without the constant endorsement of the General Assembly. Moreover, in an environment of financial difficulties, voluntary contributions to the trust fund to update the Repertory remain an important element in advancing the work of this area and maintaining the website in the six official languages. The provision of extrabudgetary resources has enabled the Secretariat to obtain temporary assistance services that assist in the preparation of the Repertoire and to devote itself simultaneously to several volumes of the publication. Since the previous report (A/65/214), a contribution has been received from Mexico to the trust fund. In addition, Germany has continued to sponsor the services of an associate expert in the Security Council and Charter Practices Investigation Branch, which has made valuable contributions to the work on the Repertoire and has thus helped the Secretariat to approach its goal of updating the publication. Since the objective has not yet been fully achieved, the Secretariat encourages Member States to continue supporting it in their task of updating the Repertoire through voluntary contributions to the trust fund.",
"E. Conclusions",
"27. With regard to the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council, in the light of the above and the recommendations made by the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization at its session from 28 February to 4 March and on 7 and 9 March 2011, the General Assembly may wish:",
"(a) To note the progress made in updating the Repertoire, in particular through the use of the trust fund to carry out this work;",
"(b) Note that efficiency measures have been implemented to expedite the simultaneous preparation of the Repertoire Supplements;",
"(c) Note that electronic versions of the Repertory are still being published on the United Nations website in all languages;",
"(d) To note the improvement of the Repertoire website and the easy access to information on the practice of the Security Council;",
"(e) Express appreciation for the contributions made to the trust fund to update the Repertoire and reiterate its request for voluntary contributions to the trust fund to carry out this work;",
"f) To note with appreciation the support provided by Germany in voluntarily extending the sponsorship of the services of an associate expert to assist in the preparation of the Repertoire and encourage other Member States in a position to do so to consider providing such assistance.",
"Annex I",
"Secretariat units with primary responsibility for the preparation of studies of the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs on Different Articles of the Charter of the United Nations^(a)",
"Volume II: Articles 13(1)(a), 19 and 22 Volume VI: Articles 92 to 99, 102nd 105 and 108 to 111",
"^(a) This distribution is the result of several decisions taken by the Interdepartmental Committee of the Repertory on the Charter at different times since 1996 and may be amended by the Committee.",
"^(b) The Department of Management (Office of Human Resources Management) was responsible for the preparation of Article 8 until 1996 inclusive. Since 1997, this function is the responsibility of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs.",
"Annex II",
"Status of preparation of the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs (July 2011)",
"Volúmenes Studies in published and delivered studies for available in preparation available in their Internet publication or Internet review (correspondents to undelivered volumes for publication)",
"Note: The organization of studies in the volumes listed below refers to Supplements No. 6-10 and is different in the case of the original Repertoire and Supplements Nos. 1-5.",
"[TABLE]",
"Studies prepared from 1954 to 1980",
"Studies prepared from 1996 to 2011",
"Annex III",
"Status of the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council (July 2011)",
"Supplements published and Version Parts in Research available pre-screened pre-preliminary preparation on the Internet posted on available online www.un.org/es/sc/repertoire Internet",
"A. Status of Supplements to the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council",
"Repertoire Status Languages Original Repertoire andSupplements I to IX(1946-1984) French and English Supplements X and XI(1985-1992) Arabic, Chinese, Spanish, French, English andRussian^(a) Supplement XII (1993-1995) English and translation into other languages underway Supplement XIII (1996-1999) English and translation into other languages underway Supplement XIV (2000-2003) English Supplement XV (2004-2007",
"B. Status of Supplements to the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council in Preparation",
"Parties (Procedural aspects and constitutional aspects) I II II IV V VI VII VIII IX X Overview Rules Purposes and Relations Functions and Settlement Actions with Agreements Organs Provisional bodies principles with other powers of the peaceful over the subsidiary regionals: subsidiary: of the Charter Disputes Council bodies Breaking committees and other United Nations peacekeeping United Nations Peace-building organs",
"Supplement XVI (2008-2009)",
"Supplement XVII (2010-2011)",
"^(a) Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 55/222, this and the next Supplements to the Repertory will be issued in all official languages of the United Nations.",
"[1] Repertoire of the Practice of United Nations Organs and Supplements No. 1-6 (1946-1984), with 26 volumes in total; and volumes V and VI of Supplement No. 7 (1985-1988).",
"[2] Volumes I and IV of Supplement No. 7 (1985-1988); and volumes I, IV and V of Supplements No. 8 (1989-1994) and 9 (1995-1999).",
"[3] Volume II of Supplement No. 7; and volumes II and VI of Supplement No. 8 and 9.",
"[4] Studies on Articles 4, 7, 22, 55 (a), (b) and (c), 56, 57, 63 and 96 of the Charter.",
"[5] A study on Articles 1 (1), 1 (3), 1 (4), 2 (1), 2 (2), 2 (3) and 2 (5), as well as studies on Articles 1 (2), 2 (6), 10, 11 and 12 of the Charter.",
"[6] Study on Article 103 of the Charter."
] |
[
"Orden del día provisional de la 6593ª sesión del Consejo de Seguridad",
"Que se celebrará el miércoles 27 de julio de julio de 2011, a las 15.00 horas",
"1. Aprobación del orden del día.",
"2. Informes del Secretario General sobre el Sudán",
"Informes del Secretario General sobre la situación en Abyei (S/2011/451)."
] | [
"Provisional agenda for the 6593rd meeting of the Security Council",
"To be held on Wednesday, 27 July 2011, at 3 p.m.",
"1. Adoption of the agenda.",
"2. Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan",
"Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation in Abyei (S/2011/451)."
] | S_AGENDA_6593 | [
"Provisional agenda for the 6593rd meeting of the Security Council",
"To be held on Wednesday, 27 July 2011, at 3 p.m.",
"1. Adoption of the agenda.",
"2. Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan",
"Reports of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abyei (S/2011/451)."
] |
[
"Nota verbal de fecha 27 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por la Misión Permanente del Iraq ante las Naciones Unidas",
"La Misión Permanente de la República del Iraq ante las Naciones Unidas tiene el honor de adjuntar a la presente una carta de fecha 27 de julio de 2011 del Sr. Hoshyar Zebari, Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores de la República del Iraq, relativa a la prórroga del mandato de la Misión de Asistencia de las Naciones Unidas para el Iraq (véase el anexo).",
"La Misión Permanente de la República del Iraq ante las Naciones Unidas tiene además el honor de solicitar que la presente carta y su anexo se distribuyan como documento del Consejo de Seguridad.",
"Anexo de la nota verbal de fecha 27 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por la Misión Permanente del Iraq ante las Naciones Unidas",
"[Original: árabe]",
"Tengo el honor de transmitirle el deseo del Gobierno del Iraq de que se prorrogue el mandato de la Misión de Asistencia de las Naciones Unidas para el Iraq (UNAMI) por otro período de 12 meses, de acuerdo con las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad en la materia, la última de las cuales es la resolución 1936 (2010).",
"Gracias a las gestiones que habían realizado el año anterior, los bloques políticos lograron formar un Gobierno nacional de colaboración. Ese logro se produjo después de consultas prolongadas que afirmaron su deseo de que el traspaso de poderes en el Iraq se produjese democrática y pacíficamente y de acuerdo con la Constitución. Las relaciones políticas y diplomáticas entre el Iraq, por un lado, y los países árabes y extranjeros, por otro, prosperaron en ese período, lo que validó el curso del proceso político en el Iraq y concedió a su Gobierno una mayor credibilidad entre los países árabes y en los planos regional e internacional. Los Estados Unidos de América retirarán sus contingentes al final del año en curso, con arreglo al acuerdo celebrado entre el Iraq y los Estados Unidos en 2008 en el que se estipulaba la retirada de esos contingentes y se regularizaba su presencia temporal, y las fuerzas de seguridad del Iraq asumirán la plena responsabilidad de mantener la seguridad en todo el país. En los próximos tiempos, el Iraq reforzará su cooperación con los Estados Unidos basándose en el acuerdo marco estratégico celebrado entre los países amigos en 2008. También intensificará la cooperación en el plano internacional por conducto de un acuerdo de asociación y cooperación con la Unión Europea, que espera poner en marcha en un futuro próximo. En interés de la estabilidad y el desarrollo del Iraq, la cooperación abarcará todos los aspectos de la vida en el marco de esos acuerdos. Esa cooperación también tendrá efectos positivos en toda la región. Los cambios y acontecimientos políticos producidos en la región y que se conocen como “la primavera árabe” han confirmado la credibilidad del cambio político que tuvo lugar en el Iraq en 2003. Que los pueblos de la región aspiren ahora al sistema democrático de que goza el Iraq acentúa la función del país en el mundo árabe y en la región. Frente a esas variables y circunstancias, el Iraq necesitará el apoyo y la asistencia de la UNAMI, de acuerdo con el mandato establecido para la Misión en las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad al respecto.",
"Al tiempo que reitera su deseo de que el mandato de la Misión se prorrogue de acuerdo con la letra y el espíritu de las condiciones enunciadas en la resolución 1770 (2007) del Consejo de Seguridad, el Gobierno del Iraq espera que la prestación de asistencia se ajuste a mecanismos específicos y a la aprobación anterior que concedió, del modo mencionado en mi carta de fecha 6 de agosto de 2007.",
"El Gobierno del Iraq valora el asesoramiento, el apoyo y la asistencia de la UNAMI, y espera con interés que la Misión desempeñe una función más positiva, efectiva y constructiva una vez que los organismos especializados, los fondos y los programas de las Naciones Unidas vuelvan a trabajar en el Iraq.",
"(Firmado) Hoshyar Zebari Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores República del Iraq"
] | [
"Note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General",
"The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Iraq to the United Nations has the honour to attach herewith a letter dated 27 July 2011 from Hoshyar Zebari, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Iraq, regarding the extension of the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (see annex).",
"The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Iraq to the United Nations has the further honour to request that the present letter and its annex be circulated as a document of the Security Council.",
"Annex to the note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General",
"[Original: Arabic]",
"I have the honour to convey to you the wish of the Government of Iraq that the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) should be extended for a further period of 12 months, in accordance with the relevant Security Council resolutions, the latest of which is resolution 1936 (2010).",
"Thanks to their efforts in the previous year, the political blocs succeeded in forming a national partnership Government. This achievement came after prolonged consultations which affirmed their desire that power in Iraq should be transferred democratically and peacefully and in accordance with the Constitution. Political and diplomatic relations between Iraq, on the one hand, and Arab and foreign countries, on the other, flourished in that period, thereby validating the course of the political process in Iraq and giving the Government of Iraq greater credibility at the Arab, regional and international levels. United States troops will withdraw at the end of the current year, in accordance with the agreement concluded between Iraq and the United States in 2008 providing for the withdrawal of those troops and regularizing their temporary presence, and Iraqi security forces will assume full responsibility for maintaining security throughout the country. Over the coming period, Iraq will enhance its cooperation with the United States of America on the basis of the Strategic Framework Agreement concluded between the friendly countries in 2008. It will also enhance cooperation at the international level through a partnership and cooperation agreement with the European Union, which it hopes to initial in the near future. In the interest of the stability and development of Iraq, cooperation will cover all aspects of life under those agreements. Such cooperation will also have a positive impact on the entire region. The political changes and developments in the region known as the Arab Spring have confirmed the credibility of the political change that took place in Iraq in 2003. That the peoples of the region now aspire to the democratic system enjoyed by Iraq enhances the country’s role in the Arab world and the region. Faced with these variables and developments, Iraq will require the support and assistance of UNAMI, in accordance with the mandate established for the Mission under the relevant Security Council resolutions.",
"The Government of Iraq, while reiterating its wish that the Mission’s mandate should be extended in accordance with the letter and spirit of the conditions set out in Security Council resolution 1770 (2007), hopes that the provision of assistance will be in accordance with specific mechanisms and with the prior approval of the Government of Iraq, in the manner referred to in my letter dated 6 August 2007.",
"The Government of Iraq values the advice, support and assistance of UNAMI, and looks forward to a more positive, effective and constructive role for the Mission with the return to work in Iraq of the specialized agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations.",
"(Signed) Hoshyar Zebari",
"Minister for Foreign Affairs",
"Republic of Iraq"
] | S_2011_464 | [
"Note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General",
"The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Iraq to the United Nations has the honour to transmit herewith a letter dated 27 July 2011 from Mr. Hoshyar Zebari, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Iraq, on the extension of the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (see annex).",
"The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Iraq to the United Nations further has the honour to request that the present letter and its annex be circulated as a document of the Security Council.",
"Annex to the note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General",
"[Original: Arabic]",
"I have the honour to convey to you the wish of the Government of Iraq to extend the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) for another 12-month period, in accordance with the relevant Security Council resolutions, the latest of which is resolution 1936 (2010).",
"Thanks to the previous year ' s efforts, the political blocs were able to form a national collaborative Government. This achievement occurred after prolonged consultations that affirmed their desire for the transfer of powers in Iraq to be carried out democratically and peacefully and in accordance with the Constitution. The political and diplomatic relations between Iraq, on the one hand, and the Arab and foreign countries, on the other, thrived in that period, which validated the course of the political process in Iraq and gave its Government greater credibility among the Arab countries and at the regional and international levels. The United States of America will withdraw its troops at the end of the current year, in accordance with the agreement between Iraq and the United States in 2008 that stipulated the withdrawal of these troops and regularized their temporary presence, and the Iraqi security forces will assume full responsibility for maintaining security throughout the country. In the coming times, Iraq will strengthen its cooperation with the United States on the basis of the strategic framework agreement between friendly countries in 2008. It will also intensify cooperation at the international level through a partnership and cooperation agreement with the European Union, which hopes to launch in the near future. In the interest of Iraq ' s stability and development, cooperation will cover all aspects of life under these agreements. Such cooperation will also have a positive impact throughout the region. The political changes and developments in the region and known as “Arab Spring” have confirmed the credibility of the political change in Iraq in 2003. May the peoples of the region now aspire to the democratic system enjoyed by Iraq accentuates the role of the country in the Arab world and in the region. In the face of these variables and circumstances, Iraq will need the support and assistance of UNAMI, in accordance with the mandate established for the Mission in the relevant Security Council resolutions.",
"While reiterating its wish that the mandate of the Mission should be extended in accordance with the letter and spirit of the conditions set out in Security Council resolution 1770 (2007), the Government of Iraq expects that the provision of assistance will be in line with specific mechanisms and with the prior approval it granted, as mentioned in my letter of 6 August 2007.",
"The Government of Iraq appreciates the advice, support and assistance of UNAMI, and looks forward to the Mission playing a more positive, effective and constructive role once the specialized agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations return to work in Iraq.",
"(Signed) Hoshyar Zebari Minister for Foreign Affairs Republic of Iraq"
] |
[
"Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia",
"Nota verbal de fecha 21 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente del Brasil ante las Naciones Unidas",
"La Misión Permanente del Brasil ante las Naciones Unidas saluda atentamente al Presidente del Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia, y tiene el honor de referirse al párrafo 25 de esa resolución, en el que se exhorta a los Estados Miembros a que informen al Comité de las medidas adoptadas para aplicar efectivamente los párrafos pertinentes de la resolución.",
"El Brasil ha incorporado a su legislación nacional las disposiciones de la resolución 1970 (2011) mediante el Decreto núm. 7460, de 14 de abril de 2011. El decreto obliga a las autoridades del Brasil, en el marco de sus respectivas atribuciones, a cumplir las disposiciones de la resolución."
] | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Note verbale dated 21 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"The Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to refer to paragraph 25 of that resolution, which calls upon Member States to report to the Committee on the steps taken to implement effectively the relevant paragraphs of the resolution.",
"Brazil has incorporated the provisions of resolution 1970 (2011) into its national legislation through Decree No. 7460 of 14 April 2011. According to the Decree, Brazilian authorities are required, within their respective powers, to fulfil the provisions of the resolution."
] | S_AC.52_2011_17 | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Note verbale dated 21 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"The Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, and has the honour to refer to paragraph 25 of that resolution, which calls upon Member States to report to the Committee on measures taken to effectively implement the relevant paragraphs of the resolution.",
"Brazil has incorporated into its national legislation the provisions of resolution 1970 (2011) through Decree No. 7460 of 14 April 2011. The decree compels the Brazilian authorities, within their respective powers, to comply with the provisions of the resolution."
] |
[
"Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia",
"Nota verbal de fecha 23 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente de Portugal ante las Naciones Unidas",
"La Misión Permanente de Portugal ante las Naciones Unidas saluda atentamente al Presidente del Comité establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia y tiene el honor de transmitirle, por la presente, el informe del Gobierno de Portugal sobre las medidas adoptadas para aplicar dicha resolución (véase el anexo).",
"Anexo de la nota verbal de fecha 23 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente de Portugal ante las Naciones Unidas",
"Informe de Portugal sobre la aplicación de la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad",
"De conformidad con el párrafo 25 de la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad, Portugal tiene el honor de informar al Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia acerca de las medidas adoptadas a nivel nacional para aplicar las sanciones impuestas a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia.",
"1. Medidas adoptadas por la Unión Europea",
"Portugal y los demás Estados miembros de la Unión Europea han aplicado conjuntamente las medidas restrictivas contra la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia impuestas por las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad 1970 (2011) y 1973 (2011) mediante la adopción de las siguientes medidas comunes[1]:",
"• Decisión 2011/137/PESC del Consejo, de 28 de febrero",
"La decisión del Consejo establece el compromiso de la Unión Europea de aplicar todas las medidas contenidas en la resolución 1970 (2011) y sienta las bases de las medidas complementarias específicas de la Unión Europea en el ámbito de la resolución, especialmente las siguientes:",
"– Embargo de equipos que puedan utilizarse para la represión interna;",
"– Exigencia de información previa en relación con los cargamentos procedentes de la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia o destinados a ella;",
"– Designaciones hechas independientemente por el Consejo de la Unión Europea, con arreglo a la prohibición de expedir visados y la congelación de activos, de personas y entidades implicadas de forma directa o por complicidad en las órdenes, el control u otras formas de dirección de la perpetración de graves violaciones de los derechos humanos contra personas en Libia o en la ejecución de estas, en particular, mediante su implicación o complicidad en el planeamiento, mando, o impartición de órdenes de ataque o la realización de ataques, en violación del derecho internacional, en particular los bombardeos aéreos de poblaciones e instalaciones civiles, o por las personas o entidades que actúen en su beneficio, en su nombre o bajo su dirección, o por las entidades que estas posean o controlen.",
"• Reglamento (UE) nº 204/2011 del Consejo, de 2 de marzo de 2011, relativo a las medidas restrictivas habida cuenta de la situación en Libia",
"De conformidad con la resolución 1970 (2011) y con la Decisión 2011/137/PESC del Consejo, el Consejo adoptó un Reglamento por el que se aplicaban las medidas previstas en la Decisión 2011/137/PESC que entraban en el ámbito de competencia de la Unión.",
"• Decisión 2011/178/PESC del Consejo, de 23 de marzo de 2011, que modifica la Decisión 2011/137/PESC relativa a la adopción de medidas restrictivas en vista de la situación existente en Libia",
"El Consejo adoptó una Decisión por la que se modificaba la Decisión 2011/137/PESC de 28 de febrero con arreglo a la resolución 1973 (2011).",
"• Reglamento (UE) n^(o) 296/2011 del Consejo, de 25 de marzo de 2011, por el que se modifica el Reglamento (UE) n° 204/2011 relativo a las medidas restrictivas habida cuenta de la situación en Libia",
"De conformidad con la resolución 1973 (2011) y con la Decisión 2011/178/PESC, del Consejo, el Consejo adoptó un Reglamento por el que se aplicaban las medidas previstas en la Decisión 2011/178/PESC que entraban en el ámbito de competencia de la Unión.",
"• Decisión de Ejecución 2011/236/PESC del Consejo, de 12 de abril de 2011, por la que se aplica la Decisión 2011/137/PESC relativa a la adopción de medidas restrictivas en vista de la situación existente en Libia",
"De acuerdo con la Decisión 2011/137/PESC del Consejo, y en particular su artículo 8, apartado 2, en relación con el artículo 31, apartado 2, del Tratado de la Unión Europea, las personas y entidades adicionales enumeradas en el anexo de esta Decisión han sido incluidas en el anexo IV de la Decisión 2011/137/PESC, una persona ha sido eliminada de las listas de los anexos II y IV y se ha actualizado la información relativa a determinadas personas y entidades que figuran en las listas de los anexos I, II, III y IV de dicha Decisión.",
"• Reglamento de Ejecución (UE) n^(o). 360/2011 del Consejo, de 12 de abril de 2011, por el que se aplica el artículo 16, apartados 1 y 2, del Reglamento (UE) n° 204/2011, relativo a las medidas restrictivas habida cuenta de la situación en Libia",
"Además de la Decisión de Ejecución 2011/236/PESC del Consejo, el Consejo adoptó un Reglamento por el que se aplicaba el Reglamento (UE) nº 204/2011, con el fin de dar efecto legal a la congelación de activos de las nuevas personas y entidades designadas de forma autónoma por la Unión Europea.",
"• Decisión de Ejecución 2011/300/PESC del Consejo, de 23 de mayo de 2011, por la que se aplica la Decisión 2011/137/PESC relativa a la adopción de medidas restrictivas en vista de la situación existente en Libia",
"De acuerdo con la Decisión 2011/137/PESC del Consejo, y en particular su artículo 8, apartado 2, en relación con el artículo 31, apartado 2, del Tratado de la Unión Europea, las personas y entidades adicionales enumeradas en el anexo de esta Decisión han sido incluidas en los anexos II y IV de la Decisión 2011/137/PESC.",
"• Reglamento de Ejecución (UE) n^(o) 502/2011 del Consejo, de 23 de mayo de 2011, por el que se aplica el Reglamento (UE) n° 204/2011 relativo a las medidas restrictivas habida cuenta de la situación en Libia",
"Además de la Decisión de Ejecución 2011/300/PESC del Consejo, el Consejo adoptó un Reglamento por el que se aplicaba el Reglamento (UE) n° 204/2011, con el fin de dar efecto legal a la congelación de activos de las nuevas personas y entidades designadas de forma autónoma por la Unión Europea.",
"• Decisión 2011/332/PESC del Consejo, de 7 de junio de 2011, por la que se modifica la Decisión 2011/137/PESC relativa a la adopción de medidas restrictivas en vista de la situación existente en Libia",
"De acuerdo con la Decisión 2011/137/PESC del Consejo, se han incluido entidades adicionales en la lista de personas y entidades sujetas a medidas restrictivas establecida en el anexo IV de la Decisión 2011/137/PESC. Además, la Decisión 2011/332/PESC del Consejo modifica la Decisión 2011/137/PESC para tener en cuenta disposiciones específicas relativas a medidas restrictivas aplicables a las autoridades portuarias.",
"• Reglamento (UE) n^(o) 572/2011 del Consejo, de 16 de junio de 2011, por el que se modifica el Reglamento (UE) n^(o) 204/2011 relativo a las medidas restrictivas habida cuenta de la situación en Libia",
"De conformidad con la Decisión 2011/332/PESC del Consejo, el Consejo adoptó un Reglamento por el que se aplicaban las medidas previstas en la Decisión 2011/332/PESC del Consejo que entraban en el ámbito de competencia de la Unión.",
"• Reglamento (CE) n° 539/2001 del Consejo, de 15 de marzo de 2001 (y sus modificaciones posteriores), este Reglamento obliga a los nacionales de la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia a poseer un visado para entrar en la Unión Europea.",
"Los reglamentos mencionados del Consejo son obligatorios en todos sus elementos y de aplicación directa en todos los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea[2].",
"2. Medidas de aplicación nacionales",
"A nivel nacional, el Gobierno de Portugal, comprometido con la plena aplicación de la resolución 1970 (2011), llevó a cabo procedimientos de coordinación entre organismos y distribuyó la resolución, junto con sus respectivas instrucciones para la aplicación, a todos los departamentos gubernamentales que participan en su aplicación nacional integral, así como a otras entidades pertinentes, como el sistema bancario. Las autoridades competentes en el ámbito de las medidas restrictivas son el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y el Ministerio de Finanzas[3].",
"Portugal tiene la siguiente legislación nacional que, junto con la Decisión 2011/137/PESC del Consejo, proporciona la base para la aplicación y ejecución de las medidas restrictivas:",
"– La Ley 11/2002, de 16 de febrero de 2002, que establece el marco jurídico nacional para las sanciones aplicables al incumplimiento de las sanciones impuestas por las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad o los reglamentos de la Unión Europea. De acuerdo con esa Ley, quien infrinja las sanciones impuestas por las Naciones Unidas o la Unión Europea será castigado con una pena de prisión de 3 a 5 años.",
"Embargo de armas",
"Las importaciones y exportaciones de armas y otros materiales conexos desde y hacia un tercer país exigen una licencia específica del Ministerio de Defensa de Portugal. Dichas licencias solo se conceden tras una minuciosa evaluación que tiene en cuenta todos los criterios pertinentes, incluidas, entre otras, las obligaciones con arreglo a las sanciones impuestas por las Naciones Unidas, y no se conceden si se incumplen dichas sanciones.",
"Para garantizar el cumplimiento estricto del régimen de sanciones, Portugal ha adoptado las siguientes medidas:",
"– Suspensión inmediata de todos los preparativos de cooperación bilateral en 2011 en el marco del Plan de actividades de defensa, que se inició durante la tercera Comisión Mixta Luso-Libia celebrada el 27 de octubre de 2010 en Trípoli. Todos los contactos con la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia en el marco de la Iniciativa 5+5 también han sido suspendidos.",
"– Suspensión de todas las licencias de importación y exportación de productos relacionados con la defensa desde y hacia la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia por la Dirección competente del Ministerio de Defensa (la Dirección General de Arsenal e Infraestructuras de Defensa, entidad que gestiona todo el comercio internacional de bienes y tecnologías militares y actividades conexas). Esta medida tuvo un impacto inmediato en las dos aeronaves C-130 libias que se encontraban en OGMA S.A. para su reparación y que no fueron devueltas al Gobierno libio, que lo había solicitado.",
"Congelación de activos",
"En lo que respecta a la congelación de fondos, otros activos financieros y recursos económicos de las personas y entidades designadas en el anexo de las resoluciones 1970 (2011) y 1973 (2011), dichas resoluciones se enviaron al Ministerio de Finanzas y al Banco de Portugal. De conformidad con la Ley 11/2002, los fondos, activos financieros y otros recursos económicos se congelarán apenas la Unión Europea o el Consejo de Seguridad designe a las personas o entidades sujetas a estas sanciones selectivas. Esto incluye toda acción que, directa o indirectamente, pueda poner los fondos al alcance de una persona física o jurídica mencionada en esos instrumentos jurídicos internacionales (artículos 1 y 2 de la Ley 11/2002). Por tanto, las instituciones financieras deben congelar los fondos y los recursos económicos tan pronto las autoridades competentes les remitan las listas correspondientes de las Naciones Unidas (las listas contenidas en los reglamentos de la Unión Europea son directamente aplicables a todas las instituciones nacionales).",
"Prohibición de viajar",
"El Gobierno de Portugal mandó la lista de las personas designadas a las autoridades competentes. Hasta ahora, no se ha recibido solicitud alguna de visados por parte de las personas incluidas en la lista.",
"[1] Todas las medidas comunes están publicadas en el Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea, que puede consultarse en los siguientes sitios web: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOIndex.do?ihmlang=es (ejemplares publicados) y http://eur-lex.europa.eu/RECH_menu.do?ihmlang=es (formulario de búsqueda).",
"[2] El Reglamento (CE) nº 539/2001 no se aplica ni a Irlanda ni al Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte.",
"[3] http://www.mne.gov.pt/mne/pt/AutMedidasRestritivas.htm."
] | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Note verbale dated 23 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Portugal to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee",
"The Permanent Mission of Portugal to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Government of Portugal on measures taken to implement resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).",
"Annex to the note verbale dated 23 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Portugal to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee",
"Report of Portugal on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)",
"In accordance with paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), Portugal has the honour to inform the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on the measures adopted at the national level to implement the sanctions imposed on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.",
"1. Measures adopted by the European Union",
"Portugal and the other members of the European Union have jointly implemented the restrictive measures against the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya imposed by the Security Council in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) by taking the following common measures:[1]",
"• Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP of 28 February",
"The Council Decision sets out the European Union’s commitment to implement all the measures contained in resolution 1970 (2011) and provides the basis for European Union-specific accompanying measures within the scope of the resolution, notably:",
"– Embargo on equipment which might be used for internal repression.",
"– Prior information requirement on cargoes to and from Libya.",
"– Autonomous designations under the visa ban and the asset freeze, to be decided by the Council of the European Union, of persons and entities involved in or complicit in ordering, controlling, or otherwise directing, the commission of serious human rights abuses against persons in Libya, including by being involved in or complicit in planning, commanding, ordering or conducting attacks, in violation of international law, including aerial bombardments, on civilian populations and facilities, or by individuals or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction, or by entities owned or controlled by them.",
"• Council regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 of 2 March 2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya",
"In accordance with resolution 1970 (2011) and Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, the Council adopted a regulation implementing the measures provided for in Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, which fall under the competence of the Union.",
"• Council Decision 2011/178/CFSP of 23 March 2011 amending Decision 2011/137/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya",
"The Council adopted a Decision amending Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP of 28 February, pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011).",
"• Council Regulation (EU) No. 296/2011 of 25 March 2011 amending Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya",
"In accordance with resolution 1973 (2011) and Council Decision 2011/178/CFSP, the Council adopted a Regulation implementing the measures provided for in Council Decision 2011/178/CFSP which fall under the competence of the Union.",
"• Council Implementing Decision 2011/236/CFSP of 12 April 2011 implementing Decision 2011/137/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya",
"Following Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, in particular article 8 (2) thereof, in conjunction with article 31 (2) of the Treaty of the European Union, additional persons and entities listed in the annex to this Decision have been included in annex IV to Decision 2011/137/CFSP, one person has been removed from the lists in annexes II and IV, and the information relating to certain persons and entities on the lists in annexes I, II, III and IV to that Decision has been updated.",
"• Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 360/2011 of 12 April 2011 implementing article 16 (1) and (2) of Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya",
"In addition to Council Implementing Decision 2011/236/CFSP, the Council adopted a regulation implementing Regulation (EU) 204/2011 in order to legally enforce the asset freeze for the new European Union autonomous designations of persons and entities.",
"• Council Implementing Decision 2011/300/CFSP of 23 May 2011 implementing Decision 2011/137/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya",
"Following Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, in particular article 8 (2) thereof, in conjunction with article 31 (2) of the Treaty of the European Union, additional persons and entities listed in the annex to this Decision have been included in annexes II and IV to Decision 2011/137/CFSP.",
"• Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 502/2011 of 23 May 2011 implementing Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya",
"In addition to Council Implementing Decision 2011/300/CFSP, the Council adopted a Regulation implementing Regulation (EU) 204/2011 in order to legally enforce the asset freeze for the new EU autonomous designations of persons and entities.",
"• Council Decision 2011/332/CFSP of 7 June 2011 amending Decision 2011/137/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya",
"Following Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, additional entities have been included in the list of persons and entities subject to restrictive measures set out in annex IV to Decision 2011/137/CFSP. Moreover, Council Decision 2011/332/CFSP amends Decision 2011/137/CFSP in order to take into account specific arrangements for restrictive measures applicable to port authorities.",
"• Council Regulation (EU) No. 572/2011 of 16 June 2011 amending Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya",
"In accordance with Council Decision 2011/332/CFSP, the Council adopted a Regulation implementing the measures provided for in Council Decision 2011/332/CFSP which fall under the competence of the Union.",
"• Council Regulation (EC) No. 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 (and its subsequent amendments) — this Regulation requires nationals of Libya to be in possession of a visa when entering the European Union.",
"The above-mentioned Council Regulations are binding in their entirety and directly applicable in all member States of the European Union.[2]",
"2. National implementing measures",
"At the national level, the Portuguese Government, committed to the full implementation of resolution 1970 (2011), undertook inter-agency coordination procedures and circulated the resolution, along with its respective instructions for implementation, to all governmental departments involved in its comprehensive national application, as well as to other entities deemed relevant, such as the banking system. The competent authorities in the field of restrictive measures are the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Finance.[3]",
"Portugal has the following national legislation which, together with Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, provides the basis for the implementation and enforcement of restrictive measures:",
"– Law 11/2002 of 16 February 2002 sets out the Portuguese legal framework on penalties applicable to the infringement of sanctions imposed by the Security Council in its resolutions or by European Union regulations. According to this law, whoever breaches the sanctions imposed by the United Nations or the European Union will be punished with 3-5 years in prison.",
"Arms embargo",
"The import and export of arms and other related material, to and from a third country, requires a specific licence by the Portuguese Ministry of Defence. Licences are only granted after careful assessment against relevant criteria including, inter alia, the obligations under sanctions imposed by the United Nations, and will not be granted in breach of such sanctions.",
"To ensure strict enforcement of the sanctions regime, Portugal has adopted the following measures:",
"– Immediate suspension of all preparations for the Bilateral Cooperation in the Defence Activity Plan for 2011, that started during the III Portuguese-Libyan Mixte Commission that was held in Tripoli on 27 October 2010. All contacts with Libya in the context of the Defence 5+5 Initiative were also suspended.",
"– Suspension of all import and export licences of defence-related products to and from Libya by the competent Directorate of the Ministry of Defence (Directorate General for Defence Armoury and Infra-Structures, the entity that manages all international trade of military goods and technologies and related activities). This measure had an immediate impact on the two C-130 Libyan spacecrafts that were in OGMA SA for reparation, which were not returned to the Libyan Government, as requested.",
"Assets freeze",
"Regarding the freezing of funds, other financial assets and economic resources of persons and/or entities designated in the annex to resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), the resolutions were sent to the Ministry of Finance and to the Bank of Portugal. According to the above-mentioned Law 11/2002, funds, financial assets and other economic resources must be frozen as soon as the European Union or the Security Council list persons or entities as being subject to these targeted sanctions. This includes any action that, directly or indirectly, might enable funds to be within reach of any individual or legal entity mentioned in those international legal instruments (articles 1 and 2 of Law 11/2002). Hence, the financial institutions should freeze funds and economic resources as soon as the competent authorities forward the United Nations lists to them (lists contained in European Union regulations are directly applicable to all national institutions).",
"Travel ban",
"The Portuguese Government sent the list of designated individuals to the competent authorities. Until now, no requests for visas by the listed individuals have been received.",
"[1] All common measures are published in the Official Journal of the European Union, which can be consulted through the following web pages: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOIndex.do?ihmlang=en (published issues) and http://eur-lex.europa.eu/RECH_menu.do?ihmlang=en (search form).",
"[2] Regulation (EC) No. 539/2001 applies neither to Ireland nor to the United Kingdom.",
"[3] http://www.mne.gov.pt/mne/pt/AutMedidasRestritivas.htm."
] | S_AC.52_2011_16 | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Note verbale dated 23 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Portugal to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"The Permanent Mission of Portugal to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Government of Portugal on the measures taken to implement that resolution (see annex).",
"Annex to the note verbale dated 23 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Portugal to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"Report of Portugal on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)",
"In accordance with paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), Portugal has the honour to report to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on measures taken at the national level to implement the sanctions imposed on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.",
"1. Action taken by the European Union",
"Portugal and the other member States of the European Union have jointly implemented the restrictive measures against the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya imposed by Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) by adopting the following common measures[1]:",
"• Council decision 2011/137/SC of 28 February",
"The Council ' s decision lays down the European Union ' s commitment to implement all the measures contained in resolution 1970 (2011) and lays the foundation for the European Union ' s specific follow-up action in the area of the resolution, especially the following:",
"- Shipment of equipment that can be used for internal repression;",
"- Requirement of prior information concerning or intended cargoes from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya;",
"- Designations made independently by the Council of the European Union, pursuant to the ban on issuance of visas and the freezing of assets, persons and entities involved directly or by complicity in the orders, control or other forms of direction of the perpetration of serious violations of human rights against persons in Libya or in the execution of such entities, in particular through their implication or complicity in the planning, command, or delivery of international actions.",
"• Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 of 2 March 2011 on restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya",
"In accordance with Council resolution 1970 (2011) and Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, the Council adopted a Regulation implementing the measures envisaged in Decision 2011/137/CFSP falling within the scope of the Union ' s competence.",
"• Council decision 2011/178/CFSP of 23 March 2011 amending Decision 2011/137/CFSP on restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya",
"The Council adopted a Decision amending Decision 2011/137/PESC of 28 February pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011).",
"• Council Regulation (EU) n^(o) 296/2011 of 25 March 2011, amending the Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 on restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya",
"In accordance with Council resolution 1973 (2011) and Council Decision 2011/178/CFSP, the Council adopted a Regulation implementing the measures provided for in Decision 2011/178/CFSP falling within the scope of the Union.",
"• Council Execution Decision 2011/236/CFSP of 12 April 2011, implementing Decision 2011/137/CFSP on restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya",
"In accordance with Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, and in particular its article 8, paragraph 2, relating to article 31, paragraph 2, of the European Union Treaty, additional persons and entities listed in the annex to this Decision have been included in annex IV to Decision 2011/137/CFSP, a person has been removed from the lists of annexes II and IV and the information relating to specific persons and entities listed in the lists,",
"• Execution Regulation (EU) n^(o). 360/2011 of the Council of 12 April 2011, implementing article 16, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 on restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya",
"In addition to Council Execution Decision 2011/236/CFSP, the Council adopted a Regulation implementing Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011, in order to give legal effect to the freezing of assets of new persons and entities designated autonomously by the European Union.",
"• Council Execution Decision 2011/300/CFSP of 23 May 2011 implementing Decision 2011/137/CFSP on restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya",
"In accordance with Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, and in particular its article 8, paragraph 2, relating to article 31, paragraph 2, of the Treaty of the European Union, additional persons and entities listed in the annex to this Decision have been included in annexes II and IV of Decision 2011/137/CFSP.",
"• Execution Regulation (EU) n^(o) 502/2011 of 23 May 2011, implementing Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 on restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya",
"In addition to the Council ' s 2011/300/SPS Execution Decision, the Council adopted a Regulation implementing Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 in order to give legal effect to the freezing of assets of new persons and entities designated autonomously by the European Union.",
"• Council decision 2011/332/CFSP of 7 June 2011 amending Decision 2011/137/CFSP on restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya",
"In accordance with Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, additional entities have been included in the list of persons and entities subject to restrictive measures set out in annex IV to Decision 2011/137/CFSP. In addition, Council Decision 2011/332/PESC amends Decision 2011/137/PESC to take into account specific provisions relating to restrictive measures applicable to port authorities.",
"• Council Regulation (EU) n^(o) 572/2011 of 16 June 2011, amending the Regulation (EU) n^(o) 204/2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya",
"In accordance with Council Decision 2011/332/CFSP, the Council adopted a Regulation implementing the measures provided for in Council Decision 2011/332/CFSP falling within the competence of the Union.",
"• Council Regulation (EC) No. 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 (and its subsequent amendments), this Regulation obliges nationals of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to have a visa to enter the European Union.",
"The aforementioned regulations of the Council are binding on all its elements and directly applicable in all member States of the European Union[2].",
"2. National implementation measures",
"At the national level, the Government of Portugal, committed to the full implementation of resolution 1970 (2011), carried out inter-agency coordination procedures and distributed the resolution, together with its respective instructions for implementation, to all government departments involved in its comprehensive national implementation, as well as to other relevant entities, such as the banking system. The relevant authorities in the area of restrictive measures are the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Finance.[3]",
"Portugal has the following national legislation which, together with Council Decision 2011/137/PESC, provides the basis for the implementation and implementation of restrictive measures:",
"- Act No. 11/2002 of 16 February 2002 establishing the national legal framework for sanctions applicable to non-compliance with sanctions imposed by Security Council resolutions or regulations of the European Union. According to this Law, those who violate the sanctions imposed by the United Nations or the European Union will be punished by imprisonment for 3 to 5 years.",
"Arms embargo",
"Imports and exports of arms and other related materials from and to a third country require a specific license from the Ministry of Defence of Portugal. Such licences are granted only after a thorough assessment that takes into account all relevant criteria, including, inter alia, obligations under United Nations sanctions, and are not granted if such sanctions are not met.",
"To ensure strict compliance with the sanctions regime, Portugal has taken the following measures:",
"- Immediate suspension of all preparations for bilateral cooperation in 2011 under the Defence Action Plan, which began during the third Luso-Libya Joint Commission held on 27 October 2010 in Tripoli. All contacts with the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya under the 5+5 Initiative have also been suspended.",
"- Suspension of all import and export licences for defence-related products from and to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya by the competent Directorate of the Ministry of Defence (the General Directorate of Arsenal and Defence Infrastructure, which manages all international trade in military goods and technologies and related activities). This measure had an immediate impact on the two Libyan C-130 aircraft in OGMA S.A. for their repair and were not returned to the Libyan Government, which had requested it.",
"Asset freeze",
"With regard to the freezing of funds, other financial assets and economic resources of persons and entities designated in the annex to resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), such resolutions were sent to the Ministry of Finance and the Bank of Portugal. In accordance with Law 11/2002, funds, financial assets and other economic resources shall be frozen only by the European Union or the Security Council designates individuals or entities subject to these targeted sanctions. This includes any action that, directly or indirectly, may put funds within the scope of a natural or legal person mentioned in these international legal instruments (articles 1 and 2 of Law 11/2002). Financial institutions should therefore freeze funds and economic resources as soon as the relevant authorities forward the relevant United Nations lists to them (the lists contained in European Union regulations are directly applicable to all national institutions).",
"Travel ban",
"The Government of Portugal sent the list of persons designated to the competent authorities. So far, no visa applications have been received from listed individuals.",
"[1] All common measures are published in the Official Journal of the European Union, which is available on the following websites: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOIndex.do?ihmlang=es (published copies) and http://eur-lex.europa.eu/RECH_menu.do?ihmlang=es (Search form).",
"[2] Regulation (EC) not 539/2001 does not apply to Ireland or the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.",
"[3] http://www.mne.gov.pt/mne/pt/AutMedidasRestritivas.htm."
] |
[
"Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia",
"Nota verbal de fecha 24 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión de los Estados Unidos de América ante las Naciones Unidas",
"La Misión de los Estados Unidos de América tiene el honor de adjuntar a la presente el informe de los Estados Unidos de América sobre la aplicación de la resolución 1970 (2011), de conformidad con lo solicitado en el párrafo 25 de la resolución 1970 (2011).",
"Anexo de la nota verbal de fecha 24 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión de los Estados Unidos de América ante las Naciones Unidas",
"Informe de los Estados Unidos de América sobre la aplicación de la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad",
"Embargo de armas",
"La transferencia o exportación de artículos de defensa y la prestación de servicios de defensa se rige por la Ley de control de exportaciones de armas, que es la base jurídica aplicable para los acuerdos intergubernamentales (el sistema de ventas militares al extranjero) y la concesión de licencias para la venta comercial directa. Además, el Reglamento sobre tráfico internacional de armas también se aplica al sistema de concesión de licencias para la venta comercial directa. La Ley y el Reglamento sirven de base del cumplimiento por los Estados Unidos del embargo de armas contra la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia impuesto por el Consejo de Seguridad en su resolución 1970 (2011) y modificado en su resolución 1973 (2011).",
"El sistema de control de la exportación de municiones de los Estados Unidos se ha concebido para negar el acceso a equipo y tecnología de defensa de origen estadounidense a los adversarios de los Estados Unidos y a las partes con intereses opuestos a los de los Estados Unidos. El proceso de control de las exportaciones está estrictamente reglamentado y excluye la participación de partes sujetas a embargo por las Naciones Unidas u otras partes excluidas.",
"Los Estados Unidos exigen que todas las personas de los Estados Unidos que fabrican o exportan artículos de defensa u ofrecen servicios de defensa, y las personas de los Estados Unidos o extranjeras que se dedican a la intermediación del comercio de armas se registren en el Departamento de Estado de los Estados Unidos. Una vez cumplido ese requisito, cualquier exportación de artículos de defensa o prestación de servicios de defensa, o cualquier actividad de intermediación debe ser aprobada por el Departamento de Estado mediante una licencia u otra forma de autorización. Las ventas comerciales directas están sujetas a la vigilancia del uso final en el marco de la Ley de control de exportaciones de armas, aplicada por conducto del programa “Blue Lantern” del Departamento de Estado. Las violaciones del control de la exportación de armas, como el suministro de artículos y tecnología de defensa a personas excluidas, se castigan con estrictas sanciones penales (incluidas penas de prisión de 20 años y multas de 1 millón de dólares por cada violación) y civiles (prohibición de participar en el comercio de defensa de los Estados Unidos y multas de hasta 500.000 dólares por cada violación).",
"* Los anexos se han presentado a la Secretaría y se encuentran disponibles para fines de consulta.",
"Tras la aprobación de la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad, el 4 de de marzo de 2011 el Departamento de Estado de los Estados Unidos suspendió todas las licencias de exportación para Libia con arreglo a la Ley de control de exportaciones de armas y del Reglamento sobre tráfico internacional de armas*. Posteriormente, el Departamento de Estado publicó una enmienda del Reglamento (76 Fed. Reg. 30001, que entró en vigor el 24 de mayo de 2011)* para reflejar y aplicar las disposiciones contenidas en los párrafos 9 y 10 de la resolución 1970 (2011), en su forma modificada por la resolución 1973 (2011).",
"Como se señala en la nota del Registro Federal que contiene la enmienda:",
"Por la presente disposición se da cumplimiento a las medidas impuestas por el Consejo de Seguridad con la adición de Libia en la sección 126.1 c) del Reglamento sobre tráfico internacional de armas y la revisión de la política anterior sobre Libia contenida en la sección 126.1 k), y se anuncia la política de rechazo de todas las solicitudes de licencia o aprobación de exportaciones o transferencias de artículos de defensa y prestación de servicios de defensa a Libia, a excepción de lo que no prohíba el embargo del Consejo de Seguridad y que se considere que convenga a los intereses de la seguridad nacional y la política exterior de los Estados Unidos.",
"El texto de la enmienda es el siguiente:",
"k) Libia. La política de los Estados Unidos es no conceder licencias ni aprobar otras solicitudes relativas a la exportación o importación de artículos de defensa y la prestación de servicios de defensa con destino a Libia o que se originen en Libia, salvo cuando se determine tras el examen de cada caso concreto que la transacción (o actividad) no queda prohibida en la resoluciones aplicables del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas y que la transacción (o actividad) promueve la seguridad nacional y la política exterior de los Estados Unidos.",
"Prohibición de viajar",
"Con arreglo a las disposiciones aplicables de la Ley de inmigración y nacionalidad, los Estados Unidos tienen la autoridad necesaria para impedir el ingreso en los territorios de los Estados Unidos o el tránsito por ellos de las personas que figuren en la lista del anexo I de la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad o en la lista del anexo I de la resolución 1973 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad, o que designe el Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia (en adelante “el Comité”), siempre que esas personas no sean nacionales de los Estados Unidos y que el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos no haya determinado que su ingreso o tránsito sea necesario para promover la paz y la seguridad en la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia (en cuyo caso el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos habrá de notificar al Comité dentro de las 48 horas posteriores a la determinación, según lo dispuesto en la resolución 1970 (2011)). Se concede una exención a la prohibición de viajar, en la medida en que sea conforme a la legislación de los Estados Unidos, si el Comité determina en cada caso concreto que el viaje se justifica por motivos humanitarios, incluidas las obligaciones religiosas, o que la exención habrá de promover los objetivos de la paz y la reconciliación nacional en la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia y la estabilidad en la región.",
"Congelación de activos",
"Los Estados Unidos han adoptado las medidas necesarias para cumplir la congelación de activos que se dispone en las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad 1970 (2011) y 1973 (2011). El Presidente Barack Obama publicó el Decreto número 13566 (que entró en vigor el 25 de febrero de 2011)*, por el que se aplican las disposiciones contenidas en el párrafo 17 de la resolución 1970 (2011).",
"El Decreto número 13566 se promulgó en virtud de la autoridad presidencial conferida por la Constitución y la legislación de los Estados Unidos, incluidas la Ley de facultades económicas en caso de emergencia internacional (50 U.S.C. 1701 y siguientes), la Ley de emergencia nacional (50 U.S.C. 1601 y siguientes) y la sección 301 del Título 3 del Código de los Estados Unidos.",
"Conforme a la sección 10 del decreto, se autoriza al Secretario del Tesoro a adoptar todas las medidas que sean necesarias para esos fines. Al 21 de junio de 2011, los Estados Unidos habían bloqueado aproximadamente 37.000 millones de dólares de activos del Gobierno de Libia bajo la jurisdicción de los Estados Unidos."
] | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Note verbale dated 24 June 2011 from the United States Mission to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee",
"The United States Mission has the honour to attach herewith the report of the United States on the implementation of resolution 1970 (2011), as requested in paragraph 25 of resolution 1970 (2011).",
"Annex to the note verbale dated 24 June 2011 from the United States Mission to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee",
"Report of the United States of America on its implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)",
"Arms Embargo",
"The transfer or export of United States defence articles and defence services is controlled by the Arms Export Control Act. The Act is the governing statutory authority for government-to-government agreements (the Foreign Military Sales system) and the licensing of direct commercial sales. In addition, the International Traffic in Arms Regulations further regulate the direct commercial sales licensing system. The Act and the Regulations serve as the basis for United States compliance with the arms embargo on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya imposed by the Security Council in its resolution 1970 (2011) and modified by its resolution 1973 (2011).",
"The United States munitions export control system is designed to deny access to United States-origin defence equipment and technology to adversaries and parties whose interests are inimical to those of the United States. The export control process is closely regulated and excludes the participation of parties that are embargoed by the United Nations or are otherwise ineligible.",
"The United States requires all United States persons that manufacture or export defence articles or furnish defence services, as well as United States and foreign persons engaged in arms brokering, to register with the United States Department of State. Once registered, any export of defence articles, furnishing of defence services, or the brokering thereof, must be authorized through a license or other authorization by the Department of State. Once registered, any export of defence articles, furnishing of defence services, or brokering thereof, must be authorized through a license or other authorization by the Department of State. Direct commercial sales are subject to end-use monitoring under the Arms Export Control Act as implemented by the Department of State’s “Blue Lantern” programme. Arms export control violations, including provision of defence articles and technology to ineligible persons, are subject to strict penalties, both criminal (including a prison sentence of 20 years and/or a $1 million fine for each violation) and civil (debarment from participation in United States defence trade and monetary penalties up to $500,000 for each violation).",
"* Annexes are on file with the Secretariat and are available for consultation.",
"Following the adoption of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), the United States Department of State on 4 March 2011 suspended all export licenses under the Arms Export Control Act and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations for Libya.* Subsequently, the Department of State published an amendment to the Regulations (76 Fed. Reg. 30001, effective 24 May 2011)* to reflect and implement the provisions contained in paragraphs 9 and 10 of resolution 1970 (2011), as modified by resolution 1973 (2011).",
"As stated in the Federal Register notice containing that amendment:",
"This rulemaking implements the Security Council’s actions within the International Traffic in Arms Regulations by adding Libya to section 126.1(c) and revising the previous policy on Libya contained in section 126.1(k) to announce a policy of denial for all requests for licenses or other approvals to export or otherwise transfer defence articles and services to Libya, except where not prohibited under Security Council embargo and determined to be in the interests of the national security and foreign policy of the United States.",
"The text of the amendment is as follows:",
"(k) Libya. It is the policy of the United States to deny licenses or other approvals for exports or imports of defence articles and defence services destined for or originating in Libya, except where it determines, upon case-by-case review, that the transaction (or activity) is not prohibited under applicable United Nations Security Council resolutions and that the transaction (or activity) is in furtherance of the national security and foreign policy of the United States.",
"Travel Ban",
"Under the applicable provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act, the United States has the necessary authority to prevent the entry into or transit through the United States’ territories of individuals listed in annex I of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), listed in annex I of Council resolution 1973 (2011), or designated by the Committee established pursuant to Council resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (herein “the Committee”), provided that those individuals are not nationals of the United States and that the United States Government has not determined that their entry or transit is required to advance peace and security in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (in which event the United States Government will notify the Committee within forty-eight hours after making such a determination, as provided by resolution 1970). To the extent consistent with United States law, travel exceptions will be granted if the Committee determines on a case-by-case basis that such travel is justified on the grounds of humanitarian need, including religious obligation, or that an exemption would further the objectives of peace and national reconciliation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and stability in the region.",
"Asset Freeze",
"The United States has taken the necessary measures to implement the asset freeze in Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). President Barack Obama issued Executive Order 13566 (effective 25 February 2011),* which implements the provisions contained in paragraph 17 of resolution 1970 (2011).",
"Executive Order 13566 was issued under the authority vested in the President by the Constitution and laws of the United States, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.) and section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code.",
"According to Section 10 of that order, the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to take all actions necessary to carry out its purposes. As of June 21, 2011, the United States has blocked approximately $37 billion in Government of Libya assets under United States jurisdiction."
] | S_AC.52_2011_22 | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Note verbale dated 24 June 2011 from the United States Mission to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"The United States Mission has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the United States of America on the implementation of resolution 1970 (2011), as requested in paragraph 25 of resolution 1970 (2011).",
"Annex to the note verbale dated 24 June 2011 from the United States Mission to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"Report of the United States of America on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)",
"Arms embargo",
"The transfer or export of defence goods and the provision of defence services is governed by the Arms Export Control Act, which is the legal basis for intergovernmental agreements (the military sales system abroad) and the licensing of direct commercial sale. Furthermore, the Regulations on International Arms Traffic also apply to the licensing system for direct commercial sale. The Act and the Regulations provide the basis for the United States ' compliance with the arms embargo against the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya imposed by the Security Council in its resolution 1970 (2011) and amended in its resolution 1973 (2011).",
"The United States Munitions Export Control System has been designed to deny access to U.S.-based defence equipment and technology to the adversaries of the United States and the parties with opposite interests to those of the United States. The export control process is strictly regulated and excludes the participation of embargoed parties by the United Nations or other excluded parties.",
"The United States demands that all persons in the United States who manufacture or export defence articles or offer defence services, and persons in the United States or foreign countries engaged in the brokering of arms trade be registered in the United States State Department. Once this requirement is met, any export of defence goods or the provision of defence services, or any brokering activity must be approved by the State Department through a licence or other form of authorization. Direct trade sales are subject to monitoring of final use under the Arms Export Control Act, implemented through the State Department ' s " Blue Lantern " programme. Violations of arms export control, such as the provision of items and defence technology to excluded persons, are punishable by strict criminal penalties (including 20-year prison sentences and $1 million fines for each violation) and civilians (prohibition of participation in the United States defence trade and fines of up to $500,000 for each violation).",
"♪ The annexes have been submitted to the Secretariat and are available for consultation purposes.",
"Following the adoption of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), on 4 March 2011, the United States Department of State suspended all export licences for Libya under the Arms Export Control Act and the International Arms Trafficking Regulations*. Subsequently, the State Department issued an amendment to the Regulations (76 Fed. Reg. 30001, which entered into force on 24 May 2011)* to reflect and implement the provisions contained in paragraphs 9 and 10 of resolution 1970 (2011), as amended by resolution 1973 (2011).",
"As noted in the note by the Federal Register containing the amendment:",
"The present provision complies with the measures imposed by the Security Council with the addition of Libya in section 126.1 (c) of the Regulations on International Arms Traffic and the revision of the previous policy on Libya contained in section 126.1 (k), and announces the policy of rejecting all applications for licence or approval of exports or transfers of defence articles and the provision of defence services to Libya, except for what does not prohibit the Security Council ' s embargo and which is deemed to be the national security.",
"The text of the amendment is as follows:",
"(k) Libya. The United States policy is not to grant licences or to approve other applications relating to the export or import of defence goods and the provision of defence services to Libya or originating in Libya, except when determined after the review of each specific case that the transaction (or activity) is not prohibited by the applicable United Nations Security Council resolutions and that the transaction (or activity) promotes national security and foreign policy of the United States.",
"Travel ban",
"In accordance with the applicable provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act, the United States has the necessary authority to prevent the entry into or transit through the territories of the United States of America of the persons listed in annex I to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) or in the list of annex I to Security Council resolution 1973 (2011), or designated by the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ' s non-United States Security Council resolution A travel ban waiver is granted, to the extent that it is in conformity with United States law, if the Committee determines in each specific case that the journey is justified on humanitarian grounds, including religious obligations, or that the exemption will promote the goals of peace and national reconciliation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and stability in the region.",
"Asset freeze",
"The United States has taken the necessary measures to comply with the asset freeze provided for in Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). President Barack Obama issued Decree No. 13566 (which entered into force on 25 February 2011)*, implementing the provisions contained in paragraph 17 of resolution 1970 (2011).",
"Decree No. 13566 was promulgated under the presidential authority conferred by the Constitution and legislation of the United States, including the Economic Powers Act in the Event of an International Emergency (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), the National Emergency Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.) and Section 301 of Title 3 of the United States Code.",
"Under section 10 of the decree, the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to take all necessary measures for that purpose. As at 21 June 2011, the United States had blocked approximately $37 billion of assets from the Libyan Government under the jurisdiction of the United States."
] |
[
"Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia",
"Nota verbal de fecha 29 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente de China ante las Naciones Unidas",
"La Misión Permanente de la República Popular China ante las Naciones Unidas tiene el honor de transmitir adjunto el informe de China sobre las medidas adoptadas para aplicar la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad (véase el anexo).",
"Anexo de la nota verbal de fecha 29 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente de China ante las Naciones Unidas",
"Informe de China sobre la aplicación de la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad",
"1. En vista de las circunstancias excepcionales de Libia y teniendo en cuenta la preocupación y la opinión de los países árabes y africanos, China apoya la aprobación de la resolución 1970 (2011) por el Consejo de Seguridad. China, miembro permanente del Consejo de Seguridad, siempre ha aplicado las resoluciones del Consejo concienzudamente y de manera responsable y ha desarrollado mecanismos operacionales y prácticas eficaces en ese sentido. Tras la aprobación de la resolución 1970 (2011) por el Consejo, el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de China emitió una circular solicitando que esta se aplicara concienzudamente con arreglo a la ley por todos los ministerios y comisiones del Estado, así como por los gobiernos de todas las provincias, regiones autónomas, municipios y las Regiones Administrativas Especiales de Hong Kong y Macao.",
"2. China ha adoptado las medidas siguientes de conformidad con lo dispuesto en la resolución 1970 (2011) y las decisiones pertinentes del Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia:",
"a) En materia de exportación de armas, China ha adoptado en todo momento un enfoque prudente y responsable y aplica controles estrictos. China aplica concienzudamente las disposiciones de la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad y no suministra, vende ni transfiere armas ni material conexo de ningún tipo a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia;",
"b) Las autoridades competentes de China solicitan que toda la carga procedente de la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia o con dirección a ese país sea inspeccionada cuidadosamente en los puertos y aeropuertos pertinentes y, cuando se disponga de información que ofrezca motivos fundados y pruebas fehacientes para creer que la carga contiene artículos cuyo suministro, venta, transferencia o exportación estén prohibidos en virtud de las disposiciones de la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo, sea sometida a una inspección rigurosa. En caso de detectarse esos artículos, se procederá a confiscarlos y disponer de ellos con arreglo a la resolución 1970 (2011), y se presentará un informe por escrito al Comité. En virtud de esa resolución, China prestará asistencia a otros países a fin de asegurar la aplicación estricta de las disposiciones pertinentes de las resoluciones del Consejo;",
"c) China prohíbe que sus nacionales, además de buques y aeronaves que operen bajo el pabellón de China, adquieran armas o material conexo de ningún tipo de la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia, independientemente de si esos artículos provienen de ese país;",
"d) China asegura la congelación de fondos, otros activos financieros y recursos económicos en su territorio que sean de propiedad o estén bajo el control, directo o indirecto, de las personas o entidades incluidas en el anexo II de la resolución 1970 (2011) y el anexo II de la resolución 1973 (2011) o designadas por el Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011), o de personas o entidades que actúen en su nombre o bajo su dirección, o de entidades que sean de propiedad o estén bajo el control de ellas, y se cerciora de que sus nacionales u otras personas o entidades que se encuentran en sus territorios no pongan fondos, activos financieros ni recursos económicos a disposición de las personas o entidades incluidas en el anexo II de las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad 1970 (2011) y 1973 (2011), o en su beneficio;",
"e) China ha incluido en una lista a las personas designadas en las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad 1970 (2011) y 1973 (2011) y a las personas designadas por el Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) a fin de impedirles el ingreso en el territorio nacional o el tránsito por este.",
"3. Sobre la base del principio de “un país, dos sistemas”, el Gobierno central de China es el responsable de gestionar los asuntos de defensa y las relaciones exteriores de las Regiones Administrativas Especiales de Hong Kong y Macao, mientras que esas dos Regiones tienen competencias ejecutivas y legislativas, así como un poder judicial independiente facultado para decidir en última instancia. Por tanto, las Regiones Administrativas Especiales de Hong Kong y Macao, previa notificación del Gobierno central, formularán sus propias leyes y disposiciones para dar pleno cumplimiento a la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo.",
"4. Si bien es nuestro deseo que la resolución 1970 (2011) se aplique plena y concienzudamente, consideramos que las sanciones no son un fin en sí mismo, sino un medio para promover una solución política a la crisis de Libia. China espera que todas las partes afectadas respeten la soberanía, la independencia, la unidad y la integridad territorial de la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia, de conformidad con los principios y propósitos de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y las normas del derecho internacional. China aboga por la cesación del fuego en la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia lo antes posible, a fin de evitar más bajas civiles y una crisis humanitaria aún mayor, y exhorta a todas las partes afectadas a solucionar la crisis de la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia de manera pacífica por la vía de las negociaciones y las consultas. China seguirá colaborando de manera constructiva en la consecución de ese objetivo."
] | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Note verbale dated 29 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of China to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee",
"The Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the United Nations has the honour to forward, enclosed herewith, the report of China on measures taken to implement Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).",
"Annex to the note verbale dated 29 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of China to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee",
"Report by China on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)",
"1. In view of the special circumstances in Libya, and taking into consideration the concerns and positions of the Arab and African countries, China supports the adoption by the Security Council of its resolution 1970 (2011). As a permanent member of the Security Council, China has always conscientiously implemented the Council’s resolutions in a responsible manner, and has developed effective operational mechanisms and practices in that regard. Following the adoption by the Security Council of resolution 1970 (2011), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China issued a circular requesting that it should be conscientiously implemented in accordance with the law by all State ministries and commissions as well as by the governments of all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities and the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions.",
"2. China has taken the following measures pursuant to the provisions of resolution 1970 (2011) and the relevant decisions of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya:",
"(a) In the area of arms exports, China has consistently taken a prudent and responsible approach and enforces strict controls. China conscientiously implements the provisions of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), and does not supply, sell or transfer arms or related materiel of any type to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya;",
"(b) The competent Chinese authorities have requested that all cargo to and from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya should be carefully inspected at the relevant airports and seaports, and when there is information that provides reasonable grounds and solid evidence to believe the cargo contains items the supply, sale, transfer, or export of which is prohibited under the provisions of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), that cargo should undergo rigorous inspection. If such items are discovered, they are to be seized and disposed of in accordance with the requirements of resolution 1970 (2011), and a written report shall be submitted to the Committee. China will, pursuant to the resolution, assist other countries in order to ensure the strict implementation of relevant provisions of the Council’s resolutions;",
"(c) China forbids its nationals, as well as ships or aircraft operating under the Chinese flag, from procuring arms or related materiel of any type from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, regardless of whether or not such items originated in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya;",
"(d) China ensures the freezing of funds, other financial assets and economic resources on its territory, that are directly or indirectly owned or controlled by the persons or entities designated in annex II to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) and annex II to Security Council resolution 1973 (2011), or by persons or entities designated by the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011), or by persons or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction or entities owned or controlled by them, and ensures that any funds, financial assets or economic resources are prevented from being made available by its nationals or by any persons or entities within its territory, to or for the benefit of the persons or entities designated in annex II to Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011);",
"(e) China has included the persons designated in Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), and persons designated by the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011), on the list of persons to be denied entry into China in order to prevent their entry into or transit through its national territory.",
"3. Based on the principle of “one country, two systems”, the Central Government of China is responsible for managing the defence and foreign affairs of the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions; the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions enjoy executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication. For this reason, the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions shall, upon notification by the Central Government, formulate their own laws and regulations so as to fully implement Council resolution 1970 (2011).",
"4. While we hope that resolution 1970 (2011) will be fully and accurately implemented, we hold the view that sanctions are not an end in themselves but rather a means to promote a political resolution of the Libyan crisis. China hopes that all parties concerned will respect the sovereignty, independence, unity and territorial integrity of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, in accordance with the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations and international legal norms. China advocates the achievement of a ceasefire in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya as soon as possible, in order to prevent even more civilian casualties and even greater humanitarian suffering, and calls upon all parties concerned to resolve the crisis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya peacefully through negotiation and consultation. China will continue to work constructively towards that goal."
] | S_AC.52_2011_27 | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Note verbale dated 29 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of China to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"The Permanent Mission of the People ' s Republic of China to the United Nations has the honour to transmit herewith the report of China on the measures taken to implement Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).",
"Annex to the note verbale dated 29 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of China to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"Report of China on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)",
"1. In view of the exceptional circumstances of Libya and taking into account the concerns and views of the Arab and African countries, China supports the adoption of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011). China, a permanent member of the Security Council, has consistently and responsibly implemented Council resolutions and has developed effective operational mechanisms and practices in this regard. Following the adoption of Council resolution 1970 (2011), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China issued a circular requesting that it be implemented in a manner consistent with the law by all ministries and State commissions, as well as by the governments of all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau.",
"2. China has taken the following measures in accordance with resolution 1970 (2011) and the relevant decisions of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya:",
"(a) With regard to the export of arms, China has at all times adopted a prudent and responsible approach and has strict controls. China fully implements the provisions of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) and does not supply, sell or transfer any arms or related materiel to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya;",
"(b) The competent authorities of China request that all cargo from or with the direction of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya be carefully inspected at the relevant ports and airports and, where information is available to provide well-founded reasons and evidence to believe that the cargo contains items whose supply, sale, transfer or export are prohibited under the provisions of Council resolution 1970 (2011), be subject to rigorous inspection. In the event of the detection of such items, they will be confiscated and disposed of in accordance with resolution 1970 (2011) and a written report will be submitted to the Committee. Under that resolution, China would assist other countries in ensuring strict implementation of the relevant provisions of Council resolutions;",
"(c) China prohibits its nationals, in addition to vessels and aircraft operating under the China Pavilion, from acquiring arms or related materiel of any kind from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, irrespective of whether such items come from that country;",
"(d) China ensures the freezing of funds, other financial assets and economic resources in its territory that are owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by persons or entities included in annex II to resolution 1970 (2011) and annex II to resolution 1973 (2011) or designated by the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011), or by persons or entities acting on their behalf or under their leadership, or by entities that are not owned by,",
"(e) China has listed persons designated in Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) and individuals designated by the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) to prevent them from entering or transiting the national territory.",
"3. On the basis of the principle of “one country, two systems”, the central Government of China is responsible for managing the affairs of defence and external relations of the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau, while these two Regions have executive and legislative powers, as well as an independent judiciary empowered to ultimately decide. Therefore, the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macao, upon notification from the central Government, shall formulate their own laws and provisions to give full effect to Council resolution 1970 (2011).",
"4. While it is our desire that resolution 1970 (2011) be fully and conscientiously implemented, we believe that sanctions are not an end in itself, but a means to promote a political solution to the Libyan crisis. China hoped that all the parties concerned would respect the sovereignty, independence, unity and territorial integrity of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, in accordance with the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations and the norms of international law. China advocated the ceasefire in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya as soon as possible, in order to prevent further civilian casualties and an even greater humanitarian crisis, and called on all parties concerned to resolve the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya crisis peacefully through negotiations and consultations. China will continue to engage constructively in achieving that goal."
] |
[
"Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia",
"Carta de fecha 24 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por el Representante Permanente del Japón ante las Naciones Unidas",
"En relación con su carta de fecha 25 de marzo de 2010, el Gobierno del Japón tiene el honor de presentar su informe al Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud del párrafo 24 de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia, en cuyo párrafo 25 el Consejo exhorta a todos los Estados Miembros a que informen al Comité, en un plazo de 120 días a partir de la aprobación de esta resolución, de las medidas que hayan adoptado para aplicar efectivamente lo dispuesto en los párrafos 9, 10, 15 y 17 de la resolución (véase el anexo).",
"(Firmado) Tsuneo Nishida Embajador Representante Permanente del Japón ante las Naciones Unidas",
"Anexo de la carta de fecha 24 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por el Representante Permanente del Japón ante las Naciones Unidas",
"Informe para el Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud del párrafo 24 de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia",
"Legislación en materia de control de exportaciones del Japón y medidas adoptadas de conformidad con el párrafo 9 de la resolución 1970 (2011)",
"El régimen de control de las exportaciones del Japón se basa en la Ley de cambios y comercio exterior (Ley núm. 228 de 1948) (denominada en lo sucesivo “Ley de cambios”), que establece el marco jurídico general aplicable a las exportaciones y a las transacciones exteriores del Japón, así como en el Decreto sobre control del comercio de exportación (Decreto núm. 378 de 1949) (aplicable a las mercancías) y el Decreto relativo al régimen cambiario (Decreto núm. 260 de 1980) (aplicable a las tecnologías). De conformidad con esta normativa, el Gobierno del Japón ejerce un cuidadoso control de las exportaciones de todos los artículos enumerados en las listas anexas a los Decretos mediante un régimen de licencias.",
"El Gobierno del Japón, sobre la base de la Ley de cambios, controla las exportaciones de armas y tecnologías relacionadas, consignadas como artículos “sujetos a control” en la partida 1 de la lista anexa 1 del Decreto sobre control del comercio de exportación y la lista anexa del Decreto relativo al régimen cambiario, respectivamente. Los artículos y las tecnologías descritos en las listas de los Decretos son los mismos que están sujetos al régimen internacional de control de las exportaciones, a saber, el Acuerdo de Wassenaar.",
"En lo referente a las exportaciones de armas, el Gobierno del Japón ha abordado el tema del control de armas con suma cautela, de conformidad con los tres principios sobre las exportaciones de armas (en lo sucesivo “los tres principios”) y sus directrices normativas conexas, a fin de evitar todo posible agravamiento de los conflictos internacionales. Los tres principios han constituido la política básica del Japón aplicable a sus exportaciones de armas desde que fueron aprobados por la Dieta (parlamento) en su período de sesiones de 1967.",
"Conforme a los tres principios, no se permite la exportación de armas a los siguientes países o regiones:",
"1) Países del bloque comunista;",
"2) Países sujetos a embargo de la exportación de armas en virtud de resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad;",
"3) Países que están o puedan estar involucrados en conflictos internacionales.",
"Posteriormente, en febrero de 1976, el Gobierno del Japón anunció una directriz complementaria en el período de sesiones de la Dieta, conforme a la cual las exportaciones de armas a zonas distintas de las enumeradas en los tres principios estarían también controladas de conformidad con la posición del Japón como país amante de la paz. Dicho de otro modo, dicha directriz complementaria estipulaba que el Gobierno del Japón no promovería las exportaciones de armas, sea cual fuere su destino. En el marco de los tres principios, se entiende por “armas” los artículos que utilizan las fuerzas armadas y que se emplean directamente en combate; en concreto, los artículos enumerados en la partida 1 de la lista anexa 1 del Decreto sobre control del comercio de exportación.",
"Legislación en materia de control de importaciones del Japón y medidas adoptadas de conformidad con el párrafo 10 de la resolución 1970 (2011)",
"De conformidad con la Ley de cambios y el Decreto sobre control del comercio de importación (Decreto núm. 414 de 1949), el Gobierno del Japón ha adoptado las medidas necesarias para prohibir la importación de armas originarias o procedentes de Libia.",
"Con arreglo a esas medidas, la importación de armas y materiales conexos originarios o procedentes de Libia está sujeta a la aprobación del Ministro de Economía, Comercio e Industria. En cumplimiento de la resolución 1970 (2011), no se concederán permisos de importación de esos artículos.",
"Medidas adoptadas en cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en el párrafo 15 de la resolución 1970 (2011) (prohibición de viajar)",
"De conformidad con la Ley de constitución del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y la Ley de control de la inmigración y de reconocimiento de la condición de refugiado (en lo sucesivo “Ley de control de la inmigración”), el Gobierno del Japón ya ha establecido las medidas necesarias para mantener la vigilancia respecto de la entrada o el tránsito por su territorio de las personas designadas en el anexo I de la resolución 1970 (2011), así como en el anexo I de la resolución 1973 (2011).",
"Como parte de esas medidas, el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, de conformidad con su ley constitutiva, ejerce una rigurosa vigilancia en el proceso de examen de los visados de entrada y de tránsito por el Japón de las personas designadas en el anexo I de la resolución 1970 (2011), así como en el anexo I de la resolución 1973 (2011). De acuerdo con la Ley de control de la inmigración, el Ministerio de Justicia también ejerce estricta vigilancia en los puertos de entrada y al proceder al examen de las solicitudes de certificados de admisibilidad.",
"Medidas adoptadas en cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en el párrafo 17 de la resolución 1970 (2011) (congelación de activos)",
"De conformidad con la Ley de cambios y la aprobación del Gabinete de 8 de marzo de 2011, el Gobierno del Japón ha adoptado las medidas necesarias para congelar los fondos, otros activos financieros y recursos económicos que se encuentren en territorio japonés y que sean de propiedad o estén bajo el control de las personas designadas en el anexo II de la resolución 1970 (2011), así como las personas y entidades designadas en el anexo II de la resolución 1973 (2011).",
"Según esas medidas, las transacciones de capital con las personas designadas en el anexo II de la resolución y los pagos efectuados a dichas personas o recibidos de ellas están sujetos a la autorización del Ministro de Finanzas o el Ministro de Economía, Comercio e Industria. En cumplimiento de la resolución, no se concederán autorizaciones para esos pagos y transacciones de capital, salvo en los casos excepcionales estipulados en el párrafo 19 de la resolución 1970 (2011)."
] | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee",
"In reference to your letter dated 25 March 2010, the Government of Japan is honoured to present its report to the Committee established pursuant to paragraph 24 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, in paragraph 25 of which the Council calls upon all Member States to report to the Committee within 120 days of the adoption of the resolution on the steps they have taken with a view to implementing effectively paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of the resolution (see annex).",
"(Signed) Tsuneo Nishida Ambassador Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations",
"Annex to the letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee",
"Report to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to paragraph 24 of resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Japan’s export control legislation and measures in accordance with paragraph 9 of resolution 1970 (2011)",
"Japan’s export control system is based on the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (Act No. 228 of 1948, hereinafter referred to as the “Foreign Exchange Act”), which provides the general legal framework governing exports from Japan and external transactions, as well as on the Export Trade Control Order (Cabinet Order No. 378 of 1949) (for goods) and on the Foreign Exchange Order (Cabinet Order No. 260 of 1980) (for technologies). In accordance with these regulations, the Government of Japan exercises careful control over exports of all items on the lists attached to the Orders by means of a licensing requirement.",
"Based on the Foreign Exchange Act, the Government of Japan controls the export of arms and related technologies, which appear as the items described as “subject to control” in item 1 of appended table 1 of the Export Trade Control Order and the appended table of the Foreign Exchange Order, respectively. Goods and technologies described on the list of the Orders correspond to the goods and technologies controlled by the international export control regime, namely the Wassenaar Arrangement.",
"Regarding arms exports, the Government of Japan has been dealing carefully with “arms” exports in accordance with the Three Principles on Arms Exports (hereinafter referred to as “the Three Principles”) and their related policy guidelines in order to avoid any possible aggravation of international conflicts. The Three Principles have been the basic policy concerning Japan’s “arms” exports since they were declared at the Diet session in 1967.",
"Under the Three Principles, “arms” exports to the following countries or regions shall not be permitted:",
"(1) Communist bloc countries;",
"(2) Countries subject to “arms” exports embargo under Security Council resolutions;",
"(3) Countries involved in or likely to be involved in international conflicts.",
"Subsequently, in February 1976, the Government of Japan announced the collateral policy guideline at the Diet session, whereby “arms” exports to other areas not included in the Three Principles will also be restrained in conformity with Japan’s position as a peace-loving nation. In other words, the collateral policy guideline declared that the Government of Japan shall not promote “arms” exports, regardless of the destinations. “Arms”, as referred to in the Three Principles, are defined as goods which are used by military forces and which are directly employed in combat, specifically, goods listed under item 1 of appended table 1 of the Export Trade Control Order.",
"Japan’s import control legislation and measures in accordance with paragraph 10 of resolution 1970 (2011)",
"The Government of Japan has taken, in accordance with the Foreign Exchange Act and the Import Trade Control Order (Cabinet Order No. 414 of 1949), necessary measures to prohibit the import of any arms originating from or shipped from Libya.",
"Under these measures, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry has announced that the importation of arms originating from or shipped from Libya is subject to approval of the Ministry. In light of resolution 1970 (2011), approvals will not be granted for these arms and related materiel.",
"Measures in accordance with paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (2011) (travel ban)",
"The Government of Japan has already initiated, in accordance with the Law for the Establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act (hereinafter “Immigration Control Act”), necessary measures to exercise vigilance regarding the entry into or transit through its territories of individuals designated in annex Ⅰ to resolution 1970 (2011) (as well as in annex Ⅰto resolution 1973 (2011)).",
"Under these measures, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, in accordance with the Law for the Establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, exercises strict vigilance in the examination of entry/transit visas for the entry into or transit through Japan of individuals designated in annex Ⅰ to resolution 1970 (2011) (as well as in annex Ⅰ to resolution 1973 (2011)). The Ministry of Justice, in accordance with the Immigration Control Act, also exercises strict vigilance in landing examinations and examinations of applications for certificates of eligibility.",
"Measures in accordance with paragraph 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) (asset freeze)",
"The Government of Japan has taken, in accordance with the Foreign Exchange Law and Cabinet approval on 8 March 2011, necessary measures to freeze the funds, other financial assets and economic resources within Japanese territory that are owned or controlled by individuals designated in annex Ⅱ to resolution 1970 (2011) (as well as individuals and entities designated in annex Ⅱ to resolution 1973 (2011)).",
"Under these measures, payments to or by, and capital transactions with, those designated in annex II to the resolution are subject to licensing by the Minister of Finance or the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry. In light of the resolution, licences will not be granted for these payments and capital transactions, with the exceptions stipulated in paragraph 19 of resolution 1970 (2011)."
] | S_AC.52_2011_23 | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"In connection with its letter dated 25 March 2010, the Government of Japan has the honour to submit its report to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to paragraph 24 of resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, in paragraph 25 of which the Council calls upon all Member States to report to the Committee, within 120 days of the adoption of this resolution, of the measures they have taken to implement effectively the provisions of paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 (see annex).",
"(Signed) Tsuneo Nishida Ambassador Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations",
"Annex to the letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"Report to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to paragraph 24 of resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Japan export control legislation and measures taken pursuant to paragraph 9 of resolution 1970 (2011)",
"Japan ' s export control regime is based on the Foreign Trade and Changes Act (Act No. 228 of 1948) (hereinafter referred to as the " Changes Act " ), which establishes the general legal framework applicable to Japan ' s exports and foreign transactions, as well as the Export Trade Control Decree (Decree No. 378 of 1949) (applicable to goods) and the 1980 Regulation. In accordance with this regulation, the Government of Japan exercises careful export control of all items listed in the lists annexed to the Decrees through a licensing regime.",
"The Government of Japan, on the basis of the Changes Act, controls the exports of arms and related technologies, as “subjects to control” in line 1 of annex 1 of the Export Control Decree and the annexed list of the Exchange Regime Decree, respectively. The articles and technologies described in the lists of Decrees are the same as those subject to the international export control regime, namely the Wassenaar Agreement.",
"With regard to arms exports, the Government of Japan has addressed the issue of arms control with utmost caution, in accordance with the three principles on arms exports (hereinafter “the three principles”) and its related policy directives, in order to avoid any possible aggravation of international conflicts. The three principles have constituted the basic policy of Japan applicable to its arms exports since they were approved by the Diet (parliament) at its 1967 session.",
"Under the three principles, the export of arms to the following countries or regions is not permitted:",
"(1) Communist bloc countries;",
"(2) Countries subject to arms embargo under Security Council resolutions;",
"(3) Countries that are or may be involved in international conflicts.",
"Subsequently, in February 1976, the Government of Japan announced a supplementary guideline at the Diet session, whereby arms exports to areas other than those listed in the three principles would also be controlled in accordance with Japan ' s position as a peace-loving country. In other words, such a complementary guideline stipulated that the Government of Japan would not promote arms exports, whatever their destination. Under the three principles, " weapons " means the articles used by the armed forces and used directly in combat; in particular, the articles listed in item 1 of annex 1 of the Export Trade Control Decree.",
"Import control legislation of Japan and measures taken pursuant to paragraph 10 of resolution 1970 (2011)",
"In accordance with the Changes Act and the Import Trade Control Decree (Decree No. 414 of 1949), the Government of Japan has taken the necessary measures to prohibit the importation of weapons originating or coming from Libya.",
"Under these measures, the import of arms and related materials originating from Libya is subject to the approval of the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry. Pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011), no import permits will be granted.",
"Action taken pursuant to paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (2011) (travel ban)",
"In accordance with the Constitution of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act (hereinafter “Immigration Control Act”), the Government of Japan has already established the necessary measures to maintain monitoring of the entry or transit of persons designated in annex I to resolution 1970 (2011), as well as in annex I to resolution 1973 (2011).",
"As part of these measures, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in accordance with its constituent law, exercises rigorous monitoring in the process of reviewing entry and transit visas by Japan for persons designated in annex I to resolution 1970 (2011), as well as in annex I to resolution 1973 (2011). In accordance with the Immigration Control Act, the Ministry of Justice also exercises strict monitoring in the ports of entry and in proceeding with the examination of applications for admissibility certificates.",
"Action taken pursuant to paragraph 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) (asset freeze)",
"In accordance with the Law on Change and Approval of the Cabinet of 8 March 2011, the Government of Japan has taken the necessary measures to freeze funds, other financial assets and economic resources on Japanese territory and which are owned or controlled by persons designated in annex II to resolution 1970 (2011), as well as individuals and entities designated in annex II to resolution 1973 (2011).",
"According to these measures, capital transactions with persons designated in annex II to the resolution and payments made to such persons or received from them are subject to the authorization of the Minister of Finance or the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry. Pursuant to the resolution, authorizations for such payments and capital transactions shall not be granted except in exceptional cases stipulated in paragraph 19 of resolution 1970 (2011)."
] |
[
"Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia",
"Nota verbal de fecha 22 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente de Grecia ante las Naciones Unidas",
"La Misión Permanente de Grecia ante las Naciones Unidas tiene el honor de transmitir adjunto el informe del Gobierno de Grecia acerca de las medidas adoptadas para aplicar efectivamente las disposiciones pertinentes de la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad (véase el anexo).",
"Anexo de la nota verbal de fecha 22 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente de Grecia ante las Naciones Unidas",
"Informe del Gobierno de Grecia acerca de la aplicación de la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad",
"Grecia tiene el honor de informar al Consejo de Seguridad de las medidas adoptadas en el plano nacional para aplicar efectivamente las disposiciones de los párrafos 9, 10, 15 y 17 de la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad.",
"Según lo dispuesto en la Ley 92/167 relativa a la aplicación de las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas, todas las resoluciones basadas en el Artículo 41 de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, de obligada aplicación para los Estados Miembros de conformidad con el Artículo 25 de la Carta, a) se publican en el Boletín Oficial del Estado por decisión del Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores y b) se aplican mediante un decreto presidencial. En ese decreto se detallan las prohibiciones estipuladas en la resolución y las medidas necesarias para aplicarla. Cualquier infracción de lo estipulado en tales decretos presidenciales está sujeta a una sanción de hasta cinco años de prisión, a una multa, o a ambas sanciones.",
"Por lo que respecta a la resolución 1970 (2011), la decisión ministerial se publicó en la Boletín Oficial A 54, de 21 de marzo de 2011. El proyecto de decreto presidencial conexo contiene las disposiciones para la aplicación de los párrafos 9, 10, 15 y 17 de la resolución 1970 (2011).",
"Además, el Banco de Grecia y la Dependencia de Sanciones Financieras de Grecia ya han publicado las circulares pertinentes para que las instituciones del sector bancario apliquen plenamente la resolución 1970 (2011).",
"Grecia, en cuanto Estado miembro de la Unión Europea, también está obligada por las medidas restrictivas adoptadas por la Unión Europea contra la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia y acata plenamente las medidas autónomas adoptadas mediante:",
"• La Decisión 2011/137/PESC del Consejo, de 28 de febrero de 2011, modificada por la Decisión 2011/178/PESC del Consejo, de 23 de marzo de 2011",
"• El Reglamento (UE) núm. 204/2011 del Consejo, adoptado el 2 de marzo de 2011, modificado por el Reglamento (UE) núm. 296/2011 del Consejo, de 25 de marzo de 2011 y el Reglamento de Ejecución (UE) núm. 288/2011 del Consejo, de 23 de marzo de 2011",
"• La Decisión de Ejecución 2011/156/PESC del Consejo y el Reglamento de Ejecución (UE) núm. 233/2011 del Consejo, adoptados el 10 de marzo de 2011",
"• La Decisión de Ejecución 2011/175/PESC del Consejo y el Reglamento de Ejecución (UE) núm. 272/2011 del Consejo, adoptados el 21 de marzo de 2011",
"• La Decisión de Ejecución 2011/236/PESC del Consejo y el Reglamento de Ejecución (UE) núm. 360/2011 del Consejo, adoptados el 12 de abril de 2011",
"• La Decisión de Ejecución 2011/300/PESC del Consejo y el Reglamento de Ejecución (UE) núm. 502/2011 del Consejo, adoptados el 23 de mayo de 2011,",
"por los que se impone un embargo al armamento y los materiales afines y los equipos que puedan utilizarse para la represión interna, se prohíbe ofrecer determinados servicios, se exige que se proporcione información previa sobre los cargamentos con origen o destino en la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia, se restringe la admisión de las personas físicas incluidas en una lista, se congelan los fondos y los recursos económicos de personas, entidades y órganos incluidos en la lista, se prohíben los vuelos en el espacio aéreo de la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia, se prohíben los vuelos de aeronaves de la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia en el espacio aéreo de la Unión Europea, y se determinan las excepciones a estas imposiciones.",
"Cabe señalar también que Grecia ha desplegado buques para proporcionar asistencia y protección en el marco de las operaciones de evacuación de ciudadanos extranjeros que querían abandonar la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia y está proporcionando asistencia para la aplicación de los párrafos 4, 6, 7 y 8 de la resolución 1973 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad, de conformidad con el párrafo 9 de dicha resolución."
] | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Note verbale dated 22 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee",
"The Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Government of Greece on measures taken in order to effectively implement the relevant provisions of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).",
"Annex to the note verbale dated 22 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee",
"Report of the Government of Greece regarding the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)",
"Greece has the honour to inform the Security Council of the national measures taken with a view to implementing effectively the provisions of paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011).",
"According to Law 92/1967 on the implementation of Security Council resolutions, any resolution, based on article 41 of the Charter of the United Nations, which is mandatory for Member States, in accordance with Article 25 of the Charter is: (a) published in the Official Gazette by Decision of the Minister for Foreign Affairs and (b) implemented by way of a Presidential Decree. Such Decree further specifies the prohibitions provided for in the resolution and the measures necessary for its implementation. Any violation of the provisions of the aforementioned Presidential Decree is subject to imprisonment for up to five years, or to a fine, or both.",
"As far as Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) is concerned, the Ministerial Decision, Government Gazette A 54 of 21 March 2011 has been issued. The related draft Presidential Decree includes the provisions covering the implementation of paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011).",
"Furthermore, the Bank of Greece and the Greek Financial Sanctions Unit have already issued the appropriate circulars for the full implementation of resolution 1970 (2011) by all banking sector institutions.",
"Greece, as a member State of the European Union, is also bound by the European Union’s restrictive measures against Libya and fully abides by the autonomous measures adopted by:",
"• Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP of 28 February 2011 amended by Council Decision 2011/178/CFSP of 23 March 2011",
"• Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 adopted on 2 March 2011 amended by Council Regulation (EU) No. 296/2011 of 25 March 2011 and Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 288/2011 of 23 March 2011",
"• Council Implementing Decision 2011/156/CFSP and Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 233/2011 adopted on 10 March 2011",
"• Council Implementing Decision 2011/175/CFSP and Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 272/2011 adopted on 21 March 2011",
"• Council Implementing Decision 2011/236/CFSP and Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 360/2011 adopted on 12 April 2011",
"• Council Implementing Decision 2011/300/CFSP and Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 502/2011 adopted on 23 May 2011",
"by which an embargo on arms and related materiel and on equipment that might be used for internal repression; a ban on the provision of certain services; a prior information requirement on cargoes to and from Libya; restrictions on the admission of listed natural persons; the freezing of funds and economic resources of listed persons, entities and bodies; a ban on flights in the airspace of Libya; a ban on flights of Libyan aircraft in the airspace of the European Union and their exceptions, are imposed.",
"It should also be noted that Greece has deployed naval assets for the provision of assistance and protection for the evacuation of foreign citizens wishing to leave the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and is providing assistance for the purposes of implementing paragraphs 4, 6, 7 and 8 of Security Council resolution 1973 (2011), in accordance with paragraph 9 of that resolution."
] | S_AC.52_2011_18 | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Note verbale dated 22 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"The Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Government of Greece on the measures taken to effectively implement the relevant provisions of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).",
"Annex to the note verbale dated 22 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"Report of the Government of Greece on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)",
"Greece has the honour to inform the Security Council of the measures taken at the national level to effectively implement the provisions of paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011).",
"Pursuant to Law 92/167 on the implementation of the resolutions of the United Nations Security Council, all resolutions based on Article 41 of the Charter of the United Nations, which are binding on Member States in accordance with Article 25 of the Charter, (a) are issued in the Official Gazette of the State by decision of the Minister for Foreign Affairs and (b) are implemented by a presidential decree. This decree details the prohibitions stipulated in the resolution and the measures necessary to implement it. Any violation of the provisions of such presidential decrees is subject to a penalty of up to five years ' imprisonment, a fine, or both sanctions.",
"With regard to resolution 1970 (2011), the ministerial decision was issued in Official Gazette A 54 of 21 March 2011. The draft related presidential decree contains the provisions for the implementation of paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011).",
"In addition, the Bank of Greece and the Financial Sanctions Unit of Greece have already issued the relevant circulars for the full implementation of resolution 1970 (2011) by banking institutions.",
"Greece, as a member State of the European Union, is also bound by the restrictive measures taken by the European Union against the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and fully abides by the autonomous measures adopted by:",
"• Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP of 28 February 2011, as amended by Council Decision 2011/178/CSP of 23 March 2011",
"• Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 of the Council, adopted on 2 March 2011, as amended by Regulation (EU) No. 296/2011 of the Council of 25 March 2011 and the Regulations of Implementation (EU) No. 288/2011 of 23 March 2011",
"• Execution Decision 2011/156/CFSP and Execution Regulations (EU) No. 233/2011, adopted on 10 March 2011",
"• Execution Decision 2011/175/CFSP and Execution Regulations (EU) No. 272/2011, adopted on 21 March 2011",
"• Execution Decision 2011/236/CFSP and Execution Regulations (EU) No. 360/2011, adopted on 12 April 2011",
"• Execution Decision 2011/300/CFSP and Execution Regulations (EU) No. 502/2011, adopted on 23 May 2011,",
"by which an embargo is imposed on arms and related materials and equipment that may be used for internal repression, it is prohibited to provide certain services, it is required that prior information be provided on shipments of origin or destination in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, the admission of the listed individuals is restricted, the funds and economic resources of persons, entities and bodies included in the list are frozen, the flights in the airspace of Libya are prohibited, the air assets of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya are prohibited.",
"It should also be noted that Greece has deployed vessels to provide assistance and protection under the evacuation operations of foreign nationals who wanted to leave the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and is providing assistance in the implementation of paragraphs 4, 6, 7 and 8 of Security Council resolution 1973 (2011), in accordance with paragraph 9 of that resolution."
] |
[
"Presidente:\tSr. Wittig\t(Alemania) \nMiembros:\tBosnia y Herzegovina\tSr. Vukašinović\n Brasil Sra. Viotti \n China Sr. Wang Min \n Colombia Sr. Alzate \n Estados Unidos de América Sra. DiCarlo \n Federación de Rusia Sr. Zhukov \n Francia Sr. Araud \n Gabón Sr. Messone \n\tIndia\tSr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Líbano Sr. Ramadan \n Nigeria Sr. Amieyeofori \n\tPortugal\tSra. TeixeiraCoelho\n\tReino Unido de Gran Bretaña eIrlanda del Norte\tSr. Day\n Sudáfrica Sr. Sangqu",
"Orden del día",
"La situación relativa al Iraq",
"Tercer informe del Secretario General presentado de conformidad con el párrafo 6 de la resolución 1936 (2010) (S/2011/435)",
"Se abre la sesión a las 10.10 horas.",
"Aprobación del orden del día",
"Queda aprobado el orden del día.",
"La situación relativa al Iraq",
"Tercer informe del Secretario General presentado de conformidad con el párrafo 6 de la resolución 1936 (2010) (S/2011/435)",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): De conformidad con el artículo 37 del reglamento provisional del Consejo, invito al representante del Iraq a participar en esta sesión.",
"El Consejo de Seguridad comenzará ahora el examen del tema que figura en el orden del día.",
"Los miembros del Consejo tienen ante sí el documento S/2011/465, que contiene el texto de un proyecto de resolución presentado por los Estados Unidos de América.",
"Quisiera señalar a la atención de los miembros del Consejo el documento S/2011/435, que contiene el tercer informe del Secretario General presentado de conformidad con el párrafo 6 de la resolución 1936 (2010). También quisiera señalar a la atención de los miembros del Consejo el documento S/2011/464, que contiene una nota verbal de fecha 27 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por la Misión Permanente del Iraq ante las Naciones Unidas.",
"Entiendo que el Consejo está dispuesto a proceder a la votación del proyecto de resolución que tiene ante sí.",
"Someteré ahora a votación el proyecto de resolución.",
"Se procede a votación ordinaria.",
"Votos a favor:",
"Bosnia y Herzegovina, Brasil, China, Colombia, Francia, Gabón, Alemania, India, Líbano, Nigeria, Portugal, Federación de Rusia, Sudáfrica, Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, Estados Unidos de América.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Se han emitido 15 votos a favor. Por consiguiente, el proyecto de resolución ha sido aprobado por unanimidad como resolución 2001 (2011).",
"El Consejo de Seguridad ha concluido así la presente etapa del examen del tema que figura en el orden del día.",
"Se levanta la sesión a las 10.15 horas."
] | [
"President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Vukašinović\n Brazil Mrs. Viotti \n China Mr. Wang Min \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Araud \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n\tIndia\tMr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Lebanon Mr. Ramadan \n Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Ms. Teixeira Coelho\n Russian Federation Mr. Zhukov \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tMr. Day\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo",
"Agenda",
"The situation concerning Iraq",
"Third report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 1936 (2010) (S/2011/435)",
"The meeting was called to order at 10.10 a.m.",
"Adoption of the agenda",
"The agenda was adopted.",
"The situation concerning Iraq",
"Third report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 1936 (2010) (S/2011/435)",
"The President: In accordance with rule 37 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite the representative of Iraq to participate in this meeting.",
"The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.",
"Members have before them document S/2011/465, containing the text of a draft resolution submitted by the United States of America.",
"I wish to draw the attention of Council members to document S/2011/435, containing the third report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 1936 (2010). I also wish to draw the",
"attention of Council members to document S/2011/464, containing a note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General.",
"It is my understanding that the Council is ready to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it.",
"I shall put the draft resolution to the vote now.",
"A vote was taken by show of hands.",
"In favour:",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, China, Colombia, France, Gabon, Germany, India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, Russian Federation, South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America",
"The President: There were 15 votes in favour. The draft resolution has been adopted unanimously as resolution 2001 (2011).",
"The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda.",
"The meeting rose at 10.15 a.m."
] | S_PV.6594 | [
"Chairman: Mr. Wittig (Germany) Members: Bosnia and Herzegovina Mr. Vukašinović Brasil Sra. Viotti China Mr. Wang Min Colombia Mr. Alzate United States of America Ms. DiCarlo Russian Federation Mr. Zhukov France Mr. Araud Gabon Mr. Messone India Sr. Manjeev SinghPuri Lebanon Mr. Ramadan Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori Portugal Sra. TeixeiraCoelho United Kingdom of Great Britain Northern Ireland Mr. Day South Africa Mr. Sangqu",
"Agenda",
"The situation concerning Iraq",
"Third report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 1936 (2010) (S/2011/435)",
"The meeting was called to order at 10.10 a.m.",
"Adoption of the agenda",
"The agenda was adopted.",
"The situation concerning Iraq",
"Third report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 1936 (2010) (S/2011/435)",
"The President: In accordance with rule 37 of the Council ' s provisional rules of procedure, I invite the representative of Iraq to participate in this meeting.",
"The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on the agenda.",
"The members of the Council have before them document S/2011/465, which contains the text of a draft resolution submitted by the United States of America.",
"I would like to draw the attention of the members of the Council to document S/2011/435, which contains the third report of the Secretary-General submitted in accordance with paragraph 6 of resolution 1936 (2010). I would also like to draw the attention of the members of the Council to document S/2011/464, which contains a note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General.",
"I understand that the Council is prepared to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it.",
"I shall now put to the vote the draft resolution.",
"A regular vote was taken.",
"In favour:",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, China, Colombia, France, Gabon, Germany, India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America.",
"The President: 15 votes have been cast in favour. The draft resolution has therefore been adopted unanimously as resolution 2001 (2011).",
"The Security Council has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of the item on the agenda.",
"The meeting rose at 10.15 a.m."
] |
[
"Presidente:\tSr. Wittig\t(Alemania) \nMiembros:\tBosnia y Herzegovina\tSr. Barbalić\n Brasil Sra. Viotti \n China Sr. Wang Min \n Colombia Sr. Alzate \n Estados Unidos de América Sra. DiCarlo \n Federación de Rusia Sr. Pankin \n Francia Sr. Araud \n Gabón Sr. Messone \n\tIndia\tSr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Líbano Sr. Salam \n Nigeria Sr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Sr. Moraes Cabral \n\tReino Unido de Gran Bretaña eIrlanda del Norte\tSir Mark LyallGrant\n Sudáfrica Sr. Sangqu",
"Orden del día",
"La situación en Libia",
"Se abre la sesión a las 10.15 horas.",
"Aprobación del orden del día",
"Queda aprobado el orden del día.",
"La situación en Libia",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): De conformidad con el artículo 39 del reglamento provisional del Consejo, invito al Secretario General Adjunto de Asuntos Políticos, Sr. Lynn Pascoe, a participar en esta sesión.",
"El Consejo de Seguridad comenzará ahora el examen del tema que figura en el orden del día.",
"Tiene la palabra el Sr. Pascoe.",
"Sr. Pascoe (habla en inglés): Al continuar por el quinto mes los enfrentamientos en Libia, las fuerzas de la oposición han obtenido algunas ventajas, pero no se ha producido ningún cambio drástico en la situación general. Las líneas del frente siguen cambiando continuamente a medida que las fuerzas de la oposición intentan avanzar hacia Trípoli, mientras las fuerzas del Gobierno atacan a ciudades y zonas estratégicas bajo el control de la oposición. Continúan las operaciones de la OTAN, principalmente contra lugares en Trípoli y sus alrededores.",
"El Enviado Especial del Secretario General, Sr. Al-Khatib, informó el Consejo hace dos semanas sobre la propuesta de un enfoque paralelo que ha presentado a los funcionarios del Gobierno en Trípoli y a los representantes del Consejo Nacional Provisional de Transición de Libia en Benghazi. En ese momento, ambas partes expresaron su disposición a estudiar la propuesta y examinarla a fondo. La propuesta tiene por objetivo establecer de manera simultánea una cesación del fuego digna de crédito y crear un mecanismo institucional para la gestión de la transición.",
"El 25 julio, el Enviado Especial viajó a Benghazi para seguir las conversaciones. Durante su reunión con el Consejo Nacional de Transición, se examinó su propuesta para la transición así como otras cuestiones planteadas por los miembros del Consejo. Esos miembros insistieron en que no podrían entablar conversaciones para la creación de una nueva entidad de transición mientras el actual régimen de Trípoli estuviera en el poder. Hicieron hincapié en que la satisfacción de las aspiraciones legítimas del pueblo libio tenía que ser el objetivo de las negociaciones y ello incluía la renuncia del Coronel Al-Qadhafi. Si bien no se llegó a ninguna conclusión, el intercambio fue realmente muy útil y en general fructífero.",
"El 26 de julio, el Enviado Especial viajó a Trípoli para sostener conversaciones con el Primer Ministro de Libia Al Baghdadi Ali Al-Mahmoudi. El Primer Ministro reiteró la postura del Gobierno de Libia de que no estaba dispuesto a participar en un proceso político que implicara la renuncia del Coronel Al‑Qadhafi. El Primer Ministro planteó varios aspectos en relación con la aplicación de las resoluciones 1970 (2011) y 1973 (2011), incluida su repercusión en Libia, y exigió que la OTAN detuviera sus acciones militares antes de que Libia participara en cualquier proceso para aplicar las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad. Esa postura de ambas partes ha sido bastante coherente desde el inicio de esas conversaciones. Ambas partes están dispuestas a conversar, pero siguen haciendo hincapié en las exigencias máximas en este momento, y se requiere evidentemente paciencia antes que pueda comenzar un debate a fondo.",
"Como hemos dicho en numerosas ocasiones, una cesación del fuego vinculada a los arreglos de transición que satisfagan las aspiraciones del pueblo de Libia es la única solución política sostenible a la crisis en Libia. El Secretario General y su Enviado Especial plantean este aspecto en todas nuestras conversaciones con los principales interlocutores en el mundo.",
"Desde el principio, las Naciones Unidas han trabajado en estrecha colaboración con todas las partes interesadas en Libia, con las organizaciones regionales, incluidas la Unión Africana, la Liga de los Estados Árabes y la Organización de Cooperación Islámica, y con la comunidad internacional en su conjunto. Quisiera señalar que el Sr. Al-Khatib está hoy en Mauritania, donde mantuvo una provechosa reunión con el Presidente Ould Abdel Aziz, Presidente del Comité especial de alto nivel de la Unión Africana sobre Libia. Es esencial que la comunidad internacional hable con una sola voz, a través del Enviado Especial del Secretario General, con el fin de lograr una solución política.",
"El 15 de julio se celebró en Estambul la cuarta reunión del Grupo de Contacto sobre Libia. En la declaración final del Presidente se reconoce al Consejo Nacional Provisional de Transición como “la legítima autoridad de Gobierno en Libia” hasta el establecimiento de una autoridad interina. Los participantes también expresaron su pleno apoyo al Enviado Especial, Sr. Al‑Khatib, para que lidere los esfuerzos de mediación con vistas a resolver la crisis libia.",
"El 18 de julio, el Comité especial de alto nivel de la Unión Africana sobre Libia convocó una reunión técnica interactiva sobre Libia en Addis Abeba, a la que invitó a participar al Consejo Nacional Provisional de Transición, al Gobierno de Libia y a las Naciones Unidas. El Gobierno de Libia envió una delegación a la reunión, mientras que el Consejo Nacional Provisional de Transición no participó. La Unión Africana prevé convocar una segunda reunión interactiva con el Consejo Nacional Provisional de Transición, que se celebrará en Addis Abeba a principios de agosto.",
"El Secretario General ha seguido muy de cerca el proceso de búsqueda de una solución política. Por ejemplo, el 22 de julio habló con el Presidente Zuma, de Sudáfrica, sobre el camino a seguir y sobre enfoques que puedan estrechar la cooperación entre las Naciones Unidas y la Unión Africana.",
"El número de personas que han salido de Libia y no han regresado desde el inicio del conflicto se estima actualmente en más de 630.000, incluidos unos 100.000 libios. Otros 200.000 libios se han visto internamente desplazados. El número de personas varadas en los puntos fronterizos de Egipto, Túnez y el Níger se ha reducido a cerca de 2.600, en su mayoría nacionales de terceros países, algunos de los cuales son solicitantes de asilo que no pueden regresar a sus hogares. Además, alrededor de 22.000 personas, migrantes africanos en su mayoría, han llegado por barco a Italia y Malta desde Libia. Al menos 1.400 personas han muerto o desaparecido durante las travesías.",
"Durante mi reciente visita a Túnez, agradecí al Gobierno la generosidad de Túnez a la hora de acoger a los refugiados. El Gobierno planteó la necesidad de que la asistencia se dirigiera no sólo a los refugiados en los campamentos, sino también a las familias tunecinas que generosamente acogen a refugiados libios en sus hogares. La Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados y otras entidades de las Naciones Unidas están tratando de ver el modo de prestar una mejor asistencia a los desplazados en Túnez; sin embargo, será necesario un mayor apoyo de la comunidad internacional.",
"El Gobierno de Libia se ha quejado reiteradamente por la escasez de suministros médicos, vacunas y equipos. Además, se está verificando una grave escasez de combustible en Trípoli. La asistencia humanitaria y el combustible están llegando con regularidad a las zonas controladas por la oposición, aunque también hay allí algunas carencias. La falta de combustible afecta, por supuesto, la circulación de personas y bienes, el suministro de electricidad, el abastecimiento de agua, el empleo, los hospitales, la agricultura y la pesca. Nos preocupa que el suministro de agua se vea interrumpido a causa de un errático abastecimiento de combustible y de la falta de mantenimiento y de piezas de repuesto.",
"La proximidad del mes sagrado de Ramadán añade urgencia a la necesidad de hacer llegar suministros y atender las necesidades humanitarias. Tanto el Gobierno de Libia como el Consejo Nacional Provisional de Transición han solicitado que se les permita hacer uso de los activos congelados para poder atender las necesidades humanitarias. El Secretario General ha enviado estas solicitudes al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad.",
"El Asesor Especial sobre la planificación posterior al conflicto en Libia, Sr. Ian Martin, ha proseguido con la labor preparatoria, tanto en el seno de las Naciones Unidas como con los asociados clave, en relación con la asistencia que se podría prestar una vez concluido el conflicto. El proceso de evaluación previa que está realizando el sistema de las Naciones Unidas en su conjunto sobre posibles situaciones y zonas en que las Naciones Unidas u otra entidad internacional podrían ser pertinentes, si así se solicita, está cerca de completarse. La cooperación dentro y fuera del sistema de las Naciones Unidas en este proceso ha sido excelente. Este esfuerzo resultará muy valioso, en caso de que se solicite a las Naciones Unidas intervenir con celeridad en Libia una vez terminado el conflicto.",
"Como hemos dicho al Consejo, el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz está elaborando planes de contingencia iniciales en caso de que se solicite a las Naciones Unidas que desempeñen funciones militares y de policía una vez acordada una cesación del fuego. La Secretaría está dispuesta a considerar con las autoridades libias y proponer al Consejo las prioridades de asistencia más inmediatas que deberían tener en cuenta las Naciones Unidas durante una transición, si así lo exigieran los acontecimientos en el ámbito político.",
"El Presidente del Comité de sanciones contra Libia ya informó debidamente al Consejo, de conformidad con el apartado e) del párrafo 24 de la resolución 1970 (2011). Por lo tanto, me limitaré a señalar que el Grupo de Expertos nombrado por el Secretario General de conformidad con el párrafo 24 de la resolución 1973 (2011) ha iniciado su labor con seriedad. Se ha encomendado al Grupo reunir, examinar y analizar información procedente de los Estados, los órganos competentes de las Naciones Unidas, las organizaciones regionales y otras partes interesadas relativa a la aplicación de las medidas adoptadas en las resoluciones 1970 (2011) y 1973 (2011). A tal fin, ha visitado países de Europa, el África septentrional y el Oriente Medio. También ha visitado Benghazi (Libia) y tiene la intención de visitar Trípoli próximamente. El Grupo presentará un informe provisional al Comité a más tardar el 10 de agosto de 2011.",
"Desde la aprobación de la resolución 1973 (2011), el Secretario General ha recibido 43 comunicaciones de más de 20 Estados Miembros y organizaciones y acuerdos regionales, en las que le informan sobre las medidas adoptadas en relación con la aplicación de la resolución. La mayoría de estas comunicaciones se refieren a los párrafos 4 y 8, refiriéndose las demás a las exenciones humanitarias previstas en el párrafo 7.",
"En las anteriores exposiciones informativas que ofrecí al Consejo, aporté información actualizada sobre las cartas dirigidas al Secretario General por el Secretario General de la OTAN en las que le trasmite los informes mensuales primero y segundo, informes semanales y actualizaciones técnicas de la OTAN. Desde mi última exposición informativa, hemos recibido los informes mensuales tercero y cuarto, de fecha 27 de junio y 20 de julio respectivamente, así como una actualización técnica de fecha 11 de julio. Todos los informes se han distribuido a los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad.",
"Los desafíos que genera la crisis en Libia son grandes, pero consideramos que pueden gestionarse si seguimos participando activamente en la búsqueda de una solución negociada y preparando con prudencia el papel que podríamos desempeñar en el futuro, si así se nos pide.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Agradezco al Sr. Pascoe su exposición informativa.",
"Sr. Sangqu (Sudáfrica) (habla en inglés): Agradecemos al Secretario General Adjunto, Sr. Lynn Pascoe, su amplia exposición informativa sobre la situación en Libia.",
"Han pasado más de cuatro meses desde la aprobación de la resolución 1973 (2011) y el inicio de la campaña militar en Libia. No debemos olvidar que la intención de la resolución 1973 (2011) era garantizar la protección de los civiles, y no un cambio de régimen o la persecución de determinadas personas.",
"Claramente, la acción centrada en la solución militar no ha logrado su propósito. Por el contrario, ha contribuido a desestabilizar aún más el país, de modo que la seguridad y la estabilidad a largo plazo en Libia siguen siendo inciertas ante el deterioro de la situación, con más pérdida de vidas de civiles y una ingente destrucción de infraestructura.",
"Lo que se necesita es el pleno cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en las resoluciones 1970 (2011) y 1973 (2011) en su totalidad, respetando su letra y su espíritu. Esto significa, entre otras cosas, centrar nuestras energías en la búsqueda de una solución política de la crisis, como se señala en el párrafo 2 de la resolución 1973 (2011), en el que se hace hincapié en la necesidad de intensificar los esfuerzos encaminados a lograr una solución política.",
"Con el propósito de contribuir a una solución política, se celebró recientemente en Malabo el 17^(o) período ordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea de Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno de la Unión Africana, en el que se aprobó una serie de propuestas sobre un acuerdo marco para una solución política de la crisis en Libia. En el acuerdo marco, que se basa en la hoja de ruta de la Unión Africana y en las resoluciones 1970 (2011) y 1973 (2011), se reitera el compromiso del líder libio, Coronel Muammar Al-Qadhafi, con un proceso incluyente de diálogo, en el que participe el Consejo Nacional Provisional de Transición. Todo ello se basa en el acuerdo expresado por el Coronel Al‑Qadhafi de no participar en las negociaciones sobre el futuro de Libia.",
"Permítaseme referirme a los elementos fundamentales de este acuerdo marco, que contempla, en primer lugar, el diálogo nacional. Las partes libias se comprometen a entablar negociaciones de inmediato, de conformidad con el párrafo 2 de la resolución 1973 (2011) y la hoja de ruta de la Unión Africana. En dichas negociaciones se abordarían las siguientes cuestiones: la suspensión inmediata de las hostilidades, una tregua humanitaria, una cesación general del fuego, la reconciliación nacional, los acuerdos relativos a la transición y un programa de transformación democrática. El diálogo nacional se celebrará bajo los auspicios del Comité especial de alto nivel de la Unión Africana sobre Libia y de las Naciones Unidas, por conducto del Enviado Especial del Secretario General, Sr. Al-Khatib, con el apoyo de la Liga de los Estados Árabes, la Organización de Cooperación Islámica (OCI) y la Unión Europea.",
"En segundo lugar, con respecto a las medidas de fomento de la confianza y otras medidas similares, las partes se comprometerán a trabajar para la recuperación y la reconciliación nacional, incluso considerando la posibilidad de establecer una comisión de la verdad y la reconciliación. Las partes se comprometerán a solicitar al Consejo de Seguridad que proceda a desbloquear los activos de Libia, como se prevé en las resoluciones 1970 (2011) y 1973 (2011), en beneficio del Gobierno provisional.",
"En tercer lugar, la comunidad internacional, representada por la Unión Africana, las Naciones Unidas, la Liga de los Estados Árabes y la Unión Europea, se compromete a respaldar el proceso y los acuerdos concertados entre las partes interesadas libias.",
"Estas propuestas para un acuerdo marco se han sometido a la consideración del Gobierno de Libia y del Consejo Nacional de Transición. La Unión Africana ha pedido a las partes de Libia que “demuestren la voluntad política necesaria y pongan el interés supremo de su país y de su pueblo por encima de cualquier otra consideración”. Por consiguiente, es imperativo que se comprometan a encontrar una solución política. El Consejo y la comunidad internacional en general deben recalcarles la necesidad de que lleven a cabo este proceso político.",
"Hemos tomado nota de los llamamientos que se han hecho para que Al-Qadhafi se marche. Sostenemos que declaraciones de ese tipo no nos acercan a ninguna solución política. Exhortamos a todas las partes a que se centren en ayudar verdaderamente a las partes libias para que comiencen de inmediato el diálogo político, de conformidad con la hoja de ruta de la Unión Africana, como se detalla en el acuerdo marco. Solo mediante un proceso político dirigido e impulsado por los libios se podrá hallar una decisión sobre el futuro de Libia, incluso del Coronel Al-Qadhafi. Este es un derecho conferido en virtud de la Carta, que reafirmará la soberanía, la independencia, la integridad territorial y la unidad nacional de Libia.",
"Sudáfrica sigue preocupada por la aplicación de las resoluciones 1970 (2011) y 1973 (2011). Tomar partido en cualquier situación de conflicto interno en un esfuerzo por instituir un cambio de régimen en Libia sienta un precedente peligroso que, sin duda, atentará contra la credibilidad del Consejo y de sus resoluciones. También hemos tomado nota del llamamiento para el que se solicita que se desbloqueen los activos libios. A nuestro juicio, desbloquear los activos para apoyar a una parte en el conflicto violaría el régimen de sanciones y complicaría aún más la situación.",
"El reciente informe de la Oficina de Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios sobre la situación humanitaria en Libia ofrece una visión amplia, como ha confirmado el Sr. Pascoe. En el informe se muestra que hay un déficit considerable de agua, combustible, repuestos, efectivo, medicamentos y otras necesidades básicas. Esta situación es cada vez más preocupante, teniendo en cuenta la proximidad del mes de Ramadán.",
"Dada esta difícil situación humanitaria, nos hacemos eco de la exigencia de la Unión Africana de",
"“una pausa inmediata en los combates y en los bombardeos dirigidos por la OTAN, para proporcionar un alivio a la población civil, mitigar su sufrimiento y poder prestar la tan necesaria asistencia humanitaria a todos los que la necesiten.”",
"Para concluir, pedimos a todas las partes que pongan de lado sus diferencias e inicien las negociaciones sin condiciones previas, con miras a encontrar una solución política sostenible, que haga realidad las aspiraciones del pueblo libio. Es nuestra responsabilidad, así como de la comunidad internacional, ayudar a las partes en este empeño.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): No hay más oradores inscritos en mi lista. Invito ahora a los miembros del Consejo a celebrar consultas oficiosas para proseguir el examen del tema.",
"Se levanta la sesión a las 10.30 horas."
] | [
"President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Barbalić\n Brazil Mrs. Viotti \n China Mr. Wang Min \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Araud \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n\tIndia\tMr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Lebanon Mr. Salam \n Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Mr. Cabral \n Russian Federation Mr. Pankin \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tSir Mark LyallGrant\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo",
"Agenda",
"The situation in Libya",
"The meeting was called to order at 10.15 a.m.",
"Adoption of the agenda",
"The agenda was adopted.",
"The situation in Libya",
"The President: In accordance with rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite Mr. Lynn Pascoe, Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, to participate in this meeting.",
"The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.",
"I now give the floor to Mr. Pascoe.",
"Mr. Pascoe: As the fighting in Libya continues for the fifth month, there have been some marginal gains on the battlefield by the opposition forces, but no dramatic changes in the overall situation. The front lines remain in flux as opposition forces attempt to advance towards Tripoli, while Government forces target strategic cities and areas under opposition control. NATO operations continue, primarily against sites in and around Tripoli.",
"The Secretary-General’s Special Envoy, Mr. Al‑Khatib, briefed the Council two weeks ago on the proposed parallel approach he has made to Government officials in Tripoli and the Libyan Interim Transitional National Council representatives in Benghazi. At that time, both sides expressed their readiness to study the proposal and discuss it further. The proposal is designed to simultaneously establish a credible ceasefire and create an institutional mechanism for the management of the transition.",
"On 25 July, the Special Envoy travelled to Benghazi to continue discussions. During his meeting with the Transitional National Council, there was discussion of his proposal for the transition as well as other issues put forth by Council members. These members insisted they could not engage in talks for the establishment of a new transitional entity while the existing regime in Tripoli was in place. They emphasized that meeting the legitimate aspirations of the Libyan people had to be the aim of the negotiations, and this included the departure of Colonel Al-Qadhafi. While no conclusions were reached, the exchange was actually quite useful and constructive overall.",
"On 26 July, the Special Envoy went to Tripoli for talks with Libyan Prime Minister Al Baghdadi Ali Al‑Mahmoudi. The Prime Minister reiterated the Libyan Government’s position that it was not ready to engage in a political process that implied the stepping down of Colonel Al-Qadhafi. The Prime Minister raised various aspects related the implementation of resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), including their impact on Libya, and demanded that NATO stop its military actions prior to Libya’s engagement in any process to implement the Security Council’s resolutions. This posturing by both sides has been fairly consistent since the beginning of these discussions. Both sides are willing to talk, but they are still emphasizing maximum demands at this point, and patience is clearly required before detailed discussion can begin.",
"As we have said many times, a ceasefire tied to transitional arrangements that address the aspirations of the Libyan people is the only sustainable political solution to the crisis in Libya. The Secretary-General and his Special Envoy make this point in all our discussions with key interlocutors around the world.",
"From the outset, the United Nations has worked closely with all concerned parties in Libya, with regional organizations, including the African Union (AU), the League of Arab States and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and with the wider international community. I would like to note that Mr. Al-Khatib today is in Mauritania, where he had a good meeting with President Ould Abdel Aziz, the Chairman of the AU Ad Hoc High-level Committee on Libya. It remains critical that the international community speak with one voice, through the Secretary-General’s Special Envoy, in order to bring about a political solution.",
"On 15 July, the fourth meeting of the Contact Group on Libya was held in Istanbul. The Chairperson’s final statement recognized the Interim Transitional National Council as “the legitimate governing authority in Libya” until the establishment of an interim authority. The participants also expressed their full support for Special Envoy Al-Khatib to lead mediation efforts to resolve the Libyan crisis.",
"On 18 July, the African Union Ad Hoc High-level Committee on Libya convened a technical interactive meeting on Libya in Addis Ababa, to which the Transitional National Council, the Libyan Government and the United Nations were invited. The Libyan Government sent a delegation to the meeting, while the Transitional National Council did not participate. The AU is planning for a second interactive session with the Transitional National Council, scheduled to take place in Addis Ababa in early August.",
"The Secretary-General has remained closely engaged in the search for a political solution. For example, on 22 July he spoke with President Zuma of South Africa on the way forward and on approaches that would tighten United Nations and African Union cooperation.",
"The number of people who have left Libya and have not returned since the start of the conflict is now estimated at over 630,000, including some 100,000 Libyans. Another 200,000 Libyans have been internally displaced. The number of people stranded at border points in Egypt, Tunisia and Niger has been reduced to about 2,600, mostly third-country nationals, some of whom are asylum seekers who cannot return to their homes. Additionally, around 22,000 people, mostly African migrants, have arrived by boat in Italy and Malta from Libya. At least 1,400 people have died during those journeys or are missing.",
"During my recent visit to Tunisia, I thanked the Government for Tunisia’s generosity in hosting refugees. The Government raised the need for assistance to be directed not only to the refugees in camps, but also to the Tunisian families who are generously hosting Libyan refugees in their homes. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and other United Nations entities are working on how best to help support the displaced in Tunisia, but additional support from the international community will be needed.",
"The Government of Libya has repeatedly complained about the shortage of medical supplies, vaccines and equipment. In addition, major fuel shortages are reported in Tripoli. Humanitarian aid and fuel are arriving regularly in opposition-controlled areas, although there are some shortages there too. The lack of fuel, of course, affects the movement of people and goods, electricity, water supply, employment, hospitals, agriculture and fisheries. We remain concerned about the risk of water services breaking down due to uncertain fuel supplies and to a lack of maintenance and spare parts.",
"The approach of the holy month of Ramadan has added greater urgency to the provision of supplies and meeting of humanitarian needs. Both the Libyan Government and the Transitional National Council have requested the use of frozen assets to meet humanitarian needs. The Secretary-General has forwarded these communications to the President of the Security Council.",
"The Special Adviser on post-conflict planning in Libya, Mr. Ian Martin, has continued preparatory work within the United Nations and with key partners on ways we can be helpful when the conflict has been resolved. The United Nations system-wide pre‑assessment process to develop possible scenarios and areas where United Nations or other international support may be appropriate, if it is requested, is nearing completion. Cooperation within and outside the United Nations system on this process has been excellent. This effort will be invaluable if and when the United Nations is called upon to react quickly in a post-conflict Libya.",
"As we have told the Council, early contingency planning is being undertaken by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations for military and police roles that the United Nations may be asked to perform following a ceasefire. The Secretariat will be ready to discuss with the Libyan authorities and propose to the Council the most immediate priorities for United Nations assistance during a transition whenever political developments make this appropriate.",
"The Chair of the Libya sanctions Committee briefs the Council as necessary, pursuant to paragraph 24 (e) of resolution 1970 (2011). I would therefore simply note that the Panel of Experts appointed by the Secretary-General in accordance with paragraph 24 of resolution 1973 (2011) has begun its work in earnest. The Panel is mandated to gather, examine and analyse information from States, relevant United Nations bodies, regional organizations and other interested parties regarding the implementation of the measures decided in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). In doing so, it has travelled to countries in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. It has also visited Benghazi, Libya, and intends to visit Tripoli in the near future. The Panel will submit an interim report to the Committee no later than 10 August 2011.",
"Since the adoption of resolution 1973 (2011), the Secretary-General has received 43 communications from more than 20 Member States and regional organizations and arrangements, informing him of actions with respect to the implementation of the resolution. The majority of these communications relate to paragraphs 4 and 8, and the rest relate to humanitarian exemptions under paragraph 7.",
"In my previous briefings to the Council, I provided updates on the letters addressed to the Secretary-General by the NATO Secretary-General conveying NATO’s first and second monthly reports, weekly reports and technical updates. Since my last briefing, we have received the third and fourth monthly reports, dated 27 June and 20 July respectively, in addition to one technical update dated 11 July. All reports have been circulated to Security Council members.",
"The challenges posed by the crisis in Libya are serious ones, but we believe that they can be managed by staying closely involved, actively pursuing a negotiated solution and planning carefully to play a possible role, if asked, in the future.",
"The President: I thank Mr. Pascoe for his briefing.",
"Mr. Sangqu (South Africa): We thank Under-Secretary-General Lynn Pascoe for his comprehensive briefing on the situation in Libya.",
"It has been over four months since the adoption of resolution 1973 (2011) and the start of the military campaign in Libya. We should remind ourselves that the intention of resolution 1973 (2011) was to ensure the protection of civilians, and not regime change or the targeting of individuals.",
"Clearly, action focused on the military solution has not had its intended purpose. Instead, it has worked to destabilize the country even further, and therefore the long-term security and stability of Libya remain uncertain as the situation deteriorates, with more loss of civilian lives and massive destruction of infrastructure.",
"What is required is a commitment to full compliance with resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) in their entirety, in letter and spirit. This will include focusing our energies on finding a political solution to the crisis, as emphasized in paragraph 2 of resolution 1973 (2011), which stresses the need to intensify efforts aimed at a political outcome.",
"In further contributing towards a political solution, the seventeenth ordinary session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the African Union (AU) was held in Malabo recently and endorsed a set of proposals for a framework agreement on a political solution to the crisis in Libya. The framework agreement, which is based on the AU road map and resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), reiterates Libyan leader Colonel Muammar Al‑Qadhafi’s commitment to an inclusive dialogue process, with the participation of the Interim Transitional National Council. This is all based on the agreement of Colonel Al-Qadhafi not to participate in the negotiations on the future of Libya.",
"Allow me to touch on the key elements of the framework agreement, which include, first, national dialogue. The Libyan parties commit to immediately start negotiations in accordance with paragraph 2 of resolution 1973 (2011) and the AU road map. That will address the following issues: an immediate suspension of hostilities, a humanitarian pause, a comprehensive ceasefire, national reconciliation, arrangements relating to the transition, and the agenda for democratic transformation. The national dialogue shall be held under the auspices of the AU Ad Hoc High-level Committee on Libya and the United Nations, through the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General, Mr. Al‑Khatib, with the support of the League of Arab States, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and the European Union (EU).",
"Secondly, with respect to confidence-building and other combining measures, the parties will commit themselves to work towards healing and national reconciliation, including considering the establishment of a truth and reconciliation commission. The parties will commit themselves to requesting the Security Council to lift the freeze of Libyan assets, as provided for in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), to the benefit of the interim Government.",
"Thirdly, the international community, represented by the AU, the United Nations, the League of Arab States, the OIC and the EU, commits itself to supporting the process and agreements reached among the Libyan stakeholders.",
"These proposals for a framework agreement have been submitted to the Government of Libya and to the Transitional National Council for their consideration. The AU has asked the Libyan parties “to demonstrate the required political will and place the supreme interest of their country and people above any other consideration”. It is thus imperative for them to commit to a political solution. The Council and the wider international community should impress upon them the necessity for such a political process.",
"We have noted the calls for Al-Qadhafi to go. We maintain that such statements do not bring us any closer to a political solution. We call on all parties to focus on genuinely assisting the Libyan parties to immediately begin a political dialogue in line with the AU road map, as elaborated in the framework agreement. It is only through a Libyan-led and owned political process that a decision on the future of Libya, including that of Colonel Al-Qadhafi, can be based. This is a Charter-given right that will reaffirm the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and national unity of Libya.",
"South Africa remains concerned about the implementation of resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). Taking sides in any internal conflict situation in an effort to institute regime change in Libya sets a dangerous precedent that will surely damage the credibility of the Council and its resolutions. We have also noted the call encouraging the unfreezing of Libyan assets. Unfreezing assets to support one side of the conflict would, in our view, be in violation of the sanctions regime and further complicate the situation.",
"The recent report of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs on the humanitarian situation in Libya provides a big picture, as has been confirmed by Mr. Pascoe. The report shows that there are significant shortages in water, fuel, spare parts, cash, medicine and other basic amenities. This situation is ever more worrying in light of the approaching month of Ramadan.",
"Given this dire humanitarian situation, we echo the AU’s demand for",
"“an immediate pause in the fighting and in NATO-led bombings, to provide respite to the civilian population, alleviate its suffering and make it possible to deliver the much needed humanitarian assistance to all those in need”.",
"In conclusion, we call on all of the parties to put aside their differences and begin negotiations without preconditions with a view to finding a sustainable political solution that will fulfil the aspirations of the Libyan people. It is our responsibility as the international community to assist the parties in this quest.",
"The President: There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. I now invite members to informal consultations to continue our discussion on this subject.",
"The meeting rose at 10.30 a.m."
] | S_PV.6595 | [
"Chairman: Mr. Wittig (Germany) Members: Bosnia and Herzegovina Mr. Barbalić Brasil Sra. Viotti China Mr. Wang Min Colombia Mr. Alzate United States of America Ms. DiCarlo Russian Federation Mr. Pankin France Mr. Araud Gabon Mr. Messone India Sr. Manjeev SinghPuri Lebanon Mr. Salam Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori Portugal Mr. Moraes Cabral United Kingdom of Great Britain Northern Ireland Sir Mark LyallGrant South Africa Mr. Sangqu",
"Agenda",
"The situation in Libya",
"The meeting was called to order at 10.15 a.m.",
"Adoption of the agenda",
"The agenda was adopted.",
"The situation in Libya",
"The President: In accordance with rule 39 of the Council ' s provisional rules of procedure, I invite the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, Mr. Lynn Pascoe, to participate in this session.",
"The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on the agenda.",
"I give the floor to Mr. Pascoe.",
"Mr. Pascoe: By continuing the clashes in Libya for the fifth month, opposition forces have gained some advantages, but there has been no drastic change in the overall situation. The front lines continue to change continuously as opposition forces attempt to move towards Tripoli, while government forces attack cities and strategic areas under opposition control. NATO operations continue, mainly against sites in and around Tripoli.",
"The Special Envoy of the Secretary-General, Mr. Al-Khatib, the Council reported two weeks ago on the proposal for a parallel approach that it has presented to Government officials in Tripoli and representatives of the Libyan Transitional National Council in Benghazi. At that time, both parties expressed their willingness to consider and consider the proposal in depth. The proposal is aimed at simultaneously establishing a credible ceasefire and creating an institutional mechanism for the management of the transition.",
"On 25 July, the Special Envoy travelled to Benghazi to follow the talks. During its meeting with the National Transitional Council, its proposal for the transition and other issues raised by Council members were discussed. Those members stressed that they could not engage in talks for the creation of a new transitional entity while the current Tripoli regime was in power. They emphasized that the satisfaction of the legitimate aspirations of the Libyan people had to be the objective of the negotiations and that included the resignation of Colonel Al-Qadhafi. While no conclusion was reached, the exchange was really very useful and generally fruitful.",
"On 26 July, the Special Envoy travelled to Tripoli to hold talks with the Prime Minister of Libya Al Baghdadi Ali Al-Mahmoudi. The Prime Minister reiterated the position of the Libyan Government that he was not willing to participate in a political process involving the resignation of Colonel Al-Qadhafi. The Prime Minister raised several aspects regarding the implementation of resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), including their impact on Libya, and demanded that NATO stop its military actions before Libya participated in any process to implement Security Council resolutions. That stance on both sides has been quite coherent since the beginning of those talks. Both sides are willing to talk, but they continue to emphasize the maximum demands at this time, and patience is obviously required before a thorough debate can begin.",
"As we have said on many occasions, a ceasefire linked to the transitional arrangements that meet the aspirations of the people of Libya is the only sustainable political solution to the crisis in Libya. The Secretary-General and his Special Envoy present this aspect in all our discussions with the major interlocutors in the world.",
"From the outset, the United Nations has worked closely with all stakeholders in Libya, with regional organizations, including the African Union, the League of Arab States and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and with the international community as a whole. I would like to point out that Mr. Al-Khatib is today in Mauritania, where he had a fruitful meeting with President Ould Abdel Aziz, Chairman of the African Union High-level Special Committee on Libya. It is essential that the international community speak with one voice, through the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General, in order to achieve a political solution.",
"The fourth meeting of the Contact Group on Libya was held in Istanbul on 15 July. The President ' s final statement recognizes the Transitional National Council as “the legitimate authority of Government in Libya” until the establishment of an interim authority. The participants also expressed their full support for the Special Envoy, Mr. Al-Khatib, to lead mediation efforts to resolve the Libyan crisis.",
"On 18 July, the African Union High-level Special Committee on Libya convened an interactive technical meeting on Libya in Addis Ababa, which was invited to participate in the Transitional National Council, the Libyan Government and the United Nations. The Libyan Government sent a delegation to the meeting, while the Transitional National Council did not participate. The African Union plans to convene a second interactive meeting with the Transitional National Transitional Council, to be held in Addis Ababa in early August.",
"The Secretary-General has closely followed the process of seeking a political solution. For example, on 22 July he spoke with President Zuma of South Africa on the way forward and on approaches that could strengthen cooperation between the United Nations and the African Union.",
"The number of people who have left Libya and have not returned since the beginning of the conflict is currently estimated at more than 630,000, including some 100,000 Libyans. Another 200,000 Libyans have been internally displaced. The number of persons stranded at border points in Egypt, Tunisia and Niger has been reduced to about 2,600, mostly nationals of third countries, some of whom are asylum seekers who cannot return to their homes. In addition, about 22,000 people, mostly African migrants, have arrived by boat to Italy and Malta from Libya. At least 1,400 people have died or disappeared during the crossing.",
"During my recent visit to Tunisia, I thanked the Government for the generosity of Tunisia in hosting refugees. The Government raised the need for assistance not only to refugees in the camps, but also to Tunisian families who generously host Libyan refugees in their homes. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and other United Nations entities are trying to see how to better assist displaced persons in Tunisia; however, greater support from the international community will be required.",
"The Libyan Government has repeatedly complained about the shortage of medical supplies, vaccines and equipment. In addition, a serious shortage of fuel is being verified in Tripoli. Humanitarian assistance and fuel are coming regularly to areas controlled by the opposition, although there are also some shortcomings. The lack of fuel, of course, affects the movement of people and goods, electricity supply, water supply, employment, hospitals, agriculture and fishing. We are concerned that the supply of water is interrupted due to an erratic fuel supply and lack of maintenance and spare parts.",
"The proximity of the sacred month of Ramadan adds urgency to the need to supply and meet humanitarian needs. Both the Libyan Government and the Transitional National Transitional National Council have requested that they be allowed to use frozen assets to meet humanitarian needs. The Secretary-General has forwarded these requests to the President of the Security Council.",
"The Special Adviser on Post-conflict Planning in Libya, Mr. Ian Martin has continued the preparatory work, both within the United Nations and with key partners, on assistance that could be provided after the conflict has ended. The pre-evaluation process under way by the United Nations system as a whole on possible situations and areas where the United Nations or other international entity could be relevant, if requested, is close to completion. Cooperation within and outside the United Nations system in this process has been excellent. This effort will be very valuable, if the United Nations is requested to intervene promptly in Libya after the end of the conflict.",
"As we have told the Council, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations is developing initial contingency plans if the United Nations is requested to perform military and police functions once a ceasefire has been agreed. The Secretariat is prepared to consider with the Libyan authorities and to propose to the Council the most immediate assistance priorities that the United Nations should take into account during a transition, if required by political developments.",
"The Chairman of the Libyan Sanctions Committee had already duly informed the Council, in accordance with paragraph 24 (e) of resolution 1970 (2011). I shall therefore limit myself to pointing out that the Panel of Experts appointed by the Secretary-General in accordance with paragraph 24 of resolution 1973 (2011) has undertaken its work seriously. The Group has been mandated to collect, review and analyse information from States, relevant United Nations bodies, regional organizations and other stakeholders on the implementation of the measures adopted in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). To that end, it has visited countries in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. He has also visited Benghazi (Libya) and intends to visit Tripoli soon. The Panel will submit an interim report to the Committee by 10 August 2011.",
"Since the adoption of resolution 1973 (2011), the Secretary-General has received 43 communications from more than 20 Member States and regional organizations and arrangements, informing him of the measures taken in connection with the implementation of the resolution. Most of these submissions refer to paragraphs 4 and 8, referring to the other humanitarian exemptions provided for in paragraph 7.",
"In my previous briefings to the Council, I provided an update on the letters addressed to the Secretary-General by the NATO Secretary-General transmitting the first and second monthly reports, weekly reports and technical updates to NATO. Since my last briefing, we have received the third and fourth monthly reports, dated 27 June and 20 July respectively, as well as a technical update dated 11 July. All reports have been circulated to the members of the Security Council.",
"The challenges of the crisis in Libya are great, but we believe that they can be managed if we continue to participate actively in the search for a negotiated solution and to prepare with prudence the role that we could play in the future, if requested.",
"The President: I thank Mr. Pass your briefing.",
"Mr. Sangqu (South Africa): We thank the Under-Secretary-General, Mr. Lynn Pascoe, his extensive briefing on the situation in Libya.",
"It has been more than four months since the adoption of resolution 1973 (2011) and the start of the military campaign in Libya. We should not forget that the intention of resolution 1973 (2011) was to ensure the protection of civilians, not a regime change or persecution of certain persons.",
"Clearly, the action focused on the military solution has not achieved its purpose. On the contrary, it has helped to further destabilize the country, so that long-term security and stability in Libya remain uncertain about the deteriorating situation, with more loss of civilian lives and massive destruction of infrastructure.",
"What is needed is full compliance with the provisions of resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) in their entirety, respecting their letter and spirit. This means, inter alia, focusing our energies on the search for a political solution to the crisis, as noted in paragraph 2 of resolution 1973 (2011), which emphasizes the need to intensify efforts to achieve a political solution.",
"In order to contribute to a political solution, the 17^(o) regular session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the African Union was recently held in Malabo, which approved a series of proposals on a framework agreement for a political solution to the crisis in Libya. The framework agreement, which is based on the African Union road map and resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), reiterates the commitment of the Libyan leader, Colonel Muammar Al-Qadhafi, with an inclusive dialogue process involving the Transitional National Council. All this is based on the agreement expressed by Colonel Al-Qadhafi not to participate in the negotiations on the future of Libya.",
"Allow me to refer to the fundamental elements of this framework agreement, which first contemplates national dialogue. The Libyan parties undertake to enter into negotiations immediately, in accordance with paragraph 2 of resolution 1973 (2011) and the African Union road map. Such negotiations would address the following issues: the immediate suspension of hostilities, a humanitarian truce, a general ceasefire, national reconciliation, transition agreements and a programme of democratic transformation. The national dialogue will take place under the auspices of the African Union Special High-level Committee on Libya and the United Nations, through the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General, Mr. Al-Khatib, with the support of the League of Arab States, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and the European Union.",
"Secondly, with regard to confidence-building measures and other similar measures, the parties will commit themselves to work for national recovery and reconciliation, including considering establishing a truth and reconciliation commission. The parties shall undertake to request the Security Council to proceed to unlock the assets of Libya, as envisaged in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), for the benefit of the interim Government.",
"Thirdly, the international community, represented by the African Union, the United Nations, the League of Arab States and the European Union, is committed to supporting the process and agreements reached between Libyan stakeholders.",
"These proposals for a framework agreement have been submitted for consideration by the Government of Libya and the National Transitional Council. The African Union has asked the parties of Libya to “demonstrate the necessary political will and place the supreme interest of their country and people above any other consideration.” It is therefore imperative that they commit to finding a political solution. The Council and the international community in general should stress the need for them to carry out this political process.",
"We have taken note of the calls that have been made for Al-Qadhafi to leave. We argue that such statements do not bring us to any political solution. We call on all parties to focus on truly helping the Libyan parties to immediately begin the political dialogue, in accordance with the African Union road map, as detailed in the framework agreement. A decision on the future of Libya, including Colonel Al-Qadhafi, may be found only through a political process led and driven by the Libyans. This is a right conferred under the Charter, which will reaffirm the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and national unity of Libya.",
"South Africa remains concerned about the implementation of resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). Taking sides in any situation of internal conflict in an effort to institute a regime change in Libya creates a dangerous precedent that will undoubtedly undermine the credibility of the Council and its resolutions. We have also taken note of the call for the release of Libyan assets. In our view, unlocking assets to support a party to the conflict would violate the sanctions regime and further complicate the situation.",
"The recent report of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs on the humanitarian situation in Libya provides a comprehensive vision, as confirmed by Mr. Pascoe. The report shows that there is a significant deficit in water, fuel, spare parts, cash, medicines and other basic needs. This situation is increasingly worrying, taking into account the proximity of Ramadan.",
"Given this difficult humanitarian situation, we echo the demand of the African Union for",
"“an immediate pause in the fighting and in the NATO-led bombings, to provide relief to the civilian population, to alleviate their suffering and to be able to provide the necessary humanitarian assistance to all who need it. ”",
"In conclusion, we call on all parties to put aside their differences and to begin negotiations without preconditions, with a view to finding a sustainable political solution that would bring about the aspirations of the Libyan people. It is our responsibility, as well as the international community, to assist the parties in this endeavour.",
"The President: There are no more speakers on my list. I now invite the members of the Council to hold informal consultations to continue consideration of the item.",
"The meeting rose at 10.30 a.m."
] |
[
"Presidente:\tSr. Deiss\t(Suiza)",
"En ausencia del Presidente, el Sr. Mac-Donald (Suriname), Vicepresidente, ocupa la Presidencia.",
"Se abre la sesión a las 10.15 horas.",
"Tema 27 del programa (continuación)",
"Reunión de Alto Nivel sobre la Juventud",
"Desarrollo social",
"b) Desarrollo social, incluidas las cuestiones relativas a la situación social en el mundo y a los jóvenes, el envejecimiento, las personas con discapacidad y la familia",
"Sr. Salam (Líbano) (habla en árabe): Ante todo, quisiera agradecer al Presidente de la Asamblea General que haya convocado esta Reunión de Alto Nivel sobre la juventud, el diálogo y la comprensión mutua, ahora que el Año Internacional de la Juventud se acerca a su fin.",
"El Líbano está ubicado en una región donde una quinta parte de la población tiene entre 15 y 24 años. Más de la mitad de nuestra población es menor de 25 años. Muchos son los grandes problemas a los que se enfrenta la juventud en la región árabe, siendo el más importante el alto índice de desempleo entre los jóvenes, especialmente entre las jóvenes, uno de los más altos del mundo.",
"Si bien en los últimos dos decenios se han logrado avances reales en materia educativa, la tasa de analfabetismo, superior al 17%, sigue siendo preocupantemente alta entre los jóvenes. La calidad de la educación está empeorando en muchos aspectos. A pesar de los notables progresos realizados en materia sanitaria, el grado de conciencia acerca de la salud sigue siendo bajo entre los jóvenes. Más peligrosa resulta aún la sensación de marginación y represión que se está extendiendo en un amplio segmento de la juventud debido a su escasa participación en la vida pública, en particular en los procesos de toma de decisiones. Estas son algunas de las razones que explican las olas de protestas juveniles que vienen dándose en nuestra región en los últimos decenios y las exigencias de cambio, en particular desde el año pasado.",
"Quisiéramos aprovechar esta ocasión para hacer hincapié en que las aspiraciones de nuestros jóvenes a participar plenamente en la construcción de su propio futuro son legítimas. El mundo de mañana les pertenece; no cabe negarlo. No resulta exagerado decir que la vitalidad, la humanidad y la inventiva de los jóvenes albergan las mejores esperanzas para su futuro, para el desarrollo socioeconómico y científico y para la innovación tecnológica.",
"En consecuencia, insistimos en la necesidad de que las Naciones Unidas, incluidos sus organismos especializados, programas y fondos, sigan apoyando el empoderamiento de los jóvenes y el cumplimiento de las obligaciones internacionales, en particular de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM). En este sentido, hacemos hincapié en la necesidad de que los jóvenes accedan a las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones y de que las Naciones Unidas y los países donantes hagan cuanto puedan para reducir la brecha digital entre el Norte y el Sur.",
"Esperamos que los jóvenes sigan trabajando para alcanzar los objetivos de la paz: una paz que traiga justicia y seguridad, que traiga un mundo sin armas de destrucción en masa. Para ello debemos fomentar una cultura del diálogo y la comprensión mutua entre los jóvenes a los niveles tanto local como regional e internacional. Manifestamos nuestro apoyo a la resolución 65/312, que contiene el documento final de la Reunión de Alto Nivel sobre la Juventud: diálogo y comprensión mutua.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el representante de San Marino.",
"Sr. Bodini (San Marino) (habla en inglés): En nombre de la República de San Marino, que tengo el honor de representar, deseo expresar nuestro más sentido pésame a las familias de los jóvenes fallecidos en Noruega hace unos días.",
"Quisiera dar las gracias al Secretario General por su liderazgo en las cuestiones relacionadas con la juventud. También desearía dar las gracias a los Representantes Permanentes de Austria y Benin por haber facilitado las negociaciones sobre el texto del documento final de la Reunión de Alto Nivel sobre la Juventud: diálogo y comprensión mutua (resolución 65/312), que reafirma el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes e indica el camino a seguir para lograr los objetivos de desarrollo acordados internacionalmente, incluidos los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.",
"Hoy concluye el Año Internacional de la Juventud, pero también hoy empieza una nueva y estimulante era para la nueva generación. En el Mediterráneo y en muchas otras partes del mundo, los jóvenes han dado muestras de su determinación a la hora de desafiar a sus gobiernos en las calles y de luchar por su legítimo anhelo de un futuro mejor y más libre.",
"¿Obró nuestra generación teniendo adecuadamente en cuenta a sus sucesores? ¿Comprendimos las aspiraciones de nuestros jóvenes? Lamentablemente, no hemos hecho un buen trabajo. Millones de jóvenes carecen de la debida seguridad. Muchos mueren por inanición, enfermedad o a causa de la guerra. Millones de jóvenes no tienen una educación adecuada o no tienen ninguna educación. Demasiados son explotados bien sexualmente, bien como trabajadores mal pagados, bien como reclutas. Muchos son desempleados o subempleados. La mayoría tiene empleos precarios.",
"No podemos permitir que esta pesadilla se prolongue. Debemos revitalizar nuestros esfuerzos de Norte a Sur, en los países desarrollados como en los países en desarrollo. Debemos actuar de manera coordinada para dar prosperidad y justicia a nuestros jóvenes y restaurar en ellos un sentido muy necesario de la dignidad, antes de que sea demasiado tarde.",
"Debemos dar con un punto de encuentro en el que converjan todos nuestros esfuerzos. Las organizaciones no gubernamentales, las escuelas, las universidades, las empresas y los sectores público y privado de todos los países deben centrarse en las siguientes prioridades. Debemos proteger a nuestros jóvenes, mental y físicamente. Debemos darles una educación eficaz y proporcionarles seguridad en el empleo. Debemos darles un sentido de pertenencia social. Debemos hacerlos partícipes del proceso de toma de decisiones.",
"Las Naciones Unidas son un lugar ideal para intercambiar ideas, para ayudar a nuestras futuras generaciones a entenderse entre sí y, al hacerlo, crear un mundo mejor y más pacífico.",
"¿Cómo podemos mejorar el bienestar de nuestros hijos? Reavivando los vínculos y valores familiares, y desarrollando proyectos sociales en los que los más desfavorecidos estén en el centro de nuestros esfuerzos y de los de nuestros jóvenes. Podemos preservar sistemas políticos en los que se protejan los derechos humanos, y podemos compartir nuestras experiencias, sin imponer nuestra forma de pensar. En todo momento, debemos motivar y encomiar los esfuerzos de los jóvenes dedicados a ayudar a sus coetáneos menos afortunados. En todo momento, debemos animarlos a perseguir sus ideales de paz, libertad y dignidad.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el representante de Andorra.",
"Sr. Casal de Fonsdeviela (Andorra): Permítaseme, en primer lugar, recordar al pueblo y al Gobierno de Noruega, por una tragedia que ha golpeado especialmente a los jóvenes, nuestro más sentido pésame pero también nuestro firme apoyo. Es doloroso tener que empezar una alocución sobre el Año Internacional de la Juventud con estos sentimientos. Diálogo y comprensión mutua, estos son los objetivos del Año Internacional de la Juventud. Lo son y deben seguir siéndolo más que nunca y a pesar de todo lo que ha ocurrido.",
"Juventud es futuro, un futuro que empieza en el presente, sea cual sea el presente, pero siempre para mejorarlo. Estaremos todos de acuerdo en que vivimos en un mundo en transformación donde cuesta encontrar valores y referencias que ayuden a caminar hacia el futuro. Si esto es cierto para los adultos, lo es más todavía para los jóvenes, y por supuesto la crisis económica contribuye aún más a reforzar el sentimiento de inestabilidad e incertidumbre.",
"Los jóvenes se encuentran, de nuevo, entre las principales víctimas de esta crisis. Negar el acceso al mercado laboral a los jóvenes es negarles un futuro y las expectativas de poder desarrollarse plenamente. Paradójicamente, son los jóvenes quienes tienen el empuje para sacarnos de esta recesión. Por ello, los Estados no pueden olvidar los programas educativos, promoviendo en ellos la justicia, la libertad, el esfuerzo y la solidaridad.",
"Como ha dicho el Secretario General, es esencial que los jóvenes aprendan a escucharse mutuamente con atención, a simpatizar, a reconocer la existencia de opiniones divergentes y a resolver los conflictos. Los jóvenes no necesitan que les digan cuáles son sus necesidades y cuáles son las recetas para conseguirlas. Debemos facilitarles, eso sí, las herramientas que les permitan alcanzarlas.",
"En Andorra creemos en unos principios rectores en materia de juventud: las políticas de juventud son de los jóvenes, para los jóvenes y con los jóvenes; los jóvenes tienen una sola identidad formada por muchos conceptos; no existe un mundo de los jóvenes separado del resto de los ciudadanos. Finalmente los jóvenes deben ser ciudadanos y ciudadanas de nuestro país, pero también del mundo.",
"(continúa en francés)",
"Para promover estos principios, mi Gobierno creó en 2007 el Foro Nacional de la Juventud de Andorra. Este organismo independiente formado por los jóvenes y para los jóvenes pretende canalizar su libre participación en la vida política, social, económica y cultural del país. Esta iniciativa se reforzó a finales de 2009 con la creación de la Comisión Interministerial de la Juventud, constituida por representantes de los Departamentos de la Juventud, Educación Superior e Investigación, Cultura, Vivienda, Salud, Trabajo, Interior, Bienestar Social y Estadística. Los valores que promovemos entre los jóvenes —el consenso, el respeto y el diálogo— son los principios básicos de nuestra Ley de la Juventud, elaborada con el consenso de las instituciones regionales y de los agentes sociales.",
"También somos conscientes de que no basta con proporcionar a los jóvenes los medios para alcanzar su pleno desarrollo. Debemos ir más allá de nuestras fronteras y participar en los programas internacionales dirigidos a este colectivo. Andorra ha demostrado su compromiso con la juventud a través, entre otras cosas, de una aportación de más de 90.000 euros al Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Juventud.",
"Todos debemos seguir valorando y explorando lo que la juventud puede aportar para crear un mundo más justo y más seguro.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el representante de la República Islámica del Irán.",
"Sr. Al Habib (República Islámica del Irán) (habla en inglés): Tengo el honor de formular esta declaración en nombre del Ministro interino de la Juventud y el Deporte de la República Islámica del Irán, Excmo. Sr. Abbasi, al que, lamentablemente, el país anfitrión no concedió el visado para asistir a esta Reunión.",
"En primer lugar, quisiera transmitir las condolencias de mi delegación al pueblo y al Gobierno de Noruega por el muy trágico incidente terrorista en el que muchos jóvenes fueron asesinados.",
"Uno de los principales criterios para evaluar los avances y la evolución de un país en el mundo de hoy es la situación de los jóvenes en ese país. Sin duda, la generación más joven es el principal potencial de progreso y dinamismo de toda sociedad. El no uso o mal uso de este potencial podría tener un efecto corrosivo sobre el progreso de esa sociedad. Por lo tanto, es razonable que la sociedad proporcione a los jóvenes servicios adecuados de educación, bienestar, ocio, capacitación y formación.",
"Los sociólogos sostienen que las sociedades jóvenes suelen enfrentarse a lo que llaman una “revolución de las aspiraciones”. Esto genera complejidades y dificultades en el proceso normal de desarrollo político y económico, y exige una atención especial de los responsables y artífices políticos para evitar la enajenación de los jóvenes de la sociedad.",
"Mientras tanto, el apoyo y la cooperación relevantes de la comunidad internacional con objeto de atender las legítimas aspiraciones de los jóvenes resultan fundamentales en un momento como el actual, en el que la manipulación del arte, la tecnología y los medios de comunicación modernos, junto con el aumento de la discriminación y de las desigualdades, son algunas de sus principales carencias.",
"La sociedad iraní, en la que los jóvenes constituyen casi el 60% de la población, es, según los sociólogos, una de las sociedades más jóvenes del mundo. En consecuencia, atender las necesidades y aspiraciones de la juventud ha sido y sigue siendo una de las principales prioridades de la República Islámica del Irán. En este sentido, en 1992 se aprobó el estatuto del Consejo Superior de la Juventud, con el propósito de coordinar y supervisar la función y el funcionamiento de las instituciones y de las organizaciones juveniles y preparar el terreno para nuevos centros sociales que estimulen la creatividad y el potencial de los jóvenes en el campo de la cultura, la ciencia y el deporte y darles oportunidades de trabajo, facilidades para contraer matrimonio, etc.",
"La Organización Nacional de la Juventud es otro órgano principal responsable de poner en marcha las políticas en esta esfera. De hecho, se ha dado una serie de iniciativas para ayudar a los jóvenes a desarrollar todo su potencial.",
"Me complace ciertamente informar a la Asamblea que, para institucionalizar este noble objetivo de atender las reivindicaciones y aspiraciones de la juventud, en los últimos meses se ha creado el Ministerio de la Juventud y el Deporte al nivel de ministerio gubernamental en la República Islámica de Irán. Se espera que este hecho incida de manera considerable sobre la integración y la eficacia de los planes nacionales para la juventud.",
"Asimismo, conforme a la creciente atención que dedican a esta cuestión los organismos regionales e internacionales, el 29 y 30 de noviembre de 2010 se celebró en Teherán la primera Reunión Ministerial de la Organización de Cooperación Económica (OCE) sobre Asuntos de la Juventud, auspiciada por la Organización Nacional de la Juventud de la República Islámica del Irán en colaboración con el Instituto Cultural de la OCE.",
"Nuestra experiencia nacional más reciente ha demostrado que si la generación joven cuenta con posibilidades y oportunidades puede, sin importar las barreras, lograr grandes avances en distintos campos, como la biotecnología, la medicina, la ciencia nuclear y aeroespacial, por mencionar sólo algunos. Nuestro progreso es un reflejo del poder en nuestra sociedad de la generación más joven y de la ineficacia de desafíos como las sanciones ante la firme determinación de la juventud, siempre que esté decidida a determinar su propio futuro.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el representante de Cuba.",
"Sr. Benítez Versón (Cuba): Reunirnos para hablar de la juventud es reunirnos para hablar del futuro de la humanidad y del planeta. Pero los jóvenes no son sólo el futuro; también son el presente. Es por ello necesario actuar sin más demora para enfrentar los graves problemas que afectan a la juventud mundial.",
"Con más de 1.200 millones, actualmente hay más jóvenes en el mundo que nunca antes en la historia de la humanidad. El 85% vive en países en desarrollo. En el 2025 habrá alrededor de 72 millones de jóvenes más que en la actualidad.",
"La juventud constituye, sin duda alguna, una fuerza formidable para enfrentar los colosales desafíos actuales. Pero los jóvenes sólo pueden ser un motor impulsor si tienen salud, educación y empleos. Para desarrollar todas sus potencialidades, los jóvenes necesitan un mundo de paz. Tienen el derecho a ser protegidos e insertarse plenamente en los mecanismos de participación ciudadana y de toma de decisiones. Tienen derecho a vivir en un mundo sin guerras ni violencia. Quieren y merecen la opción de un futuro mejor.",
"Así lo hicieron saber en el Festival Mundial de la Juventud y los Estudiantes, trascendental evento celebrado en diciembre del pasado año en Sudáfrica, donde se reunieron más de 15.000 jóvenes de 136 naciones.",
"Muy diferente es la realidad de los jóvenes cubanos respecto a lo que sucede en gran parte del mundo. La juventud cubana, que representa el 20% de nuestra población, tiene una amplia protección y participa activamente en la dirección de la sociedad y el Estado. Más del 50% del presupuesto estatal en Cuba se destina a salud, educación, asistencia, seguridad social y cultura.",
"La existencia en nuestro país de un sistema de salud totalmente gratuito y de reconocida calidad y el carácter universal e igualmente gratuito de la educación constituyen pilares esenciales de la concepción humanista de la Revolución Cubana. La educación para niños y jóvenes con necesidades educativas especiales alcanza un 100% en Cuba. La tasa de alfabetización de la población entre 15 y 49 años es del 99,6%. Cuba dispone de un sólido ordenamiento jurídico e institucional para la protección de los niños y jóvenes de la violencia, abusos, malos tratos y discriminación.",
"Aun con estos avances, no nos pretendemos perfectos. Mucho nos queda por hacer.",
"Los logros han sido posibles a pesar de los enormes obstáculos. El criminal bloqueo económico, comercial y financiero del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos contra Cuba por más de medio siglo, las agresiones y actos terroristas y la política permanente de hostilidad anticubana de las sucesivas administraciones estadounidenses le niegan a la juventud cubana la posibilidad de desarrollarse en un entorno social más favorable.",
"En estas difíciles circunstancias, Cuba no sólo ha obtenido importantes logros; también hemos compartido lo que tenemos y no lo que nos sobra. Se han graduado en Cuba desde 1961 más de 55.000 estudiantes procedentes de 135 países. Actualmente, estudian gratuitamente en Cuba 26.000 jóvenes de América Latina y el Caribe y África. De ellos, 22.000 estudian carreras de medicina. En la actualidad, alrededor de 57.000 colaboradores cubanos prestan sus servicios en más de 98 países.",
"Para concluir, quisiera enfatizar que la juventud es, por definición, revolucionaria. Es por ello que somos optimistas y confiamos plenamente en que la juventud encontrará los caminos de cambio que urgen a la humanidad para lograr un mundo mejor.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el representante de Colombia.",
"Sr. Ruiz (Colombia): Colombia expresa sus más sentidas condolencias al pueblo y al Gobierno de Noruega y condena los brutales ataques como los que acaban de sufrir decenas de jóvenes de esa nación.",
"Mi país agradece a las Naciones Unidas la organización de esta Reunión de Alto Nivel sobre la Juventud y su valioso trabajo de convocación, gestión y promoción de los temas críticos que afectan a la población joven del mundo, como es el fortalecimiento de la cooperación internacional para la juventud a través del diálogo, el entendimiento mutuo y la participación activa para lograr la integración social, el empleo y la erradicación de la pobreza. Asimismo, considera que los Estados Miembros, las organizaciones de la sociedad civil, las organizaciones de cooperación internacional y el sistema de las Naciones Unidas han realizado un esfuerzo por promover el desarrollo y la participación activa de los jóvenes en la sociedad. Ejemplo de ello es el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes y las conferencias mundiales en torno al tema.",
"Colombia —cuya población menor de 25 años es hoy un poco más del 50%— se siente satisfecha con la declaración fruto de esta Reunión fundamental (resolución 65/312). Creemos que será un bastión para fortalecer las políticas, los programas, las acciones y los resultados para la población joven del planeta. Adicionalmente, en esta idea del fortalecimiento, Colombia hace un llamado para que se generen acciones más concretas y eficaces que permitan materializar los derechos de los jóvenes y visibilizar a la juventud como eje sectorial esencial para el desarrollo de políticas integrales e intergeneracionales, para lo cual sería de gran relevancia el surgimiento de un organismo de las Naciones Unidas en materia de juventud.",
"Lo anterior conllevaría a garantizar una sincronía de las acciones de cooperación e implementación en favor de los jóvenes, sin que ello signifique suplir las responsabilidades y competencias gubernamentales en el tema. Por el contrario, la creación de un organismo de las Naciones Unidas en materia de juventud se traduciría, en el nivel de cada nación, en un mayor compromiso y apoyo al fortalecimiento institucional de los sistemas nacionales de juventud, así como a la generación de compromisos locales más puntuales sobre el particular.",
"Adicionalmente, Colombia considera que una mayor articulación e integración del sistema de las Naciones Unidas en materia de juventud, centrado en un organismo, permite promover una participación efectiva de los jóvenes en las instancias de decisión; esto sin desconocer el importante trabajo desarrollado por el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes, una base esencial para continuar impulsando.",
"La lógica de las políticas públicas de juventud debe estar orientada a garantizar una planeación de desarrollo humano desde una mirada de ciclo vital e intergeneracional que permita maximizar la inversión en adolescentes y aprovechar el bono demográfico.",
"Colombia quisiera resaltar la labor que ha desarrollado en el cumplimiento de los acuerdos internacionales ratificados, como los asumidos en la cumbre de San Salvador, la cual ha generado enfoques que convocan a una mayor institucionalidad pública y privada comprometida con el desarrollo de los niños, adolescentes y jóvenes y que han llevado a la toma de decisiones y acciones de política pública orientadas en el corto, el mediano y el largo plazo.",
"En ese sentido, Colombia ha hecho acciones tales como el establecimiento de condiciones para el logro de garantías universales en el goce efectivo de los derechos de los jóvenes o para su restablecimiento cuando estos han sido despojados; la disminución y eliminación en el largo plazo de las condiciones que limitan el acceso equitativo de los jóvenes a una oferta diversa de sus derechos, permitiendo su participación en la definición y prestación de los servicios que desean o requieren; la creación o ampliación de oportunidades para el desarrollo del capital humano de los jóvenes mediante un acceso a servicios construidos con base a las condiciones diferenciales de sus contextos sociales, económicos, políticos, familiares, culturales y geográficos; y el desarrollo de capacidades en los jóvenes que les permita reconocer, en su doble condición de sujetos de derechos y deberes, su interacción y participación en la toma de decisiones del país de manera cualificada e informada.",
"Por último, Colombia hace un llamado a los Estados iberoamericanos para ratificar los compromisos asumidos en la cumbre de jefes de Estado de Santo Domingo de 2010.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el representante de Madagascar.",
"Sr. Andrianarivelo-Razafy (Madagascar) (habla en francés): Ante todo, el Gobierno de Madagascar transmite su sincero pésame al Gobierno y al pueblo de Noruega por la horrible masacre de personas inocentes, que va en contra del diálogo y la comprensión mutua que promovemos.",
"Los jóvenes son un pilar importante de nuestro desarrollo. En ese sentido, quisiera felicitar al Presidente por esta excelente iniciativa que, sin duda alguna, redinamizará las medidas ya adoptadas para situar a los jóvenes en el eje de todo diálogo, toda decisión y todo esfuerzo a los niveles local, nacional, regional e internacional.",
"Madagascar suscribe plenamente la declaración que se formuló en la 112ª sesión en nombre del Grupo de los 77 y China.",
"A medida que nos acercamos al final del Año Internacional de la Juventud, es más urgente que nunca multiplicar los compromisos en favor de una juventud activa y dinámica, asociada y plenamente participante en los esfuerzos en pro del diálogo y la comprensión mutua entre las generaciones, las culturas y los pueblos, así como reforzar la aplicación efectiva de esos compromisos.",
"El desarrollo mundial no será efectivo ni tangible si la juventud no florece y se desarrolla. Por desgracia, la realidad es completamente diferente. Todos los días, hay jóvenes, en particular los de los países del Sur, que afrontan grandes desafíos: el desempleo, el acceso limitado e incluso inexistente a la educación y a los sistemas de salud, la inestabilidad socioeconómica provocada por diversos conflictos y la exposición a la droga, a la prostitución y a la violencia sexual, la esclavitud moderna y muchos otros.",
"Tenemos el deber de encontrar soluciones duraderas a ese tipo de desafíos. Esa es la razón por la que estamos reunidos aquí. Los gobiernos y los agentes de la sociedad civil, en particular los jóvenes, deben trabajar conjuntamente para encontrar la vía que hay que seguir. El tema elegido para esta Reunión y para el Año Internacional de la Juventud —diálogo y comprensión mutua— concuerda perfectamente con la necesidad absoluta de actuar de consuno en favor de la comprensión y el respeto de nuestras diversidades.",
"La población malgache es de poco menos de 22 millones de personas, de las cuales 6 millones —es decir, el 31%— son jóvenes de entre 10 y 24 años de edad. El Gobierno de Madagascar, con el apoyo de sus asociados y países amigos, no escatima esfuerzos para que su juventud ocupe un lugar central entre sus prioridades. Con ese fin, dirige sus esfuerzos a crear condiciones favorables al pleno desarrollo de los jóvenes malgaches, a través de un marco judicial, jurídico y técnico bien definido y bien determinado, así como a través de su política nacional de juventud.",
"Por ejemplo, Madagascar ha creado un Instituto Nacional de la Juventud, que organiza cursos diversos, y el Ministerio de la Juventud y el Ocio ha puesto en marcha un programa de concienciación de la comunidad sobre salud reproductiva en adolescentes. El Gobierno de Madagascar también ha creado un fondo de inversión en la juventud y ha emprendido una serie de proyectos tendientes a fomentar el desarrollo de los jóvenes y reforzar su liderazgo en la vida nacional del país. Nuestro Consejo Nacional de Juventud, a los niveles local, regional y nacional, también refuerza las estructuras y las instituciones de la juventud. Nuestros centros juveniles, que existen en todo la isla, y que el Gobierno se ha esforzado por mejorar en los últimos dos años, son una herramienta importante para el desarrollo intelectual y social de los jóvenes.",
"Aparte de esto, Madagascar —que no se ha librado de la lacra de la trata de seres humanos, cuyas víctimas son mayoritariamente jóvenes— ha instituido un programa nacional para luchar contra la esclavitud humana y la trata de seres humanos entre los jóvenes. Para combatir las enfermedades de transmisión sexual, que afectan en particular a la juventud, hemos emprendido varias medidas de sensibilización y apoyo, como una línea telefónica anónima, confidencial y gratuita para los jóvenes en las 22 regiones de Madagascar.",
"Nuestra población es sobre todo rural, y el Gobierno acaba de poner en marcha un proyecto de desarrollo de la juventud rural destinado a apoyar y alentar a los jóvenes empresarios agrícolas. Los clubes de debate juvenil de 20 regiones de Madagascar, con miembros de entre 13 y 24 años, llevan funcionando desde 2007, y permiten a la juventud expresar sus opiniones e intercambiar puntos de vista sobre cuestiones importantes como la protección del medio ambiente, la educación y la paz a través de emisiones radiofónicas semanales.",
"El Gobierno de Madagascar acoge con agrado la resolución 65/312, aprobada por esta Reunión de Alto Nivel y pide a la comunidad internacional que garantice la aplicación de sus compromisos, en particular el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes. También instamos a los Estados Miembros a aumentar su apoyo a los jóvenes aplicando políticas y medidas nacionales.",
"El número de jóvenes del mundo no deja de aumentar, y sus necesidades son inmensas. La movilización de recursos debe ser una realidad. El apoyo financiero y técnico a los jóvenes a todos los niveles debe mantenerse y aumentarse, en particular en los países en desarrollo, como Madagascar, a fin de garantizar un auténtico desarrollo de la juventud y de proporcionarle la posibilidad real de asumir el liderazgo de un desarrollo duradero y equitativo.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el representante del Pakistán.",
"Sr. Raza Tarar (Pakistán) (habla en inglés): Aprovecho esta ocasión para transmitir en nombre del pueblo y el Gobierno del Pakistán nuestro sentido pésame y sincera solidaridad al pueblo de Noruega por los incidentes terroristas del viernes pasado. Esos actos aborrecibles no hacen sino fortalecer nuestra determinación de combatir el terrorismo en todas sus formas y manifestaciones.",
"El Pakistán suscribe la declaración formulada por la Argentina en nombre del Grupo de los 77 y China en la 112ª sesión.",
"La sesión de hoy reviste especial importancia en vista del sinfín de problemas que acechan a la humanidad. El hambre, la enfermedad, el cambio climático, el terrorismo, las promesas sin cumplir del desarme y las múltiples crisis mundiales se suman para presentar un panorama deprimente. Sólo a través del diálogo y la comprensión mutua podremos trabajar en armonía para hacer realidad nuestros objetivos comunes. Por lo tanto, el tema de esta Reunión es muy atinado. El Pakistán es totalmente partidario de educar a la juventud sobre los ideales de la paz, la justicia, la tolerancia y la solidaridad para sentar las bases de un mundo pacífico y lograr los objetivos de progreso y desarrollo.",
"Con una población de más de 173 millones, el Pakistán es el sexto país más poblado del mundo. Se calcula que 104 millones de paquistaníes tienen menos de 30 años. Este gran aumento de la población juvenil entraña desafíos y oportunidades. Nuestros jóvenes son nuestro mayor recurso. Para movilizar su verdadero potencial, el Gobierno del Pakistán ha adoptado varias medidas e iniciativas para que nuestros jóvenes puedan cumplir con su papel en el desarrollo socioeconómico del Pakistán.",
"La Política Nacional de Juventud, formulada en 2008, tiene por objetivo facultar a los jóvenes y proporcionarles oportunidades económicas integrando distintos programas de juventud a los niveles federal y provincial. Se hace especial hincapié en abordar las necesidades de las chicas y de los jóvenes con discapacidades. También cabe mencionar nuestra Comisión Nacional de Educación Profesional y Técnica, que favorece a la población activa joven movilizando fondos y capacitación técnica, patrocinada por el sector privado y organizaciones de la sociedad civil. Además, el Programa Nacional de Becas, a través de becas financiadas, permite a los recién graduados trabajar en distintas organizaciones del sector público, de manera que tengan más posibilidades de obtener empleo.",
"Los hechos ocurridos recientemente en muchas partes del mundo demuestran que los jóvenes son un catalizador del cambio político y social. La voz de las jóvenes y los jóvenes debe hacerse sentir y respetarse. Hay que atender sus expectativas y aspiraciones haciéndolos partícipes del proceso de adopción de decisiones y permitiéndoles que determinen su futuro y el futuro del mundo. Aunque la responsabilidad primordial de velar por el desarrollo de los jóvenes es de los Estados concretos mediante sus estrategias y políticas generales de desarrollo, la cooperación internacional sigue siendo útil para aprovechar el potencial de la juventud, y en particular para garantizar una distribución equitativa de los recursos mundiales y promover políticas no discriminatorias.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el representante de Costa Rica.",
"Sr. Ulibarri (Costa Rica): Costa Rica celebra la realización de esta Reunión de Alto Nivel como cúspide diplomática y política del Año Internacional de la Juventud.",
"Los jóvenes constituyen una ineludible realidad llena de energía y esperanzas. Como tales, deben ser considerados en todas nuestras políticas y acciones, tanto en el plano nacional como multilateral.",
"Costa Rica considera que es responsabilidad de cada Estado reconocer, promover y defender los derechos fundamentales de las personas jóvenes, en el marco del impulso general a los derechos humanos. El respeto a sus derechos y la apertura de oportunidades derivadas de ellos son claves para la erradicación de la pobreza, la injusticia, la intolerancia y la desigualdad; también, para crear oportunidades de autorrealización entre los jóvenes.",
"Estas convicciones son la base sobre la cual descansa, en nuestro país, una pionera legislación para la población joven, que establece el sistema nacional de juventud. El sistema conjuga la institucionalidad del Estado con la participación organizada de la sociedad civil. La política pública de juventud es propuesta por el Estado, pero discutida y aprobada en todos sus alcances por un órgano del que forman parte representantes de los jóvenes.",
"Con el fin de atender las demandas y propuestas de nuestra población joven, durante los últimos años el Estado costarricense, desde una visión inclusiva, democrática y libre de la sociedad, ha centrado sus acciones en áreas como el fomento de la iniciativa empresarial, la generación de oportunidades de empleo, el derecho a la recreación y la atención integral a la salud. A esto se añade un robusto compromiso con la educación, que es parte esencial de nuestra identidad y políticas nacionales.",
"En materias de juventud, como en tantas otras, priman las responsabilidades nacionales. Pero también es esencial el involucramiento de la comunidad internacional para llevar a la práctica el documento final de esta reunión (resolución 65/312), así como la ejecución del Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes. Consideramos sumamente importante la creación de una matriz de indicadores relacionados con el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes y con las metas y objetivos propuestos en el documento final. Será de especial relevancia la implementación de los compromisos que establece el documento final en relación con la promoción de la igualdad y equidad de género, y el reconocimiento de la vulnerabilidad particular de las niñas y las jóvenes. El documento que adoptamos condena, con toda propiedad, el reclutamiento y utilización de jóvenes en conflictos armados. Costa Rica considera igualmente condenable el reclutamiento de jóvenes para el trasiego de drogas y las acciones del crimen organizado.",
"El tema de este Año Internacional de la Juventud, “Juventud: diálogo y comprensión mutua”, requiere que volvamos los ojos hacia la educación, con un sentido de respeto hacia los jóvenes, sus derechos y deberes. De una educación integral depende, en gran medida, la formación en valores como el diálogo para resolver diferencias, a partir de la búsqueda de la comprensión mutua.",
"Nos complace particularmente, en este sentido, la resolución sobre educación y formación en derechos humanos, aprobada por el Consejo de Derechos Humanos el pasado 23 de marzo (resolución 16/1 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos). Esta resolución fue presentada por Costa Rica, Eslovenia, Filipinas, Italia, Marruecos, Senegal y Suiza, países que conformamos la Plataforma para la educación y formación en materia de derechos humanos. Su principal objetivo es desarrollar una cultura universal de derechos humanos, según la cual cada individuo tenga conciencia de sus derechos y de su responsabilidad hacia los demás, y que promueva el desarrollo de las personas como miembros responsables de una sociedad inclusiva, libre, tolerante, pacífica y pluralista. Vemos con satisfacción cómo esta premisa fue incorporada en el documento final de la presente reunión.",
"Nuestro país reitera la importancia de que, de acuerdo con lo reconocido por dicha resolución del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, así como en seguimiento a la resolución 60/251, la Asamblea General apruebe el proyecto de resolución propuesto por el Consejo de Derechos Humanos.",
"No hay una muestra más criminal de intolerancia y de irrespeto a la vida y la dignidad que el terrorismo, sobre todo cuando tiene como blanco central a los jóvenes. Por esto, Costa Rica condena enfáticamente los actos terroristas llevados a cabo en Noruega el martes pasado. Sus principales víctimas fueron los jóvenes que, por su compromiso con la sociedad, participaban en un campamento del Partido Laborista en la isla Utøya. Nuestra solidaridad con las familias de las víctimas y con el Gobierno y el pueblo noruegos. Sabemos que se repondrán de esta tragedia con un compromiso aún más profundo con la tolerancia y la libertad.",
"Concluyo instando a todos los Estados a implementar las premisas acordadas en el documento final de esta reunión. Será ésta la mejor vía para que tengan oportunidades de potenciar sus capacidades, energía y entusiasmo en las grandes tareas de la humanidad todos los jóvenes.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene la palabra el representante de Portugal.",
"Sr. Moraes Cabral (Portugal) (habla en inglés): Quisiera felicitar al Presidente Deiss por haber organizado esta Reunión de Alto Nivel, con la que se pone fin al Año Internacional de la Juventud. También quisiéramos dar las gracias a los dos facilitadores, los Embajadores Thomas Mayr-Harting de Austria y Jean-Francis Régis Zinsou de Benin, por su excelente trabajo gracias al cual se ha logrado un documento final consensuado (resolución 65/312).",
"Nos complace observar que en esta Reunión de Alto Nivel se reitera firmemente el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes, incluidas sus 15 esferas prioritarias interrelacionadas. Portugal reitera su compromiso de promover y aplicar el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes y de lograr las metas de desarrollo acordadas internacionalmente, incluidos los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Insistimos en la necesidad de fortalecer la cooperación internacional para apoyar los esfuerzos nacionales de aplicación del Programa de Acción Mundial y pedimos a todos los Estados Miembros que sigan aplicándolo como un conjunto unificado de principios rectores para políticas y programas relacionados con la juventud en los planos nacional, regional e internacional.",
"El compromiso de Portugal con el desarrollo y la aplicación de políticas y programas relacionados con la juventud es incuestionable. Recuerdo que fue sobre la base de una recomendación hecha en la primera Conferencia Mundial de Ministros responsables de la Juventud, celebrada en Lisboa en 1998, que la Asamblea General declaró el 12 de agosto Día Internacional de la Juventud. Nuestro objetivo es fortalecer las políticas y los programas relacionados con la juventud, así como velar por una participación transectorial de los jóvenes como agentes importantes y protagonistas activos en todas las medidas de adopción de decisiones sobre políticas nacionales, regionales e internacionales que les afecten.",
"El año pasado, creamos la Comisión Nacional para el Año Internacional de la Juventud, compuesta por representantes gubernamentales y de organizaciones juveniles, que puso en marcha un calendario de actividades muy completo en todo el país para tratar cuestiones como la iniciativa empresarial y la innovación, los derechos y la igualdad, la cultura y la diversidad y el empoderamiento de los jóvenes y la democracia. En ese marco, quisiera destacar el Segundo Foro Nacional de Jóvenes Descendientes de Inmigrantes y de la Diáspora Africana, que se celebró en Portugal en febrero y que consideramos que contribuyó a promover una serie de cuestiones relativas a la juventud.",
"Durante el próximo período de sesiones de la Asamblea General, Portugal presentará de nuevo, en la Tercera Comisión, junto con Moldova y el Senegal, su proyecto de resolución bienal sobre políticas y programas relativos a la juventud. También presentamos y facilitamos la resolución sobre el tema durante el último período de sesiones de la Comisión de Desarrollo Social en febrero.",
"Quisiera recalcar de nuevo la importancia de los jóvenes como agentes activos para el diálogo, el cambio positivo y el desarrollo en la sociedad mundial y su papel para promover la tolerancia y la comprensión mutua. Con todo, uno de los principales obstáculos que impide a los jóvenes asumir plenamente su función sigue siendo la violencia, de la cual son los principales objetivos y a la cual, en tantas ocasiones diferentes y de maneras tan distintas, están expuestos con especial gravedad. La violencia y la explotación de niños y jóvenes en sus múltiples formas son uno de los desafíos más importantes que afronta la comunidad internacional. Por ello, hay que ponerles fin.",
"Portugal se declara firmemente partidario de la campaña universal de ratificación de los dos Protocolos facultativos a la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño: el Protocolo facultativo relativo a la venta de niños, la prostitución infantil y la utilización de niños en la pornografía y el Protocolo facultativo relativo a la participación de niños en los conflictos armados. Animamos a todos los Estados Miembros que todavía no sean partes a firmar y ratificar los Protocolos facultativos durante la serie de sesiones de alto nivel de la Asamblea General en septiembre. Esperamos que este Año Internacional también contribuya a ese objetivo.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra la representante de Kazajstán.",
"Sra. Aitimova (Kazajstán) (habla en inglés): Ante todo, quisiera expresar la solidaridad de mi país con el Gobierno de Noruega y su pueblo. La semana pasada, el mismo día de los ataques, mi Presidente transmitió sus condolencias y las de todo el pueblo de Kazajstán por esa tragedia. A mí misma me entristeció muchísimo; ¿qué crimen podría ser mayor que las atrocidades cometidas contra jóvenes y niños? Por consiguiente, esta reunión es sumamente oportuna.",
"Kazajstán celebra el progreso alcanzado para aplicar de manera eficaz el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes hasta el año 2000 y años subsiguientes, el cual representa una hoja de ruta importante. Sin embargo, es necesario hacer mucho más para garantizar la supervisión y evaluación más estrechas de la forma en que las cuestiones relativas a la juventud se incorporan en las políticas nacionales para garantizar la incorporación de nuestros futuros dirigentes en la vida política, social, económica y cultural de cada uno de nuestros Estados Miembros y sus programas de desarrollo. Debemos también garantizar una mayor integración de las cuestiones relativas a la juventud en los esfuerzos por lograr los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, para que los jóvenes puedan estar incluidos en el orden existente y puedan servir de agentes de transformación social.",
"Mi delegación pide una mayor coherencia y coordinación de todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas y la racionalización de la labor en materia de juventud de los 34 organismos que se centran en los países menos adelantados y en las zonas de conflicto, sobre todo en lo que se refiere a las jóvenes y a las niñas. Por consiguiente, pedimos a los Estados Miembros que brinden un mayor apoyo en materia de financiación y recursos para que sea posible brindar orientación técnica y fomentar la capacidad con el objetivo de ejecutar el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes.",
"En vista de la tragedia que ocurrió la semana pasada, se deben realizar todos los esfuerzos posibles por supervisar los medios sociales y canalizar la energía de los jóvenes, así como financiar los movimientos juveniles que promueven la armonía.",
"Durante el Año Internacional de la Juventud, Kazajstán ha ejecutado una política nacional multidimensional, interdisciplinaria y orientada a resultados en materia de juventud. Se ha prestado especial atención al aumento de la protección social, la reducción del desempleo y el aumento de las oportunidades de educación para los jóvenes. Según mi Presidente, Nursultan Nazarbayev, la socialización de los jóvenes, la formación de actitudes progresistas y la transmisión de valores modernos a la joven generación son fundamentales para el desarrollo nacional. Por consiguiente, el país aprobó el programa estatal de educación 2011-2020 y un plan de acción con medidas y servicios con visión de futuro, incluido el establecimiento de una Nueva Universidad moderna e innovadora. La educación de calidad para los jóvenes es un requisito indispensable para el bienestar socioeconómico, y el gasto en educación se considera prioritario en el presupuesto estatal de mi país.",
"Kazajstán creó un Consejo de Política Juvenil, bajo los auspicios del Presidente, para movilizar la participación de los jóvenes en el proceso de adopción de decisiones y elaboración de políticas nacionales. Además, se puso en marcha un proyecto nacional sobre la reserva de talento joven con el objetivo de promover el empleo digno para los jóvenes en la administración pública y en las esferas social, política y económica. Desde 2005, el movimiento obrero juvenil, Green Country, ha venido desempeñando un papel importante en relación con las cuestiones ecológicas y la política ambiental del país.",
"Kazajstán reitera su firme compromiso de promover el diálogo y la comprensión mutua afrontando los desafíos que afectan a la juventud y contribuyendo a los esfuerzos multilaterales para dar a los jóvenes el lugar que les corresponde como uno de nuestros recursos más valiosos.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el representante de Israel.",
"Sr. Prosor (Israel) (habla en inglés): Quisiera comenzar ofreciendo las condolencias de mi Gobierno al pueblo y al Gobierno de Noruega tras los atroces ataques de la semana pasada en Oslo y Utøya. Las víctimas de esa tragedia, en su mayoría jóvenes, siguen presentes en nuestros pensamientos y en nuestras oraciones.",
"Hay una historia judía sobre un hombre que sembró un algarrobo, árbol que se caracteriza por dar frutos sólo después de 70 años. Cuando se le preguntó si creía que viviría para comer los frutos del árbol, el hombre respondió: “Estoy haciendo lo que hicieron mis ancestros. De la misma manera que ellos sembraron un algarrobo para mí, yo siembro uno para mis hijos”.",
"El compromiso de una generación con la siguiente es la base de sociedades fuertes y sanas. Proteger, integrar y empoderar a los jóvenes es una obligación fundamental de todo Estado. No debemos pasar por alto a los jóvenes que se ven marginados.",
"Durante los últimos 20 años, Israel ha desarrollado un enfoque amplio para responder a las necesidades de los jóvenes en riesgo a través de importantes logros en materia legislativa y el aumento de la sensibilización pública. En 2008, Israel puso en marcha un programa nacional para los niños y los jóvenes en riesgo que abarca cinco ministerios del Gobierno. Esa iniciativa ha promovido una serie de proyectos singulares que tienen por objetivo reincorporar a los jóvenes en riesgo a la comunidad, entre otras cosas a través de la capacitación profesional y empresarial. Esos programas están diseñados para satisfacer las necesidades de la diversidad demográfica de Israel, que incluye a inmigrantes de todo el mundo.",
"Israel respalda firmemente el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes hasta el año 2000 y años subsiguientes. Era el documento más amplio sobre la cuestión de la juventud en el momento de su aprobación en 1995. Dieciséis años después, sigue estando vigente, proporcionando un marco normativo para la acción tanto a nivel nacional como internacional a fin de mejorar la situación de los jóvenes.",
"A nivel internacional, el Organismo de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo de Israel (MASHAV) ha capacitado a cientos de miles de educadores y jóvenes de todo el mundo. Por ejemplo, el Centro Internacional de Capacitación del Monte Carmelo, que pertenece al MASHAV, ha venido cooperando durante un decenio con la Organización de los Estados Americanos con el objetivo de introducir la iniciativa empresarial como herramienta de autoayuda para los jóvenes de las Américas. Con el proyecto se ha capacitado a más de 22.000 personas en 29 países de América Latina y las islas del Caribe.",
"En el último año, se han impartido numerosos cursos en inglés y en español en el marco del Año Internacional de las Naciones Unidas para la Juventud sobre temas como aptitudes empresariales para los jóvenes y gestión empresarial para la juventud.",
"Israel respalda firmemente lo dispuesto en el apartado h) del párrafo 28 del documento final (resolución 65/312) de la Reunión de Alto Nivel sobre la Juventud, en el que se subraya la necesidad de proteger a los jóvenes afectados por el terrorismo y la incitación a este o explotados en ese contexto. Israel conoce demasiado bien esos problemas. La lucha contra el terrorismo exige vigilancia, determinación y acción colectiva por parte de la comunidad internacional. Debemos centrarnos en la promoción de culturas de tolerancia y comprensión mutua y no de violencia y odio, para poner fin a la incitación de los jóvenes que es demasiado común en muchas partes del mundo.",
"Muchas de las principales líneas de separación que vemos hoy en el mundo no son entre civilizaciones, sino más bien entre generaciones. Facebook, Twitter y otras herramientas diversas generan cambios exponenciales y brindan nuevas oportunidades para que las personas interactúen, aprendan y crezcan. Los que han crecido en la era digital nos servirán de puente hacia el futuro.",
"Esto ha quedado demostrado en Israel, donde nuestros cerebros más jóvenes son poderosas fuerzas de innovación. La juventud que otrora habría cultivado naranjas ahora produce celulares Orange. Aquellos que antes habrían cultivado manzanas ahora diseñan computadoras Apple.",
"Los retos que tiene ante sí la comunidad internacional nos instan a aprovechar la creatividad de la próxima generación. Debemos fortalecer y alentar a todos nuestros jóvenes para que asuman su responsabilidad en la comunidad mundial y para que aprovechen las oportunidades y hagan uso de las nuevas tecnologías que tenemos ante nosotros para crear un mundo más próspero, más tolerante y más pacífico.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el representante de Bangladesh.",
"Sr. Mahmood (Bangladesh) (habla en inglés): Quisiera comenzar transmitiendo nuestro más sentido pésame a las familias de las 68 víctimas de la horrible matanza ocurrida la semana pasada en Noruega. Toda vida en la Tierra es preciosa, y nos causa gran tristeza observar que la mayoría de los fallecidos eran jóvenes que asistían a un campamento juvenil de verano.",
"Bangladesh valora positivamente la celebración de esta Reunión de Alto Nivel sobre la Juventud y la aprobación del documento final (resolución 65/312). Los jóvenes son el recurso más importante de un país. El desarrollo y la prosperidad de un país dependen, sobre todo, de las actividades positivas de sus jóvenes.",
"En 1981 se creó en Bangladesh el Departamento de Desarrollo de la Juventud con el fin de integrar a los jóvenes de nuestro país en la corriente principal de nuestro proceso de desarrollo nacional proporcionándoles las adecuadas orientación, motivación y capacitación en materia de desarrollo en función de las necesidades. Para que los jóvenes desempleados participen en el proceso de desarrollo nacional, el Departamento ha puesto en marcha amplios programas de motivación, formación para el desarrollo de capacidades, trabajo por cuenta propia, apoyo al microcrédito y desarrollo de la comunidad, a fin de que los jóvenes formados puedan emprender proyectos de empleo por cuenta propia con miras a reducir la pobreza.",
"En Bangladesh, hasta junio de 2010, alrededor de 3,43 millones de jóvenes se formaron en diferentes sectores, en particular la informática, incluidos Internet y la creación de redes; el diseño gráfico y la edición de video; la ganadería, la avicultura, la piscicultura y la agricultura; la sastrería; el estampado en bloque, la técnica batik de teñido de telas y la serigrafía; la electrónica y el cableado eléctrico y doméstico; y la refrigeración y el aire acondicionado, entre otros.",
"El ingreso medio de un joven que trabaje por cuenta propia oscila entre 20 y 670 dólares al mes. En algunos casos, jóvenes exitosos que trabajan por cuenta propia ganan más de 1.300 dólares al mes en un país donde el promedio de renta per cápita es de sólo 670 dólares anuales. Por otra parte, un buen número de jóvenes capacitados han obtenido puestos de trabajo en diferentes organizaciones del país y del extranjero. Hasta mayo de 2010, se habían desembolsado 120 millones de dólares en el marco de un programa de microcréditos para el establecimiento o la ampliación de proyectos de empleo por cuenta propia. La tasa de recuperación de los préstamos es casi del 90%.",
"De conformidad con su programa electoral, el actual Gobierno ha introducido un programa de servicio nacional para facilitar empleo a los jóvenes desempleados que hayan completado la educación secundaria. Son contratados durante dos años con carácter temporal. Inicialmente se seleccionaron tres distritos muy afectados por la pobreza. Los jóvenes desempleados reciben tres meses de formación básica sobre 10 módulos seleccionados y, a continuación, se los destina a diferentes departamentos de consolidación nacional, organismos autónomos u órganos gubernamentales locales, entre otros.",
"Actualmente, las organizaciones de jóvenes voluntarios y de carácter gubernamental también desempeñan un papel importante en el desarrollo rural. Para promover la participación activa de las organizaciones juveniles en el proceso de desarrollo, el Departamento de Desarrollo de la Juventud ha adoptado medidas para colaborar con organizaciones juveniles. El Departamento ya ha iniciado colaboraciones con cerca de 14.000 organizaciones de jóvenes.",
"El 12 de agosto de 2010, el Día Internacional de la Juventud se celebró en Bangladesh con la debida solemnidad. A nivel nacional, el Día comenzó con una concentración de personas a la que siguió un seminario sobre el diálogo y la comprensión mutua, en sintonía con el tema elegido para el Año Internacional de la Juventud. Un buen número de dirigentes juveniles participó en las ceremonias de apertura y de clausura de la 11ª edición de los Juegos del Asia Meridional y en la ceremonia inaugural de la Copa Mundial de Cricket que tuvo lugar recientemente en Dhaka.",
"Para concluir, quisiera reiterar el compromiso del Gobierno de Bangladesh de convertir a los jóvenes de hoy en el sector más productivo de la sociedad del mañana y de garantizar que el Gobierno haga cada vez mayor hincapié en satisfacer las necesidades de educación y capacitación de los jóvenes, en alentar su desarrollo moral y en adoptar medidas dentro de sus limitados recursos disponibles para crearles oportunidades de empleo.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el representante de la Federación de Rusia.",
"Sr. Karev (Federación de Rusia) (habla en ruso): La delegación de la Federación de Rusia se complace en sumarse a la aprobación por consenso del documento final de la Reunión de Alto Nivel sobre la Juventud: diálogo y comprensión mutua (resolución 65/312). Deseamos expresar nuestro agradecimiento a los coordinadores y a todos los participantes en el proceso de negociación. Gracias a su enfoque constructivo y fundamental, fuimos capaces de alcanzar un acuerdo sobre el documento final en el que se da cabida a los intereses de todos los Estados.",
"La reunión de hoy, con la que culmina el Año Internacional de la Juventud, es una manera no sólo de evaluar los resultados de la comprensión y la atención cada vez mayores respecto de los intereses de los jóvenes, sino también de aumentar la participación activa de los jóvenes en todos los ámbitos de la vida y de facilitarles una vía para que se capaciten a sí mismos. Asimismo, es una plataforma de lanzamiento para definir los objetivos del futuro.",
"La Federación de Rusia concede gran importancia al tema de los jóvenes. De ellos, hay 40 millones en nuestro país, lo que representa aproximadamente un 27% de la población. No olvidemos que, aunque los jóvenes se cuentan entre los participantes más activos en la sociedad, son los más duramente afectados por las consecuencias de diferentes tipos de crisis. Los jóvenes, al comienzo de su trayectoria vital, a menudo no pueden hacer frente a esas consecuencias.",
"Además de disfrutar de una gran movilidad, los jóvenes son fácilmente capaces de adaptarse a nuevas condiciones y de adquirir nuevos conocimientos. Buena prueba de ello es el papel que han desempeñado los jóvenes en los últimos acontecimientos mundiales. También hay depositadas grandes esperanzas en los jóvenes como motor principal para superar los efectos adversos de la crisis financiera y económica. Esa es precisamente la razón por la que la Federación de Rusia se ocupa de las generaciones jóvenes como inversión a largo plazo en una sociedad estable y próspera.",
"La aplicación de políticas coordinadas a ese respecto ha sido asumida por el Ministerio de Deporte, Turismo y Política de la Juventud de la Federación de Rusia. El Organismo Federal para Asuntos de la Juventud también depende de dicho Ministerio. Se trata de un organismo nacional del Estado cuyas actividades se centran en desarrollar el potencial de la juventud en Rusia.",
"Las políticas y programas de nuestro país encaminados a garantizar los intereses y los derechos de los jóvenes están en sintonía con las prioridades de las Naciones Unidas, incluido el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes. Las prioridades conformaron la base para los acontecimientos que tuvieron lugar en 2009 en el contexto del Año de la Juventud en Rusia, que pretendía fortalecer el potencial profesional y creativo de los jóvenes, promover un estilo de vida moral y saludable, y cultivar los ideales de la paz y del entendimiento entre los pueblos.",
"Desde 1993, el 27 de junio de cada año hemos celebrado el Día de la Juventud en Rusia, en el que se celebraron reuniones, conciertos, actos deportivos y de otra índole por todo el país. El 27 de junio de este año tuvo lugar una reunión entre el Ministerio de Deporte, Turismo y Política de la Juventud de la Federación de Rusia con los dirigentes de movimientos juveniles, en la que las deliberaciones se centraron, entre otras cosas, en el Año Internacional de la Juventud.",
"Las actuales condiciones económicas y sociales exigen que se preste especial atención a las cuestiones relacionadas con la mejora del bienestar de los jóvenes, solucionando cuestiones como la colocación profesional y el empleo estable. En ese sentido, el programa federal concreto, Jóvenes en Rusia 2011-2015, constituirá un documento clave en los próximos cinco años. Este documento tiene por objeto crear las condiciones propicias a la socialización positiva y la capacitación efectiva de los jóvenes, estimulando su participación en la vida social y política del país, y aprovechando su potencial para fomentar la innovación en nuestro país.",
"El Año Internacional ha sido una sorprendente demostración de que los jóvenes no son sólo receptores de la ayuda del Estado, sino que, a su vez, también pueden contribuir a sus países y a la comunidad internacional en su conjunto. Asimismo, el Año mostró la necesidad de crear un entorno donde los jóvenes puedan integrarse en todos los ámbitos de la vida social a fin de aumentar su contribución al desarrollo social y económico de los Estados.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra la representante de Eslovenia.",
"Sra. Štiglic (Eslovenia) (habla en inglés): Ante todo, permítaseme expresar las condolencias de mi país al pueblo y el Gobierno de Noruega tras la trágica pérdida de todos esos jóvenes por un absurdo e inimaginable acto de terrorismo.",
"Eslovenia se suma a la declaración formulada en nombre de la Unión Europea.",
"El futuro de nuestras sociedades depende del futuro de nuestros jóvenes. En particular, depende de lo que los responsables políticos podamos hacer para permitir a los jóvenes participar en la sociedad, asegurar una educación de calidad, garantizar servicios de salud y crear oportunidades de empleo. Las actuales crisis financiera y económica han tenido un fuerte efecto en los jóvenes, dejando a muchos de ellos desempleados y en la pobreza. A su vez, eso afecta a su inclusión social, que es clave de cara a la sostenibilidad, la estabilidad y la prosperidad de las sociedades.",
"Los jóvenes tienen que participar en los procesos de toma de decisiones, inclusive a través de organizaciones dirigidas por jóvenes. Esas organizaciones no sólo representan la voz de la juventud, sino que también son importantes foros para la promoción de la tolerancia, el diálogo y la comprensión mutua. Por tanto, es importante fortalecer el papel de los jóvenes y de las organizaciones dirigidas por los jóvenes y apoyar su participación cada vez mayor en la elaboración de estrategias y políticas a todos los niveles y sobre todas las cuestiones, como el desarrollo sostenible, el cambio climático y los derechos humanos.",
"Debemos mejorar, ante todo, la cooperación entre las organizaciones o las plataformas juveniles de diferentes regiones a través de proyectos y programas concretos y de base que hagan participar directamente a los jóvenes. La educación no reglada debe considerarse una herramienta fundamental a tal efecto.",
"En su trabajo con los jóvenes, Eslovenia está aprovechando su tradición de larga data. Alentamos el desarrollo de los jóvenes y la integración social, el crecimiento personal y la autonomía de los jóvenes a través de diversos programas y proyectos. El Gobierno esloveno alienta la creación de condiciones para incluir a los jóvenes en la vida social y política y, por ende, cofinancia las actividades de numerosas organizaciones populares de jóvenes y de trabajo para la juventud.",
"Se han creado numerosas estructuras de participación para los niños y jóvenes. Los jóvenes tienen sus propias organizaciones juveniles que presentan sus puntos de vista en los procesos de toma de decisiones a nivel nacional y local. Por ejemplo, la iniciativa del Parlamento de la Juventud, donde los alumnos pueden hablar en público, es una manifestación fundamental de la participación del niño en los procesos sociales y políticos.",
"Además, el Gobierno ha creado dos órganos consultivos que integran a representantes de organizaciones juveniles y de diversos ministerios en igualdad de condiciones. Proponen medidas y supervisan el examen de los intereses de los jóvenes en diversas políticas públicas a nivel nacional, y, en particular, promueven la participación de los jóvenes en esos procesos.",
"Por último, pero no por ello menos importante, la relevancia del trabajo voluntario es valorada muy positivamente en Eslovenia. Estamos firmemente convencidos de que el voluntariado contribuye al fortalecimiento del capital social, promueve la paz y la solidaridad, y abre nuevas vías para el desarrollo socioeconómico sostenible. El papel de los jóvenes voluntarios es una herramienta eficaz para el empoderamiento de los jóvenes, ya que les permite desarrollar sus cualificaciones profesionales, sus conocimientos académicos y sus capacidades específicas, contribuye a su futuro trabajo y sus posibilidades de empleo, y fortalece su integración y cohesión social.",
"Los jóvenes son una fuerza para el cambio. A pesar del reconocimiento cada vez mayor de sus necesidades, aún siguen estando marginados e ignorados en muchas partes del mundo. Debemos cumplir con nuestras obligaciones y construirles un futuro próspero mediante la movilización de todas las fuerzas e instrumentos políticos y la aplicación del Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes. Asimismo, tenemos que lograr la ratificación universal de los instrumentos internacionales, como la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño y sus Protocolos Facultativos. En ese sentido, Eslovenia apoya firmemente la campaña en favor de la ratificación universal de los Protocolos Facultativos para el año 2012.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el representante de Togo.",
"Sr. Menan (Togo) (habla en francés): Ante todo, quisiera transmitir a la Asamblea los cálidos y cordiales sentimientos de las autoridades de Togo, en particular del Presidente de la República, quien es uno de los Jefes de Estado más jóvenes del mundo.",
"Asimismo, quisiera expresar al Presidente de la Asamblea General y a los facilitadores, los Embajadores de Benin y Austria, el profundo agradecimiento de mi Gobierno por su papel ejemplar en la organización de esta reunión. Esta reunión nos brinda una buena oportunidad de evaluar la situación de los jóvenes, un grupo social que representa a una mayoría de la población mundial.",
"El Año Internacional de la Juventud declarado por las Naciones Unidas, que comenzó el 12 de agosto de 2010, se concibió para alentar a los Estados Miembros a intensificar sus medidas encaminadas a mejorar el diálogo y la comprensión mutua entre los jóvenes, promover su participación a todos los niveles y trabajar para eliminar todos los obstáculos que afrontan. En ese sentido, las principales actividades realizadas en Togo tuvieron por objeto encontrar soluciones innovadoras para abordar el problema del desempleo, lo que aumenta la vulnerabilidad de los jóvenes y les impide hacer realidad su potencial. Nuestras actividades también pretenden mejorar el marco institucional para promover la participación de los jóvenes en todos los procesos nacionales de toma de decisiones y de asuntos públicos.",
"Las medidas llevadas a cabo a nivel institucional incluyen la creación en 2005 de un departamento ministerial dedicado específicamente a temas relacionados con los jóvenes y el empleo de los jóvenes, la aprobación de una política nacional relativa a los jóvenes en 2007 y la creación y puesta en marcha del Consejo Nacional de la Juventud de Togo en 2008. Más recientemente, con el fin de promover un diálogo inclusivo e intercambios entre los propios jóvenes, por un lado, y entre los jóvenes y las autoridades de Gobierno, por el otro, el Gobierno decidió crear el Foro Nacional de la Juventud. El primer Foro se celebró del 18 al 20 de abril y brindó la oportunidad de examinar exhaustivamente la situación de los jóvenes en Togo, a la luz de su nuevo compromiso civil. Con el fin de garantizar los efectos duraderos de esa iniciativa, el Foro se celebrará cada dos años.",
"Respecto a la promoción de las cuestiones específicas que afectan a los jóvenes, en particular las relativas al empleo de los jóvenes y la inclusión social, el Gobierno togolés ha aumentado los programas y los proyectos encaminados a ampliar las oportunidades y el empleo juvenil, en los sectores de empleo tanto de asalariados como de autónomos. Se hizo hincapié en el fomento de las micros, pequeñas y medianas empresas, a las que se reconoce su papel de creadoras de empleo, a través del establecimiento de mecanismos para facilitar el acceso de los jóvenes al crédito.",
"Además, hace dos años pusimos en marcha un programa de largo alcance para promover la responsabilidad cívica y la participación activa de los jóvenes. El programa ha sido ejecutado con la participación de los jóvenes, las organizaciones juveniles y las comunidades locales.",
"A pesar de todas las iniciativas regionales, nacionales e internacionales, el Togo considera que solo el aumento de la solidaridad en el marco de una asociación internacional nos permitirá alcanzar los objetivos del Año Internacional de la Juventud y dar seguimiento al Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes. Por lo tanto, la delegación del Togo pide a todos los Estados y partes interesadas que tengan en cuenta las sabias palabras de un eminente estadista togolés, quien dijo que ningún sacrificio es demasiado grande si se hace por el futuro de nuestra juventud. El documento final aprobado por la Asamblea el 26 de julio (resolución 65/312) brinda una oportunidad de continuar nuestras acciones a fin de proporcionar soluciones oportunas para los múltiples desafíos que enfrentan los jóvenes.",
"Para concluir, volvemos a expresar nuestra solidaridad y nuestras condolencias al Gobierno y al pueblo de Noruega tras los trágicos y dolorosos acontecimientos en los que fueron víctimas jóvenes pacíficos de ese país. El Togo condena esos actos de terrorismo que, lamentablemente, perpetraron personas sin moral ni ley.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el representante de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela.",
"Sr. Valero Briceño (República Bolivariana de Venezuela): Venezuela reitera su rechazo del terrorismo y de toda forma de violencia, y extiende su mensaje de solidaridad a los familiares de las víctimas, al pueblo noruego y a sus autoridades en este infausto momento que enluta al país.",
"Mi delegación agradece al Presidente de la Asamblea la organización de este evento. La República Bolivariana de Venezuela suscribe la declaración formulada por la representante de la Argentina en nombre del Grupo de los 77 y China.",
"El 21 de octubre de 2009 se aprobó en Venezuela la Ley del Poder Popular para la Juventud, en la que se amplían los derechos y deberes de los jóvenes en los diferentes ámbitos de su desarrollo social. Asimismo, el 7 de julio de 2011 el Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, Sr. Hugo Chávez Frías, anunció la creación del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Juventud, como parte de las acciones encaminadas a la consolidación del poder popular juvenil.",
"Venezuela considera que la educación constituye el fundamento de las transformaciones sociales y es un instrumento de liberación de los pueblos. En ese sentido, en mi país se garantiza la inclusión de todos los jóvenes en el sistema educativo. Para 1999 había en Venezuela 200.000 estudiantes universitarios; actualmente hay 2,5 millones. Más de 9,3 millones de venezolanos, esto es, aproximadamente el 33% de los venezolanos, tienen acceso al servicio de las tecnologías de la comunicación y de la información, particularmente a Internet.",
"La Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, en su artículo 79, reconoce a los jóvenes como sujetos activos del desarrollo. La Ley de la Juventud amplía y desarrolla esa disposición, estableciendo la figura del Consejo Nacional de Juventud como espacio de participación de ese sector de la población. Durante los últimos 12 años, y en el marco de la Revolución Bolivariana, se han creado y profundizado las políticas dirigidas al empoderamiento de los jóvenes; un gran porcentaje de éstos tienen altas responsabilidades en los órganos del poder popular. Nuestro país fue sede del Encuentro Latinoamericano y Caribeño de los Jóvenes por la Paz y la Soberanía, celebrado del 28 al 30 de junio de este año. En ese encuentro, los jóvenes se comprometieron a luchar para que nuestra región sea una zona de paz y desarrollo.",
"Son palpables e irrefutables los logros alcanzados en Venezuela por los jóvenes en los campos de las artes, la ciencia, la cultura y el deporte, durante estos años de la Revolución Bolivariana. Es por eso que Venezuela es el quinto país del mundo con mayor número de matriculados a nivel universitario. El prestigio del Sistema de Orquestas Juveniles Simón Bolívar es reconocido en el mundo. Venezuela es el país que más preseas ha alcanzado en los Cuartos Juegos Deportivos de la Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América, que actualmente se realizan en nuestro país. Venezuela ha emergido, como lo demuestra su reciente participación en la Copa de Fútbol de las Américas, como uno de los principales equipos futbolísticos de nuestra región.",
"Hacemos un llamado a todas las naciones para que pongan a disposición de las nuevas generaciones todas las herramientas necesarias que garanticen una vida humanamente gratificante para todos los habitantes del planeta Tierra y para que vivan en armonía entre ellos y en comunión con la naturaleza.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el representante de la República Unida de Tanzanía.",
"Sr. Sefue (República Unida de Tanzanía) (habla en inglés): Encomio al Presidente de la Asamblea General y a su Oficina por el liderazgo que están demostrando. Les aseguro el apoyo y la cooperación plenos y sostenidos de mi delegación. Al igual que otros, quiero expresar la solidaridad y las condolencias de Tanzanía al pueblo de Noruega, y deseo sumarme a otros oradores para denunciar de la manera más enérgica posible esos actos cobardes y atroces de terrorismo e intolerancia.",
"Mi delegación hace suyas las declaraciones formuladas por la representante de la Argentina en nombre del Grupo de los 77 y China y por el representante de Namibia en nombre de la Comunidad del África Meridional para el Desarrollo (SADC). Tanzanía apoya la propuesta de la SADC de crear una entidad de las Naciones Unidas dedicada a los jóvenes.",
"Proporcionalmente, de todos los continentes, África es el que tiene la población más joven. Ese es un gran recurso para el bien de África y el mundo. Sin embargo, para que ese recurso dé sus frutos, tenemos que preparar a los jóvenes para que sean los líderes que deseamos que sean, es decir, dirigentes de gobiernos y empresarios responsables, capaces de responder por sus actos y de actuar democráticamente. Mi Gobierno cree que los jóvenes no solo son los líderes del mañana, sino que pueden ser los líderes de hoy y aportar una contribución importante a la edificación de sus países trabajando junto a sus mayores.",
"Por medio de la acción afirmativa, los jóvenes de ambos sexos están representados en los órganos de toma de decisiones de Tanzanía, incluido el Parlamento. Tanzanía también ha formulado una serie de políticas, estrategias y planes con objetivos claros y metas mensurables que ofrecen nuevas oportunidades para los jóvenes. Seguimos invirtiendo mucho en el mejoramiento de la calidad de la educación y el acceso a las instituciones educativas y de capacitación en todos los niveles. Con el apoyo de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, estamos luchando contra las peores formas de trabajo infantil.",
"También estamos centrados en la salud y vitalidad de nuestra juventud, en particular trabajando para evitar los embarazos precoces y prevenir el VIH/SIDA y otras enfermedades infecciosas y no infecciosas. Hemos establecido un fondo de desarrollo para los jóvenes, y estamos fomentando la creación de sociedades de ahorro y de crédito y la ejecución de programas de microcrédito que den acceso a los jóvenes a la financiación de la inversión en condiciones favorables. Estamos fomentando el empleo juvenil en la agricultura y en actividades de servicios no agrícolas en las zonas rurales de manera que los jóvenes puedan encontrar una vida mejor dentro de sus comunidades. Estamos participando en los programas regionales que se ocupan de todas estas cuestiones, y agradecemos a los asociados bilaterales y multilaterales que apoyan nuestros programas nacionales y regionales. Contamos con su apoyo sostenido y ampliado.",
"La globalización y la tecnología que la impulsa han colocado a los jóvenes de todo el mundo en una aldea global, dotándolos de una aguda conciencia acerca de dónde están y dónde podrían estar. La globalización fomenta e impulsa las aspiraciones, tanto políticas como económicas, culturales y sociales. Algunas de estas son aspiraciones a las que muchos de nuestros gobiernos nacionales no pueden dar respuesta por sí solos, con sus recursos, ni en su espacio normativo ni con la celeridad que desean los jóvenes.",
"Las redes de comunicación social, en las que participan nuestros jóvenes, son herramientas útiles para el cambio positivo. Lamentablemente, también pueden generar resultados negativos. En otras palabras, la globalización promueve las aspiraciones de nuestros jóvenes, pero no siempre les proporciona las herramientas adecuadas, la capacidad necesaria o la igualdad de oportunidades para hacer realidad sus sueños. Esto puede ser desestabilizador, y sus efectos llegarán hasta más allá de nuestras fronteras. Apoyemos los esfuerzos de los gobiernos nacionales y regionales y creemos en una globalización justa que una a los jóvenes del mundo, no solo como una fuente de inspiración, sino también como una fuente de bienestar material.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra la representante de Malasia.",
"Sra. Salman (Malasia) (habla en inglés): Para comenzar, permítaseme sumarme a otros oradores para expresar nuestras condolencias al pueblo de Noruega por el atroz atentado que cobró la vida de más de 80 jóvenes.",
"La delegación de Malasia desea expresar su agradecimiento al Presidente Deiss por haber convocado esta sesión. Es muy alentador ver a tantos jóvenes reunidos en este Salón. Sólo mediante el debate y la expresión de ideas podemos comprender verdaderamente las esperanzas y aspiraciones de la generación más joven, lo que nos permitirá fortalecer las relaciones económicas, sociales y culturales entre los países.",
"El 43% de la población de Malasia —unos 12,5 millones de malayos— son jóvenes de entre 15 y 40 años. Debido a que los jóvenes son numerosos, Malasia cuenta con un Ministerio dedicado a supervisar su bienestar. El Ministerio de Juventud y Deportes se encarga, entre otras cosas, de preparar a la comunidad de jóvenes para que contribuya al crecimiento, el desarrollo y la prosperidad de la nación, así como para que siga impulsando la edificación de una nación exitosa. El Gobierno de Malasia ha puesto en marcha toda una gama de sistemas de apoyo que son necesarios para mejorar la participación y el empoderamiento de los jóvenes a todos los niveles.",
"Con respecto a las políticas, en 1985 Malasia fue uno de los primeros Estados en formular una política nacional para la juventud. Esta iniciativa se vio posteriormente reforzada en 1997 y se convirtió en la Política Nacional para el Desarrollo de la Juventud. La Política abarca ámbitos tales como el empoderamiento de los jóvenes, el desarrollo de los recursos humanos, el liderazgo juvenil y el desarrollo de las capacidades empresariales de los jóvenes. Además, en el Décimo Plan de Malasia, cuya misión es trabajar para transformar a Malasia en una nación desarrollada y de altos ingresos, se reconoce la participación de la juventud como un componente fundamental del crecimiento de la nación. Por consiguiente, en el plan se aspira a crear una generación de jóvenes con visión de futuro, que estén motivados para alcanzar la excelencia académica y profesional.",
"Además de las diversas políticas que ha puesto en marcha, el Gobierno sigue interactuando con la generación más joven mediante la celebración de actos. Por ejemplo, en mayo, Putrajaya, la ciudad sede del centro administrativo del Gobierno federal, se convirtió en un mar de jóvenes que acudieron allí para celebrar el Día Nacional de la Juventud, en el que se homenajeó a los jóvenes del país. Las celebraciones incluyeron una convención de jóvenes, en la que se examinaron las directivas para el cambio que habrán de propiciar los jóvenes. Putrajaya también se ha declarado oficialmente ciudad abierta a los jóvenes.",
"Por otra parte, como afirmación de la importancia que confiere a la labor de las Naciones Unidas, en agosto de 2010 Malasia fue sede de la Segunda Conferencia ModelONU Mundial, en la que participaron más de 500 representantes de la juventud provenientes de todo el mundo, que en sesiones simuladas de la Asamblea General y otros órganos multilaterales del sistema de las Naciones Unidas perfeccionaron sus capacidades de liderazgo y su habilidad para tomar decisiones.",
"Malasia se enorgullece de haber dado el debido reconocimiento a las perspectivas de desarrollo de la juventud, tanto a nivel regional como internacional. No obstante, Malasia espera que el documento final de la Reunión de Alto Nivel sobre la Juventud (resolución 65/312) se traduzca en acciones concretas que promuevan avances en el programa de desarrollo de la juventud. Malasia también se ha comprometido a contribuir al mejoramiento y el desarrollo de nuestra comunidad de jóvenes, como entidades empoderadas y ciudadanos responsables, a fin de garantizar que la paz y la prosperidad sigan siendo no solo un rasgo distintivo de nuestra nación, sino también que contribuyan al mejoramiento de nuestra aldea global.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el representante de Tailandia.",
"Sr. Srivali (Tailandia) (habla en inglés): La delegación de Tailandia comparte con Noruega un profundo sentimiento de indignación y tristeza por la masacre de Utøya. Se trata de un doloroso recordatorio de que debemos redoblar nuestros esfuerzos en favor de los jóvenes en todas partes y crear un entorno en el que esos jóvenes se eduquen, empoderen y cuenten con todas las oportunidades que les permitan desarrollar sus potencialidades.",
"Los desafíos que enfrenta la juventud de Tailandia son muy similares a los que enfrentan los jóvenes de muchos otros países en desarrollo. En pocos decenios, el advenimiento de la globalización económica ha transformado las estructuras familiares, la distribución de la riqueza y el acceso a las oportunidades. El desarrollo económico ha traído consigo un mayor bienestar material y la reducción de la pobreza, pero también ha provocado mayores disparidades de ingresos, palmarias diferencias en las oportunidades y patrones de consumo y estilos de vida insostenibles. Los jóvenes de Tailandia se vieron muy afectados por estos cambios. El acceso desigual a las oportunidades en la educación y el empleo ha tenido como consecuencia que, aun cuando contamos con jóvenes altamente capacitados y calificados, también tengamos un gran número de jóvenes vulnerables y sin preparación para la competencia económica cada vez más exigente propia de la globalización.",
"Tailandia estima que, para abordar estos complejos retos, la aplicación de un enfoque coordinado reviste la mayor importancia. Nuestra Constitución y leyes concretas proporcionan un marco jurídico que protege a los niños y los jóvenes, mientras que promueve su desarrollo. En el plano político, contamos con un Comité Nacional para el Joven y el Niño, presidido por el Primer Ministro, en la que están representados los jóvenes. En 2009, el Gobierno puso en marcha una política que ofrece 15 años de educación gratuita. Al mismo tiempo, las disparidades entre el ámbito urbano y el rural están siendo abordadas a partir de una mayor descentralización de la aplicación de políticas, lo que se traduce en más participación a nivel local.",
"Para el Año Internacional de la Juventud, también hemos venido organizando actividades dirigidas a promover el entendimiento intercultural entre los jóvenes de diferentes religiones y origen étnico de todo el país. Tailandia también se enorgullece de enviar a dos delegados de la juventud para que participen en la redacción y la presentación de nuestra declaración nacional en el marco del programa de desarrollo social en la Tercera Comisión al iniciarse cada período de sesiones de la Asamblea General. Desde hace ya varios años los delegados de la juventud tailandeses participan en la Asamblea, y esperamos que cada vez más países en desarrollo sean capaces de hacer lo mismo para que los jóvenes de los países en desarrollo puedan tener una mayor participación en la Asamblea General.",
"Por supuesto, esos esfuerzos no son más que un punto de partida. Se puede y se debe hacer más. Hemos depositado muchas esperanzas en el documento final que hemos aprobado (resolución 54/312), que creemos deberá servir para revitalizar nuestros esfuerzos comunes a favor de los jóvenes por medio de sus numerosas propuestas reflexivas, sólidas y concretas. Juntos debemos promover esta declaración, de manera que impulse los sueños de la juventud de hoy para que esté en condiciones de llevar a la humanidad hacia el brillante futuro que merece.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el representante de San Vicente y las Granadinas.",
"Sr. Gonsalves (San Vicente y las Granadinas) (habla en inglés): San Vicente y las Granadinas hace suyas las declaraciones formuladas por los representantes de Suriname, en nombre de la Comunidad del Caribe, y de la Argentina, en nombre del Grupo de los 77 y China, respectivamente. También nos sumamos a las expresiones de condolencias y solidaridad con el pueblo de Noruega, tras la reciente terrible tragedia. No hay palabras que puedan expresar la tristeza y la indignación de la comunidad internacional ante este acto de terrorismo.",
"Es una verdad lamentable que la juventud y la gobernanza a menudo no sean compatibles. Los recintos tradicionales del poder y la política —incluido este Salón de la Asamblea General— suelen estar dominados por aquellos para quienes la juventud no es más que un vago recuerdo. Nuestros enfoques para resolver problemas —opaco, burocrático y cada vez más frustrante— tienden a estar en desacuerdo con la pasión, la decisión y el activismo típicos de la juventud. Además, muchos de nuestros dirigentes políticos han sido incapaces de granjearse la confianza de los jóvenes, al verlos solo como una ola emocional que se debe superar al ocupar un cargo político. Otros buscan utilizar cínicamente un manto de “cambio” que contraste con su propia condición de ciudadanos de la tercera edad, cuyos principios y credenciales de transformación han sido sacrificados desde hace mucho tiempo en el altar de la ambición política.",
"No obstante, no es necesario desconfiar de los jóvenes del mundo; no es necesario utilizarlos, adoctrinarlos o marginarlos. Ellos necesitan ser escuchados, necesitan ser aceptados, y necesitan pasar a ser asociados activos y líderes en el desarrollo nacional y la gobernanza mundial. El ritmo del cambio y el desarrollo se ha acelerado de forma exponencial, y el mundo que verá la próxima generación será radicalmente diferente del que enfrentamos hoy en día. El ritmo del cambio —para bien o para mal— será una característica definitoria de la aldea mundial del mañana, y no tenemos la experiencia necesaria para gestionarlo, ni siquiera para predecirlo. Los jóvenes de hoy serán los herederos de ese mundo, y es la juventud de hoy la que debe contar con la confianza de los líderes y los responsables de la formulación de políticas en cada paso de nuestro viaje hacia el futuro.",
"San Vicente y las Granadinas reitera la idea fundamental de la Declaración de la CARICOM sobre el Futuro de la Juventud en la Comunidad del Caribe, a saber, que los jóvenes no son problemas a resolver, sino más bien recursos muy valiosos y asociados para el desarrollo de nuestra subregión. Es nuestra juventud la que cuenta con la creatividad, la innovación y la energía necesarias para trazar un nuevo rumbo a fin de superar las consecuencias negativas de la globalización y de la actual crisis económica, y no la ortodoxia que nos ha llevado a las crisis que ahora enfrentamos.",
"A este respecto, es útil recordar una verdad de Perogrullo atribuida al ex Presidente de los Estados Unidos Franklin Roosevelt: “No siempre podemos construir el futuro de nuestra juventud, pero podemos preparar a nuestra juventud para el futuro”. Por ello, el Gobierno de San Vicente y las Granadinas ha invertido mucho en la juventud en todos los niveles de la sociedad. En el último decenio hemos logrado el acceso universal a la educación secundaria y estamos en camino de alcanzar el acceso universal a la educación preescolar. El gasto del Estado en educación superior ha aumentado de manera exponencial, y cada uno de nuestros alumnos —con la cooperación de los Gobiernos de Portugal y de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela— pronto tendrá su propio ordenador portátil, que le permitirá participar en el mundo que se encuentra más allá de los estrechos límites de nuestro pequeño Estado insular en desarrollo.",
"También se ha impulsado a los jóvenes a ocupar altos cargos en todos los niveles del Gobierno y la administración pública. Senadores, ministros, diplomáticos y otros funcionarios de alto nivel forman parte de esta brigada cada vez mayor de jóvenes. Los jóvenes empresarios, deportistas y artistas culturales vicentinos continúan creando puestos de trabajo, influyen en el debate y abren nuevos caminos para el desarrollo futuro. Nuestra confianza y fe nacionales en la juventud son inquebrantables.",
"La comunidad internacional debe demostrar de manera tangible un mayor nivel de confianza y fe en los jóvenes. Los desafíos que enfrentan a menudo no tienen paralelo en la memoria histórica. En nuestra región, los jóvenes hacen frente a la delincuencia transnacional, el VIH/SIDA, la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático y la explosión tecnológica en medio de un entorno económico incierto, con modos cambiantes de producción y distribución del capital que tendrán consecuencias aún incalculables para la próxima generación.",
"Esta reunión de alto nivel debe tener algo que mostrar por sí misma más allá de un tibio documento final. Debe ser el inicio de una nueva concepción del papel de la juventud en nuestro desarrollo nacional y la gobernanza mundial, y el punto de partida de un verdadero esfuerzo para incorporar los temas relacionados con la juventud y aceptar a nuestros jóvenes como asociados en igualdad de condiciones en este viaje hacia un futuro incierto.",
"Cualquier otra cosa sería simplemente otro intento de utilizar a los jóvenes como telón de fondo fotogénico de un nuevo palabrerío político. Sin embargo, como hemos aprendido en los últimos meses, el precio de dicha marginación de los jóvenes y de sus necesidades y preocupaciones puede producir un cataclismo político y social. Prestemos atención a las lecciones que los jóvenes han estado tratando de enseñarnos.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra la representante de Irlanda.",
"Sra. Anderson (Irlanda) (habla en inglés): Es para mí un honor hacer uso de la palabra en esta Reunión de Alto Nivel de la Asamblea General. Ha sido particularmente alentador ver a tantos jóvenes y a sus representantes asistir y participar activamente en esta reunión.",
"Me sumo a los demás participantes para expresar nuestro más sentido pésame al Gobierno y el pueblo de Noruega por la terrible pérdida de vidas en los trágicos atentados perpetrados el viernes pasado.",
"Irlanda se suma a la declaración formulada por el Jefe interino de la delegación de la Unión Europea, Sr. Pedro Serrano, en nombre de los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea.",
"Para comenzar, permítame hacer tres breves referencias al Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes. En primer lugar, Irlanda promueve un enfoque basado en los derechos humanos para la ejecución del Programa. En el propio Programa se reconoce que para que su aplicación tenga éxito es necesario que los jóvenes disfruten de todos los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales, así como que los Estados Miembros asuman el firme compromiso de luchar contra toda violación de esos derechos. Ese enfoque y ese compromiso deben reflejarse en todas nuestras actividades.",
"En segundo lugar, la igualdad entre los géneros es imprescindible para alcanzar plenamente los objetivos del Programa. Al tratar de luchar contra algunos de los desafíos que enfrentan las jóvenes y las niñas —la pobreza, la desigualdad, la combinación de múltiples formas de discriminación, la violencia sexual y por razones de género, especialmente en las situaciones de conflicto, y el acceso limitado a la educación o la atención de la salud, incluida la salud sexual y reproductiva— es preciso centrarnos en el empoderamiento de las jóvenes y las niñas como agentes de cambio.",
"En tercer lugar, somos muy conscientes del aspecto del desarrollo. Casi el 90% de los 1,800 millones de jóvenes del mundo que tienen entre 15 y 24 años vive en países en desarrollo. Es esencial reconocer y aprovechar el vasto potencial de los jóvenes para lograr los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.",
"Permítaseme referirme brevemente a algunos acontecimientos recientes ocurridos en Irlanda que pueden ser de interés general. El nuevo Gobierno de Irlanda ha hecho más hincapié en las cuestiones relacionadas con la juventud mediante la creación del cargo de Ministro de Asuntos de la Infancia y la Juventud en el Gabinete y el correspondiente establecimiento de un nuevo Departamento de Asuntos de la Infancia y la Juventud.",
"Se ha asumido el compromiso de desarrollar un marco de política para la juventud con el fin de apoyar a los niños y los jóvenes de 10 a 24 años de edad. El objetivo general de este marco es aclarar y mejorar la coherencia, la conectividad, la coordinación y la prestación de servicios para la juventud y los servicios relacionados con actividades extraescolares para los jóvenes de ese grupo de edad. La intención es mejorar el desarrollo y la participación y brindar apoyo a los jóvenes, lograr una mayor coordinación y coherencia en la prestación de servicios a la juventud y procurar que esa prestación sea de alta calidad y esté basada en los resultados.",
"La cuestión de la participación de los jóvenes es particularmente importante. Como se reconoce en el documento final (resolución 65/312) que fue aprobado a principios de esta semana, la participación de los jóvenes en la elaboración, la aplicación, la supervisión y la evaluación de políticas eficaces es fundamental para lograr los objetivos del Programa de Acción Mundial. El Gobierno de Irlanda se ha comprometido firmemente a promover la participación de los niños y los jóvenes en la sociedad civil, y en el último decenio se han creado o consolidado una serie de estructuras encaminadas a lograr dicho objetivo. Éstas incluyen los consejos juveniles locales, un parlamento nacional de la juventud, los consejos de estudiantes, un foro de niños y jóvenes, un equipo de apoyo a la participación de los niños y los jóvenes, así como un programa de inclusión y de consultas nacionales.",
"Como parte del esfuerzo más amplio para promover la participación, nos hemos centrado en especial en el empoderamiento de los jóvenes marginados. En 2007 se estableció un programa de inclusión, cuyo objetivo es proporcionar nuevas oportunidades a los jóvenes que recién se inician en la vida pública para que participen en las estructuras de toma de decisiones. En el programa de inclusión participan diversas organizaciones de la sociedad civil. Estas organizaciones trabajan con jóvenes homosexuales y lesbianas, jóvenes viajeros, jóvenes que reciben atención, jóvenes con discapacidades y jóvenes de comunidades desfavorecidas. A medida que avanzamos, tenemos la intención de aprovechar la experiencia del programa de inclusión para procurar que un número cada vez mayor de jóvenes que corren el riesgo de verse marginados puedan participar en las estructuras y el proceso de toma de decisiones.",
"Irlanda tiene una de las poblaciones más jóvenes de Europa. En épocas difíciles, así como en épocas buenas, nuestros jóvenes siguen siendo nuestro mayor recurso. Queremos ofrecerles —a todos ellos— mayores oportunidades de contribuir a forjar el futuro de nuestro país. Abrigamos la esperanza de que este Año Internacional de la Juventud ayude a brindar esas oportunidades a los jóvenes de todo el mundo.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el Representante Permanente de Trinidad y Tabago.",
"Sr. Charles (Trinidad y Tabago) (habla en inglés): Trinidad y Tabago se suma a oradores anteriores para expresar sus condolencias al Gobierno y el pueblo de Noruega por los actos viles que cobraron la vida de muchos jóvenes que representaban la promesa de un futuro floreciente para esa nación.",
"Además, Trinidad y Tabago desea sumarse a las declaraciones formuladas por la representante de la Argentina, en nombre del Grupo de los 77 y China, y el representante de Suriname, en nombre de la Comunidad del Caribe. Asimismo, deseamos hacer una breve declaración a título nacional.",
"Al reconocer la importancia de los jóvenes en el desarrollo de la comunidad y de la nación, Trinidad y Tabago ha desarrollado una política nacional sobre la juventud que refleja un proceso de desarrollo social flexible y dinámico entre el Gobierno y la sociedad civil, y del que han surgido diversos programas y actividades nacionales. Ellos se relacionan en parte con la educación, la salud, la igualdad entre los géneros y la manera de abordar la delincuencia y la violencia en los jóvenes, incluida la delincuencia relacionada con las drogas, el desempleo juvenil y la formación de dirigentes juveniles.",
"La política nacional sobre la juventud promueve la capacitación y la participación de los jóvenes, dando a los jóvenes un lugar privilegiado en el desarrollo y la aplicación de políticas. Al mismo tiempo, reconoce que el Gobierno tiene la responsabilidad de la creación del marco de facilitación necesario para asegurar que los jóvenes puedan tomar decisiones informadas, llevar vidas significativas, productivas y agradables, así como contribuir a la consecución de los objetivos de desarrollo internacionalmente acordados, incluidos los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Además, cabe destacar que la cartera de los asuntos relacionados con la juventud se encuentra actualmente a cargo del recientemente creado Ministerio encargado de las Cuestiones de Género y el Desarrollo de la Juventud y la Niñez.",
"En conmemoración de este Año Internacional de la Juventud con el tema: “Diálogo y comprensión mutua”, y sobre la base del enfoque adoptado por el sistema de las Naciones Unidas, Trinidad y Tabago ha elaborado una serie de iniciativas que corresponden a las tres esferas principales definidas por Red Interinstitucional de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo de la Juventud. En este sentido, el lanzamiento del Programa de Consulta Nacional de la Juventud, en el que se ofreció a los jóvenes la oportunidad de ser incluidos en los procesos de toma de decisiones a través de la participación en consultas con los ministros del Gobierno, fue una iniciativa significativa.",
"Es imprescindible promover el diálogo entre los gobiernos y los jóvenes, fomentar la comprensión mutua y abordar mejor las cuestiones que les afectan, ya que los jóvenes son asociados clave para el desarrollo y el progreso de nuestras sociedades. En este sentido, cito un proverbio chino que dice: “Dímelo y lo olvidaré; muéstramelo y quizás lo recuerde; hazme participar y lo entenderé”.",
"De acuerdo con este enfoque, el Gobierno de Trinidad y Tabago ha incrementado la participación de la juventud y las asociaciones dentro de las comunidades mediante el desarrollo de sus capacidades para el diálogo con sus pares y con las partes interesadas. El Gobierno también ha facilitado el desarrollo de la juventud a través de los programas nacionales de capacitación para el liderazgo, los talleres de educación entre pares y los proyectos sociales de la comunidad que aprovechan los debates con los jóvenes para elaborar y aplicar programas encaminados a satisfacer sus necesidades. En este contexto, alentamos a los Estados Miembros a promover el diálogo con los jóvenes en sus propios países a fin de que participen y sigan interesándose en las decisiones que, en última instancia, afectan su futuro.",
"Trinidad y Tabago apoya el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes y continúa poniéndolo en práctica, aunque reconoce la necesidad de seguir desarrollando y mejorando el marco internacional vigente para los jóvenes a fin de abordar con eficacia los nuevos retos que enfrentan.",
"Ha llegado el momento de pasar del diálogo a la aplicación y la movilización de recursos con el fin de capacitar a los jóvenes y promover el desarrollo de nuestras sociedades en su conjunto. Para concluir, deseo sumarme a mi colega de San Vicente y las Granadinas al citar a Franklin Delano Roosevelt, quien dijo: “No siempre podemos construir el futuro para nuestra juventud, pero podemos preparar a nuestra juventud para el futuro”.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra la representante de Granada.",
"Sra. Williams (Granada) (habla en inglés): Granada se suma a la declaración formulada por el representante de Suriname en nombre de la Comunidad del Caribe y la declaración formulada por la representante de la Argentina en nombre del Grupo de los 77 y China.",
"Sr. Presidente: Por su conducto y en nombre de mi Gobierno y el pueblo de Granada, en especial los jóvenes, la delegación de Granada expresa sus profundas y sinceras condolencias al Gobierno y el pueblo de Noruega por el inexplicable asesinato de jóvenes y no tan jóvenes. El ataque contra edificios del Gobierno y jóvenes es incomprensible, y lamentamos la pérdida de vidas.",
"Del mismo modo, Granada expresa su solidaridad con todos los jóvenes y las familias que en todo el mundo sufren a causa de las guerras, la hambruna y los ataques con bombas. En particular, expresamos nuestro profundo pesar por los centenares de personas que mueren cada día en el Cuerno de África debido a la hambruna. Apoyamos el llamamiento de las Naciones Unidas a favor del socorro de emergencia mundial y el desarrollo sostenible a largo plazo de esas comunidades.",
"Granada acoge con beneplácito esta Reunión de Alto Nivel de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Juventud y felicita a todos los jóvenes del mundo. Esta conferencia es una oportunidad para que la comunidad internacional pueda volver a examinar y a ampliar sus esfuerzos para dar respuesta a las numerosas necesidades de los jóvenes. En este sentido, acogemos con beneplácito el documento final (resolución 65/312) y esperamos con interés su aplicación plena y efectiva y la participación de todos los jóvenes en ese proceso.",
"Al igual que en muchos países, los jóvenes de Granada son una gran promesa. Esa promesa, sin embargo, se ve afectada negativamente por las fuerzas sociales y económicas que generan altas tasas de desempleo y causan otros problemas. No obstante, somos testigos del surgimiento de un sector nacional fuerte y positivo de la juventud que es resultado de la política nacional para la juventud.",
"Nuestros jóvenes, especialmente nuestras jóvenes, se están graduando de la escuela secundaria en cifras récord y logran el éxito en los colegios y universidades también en cifras récord. Desde el nivel primario hasta el secundario, nuestros jóvenes atletas están rompiendo récords deportivos y algunos, incluidos nuestros competidores en los 400 metros y en el patinaje de mujeres, aspiran a competir en los Juegos Olímpicos. ¡Atención, Jamaica! ¡Cuidado con Kirani James!",
"Muchos otros jóvenes de Granada están en escuelas profesionales y en el sector cultural, y se están convirtiendo en empresarios exitosos. El número de jóvenes líderes, jóvenes parlamentarios y embajadores de la juventud es cada vez mayor, y su éxito extiende un dinamismo sano y estimulante. El gasto público se centra en la formación, la creación de empleo, la rehabilitación y el empoderamiento de los jóvenes.",
"Son demasiados los jóvenes que no pueden alcanzar todo su potencial debido a la pobreza y a la falta de oportunidades. Ahora que las Naciones Unidas se preparan para comprometerse con el desarrollo sostenible en el marco del proceso ligado a la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible prevista para 2012, Granada reitera la idea que tiene sobre sus jóvenes, que habrán de asumir mayor protagonismo en el desarrollo sostenible del país. De ahí que hagamos un llamamiento a las Naciones Unidas y a otros agentes, entre ellos las empresas, para que se sumen a nosotros mediante alianzas y nos apoyen para incluir a los jóvenes en el proceso democrático, la creación de empleos y el empoderamiento económico, así como en el desarrollo de las condiciones necesarias para fortalecer las organizaciones de base de la juventud.",
"Para concluir, Granada entiende que los jóvenes son una valiosa baza para el desarrollo nacional, pero que son también mucho más que un recurso para dicho desarrollo. Más bien, tienen, al igual que otros grupos, un valor intrínseco para sí mismos y para la humanidad. A nosotros compete hacer mucho más para honrarlos y capacitarlos, a fin de que ellos también puedan tomar decisiones adecuadas para sí mismos y para el mundo.",
"Granada expresa sus mejores deseos de éxito a todos los delegados de la juventud, y les desea un buen viaje de regreso a sus hogares.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el representante de Bulgaria.",
"Sr. Raytchev (Bulgaria) (habla en inglés): En primer lugar, permítaseme sumarme a todos los oradores anteriores y expresar, en nombre de mi país, nuestro más sentido pésame al pueblo y el Gobierno de Noruega por los terribles y trágicos ataques perpetrados el viernes, que se cobraron la vida de tantos jóvenes.",
"Me honra hablar ante esta Reunión de Alto Nivel sobre una cuestión especialmente relevante hoy en día, a saber, cómo mejorar las condiciones para la juventud en el mundo y ayudar a los jóvenes a cumplir sus aspiraciones a participar en los procesos que dan forma a su vida y a su futuro. La importancia que concedemos a estas cuestiones radica en la constatación de que la juventud es la fuerza impulsora detrás de los grandes cambios en el desarrollo mundial. Los recientes acontecimientos ocurridos en el Oriente Medio y el África septentrional ponen de manifiesto una vez más el papel clave de los jóvenes como agentes del cambio social, el progreso y el desarrollo. Asimismo, han reafirmado la importancia crucial de las nuevas tecnologías y de los medios de comunicación social para conferir proyección a las opiniones de los jóvenes y a su participación en la conformación de la opinión pública y del proceso de toma de decisiones políticas.",
"Nos complace que el documento final aprobado anteriormente durante esta sesión (resolución 65/312) confirme una vez más el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes como un destacado instrumento político para la acción integral en materia de juventud. Resulta de primordial importancia centrar nuestros esfuerzos en su completa y mejorada aplicación en todos los ámbitos, también fortaleciendo las capacidades nacionales y los mecanismos democráticos de diálogo y asociación con los jóvenes y las organizaciones dirigidas por jóvenes en la toma de decisiones que afecten a la juventud. La cooperación entre los gobiernos nacionales, las organizaciones juveniles y otras partes interesadas en los ámbitos nacional, regional y mundial constituye un elemento fundamental de las estrategias y medidas con las que se proponga lograr la integración social, la creación de empleos y la erradicación de la pobreza.",
"Bulgaria respalda plenamente la declaración formulada por el observador de la Unión Europea previamente durante este debate, en la que hizo mención de los programas y actividades en materia de juventud existentes en Europa. Quiero referirme brevemente a nuestra experiencia nacional y a las iniciativas para abordar las cuestiones de la juventud en el marco de la cooperación en el seno de la Unión Europea.",
"La Estrategia Nacional para la Juventud 2010-2011, aprobada por el Gobierno de Bulgaria en 2009, se centra fundamentalmente en el empleo y el desarrollo sostenible, incluida la promoción de la actividad económica y de las oportunidades profesionales para los jóvenes. El grupo objetivo de la estrategia son los jóvenes de entre 15 y 29 años. Las medidas concretas para su aplicación están orientadas a mejorar la calidad de la educación secundaria y universitaria, promover el aprendizaje permanente, ofrecer más prácticas profesionales y potenciar la relación entre la educación y el mundo de las empresas. Se prevé prestar apoyo a las empresas que creen puestos de trabajo para jóvenes, especialmente en las aldeas y las zonas rurales. También se fomenta la participación de los estudiantes en proyectos científicos y en la innovación tecnológica.",
"Los jóvenes búlgaros participan activamente en los proyectos del programa Juventud en Acción de la Unión Europea, que forma parte del proceso de aplicación de la Estrategia Europa 2020. Al promover el conocimiento y la comprensión de la ciudadanía democrática y del estado de derecho, este tipo de proyectos permiten a los jóvenes conocer las normas y valores de los derechos humanos, contrarrestando determinadas opiniones negativas sobre la sociedad, la discriminación, la xenofobia y otras formas conexas de intolerancia.",
"En virtud de la Estrategia Nacional de la Juventud, se alienta el voluntariado como vía para mejorar el potencial y las capacidades de la juventud en distintos ámbitos profesionales y científicos. En el marco del Año Europeo del Voluntariado, en la cuarta Reunión Nacional de la Juventud, celebrada en Varna del 30 de junio al 4 de julio, se sopesaron las ventajas del voluntariado tanto para los jóvenes como para las instituciones y las empresas receptoras, con la participación activa de la sociedad civil.",
"Por último, aunque no por ello menos importante, quiero destacar nuestro compromiso con la cooperación internacional y las iniciativas de las Naciones Unidas relacionadas con la juventud. En ese ámbito, el papel de las Naciones Unidas sigue siendo indispensable. El Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Bulgaria colabora estrechamente con la Asociación de las Naciones Unidas en Bulgaria para coordinar las actividades de promoción de la participación de los jóvenes en las Naciones Unidas. En el plan de acción conjunto entre el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y la Asociación de las Naciones Unidas, firmado a principios de este año, se prevé el desarrollo de iniciativas que promuevan una participación más activa de los jóvenes en las actividades de las Naciones Unidas, incluidas esferas como las de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, la paz, los derechos humanos y el desarrollo sostenible.",
"Parte de esa colaboración consiste en seleccionar y facilitar la participación de los representantes de la juventud en el programa de jóvenes representantes. El proceso de selección nacional, que ahora mismo se está llevando a cabo por sexto año consecutivo, tiene por objeto garantizar que los estudiantes más interesados y conscientes tengan la oportunidad de representar a los jóvenes de Bulgaria y de trabajar junto a diplomáticos y otros delegados juveniles de todo el mundo. Estamos orgullosos de que, desde hace decenios, Bulgaria venga demostrando su interés en las cuestiones relacionadas con la juventud, siendo uno de los países que desde hace más tiempo dispone de una plataforma para que las opiniones de los jóvenes búlgaros puedan expresarse en el marco de las Naciones Unidas.",
"Para concluir, deseo expresar nuestra confianza en que esta importante conferencia concluirá con éxito. Estamos decididos a contribuir activamente a garantizar un futuro mejor para los jóvenes del mundo.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene la palabra la representante del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia.",
"Sra. Espósito Guevara (Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia): Hacemos llegar, primero que nada, nuestras más sentidas condolencias al hermano pueblo de Noruega por la tragedia vivida en los últimos días, de la que las principales victimas fueron los jóvenes.",
"Asimismo, la representación del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia se adhiere a la declaración hecha por la representante de la Argentina en nombre del Grupo de los 77 y China.",
"La juventud es un motor central de los cambios en todas las sociedades. Son ellos y ellas quienes, con su fuerza y espíritu rebelde, nos muestran el camino a seguir. Sin embargo, muchos de los jóvenes miran al futuro con temor, porque han cumplido todos los requisitos exigidos por la sociedad adulta y, pese a ello, no consiguen empleo. Desde esa situación de inseguridad, nos han explicado que de lo que se trata ahora es de hacer profundos cambios. No podemos seguir como hasta hoy. Las fuerzas de la transformación avanzan por el mundo y los jóvenes son su principal aporte.",
"En Bolivia, los jóvenes también han hecho su contribución vital. Durante la última década, jóvenes de todos los estratos sociales ocuparon plazas y calles defendiendo los recursos naturales de mi país y el derecho al salario, defendiendo la vida, el agua, el gas, la salud, el empleo y, sobre todo, el futuro. Combatieron el saqueo y las imposiciones de las instituciones de Bretton Woods y de las empresas transnacionales.",
"La crisis económica y financiera, la crisis energética, alimentaria, la crisis del agua, la crisis del cambio climático, las guerras y las invasiones golpean duramente a los jóvenes. Estos son los problemas estructurales que tenemos que resolver para que las generaciones del presente y el futuro tengan una vida en paz y con seguridad. El cambio climático, la falta de fuentes de trabajo y las guerras llevan a los jóvenes a migrar a otras regiones y países. En esta búsqueda, se ven confrontados con el racismo, la discriminación y la violencia. Convertidos en migrantes, deben enfrentar los rigores de la ilegalidad, el abuso y el odio racial. Similares barreras se presentan también para su acceso a la educación universitaria. Son estos los retos de la juventud actual.",
"El Gobierno del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia ha desarrollado políticas a favor de los jóvenes. Bolivia es el tercer país libre de analfabetismo en América Latina y encara un programa de post alfabetización, apoyado por las hermanas repúblicas de Cuba y Venezuela. Con los recursos de la renta gasífera se han creado tres universidades indígenas para fomentar el acceso a la educación superior de los jóvenes indígenas, y se ha apoyado el deporte en sus diferentes disciplinas, bajo el lema “Deporte de altura”.",
"“Mi Primer Empleo Digno” es otro programa enfocado a la población joven y dirigido a incrementar la inserción laboral de las y los jóvenes bachilleres de escasos recursos. Asimismo, se han implementado programas de crédito y microcrédito para que los jóvenes puedan encarar proyectos productivos de vivienda e inserción laboral. Hoy las mujeres también tienen acceso a la tierra a través de un programa de distribución y redistribución de la tierra. Tenemos, además, programas especiales de hogares abiertos para la atención integral de jóvenes trabajadores desprotegidos y en desventaja social, así como la Ley de Voluntariado Boliviano, que vela por los derechos y las obligaciones de los jóvenes voluntarios.",
"Los jóvenes son el presente y el futuro, y por ello son los protagonistas de los procesos de cambio. Esperamos que el documento final de la Reunión de Alto Nivel sobre la Juventud: diálogo y comprensión mutua, potencie la participación de los jóvenes en la toma de decisiones sobre el futuro y, principalmente, en la construcción de otras formas de desarrollo, en armonía con la naturaleza, alternativas a esta globalización que ha excluido a los jóvenes, sobre todo de los países más pobres.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene la palabra la representante de Liechtenstein.",
"Sra. Gregg (Liechtenstein) (habla en inglés): Es un gran honor poder dirigirme a la Asamblea como representante de los jóvenes de Liechtenstein.",
"Expreso las más profundas condolencias de mi país a los afectados por la terrible pérdida de vidas en Noruega. Que esta reunión sirva para renovar nuestra voluntad de luchar día tras día, con solidaridad, en contra de semejantes expresiones de odio.",
"He tenido la suerte de crecer en un lugar del mundo que es libre y próspero. No obstante, ya desde niña, al ver imágenes de guerra, hambre y catástrofes naturales, entendí que la mayoría de los niños y jóvenes del mundo no era tan afortunada. Con los años, estas imágenes me ayudaron a desarrollar un sentido de responsabilidad y una comprensión de la interconexión que lleva a la acción transformadora, en primer lugar en mi propia casa y en la escuela y ahora luchando por mis ideales día tras día. Creo que los jóvenes tenemos un sentido innato de la justicia y, con una educación adecuada, desarrollamos el deseo de obrar en consecuencia. Nuestro sentido de la responsabilidad y nuestra energía a la hora de actuar son los activos sin explotar más grandes del mundo.",
"La participación no es tan solo una opción, sino una exigencia expresada por los jóvenes. En Noruega, los jóvenes supervivientes de la masacre se comprometieron a seguir participando políticamente para demostrar así que la violencia ejercida contra la libre expresión de opiniones es improductiva. Los jóvenes árabes también han recordado al mundo el increíble poder de la protesta pacífica. Esto debe ser una llamada de atención para los líderes que siguen denegando a los jóvenes sus derechos humanos inalienables y la oportunidad de perseguir sus sueños y ambiciones. No solo tenemos una conciencia cada vez más global, sino también tenemos la capacidad, el ingenio, el coraje y un sentido de urgencia para usar las herramientas a fin de movilizar a las masas para difundir nuestras ideas. Una Internet libre y abierta es esencial a este fin.",
"Los jóvenes de Túnez, que en seis meses han generado cambios asombrosos, son fuente de inspiración y un modelo para sus coetáneos en muchos otros países. La prueba de fuego de la verdadera transformación radica en el grado de participación de las mujeres y los jóvenes en los puestos de dirección y en los procesos de toma de decisiones.",
"Debemos aplicar las lecciones aprendidas de las revoluciones en el mundo árabe a otras situaciones de injusticia. ¿Por qué no organizar grandes manifestaciones sobre otros asuntos urgentes o convertir nuestra lucha contra el cambio climático en un evento mediático global? Conocer nuestros derechos humanos nos permite tener claridad y objetivos para actuar. De ahí que la educación y el aprendizaje en materia de derechos humanos sean tan importantes. La educación en materia de derechos humanos nos permite tener presentes nuestros propios derechos y los derechos de nuestra comunidad en diálogo con los demás a nivel local, regional y mundial, generándose así un lenguaje común de la humanidad. La estimulante solidaridad que sentimos para con los jóvenes activistas del mundo árabe parte de una renovada comprensión de la universalidad de los derechos humanos y ha permitido invertir años de escasa comprensión mutua. Una sociedad en paz no es posible sin un mínimo de educación sobre los derechos humanos.",
"A medida que la población mundial se acerca a los 7.000 millones de personas, no es solo un derecho humano, sino también un imperativo demográfico, impartir educación sobre la salud sexual y reproductiva y la planificación familiar. Es inaceptable que una adolescente de 15 años de Sudán del Sur tenga más probabilidades de morir durante el parto que de completar sus estudios. Los derechos humanos son indivisibles e incluyen los derechos sexuales y reproductivos. Los hombres y las mujeres jóvenes no deben permitir que quienes detentan el poder controlen sus cuerpos. Las decisiones reproductivas bien fundadas pueden tener profundos efectos positivos sobre el desarrollo sostenible de un país.",
"Utilizar a los niños y a los jóvenes como instrumentos de guerra constituye una de las violaciones más atroces del derecho relativo a los conflictos armados. Liechtenstein reitera su pleno apoyo a la labor de la Representante Especial del Secretario General sobre los niños y los conflictos armados. También creemos que la lucha contra la impunidad es una condición necesaria para la paz duradera. La Corte Penal Internacional desempeña un papel importante en este sentido, como ha quedado demostrado con su primer juicio —contra Thomas Lubanga, acusado de reclutamiento forzoso de niños y niñas para que lucharan en su milicia.",
"Liechtenstein también deplora los ataques cometidos contra escuelas y hospitales y las amenazas hechas contra estudiantes y profesores, y felicitamos al Consejo de Seguridad por haber adoptado medidas concretas sobre esta importante cuestión.",
"El 25 de mayo de 2010, las Naciones Unidas pusieron en marcha una campaña de dos años con vistas a lograr la ratificación universal del Protocolo Facultativo de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, que aumenta la edad mínima para participar directamente en hostilidades a 18 años. Para apoyar la campaña y sensibilizar respecto de la difícil situación que atraviesan los niños afectados por conflictos armados, Liechtenstein se ha asociado con un sello discográfico para producir un CD titulado “Right to Play”. Los ingresos generados por su venta se entregarán a Play31, una organización no gubernamental que organiza torneos de fútbol con ex niños soldados para ayudar así en los procesos de reconciliación. Los niños afectados por los conflictos armados en el mundo se ven privados del derecho a jugar. Restituyámosles ese derecho antes de que sea demasiado tarde.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene la palabra el representante del Sudán.",
"Sr. Hassan (Sudán) (habla en árabe): Es para mí un gran placer dirigirme a este foro internacional para examinar los intereses de los jóvenes en un espíritu de diálogo y comprensión mutua. Celebramos las declaraciones que se han formulado en nombre del Grupo de los 77 y China, del Grupo de Estados de África y del Grupo de Estados Árabes.",
"Ante todo, yo también quisiera expresar nuestro más sentido pésame a los familiares de las víctimas del atroz atentado terrorista cometido por un extremista en Oslo y en la isla de Utøya, en Noruega. Condenamos todas las formas de terrorismo. Este incidente confirma que el terrorismo no procede de un determinado país o religión.",
"El Gobierno del Sudán concede la máxima prioridad a las cuestiones relativas a la juventud. Ha puesto en marcha muchos proyectos para hacer frente al desempleo de los jóvenes, fomentar la inversión de los jóvenes a través de microfinanzas y desarrollar sectores fundamentales, como la agricultura. También hemos brindado muchas oportunidades en la enseñanza universitaria y de posgrado, y hemos visto un gran aumento de la matrícula en los últimos años.",
"El Gobierno del Sudán también tiene interés en muchos otros programas para los jóvenes a fin de apoyar a las actividades culturales y sociales y su participación en los deportes y en la vida política, así como luchar contra el desempleo, brindando oportunidades de trabajo. También trabajamos para combatir el consumo de drogas y crear consciencia sobre los peligros del VIH/SIDA. Respaldamos el matrimonio y la estabilidad de la familia y trabajamos para rehabilitar a los jóvenes afectados por las guerras, los conflictos armados y la degradación ambiental, así como a aquellos con discapacidades y necesidades especiales. Nos sentimos orgullosos del éxito de nuestros programas y estamos dispuestos a compartir nuestras experiencias.",
"Los numerosos y difíciles problemas que enfrentan los jóvenes, especialmente en África y en el mundo en desarrollo en general, impiden su plena participación en la sociedad. Los problemas se agravan por los efectos de la crisis financiera y económica mundial y la sequía que asola al continente africano. Al respecto, observamos que es necesaria una mayor cooperación internacional para apoyar la formación y la educación en todos los ámbitos, incluido el intercambio del conocimiento científico.",
"El Sudán, que comprende la importancia que revisten los esfuerzos africanos, recientemente inauguró en Jartum las oficinas de la Unión de la juventud de África, en las que se encuentra su asamblea general. Como otro indicador de nuestro interés en los jóvenes, tenemos el honor de acoger la sede del Consejo de la juventud árabe-africana, lo cual confirma aún más que el Sudán es un lugar de reunión de los jóvenes árabes y africanos. Recalcamos también la necesidad de trabajar con diligencia para alcanzar los Objetivos de de Desarrollo del Milenio en beneficio de los jóvenes. Hemos trabajado también por aumentar el acceso de los jóvenes a la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones a través de subsidios de educación y capacitación.",
"Para concluir, esperamos que esta sesión importante promueva los intereses de los jóvenes en muchos sectores, y en particular, que ayude a los jóvenes en los Estados afectados por los conflictos armados o a los que sufren bajo ocupación extranjera.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra la representante de Serbia.",
"Sra. Ivanović (Serbia) (habla en inglés): En primer lugar, quisiera expresar, en nombre de mi Gobierno y del pueblo de Serbia, nuestras más profundas condolencias al Gobierno y al pueblo de Noruega y a los familiares de las víctimas del horrendo ataque terrorista que se produjo el viernes pasado.",
"Mi delegación hace suya la declaración formulada por el observador de la Unión Europea hace dos días. Por consiguiente, abordaré algunos de los temas prioritarios sobre los jóvenes desde nuestro punto de vista nacional.",
"Hemos sido testigos de muchos cambios, positivos y negativos, que conforman el mundo en que vivimos hoy en día. Para aprovechar la mayoría de las posibilidades que se nos presentan y disminuir los riesgos en el futuro, debemos incorporar a los jóvenes en todos los ámbitos de la vida social de manera constante y coherente. A fin de garantizar que tendremos dirigentes para el mañana, tenemos que crearlos hoy.",
"Reconociendo la importancia de sus jóvenes, en 2007 Serbia creó el Ministerio de la juventud y los deportes y el año siguiente elaboró una estrategia nacional para los jóvenes, después de haber celebrado una serie de 167 mesas redondas en las que, junto con los representantes de muchas instituciones pertinentes, a los jóvenes de Serbia se les dio la oportunidad de contribuir con sus ideas a la redacción de ese importante documento.",
"Una de las prioridades de la estrategia nacional de Serbia para los jóvenes es exhortarlos a que adopten una actitud dinámica en la vida. Para aumentar su participación social cada vez mayor, el Ministerio de la juventud y los deportes inició y alentó el establecimiento de oficinas locales de la juventud. En 2007 había cinco; hoy hay 123 en toda Serbia. En realidad, las dos terceras partes de todos los organismos gubernamentales locales han sido fundamentales para establecer esas oficinas, consecuentes con el hecho de que las necesidades de los jóvenes deben abordarse ante todo en las comunidades en que viven, es decir, a nivel local. Más de 100 municipios han aprobado planes de acción locales para sus jóvenes y han asignado fondos para financiar programas y proyectos destinados a atender las necesidades de sus jóvenes.",
"El 5 de julio, la Asamblea nacional de la República de Serbia aprobó la Ley de la juventud. De esa manera se cumplió la promesa hecha a los jóvenes de Serbia en el sentido de que durante el Año Internacional de la Juventud se promulgaría una ley por la que, entre otras cosas, se estipularía el establecimiento de un Consejo de Gobierno en el que los representantes de la juventud constituirían al menos la tercera parte de sus miembros. Desde el mismo inicio del proceso, los jóvenes fueron incluidos en las consultas previas a la elaboración y aprobación de la ley, lo que refleja la verdad tradicional en el sentido de que los que se beneficiarían de una legislación que se aprobará deben ser los primeros a los que se les pregunte qué esperan de dicha legislación.",
"Desde su creación, el Ministerio de la juventud y los deportes ha promovido las relaciones de asociación con el sector civil. Esas relaciones facilitan la incorporación de los jóvenes en la ejecución de los distintos proyectos de la estrategia nacional para los jóvenes. El Ministerio apoyó y financió más de 500 proyectos presentados por las asociaciones de jóvenes y para ellos, que tienen por objeto, entre otras cosas, promover estilos de vida saludables y la tolerancia, prevenir la drogadicción y el alcoholismo, mejorar el medio ambiente, aumentar la integración social y las actividades voluntarias y abordar todos los temas que son importantes para los jóvenes. El Ministerio brindó apoyo financiero a distintos seminarios de enseñanza no académica y cursos de capacitación sobre elaboración de proyectos, habilidades profesionales y capacidad empresarial para los jóvenes con el fin de ayudarlos a encontrar empleo o iniciar sus propias empresas.",
"El Ministerio ayudó también a construir 280 centros deportivos al aire libre y cubiertos en toda Serbia. Por lo tanto, se han creado mejores condiciones para que los jóvenes participen en actividades deportivas y recreativas de forma más activa y pasen el tiempo libre con calidad. Después de todo, esas eran las necesidades que identificaron los propios jóvenes en muchas encuestas realizadas con anticipación.",
"El 12 de agosto, mi país celebrará el fin del Año Internacional de la Juventud y el Día de la Juventud realizando 134 actividades juveniles voluntarias seleccionadas en las competencias realizadas en 25 distritos de Serbia. Nos hemos basado en el deseo de apoyar a nuestros jóvenes en el año en que celebramos el décimo aniversario del Año Internacional de los Voluntarios y el Año Europeo del Voluntariado con el fin de demostrar, a través del compromiso voluntario, el poder que tienen los jóvenes para lograr el cambio en las comunidades locales.",
"Serbia concede mucha importancia a su juventud. Invertir en los jóvenes es invertir en el futuro del país. Desde 2008, el Fondo de jóvenes talentos, del Gobierno de la República de Serbia, encabezado por el Ministro de la juventud y los deportes, ha concedido becas y distintos premios a más de 6.000 talentosos estudiantes de secundaria, ganadores de competencias nacionales e internacionales en los ámbitos de la ciencia, las artes y el deporte, estudiantes universitarios de los últimos años y estudiantes serbios que estudian en el extranjero. Los receptores se comprometieron a trabajar en Serbia tras la culminación de sus estudios, que es una de las medidas para evitar la fuga de cerebros, que afecta a muchos países en todo el mundo.",
"No es posible el desarrollo rápido y sostenible sin invertir en los recursos humanos y garantizar que esos recursos permanezcan en su país de origen. Fondos como el de los jóvenes talentos pueden ayudar a mantener a los jóvenes con formación en los países en desarrollo, permitiéndoles permanecer y prosperar en el país.",
"Los problemas que afrontan los jóvenes exigen la concertación de esfuerzos comunes en todos los niveles del Gobierno, a saber, local, provincial y nacional. Es necesario trabajar en asociación con las organizaciones internacionales y los organismos de las Naciones Unidas y conseguir el apoyo de las organizaciones no gubernamentales y el sector empresarial en la elaboración de políticas para los jóvenes. Todavía se puede aumentar mucho la cooperación de los jóvenes, a través del intercambio de ideas y experiencias a los niveles nacional e internacional, a fin de llegar a los modelos institucionales más eficaces que faciliten el desarrollo que todos necesitamos.",
"El Presidente interino: Tiene ahora la palabra el representante del Afganistán.",
"Sr. Faqiri (Afganistán) (habla en inglés): En nombre del Gobierno del Afganistán, me gustaría hacer hincapié en la necesidad de que se hagan mayores esfuerzos a fin de apoyar a los jóvenes en el desarrollo de sus capacidades para abordar los desafíos que enfrentan.",
"Permítaseme hacer énfasis en que la responsabilidad principal en cuanto a garantizar el desarrollo de la juventud corresponde a los Estados. Hoy me voy a referir a los desafíos que plantea el futuro para los jóvenes afganos y a los logros alcanzados hasta el momento.",
"El Afganistán es un país de jóvenes. El 68% de la población tiene menos de 25 años. La mayor parte de la población está, en cierta medida, privada de sus derechos fundamentales, como la falta de oportunidades educativas y laborales, entre otros. La situación de las niñas es particularmente preocupante. Las tasas de alfabetización de los jóvenes son bajas: 50% para los varones y 18% para las niñas. La matrícula en la enseñanza secundaria para niños y niñas es de 23% y 7%, respectivamente. Menos del 2% de la población afgana llega a la educación superior.",
"Frente a esos desafíos, los jóvenes afganos están en riesgo. Su vulnerabilidad se ve agravada por el desempleo, los bajos salarios, la falta de seguridad, la pobreza y la falta de atención médica, por lo que, especialmente los jóvenes, son muy vulnerables al reclutamiento por la oposición y las organizaciones terroristas armadas.",
"Ante esos desafíos, no debemos perder de vista el progreso alcanzado hasta el momento. Actualmente, más de 7 millones de niños y niñas están matriculados en las escuelas, y están esforzándose por su futuro. Hemos construido más de 4.000 escuelas en todo el país. Pensamos que para el año 2020 habrá 9 millones de niños matriculados en las escuelas, y más del 40% de los nuevos estudiantes serán niñas. Además, la gran mayoría de la población del Afganistán tiene acceso a servicios básicos de salud, lo que muestra el gran progreso que se ha registrado en los últimos 10 años.",
"Aprovecho esta oportunidad para agradecer a la comunidad internacional el apoyo constante que hemos recibido para lograr esos objetivos. Vale la pena mencionar que un porcentaje considerable del Parlamento afgano está compuesto por miembros de la generación joven. Las agencias de noticias, las emisoras de televisión y las revistas mensuales están en manos de jóvenes.",
"El Gobierno del Afganistán está comprometido a cumplir con su responsabilidad de proteger los derechos de los jóvenes. Hemos comenzado a adoptar una serie de medidas firmes en los niveles nacional, regional e internacional, entre las que se incluye el lanzamiento de un programa nacional para la juventud, con el que se reitera nuestro compromiso con el desarrollo de los hijos e hijas del Afganistán y se busca crear oportunidades para que los jóvenes afganos puedan hacer realidad sus aspiraciones.",
"Después de haber sufrido los conflictos y el exilio, la actual generación de jóvenes de mi país debe ser empoderada con oportunidades alternativas. Sus puntos de vista frescos, su energía, su entusiasmo y su determinación deben canalizarse hacia la promoción de la paz y el desarrollo en el país.",
"Quiero terminar sumándome a los oradores que me han precedido para hacer llegar las condolencias del Gobierno y el pueblo afganos a la Misión de Noruega y, a través de ella, al pueblo noruego, con motivo del reciente acto terrorista que causó decenas de víctimas.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el Observador Permanente del Estado Observador de la Santa Sede.",
"Arzobispo Chullikatt (Santa Sede) (habla en inglés): El año pasado, al declarar este año como Año Internacional de la Juventud, la Asamblea General perspicazmente llamó la atención sobre dos elementos que son importantes para el avance de la paz, a saber, el diálogo y el entendimiento mutuo. Este tema ha sido una invitación a escuchar las aspiraciones e intereses de los jóvenes, a participar con ellos en una interacción mutua y a hacer que estos contactos se conviertan en un verdadero intercambio de sabiduría, todo ello por el bien común.",
"Cada niño, para el desarrollo pleno y armonioso de su personalidad, debe crecer en un ambiente familiar. Es en la familia donde los jóvenes aprenden, por primera vez, a tener responsabilidad moral y a respetar a los demás. La familia desempeña el importante papel de educar a los niños para que realicen a plenitud todas sus facultades y adquieran valores éticos y espirituales, así como un profundo apego a la paz, la libertad y la dignidad de todos los hombres y todas las mujeres. La familia, fundada en el matrimonio entre un hombre y una mujer, es el elemento natural y fundamental de la sociedad, y se le debe garantizar la protección de la sociedad y el Estado.",
"Los padres —la madre y padre juntos— tienen la responsabilidad primordial de la crianza y el desarrollo de sus hijos. Los padres no pueden renunciar a esta función esencial. Los Estados están obligados, de conformidad con los instrumentos internacionales, a respetar las responsabilidades, los derechos y los deberes de los padres en este sentido. En las políticas, los programas, los planes de acción y los compromisos relacionados con la juventud, que son aprobados por los Estados Miembros, se debe respetar plenamente el papel de los padres respecto del bienestar y la educación de sus hijos, incluso en el ámbito de la sexualidad humana y de la salud sexual y reproductiva, que no debe incluir el aborto.",
"Muchas personas en el mundo de hoy no tienen puntos de referencia estables en torno a los que construir su vida y terminan sintiéndose profundamente inseguras. Hay una creciente mentalidad relativista y liberal, que sostiene que todo es igualmente válido, y que no existen puntos de referencia ni normas morales reales y absolutas. Esa forma de pensar no conduce a una libertad auténtica, sino más bien a la inestabilidad, la confusión y el conformismo ciego respecto de las modas del momento, con lo cual ciertas culturas en todo el mundo tientan a nuestros jóvenes. Los jóvenes tienen derecho a recibir de las generaciones anteriores puntos de referencia sólidos que los ayuden a tomar decisiones sobre las cuales puedan construir su vida.",
"Los Estados Miembros y la Organización pueden hacer contribuciones positivas en ese sentido y, por lo tanto, deben estar dispuestos a renovar continuamente su compromiso con la defensa y la aplicación de los principios consagrados en la Carta y en los instrumentos internacionalmente acordados en materia de derechos humanos fundamentales. Cuanto más capaces sean de hacer esto, más capaces serán nuestros jóvenes de contribuir al avance de la causa de la paz y a la edificación de sociedades basadas en el respeto de los valores espirituales y éticos y orientadas hacia el bien común.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el Observador Permanente de Palestina.",
"Sr. Mansour (Palestina) (habla en inglés): Ante todo, permítaseme expresar nuestras más sinceras condolencias a los amistosos pueblo y Gobierno de Noruega. El pueblo palestino y sus dirigentes recibieron con horror, el pasado viernes, la noticia de los atroces ataques con explosivos cometidos contra un complejo gubernamental en Oslo y de los tiroteos en la isla de Utøya, sucesos que costaron la vida a cerca de 80 personas inocentes, entre ellas decenas de jóvenes. Estamos seguros de que Noruega se recuperará de esta dolorosa tragedia y emergerá de ella incluso más fuerte.",
"Palestina se suma a la declaración formulada por la Argentina en nombre del Grupo de los 77 y China.",
"A medida que el mundo de hoy se torna más inestable para la juventud, los jóvenes continúan encarando, innecesariamente, graves dificultades y un número sin precedente de obstáculos. Esto ha afectado su capacidad para procurar la paz, la prosperidad, la libertad y el derecho a la educación. Lamentablemente, los jóvenes palestinos enfrentan al mayor obstáculo que pueda afectar el desarrollo de una vida normal: la ocupación israelí del territorio palestino, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, y el flagrante desprecio e irrespeto por Israel del derecho internacional, incluidos el derecho internacional humanitario y las normas de derechos humanos.",
"Durante más de cuatro decenios se han venido cometiendo crímenes contra los jóvenes palestinos, con total desprecio por la vida humana y con plena impunidad, lo que ha posibilitado que se sigan cometiendo esos desmanes contra nuestra juventud. La negativa israelí a acatar los principios básicos del derecho internacional y las resoluciones pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas ha tenido como resultado un deterioro absoluto de la situación en los territorios palestinos ocupados, incluida Jerusalén Oriental. Esto solo ha servido para prolongar el conflicto palestino-israelí y el sufrimiento del pueblo palestino, sobre todo las penurias de los millones de refugiados palestinos, que han vivido 63 años en campamentos de refugiados, con el anhelo de hacer valer su derecho al retorno.",
"A pesar de todos los obstáculos que enfrentan los palestinos que viven bajo ocupación, los jóvenes palestinos siguen esforzándose por hacer realidad sus metas y sus sueños. Entre ellos hay jóvenes refugiados que cada día se imponen a las dificultades que los afectan y se empinan lo más que pueden para hacer que sus voces se escuchen y su talento se aprecie. Apenas la semana pasada, por tercera vez, los jóvenes de Gaza, entre ellos algunos con discapacidades, batieron el récord mundial Guinness al crear la mayor pintura con impresiones de manos del mundo. Además, en otra historia notable, tres jóvenes palestinas de una escuela dirigida por el Organismo de Obras Públicas y Socorro a los Refugiados de Palestina en el Cercano Oriente (OOPS), con la ayuda de su maestro, inventaron un bastón para ciegos y sordos, que les dio la oportunidad y el placer de reunirse el verano pasado con el Secretario General aquí, en Nueva York.",
"Esos son sólo algunos de los logros más recientes, que son prueba de que si se les da la oportunidad, los jóvenes palestinos pueden crecer y llegar a ser líderes en la región y en el mundo. Por otra parte, hace unos momentos, el día de hoy, jóvenes de Gaza batieron el récord mundial Guinness del mayor número de cometas volando simultáneamente, con lo que establecieron un cuarto récord Guinness. Una vez más, hacemos patente nuestro más profundo agradecimiento al OOPS por los esfuerzos incansables que realiza asistiendo a los 4,5 millones de refugiados palestinos, sobre todo a los jóvenes. La educación y la formación que ofrece a nuestros jóvenes los dota de las herramientas que necesitan para hacerse de un nombre y lograr esos nobles objetivos.",
"Aunque el pueblo palestino, incluidos los jóvenes, hayan dado importantes pasos para superar las graves dificultades que afectan a quienes viven bajo ocupación, nuestro pueblo nunca será capaz de alcanzar su pleno potencial mientras Israel siga ocupando sus tierras y le impida ejercer su derecho a la libre determinación. Desde aquí, hacemos un llamamiento a la comunidad internacional para que haga todos los esfuerzos y reúna toda la voluntad política que sean necesarios para superar los obstáculos y desafíos que enfrentan los jóvenes palestinos en los territorios palestinos ocupados, incluida Jerusalén Oriental.",
"Indiscutiblemente, la ocupación durante 44 años del territorio palestino, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, ha obstaculizado gravemente el desarrollo y el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM), así como de otros objetivos de desarrollo internacionalmente acordados, haciendo que sea casi imposible alcanzarlos plenamente. Sin embargo, independientemente de las preocupaciones acerca de la consecución de los ODM, hay que decir que, con demasiada frecuencia, los jóvenes que viven en los territorios palestinos ocupados, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, han sido objeto de ataques deliberados, blancos de disparos y víctimas fatales e, incluso, han servido de escudos humanos a las fuerzas de ocupación israelíes. Los jóvenes palestinos que ejercen su derecho a la libertad de expresión protestando por el muro y los asentamientos ilegales son recibidos cada semana con balas y agresiones por la Potencia ocupante. Por otra parte, nuestros jóvenes siguen siendo víctimas de los ataques terroristas de los colonos israelíes: se les dispara, golpea y amenaza cuando se dirigen a la escuela o juegan fuera de sus hogares.",
"La agresión israelí contra la sitiada Franja de Gaza en el período 2008-2009 puso de relieve, trágicamente, el profundo desprecio que siente Israel por la juventud palestina. Cientos de jóvenes fueron asesinados y decenas de lo que se suponía eran refugios seguros, como es el caso de hospitales y escuelas, fueron destruidos con impunidad por los bombardeos de la artillería y la aviación israelíes. Hacemos un llamado a la comunidad internacional, incluidos todos los órganos de las Naciones Unidas, para hacer frente, sin selectividad, a esas graves violaciones y poner fin de una vez por todas a los ataques de la Potencia ocupante contra los jóvenes palestinos en las infraestructuras civiles destinados a su protección.",
"La ocupación israelí, que comenzó en 1967, debe cesar, como deben cesar todos los crímenes de la Potencia ocupante contra el pueblo palestino, incluidos sus jóvenes. Cada día de ocupación israelí provoca un mayor deterioro de las condiciones socioeconómicas y del bienestar de la juventud, especialmente en la sitiada Franja de Gaza, donde el inmoral e ilícito sitio de cuatro años continúa negando a los jóvenes todos sus derechos humanos fundamentales, incluido el derecho a la alimentación. El bloqueo ha significado para miles de personas hambre, desnutrición, anemia, retraso en el crecimiento y muchas otras enfermedades prevenibles.",
"No hay tiempo que perder. Es por ello que reiteramos nuestro llamamiento a la comunidad internacional a asumir sus responsabilidades y tomar medidas inmediatas y decisivas que obliguen a Israel, la Potencia ocupante, a respetar el derecho internacional, incluidas sus obligaciones en virtud del Cuarto Convenio de Ginebra y las resoluciones pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas. Los jóvenes de Palestina serán capaces de vivir aprovechando al máximo su potencial si pueden vivir en paz, con libertad y dignidad en un Estado Palestino independiente, que tenga como base las fronteras anteriores a 1967, con Jerusalén Oriental como su capital. Ha llegado el momento de hacer de esto una realidad.",
"La paz puede ser necesaria para los líderes, pero es indispensable para nuestros jóvenes.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): De conformidad con la resolución 47/4 de la Asamblea General, de fecha 16 de octubre de 1992, tiene ahora la palabra el representante de la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones.",
"Sr. Wade (Organización Internacional para las Migraciones) (habla en inglés): Antes de comenzar, la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM) desea expresar sus sinceras condolencias al pueblo de Noruega tras esta terrible tragedia. Nuestros pensamientos están con ellos.",
"La Organización Internacional para las Migraciones se siente honrada de participar en este diálogo, junto con un grupo tan impresionante de expertos y jóvenes.",
"Esta reunión de alto nivel se produce en un momento importante para reflexionar sobre la ola democratizadora que barre el mundo árabe y sobre el papel que han desempeñado los jóvenes en el cambio fundamental que se ha producido en los términos del debate político. Las mesas redondas celebradas en los últimos dos días han proporcionado una enorme cantidad de información sobre los retos que enfrentan los jóvenes y sobre lo que puede lograrse mediante el diálogo y el entendimiento mutuo. La Organización Internacional para las Migraciones considera que, hoy más que nunca, las Naciones Unidas y sus asociados están prestando atención. Sencillamente, no hay otra alternativa. En la mayor parte del mundo actual, los jóvenes no sólo representan el futuro, sino que, además, constituyen la mayoría de la población. Abordar los retos y oportunidades de nuestro tiempo dependerá de su energía y creatividad.",
"Un tema recurrente a lo largo de este diálogo ha sido el sentimiento de frustración entre los jóvenes de las sociedades donde se pasan por alto las voces y las necesidades de los jóvenes y se frustran las esperanzas sobre puestos de trabajo, desarrollo y participación política importantes. Por ejemplo, en un condado con una de las poblaciones de jóvenes del mundo de más rápido crecimiento, sólo uno o dos de cada 30 diplomados tienen la perspectiva de encontrar un empleo, y los que lo encuentran pueden recibir un pago 15 veces mayor que si emigraran al mundo desarrollado.",
"La migración es el paso más importante que un joven puede dar para escapar de la pobreza, y un número enorme de jóvenes lo está dando. En el último cuarto de siglo, el número de migrantes internacionales se ha duplicado a la cifra de 214 millones, la mitad de los cuales son menores de 29 años. Muchos de esos jóvenes, que viajan con sus sueños y los de sus seres queridos, afrontan retos inmensos. Las peligrosas travesías de los barcos abarrotados provenientes de África del Norte nos indican un costo humano inmenso. Esos jóvenes no sólo negocian las fronteras de un país, región y cultura que son nuevos, sino que, a menudo, también dan los primeros pasos hacia la edad adulta.",
"Al mismo tiempo, la migración de los jóvenes en el mundo presenta enormes oportunidades, tanto para los propios jóvenes como para la prosperidad mundial. En un mundo donde numerosos países desarrollados afrontan el envejecimiento y el declive de la población y en el que los países en desarrollo están creciendo y haciéndose más jóvenes, la migración de los jóvenes tiene un enorme potencial para aumentar el crecimiento económico y reducir el desempleo. Según el Banco Mundial, si los países ricos aceptaran suficientes inmigrantes de los países pobres para ampliar su fuerza laboral simplemente en un 3%, el mundo sería más rico en 356.000 millones de dólares al año.",
"En su papel como la principal organización intergubernamental para la migración mundial, la OIM se dedica a promover la migración humana y ordenada para beneficio de todos. Tenemos que reconocer que algunos de los mayores desafíos que afrontan los migrantes no son físicos, sino que se trata de los obstáculos sociales de la xenofobia, la marginación social y la discriminación.",
"El festival juvenil de vídeo PLURAL+, una iniciativa conjunta de la Alianza de Civilizaciones de las Naciones Unidas y la OIM, reconoce a los jóvenes como poderosos agentes del cambio social, en un mundo caracterizado a menudo por el conflicto y la división. El Festival alienta a los jóvenes a explorar las cuestiones de la migración, la diversidad y la inclusión social y a compartir sus voces y sentido de la visión creativa con una audiencia mundial. Desde su lanzamiento, en 2009, se han recibido más de 400 vídeos procedentes de 75 países, a través de nuestra red de más de 50 organizaciones asociadas se han proyectado los videos ganadores en docenas de festivales, cines y emisiones de las cadenas de televisión de todo el mundo. Esperamos que algunos miembros tengan la oportunidad de ver el lunes esos videos notables en el acto paralelo de PLURAL+. La profundidad y creatividad con que los jóvenes hablan de temas como la trata de personas, la marginación social y el racismo reflejan la energía que los jóvenes aportan para abordar los problemas sociales en el mundo actual.",
"Pocas veces, o nunca, se ha demostrado la aspiración a la democracia de manera tan vigorosa como en los movimientos de la primavera árabe dirigidos por jóvenes. Es ahora responsabilidad de la comunidad internacional comprometerse con los jóvenes y traducir esa energía en reformas sociales que promuevan la integración, la seguridad, el empleo y la erradicación de la pobreza. Valoramos muy positivamente la oportunidad de examinar esas cuestiones en esa importante reunión, y tras participar con los principales expertos y los jóvenes, nos sentimos seguros de que, juntos, podremos afrontar los retos y aprovechar las oportunidades que se presenten en el futuro.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): De conformidad con la resolución 31/3, de 18 de octubre de 1976, tiene ahora la palabra la observadora de la Secretaría del Commonwealth.",
"Sra. McMillan (Secretaría del Commonwealth) (habla en inglés): La Secretaría del Commonwealth quisiera aprovechar esta oportunidad para transmitir sus condolencias al pueblo de Noruega.",
"El Commonwealth reconoce que el éxito del Commonwealth y del programa mundial de la juventud depende del compromiso de los jóvenes de todo el mundo, a quienes felicitamos por su activa colaboración en la promoción del desarrollo, la paz y la democracia gracias a valores como la tolerancia, la comprensión y el respeto, valores que son caros al Commonwealth.",
"El Commonwealth reconoce las recomendaciones formuladas en el documento final de esta reunión (resolución 65/312) y estima que serán la aplicación, la supervisión y la evaluación de las recomendaciones las que harán que el Año Internacional de la Juventud tenga un éxito duradero.",
"El Commonwealth, a través de su Programa del Commonwealth sobre la Juventud, está dispuesto a sumarse a los organismos de las Naciones Unidas, a las organizaciones juveniles y a las partes interesadas para garantizar que las recomendaciones del documento final y del Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes se cumplan.",
"La posición de la Secretaría del Commonwealth es que ha llegado el momento de tomar medidas y forjar asociaciones de mayor envergadura para el desarrollo de la juventud. La Secretaría del Commonwealth considera que ha llegado el momento de trabajar en pro de una mayor autonomía económica, en la que los bancos y los demás segmentos del sector privado también puedan ayudar a los jóvenes a acceder al crédito, fomentando la actividad empresarial y apoyando la planificación del desarrollo juvenil. El Commonwealth alega que es el momento de conceder un mayor poder político a los jóvenes, y que los gobiernos y las partes interesadas, incluidos los líderes juveniles, deberíamos hacer más por integrar a los jóvenes en los procesos de toma de decisiones a los niveles local y nacional, creando mayores espacios políticos donde los jóvenes puedan desempeñar un papel.",
"Los jóvenes están haciendo un llamamiento clarísimo a favor de un cambio significativo en la profesionalización del trabajo de los jóvenes y en la medición, el seguimiento y la evaluación de los avances en el desarrollo de la juventud.",
"En la reunión de los Jefes de Gobierno del Commonwealth celebrada en la República de Trinidad y Tabago en 2009 se hicieron declaraciones por separado bajo el lema “Invertir en los jóvenes”. Los Jefes siguieron mostrando su compromiso, inaugurando su reunión y celebrando un diálogo franco y significativo con ellos. Ese intercambio de ideas sobre el desarrollo de la juventud se ha convertido en una característica de la reunión de los Jefes de Gobierno del Commonwealth desde 2007, cuando se celebró en Kampala, y podría ser una práctica que otras reuniones de alto nivel podrían adoptar para aumentar la relevancia del desarrollo de los jóvenes.",
"Este año, el Año Internacional de la Juventud, el Commonwealth ha escuchado a sus jóvenes, a los gobiernos y a las partes interesadas, en una serie de consultas en torno al tema “Invertir en la juventud”. Entre los actos se contó la Conferencia de Jóvenes Líderes del Commonwealth, que se celebró en la India en diciembre de 2010, en la que los jóvenes de los 54 Estados miembros alentaron a sus líderes y responsables de la toma de decisiones a aportar un cambio significativo mediante la incorporación de los jóvenes, mayores inversiones y la participación en el desarrollo de la juventud, otorgando mayor importancia y mayores recursos a los ministerios y organismos de la juventud, y estableciendo, expandiendo y fortaleciendo los consejos nacionales de la juventud dentro del Commonwealth.",
"Los Jefes de Gobierno del Commonwealth, a través del Plan de Acción para la Promoción de la Juventud 2007-2015, identificaron 13 acciones prioritarias para la capacitación de los jóvenes, abordando los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y el Programa Mundial de Acción para la Juventud. La Comunidad redoblará sus esfuerzos para garantizar que se siga manteniendo la atención en el empoderamiento de la juventud, logrando de ese modo los objetivos fijados.",
"El Commonwealth espera con interés la celebración del próximo Foro de la Juventud del Commonwealth, junto con la reunión, en octubre, de los Jefes de Gobierno del Commonwealth, en Perth (Australia), con el fin de colaborar con los jóvenes después del Año Internacional de la Juventud, que será el momento para aplicar el programa para los jóvenes del Commonwealth.",
"Ojalá esta Asamblea se comprometa con la creencia de que realmente no hay nada sobre los jóvenes sin los jóvenes y de que la juventud se encuentra en el centro del desarrollo.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Hemos escuchado al último orador sobre este tema del programa. La Asamblea ha concluido así esta etapa del examen del subtema b) del tema 27 del programa.",
"Se levanta la sesión a las 13.20 horas."
] | [
"President:\tMr. Deiss\t(Switzerland)",
"In the absence of the President, Mr. Mac-Donald (Suriname), Vice-President, took the Chair.",
"The meeting was called to order at 10.15 a.m.",
"Agenda item 27 (continued)",
"High-level Meeting on Youth",
"Social development",
"(b) Social development, including questions relating to the world social situation and to youth, ageing, disabled persons and the family",
"Mr. Salam (Lebanon) (spoke in Arabic): At the outset, I should like to thank the President of the General Assembly for having convened this High-level Meeting on youth, dialogue and mutual understanding as the International Year of Youth draws to a close.",
"Lebanon is in a region where one fifth of the population is between 15 and 24 years old. More than half of our population is below the age of 25. There are a great many problems facing youth in the Arab region, most important of which is the high rate of youth unemployment, particularly among girls — one of the highest in the world.",
"While tangible progress has been made in education over the past two decades, the rate of illiteracy, at more than 17 per cent, is still gravely high among young people. The quality of education is worsening in many instances. Despite the notable progress achieved in the filed of health, the degree of health awareness is still low among young people. Yet more dangerous is the growing sense of marginalization and repression among a wide spectrum of youth because of their weak participation in public life, in particular in decision-making processes. These are some of the reasons behind the waves of youth protests our region has seen over the past decades and the demands for improvements, in particular since last year.",
"On this occasion we emphasize that the aspirations of our young people to participate fully in building their own future are legitimate. The world of tomorrow is theirs; this cannot be denied. It is no exaggeration to say that the vitality, humanity and spirit of inventiveness of youth are the best hopes for their future, for socio-economic development and scientific development and technological invention.",
"We therefore emphasize the need for the United Nations, including specialized agencies, programmes and funds, to continue to support youth empowerment and the implementation of international obligations, in particular the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In this connection, we emphasize the need for young people to acquire information and communications technology, and the United Nations and donor countries should do their best to bridge the digital gap between the North and the South.",
"We hope that young people will continue to work towards the goals of peace — peace that leads to justice and security, to a world free of weapons of mass destruction. That means we must foster a culture of dialogue and mutual understanding among young people at the local, regional and international levels. We express our support for the resolution 65/312, containing the outcome document of the High-level Meeting on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of San Marino.",
"Mr. Bodini (San Marino): On behalf of the Republic of San Marino, which I have the honour to represent, I wish to extend our deepest condolences to the families of the young people struck down in Norway a few days ago.",
"I would like to thank the Secretary-General for his leadership in dealing with youth issues. I also wish to thank the Permanent Representatives of Austria and Benin for facilitating the negotiations over the text of the outcome document of the High-level Meeting on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding (resolution 65/312), which reaffirms the World Programme of Action for Youth and outlines the path for achieving internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals.",
"Today is the end of the International Year of Youth, but it is also the beginning of a new, exciting era for the new generation. In the Mediterranean and many other parts of the world, they have shown their determination to challenge their Governments in the streets and to fight for their rightful desire for a freer and better future.",
"Did our generation plan properly for its successors? Did we understand our young people’s aspirations? Unfortunately, we did not do a good job. Millions of young people do not enjoy satisfactory security. Too many are dying from starvation, disease and war. Millions have no proper education or have no education at all. Too many are exploited sexually, or as underpaid workers or conscripted soldiers. A very large percentage are either unemployed or underemployed. Most have precarious jobs.",
"We cannot allow this nightmare to continue. We must re-energize our efforts from North to South, in developing and developed countries. We must act in a coordinated manner to provide prosperity and justice to our youth and restore in them a much-needed sense of dignity before it is too late.",
"We must find a focal point where all our efforts converge. Non-governmental organizations, schools, universities, corporations and the private and public sectors in every country must focus on the following priorities. We must protect our young people, mentally and physically. We must provide them with an effective education and create job security for them. We must give them a sense of belonging in our societies. And we must involve them in the decision-making process.",
"The United Nations is an ideal venue where we can exchange ideas, where we can help our future generations to understand one another and, in doing so, create a better and more peaceful world.",
"How can we enhance the well-being of our children? By renewing strong family ties and values, and by expanding social projects in which the underprivileged are at the centre of our efforts and those of our young people. We can sustain political systems in which human rights are protected, and we can offer our experience without imposing our way of thinking. We must always motivate and praise the efforts of young people when they are helping less fortunate peers. We must always encourage them to pursue their ideals of peace, freedom and dignity.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Andorra.",
"Mr. Casal de Fonsdeviela (Andorra) (spoke in Spanish): Allow me to begin by offering our deepest condolences to the people and Government of Norway on the tragedy that struck their young people in particular, and also our firm support. It is so painful to have to begin a statement on the International Year of Youth with these sentiments, but dialogue and mutual understanding are the objectives of the International Year. Those objectives remain, more than ever, despite everything that has happened.",
"Young people are the future, a future that begins in the present, whatever that present may be — but always with the intention of improving it. We all agree that we are living in a world of change, in which it is hard to find values and reference points that can help guide young people towards the future. While this is true for adults, it is even more true for our young people, and of course the economic crisis has reinforced that feeling of instability and uncertainty.",
"Young people are among the primary victims of this crisis. To deny them access to the job market is to deny them a future and their prospects for full development. Paradoxically, it is young people who have the energy to pull us out of this recession, and therefore States cannot forget the educational programmes through which they promote justice, liberty, courage and solidarity.",
"As the Secretary-General said, it is essential for young people to learn to listen carefully to each other, to empathize, to recognize the existence of differing opinions and to resolve conflicts. Young people do not need to be told what their needs are or how to achieve them. We must facilitate their efforts and provide them with the tools they need to achieve those goals.",
"In Andorra we believe in a few guiding principles with regard to young people: youth policies are for young people, of young people and with young people; young people have one identity that is based on a number of concepts; there is no such thing as a world of young people separate from the other citizens; and lastly, we believe that young people are citizens of Andorra but also of the world.",
"(spoke in French)",
"In order to promote these principles, in 2007 my Government created the National Youth Forum of Andorra. This independent body of young people and for young people is aimed at channelling voluntary participation in the political, social, economic and cultural life of the country. This initiative was strengthened at the end of 2009 by the Interministerial Youth Commission beginning its work. The Commission is made up of representatives from the Departments of Youth, Higher Education and Research, Culture, Housing, Health, Labour, the Interior, Social Welfare, and Statistics. The values that we advocate for young people — consensus, respect and dialogue — are the basic principles of our youth law, drafted with the consensus of regional institutions and social stakeholders.",
"We are also aware of the fact that providing young people with the means they need to attain full development is not enough. We must go beyond our borders and contribute to international programmes in this area. Andorra has shown its commitment to youth through, among other things, its support, totalling more than €90,000, to the United Nations Fund for Youth.",
"We must all continue recognizing and exploring what contribution youth can make to the creation of a fairer and safer world.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran.",
"Mr. Al Habib (Islamic Republic of Iran): I have the honour to deliver this statement on behalf of His Excellency Mr. Abbasi, Acting Minister of Youth and Sport of the Islamic Republic of Iran, whose visa to attend this meeting was unfortunately not granted by the host country.",
"At the outset, I would like to express my delegation’s condolences to the people and Government of Norway for the very tragic terrorist incident in which many young people were killed.",
"One of the main criteria for the evaluation of the progress and evolution of a country in today’s world is the status of young people in that country. Indeed, the younger generation is the main potential for progress and dynamism in any society. The negative or less-than-optimal utilization of that potential could have a corrosive effect on the progress of that society. Therefore, it is reasonable for a society to provide for suitable education, welfare, recreation, training and vocational facilities for youth.",
"Sociologists maintain that young societies usually face what they call a “revolution of aspirations”. This brings about intricacies and difficulties in the normal process of political and economic development, requiring special attention on the part of policymakers and practitioners so as to prevent the alienation of young people from society.",
"Meanwhile, the international community’s meaningful and supportive cooperation in addressing the genuine aspirations of young people is critical at the present time, when the manipulation of art, technology and the modern media, along with increasing discrimination and inequalities, are some of its main shortfalls.",
"Iranian society, where young people comprise almost 60 per cent of the population, is described by sociologists as among the youngest societies in the world. Accordingly, meeting the needs and addressing the aspirations of youth have been and remain among the top priorities of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Based on this understanding, the statute of the High Council of Youth was adopted in 1992, with the aim of coordinating and supervising the role and functioning of youth institutions and organizations, and preparing the ground for emerging social centres to stimulate youth creativity and potential in the field of culture, science and sport and providing them with job opportunities, marriage facilities, et cetera.",
"The National Youth Organization has been another main active organ responsible for the implementation of policies in this area. And in practice, there have been a number of initiatives to help young people realize their full potential.",
"I am distinctly pleased to inform the Assembly that in order to institutionalize this lofty goal of addressing the demands and aspirations of youth, the Ministry of Youth and Sport has been established at the Cabinet level over the past few months in the Islamic Republic of Iran. It is expected that this development will have a significant impact in terms of making national plans on youth more integrated and effective than before.",
"Meanwhile, and in keeping with the increased attention on the part of regional and international bodies to this issue, the First Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Ministerial Meeting on Youth Affairs was held on 29 and 30 November 2010 in Tehran, hosted and organized by the National Youth Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran in collaboration with the ECO Cultural Institute.",
"Our recent national performance has proven that whenever the young generation is given chances and opportunities, regardless of barriers, they can make leapfrog progress in different fields, such as biotechnology, medical science, nuclear science and aerospace, to name just a few. Our progress shows the power of the younger generation in society and the ineffectiveness of challenges such as sanctions vis-à-vis the ironclad determination of youth, if and when they wish to determine their own future.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Cuba.",
"Mr. Benítez Versón (Cuba) (spoke in Spanish): As we gather here to discuss the topic of youth, we meet to talk about the future of humankind and the planet. But young people are not only the future; they are also the present. That is why we must act without further delay to face the serious problems affecting young people around the world.",
"At present, there are more 1.2 billion young people around the world — more than ever before in the history of humankind — and 85 per cent of them live in developing countries. In 2025, there will be approximately 72 million more young people than today.",
"Youth undoubtedly represents a formidable force for tackling the colossal current challenges. However, young people can be a driving force only if they have health, education and employment. To realize their full potential, young people need a world of peace. Young people have the right to be protected and fully involved in mechanisms for citizen participation and decision-making. They have the right to live in a world free of war and violence. They want, and deserve, a better future.",
"All these concerns were expressed at the World Festival of Youth and Students, a momentous event held last December in South Africa, with over 15,000 young people from 136 nations attending.",
"The situation facing Cuban young people is very different from that in much of the world. Cuban young people — accounting for 20 per cent of our population — enjoy broad protection and participate actively in the affairs of our society and State. Over 50 per cent of Cuba’s total budget is allocated to health care, education, assistance, social welfare and culture.",
"Cuba’s completely free health-care system of renowned quality and our universal and equally free education system are essential pillars of the humanistic vision of the Cuban revolution. Cuba provides 100 per cent of the education required by children and young people with special educational needs. The literacy rate among the population between 15 and 49 years old is 99.6 per cent. Cuba has a solid legal and institutional framework for the protection of children and young people from violence, abuse, mistreatment and discrimination.",
"Even with these successes, we do not claim to be perfect. Much remains to be done.",
"These achievements have been made despite enormous obstacles. The criminal economic, commercial and financial blockade imposed by the United States Government against Cuba for more than half a century, terrorist aggressions and acts, and the permanent hostile anti-Cuba policy of successive United States Administrations have denied Cuban young people the possibility to develop in a more favourable social environment.",
"In those difficult circumstances, Cuba has not only achieved significant results; we have also shared what we have, and not in moderation. Since 1961, more than 55,000 students from 135 countries have graduated in Cuba. At present, about 26,000 young people from Latin America, the Caribbean and Africa study in Cuba without cost. Of those, 22,000 are studying in the medical field. Currently, some 57,000 Cuban collaborators provide their services in more than 98 countries.",
"To conclude, I would like to underscore that young people are by definition revolutionary. That is why we are optimistic and are fully confident that young people will find new ways of change that push humankind to achieve a better world.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Colombia.",
"Mr. Ruiz (Colombia) (spoke in Spanish): Colombia extends its deepest condolences to the people and Government of Norway and condemns the brutal attacks that dozens of young people of that nation have just suffered.",
"My country thanks the United Nations for organizing this High-level Meeting on Youth and its valuable work in coordinating the direction and promotion of critical issues that affect the world’s young people, such as strengthening international cooperation for youth through dialogue, mutual understanding and active participation so as to achieve social integration, employment and the eradication of poverty. We also believe that Member States, civil society organizations, international cooperation associations and the United Nations system have worked to promote the development and active participation of young people in society. One such example is the World Programme of Action for Youth and international conferences on that issue.",
"Colombia — slightly more than 50 per cent of whose current population is under the age of 25 — is satisfied with the outcome document of this critical Meeting (resolution 65/312). We believe that it will be a bastion for strengthening policies, programmes, actions and outcomes for the world’s youth. In addition, with regard to that concept of strengthening, Colombia has called for more concrete and effective actions to bolster the rights of young people and make youth more visible as an essential sectoral axis in the development of integrated and intergenerational policies. That will be of great importance in establishing a United Nations agency for youth.",
"Such an agency would help to ensure the synchronization and implementation of cooperative youth activities without that agency replacing Government responsibilities and authority on the issue. On the contrary, establishing a United Nations agency for youth would mean, at the level of each nation, greater commitment to and support for the institutional strengthening of national youth systems. It would generate more timely local commitment on the matter.",
"In addition, Colombia believes that greater coordination and integration in the United Nations system on youth issues, centred on an agency, would promote the effective participation of young people in decision-making bodies. We should acknowledge the important work carried out by the World Programme of Action for Youth. That is an essential basis for our continued support.",
"The logic behind public youth policies must seek to ensure human development planning with a view to vital intergenerational contact that maximizes investment in adolescents and takes advantage of the demographic asset.",
"Colombia would like to underscore the work done to complement ratified international agreements, such as those of the San Salvador summit, which generated approaches calling for greater public and private institutionalization of the development of children, adolescents and young people and for their involvement in short-, medium- and long-term public policy decision-making and activities.",
"In that regard, Colombia has undertaken activities such as creating conditions for the effective universal enjoyment of youth rights and/or for restoring them when such rights have been removed. We have created conditions for the long-term reduction and eradication of conditions that restrict young people’s equitable access to various rights, and conditions that permit their participation in the shaping and provision of services that they desire and need. We have also created and broadened opportunities for young people to further their potential through access to services designed in line with their various social, economic, political, family, cultural and geographic needs, and to develop their capacity to acknowledge both their rights and duties and their involvement and participation in the country’s decision-making in an informed way.",
"Finally, Colombia appeals to Ibero-American States to ratify the commitments made at the 2010 Santo Domingo summit of heads of State.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Madagascar.",
"Mr. Andrianarivelo-Razafy (Madagascar) (spoke in French): At the outset, the Government of Madagascar extends its sincere condolences to the Norwegian Government and people following the terrible massacre of innocent people, which runs counter to our promotion of dialogue and mutual understanding.",
"Young people are a pillar of our development. In that regard, allow me to congratulate the President on this excellent initiative, which will certainly breathe new life into actions already undertaken to place young people at the core of every dialogue, every decision and every effort at local, national, regional and international levels.",
"Madagascar fully associates itself with the statement of the Group of 77 and China delivered at the 112th meeting.",
"As we near the end of the International Year of Youth, it is more pressing than ever to step up commitments towards an active and dynamic youth, partners and full participants in efforts for dialogue and mutual understanding among generations, cultures and people, and to bolster the effective implementation of such commitments.",
"Effective and tangible global development requires the flourishing and development of young people. Unfortunately, the reality is completely different. Every day, young people, in particular those in countries of the South, face considerable challenges: unemployment, limited or even no access to education and health care systems, socio-economic instability caused by various conflicts, and exposure to drugs, prostitution, sexual violence, modern slavery and many more.",
"It is our duty to find sustainable solutions to such challenges. That is why we are gathered here. Governments and civil society actors, in particular young people, must work together to find the way forward. The theme chosen for this meeting and for the International Year of Youth — dialogue and mutual understanding — is completely in step with that absolute need to work together in understanding and respecting our diversities.",
"The Malagasy population is slightly less than 22 million people, of whom 6 million — that is, 31 per cent — are between the ages of 10 and 24. The Malagasy Government, with the support of its partners and friendly countries, is sparing no effort in placing its young people at the centre of its priorities. To that end, it is directing efforts to creating conditions conducive to the full development of the young Malagasy, through a clear, well-defined judicial, legislative and technical framework, as well as through its national youth policy.",
"For example, Madagascar has established a National Institute for Youth, which organizes various courses, and the Ministry of Youth and Recreation has launched a community awareness programme on adolescent reproductive health. The Malagasy Government has started a youth investment fund and has undertaken a number of projects aimed at fostering young people’s development and strengthening their leadership in the national life of the country. Our National Youth Council, at the local, regional and national levels, also strengthens youth structures and institutions. Our youth centres, which exist all over the island, and which the Government has made efforts to improve in recent years, are an important tool for young people’s intellectual and social development.",
"Besides this, Madagascar — which has not been spared by the scourge of human trafficking, most of whose victims are young people — has instituted a national programme to counter human enslavement and human trafficking of young people. In order to combat sexually transmitted diseases, which affect young people in particular, we have launched various efforts to raise awareness and provide support, such as an anonymous, confidential and free telephone hotline for young people, which is available in all of Madagascar’s 22 regions.",
"Our population is largely rural, and the Government has just launched a rural youth development project designed to support and encourage young agricultural entrepreneurs. Youth discussion clubs in 20 regions of Madagascar, with a membership of young people aged between 13 and 24, have been active since 2007, allowing them to express their views and exchange ideas on important issues such as conservation of the environment, education and peace, and to broadcast them on weekly radio programmes.",
"The Government of Madagascar welcomes resolution 65/312, adopted by this High-level Meeting, and calls on the international community to guarantee follow-up to its commitments, particularly those concerning the World Programme of Action for Youth. We also call on Member States to increase their support for young people by implementing national policies and projects.",
"The number of young people in the world continues to grow, and their needs are enormous. The mobilization of resources must be genuine. The financial and technical support for young people at all levels must be maintained and increased, particularly in developing countries, including Madagascar, in order to guarantee young people’s true development and growth, and to afford them the genuine possibility of taking a leadership role in sustainable and equitable development.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Pakistan.",
"Mr. Raza Tarar (Pakistan): I take this opportunity to convey on behalf of the people and Government of Pakistan our heartfelt condolences and deepest sympathies to the people of Norway on the terrorist incidents of last Friday. Such despicable acts only strengthen our resolve to fight terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.",
"Pakistan aligns itself with the statement delivered by Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China at the 112th meeting.",
"Today’s meeting assumes a special importance in view of the myriad problems besetting humanity. Hunger, disease, climate change, terrorism, the unfulfilled promises of disarmament and multiple global crises all combine to conjure up a depressing picture. Only through dialogue and mutual understanding can we work in harmony to realize our common objectives. The theme of this Meeting, therefore, is most apt. Pakistan fully supports educating youth about the ideals of peace, justice, tolerance and solidarity to lay the foundation of a peaceful world and to achieve the objectives of progress and development.",
"With a population of more than 173 million, Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world. An estimated 104 million Pakistanis are below the age of 30. This youth bulge carries challenges and opportunities. Our young people are our greatest resource. In order to unlock their true potential, the Government of Pakistan has taken several steps and initiatives to enable our young people to fulfil their role in Pakistan’s socio-economic development.",
"The National Youth Policy, formulated in 2008, aims at empowering young people and providing them with economic opportunities by integrating various youth programmes at both the federal and provincial levels. It puts special emphasis on addressing the needs of young women and youth with disabilities. Also worth mentioning is our National Vocational and Technical Education Commission, which strengthens younger workers by mobilizing funds and technical training, sponsored by private-sector and civil society organizations. In addition, the National Internship Programme, through paid internships, enables new graduates to work in various public sector organizations, helping to increase their employability.",
"Recent events in many parts of the world have shown that young people are the catalyst of political and social change. The voices of young women and men must be heard and respected. Their expectations and aspirations must be met by involving them in the decision-making process and allowing them to shape their own future and that of our world. While the primary responsibility for ensuring young people’s development lies with individual States and their development of comprehensive policies and strategies, international cooperation remains a helpful tool for harnessing youth’s potential, and particularly for ensuring equitable distribution of global resources and promoting non-discriminatory policies.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Costa Rica.",
"Mr. Ulibarri (Costa Rica) (spoke in Spanish): Costa Rica welcomes the convening of this High-level Meeting as the diplomatic and political apex of the International Year of Youth.",
"Young people are an inescapable reality, full of energy and hope, and as such they must be taken into account in all our policies and actions, both nationally and multilaterally.",
"Costa Rica believes that it is every State’s responsibility to acknowledge, promote and defend the basic rights of young people, within the framework of the promotion of human rights in general. Respect for their rights and opening up the opportunities that derive from them are key to eradicating poverty, injustice, intolerance and inequality, and are essential to the creation of opportunities for self-realization among young people.",
"These convictions form the basis of our country’s pioneering youth legislation establishing the national youth system. The system brings together State institutions and organized participation of civil society. Our public youth policy is proposed by the State but discussed and approved in all its aspects by a body that includes youth representatives.",
"Over the past few years, in order to meet the needs and respond to the proposals of our young population, and on the basis of an inclusive, democratic and free social vision, Costa Rica has focused on areas such as the promotion of entrepreneurship, the generation of employment opportunities, the right to recreation and comprehensive health care. We have also made a solid commitment to education, which is an essential part of our national identity and policies.",
"When it comes to youth issues, as with so many other issues, national responsibility is paramount, but it is also essential to involve the international community in order to achieve the implementation of the outcome document of this meeting (resolution 65/312) and of the World Programme of Action for Youth. We believe it is extremely important to create a matrix of indicators on the basis of the World Programme and the goals and objectives proposed in the outcome document. It will be particularly important to achieve the implementation of the commitments contained in the outcome document concerning the promotion of gender equality and equity and an acknowledgement of the particular vulnerability of girls and young people. The document quite rightly condemns the recruitment and use of young people in armed conflict. Costa Rica believes that the recruitment of young people for transporting drugs and organized crime activities is equally reprehensible.",
"The theme of this International Year of Youth, “Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding”, requires us to take a look at education, respecting the rights and duties of our young people. To a great extent, comprehensive education promotes values such as dialogue for resolving differences on the basis of the quest for mutual understanding.",
"We particularly welcome, therefore, the Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training adopted by the Human Rights Council (HRC) on 23 March (HRC resolution 16/1). The text was presented by Costa Rica, Italy, Morocco, the Philippines, Senegal, Slovenia and Switzerland, the countries that make up the Platform for Human Rights Education and Training. Its primary objective is to develop a universal culture of human rights in which every individual is aware of his or her rights and responsibilities to others, and to promote the development of individuals as responsible members of an inclusive, free, tolerant, peaceful and pluralistic society. We welcome the fact that this premise was included in the outcome document of this High-level Meeting.",
"Our country reiterates the importance for the General Assembly, in accordance with the Human Rights Council Declaration and in implementation of resolution 60/251, to adopt the Declaration proposed by the Human Rights Council.",
"There is no greater criminal proof of intolerance and disrespect for life and dignity then terrorism, in particular when the targets are primarily young people. Costa Rica therefore emphatically condemns the terrorist attacks that took place in Norway on Tuesday. Its primary victims were young people who, because of their commitment to society, were participating in a Labour Party camp on the island of Utøya. We express our solidarity with their families, the Government and the people of Norway. We know that the response to this tragedy will be a greater commitment to tolerance and freedom.",
"I conclude by urging all States to act on the premises agreed on in the outcome document of this meeting. That will be the best possible way to give all young people the opportunity to fulfil their potential and use their energy and enthusiasm in service to the great tasks facing humanity.",
"The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of Portugal.",
"Mr. Cabral (Portugal): Allow me to congratulate President Deiss on having organized this High-level Meeting, which marks the end of the International Year of Youth. We would also like to thank the two co‑facilitators, Ambassadors Thomas Mayr-Harting of Austria and Jean-Francis Régis Zinsou of Benin, for their hard work in achieving a consensus outcome document (resolution 65/312).",
"We are pleased to note that this high-level event firmly reiterates the World Programme of Action for Youth, including its 15 interrelated priority areas. Portugal reiterates its commitment to promoting and implementing the World Programme of Action for Youth and to achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. We stress the need to strengthen international cooperation in support of national efforts to implement the World Programme of Action, and call upon all Member States to continue to implement it as a unified set of guiding principles for policies and programmes involving youth at the national, regional and international levels.",
"Portugal’s commitment to the development and implementation of policies and programmes related to youth is unquestionable. I recall that it was on the basis of a recommendation made at the first World Conference of Ministers Responsible for Youth, held in Lisbon in 1998, that the General Assembly declared 12 August as International Youth Day. Our goal is to strengthen policies and programmes involving youth, as well as to ensure a cross-sectoral participation by young people as major actors and active agents in all the decision-making steps of national, regional and international policies involving them.",
"Last year, we created the National Commission for the International Year of Youth, composed of both Government and youth organization representatives, which put in place a very comprehensive calendar of activities throughout the country addressing issues such as entrepreneurship and innovation, rights and equality, culture and diversity, and youth empowerment and democracy. In this framework, I would like to highlight the Second National Forum of Young Descendants of Immigrants and the African Diaspora, which took place in Portugal in February and which we believe helped to further a number of issues concerning youth.",
"During the next session of the General Assembly, Portugal will again present, in the Third Committee, together with Moldova and Senegal, its biennial draft resolution on policies and programmes involving youth. We also presented and facilitated the resolution on the subject during the most recent session of the Commission for Social Development in February.",
"Let me again stress the importance of young people as active agents for dialogue, positive change and development in global society and their role in stimulating tolerance and mutual understanding. Nevertheless, one major obstacle to young people playing their role to the full extent remains violence, of which they are the primary targets and to which, on so many different occasions and in so many different forms, they are exposed in a particularly acute way. Violence and the exploitation of children and youth in its many forms is one of the most important challenges facing the international community. It must therefore come to an end.",
"Portugal expresses strong support for the universal ratification campaign of the two Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child: the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and the Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict. We encourage all Member States not yet parties to sign or to ratify the Optional Protocols during the high-level segment of the General Assembly in September. We hope that this International Year will also contribute to that goal.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Kazakhstan.",
"Mrs. Aitimova (Kazakhstan): I should like at the outset to express my country’s solidarity with the Government of Norway and its people. Last week, on the very day of the attacks, my President sent his condolences and those of the entire people of Kazakhstan in connection with the tragedy. I myself grieved deeply; what greater crime could there be than atrocities against young people and children? This meeting is therefore most timely.",
"Kazakhstan commends the progress achieved in effectively implementing the World Programme of Action for Youth to the Year 2000 and Beyond, which represents an important road map. However, much more needs to be done to ensure closer monitoring and evaluation of the manner in which youth-related issues are incorporated into national policies to ensure the mainstreaming of our future leaders into the political, social, economic and cultural life of each of our Member States and their development agendas. We must also ensure the greater integration of youth-related issues in efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, so that young people can be included in the existing order as well as serve as agents of social transformation.",
"My delegation calls for greater United Nations system-wide coherence and coordination and for the streamlining of the youth-related work of the 34 agencies that are focusing on the least developed countries and conflict zones, especially as concerns young women and girls. Hence we call on Member States to provide greater support in terms of funding and resources so as to make possible technical guidance and capacity-building with a view to implementing the World Programme of Action for Youth.",
"In view of last week’s tragedy, every effort must be made to monitor social media and channel the energy of youth, as well as fund youth movements that foster harmony.",
"During the International Year of Youth, Kazakhstan has implemented a multidimensional, interdisciplinary and results-oriented national youth policy. Particular attention has been paid to enhancing social protection, reducing unemployment and improving educational opportunities for youth. According to my President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, youth socialization, the shaping of progressive attitudes and the imparting of modern values to the young generation are vital for national development. The country has therefore adopted the State educational programme 2011-2020 and an action plan with forward-looking measures and services, including the establishment of the modern and innovative New University. Quality education for youth is a prerequisite for social and economic well-being, and expenditure on education is claimed as a priority area for State budget funding in my country.",
"Kazakhstan established a Council on Youth Policy, under the auspices of the President, to mobilize youth participation in national policy decision-making and development. In addition, a national project on the youth talent pool was launched with a view to promoting decent employment for young people in public service and in the social, political and economic spheres. Since 2005, the youth labour movement, Green Country, has been a key player in connection with the country’s ecological issues and environmental policy.",
"Kazakhstan reaffirms its strong commitment to promoting dialogue and mutual understanding by addressing the challenges affecting youth and contributing to multilateral efforts to give youth their rightful place as one of our richest resources.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Israel.",
"Mr. Prosor (Israel): I would like to begin by offering my Government’s condolences to the people and the Government of Norway following last week’s appalling attacks in Oslo and Utøya. The victims of this tragedy — most of whom were young people — remain in our thoughts and prayers.",
"There is a Jewish story about a man who planted a carob tree, a tree that is known to bear fruit only after 70 years. When asked whether he thought he would live to eat from the tree, the man replied: “I am doing as my ancestors did. Just as they planted a carob tree for me, I am planting one for my children”.",
"The commitment of one generation to the next is the foundation of strong and healthy societies. Protecting, integrating and empowering its young people stands as a fundamental obligation of every State. We must not neglect young people who find themselves on the margins.",
"Over the past 20 years, Israel has developed a comprehensive approach to respond to the needs of at-risk youth through major advances in legislation and increased public awareness. Israel launched a national programme for children and youth at risk in 2008 encompassing five Government ministries. This initiative has advanced a number of unique projects designed to reabsorb at-risk youth into the community, including through vocational and entrepreneurship training. These programmes are designed to meet the needs of Israel’s diverse population, which includes immigrants from around the world.",
"Israel strongly supports the World Programme of Action for Youth to the Year 2000 and Beyond. It was the most comprehensive document on the issue of youth at the time of its adoption in 1995. Sixteen years later, it remains just as valid, providing a policy framework for both national and international action to improve the situation of young people.",
"At the international level, Israel’s Agency for International Development Cooperation (MASHAV) has trained hundreds of thousands of educators and young people from all over the world. For example, MASHAV’s Mount Carmel International Training Centre has been cooperating for a decade with the Organization of American States with a view to introducing entrepreneurship as a self-help tool for young people in the Americas. The project has trained more than 22,000 people across 29 countries in Latin America and in the Caribbean islands.",
"In the past year, numerous courses in English and Spanish have been held within the framework of the United Nations International Year of Youth on subjects including entrepreneurial skills for youth and business management for young people.",
"Israel strongly supports paragraph 28(h) of the outcome document (resolution 65/312) of the High-level Meeting on Youth, which underscores the need to protect young people affected or exploited by terrorism and incitement. Israel knows these challenges all too well. The struggle against terrorism calls for vigilance, resolve and collective action on the part of the international community. We must focus on promoting cultures of tolerance and mutual understanding instead of violence and hate, putting an end to the incitement of young people that is all too common in many corners of the world.",
"Many of the greatest lines of separation we see in the world today are not between civilizations, but rather between generations. Facebook, Twitter and a range of other tools are creating exponential changes and providing new opportunities for people to interact, learn and grow. Those raised in the digital age will serve as our bridge to the future.",
"I see this demonstrated in Israel, where our younger minds serve as a powerful force for innovation. Youth who would have once grown oranges are now producing Orange mobile phones. Those who would have in the past cultivated apples are now designing Apple computers.",
"The challenges before the international community call on us to tap into the creativity of the next generation. We must empower and encourage all of our youth to take up responsibility in the global community and to seize the opportunities and harness the new technologies before us in order to create a more prosperous, more tolerant and more peaceful world.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Bangladesh.",
"Mr. Mahmood (Bangladesh): Let me begin by extending our heartfelt condolences to the families of the 68 persons who were victims of the gruesome killing in Norway last week. Every life on this Earth is precious, and we are so sad to note that most of those killed were young people attending a summer youth camp.",
"Bangladesh appreciates the holding of this High-level Meeting on Youth and the adoption of the outcome document (resolution 65/312). Young people are the most important resource of a country. A nation’s development and prosperity mostly depends on the positive activities of its youth.",
"In Bangladesh, the Department of Youth Development was established in 1981 with a view to bringing the nation’s youth into the mainstream of our country’s national development process by providing proper guidance, motivation and needs-based development training. To engage unemployed youths in the national development process, the Department has been implementing massive programmes on motivation, skill development training, self‑employment, microcredit support and community development, so that trained youths can set up self‑employment projects with a view to reducing poverty.",
"In Bangladesh, until June 2010, about 3.43 million young people were trained in different sectors, particularly in computers, including Internet and networking; graphic design and video editing; livestock, poultry, pisciculture and agriculture; tailoring; block, batik and screen printing; electronics and electrical and house wiring; refrigeration and air conditioning, and so on.",
"The average income of a self-employed youth ranges from $20 to $670 per month. In some cases, successful self-employed youths earn more than $1,300 per month in a country where average per capita income is merely $670 per annum. Moreover, a good number of trained youths have obtained jobs in different organizations at home and abroad. As of May 2010, $120 million had been disbursed under a microcredit programme for establishing or expanding self-employment projects. The loan recovery rate is nearly 90 per cent.",
"Pursuant to its election manifesto, the present Government has introduced a national service programme for providing employment to unemployed youths who have completed their secondary education. They are employed for two years on a temporary basis. Initially, three poverty-stricken districts were selected. The unemployed youths receive three months of basic training on 10 selected modules and are then assigned to different nation-building departments, autonomous bodies or local Government bodies, and so on.",
"Volunteer youth and Government organizations are also playing significant role in the rural development. To promote the active participation of youth organizations in the development process, the Department of Youth Development has taken steps to enlist youth organizations. About 14,000 youth organizations have already been enlisted with the Department.",
"On 12 August 2010, International Youth Day was observed in Bangladesh with due solemnity. At the national level, the Day started with a rally that was followed by a seminar on dialogue and mutual understanding, in line with the selected theme for the International Year of Youth. A huge number of youth leaders were engaged in the opening and closing ceremony of the eleventh South Asian Games and the World Cup Cricket inaugural ceremony that recently took place in Dhaka.",
"In conclusion, I would like to reiterate the commitment of the Government of Bangladesh to converting today’s youth into tomorrow’s most productive sector of society and to ensuring that the Government increasingly emphasizes meeting the education and training needs of young people, encouraging their moral development and taking measures within the limited resources available to create job opportunities for them.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Russian Federation.",
"Mr. Karev (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): The delegation of the Russian Federation was pleased to join the consensus adoption of the outcome document of the High-level Meeting on Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding (resolution 65/312). We should like to express our gratitude to the coordinators and all of the participants in the negotiation process. Thanks to their constructive and crucial approach, we were able to reach agreement on the outcome document that reflects the interests of all States.",
"Today’s meeting, the culmination of the International Year of Youth, is a way not only to evaluate the results of increasing understanding of and focus on the interests of youth, but also to increase the active participation of youth in all areas of life and create a way for them to empower themselves. It is also a launching pad for defining objectives for the future.",
"The Russian Federation attaches great importance to the issue of youth. There are 40 million people in our country, representing some 27 per cent of the population. Let us not forget that while young people are among the most active participants in society, they are the hardest hit by the consequences of different types of crises. Young people, at the beginning of their life’s path, are often unable to deal with such consequences.",
"In addition to enjoying great mobility, young people are readily able to adapt themselves to new conditions and acquire new knowledge. Clear proof of this fact is the role of young people in recent world events. Great hopes are also placed on young people as a primary motor of overcoming the adverse impacts of the global financial and economic crisis. That is the very reason that the Russian Federation is providing for young generations as a long-term investment in a stable and flourishing society.",
"The implementation of coordinated policies in that respect has been taken up by the Russian Federation’s Ministry of Sport, Tourism and Youth Policy. The Federal Agency for Youth also operates under that Ministry. It is a national State body whose activities are concentrated on developing youth potential in Russia.",
"Our country’s policies and programmes to guarantee the interests and rights of young people are in step with the priorities of the United Nations, including the World Programme of Action for Youth. The priorities formed a basis for events that took place in 2009 in the context of the Year of Youth in Russia, which sought to bolster the professional and creative potential of youth, advocate a moral and healthy way of life, and cultivate the ideals of peace and understanding among peoples.",
"On 27 June every year since 1993, we have celebrated the Day of Youth in Russia, on which meetings, concerts, and sporting and other types of events are held throughout the country. On 27 June this year, a meeting was held between the Ministry of Sport, Tourism and Youth of the Russian Federation with leaders of youth movements at which discussions were focused, inter alia, on the International Year of Youth.",
"Current economic and social conditions call for particular attention to be paid to issues relating to enhancing the well-being of young people by resolving issues such as their professional placement and stable employment. In that regard, the federal target programme, Young People in Russia 2011-2015, will be a key document over the next five years. This document is designed to create conditions conducive to successful socialization and effective empowerment of young people by fostering their participation in the social and political life of the country, and by using their potential to further innovation in our country.",
"The International Year has been a striking demonstration that young people are not only recipients of State aid, but can themselves contribute to their countries and the international community as a whole. The Year also showed the need to create an environment where young people can be integrated into all areas of social life so as to increase their contribution to the social and economic development of States.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Slovenia.",
"Ms. Štiglic (Slovenia): Allow me at the outset to express my country’s condolences to the people and Government of Norway for the tragic loss of all those young people who were taken away by a senseless and unimaginable act of terrorism.",
"Slovenia aligns itself with the statement delivered on behalf of the European Union.",
"The future of our societies depends on the future of our young people. In particular, it depends on what we policymakers can do to enable young people to participate in society, to ensure quality education, to guarantee health services and to create employment opportunities. The current financial and economic crises have had a strong impact on young people, leaving many of them unemployed and living in poverty. This in turn affects their social inclusion, which is key to the sustainability, stability and prosperity of societies.",
"Young people have to be involved in decision-making processes, including through youth-led organizations. These organizations do not only represent the voice of youth, but are also important forums for the promotion of tolerance, dialogue and mutual understanding. It is therefore important to strengthen the role of youth and of youth-led organizations and to support their increased involvement in the development of strategies and policies at all levels and on all issues, such as sustainable development, climate change and human rights.",
"In particular, we should enhance cooperation between youth organizations or platforms from different regions through concrete, grass-roots projects and programmes that directly involve young people. Non-formal education should be considered a core tool to this end.",
"In working with youth, Slovenia is building on its long-lasting tradition. We encourage youth development and the social integration, personal growth and autonomy of young people through various programmes and projects. The Slovenian Government encourages the creation of conditions for including young people in social and political processes and therefore co-finances the activities of many grass-roots youth and youth work organizations.",
"Many participatory structures for children and young people have been developed. Young people have their own peer organizations that present their views in decision-making processes at the national and local levels. For example, the youth parliament initiative, where pupils can speak publicly, is a pivotal demonstration of child participation in social and political processes.",
"Furthermore, the Government has established two consultative bodies that comprise representatives of youth organizations and various ministries on an equal basis. They propose measures and monitor the consideration of youth interests in various public policies at the national level, and in particular they promote youth participation in these processes.",
"Last but not least, the significance of voluntary work is highly appreciated in Slovenia. We strongly believe that volunteering contributes to the strengthening of social capital, promotes peace and solidarity, and breaks new ground for sustainable socio-economic development. The role of young volunteers is an effective tool for youth empowerment as it enables them to develop their professional qualifications, academic knowledge and specific skills, contributes to their future work and employment possibilities, and strengthens their social inclusion and cohesion.",
"Young people are a force for change. Despite growing recognition of their needs, they still continue to be marginalized and ignored in many parts of the world. We must fulfil our obligations and build a prosperous future for them by mobilizing all political strength and instruments and by implementing the World Programme of Action for Youth. We also have to achieve universal ratification of international instruments, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocols. In this respect, Slovenia strongly supports the campaign for the universal ratification of the Optional Protocols by 2012.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Togo.",
"Mr. Menan (Togo) (spoke in French): At the outset, I would like at the outset to convey to the Assembly the warm and cordial sentiments of the authorities of Togo, in particular the President of the Republic, who is among the youngest Heads of State in the world.",
"I would also like to convey to the President of the General Assembly and to the co-facilitators, the Ambassadors of Benin and Austria, the vigorous thanks of my Government for their exemplary role in organizing this meeting. This meeting gives us a welcome opportunity to assess the status of youth — a social group that represents a majority of the world population.",
"The International Year of Youth declared by the United Nations, which began on 12 August 2010, was designed to encourage Member States to step up their actions to improve dialogue and mutual understanding among young people, to promote their participation at all levels, and to work to eliminate all obstacles facing them. In this regard, the major activities undertaken in Togo were aimed at finding innovative solutions to address the unemployment problem, which increases the vulnerability of young people and prevents them from realizing their potential. Our activities also seek to improve the institutional framework for promoting the participation of young people in all national decision-making and public affairs processes.",
"Actions carried out at the institutional level include the establishment in 2005 of a ministerial department devoted specifically to issues relating to young people and youth employment; the adoption of a national youth policy in 2007; and the establishment and operationalization of the Togo National Youth Council in 2008. More recently, with a view to promoting inclusive dialogue and exchanges among young people themselves, on the one hand, and between young people and Government authorities, on the other, the Government decided to create a National Youth Forum. The first Forum was held from 18 to 20 April and gave an opportunity for an exhaustive consideration of the status of young people in Togo in the light of their new civic engagement. To ensure the lasting effects of this initiative, the Forum will be held every two years.",
"With regard to the promotion of specific issues affecting young people, in particular those relating to youth employment and social inclusion, the Togolese Government has increased programmes and projects aimed at expanding opportunities and youth employment in both the salaried and independent employment sectors. Emphasis was placed on promoting micro-, small and medium-sized businesses, which are recognized as job creators, through the establishment of mechanisms to facilitate the access of young people to credit.",
"Moreover, two years ago we launched a far-reaching programme to promote civic responsibility and the active participation of young people. The programme has been implemented with the participation of young people, youth organizations and local communities.",
"In spite of all regional, national and international efforts, Togo believes that only increased solidarity in the framework of an international partnership will enable us to achieve the objectives of the International Year of Youth and to provide follow-up to the World Programme of Action for Youth. The delegation of Togo therefore calls on all States and stakeholders to heed the wise words of an eminent Togolese statesman, who said that no sacrifice is too great if it is made for the future of our youth. The outcome document adopted by the Assembly on 26 July (resolution 65/312) represents an opportunity to continue our actions to provide timely solutions to the many challenges that young people face.",
"In conclusion, I reiterate our solidarity and condolences to the Government and people of Norway in the wake of the painful tragedy and loss visited on the peaceful young people of that country. Togo condemns such terrorist acts sadly perpetrated by brazen, lawless individuals.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.",
"Mr. Valero Briceño (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) (spoke in Spanish): Venezuela reiterates its condemnation of terrorism and all forms of violence, and extends its solidarity to the families of the victims and to the people and Government of Norway in this tragic time that has plunged the country into mourning.",
"My delegation thanks the President of the Assembly for organizing this event. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela aligns itself with the statement made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.",
"On 21 October 2009, Venezuela adopted the People’s Power for Youth Act, outlining the rights and obligations of young people in various areas of their social development. Additionally, on 7 July 2011, the President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Hugo Chávez Frías, announced the creation of the Ministry of the People’s Power for Youth in the context of measures aimed at consolidating the people’s power for youth.",
"Venezuela believes that education is the foundation of social change and an instrument for the liberation of peoples. In my country, the inclusion of youth in the education system is guaranteed at all levels. There were 200,000 university students in Venezuela in 1999; there are now 2.5 million. More than 9.3 million Venezuelans — one third of the population — have access to communication and information technologies, particularly the Internet.",
"In its article 79, the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela recognizes young people as active agents of development. The Youth Act expands and elaborates on that provision, establishing the National Youth Council to encourage active participation on the part of young people. Over the past 12 years, in the course of the Bolivarian revolution, policies have been established and developed to promote engagement on the part of young people, a large percentage of whom hold responsible positions in institutions of the people’s power. Our country hosted the Latin American and Caribbean Youth Congress for Peace and Sovereignty from 28 to 30 June, at which young people pledged to fight to make our region a zone of peace and development.",
"The successes achieved by our youth in the arts, science, culture and sports during the years of the Bolivarian revolution are evident and undeniable. Venezuela ranks fifth in the world in university enrolment. The excellence of the Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra System is recognized throughout the world. Venezuela won the greatest number of medals at the fourth Games of the Bolivarian Alliance of the Americas, currently being held in our country. As was recently seen in the Copa America, Venezuela has emerged as one of the outstanding soccer teams of our region.",
"We call on all nations to provide new generations with the tools necessary for all people living on the Earth to lead humanly rewarding lives and to live in harmony with each other and with nature.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of the United Republic of Tanzania.",
"Mr. Sefue (United Republic of Tanzania): I commend the able leadership of the President of the General Assembly and his Bureau, and I assure them of my delegation’s continued full support and cooperation. Like others, I want to extend Tanzania’s sympathy and condolences to the people of Norway and to join others in denouncing in the strongest terms possible such dastardly and heinous acts of terrorism and intolerance.",
"My delegation associates itself with the statements made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China and by the representative of Namibia on behalf of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Tanzania supports the SADC proposal to create a dedicated United Nations entity for youth.",
"Proportionately, Africa has the youngest population of any continent. That is a huge resource for the good of Africa and of the world. If that resource is to bear fruit, however, we need to prepare young people to be the responsible, accountable and democratic leaders of Governments and captains of business we want them to be. My Government believes that young people are not only the leaders of tomorrow, but that they can be the leaders of today and make an important contribution, side by side with their elders, to building their countries.",
"Through affirmative action, young people of both genders are represented in Tanzanian decision-making bodies, including Parliament. Tanzania has also formulated several policies, strategies and plans with clear goals and measurable targets to open up opportunities for young people. We continue to invest heavily in improving quality and expanding access to education and skills at all levels. With the support of the International Labour Organization, we are fighting the worst forms of child labour.",
"We are also focusing on the health and vitality of our youth, including by working to prevent teen pregnancies, HIV/AIDS and other infectious and non‑infectious diseases. We have established a youth development fund, and we encourage savings and credit societies and microcredit programmes to give young people access to concessional investment financing. We are promoting young people’s employment in farming and non-farm rural service businesses to enable them to find a better life within their communities. We are participating in regional programmes that address all of these issues, and we thank the bilateral and multilateral partners who support our national and regional programmes. We count on their continued and enhanced support.",
"Globalization and the technology that drives it have put young people across the world in a global village and given them an acute consciousness of where they are and where they could be. Globalization builds and fuels aspirations — political, economic, cultural and social. Some of these are aspirations that many of our national Governments cannot meet on their own with their existing resources and policy space, or at the kind of speed that young people want.",
"Social media, on which our young people are hooked, are useful tools for positive change. Unfortunately, they can also produce negative outcomes. In other words, globalization gives our young people aspirations, but does not always give them the right tools, capacity or fair opportunities to realize their dreams. This can be destabilizing, and its effects will be felt beyond our borders. Let us all then support the efforts of national and regional Governments and create a fair globalization that unites the youth of the world not only inspirationally but materially as well.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Malaysia.",
"Mrs. Salman (Malaysia): Let me begin by joining other speakers to offer our condolences to the people of Norway for the horrendous attack that claimed the lives of more than 80 young people.",
"The Malaysian delegation wishes to express its gratitude to President Deiss for convening this meeting. It is very heartening to see so many young people gathered in this Hall today. Only through discussion and discourse can we truly understand the younger generation’s hopes and aspirations in order to strengthen the economic, social and cultural relations between countries.",
"Forty-three per cent of the Malaysian population — some 12.5 million Malaysians — are young people aged between 15 and 40. Due to this large number, Malaysia has a Ministry dedicated to overseeing the well-being of its young people. The Ministry of Youth and Sports is tasked, among other things, with preparing the youth community to contribute to the nation’s growth, development and prosperity and to further encourage it to create a successful nation. The Government of Malaysia has in place a full range of the support systems needed to enhance youth participation and empowerment at all levels.",
"In terms of policies, in 1985 Malaysia was one of the earliest States to formulate a national youth policy. That initiative was subsequently enhanced in 1997 and became the National Youth Development Policy. The Policy encompasses areas such as youth empowerment, human resource development, youth leadership and youth enterprise development. In addition, the Tenth Malaysia Plan, with its mission of working towards making Malaysia a progressive and high-income nation, recognizes youth participation as a critical component of the nation’s growth. It therefore aims to create a generation of forward-looking young people who are motivated to pursue academic and career excellence.",
"In addition to the various policies it has in place, the Government continues to engage with the younger generation through events. For example, in May, Putrajaya, the city that is home to the federal Government administrative centre, was turned into a sea of young people who came there in celebration of National Youth Day, honouring the country’s young people. The celebrations included a youth convention, which discussed directions for achieving change for young people. Putrajaya has also been officially declared a youth-friendly city.",
"Furthermore, in affirmation of the importance of the work of the United Nations, in August 2010 Malaysia hosted the Second Global Model United Nations, in which more than 500 young representatives from across the globe participated, developing leadership as well as decision-making skills during simulated sessions of the General Assembly and other multilateral bodies of the United Nations system.",
"Malaysia takes great pride in the fact that it has given due recognition to youth development perspectives, both regionally and internationally. Nevertheless, Malaysia hopes that the outcome document of the High-level Meeting on Youth (resolution 65/312) will be translated into concrete action so as to further the youth development agenda. Malaysia is also committed to enhancing and developing our community of young people as empowered entities and responsible citizens, in order to ensure that peace and prosperity remain not only a permanent feature of our nation but can also contribute to the betterment of our global village.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Thailand.",
"Mr. Srivali (Thailand): The Thai delegation shares with Norway a deep sense of outrage and sorrow at the massacre in Utøya. It is a painful reminder for us to redouble our efforts on behalf of young people everywhere and to create an environment where they are nurtured, empowered and given every opportunity to be all they can be.",
"The challenges facing Thailand’s youth are broadly similar to those in many other developing countries. Our embrace of economic globalization has, within a few decades, transformed family structures, the distribution of wealth and access to opportunities. Economic development has brought greater material well-being and reduced poverty, but it has also brought wider income disparities, glaring gaps in opportunity, and the proliferation of unsustainable consumption and lifestyles. Thailand’s young people are greatly affected by these changes. Unequal access to opportunities in education and employment means that we have young people who are highly capable and skilled, yet also vast numbers who are vulnerable and unprepared for the heightened economic competition under globalization.",
"To address these complex challenges, Thailand believes that a coordinated approach is of the utmost importance. Our Constitution and specific laws provide a legal framework that protects children and young people while promoting their development. At the political level, we have a National Committee for Youth and Child Development, chaired by the Prime Minister, on which youth representatives sit. In 2009, the Government launched a policy offering 15 years of free education. Meanwhile, urban/rural disparities are being addressed through greater decentralization of policy implementation, which means greater participation at the local level.",
"For the International Year of Youth, we have also been organizing activities to promote cross-cultural understanding among young people of different faiths and ethnic backgrounds within the country. Thailand is also proud to send two youth delegates to participate in drafting and delivering our national statement under the social development agenda in the Third Committee at the commencement of every General Assembly session. Thai youth delegates have attended the Assembly for a number of years now, and we hope that more and more developing countries will be able to do the same in order to give a stronger voice to young people from developing countries in the arena of the General Assembly.",
"Such efforts, of course, are but a starting point. More can and must be done. We place much hope in the outcome document we have adopted (resolution 65/312), which we believe should serve to reinvigorate our common efforts for youth through its many thoughtful, solid and concrete proposals. We must take this declaration forward together, in a manner that will encourage the dreams of today’s youth to take wing and lift humanity towards the brighter future it deserves.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.",
"Mr. Gonsalves (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines): Saint Vincent and the Grenadines aligns itself with the statements made by the representatives of Suriname on behalf of the Caribbean Community, and of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, respectively. We also align ourselves fully with the expressions of sympathy and solidarity with the people of Norway, in the wake of their recent horrific tragedy. Words cannot express the sorrow and outrage of the international community at this act of terrorism.",
"It is an unfortunate truth that youth and governance are oftentimes uneasy bedfellows. The traditional halls of power and politics — including this very General Assembly Hall — are often dominated by those for whom youth is but a dim memory. Our approaches to problem-solving — opaque, bureaucratic and frustratingly incremental — tend to be at odds with the typical passion, decisiveness and activism of youth. Furthermore, many of our political leaders have failed to earn the trust of young people, seeing them merely as an emotional wave to be ridden into or out of political office. Others seek to cynically grasp a mantle of “change” that belies their own status as senior citizens whose principles and transformative credentials have long since been sacrificed on the altar of political ambition.",
"But the world’s youth need not be mistrusted, harnessed, indoctrinated or marginalized. They need to be listened to; they need to be embraced; and they need to be made active and leading partners in national development and global governance. The pace of change and development has accelerated exponentially, and the world that lies one generation into the future will be radically different from the one that we grapple with today. The pace of change — for good and ill — will be a defining feature of tomorrow’s global village, and it is one that we have no experience in managing, or even predicting. It is today’s youth who will inherit that world, and it is today’s youth who must be taken into the confidence of leaders and policymakers on every step of our journey into the future.",
"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines reiterates the central sentiment of the CARICOM Declaration on the Future of Youth in the Caribbean Community, namely, that young people are not problems to be solved, but, rather, invaluable assets and partners in development of our subregion. The creativity, innovation and energy that will chart a new course through the fallout of globalization and the ongoing economic crisis lies with our youth, and not with the orthodoxy that led us into the crises we now face.",
"In that regard, it is useful to recall a truism first attributed to former United States President Franklin Roosevelt: “We cannot always build the future for our youth, but we can build our youth for the future.” As such, the Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has invested heavily in the youth at all levels of society. We have, in the past decade, achieved universal access to secondary education and are well under way to universal access to early childhood education. State spending on tertiary education has increased exponentially, and every single one of our students — with the cooperation of the Governments of Portugal and of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela — will soon have their own laptop computer, to engage the world beyond the narrow confines of our small island developing State.",
"Young people have also been thrust into positions of great responsibility at all levels of Government and public service. Senators, ministers, diplomats and other high-level officials are all part of this burgeoning youth brigade. Young Vincentian entrepreneurs, sportspersons and cultural artists continue to create jobs, influence debate and create new pathways for future development. Our national trust and faith in the youth is unshakeable.",
"The international community must tangibly demonstrate even greater levels of trust and faith in the youth. The challenges they face are often without parallel in historical memory. In our region, the youth confront transnational crime, HIV/AIDS, climate vulnerability and a technological explosion amid an uncertain economic environment, with changing modes of production and distribution of capital that have yet untold implications for the next generation.",
"This high-level event must have something to show for itself beyond a tepid outcome document. It must be the beginning of a re-imagining of the role of the youth in our national development and global governance, and the starting point of a genuine effort to mainstream youth issues and embrace our young people as equal partners in this journey into an uncertain future.",
"Anything less would be simply another attempt to use young people as a photogenic backdrop for further political grandstanding. But as we have learned in recent months, the price of such marginalization of young people and their needs and concerns can be politically and societally cataclysmic. Let us heed the lessons that the youth have been trying to teach us.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Ireland.",
"Ms. Anderson (Ireland): I am honoured to address this High-level Meeting of the General Assembly. It has been particularly encouraging to see so many young people and their representatives in attendance and participating actively in this gathering.",
"I join with other participants in expressing our deep condolences to the Government and the people of Norway on the terrible loss of life in the tragic attacks of last Friday.",
"Ireland aligns itself with the statement made by the Acting Head of the delegation of the European Union (EU), Mr. Pedro Serrano, on behalf of the member States of the EU.",
"At the outset, let me make three short points in relation to the World Programme of Action for Youth. First, Ireland values a human-rights-centred approach to the implementation of the Programme. The Programme itself recognizes that its successful implementation requires the full enjoyment by young people of all human rights and fundamental freedoms and a strong commitment by Member States to combat any violations of these rights. That approach and commitment must infuse all our efforts.",
"Secondly, gender equality is imperative in order to fully realize the aims of the Programme. In seeking to combat some of the challenges facing young women and girls — poverty, inequality, the combination of multiple forms of discrimination, sexual and gender-based violence, especially in conflict, limited access to education or health care, including sexual and reproductive health care — we must focus on empowering young women and girls as agents of change.",
"Thirdly, we are acutely conscious of the developmental aspect. Almost 90 per cent of the world’s 1.8 billion young people aged 15 to 24 live in developing countries. Recognizing and building on the vast potential of those young people is essential for the realization of the Millennium Development Goals.",
"Let me say a word about some recent developments in Ireland that may be of wider interest. The new Irish Government has demonstrated a strengthened focus on youth affairs with the creation of a full Cabinet position of Minister for Children and Youth Affairs and the corresponding establishment of a new Department of Children and Youth Affairs.",
"A commitment has been made to develop a youth policy framework to support children and young people in the 10-to-24-year age range. The overall aim of the framework is to clarify and enhance coherence, connectivity, coordination and delivery in youth services and related out-of-school-time services for young people in that age range. The intention is to enhance the development and participation of and support for young people; achieve greater coordination and coherence in the provision of youth services; and ensure that such provision is high-quality and outcomes-based.",
"The question of youth participation is particularly important. As the outcome document (resolution 65/312) adopted earlier this week recognizes, the participation of young people themselves in designing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating effective policies is critical to achieving the objectives of the World Programme of Action. The Irish Government is strongly committed to promoting the participation of children and young people in civil society, and the past decade has seen the establishment or consolidation of a range of structures to achieve that objective. These include local youth councils, a national youth parliament, student councils, a children’s and young people’s forum, a children and young people’s participation support team, along with an inclusion programme and national consultations.",
"Within the wider effort to promote participation, we have placed particular emphasis on empowering marginalized young people. An inclusion programme, which was established in 2007, aims to provide new opportunities for seldom-heard young people to become involved in decision-making structures. The inclusion programme has been realized through the participation of a number of civil society organizations. These organizations work with gay and lesbian young people, young travellers, young people living in care, young people living with disabilities and young people from disadvantaged communities. As we move forward, the intention is to capture the lessons learned from the inclusion programme to ensure that an increasing number of young people who may be at risk of marginalization can take part in decision-making structures and process.",
"Ireland has one of the youngest populations in Europe. In difficult times as well as in good times, our young people remain our greatest resource. We want to offer them — all of them — greater opportunities to help craft the future of our country. It is our hope that this International Year of Youth will have helped towards making such opportunities available to young people worldwide.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Representative of Trinidad and Tobago.",
"Mr. Charles (Trinidad and Tobago): Trinidad and Tobago joins with previous speakers in extending condolences to the Government and people of Norway following the dastardly acts which resulted in the loss of life of many young people who represented the very flower of that nation’s future.",
"Further, Trinidad and Tobago wishes to align itself with the statements made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, and the representative of Suriname on behalf of the Caribbean Community. In addition, we wish to make a brief statement in our national capacity.",
"In recognition of the importance of young people to community and national development, Trinidad and Tobago has developed a national youth policy that reflects a flexible and dynamic social development process between the Government and civil society and from which various national programmes and activities materialize. These relate in part to education, health, gender equality, addressing youth crime and violence, including drug-related crime, youth unemployment and youth leadership development.",
"The national youth policy promotes youth empowerment and participation, placing young people at the forefront of policy development and implementation. At the same time, it recognizes the Government’s responsibility for creating the necessary facilitative framework to ensure that young people can make informed choices, lead meaningful, productive, enjoyable lives, and contribute to the attainment of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. Further, it is noteworthy that the portfolio for youth-related affairs is now under the purview of the newly created Ministry of Gender, Youth and Child Development.",
"In commemoration of this International Year of Youth with the theme “Dialogue and mutual understanding”, and based on the approach adopted by the United Nations system, Trinidad and Tobago has developed a number of initiatives that fall under the three main areas identified by the United Nations Inter‑Agency Network on Youth Development. In this regard, one significant initiative was the launch of the National Youth Consultation Programme, in which young people were provided with opportunities to be included in decision-making processes through participation in consultations with Government ministers.",
"It is imperative to promote dialogue between Governments and young people, to foster mutual understanding and to better address the issues affecting them, as young people are key partners in the development and advancement of our societies. In this connection, I quote the Chinese proverb which states “Tell me and I will forget, show me and I may remember, involve me and I will understand”.",
"In keeping with this approach, the Government of Trinidad and Tobago has therefore increased youth participation and partnerships within communities by developing their capacities to dialogue with their peers and relevant stakeholders. The Government has also facilitated youth development through national leadership training programmes, peer education workshops and community social projects that harness discussions with young people in relation to the design and implementation of programmes to meet their needs. In this context, we encourage Member States to promote dialogue with young people in their own countries so that they become and remain involved in decisions that ultimately affect their future.",
"Trinidad and Tobago reaffirms the World Programme of Action for Youth and continues its implementation while we recognize the need to further develop and improve the current international framework on young people to effectively address the new challenges they face.",
"The time has come to move beyond dialogue to implementation and resource mobilization in order to empower young people and further the development of our societies as a whole. In closing, I wish to join my colleague from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in quoting Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who said “We cannot always build the future for our youth, but we can build our youth for the future”.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Grenada.",
"Ms. Williams (Grenada): Grenada associates itself with the statement made by the representative of Suriname on behalf of the Caribbean Community and the statement made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.",
"Through you, Sir, and on behalf of my Government and the people of Grenada, especially the youth, the delegation of Grenada expresses deep and heartfelt sympathy with the Government and people of Norway on the inexplicable killing of the young and not-so-young. The attack on Government buildings and young people strikes at the very heart of understanding, and we mourn the loss of life.",
"Equally, Grenada expresses solidarity with all the young people and families worldwide who are set upon by wars, famine and bombings. Most especially, we mourn the hundreds now dying every day in the Horn of Africa from famine. We support the United Nations call for global emergency relief and for longer-term sustainable development for those communities.",
"Grenada welcomes this High-level Meeting on Youth and extends congratulations to all the young people of the world. This conference is an opportunity for the international community to re-examine and scale up its efforts to respond to the many needs of young people. In this regard, we welcome the outcome document (resolution 65/312) and we look to its full and effective implementation and to the involvement of all young people in doing so.",
"Like in most countries, the young people of Grenada hold great promise. That promise, however, is weighed down by social and economic forces that lead to high rates of unemployment and other challenges. Yet, we continue to witness the emergence of a strong and positive national youth sector that is underpinned by a national youth policy.",
"Our young people, especially our girls, are graduating from secondary school in record numbers and going on to succeed in colleges and universities in equally record numbers. From primary to secondary level, our young athletes are breaking sports records and some, including our competitors in men’s 400 metres and in women figure’s skating, are setting their eyes on Olympic competitions. Watch out, Jamaica! Watch out for Kirani James!",
"Many more Grenadian youths are in professional schools and in the cultural sector and are becoming successful entrepreneurs. The number of young leaders, youth parliamentarians and youth ambassadors is growing, and there is a healthy and exhilarating dynamism that they spread as they succeed. Government spending focuses on youth training and job creation, rehabilitation and empowerment.",
"Far too many young people cannot achieve their potential due to poverty and lack of opportunity. As the United Nations prepares to commit to sustainable development in the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development process, Grenada reiterates its vision of our young people, who will play a stronger role in national sustainable development. That is why we call on the United Nations and others, including businesses, to engage in partnerships with us and to support us in the inclusion of youth within the democratic process, job creation and economic empowerment and in the development of the necessary frameworks to strengthen grass-roots youth organizations.",
"In closing, Grenada understands that young people are valuable to national development, but that they are far more than a national development resource. Rather, like other groups, young people have an intrinsic value to themselves and to humanity. It is our responsibility to do much more to honour and to empower them so that they, too, can make the right choices for themselves and for the world.",
"Grenada extends its best wishes for success to all youth delegates, and wishes them a safe journey back to their loved ones.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Representative of Bulgaria.",
"Mr. Raytchev (Bulgaria): At the outset, let me join all previous speakers and express, on behalf of my country, our deepest sympathy for the people and Government of Norway following the horrendous and tragic attacks of Friday that claimed the lives of so many young people.",
"I feel honoured to speak before this High-level Meeting on a topic that is of particular relevance nowadays — how to improve conditions for the world’s youth and help young people address their aspirations to participate in processes that shape their lives and their future. The importance that we attach to such issues comes from the realization that youth is the natural driving force behind important changes in global development. Recent developments in the Middle East and North Africa once again point to the key role of young people as agents of social change, progress and development. They have also reaffirmed the vital role of new technologies and social media in empowering the voice of young people and their participation in shaping public opinion and the political decision-making process.",
"We are satisfied that the outcome document adopted earlier in the meeting (resolution 65/312) reconfirms the World Programme of Action for Youth as a major political instrument for comprehensive action on youth issues. It is of paramount importance to focus our efforts on its thorough and improved implementation at all levels, including by strengthening national capacities and democratic mechanisms for dialogue and partnerships with young people and youth-led organizations in decision-making processes affecting youth. Cooperation among national Governments, youth organizations and other stakeholders at the national, regional and global levels is a critical element of strategies and policies to achieve social integration, employment and poverty eradication.",
"Bulgaria fully supports the statement made by the observer of the European Union (EU) earlier in this debate, outlining the programmes and activities on youth in Europe. I wish to focus briefly on our national experience and efforts to address youth issues in the context of the EU cooperative action.",
"The National Youth Strategy 2010-2011, adopted by the Bulgarian Government in 2009, primarily focuses on employment and sustainable development, including the promotion of economic activity and career opportunities for young people. The target group of the Strategy is young people between 15 and 29 years of age. Concrete actions for its implementation are aimed at improving the quality of high-school and university education, promoting lifelong learning, providing more internships and strengthening the relationship between education and business. Support is envisaged for companies providing jobs to young people, especially in small towns and rural areas. Students’ participation in scientific projects and high-tech innovations are also encouraged and supported.",
"Bulgarian young people are actively involved in projects under the EU programme Youth in Action, which is related to implementation of the Europe 2020 Strategy. In promoting knowledge and understanding of democratic citizenship and the rule of law, such projects are conducive to making young people receptive to human rights standards and values, addressing in particular certain negative societal views, discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.",
"Under the National Youth Strategy, volunteering is encouraged as one avenue to enhance youth potential and skills in different professional and scientific areas. In the context of the European Year of Volunteering, the fourth National Youth Meeting, which took place in Varna from 30 June to 4 July, discussed the advantages of volunteering for both young people and recipient institutions and businesses, with the active participation of civil society.",
"Last but not least, let me also highlight our participation in international cooperation and United Nations youth-related initiatives. In that particular field, the role of the United Nations remains indispensable. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria closely cooperates with the United Nations Association in Bulgaria to ensure the coordination of activities promoting youth participation at the United Nations. The joint plan of action between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the United Nations Association, signed at the beginning of this year, provides for developing initiatives that foster the more active involvement of young people in United Nations activities, including areas such as the Millennium Development Goals, peace, human rights and sustainable development.",
"Part of that partnership is the arrangements for the selection and participation of youth representatives in the youth delegate programme. The national selection process, which is currently being conducted for the sixth consecutive year, aims at ensuring that the most proactive and knowledgeable students are given the opportunity to represent Bulgarian youth and to work alongside diplomats and other youth delegates from all over the world. We are proud that over the decades, Bulgaria has demonstrated its commitment to youth matters and that it is one of the countries with the longest-standing experience in providing a platform for the Bulgarian youth perspective to be voiced in the United Nations context.",
"In conclusion, let me express our confidence in the successful conclusion of this important conference. We are determined to contribute actively to ensuring a better future for the youth worldwide.",
"The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.",
"Mrs. Espósito Guevara (Plurinational State of Bolivia) (spoke in Spanish): We would like first of all to extend our most heartfelt condolences to the brother people of Norway on their recent tragedy, whose main victims were young people.",
"The Plurinational State of Bolivia endorses the statement made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.",
"Young people are a driving force of change in any society. It is they who, with their energy and rebellious spirit, show us the path to follow. Nevertheless, many of them look to the future with fear, since they have done all that society expects of them and yet cannot find work. From that position of insecurity, they have explained to us that what is needed now is profound change. We cannot continue down that path. The power of change is moving through world and young people are its driving force.",
"In Bolivia, young people have also made their vital contribution. In the past decade, young people of all social strata have occupied squares and streets, defending the natural resources of my country and the rights to a wage and to life, water, gas, health care, employment and, above all, the future. They fight against the plunder and demands of the Bretton Woods institutions and multinational companies.",
"The economic and financial crisis, the energy and food crisis, the water crisis, climate change, wars and invasions have hit young people hard. These are structural problems that we need to resolve so that present and future generations can live in peace and security. Climate change, lack of jobs and wars have forced young people to migrate to other regions and countries. In this search, they have faced racism, discrimination and violence. As migrants, they endure the rigours of their illegal status, abuse and racial hatred. They also face similar barriers in access to university education. These are some of the challenges youth is facing today.",
"The Government of the Plurinational State of Bolivia has developed policies for our youth. Bolivia is the third country in Latin America to be illiteracy free, and is envisaging a post-literacy programme with the support of our sister Republics of Cuba and Venezuela. With the financial resources from gas income, we have established three indigenous universities to promote access to higher education for indigenous youth, and we have supported various types of sport under the slogan “High-altitude sports”.",
"“My First Decent Job” is another programme focused on the young population, aimed at increasing the inclusion in the workforce of young, low-income graduates. We have also implemented credit and microcredit programmes to help young people undertake productive projects related to housing and workforce entry. Today, women also have access to land through a land distribution and redistribution programme. We also have special programmes for open housing options aimed at providing comprehensive care to young workers who have no protection and are socially disadvantaged. The Bolivian Volunteering Act monitors the rights and responsibilities of young volunteers.",
"Young people are the present and the future, and are thus the protagonists of change. We hope that the outcome document of this High-level Meeting on youth, dialogue and mutual understanding (resolution 65/312) will promote the participation of young people in making decisions about the future and in particular in building other means of development that are in harmony with nature, as an alternative to globalization, which has excluded young people, especially in the poorest countries.",
"The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of Liechtenstein.",
"Ms. Gregg (Liechtenstein): It is a great honour to be able to speak to the Assembly as a youth representative of Liechtenstein.",
"I extend my country’s deepest sympathies to those affected by the horrific loss of lives in Norway. Let this meeting result in a renewed commitment to striving day to day, in solidarity, against such expressions of hate.",
"I have had the luck of growing up in a free and prosperous part of the world. But already as a small kid, seeing images of war, famine and environmental catastrophe, I realized that most children and youth in the world were less lucky. Over the years, these images helped me develop a sense of responsibility and an understanding of interconnectedness that led to transformative action, first within my own home and at school and now as I strive towards my ideals day to day. I believe that young people have an innate sense of justice, and with the right kind of education, we develop a desire to act on it. Our sense of responsibility and energy to act are the world’s greatest untapped assets.",
"Participation is not just an option, but a demand expressed by youth. In Norway, the young survivors of the massacre pledged to stay engaged in order to demonstrate that violence against opinion is ineffective. Arab youths have also reminded the world of the incredible power of peaceful protest. This should be a sobering thought for leaders who continue to deny young people their inalienable human rights and an opportunity to pursue their dreams and ambitions. Not only do we increasingly possess a global consciousness, but we have the dexterity, ingenuity, courage and sense of urgency to use tools for mass mobilization to spread our voices. A free and open Internet is essential to this end.",
"The youths of Tunisia, who within six months have brought about jaw-dropping changes, serve as an inspiration and guidance to their peers in many other countries. The litmus test of real transformation will be the level of participation of women and young people in leadership positions and in decision-making processes.",
"We must apply the lessons learned from revolutions in the Arab region to other situations of injustice as well. Why not organize large-scale demonstrations for other pressing issues or turn our fight against climate change into a global news event? Learning about our human rights gives us the clarity and focus to act. This is why human rights education and learning are so important. Human rights education allows us to view our own rights and our community’s rights in dialogue with others locally, regionally and globally, resulting in a common language of humanity. The exhilarating solidarity we feel with the youth activists in the Arab world is based on a renewed understanding of the universality of human rights and has turned years of limited mutual understanding on their head. A society of peace starts with a basic human rights education.",
"As the global population hits 7 billion, it is not only a human right but also a demographic imperative to deliver sexual and reproductive health education and family planning. It is unacceptable that a 15 year-old girl living in South Sudan has a higher chance of dying in childbirth than of completing school. Human rights are indivisible and include sexual and reproductive rights. Young women and men must not let their bodies be subjugated by those in power. Well-informed reproductive decisions can have profound positive effects on the sustainable development of a country.",
"Using children and young people as instruments of war is among the most heinous violations of the laws of armed conflict. Liechtenstein reiterates its full support for the work for the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict. We also believe that fighting impunity is a prerequisite for long-term peace. The International Criminal Court plays an important role in this regard, as demonstrated by its first trial ever — that of Thomas Lubanga, charged with forcibly recruiting boys and girls to fight with his militia.",
"Liechtenstein further deplores attacks on schools and hospitals and threats against students and teachers, and we commend the Security Council for taking concrete action on this important issue.",
"On 25 May 2010, the United Nations launched a two-year campaign to achieve universal ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child that increases the age for direct participation in hostilities to 18. To support the campaign and to raise awareness about the plight of children affected by armed conflict, Liechtenstein has teamed up with a record label to produce a CD called “Right to Play”. The proceeds from the sale go to Play31, a non-governmental organization that organizes football games among former child soldiers to assist in the process of reconciliation. Children affected by armed conflicts around the world are being deprived of this right. Let us give it back to them before it is too late.",
"The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of the Sudan.",
"Mr. Hassan (Sudan) (spoke in Arabic): It gives me great pleasure to address this international forum to discuss the interests of youth in a desire for joint dialogue and mutual understanding. We welcome the statements that have been made on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, the Group of African States and the Arab Group.",
"At the outset, I would also like to express our heartfelt condolences to the families of the victims of the heinous terrorist attack committed by an extremist in Oslo and Utøya Island, Norway. We condemn all forms of terrorism. This incident reaffirms that terrorism does not originate from a certain country or religion.",
"The Government of the Sudan gives high priority to youth issues. It has launched many projects to address youth unemployment, encourage youth investment through microfinance, AND develop vital sectors such as agriculture. We have also offered many opportunities in university and post-graduate education, and have seen a large increase in enrolment in recent years.",
"The Sudanese Government also takes an interest in many other youth programmes to support cultural and social activities and participation in sports and political life, and to combat unemployment by offering work opportunities. We also work to combat drug use and to raise awareness of the dangers of HIV/AIDS. We support marriage and family stability, and work to rehabilitate young people affected by wars, armed conflict and environmental degradation, as well as those with disabilities and special needs. We are proud of our success in those programmes and are willing to share our experiences.",
"The many and extreme challenges that young people face, especially in Africa and the developing world in general, are preventing their full participation in society. The problem is exacerbated by the effects of the global financial and economic crisis and the drought on the African continent. In that regard, we note that we need more international cooperation to support training and education in all fields, including the exchange of scientific knowledge.",
"The Sudan, understanding the importance of African efforts, recently inaugurated the headquarters of the African Youth Union in Khartoum, housing its general assembly. As another indicator of our interest in youth, we have the honour to host the headquarters of the Arab-African Youth Council, further confirming the Sudan as a meeting place for Arab and African youth. We also stress the need to work diligently to achieve the Millennium Development Goals to the benefit of young people. We have also worked to increase access for youth to information and communication technology through educational grants and training.",
"In conclusion, we hope that this important meeting will promote the interests of youth in many sectors, and in particular that it will help youth in States affected by armed conflict or that suffer under foreign occupation.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Serbia.",
"Ms. Ivanović (Serbia): At the outset, I would like to express, on behalf of my Government and the people of Serbia, deepest condolences to the Government and people of Norway and our sympathies to the families of the victims of the horrifying terrorist attack that happened last Friday.",
"My delegation aligns itself with the statement made by the observer of the European Union two days ago. I shall therefore address some of the priority issues regarding youth from our national standpoint.",
"We have witnessed many changes, positive and negative, that shape the world in which we live today. To make the most of the possibilities presented to us and to diminish risks in the future, we must include young people in all walks of social life in a consistent and coherent way. To make sure that we have leaders for tomorrow, we must create them today.",
"Recognizing the importance of its youth, Serbia established the Ministry of Youth and Sport in 2007 and devised a national youth strategy the following year, after a series of 167 round tables at which, alongside the representatives of many relevant institutions, the young people of Serbia were given an opportunity to contribute their ideas to the drafting of that important document.",
"Calling on young people to take a proactive attitude in life is one of the priorities of Serbia’s national youth strategy. To increase their ever greater social participation, the Ministry of Youth and Sport initiated and encouraged the establishment of local offices for youth. In 2007, they numbered five; today there are 123 of them all over Serbia. As a matter of fact, two thirds of all local Government agencies have been instrumental in establishing those offices, true to the fact that the needs of youth must be addressed first and foremost in the communities in which they live, that is, at the local level. Over 100 municipalities have adopted local action plans for their young people and provided funds to finance programmes and projects designed to address the needs of their youth.",
"On 5 July, the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia adopted the Law on Youth. In this way, it made good on the promise made to Serbia’s youth that it would be given, during the International Year of Youth, a law providing, inter alia, for the establishment of a Government Council in which youth representatives would account for at least one third of its members. Since the very beginning of the process, young people were included in consultations leading to the drafting and adoption of the law, reflecting the time-honoured truth that those who are supposed to benefit from legislation to be adopted should be the first to be asked what their expectations from the legislation are.",
"Ever since its establishment, the Ministry of Youth and Sport has fostered partnership relations with the civil sector. Such relations facilitate the inclusion of the young in the implementation of various projects of the national youth strategy. The Ministry supported and bankrolled over 500 projects submitted by associations of and for young people, aimed at, among other things, promoting healthy lifestyles and tolerance, preventing drug and alcohol addiction, improving the environment, social inclusiveness and voluntary activities, and addressing all topics that are important to young people. The Ministry extended financial support to various informal-education seminars and training courses on project elaboration, career skills and youth entrepreneurship, in order to help young people to find employment or start their own businesses.",
"The Ministry also helped build 280 outdoor and 47 indoor sports arenas all over Serbia. Better conditions were thus created for young people to engage in sport and recreational activities more actively and to spend quality leisure time. After all, those were the needs identified as those of young people themselves in many polls taken beforehand.",
"On 12 August, my country will mark the completion of the International Year of Youth and Youth Day by launching 134 voluntary youth activities selected in competitions in 25 districts of Serbia. We have been guided by the desire to support our youth in the year in which we celebrate the tenth anniversary of the International Year of Volunteers and the European Year of Volunteering in order to demonstrate, through voluntary engagement, the power of young people to bring about change in local communities.",
"Serbia sets great store by its youth. Investment in young people is investment in the country’s future. Since 2008, the Young Talents Fund of the Government of the Republic of Serbia, headed by the Minister for Youth and Sport, has granted scholarships and various awards to over 6,000 talented high-school students, winners of national and international competitions in the fields of science, the arts and sports, university seniors and Serbian students studying abroad. The recipients pledged to work in Serbia upon completion of their studies, which is one of the measures to forestall the brain-drain that affects many countries around the world.",
"No speedy and sustainable development is possible without investment in human resources and without making sure that those resources remain in the country of their origin. Funds like the Young Talent Fund can help keep the young educated people in developing countries, thus enabling them to stay and prosper at home.",
"The challenges facing the young call for concerted common efforts at all levels of Government — local, provincial and national. It is necessary to work in partnership with international organizations and United Nations agencies and to enlist non-governmental organizations and the business sector in designing youth policies. There is plenty of room for improving youth cooperation in order to arrive — through the exchange of ideas and experiences at the national and international levels — at the most effective institutional models that will facilitate the development that we all need.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Afghanistan.",
"Mr. Faqiri (Afghanistan): On behalf of the Afghan Government, I would like to stress the need for further efforts to be made to support young people in developing their capacity to tackle the challenges they face.",
"Let me emphasize that the primary responsibility for ensuring that youth development lies with States. Today, I will address both the challenges ahead for Afghan youth and achievements accomplished thus far.",
"Afghanistan is a country of youth. Sixty-eight per cent of the population is under 25 years of age. The bulk of the population is to a certain extent deprived of their fundamental rights, including but not limited to lack of educational and employment opportunities. The situation of girls is of particular concern. Youth literacy rates are low — 50 per cent for boys and 18 per cent for girls. Secondary school enrolments for boys and girls are 23 per cent and 7 per cent, respectively, and less than 2 per cent of the Afghan population reaches higher education.",
"Faced with these challenges, Afghan youths are at risk. Their vulnerability is exacerbated by unemployment, low wages, lack of safety and security, poverty and lack of medical care, making youth particularly at risk to recruitment by armed opposition and terrorist organizations.",
"In the face of these challenges, we should not lose sight of the progress made so far. Currently, more than 7 million boys and girls are enrolled in schools, investing in their futures. We have constructed more than 4,000 schools across the country. We predict that we will have 9 million children enrolled in schools by 2020, and over 40 per cent of new students will be girls. Additionally, the great majority of Afghanistan’s population has access to basic health care, showing that great progress has been made over the past 10 years.",
"I seize this opportunity to thank the international community for the continued support we have received to achieve these objectives. It is worth mentioning that a considerable percentage of the Afghan Parliament is comprised of members of the young generation. News agencies, television broadcasters, monthly magazines are run by the youth generation.",
"The Government of Afghanistan is committed to fulfilling its responsibility to protect the rights of youth. We have initiated a number of strong steps at the national, regional and international levels, which include the launch of a national youth programme that reiterates our commitment to the development of the sons and daughters of Afghanistan and seeks to establish an opportunity for Afghan youths to fulfil their aspirations.",
"Today’s generation of youth in my country, having experienced conflict and exile, must now be empowered with alternative opportunities. Their fresh perspectives, energy, enthusiasm and determination must be channelled to promote peace and development in the country.",
"I wish to conclude by joining previous speakers in expressing the condolences of the Afghan Government and the Afghan people to the Mission of Norway and, through it, to the people of Norway on the recent act of terror that caused dozens of casualties.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Observer of the Observer State of the Holy See.",
"Archbishop Chullikatt (Holy See): Last year, the General Assembly, in declaring the present International Year of Youth, insightfully drew attention to two important elements for the advancement of peace, namely, dialogue and mutual understanding. This theme has been an invitation to listen to the aspirations and interests of young people, to engage in a mutual exchange with them, and to translate these exchanges into a real sharing of wisdom for the common good.",
"Each and every child, for the full and harmonious development of his or her personality, should grow up in a family environment. The family is where young people first learn moral responsibility and respect for others. The family has an important role to play in educating children to develop all their faculties and in training them to acquire ethical and spiritual values and to be deeply attached to peace, liberty and the dignity of all men and women. The family, founded on the marriage between one man and one woman, is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and must be guaranteed protection by society and the State.",
"Parents — mother and father together — have the primary responsibility for the upbringing and development of their children. Parents cannot withdraw from this essential role. States are called, in conformity with international instruments, to respect the responsibilities, rights and duties of parents in this regard. Youth policies, programmes, action plans and commitments approved by Member States must respect fully the role of parents regarding their children’s well-being and education, including in the area of human sexuality and sexual and reproductive health, which should not include abortion.",
"Many people in the world today do not have stable points of reference on which to build their lives, and so they end up being deeply insecure. There is a growing mentality of relativism and liberalism that holds that everything is equally valid, and that truth, absolute points of reference and moral standards do not exist. Such a way of thinking leads not to authentic freedom, but rather to instability, confusion and blind conformity to the fads of the moment with which certain cultures around the world tempt our youth. Young people are entitled to receive from previous generations solid points of reference to help them make choices on which to build their lives.",
"Member States and this Organization can make positive contributions in this regard and so must be willing to recommit continually to upholding and implementing the principles enshrined in the Charter and the internationally agreed fundamental human rights instruments. The more they are able to do this, the more our young people will be able to help advance the cause of peace and build societies based on respect for spiritual and ethical values and directed to the common good of all.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Observer of Palestine.",
"Mr. Mansour (Palestine): At the outset, allow me to convey our sincerest condolences to the friendly people and Government of Norway. The Palestinian people and their leadership were shocked to learn of last Friday’s atrocious bombing of a Government complex in Oslo and the shootings on the island of Utøya which left nearly 80 innocent people dead, including scores of young people. We are confident that Norway will fully recover from this painful tragedy and emerge even stronger.",
"Palestine aligns itself with the statement delivered by Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.",
"As today’s world grows more volatile for youth, they continue to unnecessarily suffer grave hardships and to face an unprecedented number of obstacles. This has affected their realization of peace, prosperity, freedom and the right to education. Regrettably, Palestinian youth face the greatest obstacle to any semblance of normal life: the ongoing Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel’s blatant disregard of and disrespect for international law, including international humanitarian law and human rights law.",
"For more than four decades, crimes have continued to be committed against Palestinian youth, with total disregard for human life and with complete impunity, which has allowed for such crimes to continue at the expense of our youth. Israel’s refusal to uphold the basic principles of international law and the relevant United Nations resolutions has resulted in a complete deterioration of the situation in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem. This has only prolonged the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the suffering of the Palestinian people, in particular the millions of Palestine refugees who have been living in refugee camps for 63 years, yearning for the realization of their right of return.",
"Despite all of the obstacles that face the Palestinian people living under occupation, Palestinian youth continue to reach for their goals and dreams. Among them are young refugees who every day overcome the difficulties they face and reach as high as they can to let their voices be heard and their talents seen. Just last week, for the third time, youth in Gaza, including some with disabilities, broke the Guinness World Record for the largest handprint painting in the world. Also, in another remarkable story, three young Palestinian women from a school run by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), with the help of their teacher, invented a walking cane for the blind and deaf, which gave them the opportunity and the pleasure of meeting with the Secretary-General last summer here in New York.",
"These are only the most recent of the achievements, which are proof that, if given a chance, the youth of Palestine can rise up and be leaders in the region and the world. Moreover, just moments ago on this very day, the youth of Gaza broke the Guinness World Record for flying the most kites at the same time, setting a fourth Guinness World Record. Once again, we place on record our deepest gratitude for the tireless efforts of UNRWA for its assistance to the 4.5 million Palestine refugees, especially the youth, because the education and training it provides has equipped our youth with the tools they need to make a name for themselves and accomplish such lofty goals.",
"Although the Palestinian people, including youth, have made significant strides to overcome the grave hardships of living under occupation, they will never be able to achieve their full potential so long as Israel continues to occupy their land and impede their right to self-determination. Here, we call on the international community to make all necessary efforts and muster the political will to address the obstacles and challenges faced by Palestinian youth living in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem.",
"Indisputably, the 44-year occupation of the Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, has severely hampered development and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and other internationally agreed development goals, making it nearly impossible to fully attain them. But over and above worries about achieving the MDGs, youth living in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, have on far too many occasions been deliberately targeted, shot and killed and even been used as human shields by the Israeli occupying forces. Palestinian youth who exercise their right to freedom of expression against the Wall and illegal settlements every week are met with the bullets and aggression of the occupying Power. Our youth also continue to be the victims of Israeli settler terror attacks — shot, beaten and threatened while walking to school or playing outside their homes.",
"The Israeli aggression against the besieged Gaza Strip in 2008-2009 tragically highlighted the utter disregard for Palestinian youth. Hundreds of them were killed, and scores of what were supposed to be safe havens, such as hospitals and schools, were shelled, bombed and destroyed with impunity. We call on the international community, including all United Nations organs, to address these grave violations, without selectivity, in order to bring an end once and for all to all attacks by the occupying Power against Palestinian youth at civilian infrastructures meant to protect them.",
"The Israeli occupation, which began in 1967, must come to an end now along with all of the occupying Power’s crimes against the Palestinian people, including youth. Each and every day of Israel’s occupation results in a deterioration of the socio-economic conditions and the overall well-being of youth, especially in the besieged Gaza Strip, where the four-year immoral and illegal siege continues to strip young people there of all their basic human rights, including the right to food. The blockade has afflicted thousands with hunger, malnutrition, anaemia, stunted growth and many other preventable diseases.",
"There is no time to be wasted. We thus renew our appeal to the international community to uphold its responsibilities and to take immediate, decisive action to bring Israel, the occupying Power, into compliance with international law, including its obligations under the Fourth Geneva Convention and the relevant United Nations resolutions. The youth of Palestine will be able to live to their fullest potential only if they can live in peace, freedom and dignity in an independent State of Palestine based on pre-1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital. The time is now ripe to make this a reality.",
"Peace may be necessary for leaders, but peace is indispensable for our youth.",
"The Acting President: In accordance with General Assembly resolution 47/4, of 16 October 1992, I now give the floor to the representative of the Observer of the International Organization for Migration.",
"Mr. Wade (International Organization for Migration): Before I begin, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) would like to express its sincere condolences to the people of Norway in the wake of this awful tragedy. Our thoughts are with them.",
"The International Organization for Migration is honoured to participate in this dialogue along with such an impressive group of experts and young people.",
"This High-level Meeting comes at an important time to reflect upon the wave of democratization sweeping through the Arab world and the role youth have played in a fundamental shift in the terms of political debate. The panel discussions held over the past two days have provided enormous insight into the challenges they face and into what can be achieved through dialogue and mutual understanding. The International Organization for Migration believes more than ever that the United Nations and its partners are listening. Quite simply, there is no alternative. In most of the world today, youth not only represent the future; they are also the majority of the population. Addressing the challenges and opportunities of our time will depend upon their energy and creativity.",
"A recurring theme throughout this dialogue has been a sense of frustration among young people in societies where the voices and needs of youth are ignored and where hopes of meaningful employment, development and political participation are stifled. For example, in one county with one of the world’s fastest growing youth populations, only one or two of every 30 graduates has a prospect of employment, and those that do find employment could expect to be paid 15 times as much if they migrated to the developed world.",
"Migration is the most fundamental step that a young person can take to escape poverty, and young people today are taking it in enormous numbers. In the past quarter-century, the number of international migrants has doubled to 214 million, half of whom are under the age of 29. Many of these young people, travelling with their dreams and those of their loved ones, face enormous challenges. The perilous journeys of crowded boats from North Africa tell of an enormous human cost. Not only are these young people negotiating the borders of a new country, region and culture, but they are often also taking the first steps into adulthood.",
"At the same time, global youth migration presents enormous opportunities, both for the young people themselves and for global prosperity. In a world where many of the developed countries are facing population aging and decline and the developing world is growing and getting younger, youth migration has huge potential to increase economic growth and reduce unemployment. According to the World Bank, if rich countries were to admit enough migrants from poor countries to expand their labour forces by a mere 3 per cent, the world would be richer by $356 billion a year.",
"In its role as the principal intergovernmental organization for global migration, IOM is dedicated to promoting humane and orderly migration for the benefit of all. We must recognize that some of the greatest challenges faced by migrants are not physical, but social barriers of xenophobia, social marginalization and discrimination.",
"The PLURAL+ Youth Video Festival, a joint initiative of the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations and IOM, recognizes young people as powerful agents of social change in a world often characterized by conflict and division. The Festival encourages young people to explore issues of migration, diversity and social inclusion and to share their voices and creative vision with a global audience. Since it was launched in 2009, over 400 videos from 75 countries have been received, and through our network of over 50 partner organizations, winning videos have been screened in dozens of festivals, cinemas and broadcasts on television networks throughout the world. We hope that some members had a chance to see these remarkable videos on Monday at the PLURAL+ side event. The insight and creativity with which young people speak to issues such as human trafficking, social marginalization and racism reflect the energy that youth brings to addressing social problems in today’s world.",
"Rarely, if ever, has the aspiration for democracy been more powerfully demonstrated than during the youth-led movements of the Arab Spring. It is now the responsibility of the international community to engage with young people and translate this energy into reforms that promote social integration, security, employment and the eradication of poverty. We greatly appreciate the opportunity to discuss these issues at this important meeting and, after engaging with key experts and young people, feel confident that together we can face the challenges and grasp the opportunities ahead.",
"The Acting President: In accordance with resolution 31/3 of 18 October 1976, I now call on the observer of the Commonwealth Secretariat.",
"Ms. McMillan (Commonwealth Secretariat): The Commonwealth Secretariat would like to take this opportunity to extend its condolences to the people of Norway.",
"The Commonwealth recognizes that the success of the Commonwealth and the global youth agenda are reliant on the commitment of young people throughout the world, and we salute them for their active contributions in promoting development, peace and democracy through such values as tolerance, understanding and respect — values that are dear to the Commonwealth.",
"The Commonwealth acknowledges the recommendations expressed in the outcome document of this meeting (resolution 65/312) and believes that it is the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the recommendations that will make the International Year of Youth a lasting success.",
"The Commonwealth, through its Commonwealth Youth Programme, stands ready to unite and to work with the United Nations agencies, youth organizations and stakeholders to ensure that the recommendations of the outcome document and the World Programme of Action for Youth are fulfilled.",
"It is the position of the Commonwealth Secretariat that the time is now for greater action and greater partnerships for youth development. The Commonwealth Secretariat believes that the time is right to work for greater economic empowerment, where banks and other segments of the private sector can also help young people gain access to credit by promoting enterprise and supporting youth development planning. The Commonwealth purports that it is time for greater political empowerment of young people, where Governments and stakeholders, including youth leaders, ought to do more to bring young people into local and national decision-making processes, creating greater political spaces where young people can play a role.",
"Young people are issuing a clarion call for meaningful change in the professionalizing of youth work and meaningful change in measuring, monitoring and evaluating the progress in youth development.",
"At the meeting of the Commonwealth Heads of Government in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago in 2009, stand-alone declarations were made under the them “Investing in young people”. The Heads further signalled their commitment to young people by opening their meeting and holding frank and meaningful dialogue with them. This exchange of ideas on youth development has become a feature of the Commonwealth Heads of Governments’ meeting since 2007, when it was held in Kampala, and could be a practice that other high-level meetings could adopt to make youth development more meaningful for young people.",
"This year, the International Year of Youth, the Commonwealth has listened to its youth, Governments and stakeholders at a number of consultations under the theme “Investing in youth”. Among the events was the Commonwealth Youth Leaders’ Conference, held in India in December 2010, at which young people from the 54 member States encouraged their leaders and decision-makers to establish meaningful change through youth mainstreaming, greater investments and participation in youth development, the raising of the profile and resources of youth ministries and agencies, and the establishment, expansion and strengthening of national youth councils within the Commonwealth.",
"The Commonwealth Heads of Government, through the Plan of Action for Youth Empowerment 2007-2015, identified 13 priority actions for youth empowerment, addressing the Millennium Development Goals and the World Programme of Action for Youth. The Commonwealth will redouble its efforts to ensure that youth empowerment is kept in focus, thus achieving the targets that have been set.",
"The Commonwealth looks forward to the upcoming Commonwealth Youth Forum, alongside the Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting, in Perth, Australia, in October, with a view to working with youth after the International Year of Youth — a time for implementing the Commonwealth’s youth agenda.",
"Let this Assembly commit to the belief that truly there is nothing about youth without youth and that youth is at the centre of development.",
"The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker on this agenda item. The Assembly has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of sub-item (b) of agenda item 27.",
"The meeting rose at 1.20 p.m."
] | A_65_PV.115 | [
"Chairman: Mr. Deiss (Switzerland)",
"In the absence of the President, Mr. Mac-Donald (Suriname), Vice-President, took the Chair.",
"The meeting was called to order at 10.15 a.m.",
"Agenda item 27 (continued)",
"High-level Meeting on Youth",
"Social development",
"(b) Social development, including questions relating to the world social situation and to youth, ageing, disabled persons and the family",
"Mr. Salam (Lebanon) (spoke in Arabic): First of all, I would like to thank the President of the General Assembly for convening this High-level Meeting on Youth, Dialogue and Mutual Understanding, now that the International Year of Youth is coming to an end.",
"Lebanon is located in a region where a fifth of the population is between 15 and 24 years old. More than half of our population is under 25. Many are the major challenges facing youth in the Arab region, with the highest unemployment rate among young people, especially among young women, one of the highest in the world.",
"While real progress has been made in education over the past two decades, the illiteracy rate of over 17 per cent remains worrisomely high among young people. The quality of education is getting worse in many respects. Despite significant health progress, the level of health awareness remains low among young people. Even more dangerous is the sense of marginalization and repression that is spreading in a broad segment of youth due to their low participation in public life, particularly in decision-making processes. These are some of the reasons that explain the waves of youth protests that have taken place in our region in recent decades and the demands for change, particularly since last year.",
"We would like to take this opportunity to emphasize that the aspirations of our young people to participate fully in the construction of their own future are legitimate. The world of tomorrow belongs to them; it cannot be denied. It is not exaggerated to say that the vitality, humanity and inventiveness of young people have the best hopes for their future, for socio-economic and scientific development and for technological innovation.",
"We therefore stress the need for the United Nations, including its specialized agencies, programmes and funds, to continue to support the empowerment of young people and the fulfilment of international obligations, in particular the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In this regard, we emphasize the need for young people to access information and communication technologies and for the United Nations and donor countries to do their best to reduce the digital divide between the North and the South.",
"We hope that young people will continue to work towards the goals of peace: a peace that brings justice and security, that brings a world without weapons of mass destruction. To that end, we must foster a culture of dialogue and mutual understanding among young people at both local and regional and international levels. We express our support for resolution 65/312, which contains the outcome document of the High-level Meeting on Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of San Marino.",
"Mr. Bodini (San Marino): On behalf of the Republic of San Marino, which I have the honour to represent, I wish to express our deepest condolences to the families of the young people who died in Norway a few days ago.",
"I would like to thank the Secretary-General for his leadership in youth issues. I would also like to thank the Permanent Representatives of Austria and Benin for facilitating negotiations on the text of the outcome document of the High-level Meeting on Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding (resolution 65/312), which reaffirms the World Programme of Action for Youth and indicates the way forward to achieve the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals.",
"Today concludes the International Year of Youth, but today also begins a new and stimulating era for the new generation. In the Mediterranean and in many other parts of the world, young people have shown their determination to challenge their governments on the streets and to fight for their legitimate longing for a better and more free future.",
"Did you see our generation taking proper account of your successors? Do we understand the aspirations of our young people? Unfortunately, we haven't done a good job. Millions of young people lack adequate security. Many die from starvation, illness or war. Millions of young people do not have adequate education or have no education. Too many are exploited sexually, well as poorly paid workers, as well as recruits. Many are unemployed or underemployed. Most have precarious jobs.",
"We cannot allow this nightmare to continue. We must revitalize our efforts from North to South, in developed countries as in developing countries. We must act in a coordinated manner to give prosperity and justice to our young people and restore in them a much-needed sense of dignity, before it is too late.",
"We must have a meeting point where all our efforts converge. Non-governmental organizations, schools, universities, enterprises and the public and private sectors of all countries should focus on the following priorities. We must protect our youth, mentally and physically. We must give them effective education and provide them with job security. We must give them a sense of social belonging. We must make them part of the decision-making process.",
"The United Nations is an ideal place to exchange ideas, to help our future generations understand each other and, in doing so, to create a better and more peaceful world.",
"How can we improve the well-being of our children? Reviving family ties and values, and developing social projects where the most disadvantaged are at the heart of our efforts and those of our young people. We can preserve political systems in which human rights are protected, and we can share our experiences without imposing our thinking. At all times, we must motivate and commend the efforts of young people dedicated to helping their less fortunate peers. At all times, we must encourage them to pursue their ideals of peace, freedom and dignity.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Andorra.",
"Mr. Casal de Fonsdeviela (Andorra): Allow me, first of all, to remind the people and the Government of Norway of a tragedy that has especially struck the young, our most condolences but also our strong support. It is painful to have to start a speech about the International Year of Youth with these feelings. Dialogue and mutual understanding, these are the objectives of the International Year of Youth. They are and must remain more than ever and despite everything that has happened.",
"Youth is future, a future that begins in the present, whatever the present, but always to improve it. We will all agree that we live in a transforming world where it is hard to find values and references that help to walk towards the future. If this is true for adults, it is even more so for young people, and of course the economic crisis contributes even more to strengthening the feeling of instability and uncertainty.",
"Young people are again among the main victims of this crisis. Denying access to the labour market to young people is denying them a future and the expectations of being able to fully develop. Paradoxically, it is the young who have the push to get us out of this recession. Therefore, States cannot forget educational programmes, promoting justice, freedom, effort and solidarity.",
"As the Secretary-General has said, it is essential that young people learn to listen to each other with attention, to sympathize, to recognize the existence of divergent views and to resolve conflicts. Young people do not need to tell them what their needs are and what are the recipes to get them. We must provide them with the tools that will enable them to achieve them.",
"In Andorra we believe in guiding principles in youth: youth policies are youth, youth, youth and youth; youth have a single identity formed by many concepts; there is no world of young people separated from the rest of the citizens. Finally, young people must be citizens of our country, but also of the world.",
"(spoke in French)",
"To promote these principles, my Government established the National Youth Forum in Andorra in 2007. This independent youth and youth organization aims to channel its free participation in the political, social, economic and cultural life of the country. This initiative was strengthened by the end of 2009 with the establishment of the Inter-Ministerial Youth Commission, composed of representatives of the Departments of Youth, Higher Education and Research, Culture, Housing, Health, Labour, Interior, Social Welfare and Statistics. The values we promote among young people—consensus, respect and dialogue—are the basic principles of our Youth Act, developed with the consensus of regional institutions and social actors.",
"We are also aware that it is not enough to provide young people with the means to achieve their full development. We must go beyond our borders and participate in international programmes aimed at this collective. Andorra has demonstrated its commitment to youth through, inter alia, a contribution of more than Euro900,000 to the United Nations Youth Fund.",
"We must all continue to value and explore what youth can bring to create a more just and safer world.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran.",
"Mr. Al Habib (Islamic Republic of Iran): I have the honour to make this statement on behalf of the Acting Minister for Youth and Sport of the Islamic Republic of Iran, His Excellency. Mr. Abbasi, who was unfortunately not granted the visa to attend this Meeting.",
"First, I would like to convey my delegation ' s condolences to the people and Government of Norway for the very tragic terrorist incident in which many young people were killed.",
"One of the main criteria for assessing the progress and evolution of a country in the world today is the situation of young people in that country. Undoubtedly, the younger generation is the main potential for progress and dynamism in every society. The non-use or misuse of this potential could have a corrosive effect on the progress of that society. It is therefore reasonable for society to provide young people with adequate education, well-being, leisure, training and training.",
"Sociologists argue that young societies tend to face what they call a “revolution of aspirations.” This generates complexities and difficulties in the normal process of political and economic development, and requires special attention from political leaders and architects to avoid the alienation of young people from society.",
"In the meantime, the relevant support and cooperation of the international community in order to meet the legitimate aspirations of young people are fundamental at a time such as the current one, in which the manipulation of modern art, technology and media, together with the increase of discrimination and inequalities, are some of its main shortcomings.",
"The Iranian society, in which young people constitute nearly 60 per cent of the population, is, according to sociologists, one of the youngest societies in the world. Accordingly, meeting the needs and aspirations of youth has been and remains one of the main priorities of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this regard, the statute of the Higher Youth Council was adopted in 1992 with the aim of coordinating and monitoring the role and functioning of institutions and youth organizations and preparing the ground for new social centres that stimulate the creativity and potential of young people in the field of culture, science and sport and give them opportunities for work, facilities for marriage, etc.",
"The National Youth Organization is another primary body responsible for implementing policies in this area. In fact, a number of initiatives have been taken to help young people develop their full potential.",
"I am indeed pleased to inform the Assembly that, in order to institutionalize this noble objective of meeting the demands and aspirations of youth, the Ministry of Youth and Sport has been established in recent months at the level of government ministry in the Islamic Republic of Iran. This is expected to be a significant development on the integration and effectiveness of national youth plans.",
"In addition, according to the growing attention given to this issue by regional and international agencies, the first Ministerial Meeting of the Organization for Economic Cooperation (OCE) on Youth Affairs was held in Tehran on 29 and 30 November 2010, sponsored by the National Youth Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran in collaboration with the ECO Cultural Institute.",
"Our most recent national experience has shown that if young generation has opportunities and opportunities, regardless of barriers, it can make great strides in different fields, such as biotechnology, medicine, nuclear and aerospace science, to mention just a few. Our progress is a reflection of the power in our society of the younger generation and the ineffectiveness of challenges such as sanctions against the firm determination of youth, provided that it is determined to determine its own future.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Cuba.",
"Mr. Benítez Versón (Cuba): Meeting to talk about youth is meeting to talk about the future of humanity and the planet. But young people are not only the future; they are also the present. That is why it is necessary to act without further delay to address the serious problems affecting world youth.",
"With more than 1.2 billion, there are currently more young people in the world than ever before in the history of humanity. 85 per cent live in developing countries. In 2025 there will be around 72 million young people more than today.",
"Youth is undoubtedly a formidable force to confront the colossal challenges of today. But young people can only be a driving force if they have health, education and jobs. To develop all their potential, young people need a world of peace. They have the right to be protected and fully integrated into mechanisms for citizen participation and decision-making. They have the right to live in a world without war or violence. They want and deserve the option of a better future.",
"This is how they learned at the World Youth and Students Festival, a momentous event held in South Africa last December, where more than 15,000 young people from 136 nations gathered.",
"Very different is the reality of young Cubans regarding what happens in much of the world. Cuban youth, which represents 20 per cent of our population, has extensive protection and actively participates in the direction of society and the State. More than 50% of the state budget in Cuba is intended for health, education, assistance, social security and culture.",
"The existence in our country of a totally free and recognized health system and the universal and equally free character of education are essential pillars of the humanistic conception of the Cuban Revolution. Education for children and young people with special educational needs reaches 100% in Cuba. The population literacy rate between 15 and 49 years is 99.6 per cent. Cuba has a strong legal and institutional system for the protection of children and youth from violence, abuse, ill-treatment and discrimination.",
"Even with these advances, we do not pretend perfect. Much remains to be done.",
"The achievements have been possible despite the enormous obstacles. The criminal economic, commercial and financial embargo of the United States Government against Cuba for more than half a century, terrorist attacks and acts and the ongoing policy of anti-Cuban hostility of the successive U.S. administrations deny Cuban youth the possibility of developing in a more favourable social environment.",
"In these difficult circumstances, Cuba has not only achieved significant achievements; we have also shared what we have and not what we have left. More than 55,000 students from 135 countries have graduated from Cuba since 1961. Currently, 26,000 young people from Latin America and the Caribbean and Africa are studying for free in Cuba. Of these, 22,000 study medical careers. At present, some 57,000 Cuban collaborators serve in more than 98 countries.",
"In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that youth is, by definition, revolutionary. That is why we are optimistic and fully trust that youth will find the paths of change that urge humanity to achieve a better world.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Colombia.",
"Mr. Ruiz (Colombia): Colombia expresses its deepest condolences to the people and Government of Norway and condemns the brutal attacks like those that have just suffered dozens of young people from that nation.",
"My country is grateful to the United Nations for organizing this High-level Meeting on Youth and for its valuable work in convening, managing and promoting critical issues affecting the young population of the world, such as strengthening international cooperation for youth through dialogue, mutual understanding and active participation in achieving social integration, employment and poverty eradication. It also believed that Member States, civil society organizations, international cooperation organizations and the United Nations system had made an effort to promote the development and active participation of young people in society. Examples include the World Programme of Action for Youth and World Conferences on the theme.",
"Colombia—whose population under the age of 25 is now a little over 50 per cent—is satisfied with the statement produced by this fundamental meeting (resolution 65/312). We believe it will be a bastion to strengthen policies, programs, actions and results for the young population of the planet. In addition, in this idea of strengthening, Colombia calls for more concrete and effective actions to materialize the rights of young people and to make youth visible as an essential sectoral axis for the development of comprehensive and intergenerational policies, for which the emergence of a United Nations youth agency would be of great relevance.",
"This would lead to ensuring a synchrony of actions of cooperation and implementation in favour of young people, without that it means supplicating governmental responsibilities and competences on the subject. On the contrary, the creation of a United Nations youth agency would result, at the level of each nation, in greater commitment and support for the institutional strengthening of national youth systems, as well as in the generation of more timely local commitments in this regard.",
"In addition, Colombia believes that a greater articulation and integration of the United Nations system in the field of youth, focusing on an agency, promotes effective participation of young people in decision-making bodies; this does not ignore the important work carried out by the World Programme of Action for Youth, an essential basis for continuing to promote.",
"The logic of public youth policies should be aimed at ensuring human development planning from a life-cycle and intergenerational perspective that would maximize investment in adolescents and take advantage of the demographic bonus.",
"Colombia would like to highlight the work it has developed in the implementation of ratified international agreements, such as those adopted at the summit in San Salvador, which has generated approaches that call for greater public and private institutionality committed to the development of children, adolescents and young people and that have led to decision-making and public policy actions aimed in the short, medium and long term.",
"In this regard, Colombia has made such actions as the establishment of conditions for the achievement of universal guarantees in the effective enjoyment of the rights of young people or for their re-establishment when they have been stripped; the reduction and elimination in the long term of the conditions that limit the equitable access of young people to a diverse offer of their rights, allowing their participation in the definition and provision of the services they want or require; the creation or expansion of opportunities for the development of the capital",
"Finally, Colombia calls on the Ibero-American States to ratify the commitments made at the summit of heads of State of Santo Domingo in 2010.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Madagascar.",
"Mr. Andrianarivelo-Razafy (Madagascar) (spoke in French): First of all, the Government of Madagascar conveys its sincere condolences to the Government and people of Norway for the horrific massacre of innocent people, which goes against the dialogue and mutual understanding we promote.",
"Young people are an important pillar of our development. In that regard, I would like to congratulate the President on this excellent initiative, which will undoubtedly redraft the measures already taken to place young people at the heart of any dialogue, every decision and every effort at the local, national, regional and international levels.",
"Madagascar fully subscribes to the statement made at the 112th meeting on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.",
"As we approach the end of the International Year of Youth, it is more urgent than ever to multiply commitments for active and dynamic youth, associated and fully engaged in efforts for dialogue and mutual understanding among generations, cultures and peoples, as well as to strengthen the effective implementation of those commitments.",
"Global development will not be effective or tangible if youth does not flourish and develop. Unfortunately, reality is completely different. Every day, there are young people, particularly those in the South, who face great challenges: unemployment, limited and even non-existent access to education and health systems, socio-economic instability caused by various conflicts and exposure to drugs, prostitution and sexual violence, modern slavery and many others.",
"We have a duty to find durable solutions to such challenges. That's why we're gathered here. Governments and civil society actors, particularly young people, should work together to find the way forward. The theme chosen for this Meeting and for the International Year of Youth — dialogue and mutual understanding — is perfectly consistent with the absolute need to act together in favour of understanding and respect for our diversity.",
"The Malagasy population is just under 22 million, of which 6 million — or 31 per cent — are young people between 10 and 24 years of age. The Government of Madagascar, with the support of its partners and friendly countries, spares no effort to place its youth at the centre of its priorities. To that end, he directed his efforts to create conditions conducive to the full development of Malagasy youth, through a well-defined and well-defined legal and technical framework, as well as through his national youth policy.",
"For example, Madagascar has established a National Youth Institute, which organizes various courses, and the Ministry of Youth and Leisure has launched a community awareness programme on adolescent reproductive health. The Government of Madagascar has also established a youth investment fund and has undertaken a number of projects aimed at promoting youth development and strengthening its leadership in the country ' s national life. Our National Youth Council, at the local, regional and national levels, also reinforces youth structures and institutions. Our youth centres, which exist throughout the island, and that the Government has strived to improve over the past two years, are an important tool for the intellectual and social development of young people.",
"Apart from this, Madagascar—which has not been rid of the scourge of human trafficking, whose victims are mostly young—has instituted a national programme to combat human slavery and trafficking in human beings among young people. To combat sexually transmitted diseases, which affect youth in particular, we have undertaken a number of awareness-raising and support measures, such as an anonymous, confidential and free hotline for young people in the 22 regions of Madagascar.",
"Our population is mainly rural, and the Government has just launched a rural youth development project to support and encourage young agricultural entrepreneurs. Youth discussion clubs in 20 regions of Madagascar, with members between 13 and 24 years of age, have been in operation since 2007, enabling youth to express their views and exchange views on important issues such as environmental protection, education and peace through weekly radio broadcasts.",
"The Government of Madagascar welcomes resolution 65/312, adopted by this High-level Meeting, and calls upon the international community to ensure the implementation of its commitments, in particular the World Programme of Action for Youth. We also urge Member States to increase their support for youth through national policies and measures.",
"The number of young people in the world continues to increase, and their needs are immense. The mobilization of resources must be a reality. Financial and technical support to youth at all levels should be maintained and increased, particularly in developing countries, such as Madagascar, in order to ensure genuine youth development and to provide the real possibility of taking the lead in lasting and equitable development.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Pakistan.",
"Mr. Raza Tarar (Pakistan): I take this opportunity to convey on behalf of the people and Government of Pakistan our sincere and condolences to the people of Norway for the terrorist incidents of last Friday. Such abhorrent acts only strengthen our determination to combat terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.",
"Pakistan subscribes to the statement made by Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China at the 112th meeting.",
"Today ' s meeting is of particular importance in view of the endless problems that plague humanity. Hunger, disease, climate change, terrorism, unfulfilled promises of disarmament and multiple global crises are added to a depressing picture. Only through dialogue and mutual understanding can we work in harmony to realize our common goals. Therefore, the theme of this Meeting is very well attended. Pakistan is fully in favour of educating youth on the ideals of peace, justice, tolerance and solidarity to lay the foundations for a peaceful world and achieve the goals of progress and development.",
"With a population of over 173 million, Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world. It is estimated that 104 million Pakistanis are under 30 years old. This large increase in the youth population entails challenges and opportunities. Our young people are our greatest resource. To mobilize its true potential, the Government of Pakistan has taken several measures and initiatives to enable our young people to play their role in the socio-economic development of Pakistan.",
"The National Youth Policy, launched in 2008, aims to empower young people and provide them with economic opportunities by integrating different youth programmes at the federal and provincial levels. Special emphasis is placed on addressing the needs of girls and young people with disabilities. It is also worth mentioning our National Professional and Technical Education Commission, which encourages the young working population by mobilizing funds and technical training, sponsored by the private sector and civil society organizations. In addition, the National Fellowship Programme, through funded scholarships, allows new graduates to work in different public sector organizations, so that they are more likely to obtain employment.",
"Recent events in many parts of the world show that young people are a catalyst for political and social change. The voice of young women and young people must be felt and respected. Their expectations and aspirations must be met by involving them in the decision-making process and by allowing them to determine their future and the future of the world. While the primary responsibility for ensuring the development of young people is for specific States through their overall development strategies and policies, international cooperation remains useful in harnessing the potential of youth, and in particular in ensuring equitable distribution of global resources and promoting non-discriminatory policies.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Costa Rica.",
"Mr. Ulibarri (Costa Rica): Costa Rica welcomes the holding of this High-level Meeting as a diplomatic and political hub of the International Year of Youth.",
"Young people constitute an inescapable reality full of energy and hope. As such, they must be considered in all our policies and actions, both at the national and multilateral levels.",
"Costa Rica believes that it is the responsibility of each State to recognize, promote and defend the fundamental rights of young people, within the framework of the overall impetus to human rights. Respect for their rights and the opening of opportunities derived from them are key to the eradication of poverty, injustice, intolerance and inequality; also, to create opportunities for self-realization among young people.",
"These convictions are the basis on which, in our country, a pioneering legislation for the young population, which establishes the national youth system. The system combines the institutionality of the State with the organized participation of civil society. The public youth policy is proposed by the State, but discussed and adopted in all its scope by an organ of which youth representatives are part of.",
"In order to meet the demands and proposals of our young population, in recent years the Costa Rican State, from an inclusive, democratic and free vision of society, has focused its actions on areas such as promoting entrepreneurship, generating employment opportunities, the right to recreation and comprehensive health care. To this is added a robust commitment to education, which is an essential part of our national identity and policies.",
"In youth, as in so many others, national responsibilities prevail. But the involvement of the international community in implementing the outcome document of this meeting is also essential (resolution 65/312), as well as the implementation of the World Programme of Action for Youth. We consider it extremely important to establish a matrix of indicators related to the World Programme of Action for Youth and the goals and objectives proposed in the outcome document. It will be of particular relevance to the implementation of the commitments set out in the outcome document regarding the promotion of gender equality and equity, and the recognition of the particular vulnerability of girls and young women. The document we adopt condemns, with all ownership, the recruitment and use of young people in armed conflict. Costa Rica also considers the recruitment of young people for drug trafficking and organized crime.",
"The theme of this International Youth Year, “Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding”, requires that we turn our eyes to education, with a sense of respect for young people, their rights and duties. A comprehensive education depends, to a large extent, on training in values such as dialogue to resolve differences, based on the search for mutual understanding.",
"We particularly welcome, in this regard, the resolution on human rights education and training adopted by the Human Rights Council on 23 March (Human Rights Council resolution 16/1). This resolution was submitted by Costa Rica, Slovenia, Italy, Morocco, Senegal and Switzerland, countries that form the Platform for Human Rights Education and Training. Its main objective is to develop a universal culture of human rights, according to which each individual is aware of his or her rights and responsibility towards others, and to promote the development of persons as responsible members of an inclusive, free, tolerant, peaceful and pluralistic society. We welcome how this premise was incorporated into the outcome document of this meeting.",
"Our country reiterates the importance of the adoption by the General Assembly of the draft resolution proposed by the Human Rights Council, in accordance with that resolution of the Human Rights Council, and in follow-up to resolution 60/251.",
"There is no more criminal example of intolerance and of disrespect for life and dignity than terrorism, especially when it is central to young people. For this reason, Costa Rica strongly condemns the terrorist acts carried out in Norway last Tuesday. Its main victims were the young people who, because of their commitment to society, participated in a Labour Party camp on Utøya Island. Our solidarity with the families of the victims and with the Norwegian Government and people. We know that they will challenge this tragedy with an even deeper commitment to tolerance and freedom.",
"I conclude by urging all States to implement the premises agreed upon in the outcome document of this meeting. This will be the best way for all young people to have opportunities to enhance their capacities, energy and enthusiasm in the great tasks of humanity.",
"The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of Portugal.",
"Mr. Moraes Cabral (Portugal): I would like to congratulate President Deiss on organizing this High-level Meeting, which will end the International Year of Youth. We would also like to thank the two facilitators, Ambassadors Thomas Mayr-Harting of Austria and Jean-Francis Régis Zinsou of Benin, for their excellent work through which a consensus outcome document has been achieved (resolution 65/312).",
"We are pleased to note that the High-level Meeting strongly reiterates the World Programme of Action for Youth, including its 15 interrelated priority areas. Portugal reiterates its commitment to promote and implement the World Programme of Action for Youth and to achieve the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. We stress the need to strengthen international cooperation to support national efforts to implement the Global Programme of Action and call on all Member States to continue to apply it as a unified set of guiding principles for youth-related policies and programmes at the national, regional and international levels.",
"Portugal ' s commitment to the development and implementation of youth-related policies and programmes is unquestionable. I recall that it was based on a recommendation made at the first World Conference of Ministers Responsible for Youth, held in Lisbon in 1998, that the General Assembly declared on 12 August International Youth Day. Our objective is to strengthen youth-related policies and programmes, as well as to ensure the transectorial participation of young people as important actors and active actors in all national, regional and international policy decision-making measures affecting them.",
"Last year, we created the National Commission for the International Year of Youth, composed of government representatives and youth organizations, which launched a very complete schedule of activities across the country to address issues such as entrepreneurship and innovation, rights and equality, culture and diversity and youth empowerment and democracy. In that context, I would like to highlight the Second National Forum of Young Immigrant Descendants and the African Diaspora, which was held in Portugal in February and which we believe contributed to the promotion of a number of youth issues.",
"During the next session of the General Assembly, Portugal will again present, in the Third Committee, together with Moldova and Senegal, its biennial draft resolution on youth policies and programmes. We also introduced and facilitated the resolution on the subject during the last session of the Commission for Social Development in February.",
"I would like to reiterate the importance of young people as active actors in dialogue, positive change and development in global society and their role in promoting tolerance and mutual understanding. However, one of the main obstacles preventing young people from fully assuming their role remains violence, of which they are the main objectives and to which, on so many different occasions and in so different ways, they are exposed with particular gravity. Violence and exploitation of children and young people in their multiple forms are one of the most important challenges facing the international community. That's why we have to stop them.",
"Portugal strongly supports the universal campaign to ratify the two Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child: the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and the Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict. We encourage all Member States that are not yet parties to sign and ratify the Optional Protocols during the high-level segment of the General Assembly in September. We hope that this International Year will also contribute to this goal.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Kazakhstan.",
"Mrs. Aitimova (Kazakhstan): First of all, I would like to express my country ' s solidarity with the Government of Norway and its people. Last week, on the same day of the attacks, my President conveyed his condolences and those of all the people of Kazakhstan for that tragedy. I was very saddened by myself; what crime could be greater than atrocities committed against young people and children? This meeting is therefore highly timely.",
"Kazakhstan welcomes the progress made in the effective implementation of the World Programme of Action for Youth to the Year 2000 and Beyond, which represents an important road map. However, much more needs to be done to ensure closer monitoring and evaluation of how youth issues are incorporated into national policies to ensure the incorporation of our future leaders into the political, social, economic and cultural life of each of our Member States and their development programmes. We must also ensure greater integration of youth issues into efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, so that young people can be included in the existing order and can serve as agents of social transformation.",
"My delegation calls for greater coherence and coordination of the entire United Nations system and the streamlining of the youth work of the 34 agencies focusing on the least developed countries and conflict areas, particularly in the areas of youth and girls. We therefore call on Member States to provide increased funding and resources support to enable technical guidance and capacity-building to implement the World Programme of Action for Youth.",
"In view of the tragedy that occurred last week, every effort should be made to monitor social media and channel the energy of young people, as well as to finance youth movements that promote harmony.",
"During the International Year of Youth, Kazakhstan has implemented a multidimensional, interdisciplinary and youth-oriented national policy. Particular attention has been paid to increasing social protection, reducing unemployment and increasing educational opportunities for young people. According to my President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, the socialization of young people, the formation of progressive attitudes and the transmission of modern values to the young generation are fundamental to national development. The country therefore adopted the 2011-2020 State Education Programme and a plan of action with measures and services with a vision of the future, including the establishment of a modern and innovative New University. Quality education for young people is a prerequisite for socio-economic well-being, and spending on education is considered a priority in my country ' s state budget.",
"Kazakhstan established a Youth Policy Council, under the auspices of the President, to mobilize youth participation in the national decision-making and policy-making process. In addition, a national project on the reserve of young talent was launched with the aim of promoting decent employment for young people in public administration and in the social, political and economic spheres. Since 2005, the youth workers' movement, Green Country, has been playing an important role in relation to the country's ecological issues and environmental policy.",
"Kazakhstan reiterates its firm commitment to promote dialogue and mutual understanding by addressing the challenges facing youth and contributing to multilateral efforts to give young people the right place for them as one of our most valuable resources.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Israel.",
"Mr. Prosor: I would like to begin by offering my Government ' s condolences to the people and Government of Norway following last week ' s heinous attacks in Oslo and Utøya. The victims of this tragedy, mostly young people, remain present in our thoughts and prayers.",
"There is a Jewish story about a man who sowed an algarrobo, a tree characterized by fruit only after 70 years. When he was asked if he believed he would live to eat the fruit of the tree, the man replied: “I am doing what my ancestors did. Just as they sowed a bullock for me, I will be one for my children.”",
"The commitment of one generation to the next is the basis of strong and healthy societies. Protecting, integrating and empowering young people is a fundamental obligation of every State. We must not overlook the youth who are marginalized.",
"Over the past 20 years, Israel has developed a comprehensive approach to meeting the needs of young people at risk through significant legislative achievements and increased public awareness. In 2008, Israel launched a national programme for children and young people at risk covering five government ministries. This initiative has promoted a number of unique projects aimed at reincorporating young people at risk to the community, including through professional and business training. These programmes are designed to meet the needs of Israel ' s demographic diversity, including immigrants from around the world.",
"Israel strongly supports the World Programme of Action for Youth to the Year 2000 and Beyond. It was the largest document on the issue of youth at the time of its adoption in 1995. Sixteen years later, it remains in force, providing a policy framework for action both at the national and international levels to improve the situation of young people.",
"At the international level, the International Development Cooperation Agency of Israel (MASHAV) has trained hundreds of thousands of educators and youth around the world. For example, the International Training Centre of Mount Carmel, which belongs to the MASHAV, has been cooperating for a decade with the Organization of American States to introduce entrepreneurship as a self-help tool for young people in the Americas. The project has trained more than 22,000 people in 29 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean islands.",
"In the past year, many courses have been held in English and Spanish in the framework of the United Nations International Year for Youth on topics such as business skills for youth and business management for youth.",
"Israel strongly supports paragraph 28 (h) of the outcome document (High-level Meeting on Youth resolution 65/312), which underlines the need to protect and incite and exploit young people affected by terrorism. Israel knows those problems too well. Combating terrorism requires vigilance, determination and collective action by the international community. We must focus on the promotion of cultures of tolerance and mutual understanding, not violence and hatred, to put an end to the incitement of young people who are too common in many parts of the world.",
"Many of the main lines of separation we see today in the world are not among civilizations, but rather between generations. Facebook, Twitter and other diverse tools generate exponential changes and provide new opportunities for people to interact, learn and grow. Those who have grown up in the digital era will serve as a bridge to the future.",
"This has been demonstrated in Israel, where our younger brains are powerful forces of innovation. The youth that would have grown oranges now produces Orange cells. Those who would have grown apples now design Apple computers.",
"The challenges before the international community urge us to take advantage of the creativity of the next generation. We must strengthen and encourage all our young people to assume their responsibility in the global community and to take advantage of the opportunities and use the new technologies before us to create a more prosperous, more tolerant and more peaceful world.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Bangladesh.",
"Mr. Mahmood (Bangladesh): I would like to begin by conveying our deepest condolences to the families of the 68 victims of the horrific massacre in Norway last week. Every life on Earth is precious, and it causes us great sadness to note that most of the deceased were young people attending a summer youth camp.",
"Bangladesh welcomes the holding of this High-level Meeting on Youth and the adoption of the outcome document (resolution 65/312). Young people are the most important resource in a country. The development and prosperity of a country depends, above all, on the positive activities of its youth.",
"In 1981, the Department for Youth Development was established in Bangladesh to integrate young people from our country into the mainstream of our national development process by providing them with appropriate development guidance, motivation and training as needed. In order for unemployed youth to participate in the national development process, the Department has implemented comprehensive motivational programmes, capacity-building training, self-employment, microcredit support and community development, so that trained youth can undertake self-employment projects with a view to reducing poverty.",
"In Bangladesh, up to June 2010, about 3,43 million young people were trained in different sectors, in particular computer science, including the Internet and networking; graphic design and video editing; livestock, poultry, fish farming, fish farming and agriculture; tailoring; block print, fabric dyeing techniques and screen printing; electronics and household and household and cableing;",
"The average income of a self-employed young person is between $20 and $670 a month. In some cases, successful youth who work on their own earn more than $1,300 per month in a country where the average per capita income is only $670 per year. On the other hand, a large number of trained young people have obtained jobs in different organizations of the country and abroad. As of May 2010, $120 million had been disbursed under a microcredit programme for the establishment or expansion of self-employment projects. The loan recovery rate is almost 90 per cent.",
"In accordance with its electoral programme, the current Government has introduced a national service programme to facilitate employment for unemployed youth who have completed secondary education. They are hired for two years on a temporary basis. Three poverty-affected districts were initially selected. Unemployed youth receive three months of basic training on 10 selected modules and are then directed to different national consolidation departments, autonomous agencies or local government bodies, among others.",
"Currently, voluntary and governmental youth organizations also play an important role in rural development. To promote the active participation of youth organizations in the development process, the Department for Youth Development has taken steps to collaborate with youth organizations. The Department has already initiated partnerships with nearly 14,000 youth organizations.",
"On 12 August 2010, the International Youth Day was celebrated in Bangladesh with due solemnity. At the national level, the Day began with a concentration of people followed by a seminar on dialogue and mutual understanding, in line with the theme chosen for the International Year of Youth. A good number of youth leaders participated in the opening and closing ceremonies of the 11th edition of the South Asian Games and in the inaugural ceremony of the Cricket World Cup recently held in Dhaka.",
"In conclusion, I would like to reiterate the commitment of the Government of Bangladesh to make young people today the most productive sector in tomorrow ' s society and to ensure that the Government is increasingly placing greater emphasis on meeting the education and training needs of young people, encouraging their moral development and adopting measures within their limited resources available to create employment opportunities.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Russian Federation.",
"Mr. Karev (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): The delegation of the Russian Federation is pleased to join the adoption by consensus of the outcome document of the High-level Meeting on Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding (resolution 65/312). We would like to express our appreciation to the coordinators and all participants in the negotiating process. Thanks to its constructive and fundamental approach, we were able to reach agreement on the outcome document that accommodates the interests of all States.",
"Today ' s meeting, culminating in the International Year of Youth, is a way not only to assess the results of growing understanding and attention to the interests of young people, but also to increase the active participation of young people in all spheres of life and to provide them with a way of training themselves. It is also a launch platform to define the goals of the future.",
"The Russian Federation attached great importance to the issue of young people. Of these, there are 40 million in our country, representing approximately 27% of the population. Let us not forget that, although young people are among the most active participants in society, they are the most severely affected by the consequences of different types of crises. Young people, at the beginning of their life trajectory, often cannot cope with those consequences.",
"In addition to enjoying great mobility, young people are easily able to adapt to new conditions and acquire new knowledge. Good evidence of this is the role that young people have played in recent world events. There are also high hopes for young people as the main engine for overcoming the adverse effects of the financial and economic crisis. That is precisely why the Russian Federation deals with young generations as long-term investment in a stable and prosperous society.",
"The implementation of coordinated policies in this regard has been undertaken by the Ministry of Sport, Tourism and Youth Policy of the Russian Federation. The Federal Agency for Youth Affairs also depends on the Ministry. It is a national agency of the State whose activities focus on developing the potential of youth in Russia.",
"Our country ' s policies and programmes aimed at ensuring the interests and rights of young people are in line with the priorities of the United Nations, including the World Programme of Action for Youth. The priorities formed the basis for the events that took place in 2009 in the context of the Youth Year in Russia, which sought to strengthen the professional and creative potential of young people, promote a moral and healthy lifestyle, and cultivate the ideals of peace and understanding among peoples.",
"Since 1993, on 27 June each year we have celebrated Youth Day in Russia, which held meetings, concerts, sporting and other events throughout the country. On 27 June this year, a meeting was held between the Ministry of Sport, Tourism and Youth Policy of the Russian Federation with the leaders of youth movements, in which the discussions focused, inter alia, on the International Year of Youth.",
"Current economic and social conditions require special attention to issues related to improving the well-being of young people, addressing issues such as vocational placement and stable employment. In this regard, the specific federal programme, Youth in Russia 2011-2015, will constitute a key document in the next five years. This document aims to create conditions conducive to positive socialization and effective training for young people, encouraging their participation in the social and political life of the country, and taking advantage of their potential to promote innovation in our country.",
"The International Year has been a surprising demonstration that young people are not only recipients of State aid, but in turn can also contribute to their countries and the international community as a whole. The Year also showed the need to create an environment where young people can be integrated into all areas of social life in order to increase their contribution to the social and economic development of States.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Slovenia.",
"Mrs. Štiglic (Slovenia): First of all, let me express my country ' s condolences to the people and Government of Norway following the tragic loss of all these young people by an absurd and unimaginable act of terrorism.",
"Slovenia associates itself with the statement made on behalf of the European Union.",
"The future of our societies depends on the future of our young people. In particular, it depends on what political leaders can do to enable young people to participate in society, ensure quality education, ensure health services and create employment opportunities. The current financial and economic crises have had a strong impact on young people, leaving many of them unemployed and in poverty. In turn, this affects their social inclusion, which is key to the sustainability, stability and prosperity of societies.",
"Young people have to participate in decision-making processes, including through youth-led organizations. These organizations not only represent the voice of youth, but are also important forums for the promotion of tolerance, dialogue and mutual understanding. It is therefore important to strengthen the role of youth and youth-led organizations and to support their increasing participation in the development of strategies and policies at all levels and on all issues, such as sustainable development, climate change and human rights.",
"We must, first of all, improve cooperation between youth organizations or platforms in different regions through concrete and grass-roots projects and programmes that directly involve young people. Unregulated education should be considered a fundamental tool to that end.",
"In its work with young people, Slovenia is taking advantage of its long-standing tradition. We encourage youth development and social integration, personal growth and youth autonomy through various programmes and projects. The Slovenian Government encourages the creation of conditions to include young people in social and political life and thus co-finances the activities of numerous youth and youth working organizations.",
"Numerous participatory structures have been created for children and young people. Young people have their own youth organizations that present their views in decision-making processes at the national and local levels. For example, the Youth Parliament initiative, where students can speak in public, is a fundamental manifestation of child participation in social and political processes.",
"In addition, the Government has established two consultative bodies comprising representatives of youth organizations and various ministries on an equal basis. They propose measures and monitor the consideration of the interests of young people in various public policies at the national level, and in particular promote youth participation in these processes.",
"Finally, but not least, the relevance of voluntary work is highly valued in Slovenia. We are firmly convinced that volunteerism contributes to the strengthening of social capital, promotes peace and solidarity, and opens new avenues for sustainable socio-economic development. The role of young volunteers is an effective tool for the empowerment of young people, as it allows them to develop their professional qualifications, academic knowledge and specific skills, contributes to their future work and employment possibilities, and strengthens their integration and social cohesion.",
"Young people are a force for change. Despite the growing recognition of their needs, they are still marginalized and ignored in many parts of the world. We must fulfil our obligations and build a prosperous future through the mobilization of all political forces and instruments and the implementation of the World Programme of Action for Youth. We must also achieve universal ratification of international instruments, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocols. In that regard, Slovenia strongly supported the campaign for universal ratification of the Optional Protocols by 2012.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Togo.",
"Mr. Menan (Togo) (spoke in French): First of all, I would like to convey to the Assembly the warm and cordial sentiments of the Togolese authorities, in particular the President of the Republic, who is one of the world ' s youngest heads of State.",
"I would also like to express to the President of the General Assembly and to the facilitators, the Ambassadors of Benin and Austria, the deep appreciation of my Government for its exemplary role in organizing this meeting. This meeting gives us a good opportunity to assess the situation of young people, a social group that represents a majority of the world's population.",
"The International Year of Youth declared by the United Nations, which began on 12 August 2010, was designed to encourage Member States to intensify their efforts to improve dialogue and mutual understanding among young people, promote their participation at all levels and work to eliminate all obstacles they face. In that regard, the main activities undertaken in Togo were aimed at finding innovative solutions to address the problem of unemployment, thereby increasing the vulnerability of young people and preventing them from realizing their potential. Our activities also aim to improve the institutional framework to promote youth participation in all national decision-making and public affairs processes.",
"Institutional measures include the establishment in 2005 of a ministerial department dedicated specifically to youth issues and youth employment, the adoption of a national youth policy in 2007 and the establishment and implementation of the National Youth Council in Togo in 2008. More recently, in order to promote inclusive dialogue and exchanges among young people themselves, on the one hand, and between youth and government authorities, on the other, the Government decided to establish the National Youth Forum. The first Forum was held from 18 to 20 April and provided an opportunity to examine thoroughly the situation of young people in Togo in the light of their new civil commitment. In order to ensure the lasting impact of that initiative, the Forum will be held every two years.",
"With regard to the promotion of specific issues affecting young people, in particular those relating to youth employment and social inclusion, the Togolese Government has increased programmes and projects aimed at expanding opportunities and youth employment, in both wage and self-employment sectors. Emphasis was placed on the promotion of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, which are recognized as job creators, through the establishment of mechanisms to facilitate access to credit for young people.",
"In addition, two years ago we launched a long-range programme to promote civic responsibility and the active participation of young people. The programme has been implemented with the participation of youth, youth organizations and local communities.",
"Despite all regional, national and international initiatives, Togo believes that only increased solidarity within an international partnership will enable us to achieve the goals of the International Year of Youth and follow up on the World Programme of Action for Youth. His delegation therefore called on all States and parties concerned to take into account the wise words of an eminent Togolese statesman, who said that no sacrifice was too great if it was done for the future of our youth. The outcome document adopted by the Assembly on 26 July (resolution 65/312) provides an opportunity to continue our actions in order to provide timely solutions to the multiple challenges facing young people.",
"In conclusion, we again express our solidarity and condolences to the Government and people of Norway following the tragic and painful events in which peaceful young people of that country were victims. Togo condemns those acts of terrorism which, unfortunately, perpetrated persons without morals or law.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.",
"Mr. Valero Briceño (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela): Venezuela reiterates its rejection of terrorism and all forms of violence, and extends its message of solidarity to the relatives of the victims, the Norwegian people and its authorities at this infamous moment that brings the country together.",
"My delegation thanks the President of the Assembly for organizing this event. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela subscribes to the statement made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.",
"On 21 October 2009, the People ' s Power for Youth Act was adopted in Venezuela, extending the rights and duties of young people in the different areas of their social development. On 7 July 2011, the President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Mr. Hugo Chávez Frías announced the creation of the Ministry of People's Power for Youth, as part of the actions aimed at consolidating youth popular power.",
"Venezuela believes that education is the foundation of social transformations and is an instrument for the liberation of peoples. In that regard, my country guarantees the inclusion of all young people in the educational system. By 1999 there were 200,000 university students in Venezuela; there are currently 2.5 million. More than 9.3 million Venezuelans, approximately 33% of Venezuelans, have access to the service of communication and information technologies, particularly the Internet.",
"Article 79 of the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela recognizes young people as active subjects of development. The Youth Act expands and develops this provision, establishing the National Youth Council as a space for the participation of this sector of the population. Over the past 12 years, and in the framework of the Bolivarian Revolution, policies aimed at the empowerment of young people have been created and deepened; a large percentage of them have high responsibilities in the organs of popular power. Our country hosted the Latin American and Caribbean Meeting of Youth for Peace and Sovereignty, held from 28 to 30 June this year. At that meeting, young people pledged to fight for our region to be a zone of peace and development.",
"The achievements made in Venezuela by young people in the fields of arts, science, culture and sport are palpable and irrefutable during these years of the Bolivarian Revolution. That is why Venezuela is the fifth country in the world with the highest number of university students. The prestige of the Simon Bolivar Youth Orchestra System is recognized in the world. Venezuela is the most preseased country in the Fourth Sports Games of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America, which are currently being held in our country. Venezuela has emerged, as demonstrated by its recent participation in the Football Cup of the Americas, as one of the main football teams in our region.",
"We call upon all nations to make available to new generations all the necessary tools that guarantee a humanly rewarding life for all the inhabitants of planet Earth and to live in harmony between them and in communion with nature.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of the United Republic of Tanzania.",
"Mr. Sefue (United Republic of Tanzania): I commend the President of the General Assembly and his Office for the leadership they are demonstrating. I assure you of the full and sustained support and cooperation of my delegation. Like others, I would like to express Tanzania ' s solidarity and condolences to the people of Norway, and I would like to join other speakers in denouncing such cowardly and atrocious acts of terrorism and intolerance as strongly as possible.",
"My delegation associates itself with the statements made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China and the representative of Namibia on behalf of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Tanzania supports the SADC proposal to create a United Nations youth entity.",
"Of all continents, Africa is the one with the youngest population. That is a great resource for the good of Africa and the world. However, in order for this resource to bear fruit, we need to prepare young people to be the leaders we want them to be, that is, leaders of responsible governments and entrepreneurs, able to respond for their actions and to act democratically. My Government believes that young people are not only the leaders of tomorrow, but they can be the leaders of today and make an important contribution to building their countries by working with their elders.",
"Through affirmative action, youth of both sexes are represented in Tanzania ' s decision-making bodies, including Parliament. Tanzania has also formulated a series of policies, strategies and plans with clear objectives and measurable goals that offer new opportunities for young people. We continue to invest heavily in improving the quality of education and access to educational and training institutions at all levels. With the support of the International Labour Organization, we are fighting against the worst forms of child labour.",
"We are also focused on the health and vitality of our youth, in particular by working to prevent early pregnancy and prevent HIV/AIDS and other infectious and non-infectious diseases. We have established a development fund for young people, and we are promoting the creation of savings and credit societies and the implementation of microcredit programmes that provide access for young people to concessionary investment financing. We are promoting youth employment in agriculture and non-agricultural services in rural areas so that young people can find a better life within their communities. We are participating in regional programmes dealing with all these issues, and we are grateful to bilateral and multilateral partners who support our national and regional programmes. We have their sustained and expanded support.",
"The globalization and technology that drives it have placed young people around the world in a global village, giving them a keen awareness of where they are and where they might be. Globalization promotes and promotes aspirations, both political and economic, cultural and social. Some of these are aspirations to which many of our national governments cannot respond on their own, with their resources, in their normative space or with the speed that young people want.",
"Social communication networks, in which our young people participate, are useful tools for positive change. Unfortunately, they can also generate negative results. In other words, globalization promotes the aspirations of our young people, but does not always provide them with the right tools, the necessary capacity or the equal opportunities to realize their dreams. This can be destabilizing, and its effects will reach beyond our borders. We support the efforts of national and regional governments and believe in a fair globalization that unites the world ' s youth, not only as a source of inspiration, but also as a source of material well-being.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Malaysia.",
"Mrs. Salman (Malaysia): At the outset, allow me to join other speakers in expressing our condolences to the people of Norway for the atrocious attack that led to the lives of more than 80 young people.",
"The delegation of Malaysia wishes to thank President Deiss for convening this meeting. It is very encouraging to see so many young people gathered in this Hall. Only through debate and expression of ideas can we truly understand the hopes and aspirations of the younger generation, which will enable us to strengthen economic, social and cultural relations among countries.",
"Forty-three per cent of the Malaysian population—about 12.5 million Malaysians—are young people between the ages of 15 and 40. Because young people are numerous, Malaysia has a ministry dedicated to overseeing their well-being. The Ministry of Youth and Sports is responsible, inter alia, for preparing the youth community to contribute to the nation ' s growth, development and prosperity, as well as for further building a successful nation. The Malaysian Government has launched a range of support systems that are necessary to enhance youth participation and empowerment at all levels.",
"With regard to policies, Malaysia was one of the first States to formulate a national youth policy in 1985. This initiative was subsequently strengthened in 1997 and became the National Youth Development Policy. The Policy covers areas such as youth empowerment, human resource development, youth leadership and the development of youth entrepreneurial capacities. Furthermore, the Tenth Malaysian Plan, whose mission is to work to transform Malaysia into a developed and high-income nation, recognizes youth participation as a fundamental component of nation-wide growth. Therefore, the plan aims to create a generation of future-oriented young people who are motivated to achieve academic and professional excellence.",
"In addition to the various policies it has implemented, the Government continues to interact with the younger generation through the conduct of events. For example, in May, Putrajaya, the headquarters city of the administrative centre of the federal government, became a sea of young people who came there to celebrate the National Youth Day, in which the young people of the country were honored. The celebrations included a youth convention, which discussed the directives for change to be promoted by young people. Putrajaya has also officially declared a city open to young people.",
"On the other hand, as an affirmation of the importance it attaches to the work of the United Nations, in August 2010 Malaysia hosted the Second World Model United Nations Conference, in which more than 500 youth representatives from around the world participated, which in simulated sessions of the General Assembly and other multilateral bodies of the United Nations system enhanced their leadership capacities and their ability to make decisions.",
"Malaysia is proud to have given due recognition to youth development prospects, both at the regional and international levels. However, Malaysia hoped that the outcome document of the High-level Meeting on Youth (resolution 65/312) would be translated into concrete actions that would promote progress in the youth development agenda. Malaysia is also committed to contributing to the improvement and development of our youth community, as empowered entities and responsible citizens, in order to ensure that peace and prosperity remain not only a distinctive feature of our nation, but also to contribute to the improvement of our global village.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Thailand.",
"Mr. Srivali (Thailand): The delegation of Thailand shares with Norway a deep sense of indignation and sadness for the Utøya massacre. It is a painful reminder that we must redouble our efforts for young people everywhere and create an environment in which these young people are educated, empowered and given every opportunity to develop their potential.",
"The challenges facing youth in Thailand are very similar to those faced by young people in many other developing countries. In a few decades, the advent of economic globalization has transformed family structures, wealth distribution and access to opportunities. Economic development has brought with it greater material well-being and poverty reduction, but it has also led to greater income disparity, wide-ranging differences in consumption opportunities and patterns and unsustainable lifestyles. The youth of Thailand were greatly affected by these changes. Unequal access to opportunities in education and employment has resulted in the fact that, even if we have highly trained and qualified young people, we also have a large number of vulnerable and unprepared youth for the increasingly demanding economic competition of globalization.",
"Thailand believes that, in order to address these complex challenges, the implementation of a coordinated approach is of the utmost importance. Our Constitution and specific laws provide a legal framework that protects children and young people, while promoting their development. At the political level, we have a National Committee for Youth and Children, chaired by the Prime Minister, in which young people are represented. In 2009, the Government launched a 15-year free education policy. At the same time, disparities between urban and rural areas are being addressed through greater decentralization of policy implementation, resulting in more local participation.",
"For the International Year of Youth, we have also been organizing activities aimed at promoting intercultural understanding among young people of different religions and ethnic origin throughout the country. Thailand is also proud to send two youth delegates to participate in the drafting and presentation of our national declaration under the social development agenda in the Third Committee at the beginning of each session of the General Assembly. For several years now, Thai youth delegates have been participating in the Assembly, and we hope that more and more developing countries will be able to do the same so that young people in developing countries can have greater participation in the General Assembly.",
"Of course, such efforts are only a starting point. You can and should do more. We have placed many hopes in the outcome document that we have adopted (resolution 54/312), which we believe should serve to revitalize our common efforts for young people through its many reflective, solid and concrete proposals. Together, we must promote this statement, so that it will boost the dreams of today's youth so that it is in a position to bring humanity to the bright future it deserves.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.",
"Mr. Gonsalves (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines): Saint Vincent and the Grenadines endorses the statements made by the representatives of Suriname on behalf of the Caribbean Community and Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, respectively. We also join the expressions of condolences and solidarity with the people of Norway, following the recent terrible tragedy. There are no words that can express the sadness and indignation of the international community at this act of terrorism.",
"It is a regrettable truth that youth and governance are often not compatible. The traditional enclosures of power and politics — including this General Assembly Hall — are often dominated by those for whom youth is only a vague memory. Our approaches to solving problems—opaque, bureaucratic and increasingly frustrating— tend to disagree with the typical passion, decision and activism of youth. In addition, many of our political leaders have been unable to gain the confidence of young people, seeing them as only an emotional wave that must be overcome by occupying a political position. Others seek to use cynically a mantle of “change” that contrasts with their own status as citizens of the old age, whose principles and credentials of transformation have long been sacrificed at the altar of political ambition.",
"However, it is not necessary to distrust young people in the world; it is not necessary to use, indoctrination or marginalize them. They need to be heard, need to be accepted, and need to become active partners and leaders in national development and global governance. The pace of change and development has accelerated exponentially, and the world that the next generation will see will be radically different from what we face today. The pace of change—for good or for evil—will be a defining feature of the world village of tomorrow, and we do not have the necessary experience to manage it, even to predict it. Today's youth will be the heirs of that world, and today's youth must count on the trust of leaders and policymakers at every step of our journey to the future.",
"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines reiterates the fundamental idea of the CARICOM Declaration on the Future of Youth in the Caribbean Community, namely that young people are not problems to be resolved, but rather very valuable resources and development partners in our subregion. It is our youth that has the creativity, innovation and energy necessary to chart a new course in order to overcome the negative consequences of globalization and the current economic crisis, and not the orthodoxy that has led us to the crises we now face.",
"In this regard, it is useful to remember a truth from Perogrullo attributed to former President of the United States Franklin Roosevelt: “We cannot always build the future of our youth, but we can prepare our youth for the future.” Therefore, the Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has invested heavily in youth at all levels of society. Over the past decade, we have achieved universal access to secondary education and are on track to achieve universal access to preschool education. The spending of the State on higher education has increased exponentially, and each of our students — with the cooperation of the Governments of Portugal and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela — will soon have their own laptop, which will allow them to participate in the world beyond the narrow limits of our small island developing State.",
"Youth has also been encouraged to hold senior positions at all levels of government and public administration. Senators, ministers, diplomats and other high-level officials are part of this growing youth brigade. Young entrepreneurs, athletes and Vincentian cultural artists continue to create jobs, influence debate and open new paths for future development. Our national trust and faith in youth are unbreakable.",
"The international community must tangiblely demonstrate a higher level of trust and faith in young people. The challenges they face often have no parallel in historical memory. In our region, young people face transnational crime, HIV/AIDS, vulnerability to climate change and the technological explosion in the midst of an uncertain economic environment, with changing modes of production and distribution of capital that will have still incalculable consequences for the next generation.",
"This high-level meeting should have something to show for itself beyond a warm final document. It must be the beginning of a new conception of the role of youth in our national development and global governance, and the starting point for a real effort to incorporate youth-related issues and accept our young people as equal partners on this journey towards an uncertain future.",
"Anything else would simply be another attempt to use young people as a photogenic backdrop of a new political gloom. However, as we have learned in recent months, the price of such marginalization of young people and their needs and concerns can produce political and social cataclysm. Let us pay attention to the lessons that young people have been trying to teach us.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Ireland.",
"Mrs. Anderson: I am honoured to take the floor at this High-level Meeting of the General Assembly. It has been particularly encouraging to see so many young people and their representatives actively attend and participate in this meeting.",
"I join other participants in expressing our deepest condolences to the Government and people of Norway for the terrible loss of life in the tragic attacks that took place last Friday.",
"Ireland associates itself with the statement made by the Acting Head of the European Union delegation, Mr. Pedro Serrano, on behalf of the member states of the European Union.",
"To begin with, allow me to make three brief references to the World Programme of Action for Youth. First, Ireland promotes a human rights-based approach to the implementation of the Programme. The Programme itself recognizes that in order for its successful implementation, it is necessary for young people to enjoy all human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as for Member States to take a firm commitment to combat any violation of those rights. Such an approach and commitment should be reflected in all our activities.",
"Secondly, gender equality is essential to achieving fully the objectives of the Programme. In trying to address some of the challenges facing young women and girls — poverty, inequality, the combination of multiple forms of discrimination, sexual and gender-based violence, especially in conflict situations, and limited access to education or health care, including sexual and reproductive health — we need to focus on empowering young women and girls as agents of change.",
"Thirdly, we are very aware of the development aspect. Almost 90 per cent of the world ' s 1.8 billion young people aged 15-24 live in developing countries. It is essential to recognize and leverage the vast potential of young people to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.",
"Let me briefly refer to some recent developments in Ireland that may be of general interest. The new Government of Ireland has placed more emphasis on youth issues through the establishment of the post of Minister for Children and Youth Affairs in the Cabinet and the establishment of a new Department for Children and Youth Affairs.",
"A commitment has been made to develop a youth policy framework to support children and young people aged 10-24. The overall objective of this framework is to clarify and improve coherence, connectivity, coordination and delivery of youth services and services related to extracurricular activities for young people of that age group. The intention is to improve development and participation and provide support to young people, achieve greater coordination and coherence in the delivery of youth services and ensure that this benefit is high quality and results-based.",
"The issue of youth participation is particularly important. As recognized in the outcome document (resolution 65/312) that was adopted earlier this week, youth participation in the development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of effective policies is critical to achieving the objectives of the Global Programme of Action. The Government of Ireland has firmly committed itself to promoting the participation of children and young people in civil society, and in the past decade a number of structures have been created or consolidated to achieve this goal. These include local youth councils, a national youth parliament, student councils, a children ' s and youth forum, a support team for children ' s and young people ' s participation, as well as a national inclusion and consultation programme.",
"As part of the broader effort to promote participation, we have focused on the empowerment of marginalized youth. In 2007, an inclusion programme was established, with the aim of providing new opportunities for young people who have just begun in public life to participate in decision-making structures. The inclusion programme involves various civil society organizations. These organizations work with young homosexuals and lesbians, young travelers, young people receiving care, young people with disabilities and young people from disadvantaged communities. As we move forward, we intend to draw on the experience of the inclusion programme to ensure that an increasing number of young people at risk of being marginalized can participate in the structures and decision-making process.",
"Ireland has one of the youngest populations in Europe. In difficult times, as well as in good times, our youth remain our greatest resource. We want to offer – to all of them – greater opportunities to help forge the future of our country. We hope that this International Year of Youth will help provide such opportunities to young people around the world.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Representative of Trinidad and Tobago.",
"Mr. Charles (Trinidad and Tobago): Trinidad and Tobago joins previous speakers in expressing their condolences to the Government and people of Norway for the vile acts that took the lives of many young people who represented the promise of a flourishing future for that nation.",
"In addition, Trinidad and Tobago wishes to associate itself with the statements made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China and the representative of Suriname on behalf of the Caribbean Community. We would also like to make a brief statement at the national level.",
"Recognizing the importance of young people in the development of the community and the nation, Trinidad and Tobago has developed a national youth policy that reflects a flexible and dynamic social development process between the Government and civil society, and that various national programmes and activities have emerged. They relate in part to education, health, gender equality and how to address crime and violence in young people, including drug-related crime, youth unemployment and youth leadership training.",
"The national youth policy promotes youth training and participation, giving young people a privileged place in policy development and implementation. At the same time, it recognizes that the Government is responsible for the creation of the facilitation framework necessary to ensure that young people can make informed decisions, lead meaningful, productive and enjoyable lives, as well as contribute to the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. In addition, it should be noted that the portfolio of youth-related issues is currently the responsibility of the newly established Ministry for Gender and Youth and Child Development.",
"In commemoration of this International Year of Youth with the theme: “Dialogue and mutual understanding”, and on the basis of the approach adopted by the United Nations system, Trinidad and Tobago has developed a number of initiatives that correspond to the three main areas defined by the United Nations Inter-Agency Network for Youth Development. In this regard, the launch of the National Youth Consultation Programme, which provided young people with the opportunity to be included in decision-making processes through participation in consultation with government ministers, was a significant initiative.",
"It is essential to promote dialogue between Governments and youth, foster mutual understanding and better address issues affecting them, as young people are key partners in the development and progress of our societies. In this sense, I quote a Chinese proverb that says: “Tell me and I will forget it; show me and perhaps remember it; make me participate and understand it.”",
"According to this approach, the Government of Trinidad and Tobago has increased the participation of youth and partnerships within communities by developing their capacities for dialogue with their peers and stakeholders. The Government has also facilitated youth development through national leadership training programmes, peer education workshops and community social projects that leverage discussions with youth to develop and implement programmes to meet their needs. In this context, we encourage Member States to promote dialogue with young people in their own countries so that they participate and continue to be interested in decisions that ultimately affect their future.",
"Trinidad and Tobago supports the World Programme of Action for Youth and continues to implement it, although it recognizes the need to further develop and improve the existing international framework for young people to effectively address the new challenges they face.",
"The time has come to move from dialogue to the implementation and mobilization of resources in order to train young people and promote the development of our societies as a whole. In conclusion, I would like to join my colleague from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in quoting Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who said: “We cannot always build the future for our youth, but we can prepare our youth for the future.”",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Grenada.",
"Mrs. Williams (Granada): Grenada associates itself with the statement made by the representative of Suriname on behalf of the Caribbean Community and the statement made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.",
"Mr. President: Through him and on behalf of my Government and the people of Grenada, especially the youth, the delegation of Grenada expresses its deep and sincere condolences to the Government and people of Norway for the inexplicable murder of young people and not so young. The attack on government buildings and young people is incomprehensible, and we regret the loss of life.",
"In the same way, Grenada expresses its solidarity with all the youth and families that all over the world suffer from wars, famine and bomb attacks. In particular, we express our deep regret for the hundreds of people who die every day in the Horn of Africa due to famine. We support the United Nations call for global emergency relief and the long-term sustainable development of those communities.",
"Grenada welcomes this United Nations High-level Meeting on Youth and congratulates all young people around the world. This conference is an opportunity for the international community to revisit and expand its efforts to respond to the many needs of young people. In this regard, we welcome the outcome document (resolution 65/312) and look forward to its full and effective implementation and the participation of all young people in that process.",
"As in many countries, young people in Grenada are a great promise. This promise, however, is adversely affected by social and economic forces that generate high unemployment rates and cause other problems. However, we are witnessing the emergence of a strong and positive national youth sector that is the result of the national youth policy.",
"Our young people, especially our young people, are graduating from high school in record numbers and succeeding in colleges and universities also in record numbers. From the primary to the secondary level, our young athletes are breaking sports records and some, including our competitors in the 400 meters and in the skating of women, aspire to compete in the Olympic Games. Look out for Kirani James!",
"Many other young people in Grenada are in professional schools and the cultural sector, and are becoming successful entrepreneurs. The number of young leaders, young parliamentarians and youth ambassadors is growing, and their success extends a healthy and stimulating dynamism. Public expenditure focuses on training, job creation, rehabilitation and empowerment of young people.",
"Too many young people cannot reach their full potential because of poverty and lack of opportunities. Now that the United Nations is preparing to commit to sustainable development within the framework of the process linked to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development scheduled for 2012, Grenada reiterates its idea of its youth, which will have to play a greater role in the sustainable development of the country. Hence, we appeal to the United Nations and other actors, including companies, to join us through partnerships and to support us in including young people in the democratic process, job creation and economic empowerment, as well as in developing the necessary conditions for strengthening youth-based organizations.",
"In conclusion, Grenada understands that young people are a valuable asset to national development, but that they are also much more than a resource for such development. Rather, they have, like other groups, an intrinsic value for themselves and for humanity. It is up to us to do much more to honor and train them, so that they can also make appropriate decisions for themselves and the world.",
"Grenada expresses its best wishes for success to all youth delegates, and wishes them a good journey back to their homes.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Bulgaria.",
"Mr. Raytchev (Bulgaria): First of all, let me join all previous speakers and express, on behalf of my country, our deepest condolences to the people and Government of Norway for the terrible and tragic attacks on Friday, which claimed the lives of so many young people.",
"I am honoured to speak to this High-level Meeting on a particularly relevant issue today, namely, how to improve conditions for youth in the world and help young people fulfil their aspirations to participate in the processes that shape their lives and their future. The importance we attach to these issues lies in the finding that youth is the driving force behind major changes in world development. Recent developments in the Middle East and North Africa once again show the key role of young people as agents of social change, progress and development. They have also reaffirmed the crucial importance of new technologies and the social media to project young people ' s views and their participation in the formation of public opinion and the political decision-making process.",
"We are pleased that the outcome document adopted earlier during this session (resolution 65/312) confirms once again the World Programme of Action for Youth as a prominent political instrument for comprehensive youth action. It is of paramount importance to focus our efforts on their full and improved implementation in all areas, also by strengthening national capacities and democratic mechanisms for dialogue and partnership with youth and youth-led organizations in decision-making affecting youth. Cooperation among national Governments, youth organizations and other stakeholders at the national, regional and global levels is a key element of strategies and measures to achieve social integration, job creation and poverty eradication.",
"Bulgaria fully endorses the statement made by the observer of the European Union in advance during this debate, in which it referred to existing youth programmes and activities in Europe. I would like to briefly refer to our national experience and initiatives to address youth issues within the framework of cooperation within the European Union.",
"The National Youth Strategy 2010-2011, adopted by the Government of Bulgaria in 2009, focuses primarily on employment and sustainable development, including the promotion of economic activity and professional opportunities for young people. The target group of the strategy is young people aged 15-29. Specific measures for their implementation are aimed at improving the quality of secondary and university education, promoting continuing learning, providing more professional practices and enhancing the relationship between education and the business world. Support is expected to be provided to enterprises that create jobs for young people, especially in villages and rural areas. The participation of students in scientific projects and technological innovation is also encouraged.",
"Bulgarian youth are actively involved in the projects of the European Union Youth in Action programme, which is part of the implementation process of the Europe 2020 Strategy. By promoting knowledge and understanding of democratic citizenship and the rule of law, such projects allow young people to know the norms and values of human rights, countering certain negative views on society, discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.",
"Under the National Youth Strategy, volunteerism is encouraged as a way to improve the potential and capacities of youth in various professional and scientific fields. Within the framework of the European Year of Volunteering, the fourth National Youth Meeting, held in Varna from 30 June to 4 July, weighed the advantages of volunteering for both youth and institutions and receiving companies, with the active participation of civil society.",
"Finally, although not least, I would like to highlight our commitment to international cooperation and United Nations youth initiatives. In that area, the role of the United Nations remained indispensable. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria works closely with the United Nations Association in Bulgaria to coordinate activities to promote youth participation in the United Nations. The joint action plan between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the United Nations Association, signed earlier this year, provides for the development of initiatives that promote more active participation of young people in United Nations activities, including areas such as the Millennium Development Goals, peace, human rights and sustainable development.",
"Part of this collaboration is to select and facilitate the participation of youth representatives in the youth programme. The national selection process, which is now being conducted for the sixth consecutive year, aims to ensure that the most interested and conscious students have the opportunity to represent the young people of Bulgaria and to work with diplomats and other youth delegates around the world. We are proud that, for decades, Bulgaria has been demonstrating its interest in youth issues, one of the countries that has for some time had a platform for the views of Bulgarian youth to be expressed within the framework of the United Nations.",
"In conclusion, I would like to express our confidence that this important conference will conclude successfully. We are committed to actively contributing to a better future for young people in the world.",
"The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.",
"Mrs. Espósito Guevara (Plurinational State of Bolivia): First of all, we extend our most heartfelt condolences to the brotherly people of Norway for the tragedy that has been experienced in recent days, of which the main victims were the young.",
"The representation of the Plurinational State of Bolivia also adheres to the statement made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.",
"Youth is a central engine of changes in all societies. They and they, with their strength and rebellious spirit, show us the way forward. However, many of the youth look to the future with fear, because they have fulfilled all the requirements required by adult society and, despite this, they do not achieve employment. From this situation of insecurity, they have explained to us that what is now about is making profound changes. We can't stay as until today. The forces of transformation advance throughout the world and young people are their main contribution.",
"In Bolivia, young people have also made their vital contribution. During the last decade, youth from all social strata occupied squares and streets defending the natural resources of my country and the right to pay, defending life, water, gas, health, employment and, above all, the future. They fought the looting and impositions of the Bretton Woods institutions and transnational corporations.",
"The economic and financial crisis, the energy, food crisis, the water crisis, the climate change crisis, wars and invasions are hard hit by young people. These are the structural problems that we need to resolve so that the generations of the present and the future have a life in peace and security. Climate change, lack of sources of work and wars lead young people to migrate to other regions and countries. In this quest, they are confronted with racism, discrimination and violence. Become migrants, they must face the rigours of illegality, abuse and racial hatred. Similar barriers are also presented for access to university education. These are the challenges of today's youth.",
"The Government of the Plurinational State of Bolivia has developed policies for young people. Bolivia is the third country free of illiteracy in Latin America and faces a post-literacy programme, supported by the sister republics of Cuba and Venezuela. With gas income resources, three indigenous universities have been set up to promote access to higher education for indigenous youth, and sports have been supported in their different disciplines, under the slogan “High Sports”.",
"“My First Dignity Employment” is another program focused on the young population and aimed at increasing the employment of young high school graduates with scarce resources. Credit and microcredit programmes have also been implemented so that young people can face productive housing projects and employment integration. Today, women also have access to land through a land distribution and redistribution programme. We also have special programs of open homes for the comprehensive care of young workers who are unprotected and socially disadvantaged, as well as the Bolivian Volunteers Act, which ensures the rights and obligations of young volunteers.",
"Young people are the present and the future, and therefore they are the protagonists of the processes of change. We hope that the outcome document of the High-level Meeting on Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding will enhance the participation of young people in decision-making on the future and, primarily, in the construction of other forms of development, in harmony with nature, alternatives to this globalization that has excluded young people, especially the poorest countries.",
"The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of Liechtenstein.",
"Mrs. Gregg (Liechtenstein): It is a great honour to be able to address the Assembly as a representative of the young people of Liechtenstein.",
"I express the deepest condolences of my country to those affected by the terrible loss of life in Norway. May this meeting serve to renew our will to fight day after day, with solidarity, against such hate speech.",
"I've been lucky to grow up in a place in the world that is free and prosperous. However, as a child, seeing images of war, hunger and natural disasters, I understood that most children and young people in the world were not so fortunate. Over the years, these images helped me to develop a sense of responsibility and an understanding of the interconnection that leads to transformative action, first in my own home and in school and now struggling for my ideals day after day. I believe that young people have an innate sense of justice and, with proper education, we develop the desire to act accordingly. Our sense of responsibility and our energy in acting are the largest unexploded assets in the world.",
"Participation is not only an option, but a demand expressed by young people. In Norway, the young survivors of the massacre committed themselves to continue to participate politically in order to demonstrate that violence against the free expression of opinions is unproductive. The Arab youth have also reminded the world of the incredible power of peaceful protest. This must be a wake-up call for leaders who continue to deny young people their inalienable human rights and the opportunity to pursue their dreams and ambitions. Not only do we have an increasingly global awareness, but we also have the capacity, the ingenuity, the courage and a sense of urgency to use the tools to mobilize the masses to spread our ideas. A free and open Internet is essential to this end.",
"The youth of Tunisia, who in six months have generated amazing changes, are a source of inspiration and a model for their peers in many other countries. The fire test of true transformation lies in the degree of participation of women and young people in leadership positions and decision-making processes.",
"We must apply the lessons learned from revolutions in the Arab world to other situations of injustice. Why not organize major demonstrations on other urgent issues or turn our fight against climate change into a global media event? Knowing our human rights allows us to have clarity and objectives to act. Hence human rights education and learning are so important. Human rights education allows us to bear in mind our own rights and the rights of our community in dialogue with others at the local, regional and global levels, thus generating a common language of humanity. The stimulant solidarity we feel for the young activists of the Arab world is part of a renewed understanding of the universality of human rights and has allowed us to invest years of low mutual understanding. A peaceful society is not possible without a minimum of human rights education.",
"As the world ' s population approaches 7 billion people, it is not only a human right, but also a demographic imperative, to provide education on sexual and reproductive health and family planning. It is unacceptable that a 15-year-old girl from South Sudan is more likely to die during childbirth than to complete her studies. Human rights are indivisible and include sexual and reproductive rights. Young men and women should not allow those who hold power to control their bodies. Well-founded reproductive decisions may have profound positive effects on a country ' s sustainable development.",
"Using children and young people as instruments of war is one of the most atrocious violations of the law on armed conflict. Liechtenstein reiterates its full support for the work of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict. We also believe that the fight against impunity is a necessary condition for lasting peace. The International Criminal Court plays an important role in this regard, as has been demonstrated by its first trial — against Thomas Lubanga, accused of forced recruitment of children to fight in his militia.",
"Liechtenstein also deplores attacks against schools and hospitals and threats against students and teachers, and we commend the Security Council for taking concrete action on this important issue.",
"On 25 May 2010, the United Nations launched a two-year campaign to achieve universal ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which increases the minimum age for direct participation in hostilities to 18 years. To support the campaign and raise awareness of the plight of children affected by armed conflict, Liechtenstein has been associated with a record label to produce a CD entitled “Right to Play”. The revenue generated by its sale will be delivered to Play31, a non-governmental organization that organizes football tournaments with former child soldiers to help in reconciliation processes. Children affected by armed conflict in the world are deprived of the right to play. Let's restore that right to them before it's too late.",
"The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of the Sudan.",
"Mr. Hassan (Sudan) (spoke in Arabic): It is my great pleasure to address this international forum to examine the interests of young people in a spirit of dialogue and mutual understanding. We welcome the statements made on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, the African Group and the Arab Group.",
"First of all, I would also like to express our deepest condolences to the relatives of the victims of the heinous terrorist attack committed by an extremist in Oslo and on the island of Utøya in Norway. We condemn all forms of terrorism. This incident confirms that terrorism does not come from a particular country or religion.",
"The Government of the Sudan accords the highest priority to youth issues. It has launched many projects to address youth unemployment, encourage young people ' s investment through microfinance and develop key sectors such as agriculture. We have also provided many opportunities in university and postgraduate education, and we have seen a huge increase in enrolment in recent years.",
"The Government of the Sudan is also interested in many other youth programmes to support cultural and social activities and their participation in sports and political life, as well as to combat unemployment, providing employment opportunities. We also work to combat drug use and raise awareness of the dangers of HIV/AIDS. We support marriage and stability of the family and work to rehabilitate young people affected by wars, armed conflict and environmental degradation, as well as those with disabilities and special needs. We are proud of the success of our programs and are willing to share our experiences.",
"The many difficult problems facing young people, especially in Africa and in the developing world in general, impede their full participation in society. The problems are compounded by the effects of the global financial and economic crisis and the drought that strikes the African continent. In this regard, we note that greater international cooperation is needed to support training and education in all areas, including the exchange of scientific knowledge.",
"The Sudan, which understands the importance of African efforts, recently opened in Khartoum the offices of the African Youth Union, where its general assembly is located. As another indicator of our interest in young people, we have the honour to host the headquarters of the Arab-African Youth Council, which further confirms that the Sudan is a meeting place for Arab and African youth. We also emphasize the need to work diligently to achieve the Millennium Development Goals for the benefit of young people. We have also worked to increase youth access to information and communication technology through education and training grants.",
"In conclusion, we hope that this important session will promote the interests of young people in many sectors, and in particular to help young people in States affected by armed conflict or those suffering under foreign occupation.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Serbia.",
"Mrs. Ivanović (Serbia): First of all, I would like to express, on behalf of my Government and the people of Serbia, our deepest condolences to the Government and people of Norway and to the families of the victims of the horrendous terrorist attack that occurred last Friday.",
"My delegation associates itself with the statement made by the observer for the European Union two days ago. I will therefore address some of the priority themes on youth from our national perspective.",
"We have witnessed many changes, positive and negative, that make up the world in which we live today. In order to take advantage of most of the possibilities presented to us and reduce the risks in the future, we must incorporate young people into all spheres of social life in a consistent and consistent manner. In order to guarantee that we will have leaders by tomorrow, we have to create them today.",
"Recognizing the importance of its youth, in 2007 Serbia established the Ministry of Youth and Sports and the following year developed a national youth strategy, after having held a series of 167 round tables in which, together with representatives of many relevant institutions, young people in Serbia were given the opportunity to contribute their ideas to the drafting of that important document.",
"One of the priorities of Serbia ' s national youth strategy is to urge them to take a dynamic attitude in life. To increase their growing social participation, the Ministry of Youth and Sports initiated and encouraged the establishment of local youth offices. In 2007 there were five; today there are 123 throughout Serbia. In fact, two thirds of all local government agencies have been instrumental in establishing these offices, consistent with the fact that the needs of young people must be addressed primarily in the communities in which they live, i.e. at the local level. More than 100 municipalities have approved local action plans for their youth and allocated funds to finance programmes and projects to meet the needs of their youth.",
"On 5 July, the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia adopted the Youth Act. In this way, the promise made to the young people of Serbia was fulfilled that a law would be enacted during the International Year of Youth, which would, inter alia, provide for the establishment of a Governing Council in which youth representatives would constitute at least one third of their members. Since the very beginning of the process, young people were included in the pre-law consultations, reflecting the traditional truth that those who would benefit from legislation to be adopted should be the first to be asked what they expect from such legislation.",
"Since its inception, the Ministry of Youth and Sports has promoted partnerships with the civil sector. These relationships facilitate the integration of young people in the implementation of the various projects of the national youth strategy. The Ministry supported and funded more than 500 projects submitted by and for youth associations aimed, inter alia, at promoting healthy lifestyles and tolerance, preventing drug addiction and alcoholism, improving the environment, increasing social integration and voluntary activities and addressing all issues that are important to young people. The Ministry provided financial support to various non-formal education seminars and training courses on project development, professional skills and entrepreneurial skills for young people to help them find employment or start their own businesses.",
"The Ministry also helped to build 280 outdoor and indoor sports centres throughout Serbia. Thus, better conditions have been created for young people to participate in sporting and recreational activities more actively and to spend free time with quality. After all, these were the needs identified by young people themselves in many surveys conducted in advance.",
"On 12 August, my country will celebrate the end of the International Year of Youth and Youth Day by carrying out 134 voluntary youth activities selected in the competencies in 25 districts of Serbia. We are based on the desire to support our young people in the year we celebrate the tenth anniversary of the International Year of Volunteers and the European Year of Volunteers in order to demonstrate, through voluntary commitment, the power of young people to achieve change in local communities.",
"Serbia attaches great importance to its youth. Investing in young people is investing in the future of the country. Since 2008, the Young Talent Fund of the Government of the Republic of Serbia, headed by the Minister of Youth and Sports, has awarded scholarships and awards to over 6,000 talented high school students, national and international competition winners in the fields of science, arts and sport, university students from the past years and Serbian students studying abroad. The recipients committed to working in Serbia following the completion of their studies, which is one of the measures to prevent brain drain, which affects many countries around the world.",
"Rapid and sustainable development is not possible without investing in human resources and ensuring that such resources remain in their country of origin. Funds such as young talents can help keep young people trained in developing countries, allowing them to stay and thrive in the country.",
"The challenges faced by young people require concerted efforts at all levels of the Government, namely, local, provincial and national. There is a need to work in partnership with international organizations and United Nations agencies and to support non-governmental organizations and the business sector in the development of youth policies. Youth cooperation can still be greatly enhanced through the exchange of ideas and experiences at the national and international levels in order to reach the most effective institutional models that facilitate development that we all need.",
"The Acting President (spoke in Spanish): I now give the floor to the representative of Afghanistan.",
"Mr. Faqiri (Afghanistan): On behalf of the Government of Afghanistan, I would like to emphasize the need for greater efforts to support young people in developing their capacities to address the challenges they face.",
"Let me emphasize that the primary responsibility for ensuring youth development rests with States. Today I am going to refer to the challenges posed by the future for Afghan youth and the achievements made so far.",
"Afghanistan is a youth country. Sixty-eight percent of the population is under 25. Most of the population is, to some extent, deprived of their fundamental rights, such as lack of educational and labour opportunities, among others. The situation of girls is particularly worrying. Youth literacy rates are low: 50 per cent for boys and 18 per cent for girls. Secondary school enrolment for boys and girls is 23 per cent and 7 per cent respectively. Less than 2 per cent of the Afghan population reaches higher education.",
"Faced with these challenges, Afghan youth are at risk. Their vulnerability is compounded by unemployment, low wages, lack of security, poverty and lack of medical care, and therefore, especially young people, are very vulnerable to recruitment by the opposition and armed terrorist organizations.",
"In the face of these challenges, we must not lose sight of the progress made so far. Currently, more than 7 million boys and girls are enrolled in schools, and are striving for their future. We have built more than 4,000 schools throughout the country. We think that by 2020 there will be 9 million children enrolled in schools, and more than 40% of new students will be girls. Moreover, the vast majority of the population in Afghanistan have access to basic health services, which shows the great progress that has been made over the past 10 years.",
"I take this opportunity to thank the international community for the continued support we have received to achieve those goals. It is worth mentioning that a significant percentage of the Afghan Parliament is composed of members of the young generation. News agencies, television stations and monthly magazines are in the hands of young people.",
"The Government of Afghanistan is committed to fulfilling its responsibility to protect the rights of young people. We have begun to take a number of strong actions at the national, regional and international levels, including the launch of a national youth programme, which reiterates our commitment to the development of Afghan children and seeks to create opportunities for Afghan youth to realize their aspirations.",
"After having suffered conflicts and exile, the current generation of young people in my country must be empowered with alternative opportunities. Its fresh views, energy, enthusiasm and determination must be channelled towards the promotion of peace and development in the country.",
"I would like to conclude by joining previous speakers in bringing the condolences of the Afghan Government and people to the Norwegian Mission and, through it, the Norwegian people on the occasion of the recent terrorist act that caused dozens of victims.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Observer of the Observer State of the Holy See.",
"Archbishop Chullikatt (Holy See): Last year, in declaring this year as the International Year of Youth, the General Assembly insightfully drew attention to two elements that are important for the advancement of peace, namely, dialogue and mutual understanding. This issue has been an invitation to listen to the aspirations and interests of young people, to participate with them in mutual interaction and to make these contacts a real exchange of wisdom, all for the common good.",
"Each child, for the full and harmonious development of his personality, must grow in a family environment. It is in the family where young people learn, for the first time, to have moral responsibility and to respect others. The family plays an important role in educating children to fully realize all their powers and acquire ethical and spiritual values, as well as a profound attachment to the peace, freedom and dignity of all men and women. The family, founded on marriage between a man and a woman, is the natural and fundamental element of society, and must be guaranteed the protection of society and the State.",
"Parents—the mother and father together—have the primary responsibility for the upbringing and development of their children. Parents cannot give up this essential function. States are obliged, in accordance with international instruments, to respect the responsibilities, rights and duties of parents in this regard. Policies, programmes, action plans and commitments relating to youth, which are adopted by Member States, should fully respect the role of parents in the well-being and education of their children, including in the field of human sexuality and sexual and reproductive health, which should not include abortion.",
"Many people in today's world have no stable benchmarks around which to build their lives and end up feeling deeply insecure. There is a growing relativistic and liberal mentality, which maintains that everything is equally valid, and that there are no real and absolute moral standards and benchmarks. That way of thinking does not lead to genuine freedom, but rather to instability, confusion and blind conformism regarding the fashions of the moment, with which certain cultures around the world tempt our young. Young people have the right to receive solid reference points from previous generations to help them make decisions on which they can build their lives.",
"Member States and the Organization could make positive contributions in that regard and should therefore be prepared to renew their commitment to the defence and implementation of the principles enshrined in the Charter and the internationally agreed instruments on fundamental human rights. The more able they are to do this, the more able our young people will be to contribute to the advancement of the cause of peace and to the building of societies based on respect for spiritual and ethical values and oriented towards the common good.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Observer of Palestine.",
"Mr. Mansour: First of all, let me express our sincere condolences to the friendly people and Government of Norway. The Palestinian people and their leaders were horrified by the news of the atrocious attacks on explosives committed against a government complex in Oslo and the shootings on Utøya Island, events that cost the lives of nearly 80 innocent people, including dozens of young people. We are sure that Norway will recover from this painful tragedy and will emerge from it even stronger.",
"Palestine joined the statement made by Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.",
"As the world today becomes more volatile for youth, young people continue to face, unnecessarily, serious difficulties and an unprecedented number of obstacles. This has affected its ability to seek peace, prosperity, freedom and the right to education. Unfortunately, Palestinian youth face the greatest obstacle that can affect the development of a normal life: the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel ' s flagrant disregard for international law, including international humanitarian law and human rights law.",
"For more than four decades, crimes have been committed against Palestinian youth, with total contempt for human life and with full impunity, which has enabled these dismantlings to continue to be committed against our youth. The Israeli refusal to comply with the basic principles of international law and relevant United Nations resolutions has resulted in an absolute deterioration in the situation in the occupied Palestinian territories, including East Jerusalem. This has only served to prolong the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and the suffering of the Palestinian people, especially the hardships of the millions of Palestinian refugees, who have lived 63 years in refugee camps, with the desire to assert their right to return.",
"Despite all the obstacles facing Palestinians living under occupation, Palestinian youth continue to strive to realize their goals and dreams. Among them there are young refugees who each day impose themselves on the difficulties that affect them, and they become more inclined to make their voices heard and their talent appreciated. Just last week, for the third time, the young people in Gaza, including some with disabilities, beat the Guinness world record by creating the greatest painting with impressions of the world's hands. In addition, in another remarkable story, three Palestinian youth from a school led by the Palestine Relief and Works Agency in the Near East (UNRWA), with the help of their teacher, invented a cane for the blind and deaf, which gave them the opportunity and pleasure to meet the Secretary-General here in New York last summer.",
"These are just some of the most recent achievements, which prove that if they are given the opportunity, Palestinian youth can grow and become leaders in the region and in the world. On the other hand, a few moments ago, today, Gaza’s young people beat the Guinness world record of the largest number of comets flying simultaneously, creating a fourth Guinness record. Once again, we express our deepest gratitude to UNRWA for its tireless efforts to assist the 4.5 million Palestine refugees, especially the young. The education and training offered to our young people will give them the tools they need to make a name and achieve those noble goals.",
"Although the Palestinian people, including young people, have taken important steps to overcome the serious difficulties affecting those living under occupation, our people will never be able to achieve their full potential as long as Israel continues to occupy its land and prevents it from exercising its right to self-determination. From here, we call on the international community to make every effort and gather all the political will that are necessary to overcome the obstacles and challenges facing Palestinian youth in the occupied Palestinian territories, including East Jerusalem.",
"Unquestionably, the 44-year occupation of the Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, has severely hampered the development and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), as well as other internationally agreed development goals, making it almost impossible to achieve them fully. However, regardless of the concerns about the achievement of the MDGs, it must be said that, too often, young people living in the occupied Palestinian territories, including East Jerusalem, have been subjected to deliberate attacks, targets of gunshots and fatal victims, and even served as human shields to the Israeli occupying forces. Palestinian youth who exercise their right to freedom of expression by protesting the wall and illegal settlements are received every week with bullets and attacks by the occupying Power. On the other hand, our youth are still victims of the terrorist attacks of Israeli settlers: they are shot, beaten and threatened when they go to school or play outside their homes.",
"The Israeli aggression against the besieged Gaza Strip in the period 2008-2009 has tragically revealed Israel ' s deep contempt for Palestinian youth. Hundreds of young people were killed and dozens of what were supposed to be safe havens, such as hospitals and schools, were destroyed with impunity by Israeli artillery and aviation bombardments. We call on the international community, including all United Nations bodies, to address, without selectivity, these serious violations and to end once and for all the attacks of the occupying Power against Palestinian youth in the civilian infrastructures for their protection.",
"The Israeli occupation, which began in 1967, must cease, as all the crimes of the occupying Power must cease against the Palestinian people, including their youth. Every day of Israeli occupation leads to a further deterioration in the socio-economic conditions and well-being of youth, especially in the besieged Gaza Strip, where the immoral and illegal four-year site continues to deny young people all their fundamental human rights, including the right to food. The blockade has meant for thousands of people hunger, malnutrition, anemia, growth delay and many other preventable diseases.",
"There's no time to waste. That is why we reiterate our call on the international community to shoulder its responsibilities and take immediate and decisive action to compel Israel, the occupying Power, to respect international law, including its obligations under the Fourth Geneva Convention and the relevant United Nations resolutions. The young people of Palestine will be able to live by maximizing their potential if they can live in peace, freedom and dignity in an independent Palestinian State, based on the pre-1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as their capital. The time has come to make this a reality.",
"Peace can be necessary for leaders, but it is indispensable for our young people.",
"The Acting President: In accordance with General Assembly resolution 47/4 of 16 October 1992, I now give the floor to the representative of the International Organization for Migration.",
"Mr. Wade (International Organization for Migration): Before we begin, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) wishes to express its sincere condolences to the people of Norway following this terrible tragedy. Our thoughts are with them.",
"The International Organization for Migration is honoured to participate in this dialogue, together with such an impressive group of experts and youth.",
"This high-level meeting takes place at an important time to reflect on the democratizing wave sweeping the Arab world and on the role that young people have played in the fundamental change that has occurred in the terms of the political debate. The round tables held over the past two days have provided a huge amount of information on the challenges facing young people and on what can be achieved through dialogue and mutual understanding. The International Organization for Migration believes that today more than ever, the United Nations and its partners are paying attention. There is simply no alternative. In most of the world today, young people not only represent the future, but also constitute the majority of the population. Addressing the challenges and opportunities of our time will depend on your energy and creativity.",
"A recurring theme throughout this dialogue has been the feeling of frustration among young people in societies where the voices and needs of young people are ignored and hopes for important jobs, development and political participation are frustrated. For example, in a county with one of the fastest-growing youth populations in the world, only one or two of every 30 diplomats have a prospect of finding a job, and those who find it can receive a payment 15 times greater than if they emigrated to the developed world.",
"Migration is the most important step a young man can take to escape poverty, and a huge number of young people are taking it. In the last quarter of a century, the number of international migrants has doubled to the figure of 214 million, half of which are under the age of 29. Many of those young people, who travel with their dreams and those of their loved ones, face immense challenges. The dangerous voyages of the crowded ships from North Africa indicate an immense human cost. These young people not only negotiate the borders of a new country, region and culture, but often also take the first steps towards adulthood.",
"At the same time, the migration of young people in the world presents enormous opportunities, both for young people themselves and for global prosperity. In a world where many developed countries face the ageing and decline of the population and where developing countries are growing and becoming younger, youth migration has enormous potential to increase economic growth and reduce unemployment. According to the World Bank, if wealthy countries accepted enough immigrants from poor countries to expand their labour force by just 3 per cent, the world would be richer by $356 billion a year.",
"In its role as the main intergovernmental organization for global migration, IOM is dedicated to promoting human and orderly migration for the benefit of all. We must recognize that some of the greatest challenges facing migrants are not physical, but that they are the social obstacles of xenophobia, social marginalization and discrimination.",
"The PLURAL+ youth video festival, a joint initiative of the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations and IOM, recognizes young people as powerful agents of social change, in a world often characterized by conflict and division. The Festival encourages young people to explore the issues of migration, diversity and social inclusion and to share their voices and sense of creative vision with a global audience. Since its launch in 2009, more than 400 videos have been received from 75 countries, through our network of more than 50 partner organizations, the winning videos have been screened in dozens of festivals, cinemas and broadcasts from television networks around the world. We hope that some members will have the opportunity to see these remarkable videos on Monday at the PLURAL+ side event. The depth and creativity with which young people speak of issues such as human trafficking, social marginalization and racism reflect the energy that young people bring to address social problems in the current world.",
"Sometimes, or never, the aspiration to democracy has been shown as vigorously as in the movements of the Arab spring led by young people. It is now the responsibility of the international community to engage with young people and translate that energy into social reforms that promote integration, security, employment and poverty eradication. We highly appreciate the opportunity to discuss these issues at that important meeting, and after participating with the major experts and young people, we are confident that, together, we will be able to meet the challenges and take advantage of the opportunities to be presented in the future.",
"The Acting President: In accordance with resolution 31/3 of 18 October 1976, I now give the floor to the observer for the Commonwealth Secretariat.",
"Mrs. McMillan: The Commonwealth Secretariat would like to take this opportunity to convey its condolences to the people of Norway.",
"The Commonwealth recognizes that the success of the Commonwealth and the global youth programme depends on the commitment of young people around the world, whom we commend for their active collaboration in promoting development, peace and democracy through values such as tolerance, understanding and respect, values that are dear to the Commonwealth.",
"The Commonwealth recognizes the recommendations made in the outcome document of this meeting (resolution 65/312) and believes that the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the recommendations will make the International Year of Youth a lasting success.",
"The Commonwealth, through its Commonwealth Youth Programme, is ready to join United Nations agencies, youth organizations and stakeholders to ensure that the recommendations of the outcome document and the World Programme of Action for Youth are implemented.",
"The position of the Commonwealth Secretariat is that it is time to take action and build larger partnerships for youth development. The Commonwealth Secretariat believes that the time has come to work for greater economic autonomy, where banks and other private sector segments can also help young people access credit, fostering business and supporting youth development planning. The Commonwealth alleges that it is time to give greater political power to young people, and that governments and stakeholders, including youth leaders, should do more to integrate youth into decision-making processes at local and national levels, creating greater political spaces where young people can play a role.",
"Young people are making a very clear appeal for significant change in the professionalization of youth work and in the measurement, monitoring and evaluation of progress in youth development.",
"Separate statements were made at the meeting of the Commonwealth Heads of Government held in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago in 2009 under the theme " Investing in young people " . The Chiefs continued to show their commitment, opening their meeting and holding a frank and meaningful dialogue with them. This exchange of ideas on youth development has become a feature of the Commonwealth Heads ' meeting since 2007, when held in Kampala, and it could be a practice that other high-level meetings could adopt to increase the relevance of youth development.",
"This year, the International Year of Youth, the Commonwealth has listened to its youth, Governments and stakeholders, in a series of consultations on the theme “Inverting Youth”. Among the events were the Commonwealth Youth Leaders Conference, held in India in December 2010, in which young people from 54 member States encouraged their leaders and decision makers to make significant changes through the incorporation of youth, increased investment and participation in youth development, giving greater importance and greater resources to youth ministries and agencies, and establishing, expanding and strengthening the Commonwealth Youth Councils.",
"The Commonwealth Heads of Government, through the Action Plan for the Promotion of Youth 2007-2015, identified 13 priority actions for youth training, addressing the Millennium Development Goals and the Global Programme of Action for Youth. The Community will redouble its efforts to ensure that attention continues to be paid to the empowerment of youth, thereby achieving the goals set.",
"The Commonwealth looks forward to the forthcoming Commonwealth Youth Forum, together with the October meeting of Commonwealth Heads of Government in Perth, Australia, to collaborate with young people after the International Youth Year, which will be the time to implement the Commonwealth Youth Programme.",
"I hope this Assembly is committed to the belief that there is really nothing about young people without young people and that youth is at the centre of development.",
"The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker on this agenda item. The Assembly has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of sub-item (b) of agenda item 27.",
"The meeting rose at 1.20 p.m."
] |
[
"Presidente:\tSr. Deiss\t(Suiza)",
"En ausencia del Presidente, el Sr. Tanin (Afganistán), Vicepresidente, ocupa la Presidencia.",
"Se abre la sesión a las 15.10 horas.",
"Tema 115 del programa (continuación)",
"Seguimiento de los resultados de la Cumbre del Milenio",
"Proyecto de decisión (A/65/L.88)",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Los miembros recordarán que la Asamblea General celebró el debate sobre el tema 115 del programa junto con el tema 13, “Aplicación y seguimiento integrados y coordinados de los resultados de las grandes conferencias y cumbres de las Naciones Unidas en las esferas económica y social y esferas conexas”, en sus sesiones plenarias 40ª y 41ª, celebradas el 29 de octubre de 2010, así como junto con los temas 13 y 120 del programa, “Fortalecimiento del sistema de las Naciones Unidas”, en su 52ª sesión plenaria, celebrada el 23 de noviembre de 2010.",
"Los miembros recordarán también que, en relación con el tema 115, la Asamblea celebró una sesión concreta dedicada al desarrollo en sus sesiones plenarias 97ª y 98ª, celebradas el 14 de junio de 2011. Además, los miembros recordarán que, en relación con los temas 13 y 115 del programa, la Asamblea aprobó las resoluciones 65/1, 65/7, 65/281 y 65/285 en sus sesiones plenarias 9ª, 41ª, 100ª y 105ª, respectivamente. También en relación con el tema 115, la Asamblea aprobó la resolución 65/238 en su 73ª sesión plenaria.",
"La Asamblea se pronunciará ahora sobre el proyecto de decisión A/65/L.88, titulado “Participación de representantes de la sociedad civil en la Reunión de Alto Nivel de la Asamblea General sobre la Prevención y el Control de las Enfermedades No Transmisibles, que se celebrará los días 19 y 20 de septiembre de 2011”.",
"¿Puedo considerar que la Asamblea decide aprobar el proyecto de decisión A/65/L.88?",
"Queda aprobado el proyecto de decisión A/65/L.88.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): La Asamblea ha concluido así la presente etapa de su examen del tema 115 del programa.",
"Tema 27 del programa (continuación)",
"Reunión de Alto Nivel sobre la Juventud",
"Desarrollo social",
"b) Desarrollo social, incluidas las cuestiones relativas a la situación social en el mundo y a los jóvenes, el envejecimiento, las personas con discapacidad y la familia",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene la palabra el representante de Mauritania.",
"Sr. Ould Cheikh (Mauritania) (habla en árabe): Ante todo, quisiera expresar las condolencias del Presidente, el Gobierno y el pueblo de Mauritania al Reino de Noruega por el acto terrorista que se cobró decenas de víctimas inocentes. Dos días atrás nuestro Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores emitió un comunicado de condolencias en este sentido.",
"También quisiera expresar mi agradecimiento a la Asamblea General y a su Presidente, nuestro querido amigo el Sr. Joseph Deiss, quien está guiando nuestro trabajo con mucha sabiduría. Me gustaría expresar mi agradecimiento en particular por la resolución 65/267 de 15 de marzo de 2011, gracias a la cual estamos aquí, en Nueva York, para debatir los temas relacionados con los jóvenes, que son una parte importante de la sociedad y la piedra angular de todo desarrollo socioeconómico fructífero.",
"El Gobierno de mi país, la República Islámica de Mauritania, por instrucciones de su Presidente, Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ha afirmado y reafirmado que el futuro de cualquier grupo reside en su juventud. Se ha establecido un plan nacional quinquenal para la juventud, la recreación y los deportes que será aplicado entre 2011 y 2015. Nuestra política de la juventud pone a los jóvenes en un lugar prioritario para el Gobierno y será financiada con una suma de más de 230 millones de dólares, de los cuales 37 millones de dólares provendrán de un fondo estatal. Esta política responde a la campaña electoral del Presidente del Gobierno, que fue elegido hace dos años.",
"El Gobierno de Mauritania está decidido a luchar contra la pobreza entre los jóvenes, que constituyen el 40% de la población mauritana, por medio de su política nacional de la juventud, el deporte y la recreación. Tiene intención de integrarlos en el desarrollo y apoyar las iniciativas de los jóvenes encaminadas a mejorar su situación, que se ve afectada por el desempleo y el abandono escolar. Queremos construir redes nacionales de juventud que se renueven cada tres años. Éste es uno de los objetivos de la política de mi Gobierno. También hemos firmado y ratificado todos los acuerdos internacionales relacionados con la juventud, demostrando de esa manera la importancia que les asignamos, en particular en términos de educación, salud y desempleo.",
"En lo que respecta a la educación, a pesar de los progresos alcanzados en la matriculación escolar, aún queda mucho por hacer. Hemos creado un nuevo departamento gubernamental de educación superior e investigación científica, así como instituciones de educación pública, con el fin de reformar la educación en Mauritania.",
"Los jóvenes de Mauritania hacen frente a muchos desafíos en cuanto a la atención sanitaria. Sin embargo, aquellos con necesidades especiales encontrarán recursos disponibles gracias a la voluntad política y a las reformas de gran alcance que ha iniciado el Ministerio de Salud.",
"En cuanto al desempleo, hemos formado un ministerio importante encargado de la tarea de dar empleo a los jóvenes y promover el sector comercial, que provee un 25% de las oportunidades de empleo, seguido por la agricultura con un 20,4%, además de otros sectores, como los servicios y la administración pública.",
"Abordar los temas relacionados con la juventud entraña muchos desafíos y requiere la asignación de funciones para sostener el desarrollo de la juventud. Esto se ha hecho mediante la creación de organismos centrales. A pesar de que hemos expresado el deseo de cuidar a los jóvenes creando un ministerio para asuntos de la juventud e instándolos a utilizar estos servicios, aún quedan muchos retos.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): De conformidad con la resolución 57/29 de la Asamblea General de 19 de noviembre de 2002, doy ahora la palabra al observador de Asociados para la Población y el Desarrollo.",
"Sr. Rao (Asociados para la Población y el Desarrollo) (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Le doy las gracias por darme esta oportunidad de formular algunas observaciones en nombre de los Asociados para la Población y el Desarrollo en esta Reunión de alto nivel sobre la Juventud.",
"Ante todo, los Asociados para la Población y el Desarrollo quieren transmitir su más sentido pésame al Gobierno y el pueblo de Noruega por su reciente tragedia.",
"Como organización intergubernamental de 25 países en desarrollo, los Asociados para la Población y el Desarrollo están comprometidos con la promoción de la cooperación Sur-Sur en materia de población y desarrollo mediante el apoyo, especialmente en los países miembros, a la aplicación de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, las metas de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Población y el Desarrollo y el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes.",
"El año 2011 será recordado como el año en que la población mundial llegó a los 7.000 millones de personas. Según los últimos cálculos de las Naciones Unidas, la población mundial continuará aumentando hasta llegar a 9.300 millones de personas en el año 2050. Para poner estas cifras en perspectiva, la población mundial no llegó a los 1.000 millones hasta 1804. Luego, pasaron 123 años hasta llegar a 2.000 millones en 1927, 33 años hasta llegar a 3.000 millones en 1960, 14 años para alcanzar los 4.000 millones en 1974, 13 años para llegar a los 5.000 millones en 1987 y 12 años para llegar a los 6.000 millones en octubre de 1999. Otros 1.000 millones se sumarán para octubre de 2011. El crecimiento de la población mundial es realmente fenomenal.",
"Una característica fundamental de la actual situación demográfica mundial que tiene importantes consecuencias para el futuro es el hecho de que más de 3.000 millones de personas tienen menos de 25 años de edad y aproximadamente el 90% de ellas vive en países en desarrollo. Esta preponderancia de los jóvenes, siempre y cuando se combine con políticas adecuadas, puede convertirse en una gran fuente de crecimiento, prosperidad y cambio social en el mundo. La eficiencia con que ayudemos a todos estos jóvenes a satisfacer sus necesidades educativas, de empleo, de desarrollo, políticas, de salud —incluida la salud reproductiva— así como la rapidez con que los potenciemos, sin duda influirá en el ritmo y las características futuras de la paz y el desarrollo en el mundo.",
"Si bien en el pasado los países han realizado esfuerzos sinceros para alcanzar los objetivos del Programa de Acción de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Población y el Desarrollo, los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y el Programa de Acción Mundial para los Jóvenes, millones de jóvenes viven en la pobreza y los avances en el desarrollo de los jóvenes han sido muy desiguales en los distintos países del mundo. Los jóvenes se enfrentan a muchos desafíos en la sociedad, en particular la falta de acceso a una educación de calidad, empleo digno, atención médica adecuada —incluida la salud reproductiva— y participación política. También sufren la violencia y los reveses derivados del cambio climático. Los más afectados entre ellos son las niñas y las mujeres jóvenes, así como los pobres y los desfavorecidos. Las mujeres jóvenes y las niñas son especialmente vulnerables debido a que con frecuencia se les impide completar su educación y debido también al riesgo de embarazo, las complicaciones relacionadas con el parto, el matrimonio precoz forzado, la infección por el VIH y el secuestro por los traficantes de personas.",
"Como se señala en el documento final (resolución 65/312), es importante dar una atención prioritaria a abordar estos y otros desafíos que obstaculizan el desarrollo de la juventud, especialmente a través de la reducción de la pobreza y la promoción de un crecimiento económico sostenido, el desarrollo sostenible, el empleo pleno y productivo y la plena participación de los jóvenes en la formulación y la aplicación de políticas a todos los niveles. Los Asociados para la Población y el Desarrollo creen firmemente que la creación de capacidad nacional para abordar el desarrollo de la juventud es muy importante y que la comunidad internacional debe hacer todo lo posible para apoyar a los países menos adelantados en este sentido.",
"En base a su historial de compartir experiencias y prácticas innovadoras, así como de promover la creación de capacidad mediante la capacitación, la investigación y el intercambio de conocimientos, los Asociados para la Población y el Desarrollo están convencidos de que la cooperación Sur-Sur y la cooperación triangular deben desempeñar un papel importante en los futuros esfuerzos nacionales e internacionales dirigidos al desarrollo de la juventud.",
"Para terminar, los Asociados para la Población y el Desarrollo quieren apoyar la aplicación del documento final por todos los interesados.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Doy ahora la palabra al representante del Perú.",
"Sr. Gutiérrez (Perú): El Perú tiene una población joven que alcanza 7,5 millones de personas, que representan el 28% del total de la población. Esta cifra se ha incrementado en los últimos años y hoy en día los jóvenes son el grupo poblacional de mayor crecimiento en el Perú. Tomando en consideración estas cifras, en los últimos 10 años el Estado peruano ha venido desarrollando políticas institucionalizadas a través de la Secretaría Nacional de la Juventud con el propósito de formular y proponer lineamientos generales para contribuir al desarrollo integral de los jóvenes, asegurar su inclusión social y fomentar su activa participación ciudadana. En los nueve años de trabajo de la Secretaría, el Perú ha obtenido resultados interesantes que hoy deseo compartir con ustedes.",
"En el año 2006 se elaboró el Plan Nacional de Juventud 2006-2011 a fin de desarrollar sinergias entre el Estado y la sociedad civil, para crear mayores y mejores oportunidades para los jóvenes, e institucionalizar las políticas intersectoriales de manera transversal en todos los niveles de Gobierno. Estas políticas han tenido un efecto positivo, el cual ha permitido mejorar la calidad de vida de muchos jóvenes. Entre el año 2004 y el 2008, se ha logrado reducir la pobreza en la población joven de un 43,8% al 31,6%. Asimismo, en el ámbito de la participación ciudadana, se ha conseguido una mayor participación de los jóvenes en el ámbito político a nivel nacional, contando hoy en día con 1.665 jóvenes que cumplen cargos públicos elegidos por voluntad popular. Si bien es cierto que esos avances son el reflejo de políticas permanentes de inversión social e inclusión de los jóvenes en la agenda política del Estado peruano, también es una realidad que todavía tenemos mucho por hacer para lograr un desarrollo inclusivo y favorable para la población joven peruana.",
"El Perú, en base a un esfuerzo nacional, ha logrado un crecimiento económico sostenido en los últimos 10 años, el mismo que hoy busca traducirse en un desarrollo inclusivo de impacto inmediato en los más jóvenes. Este desarrollo debe otorgarles herramientas funcionales y realistas que les permita participar activamente en el sistema productivo y político del país, para así contribuir a su crecimiento y valorar su participación ciudadana. Desde nuestra perspectiva, el desarrollo inclusivo debe sostenerse también en políticas de inversión social enfocadas en la juventud, las mismas que no deben ser entendidas como políticas de asistencia hacia un grupo poblacional, sino como el complemento del crecimiento económico y como la vía para promover el desarrollo integral de un sector de la sociedad peruana que forjará un futuro más integrado y cohesionado del país. Estas políticas constituyen parte integral de las estrategias de mediano plazo para el desarrollo sostenible e inclusivo del Perú.",
"Muchos de los países de América Latina, como el Perú, tienen una gran población joven. Esta particular situación demográfica nos brinda una de las mejores oportunidades en los últimos decenios para dar un salto hacia el desarrollo sostenible y superar los problemas de inequidad social que caracterizan a la región, siempre y cuando invirtamos decididamente en los jóvenes y su educación. Estamos seguros de que si estas generaciones acceden a una educación de calidad, un sistema adecuado de salud y una oportunidad de empleo digno y productivo dentro de un sistema democrático que fomente y garantice la participación ciudadana, nuestros países contarán con el capital humano, social y cultural necesario para potenciar el desarrollo sostenible, mejorar la distribución y promover la creación de riqueza.",
"Para concluir, quisiera terminar esta intervención expresando el compromiso del Perú de continuar apoyando y promoviendo las políticas sobre juventud en los foros nacionales e internacionales en los que participamos, y asimismo manifestar la firme voluntad de mi país de continuar con las iniciativas y programas que permitan una inclusión progresiva y transversal de los jóvenes en la sociedad peruana, a fin de lograr los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Hemos escuchado al último orador sobre este tema.",
"¿Puedo considerar que la Asamblea General desea concluir su examen del subtema b) del tema 27 del programa?",
"Así queda acordado.",
"Tema 162 del programa (continuación)",
"Seguimiento de la reunión de alto nivel celebrada el 24 de septiembre de 2010: revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y promoción de las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Los miembros recordarán que la Asamblea celebró un debate sobre el tema 162 del programa en su 113ª sesión plenaria el 27 de julio de 2011.",
"Sr. Tarar (Pakistán) (habla en inglés): El Pakistán se suma a la declaración formulada por el representante de Egipto en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados.",
"El Pakistán valora los esfuerzos del Secretario General por revitalizar la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y del mecanismo internacional de desarme. Es una oportunidad para analizar detenidamente los problemas que afronta el mecanismo de desarme en su conjunto, que no debe desaprovecharse tratando de negociar sobre un tratado en concreto. La posición del Pakistán respecto de la reunión de alto nivel convocada por el Secretario General el año pasado se distribuyó como documento de la Asamblea General con la signatura A/65/378.",
"Los desafíos que afrontan el programa internacional y el mecanismo de desarme van más allá de la Conferencia de Desarme. Los componentes del mecanismo contemporáneo de desarme creados por el período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General dedicado al desarme están interrelacionados. Por lo tanto, la revitalización de esos componentes, incluida la Primera Comisión y la Comisión de Desarme, debería ser simultánea y proceder de una manera integrada y holística.",
"El objetivo y la meta general de la creación de la Conferencia de Desarme, según el mandato definido en el primer período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General dedicado al desarme, era el desarme nuclear, un tema del programa que no ha progresado en los últimos 32 años. En 2008, el Secretario General, en un histórico discurso en el que exponía su plan de acción, confirió un lugar primordial al desarme nuclear en su propuesta de cinco puntos. La primera medida que el Secretario General sugirió era la de instar a todos los Estados, en particular los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares, a que cumplieran con sus obligaciones en relación con el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares de emprender negociaciones sobre medidas eficaces que llevaran al desarme nuclear. A la vez que reconoció la Conferencia de Desarme como único foro multilateral del mundo para las negociaciones sobre desarme, el Secretario General sugirió que las Potencias nucleares debían colaborar activamente con los demás Estados sobre esta cuestión en la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"La razón por la que el Secretario General hizo ese llamamiento es que la Conferencia de Desarme no ha sido capaz de estar a la altura de su razón de ser —el desarme nuclear— desde hace más de tres decenios. También es un hecho que la Conferencia de Desarme no consiguió ningún progreso sustantivo durante 15 años después de concluir las negociaciones sobre el Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares. Con todo, es asombroso que el actual afán por revitalizar la Conferencia de Desarme emane sólo de los hechos ocurridos en los últimos dos años y se centre en una sola cuestión. Irónicamente, la enérgica condena del actual estancamiento está promovida por países que o bien fueron responsables de los decenios de inactividad de la Conferencia de Desarme o bien se mantuvieron manifiestamente callados.",
"Para evaluar claramente las razones que hay detrás del estancamiento de la Conferencia de Desarme, es importante reconocer los siguientes hechos básicos.",
"La labor o la inactividad de la Conferencia de Desarme es un reflejo de las realidades políticas imperantes, ya que no funciona en un vacío. En la Conferencia de Desarme no puede negociarse ningún tratado que sea contrario a los intereses de seguridad de ninguno de sus Estados miembros. De hecho, la norma del consenso se introdujo en el reglamento de la Conferencia de Desarme para garantizar que así fuera. Por lo tanto, sólo se puede progresar en la Conferencia si se atienden o se abordan las cuestiones de seguridad que preocupan a todos sus Estados miembros. La falta de progreso en la Conferencia no se puede atribuir a su reglamento, ya que hay instrumentos históricos, como la Convención sobre las armas químicas y el Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares, que se lograron negociar con ese mismo reglamento.",
"Esos hechos significan que a menudo los problemas que atraviesa la Conferencia de Desarme no son de carácter organizativo o de procedimiento. Por lo tanto, ya es hora de que afrontemos la realidad y reconozcamos las verdaderas razones por las que la Conferencia ha sido disfuncional.",
"La historia de la Conferencia de Desarme demuestra claramente una pauta según la cual sólo se negocian aquellos acuerdos que no menoscaben ni pongan en peligro los intereses de seguridad de los Estados poderosos. La Convención sobre las armas biológicas y la Convención sobre las armas químicas sólo se negociaron cuando las armas biológicas y químicas se volvieron innecesarias en cuanto a su utilidad operacional. El Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares se concertó una vez que las principales Potencias ya habían llevado a cabo suficientes ensayos nucleares y, por lo tanto, ya no les era necesario seguir realizando ensayos dado que contaban con técnicas alternativas de simulación por ordenador.",
"Lo mismo ocurre con el tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable. Ahora, después de haber desarrollado enormes arsenales de armas nucleares, así como arsenales de material fisionable, en particular uranio altamente enriquecido y plutonio apto para usos bélicos que se pueden convertir rápidamente en ojivas nucleares, esas grandes Potencias están dispuestas a concertar un tratado por el que se prohíba sólo la producción futura de material fisionable, dado que ya no lo necesitan. Ese enfoque no les cuesta nada, ya que no menoscaba ni pone en peligro su seguridad.",
"Además, en los últimos años, las políticas discriminatorias emprendidas por algunas grandes Potencias sobre la cooperación nuclear han creado inseguridad y desequilibrios. Al sacrificar las metas internacionales de no proliferación en el altar del poder y los beneficios, esas políticas han acentuado la asimetría de los arsenales de material fisionable en nuestra región. Lamentablemente, esas políticas discriminatorias continúan y los miembros del Grupo de Suministradores Nucleares, Grupo compuesto por algunos de los más fervientes partidarios del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares y los críticos más acérrimos de la falta de progreso en la Conferencia de Desarme, no se han opuesto a ellas.",
"Por esas razones, el Pakistán se vio obligado a pronunciarse en contra de la selectividad y la discriminación nucleares. No se puede esperar que ningún país haga concesiones respecto a sus intereses fundamentales de seguridad en aras de un instrumento que no tiene ningún costo para todos los demás países interesados.",
"Para seguir un enfoque honesto y objetivo a fin de revitalizar la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme, así como de todo el mecanismo de desarme, tendrían que adoptarse las siguientes medidas.",
"La agenda de la Conferencia de Desarme abarca toda una serie de cuestiones críticas y todas las cuestiones deben tratarse de manera equitativa y equilibrada. La falta de progresos sobre una cuestión debido a las preocupaciones de los Estados en materia de seguridad no debe llevar a un estancamiento en la Conferencia, ya que hay otras cuestiones de su agenda que pueden y deben tratarse.",
"El desarme nuclear sigue siendo la cuestión que lleva pendiente desde hace más tiempo en la agenda de la Conferencia de Desarme. El Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, compuesto de 120 miembros, que representa a la gran mayoría de los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas, ha considerado sistemáticamente el desarme nuclear la máxima prioridad en las negociaciones de la Conferencia de Desarme. Esta prioridad se reafirmó de nuevo en la declaración formulada ayer por el representante del Movimiento. En la sesión plenaria se debería tomar conocimiento de ello.",
"La propuesta sobre un instrumento jurídico relativo a las garantías negativas de seguridad es otra cuestión importante que ha figurado en la agenda de la Conferencia de Desarme durante varios años. Un instrumento jurídicamente vinculante sobre garantías negativas de seguridad no pondría en peligro los intereses estratégicos de ningún país. En realidad, ningún Estado poseedor de armas nucleares se plantearía utilizar armas nucleares contra Estados que no las poseen. Incluso la amenaza de hacerlo es moralmente reprensible.",
"Debemos reconocer las realidades y trabajar para formar un consenso en la Conferencia de Desarme teniendo en cuenta los intereses legítimos de seguridad de todos los Estados. La Conferencia no puede negociar eligiendo sólo aquellas cuestiones que algunos Estados consideren maduras. Los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares deben cumplir con sus obligaciones de emprender negociaciones sobre medidas eficaces que lleven al desarme nuclear en la Conferencia de Desarme. Deben eliminarse el doble rasero y la selectividad a la hora de adoptar medidas de no proliferación y desarme.",
"Los esfuerzos prácticos por revitalizar el mecanismo internacional de desarme deben incluir la convocación del cuarto período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General dedicado al desarme, tal como se pidió en la declaración formulada ayer en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados. Ese período de sesiones podría contribuir en gran medida a fomentar los objetivos del desarme y la no proliferación nucleares de una manera no discriminatoria, equilibrada y transparente, manteniendo presentes los intereses de seguridad de todos los Estados.",
"Antes de concluir, quisiera advertir de la posibilidad de llevar el tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable fuera de la Conferencia de Desarme para proceder a las negociaciones, ya que consideramos que la Conferencia es el único foro de negociación para desarme multilateral.",
"En ese sentido, quisiera mencionar algunos de los argumentos que aducía una de las principales Potencias nucleares en 2005 para responder a la intención de algunos Estados Miembros de presentar un proyecto de resolución en la Primera Comisión por el cual se trataba de crear en el seno de la Asamblea General comités ad hoc que se ocuparan de las cuatro cuestiones principales competencia de la Conferencia de Desarme. Esa Potencia nuclear declaró:",
"“La comunidad internacional debe seguir centrándose en lograr que la Conferencia de Desarme trabaje, en lugar de crear otra Conferencia de Desarme ‘fantasma’…",
"No celebramos negociaciones sobre cuestiones vitales de seguridad nacional y mundial mediante un voto mayoritario.",
"Las razones del actual estancamiento de la Conferencia de Desarme no son más fáciles de resolver en Nueva York que en Ginebra. … El resultado de esta resolución será retrasar los mismos objetivos internacionales de no proliferación y desarme que sus patrocinadores tratan de promover.”",
"Al transmitir esa posición, ese país declaró expresamente que no participaría en un proceso de ese tipo y que no se consideraría vinculado en modo alguno a ningún acuerdo que pudiera emanar de un órgano de ese tipo. Es interesante observar que ahora ese mismo país está tratando de sacar una cuestión concreta del ámbito de la Conferencia de Desarme. Ese enfoque paradójico es inexplicable.",
"Quisiera reiterar que el Pakistán no se sumará a ningún proceso de ese tipo, ni tampoco se planteará la posibilidad de adherirse a los resultados de semejante proceso. Hay que tener presente que sacar la cuestión del tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable fuera de la Conferencia de Desarme para negociarlo crearía además un precedente para seguir un modus operandi similar sobre otras cuestiones que figuran en la agenda de la Conferencia, como el desarme nuclear y las garantías negativas de seguridad.",
"Sr. Benmehidi (Argelia) (habla en francés): Ante todo quisiera expresar mi sincero agradecimiento al Secretario General por la importante declaración que formuló en la 113ª sesión, que corrobora su compromiso personal en favor del desarme. Hago extensivo mi agradecimiento a la Presidenta de la Junta Consultiva en Asuntos de Desarme, Sra. Olga Pellicer, que tuvo a bien informarnos de las deliberaciones de su Comisión sobre el tema del programa.",
"Mi delegación acoge con agrado la iniciativa de organizar esta reunión de alto nivel, ya que considera que ofrece a los Estados Miembros una nueva oportunidad de continuar de manera más clara y profunda los intercambios que iniciaron el 24 de septiembre de 2010, por iniciativa del Secretario General.",
"Mi delegación suscribe plenamente la declaración formulada en la 113ª sesión por el representante de Egipto en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados.",
"Argelia confiere la máxima importancia a las cuestiones del desarme y la no proliferación. Los debates sobre el futuro de la Conferencia de Desarme reciben especial atención del Gobierno argelino. De hecho, los puntos de vista formulados hoy se centran en las virtudes de la negociación multilateral como mejor vía para tener en cuenta las preocupaciones legítimas de seguridad, con un espíritu de equidad, responsabilidad y transparencia, ante las amenazas al régimen de desarme y no proliferación nucleares.",
"Dado que se ocupa de esferas muy distintas, el estancamiento continuo de la Conferencia de Desarme es claramente motivo de gran preocupación. Esa situación afecta en particular los intereses de los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares. Argelia considera que ese estancamiento no se puede achacar a un fracaso de ese mecanismo institucional ni a su manera de funcionar. Por lo tanto, no se puede atribuir a sus reglamentos, en particular a la norma del consenso, ni a la agenda de la Conferencia.",
"Sin embargo, algunos consideran que el estancamiento se debe a la rigidez del reglamento, y proponen limitar la aplicación de la norma del consenso estrictamente a las cuestiones sustantivas y recurrir al voto para cuestiones de procedimiento, como la creación de un órgano subsidiario. Cabe decir que no siempre es fácil diferenciar entre aspectos de fondo y aspectos de forma, especialmente cuando se trata de cuestiones relativas a un órgano subsidiario.",
"Está claro que la norma del consenso también es una manera de proteger los intereses de seguridad nacional de todos los Estados por igual, y no sólo de los más fuertes. Teniendo en cuenta los intereses de seguridad de todos, esta norma confiere en principio legitimidad al tratado concertado y le garantiza universalidad y eficacia.",
"En cuanto a la agenda de la Conferencia de Desarme, Argelia considera que sus componentes —que se inspiran, además, en el Decálogo y hacen hincapié en el peligro nuclear— siguen siendo de actualidad. Las armas nucleares siguen siendo en efecto la amenaza más grave para la humanidad.",
"Cabe recordar que la Conferencia de Desarme ciertamente contribuyó al desarme multilateral. Creada en 1978 en el primer período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General dedicado al desarme precisamente para revitalizar el mecanismo de desarme de la época, su mandato consiste en facilitar la aplicación del Programa de Acción aprobado en ese período extraordinario de sesiones (resolución S-10/2, parte III). En concreto, la Conferencia de Desarme hizo posible aprobar la Convención sobre las armas químicas y el Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares, aunque éste último todavía no haya entrada en vigor.",
"Después de esos dos logros, la Conferencia no consiguió ningún otro progreso. Las razones del estancamiento deben buscarse en la evolución de la problemática del desarme y las políticas de seguridad fuera del marco de la Conferencia.",
"En realidad, la evidente falta de voluntad política para tratar el conjunto de cuestiones que figuran en la agenda de la Conferencia, por un lado, y las tentativas de establecer una jerarquía entre los puntos del Decálogo vinculados a la incertidumbre de los equilibrios de seguridad regional, por el otro, son la razón del actual estancamiento. La Conferencia de Desarme sólo puede reemprender su labor de fondo si los Estados Miembros demuestran la voluntad política necesaria para llegar a soluciones colectivas a fin de tratar verdaderamente los desafíos a la seguridad de todos y a la paz internacional. Por lo tanto, hay que actuar en ese sentido en lugar de amenazar con condenar a la Conferencia de Desarme a la marginación recurriendo a otro mecanismo.",
"Se ha propuesto que si el estancamiento continúa, se podrían contemplar otros foros para negociar el tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable. Mi delegación considera que una medida de esa índole podría perjudicar el objetivo que se pretende lograr con el tratado, a saber, la consolidación de la no proliferación, la promoción del desarme nuclear y la adhesión universal, que siguen siendo necesarios para que un acuerdo de esa índole tenga la base política y la credibilidad necesarias.",
"La Asamblea General no puede privar a la Conferencia de Desarme de sus prerrogativas y mucho menos sustituirla o legitimar la eliminación de una de las partes fundamentales de su mandato. Aparte de sentar un precedente con graves consecuencias, una medida de esa índole pondría en tela de juicio la universalidad y el equilibrio que hay que mantener entre los aspectos centrales y complementarios de la Conferencia.",
"En cualquier caso, Argelia es partidaria de un enfoque global y equilibrado en el programa de trabajo de la Conferencia de Desarme por el que se tengan en cuenta las prioridades y las inquietudes de todos. Ese programa de trabajo debería abordar todos los temas de la agenda de la Conferencia, en particular las cuestiones principales que acabo de mencionar. Con ese espíritu, la delegación argelina sigue considerando que la decisión CD/1864, aprobada por consenso en mayo de 2009, sigue siendo válida. Es cierto que esa decisión no fue el resultado perfecto, sino fruto de una avenencia que, como se declara en su preámbulo, forma parte de un proceso de evolución.",
"La decisión CD/1864 no crea una jerarquía de prioridades. Su objetivo es poner en marcha un proceso de deliberaciones y negociaciones interactivas para generar un clima de confianza y celebrar negociaciones sobre cuestiones de desarme nuclear y otras cuestiones. Parecería que ese aspecto de la decisión CD/1864, que se declara claramente en su preámbulo, a menudo ha quedado olvidada por algunos y ocultada por otros, que sólo han mantenido las negociaciones sobre el tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable.",
"Argelia está convencida de la necesidad de reiterar el compromiso de la comunidad internacional de recobrar el papel de la Conferencia de Desarme como único marco multilateral para las negociaciones sobre desarme. En caso de que persistan las divergencias que impiden a la Conferencia cumplir su mandato, resultaría conveniente convocar un cuarto período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General dedicado al desarme. Esa sería una oportunidad de reiterar dicho papel en el contexto de un examen más amplio de las cuestiones de desarme, del que debería surgir un nuevo consenso sobre las prioridades de desarme y el mecanismo de desarme, incluida la coordinación entre los órganos de deliberación y la Conferencia de Desarme como foro de negociación.",
"En cuanto a las observaciones y recomendaciones de la Junta Consultiva en Asuntos de Desarme, Argelia apoya toda iniciativa que pueda promover o volver a poner en marcha con eficacia la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme en cumplimiento de su mandato original.",
"Sr. Kodama (Japón) (habla en inglés): El Japón desea suscribir las declaraciones formuladas en la 113ª sesión por los representantes de Australia, en nombre de la iniciativa para la no proliferación y el desarme, y de los Países Bajos, en nombre de más de 40 países.",
"Para alcanzar un mundo sin armas nucleares, los esfuerzos multilaterales de desarme de todos los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares y la acción concertada de la comunidad internacional en su conjunto son esenciales. En este sentido, la función de la Conferencia de Desarme, como único foro de negociación multilateral sobre desarme, resulta de suma importancia, por cuanto congrega a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares y a los Estados que no son partes en el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares (TNP). La Conferencia y su antecesora han redactado tratados básicos en materia de desarme, como el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, la Convención sobre las armas biológicas, la Convención sobre las armas químicas y el Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares.",
"Casi un año ha transcurrido desde la reunión de alto nivel sobre la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y la promoción de las negociaciones multilaterales sobre desarme, en la que se alcanzó el consenso político unánime de superar el estancamiento en el que está sumida la Conferencia de Desarme. Sin embargo, en este período, no hemos sido capaces de aprovechar la oportunidad brindada por dicho consenso.",
"Ante la inminencia de los aniversarios del lanzamiento de las bombas atómicas sobre Hiroshima y Nagasaki y con la resistencia de los ciudadanos del Japón llegando a su límite, no podemos permitirnos que se prolongue el estancamiento. Debemos acometer de inmediato una labor efectiva sobre las cuestiones básicas del programa de la Conferencia de Desarme y realizar progresos con relación al desarme nuclear, la conclusión del tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable, las garantías negativas de seguridad y la prevención de una carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre.",
"Si la Conferencia de Desarme demuestra ser incapaz de salir de su estancamiento, deberemos sopesar posibles alternativas, como hacer mayor uso de la Asamblea General. En este sentido, resulta ciertamente lamentable que la actitud contraria a la cooperación manifestada por un país haya impedido a la Conferencia desarrollar su importantísimo cometido de promover el desarme nuclear en beneficio de la comunidad internacional. Esta situación incluso pone en tela de juicio la pertinencia de la actual configuración de la Conferencia.",
"Desde esa perspectiva, la presente reunión de seguimiento y el inminente período de sesiones de la Asamblea General, en particular las reuniones de octubre de la Primera Comisión, nos brindan importantes oportunidades para promover el desarme nuclear y la revitalización de la Conferencia de Desarme y del mecanismo de desarme.",
"El Japón estima de suma importancia que se inicien sin demora negociaciones sobre el tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable. Junto con el Gobierno de Australia, hemos organizado tres reuniones de expertos paralelas a la Conferencia de Desarme, en que hemos mantenido unas discusiones con un nivel de detalle y de complejidad técnica como nunca se han dado en el seno de la Conferencia. A raíz de estas reuniones paralelas, y considerando también las reuniones oficiosas de la Conferencia de Desarme sobre el tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable celebradas en los últimos años, puede considerarse que las conversaciones técnicas en gran medida han llegado a su término. De modo que ha llegado el momento de iniciar las negociaciones. Debemos acometer deliberaciones políticas con esa finalidad.",
"En estrecha colaboración con otros nueve Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares, el Japón ha puesto en marcha recientemente una iniciativa de no proliferación y desarme. Ya hemos convocado dos reuniones a nivel ministerial, en septiembre del año pasado y en abril del presente, para facilitar la aplicación efectiva de los acuerdos alcanzados sobre determinadas cuestiones en la Conferencia de Examen del TNP de 2010. El Japón se propone, con determinación y en estrecha cooperación con esos nueve Estados, presentar propuestas que permitan efectivamente lograr avances concretos en materia de desarme nuclear y no proliferación, entre ellas propuestas que faciliten un pronto inicio de las negociaciones sobre el tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable y que permitan contar con una mayor transparencia.",
"Resulta fundamental conservar el impulso positivo generado durante la última Conferencia de Examen del TNP y seguir promoviendo acciones positivas en favor del desarme y la no proliferación. Mucho puede hacerse también aquí, en Nueva York, para apoyar este tipo de acciones. A tal fin, en mayo pasado, el Japón organizó, junto con Polonia y Turquía, un seminario que suscitó una respuesta muy positiva de la comunidad diplomática destacada en Nueva York. Confío en que se adopten nuevas iniciativas de este tipo que permitan seguir promoviendo el desarme y la no proliferación y faciliten la revitalización de la Conferencia de Desarme y del mecanismo de desarme.",
"Sr. Moraes Cabral (Portugal) (habla en inglés): Tengo el honor de hablar en nombre del grupo oficioso de Estados observadores ante la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"En primer lugar, quiero felicitar al Presidente por haber programado este debate en un momento tan apropiado. El desarme y la no proliferación son cuestiones de interés mundial. Por lo tanto, los Estados observadores celebran esta oportunidad que se les brinda de exponer sus opiniones.",
"Para comenzar, puedo afirmar que los miembros del grupo están plenamente comprometidos con la Conferencia de Desarme y su revitalización. Aún sabiendo que la revitalización ha de ser un proceso multidimensional, ceñiré mis observaciones a la cuestión de la ampliación, que constituye la razón de ser de nuestro grupo.",
"De hecho, la ampliación es algo que ha estado pendiente desde hace mucho tiempo, ya que la última data de 1999. Permítaseme recordar aquí que el reglamento establece que “La composición de la Conferencia se examinará a intervalos regulares” lo que no ha ocurrido.",
"Sin embargo, el principal motivo de nuestro llamamiento es de índole política. De hecho, nuestro razonamiento es bien sencillo y obvio. La actual composición de la Conferencia de Desarme ya no refleja el mundo tal como es hoy en día. Han pasado 12 años desde la última ampliación. La actual situación ya no refleja la realidad de hoy y resulta, sin duda, insostenible si de reanudar la labor de la Conferencia se trata.",
"Retomando una expresión repetida innumerables veces, la Conferencia de Desarme no opera en el vacío. A todas luces, no debería hacerlo. Sin embargo, con objeto de que vuelva a estar en contacto con la comunidad internacional y con la realidad, la Conferencia debe, ante todo, comprender que el mundo ya no es el de 1999.",
"La Conferencia de Desarme debería ser más abierta e incluyente. Debería considerar con seriedad y urgencia invitar a más países a sumarse a ella, haciéndola así más representativa del mundo en el que vivimos. Por otro lado, hemos de tener en cuenta que, si bien la composición de la Conferencia es limitada, sus decisiones tienen alcance mundial. Nos conciernen a todos.",
"Para que el proceso de transformación pueda considerarse satisfactorio deberá tener un carácter incluyente y ser totalmente transparente, antes que limitado y conservador. En nuestra opinión, la ampliación supone una mejora, no una rémora. Representa una nueva oportunidad, un nuevo comienzo, para la Conferencia de Desarme. El simple hecho de que hay países que tienen interés en participar en la Conferencia supone un argumento político claro y de gran alcance en pro de su pertinencia permanente en el mundo actual. Por decirlo así, la ampliación obrará a favor de la legitimidad de la Conferencia, que, teniendo en cuenta la actual situación, es algo que hay que examinar con la debida atención.",
"En ese contexto, reiteramos nuestro llamamiento para que se nombre con prontitud a un relator especial encargado de examinar la cuestión de la membresía. En cualquier caso —y permítaseme ser muy claro en este punto— el nombramiento de un relator no prejuzga ningún resultado concreto. Huelga decir que las decisiones corresponden a los Estados miembros de la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"Asimismo, aprovechamos esta oportunidad para destacar que nuestra opinión es compartida por un gran número de Estados miembros, grupos regionales y otras agrupaciones —por ejemplo, la Asociación de Naciones del Asia Sudoriental, la Unión Europea y el Grupo de Estados de Europa Oriental— que, durante el período de sesiones de este año y hoy nuevamente expresaron su firme apoyo a la ampliación de los miembros y al nombramiento de un relator especial.",
"Nuestro grupo habló sobre el tema de la ampliación de la Conferencia de Desarme en varias sesiones plenarias de la Conferencia durante las primeras dos partes de su período de sesiones anual de 2011. Asimismo, informamos a la Junta Consultiva del Secretario General sobre la cuestión en su 56º período de sesiones. Por lo tanto, reiteramos nuestro llamamiento para que se examine la cuestión de la membresía en el contexto del debate en curso sobre la revitalización.",
"Mientras hago uso de la palabra, quisiera realizar algunas observaciones adicionales en nombre de mi país. En ese carácter, suscribimos plenamente la declaración formulada en nombre de la Unión Europea en la 113ª sesión y la del grupo oficioso de Estados observadores que acabo de formular.",
"Quisiera afirmar que mi país reconoce el papel de la Conferencia de Desarme como único foro de negociaciones multilaterales sobre desarme. Por consiguiente, Portugal está comprometido a apoyar activamente la labor de la Conferencia. De la misma manera, la Conferencia también debe hacer lo que le corresponde, a saber, mantener el ritmo del programa actual de desarme.",
"Debemos tener presente que, aunque el número de miembros de la Conferencia sea limitado, sus decisiones tienen carácter internacional. Son importantes para todos nosotros. Por lo tanto, el hecho de que hay países interesados en participar en la Conferencia a pesar de la parálisis de larga data representa una declaración política inequívoca y poderosa en favor de la importancia de la Conferencia. A nuestro juicio, esa ampliación fortalecería la legitimidad de la Conferencia. Aunque reconocemos que la ampliación no es en sí misma la solución, sin duda forma parte de la respuesta para una Conferencia que funcione mejor.",
"Sr. Waxman (Israel) (habla en inglés): Israel otorga importancia al examen de la cuestión de la revitalización de la Conferencia de Desarme. En efecto, es oportuno que examinemos esta cuestión con seriedad, no sólo por el estancamiento de larga data que ha caracterizado a la labor de la Conferencia, sino, principalmente, a causa de los llamamientos para que se examinen fuera de la Conferencia temas que pertenecen al programa de ese órgano, o incluso para que se sustituya a la Conferencia por otro órgano supuestamente más adecuado para realizar esa tarea.",
"Israel no respalda esos llamamientos que, a nuestro juicio, tampoco son útiles para la promoción de una labor significativa en la Conferencia. Si bien es indiscutible que la Conferencia requiere un proyecto actualizado y claro que le permita superar el estancamiento prolongado, su revitalización debe generarse dentro de su propio marco. No hay varitas mágicas que nos proporcionen una mejor solución o una institución que lleve a cabo un proceso de negociación más relevante en materia de desarme.",
"La Conferencia de Desarme es una entidad única y ampliamente reconocida como el único órgano de negociaciones multilaterales en la esfera del desarme. Su singularidad se deriva de sus miembros —que incluyen a los Estados de mayor importancia para estos temas— y de su reglamento. Aunque algunos critican el reglamento, tachándolo de anticuado y de reflejo de las realidades geopolíticas del pasado, Israel sigue convencido de que está bien adaptado a la complejidad y el carácter delicado de los temas que figuran en la agenda de la Conferencia. El reglamento, en particular la norma del consenso, refleja la necesidad de proteger los intereses vitales de seguridad y de proporcionar a los Estados negociadores el nivel de confianza necesario para abordar asuntos tan críticos.",
"Hay que examinar sinceramente si la complejidad del escenario multilateral debería eludirse intentando examinar fuera del marco de la Conferencia los temas para los que recibió el mandato de conformidad con el período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General dedicado al desarme de 1978, y si esos intentos podrían dar los resultados deseados.",
"En el ámbito convencional, los procesos independientes hasta la fecha no han podido atraer a su seno a los países más importantes, cuya participación en los nuevas disposiciones jurídicas aportará los cambios más importantes en la situación sobre el terreno. La Convención sobre Municiones en Racimo constituye, sin duda alguna, uno de esos casos. Pese a que más de un centenar de Estados firmó ese instrumento, un examen realista muestra que alrededor del 90% de los arsenales de municiones en racimo ha quedado fuera del Tratado. Importantes Estados han decidido simplemente no secundar la iniciativa y están buscando soluciones en otros ámbitos. En ese sentido, la esfera no convencional es aún más compleja.",
"Israel no considera que examinar cuestiones fuera del marco de la Conferencia de Desarme sea una propuesta viable o útil. Estimamos que la Conferencia debe centrarse en modos de mejorar su productividad que tengan sentido. Si bien persiste una parálisis acerca de los cuatro temas principales, no hay ninguna razón por la que la Conferencia no deba llevar a cabo una labor sustantiva, e incluso negociaciones, sobre otros asuntos de su agenda.",
"Podría y debería hallarse de común acuerdo una fórmula que reconozca la importancia y validez que la comunidad internacional concede a las cuatro cuestiones básicas y, al mismo tiempo, dirija a la Conferencia hacia un enfoque pragmático. Ello redundará en la negociación de otras cuestiones que podrían tener un efecto vital en la seguridad y la estabilidad. Una de esas cuestiones importantes es el tema 7 de la agenda, dedicado a la transparencia en materia de armamentos. Hay muchas cuestiones de importancia que podrían asumirse en relación con ese tema de la agenda, como la negociación de una prohibición de la transferencia de armamentos a terroristas o los sistemas portátiles de defensa antiaérea. Mientras prosiga el estancamiento, podría y debería alcanzarse un acuerdo para fomentar otras cuestiones relevantes.",
"La Conferencia de Desarme ha prestado servicios a la comunidad internacional en el pasado. Es una institución demasiado importante como para dejarla de lado. Estamos seguros de que la Conferencia tendrá mucho que aportar en el futuro. No tomemos un camino que podría impedir a esa institución hacerlo. En vez de ello, centrémonos de forma realista y útil en llevar esta empresa hacia adelante.",
"Sr. Al Habib (República Islámica del Irán) (habla en inglés): Deseo sumarme a la declaración formulada en la 113ª sesión por el representante de Egipto en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados.",
"Quisiera iniciar mi intervención con un sabio proverbio, que dice: “El trabajador ineficiente siempre echa la culpa a sus herramientas”. Como herramienta, la Conferencia de Desarme, al elaborar importantes instrumentos jurídicos internacionales sobre desarme, ha demostrado perfectamente su eficiencia y la eficacia de su reglamento, incluida la norma del consenso, incluso en el complejo contexto político y de seguridad de la guerra fría.",
"Como la Junta Consultiva en Asuntos de Desarme concluyó adecuadamente en su último informe, aunque hay continuos intentos por ocultar los motivos políticos de la inactividad de la Conferencia planteando cuestiones técnicas, como su reglamento interno, los que parecían ser problemas de procedimiento son de hecho problemas políticos.",
"La falta de voluntad política es el principal problema de la Conferencia de Desarme. En consecuencia, la única opción para impulsar su actividad, es brindar voluntad política a ese foro importante e insustituible, que es el único órgano multilateral de negociaciones sobre desarme.",
"Consideramos que toda posible iniciativa para evaluar el desempeño de la Conferencia debe ser transparente, amplia, justa y, lo más importante, impulsada por los Estados Miembros. Debe centrarse en abordar las causas fundamentales del problema. El principal objetivo de una evaluación de esa índole debe ser mejorar el desempeño de la Conferencia a la vez que se preservan su naturaleza, papel, objetivo y poder.",
"En cualquier evaluación que realicemos sobre el desempeño de la Conferencia, tenemos que tener cuidado de no mezclar nuestras reflexiones con exageraciones, pesimismo, juicios apresurados y diagnósticos emocionales poco fidedignos, ya que planteamientos de ese tipo solo complicarían y agravarían más la situación.",
"A diferencia de algunos que son partidarios de cambiar la norma del consenso de la Conferencia, estimamos que no se puede mejorar la Conferencia modificando el formato o la modalidad de su reglamento, ya que, debido a la delicada naturaleza de los tratados de desarme, estrechamente relacionados con los intereses supremos de seguridad nacional de los Estados, el consenso es la única manera de elaborar esos tratados, como ocurrió en el pasado con los tratados sobre desarme concertados tanto dentro del marco de la Conferencia como fuera de él.",
"La inactividad en la Conferencia durante el último decenio fue resultado de la falta de voluntad política; de la falta de disposición de algunos Estados a tener en cuenta los intereses de seguridad de todos los Estados y examinar todas las cuestiones esenciales de manera amplia y equilibrada; del hecho de que algunos países ven en la Conferencia un foro para tratar un único tema y no están dispuestos a reconocer la importancia de otras cuestiones; de la poca voluntad de algunos países incluso para iniciar las negociaciones tan esperadas y aplazadas durante tanto tiempo relativas a una convención sobre las armas nucleares para eliminar la amenaza que plantea a la humanidad la existencia de ese tipo de armas, pese a que la comunidad internacional ha designado al desarme nuclear como la mayor prioridad en el ámbito del desarme, como se refleja en el resultado consensuado (resolución S-10/2) del primer período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General dedicado al desarme, y de la renuencia de esos Estados a negociar instrumentos universales y jurídicamente vinculantes sobre las garantías negativas de seguridad para los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares y sobre la prevención de una carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre.",
"Consideramos que la eliminación completa de las armas nucleares es la máxima prioridad y la única garantía absoluta contra el uso o la amenaza del uso de esas armas. Por esa razón, estimamos que la Conferencia debe centrarse en promover el programa de desarme nuclear y la eliminación completa de las armas nucleares, lo que llevará a un mundo libre de esas armas.",
"En ese contexto, apoyamos firmemente el pronto inicio por la Conferencia de Desarme de negociaciones sobre un programa por etapas para eliminar completamente las armas nucleares dentro de un período de tiempo específico, incluida una convención sobre las armas nucleares. También apoyamos el inicio de negociaciones para la conclusión de instrumentos universales, incondicionales y jurídicamente vinculantes sobre las garantías negativas de seguridad para los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares y sobre la prevención de una carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre.",
"Destacamos la validez del multilateralismo como principio fundamental de las negociaciones en materia de desarme y no proliferación, y, al tiempo que reiteramos nuestra determinación de fomentar ese valioso principio, recordamos la importancia fundamental y la validez permanente del resultado de consenso del primer período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General dedicado al desarme. Estamos plenamente convencidos de que, desde que la Conferencia de Desarme se creó en ese primer período extraordinario de sesiones, la mejor manera de abordar sus retos es organizar un cuarto período extraordinario de sesiones, propuesta que cuenta con el firme apoyo de numerosos países, especialmente los 120 Estados miembros del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados.",
"Para concluir, consideramos que no se pueden sustituir el papel de un cuarto período extraordinario de sesiones de esa índole ni el de la Conferencia de Desarme con iniciativas alternativas. Los problemas que actualmente aborda la Conferencia de Desarme no son nuevos en absoluto. La mejor manera de abordar ese reto es hacer las cosas de la manera más fácil posible.",
"Sra. Anderson (Irlanda) (habla en inglés): La reunión de alto nivel convocada por el Secretario General en septiembre de 2010 fue útil para que se pusieran de manifiesto las opiniones de los Estados sobre las causas profundas del estancamiento en la Conferencia de Desarme. En esa reunión también se destacó el ferviente deseo de la comunidad internacional de pasar de las deliberaciones a la acción. No son solo los métodos de trabajo de la Conferencia de Desarme los que deben reexaminarse, sino también los de la Comisión de Desarme y de la Primera Comisión. Esos tres órganos deben ser más receptivos y estar más dispuestos a cambiar el modo de llevar a cabo su labor.",
"El enfoque de mi país respecto del desarme se basa en la firme convicción de que la cooperación multilateral redunda en interés de todos, y satisface, muy especialmente, los intereses de los Estados más pequeños, que dependen de un sistema internacional fuerte, fundamentado en normas. Una de las razones principales que nos han convocado aquí es que el único órgano multilateral de negociaciones sobre desarme, la Conferencia de Desarme, no está funcionando correctamente. Teniendo en cuenta las competencias de vital importancia de la Conferencia, este funcionamiento poco satisfactorio es profundamente preocupante.",
"Mientras tratamos de hallar una solución, vale la pena recordar que en el pasado la Conferencia de Desarme aportó una contribución sobresaliente en la esfera del control de armamentos y el desarme. No hay ninguna razón por la que no pueda volver a hacerlo.",
"Teniendo en cuenta esos antecedentes, es especialmente decepcionante que la Conferencia no haya sido capaz de participar en la labor sustantiva de negociación durante más de 16 años. Desde que se convirtió en miembro en 1999, Irlanda no ha visto que ese órgano llevara a cabo actividades importantes. Esa situación es difícil de explicar o defender. Causa una pobre impresión del multilateralismo y tiene implicaciones obvias para la paz y la seguridad internacionales. Si bien el estancamiento en la Conferencia de Desarme podría haber sido comprensible mientras no había avance alguno en el contexto más amplio del desarme, ahora contrasta notablemente con los acontecimientos positivos que hemos presenciado en otros ámbitos en los últimos años.",
"Irlanda está dispuesta a participar en las negociaciones sobre la totalidad de los cuatro temas principales que figuran en la agenda de la Conferencia de Desarme o sobre cualquiera de ellos en particular. Si bien todos los Estados tienen el derecho de promover y defender sus intereses de seguridad nacional, a nuestro juicio, la norma del consenso nunca se concibió como un mecanismo que permita a un Estado frustrar el deseo de la inmensa mayoría de los miembros de participar en las negociaciones sobre un tema concreto. La consiguiente incapacidad de la Conferencia de Desarme de entablar negociaciones sobre cualquier tema de su agenda es, a nuestro juicio, insostenible. Las negociaciones sobre cualquiera de los temas principales llevarán tiempo —probablemente muchos años. En el curso de las negociaciones se puede dar cabida a problemas nacionales concretos y, en todo caso, el acuerdo no puede imponerse en virtud de la norma del consenso. Sin embargo, es axiomático que las negociaciones deben comenzar si se quiere alcanzar el acuerdo.",
"El objetivo principal de mi país en la Conferencia de Desarme es fomentar el desarme nuclear. Eso se puede facilitar a través de una serie de métodos, incluso mediante la celebración de un tratado adecuado sobre el material fisionable, que incluiría un mecanismo de verificación y cubriría las reservas existentes, y de un acuerdo universal y jurídicamente vinculante sobre las garantías negativas de seguridad. La prevención de una carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre es una cuestión que merece que le prestemos atención urgentemente antes de que se pierda la oportunidad de evitar esa carrera.",
"Aunque en la raíz de la parálisis de la Conferencia de Desarme hay diferencias de fondo, creemos que la forma en que la Conferencia se organiza es un factor contribuyente. La exigencia del consenso, incluso para comenzar negociaciones, así como para las decisiones de procedimiento más básicas, lleva al tipo de punto muerto con el que todos estamos bien familiarizados.",
"Otro factor que entorpece el progreso es la interpretación de que la obligación de aprobar un programa de trabajo anual debe incluir mandatos de negociación complejos y otros detalles, en lugar de un sencillo calendario de actividades, como se acostumbra en la mayoría de los órganos multilaterales.",
"La ampliación da de la Conferencia de Desarme y la mayor participación de la sociedad civil en su labor permitiría, en nuestra opinión, aumentar la representación en la Conferencia de la opinión pública mundial y reforzar su prestigio y su credibilidad.",
"Al igual que otros oradores, acojo con beneplácito las recomendaciones formuladas por la Junta Consultiva del Secretario General y espero que nos ayuden a superar el estancamiento en que se encuentra la Conferencia de Desarme. Asimismo, no podemos eludir el hecho cierto de que la responsabilidad de concebir y aplicar las soluciones para los problemas mundiales recae ante todo en los Estados. Se trata fundamentalmente de un problema de voluntad política.",
"Estas responsabilidades abarcan mucho más que la Conferencia de Desarme en sí misma. La Comisión de Desarme no ha obtenido ningún resultado sustantivo en los últimos 12 años, situación que no debe prolongarse. Los métodos de trabajo de la Primera Comisión también deben someterse a la atención de los Estados Miembros.",
"Si bien la Comisión debe ser el principal foro de debate sobre las cuestiones más apremiantes en materia de desarme y no proliferación y sobre la forma de resolverlas, consideramos que se desaprovecha el tiempo presentando ritualmente resoluciones cuyo contenido apenas varía de un año a otro y la mayoría de las veces aporta muy poco.",
"En esta época de austeridad, todos tenemos que justificar el modo en que hacemos uso de nuestros limitados recursos. Contar con unos mecanismos de desarme operativos es una prioridad, pero debe haber correlación entre los esfuerzos y sus resultados.",
"Quisiera concluir expresando la esperanza de que el debate de hoy sirva para alentarnos a actuar y de que anime a las partes más directamente interesadas a reconsiderar su enfoque, asumiendo la responsabilidad que comparten con la comunidad internacional de participar, negociar y perfilar acuerdos que nos permitan alcanzar el objetivo final de un mundo sin armas nucleares.",
"Irlanda está dispuesta a tener en cuenta cuantas ideas puedan ayudarnos a avanzar, entre ellas las recomendaciones hechas por la Junta Consultiva al Secretario General, recurrir a la acción de la Asamblea General y también la posibilidad —que Irlanda aceptaría de buen grado— de celebrar otro período extraordinario de sesiones dedicado al desarme. Esperamos con interés la celebración de nuevos debates en la Primera Comisión en octubre.",
"Sr. Cancela (Uruguay): En primer lugar, y al constatar que hay tantos lugares vacíos en este Salón y la ausencia de tantos colegas —a quienes sé que están definitivamente comprometidos con los temas del desarme y la no proliferación y también sé que están muy interesados en este debate que estamos llevando a cabo— permítaseme señalar que lamento que, debido a problemas de organización de este debate, no podamos tener un mayor nivel de participación y una mayor concurrencia.",
"Quisiera señalar que país adhiere a lo expresado por el Representante Permanente de los Países Bajos en nombre de los Estados que solicitaron la convocación de este debate.",
"El Uruguay ha sido uno de los solicitantes de una sesión plenaria con arreglo al tema 162 del programa, “Seguimiento de la reunión de alto nivel celebrada el 24 de septiembre de 2010: revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y promoción de las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme”, por lo cual nos complace esta convocatoria.",
"De la reunión de alto nivel de 24 de septiembre de 2010 se desprendió notoriamente la importancia que los Miembros de las Naciones Unidas otorgan al multilateralismo, así como la preocupación generalizada por el estancamiento en que se encuentra la Conferencia de Desarme, situación que mina su credibilidad y menoscaba la de todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas.",
"Quedó clara también la necesidad de comenzar sin dilaciones las negociaciones de un tratado no discriminatorio e internacionalmente verificable para prohibir la producción de material fisionable destinado a la fabricación de armas nucleares y un trabajo sustantivo en materia de desarme nuclear, garantías negativas de seguridad y prevención de una carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre.",
"Lamentablemente, la Conferencia de Desarme ha desperdiciado nuevamente su período de sesiones sustantivo de este año sin avanzar en los temas bajo su consideración y no ha sido capaz de emitir una señal esperanzadora de que su rumbo vaya a cambiar en un futuro cercano.",
"Todos somos conscientes y todos hemos reconocido los logros obtenidos por la Conferencia de Desarme y sus predecesoras, como ámbito genuino que dio vida a los principales instrumentos de limitación de armamentos de los que se beneficia la comunidad internacional en su conjunto. No obstante, después de más de 13 años de inacción, no se pueden esgrimir justificaciones tales como la deficiencia intrínseca del sistema, la falta de voluntad política o el imperativo del consenso. La membresía y el consenso son privilegios que implican responsabilidades, por lo que la Conferencia de Desarme no puede menos que estar a la altura de las expectativas que se han depositado en sus miembros, cumplir el mandato que se le ha encomendado y trabajar de acuerdo con el imperativo de los tiempos en que vivimos.",
"El Uruguay entiende que, ante esa sensación generalizada de fracaso, es forzoso buscar soluciones rápidas y efectivas para relanzar las labores de la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"En este sentido, desearía plantear tres propuestas concretas para la revitalización de las negociaciones multilaterales en esta área.",
"En primer lugar, no es deseable desaprovechar la coyuntura política actual de un moderado multilateralismo. La reafirmación de la competencia y legitimidad de los órganos que la comunidad internacional se ha dado para abordar los temas de desarme y el respeto del derecho internacional como regla suprema de convivencia entre las naciones deben ser reiterados.",
"En consecuencia, el Uruguay hace un llamado para que la Conferencia de Desarme, sin más demora, comience las negociaciones de un tratado no discriminatorio e internacionalmente verificable para prohibir la producción de material fisionable destinado a la fabricación de armas nucleares. Insta asimismo a que se ingrese, sin ningún condicionamiento, a la negociación de un acuerdo jurídicamente vinculante sobre garantías negativas de seguridad para asegurar a los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares que no sufrirán las consecuencias del empleo o la amenaza de empleo de armas nucleares por parte de las Potencias que sí las poseen.",
"El justificado interés y legítima aspiración de los Estados no poseedores de armas nucleares de poseer garantías negativas de seguridad encuentra su respaldo jurídico y político en el inciso 4 del Artículo 2 de la Carta de Naciones Unidas. El Uruguay exhorta igualmente a que se negocien nuevos instrumentos multilaterales eficaces y verificables con miras a prevenir la carrera de armamentos, incluido el emplazamiento de armas en el espacio ultraterrestre.",
"En segundo lugar, el Uruguay considera que una de las formas de revitalizar las labores de la Conferencia de Desarme es ampliar su membresía a aquellos Estados que han manifestado su legítimo interés en formar parte de ese órgano. Al respecto, deseo sumarme a las expresiones realizadas por el Representante Permanente de Portugal en nombre del grupo informal de observadores de la Conferencia de Desarme. Nuestro país ha formalizado su aspiración de ingresar a la Conferencia de Desarme, al igual que otros 25 Estados que desde 1982 abogan por su ampliación. Es por ello que el Uruguay propone la designación de un coordinador especial de la Conferencia de Desarme con el propósito de considerar durante 2011 la ampliación de sus miembros.",
"En tercer lugar, si la Conferencia de Desarme no es capaz de superar su estancamiento, será inevitable que la Asamblea General actúe de acuerdo con el mandato que le confiere la propia Carta de las Naciones Unidas, cuyo Artículo 11 establece que la Asamblea",
"“podrá considerar los principios generales de la cooperación en el mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad internacionales, incluso los principios que rigen el desarme y la regulación de los armamentos, y podrá también hacer recomendaciones respecto de tales principios a los Miembros o al Consejo de Seguridad.”",
"Sr. Çobanoğlu (Turquía) (habla en inglés): Turquía concede gran importancia a la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme como único órgano multilateral de negociación sobre desarme, y espera que la Conferencia reanude su labor sustantiva. De ahí que Turquía fuera uno de los firmantes de la carta por la que se solicitó la convocación de la reunión de hoy.",
"Nos sumamos a la declaración formulada ayer por el Representante Permanente de los Países Bajos en nombre de los 41 países que firmaron dicha carta. Turquía también se suma a la declaración hecha por el Representante Permanente de Australia en nombre de la Iniciativa de No Proliferación y Desarme. Habida cuenta de que muchas de nuestras opiniones ya han quedado expresadas en esas declaraciones, me limitaré a añadir, en nombre de mi país, las siguientes observaciones.",
"En primer lugar, aunque existen muchas opiniones distintas sobre el modo de revitalizar la Conferencia de Desarme, somos partidarios de que este proceso de revitalización tenga lugar dentro de la misma Conferencia. Dicho esto, otros esfuerzos, como la reunión de hoy, también pueden servir para generar impulso y dejar constancia de las grandes expectativas que alberga la comunidad internacional respecto de la reanudación de la labor sustantiva de la Conferencia.",
"En segundo lugar, al centrar nuestra atención en la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme no deberíamos perder de vista el hecho de que los problemas pendientes no se circunscriben a la Conferencia. De hecho, afectan todo el mecanismo multilateral de desarme. Esto no significa que los problemas sean todos achacables al mecanismo de desarme de las Naciones Unidas. Por el contrario, como el Secretario General, Sr. Ban Ki-moon, señaló con claridad en su discurso de apertura de ayer (véase A/65/PV.113), el problema no depende del vehículo, sino de su conductor. Estamos convencidos de que estos problemas solo podrán superarse totalmente con voluntad política y flexibilidad, de las que todos debemos hacer gala.",
"En tercer lugar, en todo examen de los métodos de trabajo de la Conferencia de Desarme se debe tener presente que la norma del consenso es una herramienta esencial cuando de cuestiones de seguridad internacional se trata. Todos los países pueden necesitar alguna vez recurrir a esa herramienta con el fin de salvaguardar sus legítimos intereses de seguridad. En nuestra opinión, la norma del consenso no tiene alternativa.",
"Por último, a diferencia de algunas otras delegaciones, consideramos que la ampliación de la Conferencia de Desarme no constituye una prioridad en el contexto de su revitalización. En nuestra opinión, el actual estancamiento en la Conferencia de Desarme nada tiene que ver con su composición. De hecho, si la Conferencia no logra resolver sus problemas con su actual composición, resulta muy improbable, cuando no imposible, que pueda resolverlos con una composición ampliada que diera representación a prioridades e intereses diferentes. También estimamos que en todo debate sobre la ampliación de la Conferencia se debe analizar la contribución que, caso por caso, podrían aportar a su labor los Estados que aspiran a formar parte de la misma.",
"Esperamos que la Conferencia se revitalice, que las preocupaciones de todos los Estados Miembros se tengan en cuenta, que se acometa la labor sustantiva sobre los temas fundamentales y que, con su actual composición, la Conferencia supere su prolongado estancamiento.",
"Sr. Raytchev (Bulgaria) (habla en inglés): Para comenzar, deseo expresar el profundo agradecimiento de mi delegación al Presidente Deiss y al Secretario General, Sr. Ban Ki-moon, por haber convocado este debate. Siendo uno de los países que lo solicitaron, estamos especialmente agradecidos ante esta oportunidad de celebrar un debate acerca del seguimiento da la reunión de alto nivel sobre la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme, celebrada en septiembre de 2010.",
"Bulgaria se suma a la declaración formulada en nombre de la Unión Europea y a la formulada por el Representante de los Países Bajos en nombre de un grupo interregional de Estados. Me limitaré a destacar algunos aspectos que consideramos importantes.",
"Todos confiábamos en que la reunión de alto nivel celebrada en septiembre de 2010 propiciaría cambios positivos en la Conferencia de Desarme. Lamentablemente, no fue así y la Conferencia no ha podido hasta la fecha aprovechar el impulso a favor del desarme y la no proliferación a escala mundial. Todos coincidimos, sin embargo, en que el estancamiento no puede ni debe perpetuarse. Ya se han desaprovechado 15 años y no podemos permitirnos el lujo de desperdiciar aun más tiempo.",
"La situación resulta paradójica, por cuanto la Conferencia de Desarme debería ser más pertinente que nunca y tener una gran carga de trabajo, en esta época de amenazas asimétricas y de desafíos de seguridad comunes, y la comunidad internacional debería estar más convencida que nunca de la pertinencia metodológica del multilateralismo. Cuanto más se prolongue el estancamiento, más se pondrá en tela de juicio la pertinencia misma de la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"Las justificaciones —la norma del consenso y la falta de voluntad política, entre otras— son sobradamente conocidas. No cabe culpar a la propia Conferencia de Desarme. La responsabilidad recae en nosotros, sus miembros. El cambio debe producirse desde dentro. Todos debemos preguntarnos en qué medida queremos que la Conferencia de Desarme vuelva a ser pertinente y fiable. La norma del consenso está allí, pero debemos usarla con creatividad en lugar de recurrir a ella para causar dilaciones en la Conferencia. Esta norma se estableció con el fin de que los miembros, basándose en el compromiso, pudieran expresar su voluntad común y no para que un miembro impusiera su opinión a todos los demás.",
"El mundo está interrelacionado. Las nuevas realidades exigen nuevos enfoques. Si la Conferencia de Desarme no se adapta rápidamente a los nuevos retos y condiciones, acabará siendo irrelevante. La nueva dinámica imprime premura, y la respuesta de la Conferencia debe ser resuelta. La Conferencia debe producir resultados o se arriesga a inducir a la comunidad internacional a estudiar nuevas vías para acometer negociaciones multilaterales sobre desarme y no proliferación.",
"Una Conferencia de Desarme revitalizada significa una Conferencia de Desarme que funcione y responda a las nuevas realidades. Sin embargo, los dos problemas más acuciantes persisten: en primer lugar, la aprobación de un programa de trabajo y, en segundo lugar, el inicio sin demora de negociaciones sobre un tratado por el que se prohíba la producción de material fisionable. Cualquier cuestión de seguridad nacional, de ser legítima, puede ser objeto de examen dentro del proceso de negociaciones antes que motivo para bloquear la labor sustantiva de la Conferencia. No debe descartarse examinar nada si se inician negociaciones sobre un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable.",
"Sin duda, el aumento del número de miembros de la Conferencia de Desarme sería un paso hacia adelante para adaptarse a las nuevas realidades. Los nuevos miembros aportarían nueva energía y nuevas ideas. La sociedad civil también forma parte del proceso, y las organizaciones no gubernamentales e instituciones de investigación tienen un papel importante que desempeñar. Nos sumamos a los llamamientos en favor del mejoramiento de los métodos de trabajo, también de la Primera Comisión y de la Comisión de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas.",
"Estamos dispuestos a trabajar en pro de esos objetivos antes de que comience el sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones de la Primera Comisión, en octubre. Sin embargo, quisiera concluir citando a Berthold Brecht, quien dijo lo siguiente: “porque las cosas son como son, no seguirán siendo así”. Esa idea se aplica totalmente a la Conferencia de Desarme tal como la conocemos en la actualidad.",
"Sr. Cabactulan (Filipinas) (habla en inglés): Filipinas hace suya la declaración formulada por el Representante Permanente de Egipto en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados. Mi delegación apoya también la declaración formulada por los representantes de Portugal, en nombre del grupo oficioso de Estados observadores de la Conferencia de Desarme, y de los Países Bajos, en nombre del grupo de Estados con ideas afines.",
"Filipinas reitera su convencimiento de que la diplomacia multilateral es la mejor manera de seguir logrando avances en materia de desarme y no proliferación nucleares. En la Conferencia de las Partes encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares celebrada en mayo de 2010, los Estados partes dieron un importante paso hacia adelante en esos ámbitos cuando se aprobó el Documento Final de la Conferencia (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). En ese sentido, Filipinas recuerda a los Estados partes su obligación de poner en práctica el plan de acción, así como la sección sobre la aplicación de la resolución de 1995 sobre el Oriente Medio, tal como figura en la sección de conclusiones y recomendaciones del Documento.",
"Con la reunión de alto nivel celebrada en septiembre de 2010 se dio un paso hacia adelante. El debate de hoy es una continuación de esa Reunión celebrada hace casi un año. A pesar del tiempo que ha transcurrido desde entonces —de hecho, el período de más de 15 años transcurrido desde que la Conferencia de Desarme se puso de acuerdo sobre el Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares— el estancamiento persiste.",
"No se puede permitir que esta situación —que recuerda el castigo de Sísifo— continúe. Teniendo presentes los debates celebrados en la reunión de alto nivel que tuvo lugar en septiembre, Filipinas y muchas otras delegaciones consideran que la situación es insostenible. La Conferencia de Desarme debe acordar y aplicar un programa de trabajo. Si no lo puede hacer, debe tomar otras medidas perentorias. Además, dado que el enfoque de abajo hacia arriba ha paralizado los esfuerzos de reforma de la Conferencia debido a que la norma del consenso otorga a todos los miembros de la Conferencia un derecho similar al veto, ahora es imperativo que la Asamblea General, que creó la Conferencia de Desarme, afirme su poder mediante un enfoque de arriba hacia abajo.",
"Filipinas, junto con varias otras delegaciones que forman el grupo oficioso de Estados observadores, considera que es urgentemente necesario que la Conferencia de Desarme amplíe su composición. En aras de promover una inclusión y un dinamismo mayores en la Conferencia, Filipinas pide que se examinen las condiciones que hay que reunir para convertirse en miembro de la Conferencia, conforme a lo dispuesto en su reglamento y para permitir el aumento del número de sus miembros. Numerosos países, actualmente observadores ante la Conferencia, tienen la legítima aspiración de pasar a ser miembros de pleno derecho. Para facilitar ese examen, Filipinas pide que la Conferencia de Desarme nombre a un relator especial/coordinador sobre la ampliación.",
"Sin embargo, también hay que examinar medios alternativos. Bien puede considerarse que la Conferencia de Desarme es el único órgano multilateral en materia de desarme, pero los acuerdos de desarme han sido concebidos al margen de ella, incluida la Convención sobre la prohibición del empleo, almacenamiento, producción y transferencia de minas antipersonal y sobre su destrucción y la Convención sobre Municiones en Racimo. En virtud de esas Convenciones, no todos los países se adhirieron en sus inicios y de hecho todavía no se han adherido, pero eso no excluye la posibilidad de que los Estados acaben convirtiéndose en partes. La clave, a juicio de Filipinas, es comenzar las negociaciones lo antes posible.",
"Otro método que podría intentarse es la forma en que se están haciendo preparativos para la negociación de un tratado sobre el comercio de armas, que quedó dentro del ámbito de la Asamblea General, órgano que decidió que se celebraría una Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas para negociar el tratado. Filipinas también sigue prestando apoyo a los llamamientos en pro de la organización del cuarto período extraordinario de sesiones dedicado al desarme, en el que se podría reevaluar y revitalizar ampliamente el mecanismo de desarme de las Naciones Unidas.",
"A juicio de mi delegación, lo importante no es qué órgano lleve a cabo las negociaciones, sino que éstas se inicien realmente y se traduzcan en resultados más tangibles y concretos que los meros informes empíricos de las reuniones, como fue el caso de la última reunión de la Comisión de Desarme, celebrada en abril.",
"Nosotros, los Estados presentes hoy en este Salón, tenemos una opción y una decisión difícil de tomar. ¿Seguimos limitados en la Conferencia de Desarme, con la esperanza de que problemas espinosos a los que la Conferencia ha debido hacer frente se disipen con el tiempo como por arte de magia, dando lugar a progresos genuinos hacia la negociación de un programa de desarme? ¿O nos atrevemos a ir más allá y seguir, por ejemplo, el camino tomado por un número significativo de países en la búsqueda de medios alternativos, como ocurrió en las negociaciones sobre las Convenciones de Ottawa y de Oslo? ¿Establecemos un proceso paralelo a la Conferencia de Desarme? ¿Tenemos la esperanza de poder repetir el éxito del primer período extraordinario de sesiones dedicado al desarme, celebrado en 1978, y depositamos nuestras esperanzas en el cuarto período extraordinario de sesiones dedicado al desarme? ¿Tenemos que encargar a algún grupo de alto nivel que estudie más a fondo lo que debe hacerse? ¿Seguimos el camino de la Asamblea General y concedemos a ese órgano un papel más importante y activo para que logre progresos en las negociaciones multilaterales sobre desarme?",
"Lamentablemente, la respuesta correcta no está clara. Lo que está claro para nosotros es que debemos adoptar una decisión y aplicarla lo más pronto posible. La decisión puede ser la de conceder a la Asamblea General un papel más importante y activo y buscar medios innovadores y alternativos para hacer que avancen las negociaciones multilaterales en materia de desarme. Si no adoptamos una decisión y actuamos, nos veremos condenados al estancamiento y la inactividad, lo que aumentará la posibilidad de que las armas que hasta el momento se habían dejado de lado puedan comenzar a utilizarse, lo que tendría efectos devastadores y terribles.",
"Sr. Manjeev Singh Puri (India) (habla en inglés): Me sumo a otros colegas para agradecer al Presidente la convocación de esta reunión de seguimiento de la reunión de alto nivel convocada por el Secretario General, a la que asistió nuestro Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores, Excmo. Sri S.M. Krishna, el 24 de septiembre de 2010.",
"La India hace suya la declaración formulada en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados.",
"Casi un año ha transcurrido desde la convocación de la reunión de alto nivel. La Conferencia de Desarme sigue siendo incapaz de llevar a cabo su cometido principal de negociar tratados multilaterales. Compartimos la decepción de los Estados Miembros ante la continuidad del estancamiento en la Conferencia. Consideramos que no deben culparse a la Conferencia de Desarme o a su reglamento de ese callejón sin salida. Estimamos que la reunión de hoy debe enviar un enérgico mensaje de apoyo a la Conferencia de Desarme como único foro multilateral para las negociaciones sobre e imprimir un impulso político al programa multilateral, que incluye el pronto inicio de negociaciones sobre un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable en la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"La Conferencia de Desarme adoptó una decisión consensuada en mayo de 2009 sobre su programa de trabajo, que incluía el inicio inmediato de negociaciones acerca de un tratado sobre el material fisionable. La reunión de alto nivel celebrada el 24 de septiembre de 2010 resultó ser una medida de apoyo muy amplia a la CD/1864. De hecho, la primera recomendación de esa reunión, que el Secretario General reiteró posteriormente en su discurso ante la Conferencia de Desarme el 26 de enero, es que la Conferencia apruebe ese programa de trabajo o uno similar en 2011.",
"La India no se interpondrá en el camino si surge un consenso sobre un programa de trabajo que nos permita continuar a partir de donde estábamos en relación con la decisión CD/1864 aprobada por consenso, si esa decisión contribuye a que se inicien pronto los trabajos sustantivos en la Conferencia, incluida la negociación de un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable en el marco del mandato contenido en la CD/1299. Esto no va en perjuicio de la prioridad que atribuimos al desarme nuclear.",
"La India ha sido firme partidaria del desarme nuclear mundial, no discriminatorio y verificable. El Primer Ministro Rajiv Gandhi presentó un plan de acción visionario para un orden mundial sin armas nucleares y sin violencia. En ese plan se establece una hoja de ruta para lograr en un plazo determinado el desarme nuclear universal, no discriminatorio, paulatino y verificable. Cabe recordar que en el Documento Final del primer período extraordinario de sesiones dedicado al desarme (resolución S-10/2) se confiere la máxima prioridad al desarme nuclear. Creemos que el objetivo del desarme nuclear puede lograrse mediante un proceso gradual apoyado por un compromiso universal y un marco multilateral acordado que sea global y no discriminatorio. Hace falta un verdadero diálogo entre todos los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares con el fin de fomentar la confianza y reducir la prominencia de esas armas en los asuntos internacionales y las doctrinas de seguridad.",
"Quisiera reiterar nuestro apoyo a la Conferencia de Desarme como único foro multilateral de negociación, reconocido como tal por la comunidad internacional. La Conferencia sigue poseyendo el mandato, la composición, la credibilidad y el reglamento para cumplir con esa responsabilidad. Depende de los Estados Miembros hacer que funcione mediante la negociación de tratados multilaterales que puedan aplicarse universalmente. Las propuestas que cuestionen la viabilidad o la pertinencia de la Conferencia, o que apunten a alternativas no realistas, no darán resultados fructíferos o útiles para lograr avances en el programa multilateral acordado con la participación de todos los países pertinentes. Esperamos que nuestras deliberaciones de hoy impulsen positivamente el programa de desarme y reafirmen el papel fundamental de la Conferencia de Desarme como único foro multilateral de negociación para el logro de nuestros objetivos comunes.",
"Sra. Aitimova (Kazajstán) (habla en inglés): Mi delegación encomia al Presidente por dar seguimiento a la importante reunión de alto nivel que el Secretario General convocó el 24 de septiembre del año pasado sobre la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y la promoción de las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme.",
"También quisiéramos dar las gracias por sus declaraciones al Presidente Deiss; al Secretario General, Sr. Ban Ki-moon; a la Presidenta de la Junta Consultiva en Asuntos de Desarme, Sra. Olga Pellicer; y al Secretario General de la Conferencia de Desarme y Director General de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra, Sr. Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. Sus impresiones y el resumen del Secretario General sobre la mencionada reunión apuntan hacia medidas fundamentales importantes para fortalecer el mecanismo de desarme con una visión común sobre el desarme y la no proliferación. También reiteramos que el desarme ayuda a afrontar otros desafíos mundiales, como la reducción de la pobreza, el cambio climático y la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.",
"Kazajstán apoya de manera firme y sistemática la visión de la no proliferación y el desarme nucleares, tal como demuestra su decisión de cerrar su polígono de ensayos nucleares y de renunciar a uno de los arsenales nucleares más grandes del mundo. Como miembro de la Conferencia de Desarme, Kazajstán confiere gran importancia a ese foro y a la contribución que ha aportado en el pasado. No obstante, lamentablemente, la Conferencia no ha respondido a las expectativas. Ha llegado el momento de estudiar estrategias concretas para superar el estancamiento del último decenio sobre cuestiones fundamentales objeto de una aceptación general a fin de acelerar el proceso de desarme y no proliferación.",
"Al igual que otros Estados Miembros, Kazajstán está de acuerdo en que es fundamental iniciar cuanto antes las negociaciones sobre un tratado no discriminatorio, multilateral y verificable internacionalmente de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable. Ese tratado permitiría reducir al mínimo los programas nucleares militares ilegítimos y mejorar considerablemente el control de los materiales existentes, reduciendo de esta manera en gran medida la amenaza del terrorismo nuclear.",
"Como país en el que está situado el complejo de lanzamientos espaciales Cosmódromo Baikonur y que participa en la cooperación internacional sobre el espacio ultraterrestre, además de llevar a cabo su propio desarrollo espacial nacional partiendo de la base de la cooperación multilateral, Kazajstán pide que las actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre sean estrictamente pacíficas e insta a la Conferencia a que incluya esta cuestión en su agenda. Teniendo en cuenta que cada vez hay más países que participan en programas espaciales y que dependen de ellos, deberíamos promover más la prevención de una carrera armamentista en el espacio ultraterrestre colaborando con otras entidades internacionales que se ocupan de cuestiones relativas a la exploración espacial.",
"Al hablar en la Cumbre Mundial sobre Seguridad Nuclear que se celebró en Washington, D.C. en abril de 2010, el Presidente de mi país, Sr. Nursultan Nazarbayev, pidió que se redacte un instrumento internacional jurídicamente vinculante sobre garantías de seguridad de las Potencias nucleares a los Estados que no poseen armas nucleares. Sólo esas garantías pueden frenar de manera eficaz las aspiraciones de determinados Estados no nucleares de adquirir armas nucleares para garantizar su propia seguridad. La siguiente medida debería ser la redacción de una declaración universal sobre un mundo sin armas nucleares, en la que se reafirmara la determinación de todos los Estados de avanzar con determinación y de manera progresiva hacia una convención sobre un mundo libre de armas nucleares.",
"Mi delegación coincide con otros Estados Miembros en que la paralización actual perjudica la credibilidad de la Conferencia de Desarme y pone en entredicho su pertinencia. La razón del actual estancamiento en las negociaciones multilaterales se percibe no sólo como una falta de voluntad política sino también como una laguna en el mecanismo de desarme.",
"En pocas palabras, mi delegación pide a la Asamblea General y a los Estados Miembros que estudien maneras de revisar el mandato de la Conferencia, su composición, su estructura y sus procedimientos de trabajo, así como de fortalecer las medidas de desarme y no proliferación empezando de inmediato a trabajar en un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable, el uso del espacio ultraterrestre con fines pacíficos, un tratado jurídicamente vinculante para garantías negativas de seguridad y una declaración o convención por la que se prohíban las armas nucleares. Hay que replantearse el principio del consenso para que la Conferencia sea una entidad fuerte y viable, en lugar de sacar el proceso de formulación de políticas fuera de las Naciones Unidas, como han propuesto algunos Estados. La labor de la Conferencia debe empezar con una agenda pertinente y eficaz tanto en lo relativo a cuestiones contempladas en el pasado como en lo relativo a las que vayan surgiendo en un futuro próximo. Por lo tanto, apoyamos plenamente la propuesta del Secretario General de que se nombre a un grupo de alto nivel de personas eminentes que busque maneras de fortalecer el mecanismo de desarme, en particular la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"Para concluir, quisiera asegurar a la Asamblea que Kazajstán hará todo lo posible para fortalecer la Conferencia de Desarme y mejorar su compromiso con el proceso multilateral de desarme.",
"Sr. Husain (Canadá) (habla en inglés): Ante todo, permítaseme dar las gracias al Presidente de la Asamblea General por haber convocado esta sesión sobre este tema sumamente importante. Habría deseado que nos hubiésemos reunido hoy para celebrar las esperanzas y el entusiasmo sobre las perspectivas de reanudación de negociaciones sobre el desarme multilateral. No es ese el caso. La Conferencia de Desarme sigue sumida en el estancamiento y está efectivamente desintegrada. Es necesario que se efectúe una reforma institucional.",
"Por ello, cuando el Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores del Canadá, el Honorable John Baird, anunció la suspensión de la participación del Canadá en la Conferencia que se celebraría bajo la Presidencia de Corea del Norte, el Canadá también se comprometió a liderar una iniciativa destinada a reformar la metodología para elegir al Presidente de la Conferencia de Desarme. La realización de dichos esfuerzos representa la convicción del Canadá de que únicamente aquellos que promueven y honran los valores y objetivos de la Conferencia de Desarme pueden permitirse liderar la Conferencia. Como dijo nuestro Ministro, es absurdo que uno de los peores transgresores del mundo en lo que respecta a la proliferación nuclear y al incumplimiento de los compromisos presida un órgano de desarme.",
"Al Canadá le complació cumplir sus funciones en 2011 como el primero de los seis Presidentes sucesivos de la Conferencia, y también se encuentra entre varios de los países que han asumido funciones de liderazgo con referencias excelentes respecto de la no proliferación y que tienen un firme compromiso con el desarme.",
"Este año los miembros de la Conferencia han celebrado deliberaciones sobre los cuatro temas fundamentales de la Conferencia. No obstante, seamos claros. El mandato de la Conferencia de Desarme es negociar el desarme y no únicamente deliberar sobre el desarme. El período de sesiones de 2011 de la Conferencia ya casi ha culminado, y las distintas posiciones sobre un programa de trabajo están aún muy arraigadas y son mutuamente excluyentes. Nuestros esfuerzos para que la Conferencia reanude sus actividades en 2011 todavía no han fructificado, aunque el Canadá renovará sus esfuerzos con ese fin en agosto, cuando Corea del Norte ya no ocupe la Presidencia.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene la palabra el representante de la República Popular Democrática de Corea para plantear una cuestión de orden.",
"Sr. Ri Tong Il (República Popular Democrática de Corea) (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: He solicitado la palabra porque el representante del Canadá acaba de referirse a la República Popular Democrática de Corea como Corea del Norte. La República Popular Democrática de Corea es un Estado Miembro de las Naciones Unidas, y le ruego a usted que tenga a bien llamar al orden al orador respecto de esta cuestión.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Hemos tomado nota de la cuestión de orden planteada por el representante de la República Popular Democrática de Corea, y solicito al representante del Canadá que continúe con su declaración.",
"Sr. Husain (Canadá) (habla en inglés): En vista de la continuación del estancamiento en la Conferencia de Desarme, el Canadá considera que se deben seguir realizando esfuerzos con seriedad para dar seguimiento a la reunión de alto nivel celebrada en septiembre pasado. El Canadá fue uno de los Estados que, en la reunión de alto nivel de septiembre pasado, habló a favor de que se estableciera un plazo para que la Conferencia iniciara su labor sustantiva —incluidas negociaciones— si aún no lo ha hecho este otoño. Concretamente, consideramos que la Asamblea General en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones podría también estudiar la forma de proseguir la labor de la Conferencia.",
"Al hablar en la Conferencia el 28 de febrero, el ex Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores del Canadá, el Honorable Lawrence Cannon, nuevamente instó a los miembros de la Conferencia a pensar de manera innovadora. Este año hemos observado algunas pruebas positivas en este sentido. La iniciativa paralela formulada por Australia y el Japón sobre un tratado por el que se prohíba la producción de material fisionable constituye un claro ejemplo de ello. El Canadá considera con renuencia que también ha llegado el momento de examinar otras opciones al margen de la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"Un tratado por el que se prohíba la producción de material fisionable es la mayor prioridad del Canadá como próximo instrumento de desarme y, si bien hubiéramos preferido que se iniciaran las negociaciones en la Conferencia de Desarme, nuestra paciencia con los órganos multilaterales de desarme que no funcionan adecuadamente no es interminable. Actualmente, uno de los 65 países está impidiendo a la Conferencia celebrar negociaciones sobre un tratado por el que se prohíba la producción de material fisionable citando cuestiones estratégicas regionales. No obstante, en el futuro podría ocurrir fácilmente que otro país u otros países utilizaran en forma indebida la norma del consenso respecto de una cuestión de procedimiento con miras a obstaculizar negociaciones multilaterales de desarme sustantivas. Ese nunca fue el propósito de la norma del consenso.",
"El Canadá considera que iniciar un proceso externo de negociaciones sobre un tratado por el que se prohíba la producción de material fisionable no pondría en mayor peligro a la Conferencia de Desarme que, desde 1998, no ha podido establecer un programa de trabajo. Por consiguiente, acogemos con beneplácito la declaración formulada recientemente por los Estados Unidos en el sentido de que está celebrando consultas sobre medios alternativos para iniciar negociaciones sobre un tratado por el que se prohíba la producción de material fisionable. Convenimos en que el éxito de ese tratado requeriría la participación activa de los Estados que poseen armas nucleares. Considerando que muchos Estados poseedores de armas nucleares han declarado una suspensión de la producción de material fisionable para armas nucleares, ahora ha llegado el momento de iniciar negociaciones para concertar ese tratado. La universalidad se puede lograr con el tiempo.",
"(continúa en francés)",
"El Canadá es flexible en lo que respecta a las modalidades de las negociaciones y al lugar donde se celebren, y reanudará su participación en la Conferencia de Desarme después de la Presidencia de Corea del Norte, centrándose en la reforma de ese órgano e insistiendo en la necesidad de abordar importantes cuestiones relacionadas con los otros temas fundamentales de su programa.",
"Esperamos con interés que se celebre el debate más amplio posible sobre los méritos de todos los medios alternativos posibles para celebrar negociaciones sobre un tratado por el que se prohíba la producción de material fisionable. Una idea que sigue en examen es que la labor sustantiva se lleve a cabo a través de la creación de subcomités de la Primera Comisión. También se han presentado otras alternativas. Por su parte, el Canadá no se opone a la convocación de un cuarto período extraordinario de sesiones dedicado al desarme, pero estima que para iniciar negociaciones sobre un tratado por el que se prohíba la producción de material fisionable no se debe esperar a que se concluya ese proceso más amplio. Podemos y debemos iniciar estas negociaciones de inmediato.",
"Sr. Le Hoai Trung (Viet Nam) (habla en inglés): Viet Nam se adhiere a la declaración formulada por el representante de Egipto en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados.",
"El año pasado presenciamos algunos acontecimientos positivos que se reflejaron en la entrada en vigor del Nuevo Tratado START, concertado por los Estados Unidos y la Federación de Rusia en febrero, y en la aprobación del Documento Final de la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares (NPT/CONF.2010/50). Todavía persisten conflictos en varios lugares del mundo, y en Asia, el Oriente Medio y el África septentrional han surgido inestabilidad y nuevos peligros relativos a la seguridad. También se ha intensificado el peligro de una carrera armamentista. Contra ese telón de fondo, es lamentable que la Conferencia de Desarme siga estancada, ya que ni siquiera puede acordar un programa de trabajo.",
"La falta de avances en la Conferencia de Desarme no solo ha impedido a la Conferencia contribuir de manera eficaz a la promoción de un entorno internacional más pacífico y más seguro, sino que también ha socavado la confianza en ese importante foro de desarme multilateral.",
"Debido a las limitaciones de tiempo, quisiéramos subrayar varias cuestiones. Primero, el desarme nuclear sigue siendo la máxima prioridad en el ámbito del desarme. Quisiera recordar la aprobación de la resolución 65/56, sobre el desarme nuclear, en la que se pide a la Conferencia de Desarme que establezca a comienzos de 2011 un comité especial sobre desarme nuclear e inicie negociaciones sobre un programa gradual para eliminar totalmente las armas nucleares. Con ese fin, exhorto a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares a que pongan en práctica medidas sustantivas y efectivas con miras a lograr el desarme nuclear completo, en particular a que asuman el liderazgo para iniciar negociaciones a fin de concertar una convención sobre las armas nucleares.",
"Segundo, debería mantenerse el papel fundamental del mecanismo de desarme de las Naciones Unidas en el proceso de desarme y de no proliferación y en el control de armamentos. Instamos a la Conferencia de Desarme a que apruebe un programa de trabajo amplio y equilibrado que abarque todas las cuestiones apremiantes, como el desarme nuclear, las garantías negativas de seguridad, la prevención de una carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre y la concertación de un tratado por el que se prohíba la producción de material fisionable. Para lograr este fin, quisiera solicitar una voluntad política, una flexibilidad y una cooperación mayores.",
"Tercero, las negociaciones sobre desarme multilateral deberían estar destinadas a fortalecer la paz y la seguridad internacionales y a lograr el objetivo final de eliminar el peligro de una guerra nuclear y de aplicar las medidas tendientes a detener e invertir la carrera de armamentos. Ese proceso de negociación debería estar basado en los principios fundamentales acordados en el primer período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General. Esos principios incluyen la observancia estricta de los propósitos y principios consagrados en la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, el respeto del derecho a participar en pie de igualdad, el reconocimiento pleno del papel de las Naciones Unidas en el ámbito del desarme y la debida consideración de los intereses vitales de todos los pueblos del mundo.",
"La política sistemática de Viet Nam ha consistido en esforzarse por alcanzar la paz y apoyar la no proliferación de las armas de destrucción en masa con el objetivo de lograr el desarme general y completo. Viet Nam se ha adherido a todos los principales tratados multilaterales sobre la prohibición de armas de destrucción en masa y ha sido un miembro activo de muchos órganos de desarme de las Naciones Unidas. En la región del Asia sudoriental, Viet Nam también trabaja en estrecha colaboración con otros miembros de la Asociación de Naciones del Asia Sudoriental y otros asociados en la aplicación del Tratado sobre la zona libre de armas nucleares de Asia Sudoriental y de su Plan de Acción. Viet Nam seguirá trabajando con todos los demás asociados internacionales a fin de lograr más avances en el ámbito del desarme.",
"Sr. Heller (México): México se asocia plenamente a las intervenciones realizadas por la delegación de los Países Bajos, en nombre de varios Estados, y la delegación de Australia, en nombre de los países que participan en la iniciativa sobre desarme y no proliferación.",
"Asimismo, México se congratula por la atención que el Secretario General, Sr. Ban Ki-moon, ha prestado a la promoción de las negociaciones multilaterales en materia de desarme, tanto en su plan de cinco puntos como en la convocación a la reunión de alto nivel celebrada en 2010. En ese mismo tenor, tomamos nota del informe presentado por la Presidenta de la Junta Consultiva en Asuntos de Desarme.",
"La reunión de alto nivel de 2010 puso de manifiesto las diferentes interpretaciones sobre la disfuncionalidad de los distintos foros que conforman el mecanismo de desarme, especialmente la de la Conferencia de Desarme. Sin embargo, también demostró el enorme interés de la comunidad internacional en este tema, que concierne a todos, dado que incide en la seguridad y en la supervivencia misma de la humanidad.",
"México ha brindado su apoyo irrestricto a la Conferencia de Desarme y a los foros que la precedieron, ya que fueron creados para alcanzar un fin al que mi país le confiere la mayor prioridad. Por ello, resulta inaceptable que el foro encargado de negociar los instrumentos jurídicamente vinculantes para salvaguardar la seguridad de nuestros pueblos no haya podido, en los últimos 15 años, realizar un trabajo sustantivo en ninguno de los temas de su agenda ni haya logrado cumplir su mandato.",
"Ni siquiera estamos de acuerdo sobre la causa de la parálisis de la Conferencia de Desarme. Algunos argumentan que ésta responde a factores exógenos y consideran que la Conferencia de Desarme es víctima de estas circunstancias. Otros, en cambio, estiman que la disfuncionalidad del foro radica en el hecho de que fue concebido para funcionar en el marco de la guerra fría y no en el contexto multipolar del siglo XXI. Posiblemente este estancamiento sea el resultado de la combinación de ambos factores. Es evidente que los métodos de trabajo de la Conferencia de Desarme corresponden a una realidad distinta que no prevalece en la actualidad, obstaculizando tanto su toma de decisiones como su labor sustantiva.",
"La membresía limitada de la Conferencia de Desarme, la composición de sus grupos regionales y la falta de participación de la sociedad civil son factores igualmente anacrónicos. Sin embargo, el mayor obstáculo que bloquea el trabajo de la Conferencia de Desarme ha sido el recurso a la regla del consenso, interpretada como la necesidad de unanimidad absoluta, tanto para cuestiones de sustancia como de procedimiento. Esta interpretación ha convertido a esta regla en un derecho de veto para los 65 miembros de la Conferencia de Desarme. Cuando este veto se ejerce, se priva a la mayoría de la comunidad internacional de alcanzar un objetivo superior y prioritario de la agenda internacional. Este veto incluso se ha impuesto para impedir la aprobación de un programa de trabajo. Pareciera que existe la precondición de tener un acuerdo sobre el fondo antes de iniciar una negociación, olvidando que negociar es precisamente la obligación de la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"La responsabilidad de lograr que la Conferencia de Desarme cumpla con su mandato recae primordialmente en sus miembros, pero, en última instancia, concierne a todos los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas, los cuales en 1978 la designaron como el único foro de negociación multilateral en materia de desarme.",
"Esta es una oportunidad para tomar distancia y para ver desde la perspectiva de la Asamblea General qué es lo que sucede en Ginebra. Lo que vemos desde aquí, lo que ven los 128 Estados que no pertenecen a la Conferencia de Desarme, es decir las dos terceras partes de la membresía, es que en los últimos 15 años al menos un Estado miembro de la Conferencia de Desarme ha estado dispuesto a ejercer su veto, impidiendo a ese foro cumplir con el mandato que le otorgó precisamente esta Asamblea.",
"Igualmente constatamos que los reiterados llamados de la Asamblea a la Conferencia de Desarme para que inicie sus trabajos no han tenido efecto. De persistir esta situación, lo lógico es que la Asamblea General examine con detenimiento esta cuestión y adopte las medidas pertinentes para retomar las prerrogativas otorgadas a un foro que ya no responde a sus exhortos.",
"En 2005, México, junto con otros países, planteó la posibilidad de comenzar las negociaciones de desarme en la Asamblea General, en espera de que la Conferencia de Desarme adoptara su programa de trabajo y pudiera cumplir con su mandato. México sigue dispuesto a impulsar esta posibilidad o cualquier otra iniciativa que ofrezca posibilidades reales de iniciar un proceso negociador multilateral en materia de desarme.",
"Para concluir, esperamos que, en su próximo período de sesiones, la Asamblea General asuma la responsabilidad que le corresponde en esta materia.",
"Sr. Errázuriz (Chile): Mi delegación agradece al Presidente de la Asamblea General que haya convocado el presente debate, así como su compromiso con la revitalización de la agenda de desarme. Al mismo tiempo, valoramos el interés del Secretario General en reactivar las negociaciones en materia de desarme y no proliferación. El plan de cinco puntos y la convocación de la reunión de alto nivel de 2010 revelan una alta responsabilidad política frente a un tema indispensable para un funcionamiento efectivo de un sistema multilateral y contribuir así a la seguridad colectiva y el desarrollo, así como a la paz y la seguridad internacionales.",
"Chile se asocia a las declaraciones previas formuladas por el Representante Permanente de Egipto, en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados; por el Representante Permanente de Australia, en nombre de los 10 países que conforman la iniciativa de no proliferación y desarme, y por el Representante Permanente de los Países Bajos, en nombre de los 41 países interesados.",
"Antes que nada Chile quisiera reafirmar su compromiso con el multilateralismo en general y, en particular, en materia de desarme y no proliferación nuclear. En ese marco, valoramos las instituciones multilaterales de desarme y seguridad que funcionen, como una garantía tanto de nuestros propios intereses de seguridad como los de la comunidad internacional en su conjunto.",
"No es posible continuar analizando las causas de la inacción de la Conferencia de Desarme y la disfuncionalidad de la maquinaria del desarme, cuando la comunidad internacional está interesada en acciones concretas y en fortalecer los estándares e instrumentos en materia de desarme y limitación de armamento, ámbito en el que hemos visto avances y un clima favorable que debiera permear a la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"En este contexto y luego de más de 10 años improductivos, la Conferencia de Desarme ha llegado a una situación límite que puede calificarse de insostenible. Un proceso de revitalización dirigido a un acuerdo que permita retomar su función negociadora requiere de un amplio compromiso político que pueda plasmarse en un marco en el que los países sientan que tienen un espacio efectivo para participar en la construcción de un mundo más seguro y proteger sus legítimos intereses nacionales.",
"La etapa de los diagnósticos autocríticos y debates sobre las reglas de procedimiento debe sustituirse por medidas que permitan reactivar la Conferencia de Desarme en el corto plazo o simplemente buscar alternativas que puedan satisfacer parcialmente el interés de la comunidad internacional. Sugeriríamos a este foro analizar el documento CD/1931 —que presentó Colombia—, el cual nos da una radiografía de las percepciones, intereses y limitaciones de la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"Un ejercicio de renovación de la Conferencia de Desarme requiere de la revisión de algunos aspectos centrales como su composición, los procedimientos o la regla de consenso. Si bien creemos que esta última debe preservarse como un medio para alcanzar bases amplias en cuestiones en las que esté en juego la seguridad de los Estados, su uso no puede ni debe ser abusivo al punto de paralizar incluso cuestiones de mero procedimiento. La composición de los grupos regionales es un punto que también debería analizarse. En pleno siglo XXI la Conferencia de Desarme no puede trabajar de espaldas a la sociedad civil, con la que se requiere tender puentes y alcanzar una mayor interacción. Todos estos son temas políticos que deberían ser parte de un paquete negociador.",
"Chile tiene una disposición amplia y flexible frente a las opciones que permitan progresar en las negociaciones multilaterales en materia de desarme y no proliferación. Nuestra intención no es sustituir a la Conferencia de Desarme y preferimos trabajar en ella como el foro negociador por excelencia en dicho ámbito, pero también debemos ser claros en que estamos abiertos a examinar alternativas.",
"El hecho de que nos encontremos en este debate aquí, en Nueva York, puede llevar a que se plantee el derecho de la Asamblea General a tomar acciones en materia de desarme y no proliferación, que tengan un impacto real y directo en las funciones y el mandato de la Conferencia de Desarme. Si continúa el statu quo, será difícil cuestionar la legitimidad de ese camino.",
"Los órganos subsidiaros del sistema de las Naciones Unidas no son un fin en sí mismos, son sólo herramientas para satisfacer y canalizar las aspiraciones y necesidades políticas de la comunidad internacional. El desarme es un bien global, no así la Conferencia de Desarme ni los otros mecanismos de la llamada maquinaria del desarme que tienen su génesis en el primer período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General sobre el desarme hace ya más de 30 años y que pueden ser sujetos a cambio, como ha sucedido con otros órganos. La convocatoria al cuarto período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General sobre el desarme puede constituirse en la instancia adecuada para introducir las reformas que den a la comunidad internacional las herramientas que los actuales tiempos requieren.",
"Por otra parte, y para concluir, cabe preguntarse si la falta de avances en las negociaciones de desarme está vinculada estructuralmente a la Conferencia de Desarme, vale decir: ¿es un problema propio de dicho foro, o se debe a intereses estratégicos y políticos de actores importantes, que probablemente estarán presentes en cualquier foro sobre desarme, caso en el cual sólo se podrían alcanzar progresos con el resuelto compromiso y la voluntad política de aquellos y de la comunidad internacional en su conjunto?",
"Sra. Štiglic (Eslovenia) (habla en inglés): Ante todo, quisiera dar las gracias al Presidente de la Asamblea General, así como al Secretario General por su iniciativa personal de organizar el oportuno debate de hoy en relación con el tema 162 del programa, “Seguimiento de la reunión de alto nivel celebrada el 24 de septiembre de 2010: revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y promoción de las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme”. Celebro la presencia entre nosotros de la Sra. Pellicer, que preside la Junta Consultiva del Secretario General en Asuntos de Desarme, cuya opinión esperamos con gran anticipación y creemos que contribuirá considerablemente a nuestra labor. Asimismo, quisiera dar las gracias al Secretario General de la Conferencia de Desarme, Sr. Tokayev, por sus observaciones.",
"Antes de empezar, quisiera señalar que Eslovenia suscribe las declaraciones formuladas por la Unión Europea, por Portugal en nombre del grupo oficioso de Estados observadores ante la Conferencia de Desarme en Ginebra y por los Países Bajos en nombre de los países partidarios de la iniciativa para dar seguimiento a la reunión de alto nivel celebrada el 24 de septiembre de 2010.",
"Quisiera formular tres observaciones en relación con el debate de hoy.",
"Primero, consideramos que ya es hora de que se adopten decisiones concretas de seguimiento después de la reunión de alto nivel que se celebró aquí en septiembre pasado. Esperamos que después de la reunión de hoy tengamos más idea de cómo proceder en el próximo período de sesiones de la Asamblea General. Asimismo, esperamos que la Junta Consultiva del Secretario General sea útil y ofrezca al Secretario General y a los Estados Miembros un asesoramiento decisivo en ese sentido.",
"Segundo, Eslovenia considera que el actual estancamiento en las negociaciones mundiales sobre desarme multilateral demuestra claramente hasta qué punto es urgente que procedamos a una reforma global del actual mecanismo internacional de desarme. La Conferencia de Desarme, basada en Ginebra, que se creó en 1979, debe adaptarse a las realidades del mundo contemporáneo del siglo XXI. Ante todo, debe abrir las puertas a todos los países interesados que quieran contribuir a la paz y la seguridad internacionales. La paz y la seguridad internacionales son importantes para todos los países del mundo, no sólo para el grupo de actuales miembros de la Conferencia de Desarme. Estamos firmemente convencidos de que los nuevos miembros enriquecerían la labor de la Conferencia y la ayudarían a superar el actual estancamiento.",
"Quisiera aprovechar esta ocasión para reiterar la opinión que tenemos desde hace mucho tiempo de que la Conferencia debe iniciar sin más demora negociaciones sobre un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable. Estamos convencidos de que ese tratado complementaría de manera efectiva el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares y el Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares y nos seguiría orientando en la senda hacia un mundo sin armas nucleares.",
"Tercero, la reactivación de la Conferencia de Desarme es una de las primeras medidas que hay que adoptar para reformar el mecanismo internacional de desarme. En ese sentido, también debemos replantearnos el papel de la Comisión de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas, que este año tampoco ha obtenido resultados de trascendencia. La reforma debe ser integral y eficaz y además debe redefinir el papel de la Primera Comisión.",
"Por último, Eslovenia acoge con agrado los esfuerzos del Secretario General y de muchos países por promover el proceso de desarme. Esperamos que en otoño podamos iniciar debates serios sobre propuestas concretas relativas a la manera de llevar adelante el proceso que iniciamos con la reunión de alto nivel del año pasado. El factor tiempo es muy importante, y quisiera invitar a todos los Estados a que se nos sumen en los esfuerzos por desbloquear las negociaciones internacionales de desarme e iniciar una reforma efectiva del mecanismo internacional de desarme que finalmente dé resultados y que nos lleve más cerca de nuestro objetivo final: un mundo sin armas nucleares.",
"Sr. Abdullah (Malasia) (habla en inglés): Quisiera ante todo expresar nuestro agradecimiento al Secretario General por sus constantes esfuerzos en la promoción de un mundo sin armas nucleares.",
"Mi delegación suscribe la declaración formulada por Egipto en la 113ª sesión en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados. También quisiéramos dar las gracias a los Países Bajos por la declaración que formularon en esa misma sesión en nombre de 41 Estados, que consideramos de gran pertinencia en relación con los objetivos de este debate.",
"La Conferencia de Desarme, la Comisión de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas, la Primera Comisión de la Asamblea General y el proceso de examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares constituyen la plataforma multilateral para que los Estados podamos trabajar colectivamente a fin de lograr nuestro objetivo común de un desarme general y completo con un control internacional efectivo. Por esa razón, entre otras, la Conferencia en particular no puede permanecer estancada para siempre. Debemos fijar las prioridades adecuadas y concentrar todos los esfuerzos en lograrlas.",
"De cara al futuro, mi delegación desea reiterar la conclusión unánime de la Corte Internacional de Justicia en el sentido de que existe la obligación de celebrar de buena fe negociaciones que lleven a un desarme nuclear en todos sus aspectos y de llevarlas a buen término, con un control internacional estricto y efectivo. Por lo tanto, quisiéramos subrayar que convendría hacer hincapié en la eliminación total de las armas nucleares a través de la aprobación de una convención sobre armas nucleares. Es indispensable que la Conferencia de Desarme inicie cuanto antes su labor sustantiva, para poder seguir progresando en materia de desarme y no proliferación.",
"También cabe recordar que la Conferencia de Desarme, la Comisión de Desarme y la Primera Comisión fueron fruto del primer período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General dedicado al desarme. Por lo tanto, opinamos que esos tres órganos deben rendir cuentas a la Asamblea. Al respecto, somos partidarios de que se convoque un cuarto período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea dedicado al desarme, que podría ser decisivo para promover el programa de desarme.",
"Una alternativa que también podría estudiarse es la posibilidad de examinar la eficiencia de cada entidad a través de un grupo de personas eminentes, que podría formular recomendaciones sobre la manera de revitalizar el mecanismo de desarme de las Naciones Unidas. Malasia lo mencionó en la declaración que formuló en la reunión de alto nivel sobre la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme celebrada el año pasado. También se mencionó en el apartado de recomendaciones del reciente informe de la Junta Consultiva en Asuntos de Desarme. Malasia está dispuesta a estudiar cualquier otra idea viable que se proponga.",
"La transparencia y la total inclusividad deberían ser los principios rectores de la Conferencia de Desarme. Somos partidarios de que se amplíe la Conferencia y estamos de acuerdo en que convendría brindar a la sociedad civil más oportunidades de seguir las actuaciones de la Conferencia de manera significativa.",
"Por último, no podemos dejar de recalcar una vez más que la voluntad política genuina y firme expresada por los Estados de manera tangible es absolutamente fundamental para promover las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme en la Conferencia de Desarme y en otros órganos de las Naciones Unidas. Malasia está dispuesta a colaborar estrechamente con otras delegaciones para emprender este proyecto común.",
"Sr. Fernández-Arias Minuesa (España): España se asocia a la declaración pronunciada en nombre de la Unión Europea en la 113ª sesión.",
"Hace algo menos de un año, el pasado 24 de septiembre, tenía lugar una reunión de alto nivel bajo los auspicios del Secretario General con objeto de evaluar la situación de la Conferencia de Desarme y las razones de su estancamiento. Ese ejercicio desembocó en un profundo análisis de la actual situación, con amplia participación de Ministros y otros representantes de alto nivel, tal y como se reconoció en la resolución 65/93 de esta Asamblea. Cabe poner de manifiesto, y agradecer, el firme compromiso del Secretario General, quien ha situado la revitalización de la maquinaria de desarme entre las prioridades de su mandato.",
"Lamentablemente, constatamos que la situación de parálisis en la Conferencia de Desarme ha persistido a lo largo de 2011, y no tiene visos de resolverse. Los esfuerzos y los llamamientos para sacar a este órgano negociador de su estancamiento han sido, por el momento, infructuosos.",
"La tentación sería afirmar que, puesto que no ha habido progreso, estamos igual que hace un año. Sin embargo, hace un año aún podíamos confiar en que una inercia positiva, derivada de una serie de buenas noticias en el ámbito del desarme y la no proliferación —como la firma de un nuevo tratado START, la cumbre de Washington, D.C. sobre seguridad nuclear o el consenso sobre un plan de acción alcanzado en la Conferencia de Examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares (TNP)—, contagiara a la propia Conferencia de Desarme. Esa esperanza todavía no se ha materializado, ya que mientras la agenda del desarme progresa en otros foros, en la Conferencia de Desarme en Ginebra se siguen dilapidando, un año más, medios, esfuerzos y energías, sin conseguir, ni tan siquiera, dar ese primer paso hacia el consenso que encarnaría la aprobación de un programa de trabajo, algo que de manera efímera se logró en 2009.",
"En estos últimos años, se ha convertido en lugar común la afirmación de que la Conferencia de Desarme no produce, pero sí trabaja. De sus trabajos dan buena fe las reuniones mantenidas en su abultado —y quizá excesivo— calendario de sesiones. Cabe preguntarse, no obstante, si estos trabajos —tan arduos como improductivos por cuanto que no desembocan en negociaciones en firme— tienen ya otra lógica que la del ritual que se agota en sí mismo.",
"Bien es cierto que, a cambio de su inacción negociadora, en la Conferencia de Desarme se han traído a colación —durante el presente curso, y gracias a los loables esfuerzos de las Presidencias canadiense, chilena, china y colombiana— un sinnúmero de fórmulas, iniciativas y propuestas, muchas de las cuales resultan, a nuestro juicio, muy acertadas. No son las ideas lo que falta, sino el consenso suficiente para llevarlas a cabo.",
"Ante esta coyuntura crítica, que nos sitúa entre el clamor de la comunidad internacional y de la sociedad civil que piden avances en el ámbito del desarme, y una maquinaria del desarme inoperante, o cuando menos, desengrasada, ¿cuál es el camino a seguir?",
"Lo deseable, lo ideal, sería que los progresos tuvieran lugar en el marco de la Conferencia de Desarme, que en el pasado se confirmó como un eficaz foro para la negociación internacional con logros tan trascendentales como las convenciones de armas biológicas y químicas, el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares o el Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares.",
"España sigue comprometida con este camino, como lo demuestra el hecho de que el pasado 16 de junio presentara —junto con Alemania, los Países Bajos, México, Suecia, Turquía, Bulgaria y Rumania— el documento CD/1910, un ejercicio de reflexión conjunta destinado a promover el debate sobre los materiales fisibles en la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"Conviene, por lo tanto, seguir apostando por la revitalización de la Conferencia, pero sería un error hacerlo con paciencia infinita. La tarea que tenemos ante nosotros es demasiado importante, demasiado perentoria, como para fiarla a la única carta de un foro que durante 14 años se ha mostrado incapaz de cumplir con su cometido. Dicho en otras palabras: si el debate se planteara en términos de progresar en el terreno del desarme y la no proliferación o apostar por la Conferencia de Desarme, y ambas opciones fueran excluyentes, la respuesta de todos los aquí reunidos sólo podría ser una, y debería escucharse —por una vez, al menos— de manera clara y unánime.",
"Pero no adelantemos acontecimientos: por el momento, la reunión que tenemos ante nosotros constituye una nueva oportunidad para ahondar en las causas y posibles soluciones de la parálisis de la Conferencia de Desarme, y no podemos desaprovecharlas. En este sentido, queremos sumarnos a las propuestas concretas presentadas por la Unión Europea y, en particular, llamar la atención sobre las siguientes.",
"En primer lugar, apelamos a que la Conferencia de Desarme, la Primera Comisión y la Comisión de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas revisen sus métodos de trabajo y reflejen debidamente esta cuestión en sus informes a la Asamblea General, deseando, al mismo tiempo, que la propia Asamblea mantenga el interés por esta cuestión y su seguimiento. Apelamos, en segundo lugar, a que los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares declaren y mantengan una moratoria con respecto a la producción de material fisible para armas nucleares y otros dispositivos explosivos nucleares. Finalmente, apelamos a que los Estados miembros de la Conferencia de Desarme inicien negociaciones sobre un tratado para la prohibición de la producción de material fisible sin demora, y para que comiencen a trabajar en los otros asuntos de la agenda.",
"En conclusión, deseamos ser a la vez audaces y realistas a la hora de explorar y avanzar en propuestas concretas respecto de la Conferencia de Desarme, recordando siempre que, como decía Alexis de Tocqueville, lo que acostumbramos a llamar instituciones necesarias a veces son sólo instituciones a las que nos hemos acostumbrado.",
"Sr. Mahmood (Bangladesh) (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Quisiera transmitir el agradecimiento de la delegación de Bangladesh por haber organizado esta importante reunión plenaria para dar seguimiento a la reunión de alto nivel sobre la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y la promoción de las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme, celebrada el 24 de septiembre de 2010.",
"Quisiera señalar que suscribimos la declaración formulada por el representante de Egipto en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados. Además quisiera profundizar en determinados elementos básicos desde nuestra perspectiva nacional.",
"El acuerdo entre los Estados Unidos de América y la Federación de Rusia sobre reducción de armamentos es una importante medida positiva después de años de lentitud en las conversaciones sobre desarme. Se trata de una medida bien encaminada, pero es decididamente insuficiente para librar al planeta de la maldición de las armas nucleares. Esperamos que los Estados partes aprovechen esta reunión plenaria y que la reunión nos oriente a todos, incluidos los Estados que todavía no han suscrito los instrumentos pertinentes, para lograr la eliminación total de las armas nucleares.",
"Bangladesh es una sociedad democrática, laica e inclusiva. Mi país, con una intachable trayectoria en materia de desarme y no proliferación, se compromete a trabajar en pro de la adhesión universal al Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares (TNP) y al Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares. Bangladesh ha optado incondicionalmente por seguir siendo un Estado no nuclear. Fuimos el primer país del Asia meridional que figura en el anexo 2 en ratificar el Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares. Además hemos concertado un acuerdo de salvaguardias con el Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica (OIEA), incluidos los protocolos adicionales.",
"Bangladesh está constitucionalmente comprometido a lograr el desarme general y completo. Como muestra de ese compromiso, el Parlamento de Bangladesh también ha aprobado una resolución en la cual se apoya la Conferencia de Examen del TNP celebrada en 2010. Entre otras cosas, en la resolución se insiste en la necesidad de aplicar los tres pilares del TNP, a saber, el desarme nuclear, la no proliferación nuclear y el uso de la energía nuclear con fines pacíficos. En ella también se reitera su apoyo al artículo IV del TNP, que garantiza los derechos inalienables de todos los Estados partes en el TNP a desarrollar la investigación, la producción y el uso de la energía nuclear con fines pacíficos sin discriminación y de conformidad con los artículos I y II del Tratado, con arreglo al mecanismo de salvaguardias y verificación del OIEA. El Parlamento de Bangladesh, en su opinión unánime, también ha expresado la convicción de que todo uso de las armas nucleares constituiría un delito internacional, que se podría considerar, entre otros, crimen de lesa humanidad, crimen contra la paz, crimen de guerra y genocidio. El Gobierno de Bangladesh apoya plenamente esta resolución parlamentaria.",
"Bangladesh apoya incondicionalmente un enfoque multilateral en materia de no proliferación y desarme nucleares. Consideramos que la Conferencia de Desarme es el único órgano de negociación multilateral sobre desarme. Además apoyamos la labor de la Comisión de Desarme, que es el único órgano especializado de deliberación dentro del mecanismo de desarme multilateral de las Naciones Unidas.",
"Consideramos que las armas de destrucción en masa entrañan la amenaza más grave para la humanidad. Seguimos opinando que sólo la eliminación total de las armas nucleares puede proporcionar una garantía de que no se utilizarán ese tipo de armas ni se amenazará con utilizarlas y de que no habrá peligro de que ese tipo de armas caiga en manos de terroristas.",
"Bangladesh está convencido de que, además de generar electricidad, los usos de la tecnología nuclear con fines pacíficos según el régimen de salvaguardias y verificación del OIEA puede ayudar a abordar algunos desafíos de desarrollo que afrontamos, tanto viejos como contemporáneos, como el hambre, la enfermedad, la gestión de los recursos naturales y el cambio climático. Es desconcertante observar que persisten restricciones innecesarias sobre las exportaciones de material, equipo y tecnología con fines pacíficos hacia países en desarrollo que no poseen armas nucleares, debido a medidas incompatibles con las disposiciones del Tratado. Hay que eliminar esas barreras.",
"Es preocupante que los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares no sólo estén aumentando la capacidad de precisión de sus arsenales existentes de armas nucleares, sino que además estén desarrollando nuevos tipos de armamento. Insistimos en que los Estados no nucleares que son parte en el TNP tienen el derecho legítimo de recibir garantías incondicionales de los Estados que poseen armas nucleares en el sentido de que estos últimos no utilizarán ni amenazarán con utilizar armas nucleares en su contra.",
"Bangladesh también enfoca el programa de desarme y no proliferación desde una perspectiva de desarrollo. Por razones de consciencia no podemos justificar un gasto de alrededor de 1,5 billones de dólares al año en armamento cuando hay países en desarrollo, en particular los países menos adelantados como Bangladesh, que tienen dificultades para lograr los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. La plena aplicación del programa de desarme y no proliferación, incluido el desarme y la no proliferación nucleares, son indispensables para lograr ese objetivo.",
"Quisiera reiterar que, a pesar de todo lo que he mencionado, no hemos perdido la fe en nosotros mismos. Aunque reconocemos que la andadura hacia un mundo sin armas nucleares no será fácil, no consideramos que las dificultades deban disuadirnos de emprender la búsqueda de un mundo sin armas nucleares, para nosotros mismos y para nuestros hijos. Debemos legar a las generaciones venideras un planeta habitable. Propongámonos cambiar las cosas desde ahora mismo.",
"Sr. Taalas (Finlandia) (habla en inglés): Sr. Presidente: Quisiera darle las gracias por haber convocado esta reunión plenaria sobre un tema tan apremiante.",
"Finlandia suscribe las declaraciones formuladas en nombre de la Unión Europea y en nombre de un grupo de países de opiniones afines por los Países Bajos.",
"Ha transcurrido casi un año desde la reunión de alto nivel celebrada en Nueva York en septiembre pasado y no hemos visto ningún progreso. Las razones de esta situación son harto conocidas. El paréntesis que ha habido en las negociaciones de la Conferencia de Desarme durante un decenio amenaza con echar por la borda el sistema de negociaciones multilaterales sobre desarme. El mecanismo de las Naciones Unidas para el desarme está en peligro. Ante esta situación, es preciso que todos los Estados Miembros renueven su compromiso político y aporten ideas nuevas. No podemos optar por seguir igual. Lo que más falta hace es la firme voluntad política para reemprender negociaciones multilaterales sobre desarme. Esperamos que esta reunión sirva para cristalizar esa voluntad.",
"Debemos iniciar de inmediato negociaciones sobre un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable en la Conferencia de Desarme. Eso nos llevaría más cerca de nuestro objetivo de lograr un mundo sin armas nucleares y sería esencial para nuestros esfuerzos de no proliferación. Un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable contribuiría a aplicar los tres pilares del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares.",
"La Conferencia de Desarme debe aprovechar el ímpetu favorable al desarme y la no proliferación nucleares que evidencian el nuevo Tratado START y la Cumbre sobre Seguridad Nuclear. Finlandia insta a todos los Estados Miembros a que trabajen en pro del desarme nuclear completo a través de medidas concretas.",
"Además hay algunas medidas prácticas que podemos adoptar para revitalizar la labor en el mecanismo de las Naciones Unidas para el desarme.",
"Primero, debemos examinar los métodos de trabajo de la Conferencia de Desarme, la Primera Comisión y la Comisión de Desarme. Necesitamos más debate sustancial y más denominadores comunes, y menos procedimiento.",
"Segundo, en las negociaciones multilaterales deben participar todos los agentes pertinentes. Para garantizar que sean inclusivas es indispensable revisar la composición de la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"Tercero, necesitamos ideas innovadoras y una mejor conexión con la realidad que hay fuera de las salas de reuniones de las Naciones Unidas. Debemos hacernos eco de la voz de la sociedad civil y del mundo académico y encontrar la manera de aprovechar mejor su valiosa contribución a nuestro trabajo.",
"Nos comprometemos a hacer todo lo que podamos para fomentar las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme durante la Presidencia finlandesa de la Primera Comisión en el sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General. Esperamos que, con el nuevo compromiso político de todos los Estados Miembros, podamos impulsar juntos el programa de revitalización.",
"Sr. Tladi (Sudáfrica) (habla en inglés): Sudáfrica agradece esta oportunidad de participar en un debate público y honesto acerca del programa multilateral de desarme y, en particular, la posibilidad de examinar los progresos logrados desde que se aprobara la resolución 65/93, sobre la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y la promoción de las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme.",
"Mi delegación se adhiere a las declaraciones formuladas por el representante de Egipto, que habló en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, y por el representante de los Países Bajos, que habló en nombre de un grupo de Estados de varias regiones del mundo.",
"Uno de los resultados del primer período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General dedicado al desarme fue reconocer la necesidad de la existencia de un solo foro multilateral de negociación en materia de desarme, que fuera de un tamaño limitado y adoptara decisiones sobre la base del consenso, foro que actualmente conocemos como la Conferencia de Desarme. Los logros anteriores de la Conferencia y de sus entidades predecesoras han demostrado el papel que este órgano puede desempeñar en la negociación de importantes instrumentos multilaterales de desarme. Por consiguiente, es lamentable que durante muchos años esta institución no haya logrado cumplir su mandato básico. Como resultado del estancamiento continuo, muchos —como es comprensible— han comenzado a cuestionar la pertinencia de la Conferencia y la validez de los esfuerzos destinados a lograr los objetivos de desarme, especialmente desde los albores del nuevo entorno de seguridad internacional establecido después de la guerra fría.",
"Otra decisión del primer período extraordinario de sesiones dedicado al desarme fue crear la Comisión de Desarme como órgano deliberativo sobre desarme y órgano subsidiario de la Asamblea General. Lamentablemente, este órgano tampoco cumple su mandato y este año tampoco formuló recomendaciones concretas.",
"El desame nuclear sigue siendo nuestra principal prioridad, que comparten todos los miembros del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, el Grupo de los 21 y la gran mayoría de Estados Miembros de la Conferencia de Desarme y de las Naciones Unidas en todas las regiones. No solo compartimos preocupaciones sobre la proliferación vertical y horizontal de las armas nucleares, sino que estimamos que la existencia misma de las armas nucleares contribuye a la inseguridad en el mundo.",
"Además, las consecuencias humanitarias catastróficas que resultarían de la utilización de armas nucleares representan claramente un riesgo grave para la humanidad. Mientras estas armas existan, ninguno de nosotros estaremos verdaderamente seguros. Únicamente la eliminación completa de todas las armas nucleares y la garantía de que nunca más se fabricarán pueden proporcionar las garantías necesarias contra su utilización. Por este motivo, Sudáfrica ha abogado constantemente en favor de un enfoque gradual y sistemático para lograr nuestro objetivo de un mundo libre de armas nucleares. Consideramos que el progreso constante e irreversible en materia de desarme nuclear y la adopción de otras medidas conexas de control de las armas nucleares siguen siendo fundamentales en la promoción de la no proliferación nuclear.",
"La falta de progresos concretos para lograr el desame nuclear ha socavado el régimen mundial de no proliferación. Si bien el desame nuclear fue el tema de la primera resolución que aprobó la Asamblea General en 1946 (resolución 1 (I)), también ha sido el primer tema del programa de la Conferencia de Desarme desde que ésta se creó. A pesar de la exigencia constante de la abrumadora mayoría de los miembros de la Conferencia de que se cree un órgano subsidiario que se ocupe únicamente del desame nuclear, eso no se ha materializado. Eso es particularmente desconcertante dado que todos los Estados partes en el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares se han comprometido con este objetivo en el Plan de Acción aprobado por la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del TNP. Por lo tanto, mi delegación reitera su llamamiento a la Conferencia de Desarme para que establezca de inmediato un órgano subsidiario que se ocupe del desame nuclear.",
"Como parte del enfoque gradual y sistemático para lograr el desame nuclear, mi delegación también apoya el inicio de negociaciones sobre un tratado por el que se prohíba la producción de material fisionable para armas nucleares y otros artefactos explosivos nucleares, que promueva tanto los objetivos de desarme como los de no proliferación. Mi delegación no se adhiere a la opinión de que un tratado por el que se prohíba la producción de material fisionable sea el único tema que se está en condiciones de negociar. Dada la naturaleza de la Conferencia de Desarme como foro de negociación, estimamos que la Conferencia puede negociar cualquier cuestión que figure en su programa, aunque reconocemos que la concertación de un acuerdo internacional jurídicamente vinculante en un futuro cercano podría ser más probable respecto de algunas cuestiones que de otras.",
"Si bien quizá no todos coincidamos sobre las cuestiones que más o menos estemos en condiciones de considerar para la concertación de un acuerdo, eso no debería impedir que nos ocupáramos de manera sustancial de las cuestiones que figuran en el programa multilateral de desarme. La cuestión que afrontamos ahora es si la Conferencia de Desarme está a la altura de nuestras expectativas o si debemos estudiar otras alternativas a fin de promover las negociaciones multilaterales sobre desarme en un esfuerzo por revitalizar la labor que debería haber realizado este órgano.",
"Reconocemos que la Conferencia de Desarme estuvo a punto de reanudar su labor en 2009 cuando aprobó un programa de trabajo. Aunque el CD/1864 no fue un documento perfecto, abrigábamos la esperanza de que hubiese dado lugar a una nueva etapa en la historia reciente de la Conferencia, lo cual nos habría permitido trabajar de consuno para forjar un futuro mejor y más seguro. Lamentablemente, ni el documento CD/1864 ni ninguna otra fórmula de mandatos para órganos subsidiarios sobre temas que figuran en nuestro programa han permitido reanudar la labor sustantiva.",
"Si bien algunos consideran que la falta de resultados concretos en la Conferencia de Desarme se debe a su reglamento, mi delegación estima que la resistencia de algunos a obrar de buena fe y a celebrar negociaciones que conduzcan al desame nuclear en todos sus aspectos, bajo un control internacional estricto y eficaz, es el principal obstáculo que enfrenta la comunidad internacional.",
"Muchos de nosotros quisiéramos que la Conferencia de Desarme recuperara el lugar que le corresponde. Sin embargo, el hecho de que en los últimos 15 años no haya podido realizar una labor sustantiva no nos permite ser indiferentes ante los desafíos actuales. Si la Conferencia sigue sin cumplir su mandato, no habría motivo para no estudiar otras opciones tendientes a promover la importante labor que se ha encomendado a este órgano.",
"Para concluir, Sudáfrica sigue comprometida con un sistema internacional que esté basado en normas. Por consiguiente, adoptaremos toda otra medida que sea necesaria para fortalecer la gobernanza multilateral en la esfera del desarme, la no proliferación y el control de armamentos. Además, examinaremos cualquier otra alternativa que permita promover negociaciones multilaterales sobre desarme con el propósito de alcanzar nuestro objetivo de un mundo libre de armas nucleares.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Hemos escuchado al último orador en esta sesión. Escucharemos a los oradores restantes mañana, 29 de julio, a las 11.00 horas en el Salón. En esa sesión, la Asamblea también examinará el tema 13 del programa para continuar su debate sobre el derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento.",
"Antes de concluir esta sesión, un representante ha solicitado ejercer su derecho a contestar. Recuerdo a los Estados Miembros que las declaraciones en ejercicio del derecho a contestar se limitarán a 10 minutos para la primera intervención y a cinco minutos para la segunda intervención, y que las delegaciones deberán formularlas desde sus asientos.",
"Tiene la palabra el representante de la República Popular Democrática de Corea.",
"Sr. Ri Tong Il (República Popular Democrática de Corea) (habla en inglés): Permítaseme ejercer el derecho a contestar y, al mismo tiempo, formular algunas observaciones sobre las palabras pronunciadas por el representante del Canadá, quien planteó una pregunta sobre la Presidencia de la Conferencia de Desarme, que actualmente ocupa la República Popular Democrática de Corea.",
"En lo que respecta a la Presidencia de la Conferencia, la República Popular Democrática de Corea actualmente la ocupa en ejercicio de su derecho soberano, como Estado Miembro de las Naciones Unidas, a presidir la Conferencia de Desarme. De conformidad con el reglamento de la Conferencia de Desarme, la República Popular Democrática de Corea tiene la obligación de asumir las funciones de Presidente de la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"Además, la República Popular Democrática de Corea es y ha sido un Estado Miembro de las Naciones Unidas. En el párrafo 1 del Artículo 2 de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas se estipula que la Organización está basada en el principio de la igualdad soberana de todos sus Estados Miembros. En lo que respecta a esta cuestión jurídica, consideramos que las palabras del representante del Canadá constituyen una violación grave de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas.",
"Segundo, las afirmaciones del representante del Canadá contravienen la práctica de los foros internacionales. Esta no es la primera vez que la delegación del Canadá boicotea un foro internacional. La primera vez fue en 2001, cuando se celebró una conferencia contra el racismo en Durban. El Canadá fue el único país que boicoteó esa reunión. Eso sentó un precedente muy lamentable en la práctica del multilateralismo internacional.",
"Ese no fue el único caso de un boicoteo del Canadá. Esto ocurrió nuevamente en otras reuniones, incluso aquí en la Asamblea General cuando el Presidente de un país estaba pronunciando un discurso precisamente en este foro. Esta es la tercera ocasión en que un representante del Canadá ha actuado de ese modo en la Conferencia de Desarme en Ginebra. Por lo tanto, la República Popular Democrática de Corea condena con firmeza esta conducta del representante del Canadá.",
"Tercero, esto demuestra la psicología y la mentalidad del período de la guerra fría. En realidad, este es el período posterior a la guerra fría. Fue solo durante el período de la guerra fría que presenciamos esa actitud polémica de los países. La etapa posterior a la guerra fría es un período para el diálogo y el fomento de la confianza. Esto se puede percibir en todas las regiones, incluso en la región de Asia. El Canadá y la República Popular Democrática de Corea participan como miembros en el Foro Regional de la Asociación de Naciones del Asia Sudoriental. El espíritu general propicia al diálogo y el fomento de la confianza. Sin embargo, ahora, en lugar de tener una conducta de diálogo y reconciliación, el Canadá ha optado por el camino del enfrentamiento. El representante del Canadá es el único que se ha comportado de esa manera.",
"Se levanta la sesión a las 18.05 horas."
] | [
"President:\tMr. Deiss\t(Switzerland)",
"In the absence of the President, Mr. Tanin (Afghanistan), Vice-President, took the Chair.",
"The meeting was called to order at 3.10 p.m.",
"Agenda item 115 (continued)",
"Follow-up to the outcome of the Millennium Summit",
"Draft decision (A/65/L.88)",
"The Acting President: Members will recall that the General Assembly held the debate on agenda item 115 jointly with agenda item 13, “Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields”, at the 40th and 41st plenary meetings on 29 October 2010, as well as jointly with agenda items 13 and 120, “Strengthening of the United Nations system”, at the 52nd plenary meeting on 23 November 2010.",
"Members will also recall that, under agenda item 115, the Assembly held a specific meeting focused on development at its 97th and 98th plenary meetings on 14 June 2011.",
"Members will also recall that, under agenda items 13 and 115, the Assembly adopted resolutions 65/1, 65/7, 65/281 and 65/285 at its 9th, 41st, 100th and 105th plenary meetings, respectively. Also under agenda item 115, the Assembly adopted resolution 65/238 at its 73rd plenary meeting.",
"The Assembly will now take action on draft decision A/65/L.88, entitled “Participation of civil society representatives in the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases, to be convened on 19 and 20 September 2011”.",
"May I take it that the Assembly decides to adopt draft decision A/65/L.88?",
"Draft decision A/65/L.88 was adopted.",
"The Acting President: The Assembly has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of agenda item 115.",
"Agenda item 27 (continued)",
"High-level Meeting on Youth",
"Social development",
"(b) Social development, including questions relating to the world social situation and to youth, ageing, disabled persons and the family",
"The Acting President: I call on the representative of Mauritania.",
"Mr. Ould Cheikh (Mauritania) (spoke in Arabic): At the outset, I would like to express the condolences of the President, Government and people of Mauritania to the Kingdom of Norway on the terrorist act that claimed dozens of innocent victims. Our Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement of condolence in that regard two days ago.",
"I would also like to express my gratitude to the General Assembly and its President, our dear friend Mr. Joseph Deiss, who is guiding our work very wisely. I would like to express particular appreciation for resolution 65/267 of 15 March 2011, thanks to which we are here in New York to discuss issues related to young people, who are an important part of society and the cornerstone of all successful socio-economic development.",
"The Government of my country, the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, at the instruction of its President, Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, has stated and reaffirmed that the future of any group lies in its youth. It set out a national five-year plan for youth, recreation and sports to be implemented from 2011 to 2015. Our youth policy makes young people a Government priority and will be funded to the tune of more than $230 million, of which $37 million will come from a State fund. That is in line with the election campaign of the President of the Government, who was voted into office two years ago.",
"Through its national policy on youth, sports and recreation, the Government of Mauritania is determined to combat poverty among young people, who constitute 40 per cent of the Mauritanian population. It intends to integrate them into development and to support youth initiatives in order to improve their situation, which is beset by unemployment and school drop-outs. We seek to build national youth networks that are to be renewed every three years. That is one of the policy goals of my Government. We have also signed and ratified all international youth-related agreements, demonstrating the importance that we accord them, in particular in terms of education, health care and unemployment.",
"With respect to education, despite the progress made in school enrolment, more remains to be done. We have set up a new Government department of higher education and scientific research, as well as public education institutions, in order to reform education in Mauritania.",
"Mauritania’s young people face many challenges with regard to health care. However, those with special needs will find remedies available thanks to the political will and wide-ranging reforms on which the Ministry of Health has embarked.",
"With regard to unemployment, we have formed an important ministry tasked with youth employment and promoting the trade sector, which provides 25 per cent of employment opportunities, followed by agriculture at 20.4 per cent, in addition to other sectors, such as services and public administration.",
"Addressing youth issues involves many challenges and requires the assignment of roles in order to sustain youth development. That has been done by establishing central agencies. Despite our stated wish to look after young people by setting up a ministry for youth affairs and by encouraging them to use such services, many challenges remain.",
"The Acting President: In accordance with General Assembly resolution 57/29 of 19 November 2002, I now call on the observer for Partners in Population and Development.",
"Mr. Rao (Partners in Population and Development): I thank you very much, Sir, for giving me this opportunity to make a few comments on behalf of Partners in Population and Development (PPD) at this High-level Meeting on Youth.",
"At the outset, PPD would like to convey its heartfelt condolences to the Government and people of Norway on their recent tragedy.",
"As an intergovernmental organization of 25 developing countries, PPD is committed to the promotion of South-South cooperation in the field of population and development by supporting, especially in its member countries, the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals, the goals of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and the World Programme of Action for Youth.",
"The year 2011 will be remembered as the year when the world’s population reached 7 billion. According to the latest projections of the United Nations, the world population will continue to increase to 9.3 billion by the year 2050. To put those numbers into perspective, the world population did not reach 1 billion until 1804. It then took 123 years to reach 2 billion in 1927, 33 years to reach 3 billion in 1960, 14 years to reach 4 billion in 1974, 13 years to reach 5 billion in 1987, and 12 years to reach 6 billion by October 1999. Another billion will be added by October 2011. That growth in world population is really phenomenal.",
"One crucial feature of the current global demographic situation with significant implications for the future is the fact that more than 3 billion people are under the age of 25, with close to 90 per cent of them living in developing countries. This preponderance of young people, if and when combined with appropriate policies, can become a great source of growth, prosperity and social change in the world. How effectively we will help those cohorts of young people in meeting their educational, employment, developmental, political, health — including reproductive health — needs, as well as how rapidly we will help to empower them, will surely influence the future pace and nature of peace and development in the world.",
"While sincere efforts have been made by countries in the past to achieve the goals of the ICPD Programme of Action, the Millennium Development Goals and the World Programme of Action for Youth, millions of young people live in poverty and progress towards youth development has been very uneven across the countries of the world. The young are facing many challenges in society, including lack of access to quality education, meaningful employment, proper health care — including reproductive health care — and political participation. They also suffer from violence and setbacks due to climate change. Most severely affected among them are girls and young women, as well as the poor and the disadvantaged. Young women and girls are particularly vulnerable because they are frequently prevented from completing their education and because of their risk of pregnancy, child birth-related complications, forced early marriage, HIV infection and abduction by human traffickers.",
"As the outcome document (resolution 65/312) makes clear, it is important to give priority attention to addressing those and other challenges that hinder youth development, especially through poverty alleviation and the promotion of sustained economic growth, sustainable development, full and productive employment, and the full participation of youth in the formulation and implementation of policies at all levels. Partners in Population and Development strongly believes that building national capacity to address youth development is most crucial and that the international community should make all efforts to support the less developed countries in that regard.",
"Based on its record of sharing experiences and innovative practices, as well as of promoting capacity-building through training, research and knowledge-sharing, PPD is convinced that South-South and triangular cooperation have a significant role to play in future national and international efforts aimed at youth development.",
"In closing, PPD would like to support the implementation of the outcome document by all concerned.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Peru.",
"Mr. Gutiérrez (Peru) (spoke in Spanish): Peru has a youth population of 7.5 million, representing 28 per cent of the total population. The number of young people has increased in recent years, and today young people are the fastest growing sector of our population. Because of those statistical trends, over the past 10 years the Peruvian Government has developed institutional policies through its national youth secretariat in order to lay down general guidelines to facilitate the holistic development of young people and to ensure their inclusion in society and their active participation as citizens. Over the nine years of its existence, the youth secretariat has achieved some results that I would like to outline.",
"In 2006, we drew up the National Plan for Youth 2006-2011 in order to create synergy between the State and civil society, offer better and greater opportunities for young people, and establish cross-cutting institutional policies throughout the Government. That has had positive effects, improving the quality of life of many young people. Between 2004 and 2008, poverty among young people was reduced from 43.8 per cent to 31.6 per cent. Also, in the sphere of civic participation, more young people became involved in politics throughout the nation, and today there are 1,665 young people holding elected public office. Still, although the Government’s agenda for social inclusion of the young has shown progress, much remains to be done to achieve inclusive development to benefit our young people.",
"Peru’s national efforts have achieved sustained economic growth over the past decade that we are trying to transform into inclusive development, with immediate impact on our youngest citizens. That development should provide them with practical tools enabling them to play an active role in our country’s productivity and political system, contributing to our economic growth and the democratic involvement of our citizens. In our view, inclusive development should be based on social investment policies focused on youth. However, such policies should be viewed not as welfare for a particular group, but as a bonus of economic growth and a way to promote the comprehensive development of a sector of the population that will forge a more integrated and cohesive future for the country. Those policies are an integral part of our medium- and long-term strategies for sustainable and inclusive development.",
"Like Peru, many countries in Latin America have large youth populations. That demographic reality provides us with one of the best opportunities of recent years to take significant steps forward in sustainable development and in addressing the region’s endemic problems of social inequity, provided that we commit to investing in our young people and their education. We are convinced that if we give our young generation access to quality education, a functioning health system and opportunities for productive and dignified work in a democratic system that fosters and guarantees citizen participation, the countries of our region will have the human, social and cultural capital necessary to support sustainable development, improve distribution and promote the creation of wealth.",
"To conclude, I wish to state that Peru will remain committed to national and international policies on young people, and to express the firm resolve of my country to pursue actions and programmes that allow young people to be fully and progressively involved in our society, in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.",
"The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker on this item.",
"May I take it that it is the wish of the General Assembly to conclude its consideration of sub-item (b) of agenda item 27?",
"It was so decided.",
"Agenda item 162 (continued)",
"Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations",
"The Acting President: Members will recall that the Assembly held a debate on agenda item 162 at its 113th plenary meeting on 27 July 2011.",
"Mr. Tarar (Pakistan): Pakistan aligns itself with the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).",
"Pakistan appreciates the efforts of the Secretary-General to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the international disarmament machinery. It is an opportunity for a comprehensive analysis of the problems faced by the disarmament machinery as a whole, which should not be lost in the pursuit of negotiating a particular treaty. Pakistan’s position on the Secretary-General’s High-level Meeting held last year was circulated as a General Assembly document under the symbol A/65/378.",
"The challenges faced by the international disarmament agenda and the machinery go beyond the Conference on Disarmament. The components of the contemporary disarmament machinery created by the special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament (SSOD I) are interlinked. The revitalization of those components, including the First Committee and the Disarmament Commission, should therefore be simultaneous and proceed in an integrated and holistic manner.",
"The purpose and overarching goal of creating the Conference on Disarmament, as mandated by SSOD I, was nuclear disarmament, which is an agenda item that has seen no progress for the past 32 years. Indeed, in 2008, the Secretary-General, in a seminal address articulating his action plan, accorded primacy to nuclear disarmament in his five-point proposal. The first step suggested by the Secretary-General called upon all States, in particular the nuclear-weapon States, to fulfil their obligations under the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to undertake negotiations on effective measures leading to nuclear disarmament. While recognizing the Conference on Disarmament as the world’s single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum, the Secretary-General suggested that the nuclear Powers actively engage with other States on the issue in the Conference on Disarmament.",
"The reason why the Secretary-General made that call is because the Conference on Disarmament has not been able to live up to its raison d’être — nuclear disarmament — for more than three decades. It is also a fact that the Conference on Disarmament failed to make any substantive progress for 15 years after concluding the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) negotiations. Yet, it is astounding that the present quest for revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament arises only from the developments of the past two years and is fixated on a single issue. Ironically, the vociferous condemnation of the present stalemate is championed by the countries that were either themselves responsible for decades of the Conference on Disarmament’s inactivity or were notably silent.",
"In order to clearly assess the reasons underlying the impasse in the Conference on Disarmament, it is important to acknowledge the following basic facts.",
"The Conference on Disarmament’s work or inactivity is a reflection of prevailing political realities, as it does not operate in a vacuum. No treaty that is contrary to the security interests of any of its member States can be negotiated in the Conference on Disarmament. In fact, the rule of consensus was introduced into the Conference on Disarmament’s rules of procedure to ensure that point. Hence, achieving progress in the Conference is possible only by meeting or addressing the security concerns of all its member States. The Conferences lack of progress cannot be attributed to its rules of procedure, since landmark instruments, such as the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the CTBT, were negotiated successfully under the same rules.",
"Such facts signify that the problems faced by the Conference on Disarmament are not of an organizational or procedural nature. Therefore, it is time for us to face the reality and recognize the true reasons why the Conference has been dysfunctional.",
"The Conference on Disarmament’s history clearly demonstrates a pattern of negotiating only those agreements that do not undermine or compromise the security interests of powerful States. The Biological Weapons Convention and the CWC were negotiated only when biological and chemical weapons became redundant in terms of their operational utility. The CTBT was concluded once the major Powers had carried out a sufficient number of nuclear tests and further testing became unnecessary when they had alternative techniques available in the form of computer simulation.",
"The same is the case with the fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). Now, after having developed huge stockpiles of nuclear weapons, as well as stocks of fissile material, especially highly enriched uranium and weapons-grade plutonium that can be quickly converted into nuclear warheads, those major Powers are ready to conclude a treaty that will ban only future production of fissile material, since they no longer need more of it. That approach is cost-free to them as it will not undermine or compromise their security.",
"Moreover, in the past few years, the discriminatory policies pursued by some major Powers regarding nuclear cooperation have created insecurities and imbalances. By sacrificing international non‑proliferation goals at the altar of power and profit, such policies have accentuated the asymmetry in fissile material stocks in our region. Regrettably, those discriminatory policies continue and have found no opposition among members of the Nuclear Suppliers Group, comprised of some of the most ardent supporters of the Non-Proliferation Treaty and the strongest critics of lack of progress in the Conference on Disarmament.",
"For those reasons, Pakistan has been compelled to take a stand against nuclear selectivity and discrimination. No country can be expected to compromise its fundamental security interests for an instrument that is cost-free to all other concerned countries.",
"If an honest and objective approach is adopted to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament, as well as the whole disarmament machinery, the following steps and measures would need to be taken.",
"The agenda of the Conference on Disarmament covers a number of critical issues, and all issues need to be treated in an equal and balanced manner. Lack of progress on one issue due to the security concerns of States should not lead to an impasse in the Conference, as other issues on its agenda can and should be taken up for consideration.",
"Nuclear disarmament remains the longest outstanding issue on the Conference on Disarmament’s agenda. The 120-member Non-Aligned Movement, which represents the overwhelming majority of States Members of the United Nations, has consistently deemed nuclear disarmament the highest priority for negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament. That priority was again reaffirmed in the statement made by the representative of NAM yesterday. The plenary meeting should take due note of it.",
"The proposal for a legal instrument on negative security assurances is another important issue that has been on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament for several years. A legally binding instrument on negative security assurances would not compromise the strategic interests of any country. In reality, no nuclear-weapon State would consider using nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon States. Even the threat of doing so is morally reprehensible.",
"We need to recognize the realities and work towards building consensus in the Conference on Disarmament by taking into account the legitimate security interests of all States. The Conference cannot negotiate by cherry-picking issues that some States consider to be ripe. The nuclear-weapon States need to fulfil their obligations to undertake negotiations on effective measures leading to nuclear disarmament in the Conference on Disarmament. Double standards and selectivity in non-proliferation and disarmament measures must be eliminated.",
"Practical efforts to revitalize the international disarmament machinery must involve convening the fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, as called for in the NAM statement delivered yesterday. Such a session can make a far-reaching contribution towards furthering the goals of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation in a non‑discriminatory, balanced and transparent manner, keeping in view the security interests of all States.",
"Before concluding, I would like to strike a note of caution against taking the FMCT outside the Conference on Disarmament for negotiations, as we consider the Conference the sole negotiating forum for multilateral disarmament.",
"In that regard, let me mention some of the arguments made by a major nuclear Power in 2005 in response to the intention of some Member States to introduce a draft resolution in the First Committee that sought to establish ad hoc committees under the General Assembly on the four core issues of the Conference on Disarmament. That nuclear Power stated:",
"“The international community needs to continue to focus on getting the CD [Conference on Disarmament] to work, rather than create another ‘phantom’ CD. …",
"“We do not conduct negotiations on vital issues of national and global security via majority vote.",
"“The reasons for the existing impasse at the CD are no more soluble in New York than they are in Geneva. … [T]he outcome of this resolution will be to retard the very international non-proliferation and disarmament objectives that its sponsors seek to advance.”",
"While conveying that position, that country expressly stated that it would not participate in any such process and that it would not be bound in any way by any agreement emerging from such a body. It is interesting to note that the same country is now seeking ways to take a particular issue out of the Conference on Disarmament. Such a paradoxical approach is inexplicable.",
"Let me reiterate that Pakistan will not join any such process, nor would it consider accession to the outcome of any such process. It must be borne in mind that taking the FMCT out of the Conference on Disarmament for negotiations would also create a precedent for a similar modus operandi on other items on the Conference agenda, such as nuclear disarmament and negative security assurances.",
"Mr. Benmehidi (Algeria) (spoke in French): Allow me first to express my sincere thanks to the Secretary-General for his important statement at the 113th meeting, which affirms his personal commitment to disarmament. My thanks also go to Ms. Olga Pellicer, Chair of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, who was kind enough to inform us of the deliberations of her Committee on the agenda item.",
"My delegation welcomes the initiative taken to organize the high-level meeting, believing that it provides a new opportunity for Member States to continue more clearly and in greater depth their exchanges that began on 24 September 2010, at the initiative of the Secretary-General.",
"My delegation fully associates itself with the statement made at the 113th meeting by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.",
"Algeria attaches the highest importance to disarmament and non-proliferation issues. The debates on the future of the Conference on Disarmament receive the special attention of the Algerian Government. In fact, given the threats to the nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation regime, the points of view stated today focus on the virtues of multilateral negotiation as the preferred means of taking legitimate security concerns into account, in a spirit of fairness, responsibility and transparency.",
"Given the varied areas that it deals with, the continued deadlock of the Conference on Disarmament is clearly a cause for real concern. That situation affects the interests of non-nuclear-weapon States in particular. Algeria believes that that deadlock cannot be blamed on a failure of that institutional machinery or on its way of operating. Thus it cannot be attributed to its rules of procedure, in particular the rule of consensus, or on the agenda of the Conference.",
"However, some believe that the impasse is due to the inflexibility of the rules of procedure, and they propose limiting the scope of the rule of consensus solely to substantive issues and resorting to the vote for procedural matters, such as the establishment of a subsidiary body. It must be said that it is not always easy to differentiate between aspects of substance and those dealing with form, especially when it comes to the particulars of a subsidiary body.",
"It is clear that the consensus rule is also a way to protect the national security interests of all States equally, not only the strongest. Taking into account the security interests of all, that rule in principle gives legitimacy to a treaty once it has been concluded and ensures its universality and effectiveness.",
"With regard to the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament, Algeria believes that its components — inspired, moreover, by the Decalogue and underscoring the nuclear threat — are still valid. Indeed, nuclear weapons are still the most serious threat to humankind.",
"It is worth recalling that the Conference on Disarmament has certainly contributed to multilateral disarmament. Established in 1978 by the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament precisely to revitalize the disarmament machinery at that time, its mandate was to facilitate the implementation of the Programme of Action adopted at that special session (resolution S-10/2, part III). Specifically, the Conference on Disarmament made it possible to adopt the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, even though the latter has still not entered into force.",
"Following those two achievements, the Conference was unable to make any further progress. Indeed, the reasons for the deadlock can be found in disarmament and security policies developments outside the framework of the Conference.",
"In reality, the clear lack of political will to take on all the items on the Conference agenda, on the one hand, and attempts to establish a hierarchy among the points of the Decalogue linked to uncertainties in regional security balances, on the other, are at the root of the current deadlock. The Conference on Disarmament cannot continue its fundamental work without Member States showing the necessary political will to come to joint solutions and to truly deal with challenges to the security of all and to international peace. Therefore, one should act in that regard rather that threaten to condemn the Conference on Disarmament to marginalization by resorting to another mechanism.",
"It has been proposed that if the deadlock continues, other forums to negotiate the fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) could be envisaged. My delegation believes that such a step could prejudice the stated goal of the treaty, namely, the strengthening of non-proliferation, the promotion of nuclear disarmament and universal accession, which remain necessary to give such an agreement the requisite political basis and credibility.",
"The General Assembly cannot strip the Conference on Disarmament of its prerogatives, or even replace it or deprive it of any fundamental part of its mandate. Apart from setting a precedent heavy with consequences, such a step would call into question the universality and balance to be maintained among the Conference’s central and supplementary aspects.",
"In any case, Algeria supports a comprehensive and balanced approach in the Conference on Disarmament’s programme of work that takes the priorities and concerns of all into account. Such a programme of work should address all items on the agenda of the Conference, in particular the main issues that I have just mentioned. In that spirit, the Algerian delegation continues to believe that decision CD/1864, adopted by consensus in May 2009, is still valid. That decision was certainly not a perfect result, but the outcome of a compromise that, as stated in its preamble, is part of a process of development.",
"Decision CD/1864 did not establish a hierarchy of priorities. It seeks to launch a process of interactive discussions and negotiations to engender a climate of trust and carry out the negotiations on nuclear disarmament and other matters. It would seem that that aspect of decision CD/1864, which is set out clearly in its preamble, has often been forgotten by some and obscured by others, who have retained only the negotiation of the FMCT.",
"Algeria remains convinced of the need to reiterate the international community’s commitment to the vocation of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral framework for disarmament negotiation. Should differences that prevent the Conference from discharging its mandate persist, it would be fitting to convene the fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament. That would be the opportunity to reaffirm that vocation in the framework of a more comprehensive consideration of the disarmament issues, which should give rise to a new consensus on disarmament priorities and the disarmament machinery, including coordination between the deliberative bodies and the Conference on Disarmament as a negotiating forum.",
"With regard to the observations and recommendations of the Advisory Board for Disarmament Matters, Algeria supports any initiative likely to promote or effectively relaunch the work of the Conference on Disarmament, while respecting its original mandate.",
"Mr. Kodama (Japan): Japan would like to associate itself with the statements made at the 113th meeting by the representatives of Australia, on behalf of the non-proliferation and disarmament initiative, and of the Netherlands, on behalf of more than 40 countries.",
"In realizing a world without nuclear weapons, multilateral disarmament efforts by all nuclear-weapon States and concerted action on the part of the international community as a whole are essential. From that standpoint, the role of the Conference on Disarmament as the single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum is highly important, as it brings together nuclear-weapon States and States not party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The Conference and its preceding body have drafted critical treaties in the area of disarmament, such as the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, the Biological Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.",
"Nearly one year has passed since the high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations, in which a unanimous political consensus to break the deadlock of the Conference on Disarmament was achieved. However, during this period we have not been able to seize the opportunity afforded by such consensus.",
"As the anniversaries of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki once again approach and the endurance of Japan’s citizens approaches its limits, further stagnation cannot be permitted. We must immediately begin substantive work on the core agenda items of the Conference on Disarmament and must advance nuclear disarmament, the fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT), negative security assurances and prevention of an arms race in outer space.",
"If the Conference on Disarmament is unable to break the deadlock, we must consider appropriate alternatives, such as making greater use of the General Assembly. In that regard, it is extremely regrettable that uncooperative action on the part of one country has prevented the Conference from carrying out its highly important work of advancing nuclear disarmament for the good of the international community. That state of affairs also calls into question the Conference’s current form.",
"From that viewpoint, today’s follow-up meeting and the upcoming session of the General Assembly, particularly the meetings of the First Committee in October, provide us with important opportunities for the advancement of nuclear disarmament and revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament and disarmament machinery.",
"Japan places particular importance on an early launch of the FMCT negotiations. Together with the Government of Australia, we have hosted three expert side events on the margin of the Conference on Disarmament and have had more detailed discussions on complex technical issues than have ever taken place within the Conference. Following those side events, in addition to the informal meetings of the Conference on Disarmament on the FMCT held in the past several years, we can consider that the technical discussions have, for the most part, been completed. We are therefore now at the stage where we must begin the negotiations. We must proceed with political discussions to that end.",
"Cooperating closely with nine other non-nuclear-weapon States, Japan recently launched the non‑proliferation and disarmament initiative. We have already convened two ministerial-level meetings, in September last year and in April this year, to contribute to the steadfast implementation of agreements reached on certain issues at the 2010 NPT Review Conference. Japan is determined to develop, in full cooperation with those nine States, effective proposals to achieve concrete progress on nuclear disarmament and non‑proliferation, including an early start of the negotiations towards the FMCT and enhancement of transparency.",
"It is essential to maintain the successful momentum of the most recent NPT Review Conference and to continue to promote positive action towards disarmament and non-proliferation. Much can also be done here in New York to support such action. To that end, Japan co-organized a seminar with Poland and Turkey in May this year, receiving a strongly positive response from the diplomatic community in New York. I look forward to further efforts of that kind so as to make a continuing contribution to promoting disarmament and non-proliferation and to lead to the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament and disarmament machinery.",
"Mr. Cabral (Portugal): I have the honour to speak on behalf of the informal group of observer States to the Conference on Disarmament.",
"I would like first to commend the President for scheduling this debate at this very appropriate moment. Disarmament and non-proliferation are issues of global concern. Thus, the observer States welcome this opportunity to offer their views.",
"At the outset, I can affirm that the group’s members are fully committed to the Conference on Disarmament and to its revitalization. While recognizing that revitalization is a multidimensional process, I will limit my remarks to the topic of enlargement, as it constitutes the raison d’être of our group.",
"In fact, enlargement is long overdue, as the last expansion dates back to 1999. Allow me at this point to recall that the rules of procedure state that “The membership of the Conference will be reviewed at regular intervals” — which is hardly the case.",
"However, the main reason for our appeal is political. In fact, our reasoning is quite simple and straightforward. The current membership of the Conference on Disarmament no longer reflects the world as it is. Twelve years have passed since the most recent expansion. That situation is not compatible with today’s reality and is certainly not sustainable if the goal is to get the Conference back to work.",
"Picking a line repeated countless times, the Conference on Disarmament does not work in a vacuum. Indeed, it should not. However, in order to be reconnected with the international community and with reality, the Conference needs, first and foremost, to understand that the world has changed since 1999.",
"The Conference on Disarmament should become more open and more inclusive. It should seriously and urgently consider inviting more countries to join, making it more representative of the world in which we live. Furthermore, we ought to keep in mind that while the membership of the Conference is limited, the decisions are global in nature. They matter to all.",
"To be truly successful, that transformation process should be inclusive and fully transparent, rather than limited and conservative. In our view, enlargement is an asset, not a liability. It represents a new opportunity, a fresh start, for the Conference on Disarmament. The simple fact that there are countries which have an interest in joining the Conference represents a clear and powerful political statement in favour of its continued relevance in today’s world. If we may say so, enlargement would work to renew the legitimacy of the Conference, which, bearing in mind the current state of affairs, is something that should be duly considered.",
"In this context, we reiterate our call for the early nomination of a special rapporteur to review the issue of membership. In any case — and allow me to be very clear on this point — the appointment of a rapporteur does not prejudge any particular outcome. Needless to say, decisions are up to the member States of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"We also take this opportunity to stress that our view is shared by a large number of Member States, regional groups and other formations — for example, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the European Union and the Eastern European Group — which, during this year’s session and today again, expressed their strong support for the expansion of the membership and for the appointment of a special rapporteur.",
"Our group spoke on the issue of expansion of the Conference on Disarmament during several of the Conference’s plenary sessions during the first two parts of its 2011 annual session. We also briefed the Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on the matter at its 56th session. Thus we reiterate our call for the issue of membership to be considered in the context of the ongoing revitalization debate.",
"While I have the floor, I should like to make a few more additional comments on a national basis. In this capacity, we fully subscribe to the statement delivered on behalf of the European Union at the 113th meeting and that of the informal group of observer States that I have just delivered.",
"I would like to state that my country recognizes the role of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating forum. Portugal is therefore committed to actively supporting the Conference’s work. By the same token, the Conference must also do its part, namely, to take keep pace with the current disarmament agenda.",
"We should keep in mind that while the Conference’s membership is limited, its decisions are global in nature. They matter to us all. The fact therefore that there are countries interested in joining the Conference despite the longstanding stalemate represents an unequivocal and powerful political statement in favour of the Conference’s relevance. In our view, such enlargement would strengthen the Conference’s legitimacy. While we recognize that enlargement is not in itself the solution, it is certainly part of the answer for a better functioning Conference.",
"Mr. Waxman (Israel): Israel assigns importance to discussing the issue of the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament. It is indeed timely that we discuss this issue in earnest — not merely because of the longstanding stalemate that has characterized the Conference’s work, but mainly because of the calls to take outside the Conference issues that fall under the agenda of that body, or even to replace the Conference with another body purportedly more suited for the task.",
"Israel does not support those calls, nor do we find them helpful for the promotion of meaningful work in the Conference. While there can be no disputing that the Conference is in need of an updated and clear vision that would allow it to overcome the extended stalemate, its revitalization has to take place from within the Conference itself. There are no magic wands that will provide us with a better solution or an institution that would conduct a more meaningful disarmament negotiating process.",
"The Conference on Disarmament is a unique entity that is widely recognized as the sole multilateral negotiating body in the disarmament sphere. Its uniqueness stems from its membership — which includes the States of greatest relevance to these issues — and from its rules of procedure. Although the rules of procedure are criticized by some as outdated and as a reflection of past geopolitical realities, Israel remains convinced that they are well suited to the complexity and sensitivity of the issues placed on the Conference’s agenda. The rules of procedure, particularly the rule of consensus, reflect the need to protect vital security interests and to provide negotiating States with the comfort levels required for dealing with such critical issues.",
"One must examine sincerely whether the complexities of the multilateral arena ought to be circumvented by the attempts to take outside the Conference the issues that were mandated to it in accordance with the General Assembly’s special session on disarmament in 1978, and whether such attempts could yield the desired results.",
"In the conventional sphere, independent processes have not been able to date to attract into their fold the most relevant countries — those whose participation in the new legal arrangement will make the most significant changes to the situation on the ground. The Convention on Cluster Munitions is definitely such a case. While over a hundred States signed this instrument, a realistic examination shows that around 90 per cent of cluster munitions arsenals have remained outside the treaty. Relevant States have simply not gone along and are seeking solutions elsewhere. In this respect, the non-conventional sphere is even more complex.",
"Israel does not regard taking issues out of the Conference on Disarmament as a viable or a helpful proposal. We are of the view that the Conference should focus on ways to enhance its own productivity in ways that would be meaningful. While a stalemate persists over the four core issues, there is no reason why the Conference should not conduct substantive work, and indeed negotiations, on other issues on its agenda.",
"An agreed formula could and should be found that recognizes the continued importance and validity that the international community attributes to the four core issues, and at the same time steers the Conference into a pragmatic approach, which will result in negotiating other issues which may have a vital impact on security and stability. One such important item is agenda item 7, dedicated to transparency in armaments. There are many issues of importance that could be taken up under this agenda item, such as negotiating a ban on the transfer of armaments to terrorists or man-portable air defence systems. As long as the stalemate continues, an agreement could and should be reached on the promotion of other relevant issues.",
"The Conference on Disarmament has served the international community well in past years. It is too vital an institution to be cast aside. We are confident that the Conference has much to contribute in the future. Let us not take a path that might prevent this institution from doing so. Instead, let us focus on realistic and useful ways to heave this wagon forward.",
"Mr. Al Habib (Islamic Republic of Iran): I wish to associate myself with the statement made at the 113th meeting by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.",
"I would like to begin my statement with a wise proverb, which says, “A poor workman blames his tools”. As a tool, the Conference on Disarmament, through the development of major international legal instruments on disarmament, has perfectly proven its efficiency and the effectiveness of its rules of procedure, including the rule of consensus, even in the complex political and security context of the cold war.",
"Although there are continued attempts to conceal the political nature of Conference inactivity using technical questions, such as its rules of procedure, as the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters appropriately concluded in its recent report, what appeared to be procedural problems are in fact political ones.",
"The lack of political will is the principal problem of the Conference on Disarmament. Consequently, the only option to give a boost to its activity is to inject political will into this important and irreplaceable forum, which is the sole multilateral negotiating body on disarmament.",
"We believe that any possible initiative to assess the Conference’s performance should be transparent, comprehensive, fair and, most importantly, driven by Member States. It should focus on addressing the root causes of the problem. The main objective of any such assessment should be to enhance the performance of the Conference while preserving its nature, role, purpose and power.",
"In any performance appraisal of the Conference, we have to be cautious not to mix our considerations with exaggeration, pessimism, prejudgment and distrustful emotional diagnoses, as such an approach would only further complicate and aggravate the situation.",
"Unlike some who favour changing the consensus rule of the Conference, we believe that the Conference cannot be improved by changing the format or modality of its rules of procedure, because, due to the sensitive nature of disarmament treaties that are closely related to the supreme national security interests of States, consensus is the only way to develop such treaties, as was the case in the past when disarmament treaties were concluded both within and outside the Conference.",
"The inactivity in the Conference over the past decade resulted from the lack of political will; the disinclination of some States to take into account the security interests of all States and to consider all core issues in a comprehensive and balanced manner; the fact that some countries consider the Conference as a single-issue venue and are not willing to recognize the importance of other issues; the unwillingness of certain countries even to start the much longed-for and long-delayed negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention to eliminate the threat posed to humanity by the existence of such weapons, while nuclear disarmament has been identified by the international community as the highest priority in the field of disarmament, as reflected in the consensus outcome (resolution S-10/2) of the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament (SSOD-I); and the reluctance of those States to negotiate universal, legally binding instruments on negative security assurances for non‑nuclear-weapon States and on the prevention of an arms race in outer space.",
"We consider the total elimination of nuclear weapons to be the highest priority and the only absolute guarantee against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons. For that reason, we believe that the Conference should focus on advancing the nuclear disarmament agenda and the total elimination of nuclear weapons, leading to a world free of nuclear weapons.",
"In this context, we strongly support the early commencement by the Conference on Disarmament of negotiations on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons within a specified time frame, including a nuclear weapons convention. We also support a start to negotiations to conclude universal, unconditional and legally binding instruments on negative security assurances to non‑nuclear-weapon States and on the prevention of an arms race in outer space.",
"We underline the validity of multilateralism as the core principle of negotiations in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation, and, while we reiterate our determination to promote this valuable principle, we recall the paramount importance and continued validity of the consensus outcome SSOD-I. We strongly believe that, since the Conference on Disarmament was established by SSOD-I, the best way to address its challenges is to convene a fourth special session — a proposal that enjoys the strong support of many countries, in particular the 120 States members of the Non-Aligned Movement.",
"Finally, we believe that the roles of neither such a fourth special session nor of the Conference on Disarmament can be replaced with alternative initiatives. The problems presently facing the Conference on Disarmament are nothing new. The best way to address this challenge is to cross the stream where it is shallowest.",
"Ms. Anderson (Ireland): The High-level Meeting convened by the Secretary-General in September 2010 was helpful in highlighting States’ views on the root causes of the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament. That meeting also underlined the strong desire of the international community to move from discussion to action. It is not only the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament that need to be reassessed, but those of the United Nations Disarmament Commission and of the First Committee as well. All three bodies must be more responsive and ready to change the way they go about their business.",
"My country’s approach to disarmament is rooted in the firm conviction that multilateral cooperation is in the interest of all, and most particularly serves the interests of smaller States, which rely on a strong, rules-based international system. One of the main reasons we have convened here is because the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating body — the Conference on Disarmament — is not functioning properly. Given the Conference’s vitally important remit, this dysfunction is deeply worrying.",
"As we search for a solution, it is worth remembering that the Conference on Disarmament has, in the past, made an outstanding contribution in the area of arms control and disarmament. There is no reason why it cannot do so again.",
"Given this track record, it is all the more disappointing that the Conference has not managed to engage in the substantive work of negotiation for more than 16 years. Ireland has not seen any meaningful work done there since we became a member in 1999. This situation is hard to explain or defend. It is a poor reflection on multilateralism and has obvious implications for international peace and security. While the stagnation in the Conference on Disarmament might have been understandable while there was no movement in the wider disarmament context, it now stands in stark contrast to the positive developments we have seen elsewhere in recent years.",
"Ireland stands ready to engage in negotiations on any or all of the four core issues on the Conference on Disarmament’s agenda. While every State has the right to promote and defend its national security interests, in our view the consensus rule was never envisaged as a mechanism to allow one State to frustrate the desire of the vast majority of the membership to engage in negotiations on any particular issue. The resulting inability of the Conference on Disarmament to engage in negotiations on any issue on its agenda is, in our view, unsustainable. Negotiations on any of the core issues will take time — in all likelihood many years. Specific national concerns can be accommodated in the course of negotiations and, in any event, agreement cannot be imposed under the consensus rule. It is axiomatic, however, that negotiations must begin if agreement is ever to be reached.",
"My country’s primary objective in the Conference on Disarmament is the promotion of nuclear disarmament. This may be facilitated in a number of ways, including by the conclusion of an appropriate treaty on fissile material, which would include a verification mechanism and cover existing stocks, and of a universal, legally-binding agreement on negative security assurances. The prevention of an arms race in outer space is an issue deserving of urgent attention before the window of opportunity to prevent such an arms race is lost.",
"While substantive differences are at the root of the paralysis in the Conference on Disarmament, we believe that the way in which the Conference organizes itself it is a contributory factor. Requiring consensus even to begin negotiations, as well as for the most basic procedural decisions, is conducive to the kind of deadlock with which we are all too familiar.",
"Another factor inhibiting progress is the interpretation of the requirement to adopt annually a programme of work necessitating the inclusion of complex negotiating mandates and other details, rather than being merely a calendar of activities, as in most other multilateral bodies.",
"The expansion of the membership of the Conference on Disarmament and the greater involvement of civil society in its work would, in our view, enhance the representation in the Conference of global public opinion and strengthen its standing and credibility.",
"Like other speakers, I welcome the recommendations made by the Secretary-General’s Advisory Board and hope that they can guide us forward in breaking the impasse in the Conference on Disarmament. At the same time, we cannot evade the stark reality that the responsibility for devising and implementing solutions to global problems rests primarily with States. The issue is fundamentally that of political will.",
"Such responsibilities go well beyond the Conference on Disarmament alone. The Disarmament Commission has had no substantive outcome for 12 years in succession, a situation which should not continue. The working practices of the First Committee also need the attention of Member States.",
"While the Committee should be the principal forum for debate on the most pressing issues in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation and how to address them, we see instead an ineffective use of time, with the ritualistic submission of resolutions whose content remains virtually unchanged from year to year, in many cases adding limited value.",
"In this time of austerity, all of us have to justify how we allocate our scarce resources. Functioning disarmament machinery is a priority, but there has to be a relationship between input and outcome.",
"I would like to conclude by expressing the hope that our exchanges today will act as a call to action and will encourage those most directly concerned to reassess their approach, accepting the responsibility they share with the international community to engage, to negotiate and to formulate agreements which will lead us towards the ultimate goal of a nuclear-weapon-free world.",
"Ireland stands ready to consider all ideas for taking us forward, including the recommendations to the Secretary-General by the Advisory Board, through General Assembly activity and also the possibility — an idea to which Ireland is fully open — of another special session on disarmament. We look forward to further discussions in the First Committee in October.",
"Mr. Cancela (Uruguay) (spoke in Spanish): At the outset, as I see so many seats empty in this Hall and note the absence of so many of my colleagues who are firmly committed to disarmament and non‑proliferation and who have a great interest in today’s debate, let me say that I find it regrettable that, owing to organizational problems in connection with this debate, the level of participation is low, as is the turnout.",
"My country aligns itself with the statement made by the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands on behalf of the States that requested that this debate be convened.",
"Uruguay was one of the countries that requested a plenary meeting under agenda item 162, entitled “Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations”. We therefore welcome this meeting.",
"The high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010 made clear the importance that the States Members of the United Nations attach to multilateralism and the widespread concern at impasse affecting the Conference on Disarmament, which undermines its credibility and affects the United Nations system as a whole.",
"It also became clear that there was a need promptly to start negotiations on a non-discriminatory and internationally verifiable treaty aimed at banning the production of fissile material for the manufacture of nuclear weapons, and a need to start substantive work on nuclear disarmament issues, negative security assurances and the prevention of an arms race in outer space.",
"Regrettably, the Conference on Disarmament once again lost an invaluable opportunity in the substantive session this year, as it was unable to make progress on the issues under its consideration or to send any hopeful signals that the situation would change in the near future.",
"We all are aware of and have recognized the achievements of the Conference on Disarmament, and its predecessors, as a genuine forum where the main instruments of arms limitation were created, to the benefit of the international community as a whole. However, more than 13 years of inaction cannot be justified on the basis of intrinsic deficiencies in the system, lack of political will or the need for consensus. Membership and consensus are privileges that come with responsibilities, thus the Conference on Disarmament must meet the expectations vested in its members, discharge the mandate entrusted to it and work according to the needs of our times.",
"Uruguay acknowledges the fact that in view of such a widespread sense of failure, it is imperative to seek quick and effective solutions in order to relaunch the work of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"To that end, I should like to put forward three specific proposals for the revitalization of multilateral negotiations in these areas.",
"First, we must take advantage of the current political juncture, which has allowed for a return to moderate multilateralism. There must be a reaffirmation of the prerogatives and legitimacy of the bodies that the international community has created to deal with disarmament matters, and respect for international law must be upheld as indispensable norm for the peaceful coexistence of nations.",
"Accordingly, Uruguay calls on the Conference on Disarmament to start, without further delay, negotiations on a non-discriminatory and internationally verifiable treaty for the prohibition of the production of fissile material intended for the manufacture of nuclear weapons. Our country also urges that unconditional negotiations for a legally binding agreement on negative security assurances be commenced so as to ensure that non-nuclear States do not suffer from the disastrous consequences of the use or threat of use of this type of weapons by nuclear-weapon States.",
"Non-nuclear States’ justified interest in and legitimate aspirations to negative security assurances are legally and politically supported by Article 2.4 of the Charter of the United Nations. Likewise, Uruguay calls for the negotiation of new, effective and verifiable multilateral instruments, with a view to preventing an arms race, including the deployment of weapons in outer space.",
"Secondly, Uruguay believes that one way to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament would be to extend its membership to those States that have expressed a legitimate interest in joining. In this respect, I associate myself with the statement made by the representative of Portugal on behalf of the informal group of observers of the Conference on Disarmament. Our country has formalized its aspiration to join the Conference on Disarmament, along with 25 other States that since 1982 have advocated for the expansion of that body. Uruguay therefore proposes appointing a special coordinator for the Conference on Disarmament in order to study the expansion of its membership in 2011.",
"Thirdly, if the Conference on Disarmament is not capable of overcoming its impasse, the General Assembly must inevitably act according to the mandate conferred on it by the United Nations Charter, whose Article 11 establishes that the Assembly",
"“may consider the general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments, and may make recommendations with regard to such principles to the Members or to the Security Council”.",
"Mr. Çobanoğlu (Turkey): Turkey attaches great significance to the work of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating body, and we wish to see the resumption of its substantive work. For this reason, Turkey was a co‑signatory to the letter that requested the convening of today’s meeting.",
"We align ourselves with the statement delivered yesterday by the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands on behalf of the 41 countries that signed that letter. Turkey also aligns itself with the statement made by the Permanent Representative of Australia on behalf of the Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Initiative. Since many of our views have already been covered by those statements, I will confine myself to the following additional points in my national capacity.",
"First, while there are many different views as to how revitalize the Conference on Disarmament, our preference for this revitalization process is that it take place within the Conference itself. Having said that, other efforts, such as today’s meeting, could be useful to build momentum and convey the strong expectation of the international community for the resumption of the substantive work of the Conference.",
"Secondly, while concentrating on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament, we should not lose sight of the fact that the existing problems are not limited to the Conference. In fact, they cover all the multilateral disarmament machinery. This is not to say that the problems lie with the United Nations disarmament machinery. On the contrary, as Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon very eloquently put it in his opening statement yesterday (see A/65/PV.113), the problem lies not with the vehicle but with the driver. We are convinced that these problems can be comprehensively overcome only through political will and flexibility, which are to be shown by all parties.",
"Thirdly, any discussion on the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament should take into account the fact that the rule of consensus is an essential tool when it comes to international security issues. All countries may need this tool from time to time in order to safeguard their legitimate security interests. In our opinion, there is no alternative to the rule of consensus.",
"Finally, unlike some other delegations, we believe that the enlargement of the Conference on Disarmament is not a priority within the context of its revitalization. In our view, the present impasse in the Conference on Disarmament has nothing to do with its composition. In fact, if the Conference cannot resolve its problems within its existing composition, it would be highly unlikely, if not impossible, for these problems to be solved within an enlarged group, which will represent difference priorities and different interests. We also believe that any discussion on the enlargement of the Conference should address the question of the potential contributions of the aspiring Conference members to its work on a case-by-case basis.",
"We hope to see the Conference revitalized, the concerns of all Member States addressed, substantive work on the core issues initiated and the long-standing stalemate thus overcome with the present membership composition of the Conference.",
"Mr. Raytchev (Bulgaria): Let me begin by expressing my delegation’s deep appreciation to President Deiss and Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon for convening this debate. Being among the countries that called for it, we are especially grateful to be given the opportunity to have a follow-up discussion to the High-level Meeting on the Revitalization of the Work of the Conference on Disarmament, held in September 2010.",
"Bulgaria aligns itself with the statement made on behalf of the European Union and with that made by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of a cross-regional group of States. I will just highlight a few points that are important to us.",
"We all hoped that the High-level Meeting held in September 2010 would stimulate positive developments in the Conference on Disarmament. Regrettably, this has not been the case, and the Conference has so far failed to seize the momentum in global disarmament and non-proliferation. However, we all agree that the impasse cannot and should not continue. Fifteen years have already been lost, and we cannot afford the luxury of losing even more time.",
"The irony is that the Conference on Disarmament should be more relevant than ever and overloaded with work now, in times of asymmetrical threats and common security challenges, and the international community should be more convinced than ever of multilateralism as the appropriate approach. The longer the impasse continues, the more the relevance of the Conference on Disarmament is called into question.",
"The excuses for this — the consensus rule and the lack of political will, among others — are well-known. The Conference on Disarmament itself cannot be blamed. The responsibility lies with us, its members. Change should come from within. We should all ask ourselves how strongly we want to make the Conference on Disarmament relevant and credible again. The consensus rule is there, but we need to be creative about it instead of using it to hold the Conference hostage. This rule was created in order to enable members to express their common will based on compromise and not in order to impose the view of one member on all.",
"The world is interconnected. New realities require new approaches. If the Conference on Disarmament does not adapt to the new challenges and conditions quickly, it will render itself irrelevant. The new dynamic is fast-paced, as should be the response of the Conference. The Conference must deliver, or it risks pushing the international community to explore alternative avenues for multilateral negotiations related to disarmament and non-proliferation.",
"A revitalized Conference on Disarmament means a functioning Conference on Disarmament that is in line with the new realities. The two most pressing issues, however, persist: first, the adoption of a programme of work; and secondly, the start of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty without delay. Any national security concern, if legitimate, could be addressed as part of a negotiation process rather than blocking the substantive work of the Conference. Nothing should be precluded from consideration if negotiation on a fissile material cut-off treaty were to start.",
"Enlargement of the membership of the Conference on Disarmament would definitely be a step towards adapting to the new realities. New members would bring new energy and new ideas. Civil society is also a part of the process, and non-governmental organizations and research institutions have an important role to play. We join the calls for improved methods of work, for the First Committee and the United Nations Disarmament Commission as well.",
"We stand ready to work for these goals in the run up to the sixty-sixth session of the First Committee in October. I would like to conclude, however, by citing Bertholt Brecht who said “because things are the way they are, things will not stay the way they are”. This idea is 100 per cent applicable to the Conference on Disarmament as it is today.",
"Mr. Cabactulan (Philippines): The Philippines associates itself with the statement delivered by the Permanent Representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement. My delegation also supports the statement delivered by the representatives of Portugal on behalf of the informal group of observer States to the Conference on Disarmament and of the Netherlands on behalf of the group of like-minded States.",
"The Philippines reaffirms its belief that multilateral diplomacy is the best way to achieve further progress in nuclear disarmament and non‑proliferation. At the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in May 2010, States parties took a significant step forward in these areas when they adopted the Conference’s Outcome Document (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). In this regard, the Philippines reminds States parties of their obligation to implement the action plan, as well as the section on the implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East, as listed in the conclusions and recommendations section of the Document.",
"One action was undertaken when the High-level Meeting was held in September 2010. The debate today is a continuation of that Meeting held almost one year ago. In spite of the time that has elapsed since then — in fact, in the more than 15 years that have passed since the Conference on Disarmament agreed on the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty — the impasse persists.",
"This Sisyphean state of affairs cannot be allowed to continue. Based on discussions at the last High-level Meeting in September, the Philippines and many other delegations find the situation untenable. The Conference on Disarmament must agree on and implement a programme of work. If it cannot, other definitive actions must be undertaken. Furthermore, since the bottom-up approach has paralysed efforts to reform the Conference due to the fact that the rule of consensus vests in every Conference member a veto-like power, it is now imperative that the General Assembly, which created the Conference on Disarmament, assert its power through a top-down approach.",
"The Philippines, together with several other delegations that form the informal group of observer States, sees an urgent need for the Conference on Disarmament to expand its membership. In the interest of promoting greater inclusivity and dynamism in the Conference, the Philippines calls for a review of the membership of the Conference as provided for in its rules of procedure, and to allow for the expansion of its membership. Numerous countries, presently observers in the Conference, possess the legitimate aspiration to full membership. To facilitate this review, the Philippines calls for the Conference on Disarmament to appoint a special rapporteur/coordinator on enlargement.",
"Yet, alternative means must also be considered. The Conference on Disarmament may be known as the sole multilateral disarmament body, but disarmament agreements have been conceived outside it, including the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction and the Convention on Cluster Munitions. Under these Conventions, not all countries joined at their inceptions and in fact still have not joined, but that does not preclude the possibility of States eventually becoming parties. The key, as the Philippines sees it, is to begin negotiations at the soonest possible time.",
"Another method that could be emulated is the way in which preparations are being made for the negotiation of an arms trade treaty, which fell within the ambit of the General Assembly, which decided that a United Nations Conference would be held to negotiate the treaty. The Philippines also continues to support calls for convening the fourth special session on disarmament (SSOD-IV), which could comprehensively reappraise and revitalize the United Nations disarmament machinery.",
"For my delegation, what is important is not which body negotiates, but that negotiations actually begin and result in something more tangible and concrete than mere factual reports of meetings, as was the case with the last meeting of the Disarmament Commission in April.",
"We the States present here today have a choice and a difficult decision to make. Do we remain and stay confined in the Conference on Disarmament, hoping that intractable issues that have plagued the Conference will magically dissipate over time, leading to genuine progress towards negotiating a disarmament agenda? Or do we dare to go beyond and follow, for instance, the path taken by a significant number of countries in seeking alternative recourse, as was the case in the negotiations for the Ottawa and Oslo Conventions? Do we set up a process parallel to the Conference on Disarmament? Do we hope that we can replicate the success of the first special session on disarmament in 1978 and pin our hopes on SSOD-IV? Do we have to commission some high-level group to study further what must be done? Do we go the route of the General Assembly and give this body a more central and active role to move multilateral disarmament negotiations forward?",
"The right answer is unfortunately unclear. What is clear to us is that we must make a choice and follow through on it sooner rather than later. The choice might be to give the General Assembly a more central and active role and seek innovative and alternative means of causing multilateral disarmament negotiations to advance. If we do not make a choice and act, we will doom ourselves to stagnation and inactivity, thereby increasing the chance that weapons that have been held in abeyance thus far may be unleashed to devastating and horrific effect.",
"Mr. Manjeev Singh Puri (India): I join other colleagues in thanking the President for convening this follow-up meeting to the High-level Meeting convened by the Secretary-General, which was attended by our Minister for External Affairs, His Excellency Sri S. M. Krishna, on 24 September 2010.",
"India associates itself with the statement made on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.",
"Almost one year has elapsed since the convening of the High-level Meeting. The Conference on Disarmament is still unable to undertake its primary task of negotiating multilateral treaties. We share the disappointment of the Member States on the continuing impasse in the Conference. We believe that the Conference on Disarmament or its rules of procedure are not to be blamed for this impasse. We believe that today’s meeting should send a strong message of support for the Conference on Disarmament as the single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum and to provide political impetus to the multilateral agenda, which includes early commencement of negotiations on an fissile material cut-off treaty in the Conference on Disarmament.",
"The Conference on Disarmament adopted a consensus decision in May 2009 on its programme of work, which included the immediate commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). The High-level Meeting of 24 September 2010 demonstrated a very broad measure of support for CD/1864. In fact, the first recommendation of that meeting, reiterated subsequently by the Secretary-General in his address to the Conference on Disarmament on 26 January, calls for the Conference to adopt that, or a similar programme of work, in 2011.",
"India will not stand in the way if consensus emerges on a programme of work that picks up from where we were in terms of the consensus decision CD/1864, if such a decision facilitates the early commencement of substantive work in the Conference, including negotiation of an FMCT on the basis of the mandate contained in CD/1299. This is without prejudice to the priority we attach to nuclear disarmament.",
"India has been steadfast in its support for global, non-discriminatory, verifiable nuclear disarmament. Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi presented a visionary action plan for a nuclear-weapon-free and non-violent world order. This plan sets out a road map for achieving nuclear disarmament in a time-bound, universal, non-discriminatory, phased and verifiable manner. It may be recalled that the Final Document of the first special session on disarmament (resolution S‑10/2) accorded nuclear disarmament the highest priority. We believe that the goal of nuclear disarmament can be achieved by a step-by-step process underwritten by a universal commitment and an agreed multilateral framework that is global and non‑discriminatory. We need a meaningful dialogue among all States possessing nuclear weapons in order to build trust and confidence and to reduce the salience of such weapons in international affairs and security doctrines.",
"I would like to reaffirm our support for the Conference on Disarmament as the single multilateral negotiating forum, recognized as such by the international community. The Conference continues to have the mandate, the membership, the credibility and the rules of procedure to discharge that responsibility. It is up to Member States to make it work by negotiating multilateral treaties that can be universally implemented. Proposals that question the viability or relevance of the Conference, or that suggest unrealistic alternatives, will not lead to useful or productive results in taking forward the agreed multilateral agenda with the participation of all relevant countries. We hope that our discussions today will build positive momentum for the disarmament agenda and reaffirm the critical role of the Conference on Disarmament as the single multilateral negotiating forum for achieving our common goals.",
"Mrs. Aitimova (Kazakhstan): My delegation commends the President for following up on the important High-level Meeting that the Secretary-General convened on 24 September last year on the theme of revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations.",
"We also thank President Deiss; Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon; the Chair of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, Ms. Olga Pellicer; and Mr. Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament and Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva, for their statements. Their insights and the Secretary-General’s summary of the aforementioned meeting point to significant key steps for strengthening the disarmament machinery with a common vision for disarmament and non-proliferation. We also reiterate that disarmament helps address other global challenges, including poverty reduction, climate change and reaching the Millennium Development Goals.",
"Kazakhstan is a firm and consistent supporter of the vision of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, as demonstrated by its decision to shut down its nuclear test site and renounce one of the world’s largest nuclear arsenals. As a member of the Conference on Disarmament, Kazakhstan attaches great importance to that forum and the contribution it has made in the past. However, regrettably, the Conference has failed to live up to expectations. Now is the moment to evaluate concrete strategies for overcoming the deadlock of the past decade on generally accepted key issues in order to accelerate the process of disarmament and non-proliferation.",
"Like other Member States, Kazakhstan agrees that an early start to negotiations on a non‑discriminatory, multilateral and internationally verifiable fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) is critical. Such a treaty would keep illegitimate military nuclear programmes to a minimum and considerably improve control over existing materials, thus greatly reducing the threat of nuclear terrorism.",
"As the country that is home to the Baikonur Cosmodrome space launch complex, and is involved in international cooperation on outer space, as well as its own national space development on a multilateral cooperative basis, Kazakhstan calls for the strict maintenance of peaceful activities in outer space and urges the Conference to include this issue on its agenda. Considering the increasing number of countries involved in and dependent on space programmes, we should further promote the prevention of an arms race in outer space by engaging other international entities that deal with issues of space exploration.",
"The President of my country, Nursultan Nazarbayev, speaking at the Global Summit on Nuclear Security in Washington, D.C., in April 2010, has called for the drafting of an international legally binding instrument on security assurances by nuclear Powers to non-nuclear-weapon States. It is only such assurances that can effectively keep in check the aspirations of certain non-nuclear States to acquire nuclear weapons as a guarantee of their own security. The next step should be drafting a universal declaration of a nuclear-weapon-free world, which would reaffirm the determination of all States to move willingly and progressively towards a convention on a nuclear-weapon-free world.",
"My delegation concurs with other Member States that the present impasse hurts the credibility and calls into question the Conference on Disarmament’s relevance. The current stagnation in multilateral negotiations is understood to be due not just to a lack of political will, but also to lacunae in the disarmament machinery.",
"To summarize, my delegation calls on the General Assembly and member States to consider ways to review the Conference’s mandate, membership, structure and procedures of work, as well as to strengthen disarmament and non-proliferation measures by immediately starting work on an FMCT, the use of outer space for peaceful purposes, a legally binding treaty for negative security assurances, and a declaration or convention outlawing nuclear weapons. The consensus principle must be reconsidered so as to make the Conference a strong and viable entity, rather than taking the policymaking process outside the United Nations, as has been proposed by some States. The work of the Conference should begin with a relevant and effective agenda both for issues set in the past and for those that will emerge in the near future. We therefore fully support the Secretary-General’s proposal to appoint a high-level panel of eminent persons to seek ways to strengthen the disarmament machinery, and especially the Conference on Disarmament.",
"Finally, in closing, I would like to assure the Assembly that Kazakhstan will take every possible step to strengthen the Conference on Disarmament and enhance its commitment to the multilateral disarmament process.",
"Mr. Husain (Canada): At the outset, let me thank the President of the General Assembly for convening this meeting on this very important topic. I wish that we were assembling today to celebrate a renewed sense of hope and enthusiasm about prospects for a resumption of multilateral disarmament negotiations. We are not. The Conference on Disarmament remains deadlocked and is effectively broken. Critical institutional reform is needed.",
"That is why, when Canada’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Honourable John Baird, announced the suspension of Canada’s participation in the Conference under the presidency of North Korea, Canada also undertook to lead an initiative to reform the methodology for selecting the President of the Conference on Disarmament. Driving such efforts is Canada’s belief that leadership of the Conference is a privilege that should be afforded only to those who promote and adhere to the values and objectives of the Conference on Disarmament. As our Minister has said, it is absurd to have one of the world’s worst offenders, when it comes to nuclear proliferation and non‑compliance, chairing a disarmament body.",
"Canada was pleased to serve as the first of the Conference’s six rotating Presidents for 2011, and is also among several of the countries serving as President with outstanding non-proliferation credentials and a firm commitment to disarmament.",
"So far this year, Conference members have had discussions on the Conference’s four core agenda items. But let us be clear. The mandate of the Conference on Disarmament is to negotiate, and not simply to discuss, disarmament. The Conference’s 2011 session is nearly over, and positions on a programme of work remain deeply entrenched and mutually exclusive. Our efforts to get the Conference back to work in 2011 have not yet proven successful, though Canada will renew efforts towards that end in August, after North Korea is no longer the President —",
"The Acting President: I call on the representative of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea on a point of order.",
"Mr. Ri Tong Il (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea): I have asked to speak because the representative of Canada has just referred to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea as North Korea. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea is a State Member of the United Nations, and I kindly ask you, Sir, to call the speaker to order in this matter.",
"The Acting President: We have taken note of the point of order made by the representative of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and I ask the representative of Canada to continue with his statement.",
"Mr. Husain (Canada): In light of the continued stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament, Canada believes that efforts to follow up on last September’s High-level Meeting must be pursued in earnest. Canada was among those States at last September’s High-level Meeting that spoke in favour of a deadline for the Conference if substantive work — including negotiations — had not commenced by this autumn. Specifically, we believe that the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session could also take up consideration of how the work of the Conference should be pursued.",
"Speaking at the Conference on 28 February, Canada’s former Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Honourable Lawrence Cannon, again urged Conference members to think outside of the box. We have seen some positive evidence of new thinking this year. The Australian and Japanese side-event initiative on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) is one clear example. Reluctantly, Canada believes that the time has also come to think outside of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"An FMCT is Canada’s top priority as the next disarmament instrument, and while our preference would be to see negotiations start in the Conference on Disarmament, our patience with non-performing multilateral bodies is not endless. Currently, one country among 65 is blocking the Conference from FMCT negotiations by citing subregional strategic issues. However, tomorrow it could just as easily be another country or countries that abuse the Conference’s rule of consensus on a procedural matter in order to stymie substantive multilateral disarmament negotiations. Such was never the intended purpose of the consensus rule.",
"Canada is of the view that starting an external negotiations process on an FMCT will not further endanger the Conference on Disarmament, which has failed to implement a programme of work since 1998. Accordingly, we welcome the recent statement by the United States that it is consulting on alternative means to begin FMCT negotiations. We agree that success on an FMCT will require the active participation of those States that possess nuclear weapons. With many nuclear-weapon States having declared a moratorium on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons, now is the time to start FMCT negotiations. Universality is something that can be built over time.",
"(spoke in French)",
"Canada is flexible on the modalities and venue for FMCT negotiations, and will re-engage in the Conference on Disarmament following North Korea’s presidency, to focus on reforming the body and pressing ahead with important matters related to its other core agenda items.",
"We look forward to the broadest possible discussion of the merits of all possible alternative routes to fissile material cut-off treaty negotiations. One idea that remains on the table is having substantive work take place through the creation of subcommittees of the First Committee. Other scenarios have also been put forward. For our part, Canada is not opposed to convening a fourth special session on disarmament, but we are of the view that the start of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty should not await the outcome of that broader process. We can and should start these negotiations now.",
"Mr. Le Hoai Trung (Viet Nam): Viet Nam associates itself with the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.",
"Over the past year, we have witnessed a number of positive developments reflected in the entry into force of the New START treaty between the United States and the Russian Federation in February and the adoption of the Outcome Document of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT/CONF. 2010/50). Still, conflicts continue in various parts of the world, and instability and new dangers to security have emerged in Asia, the Middle East and North Africa. The danger of an arms race has also increased. Against that backdrop, it is regrettable that the Conference on Disarmament remains in a stalemate, as it still cannot even agree on a programme of work.",
"The lack of progress in the Conference on Disarmament has not only prevented the Conference from effectively contributing to the promotion of a more peaceful and secure international environment, but also undermined confidence in that important multilateral disarmament forum.",
"Due to time constraints, we would like to highlight a number of issues. First, nuclear disarmament remains the highest priority in disarmament. I would like to recall the adoption of resolution 65/56 on nuclear disarmament, which called upon the Conference on Disarmament to establish an ad hoc committee on nuclear disarmament early in 2011 and to commence negotiations on a phased programme of nuclear disarmament leading to the total elimination of nuclear weapons. To that end, I urge nuclear-weapon States to take further substantive and practical actions towards complete nuclear disarmament, particularly by taking the lead in commencing negotiations for a nuclear weapons convention.",
"Secondly, the central role of the United Nations disarmament machinery in the process of disarmament and non-proliferation and arms control should be upheld. We urge the Conference on Disarmament to adopt a balanced and comprehensive programme of work that covers all pressing issues, such as nuclear disarmament, negative security assurances, the prevention of an arms race in outer apace and a fissile material cut-off treaty. To this end, I should like to call for greater political will, flexibility and cooperation.",
"Thirdly, multilateral disarmament negotiations should be aimed at strengthening peace and international security and achieving the ultimate goal of the elimination of the danger of nuclear war and the implementation of measures to halt and reverse the arms race. Such a negotiations process should be based on the fundamental principles agreed at the first special session of the General Assembly. Those principles include strict observance of the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, respect of the right to participate on an equal footing, with a full recognition of the role of the United Nations in the field of disarmament and due consideration for the vital interests of all peoples of the world.",
"It is the consistent policy of Viet Nam to strive for peace and support the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, with the goal of general and complete disarmament. Viet Nam has acceded to all major multilateral treaties on the prohibition of weapons of mass destruction and has been an active member of many United Nations disarmament bodies. In the region of South-East Asia, it is also working closely with other members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and other partners in the implementation of the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone and its Plan of Action. Viet Nam will continue to work with all other international partners in pursuit of further progress in the field of disarmament.",
"Mr. Heller (Mexico) (spoke in Spanish): Mexico fully aligns itself with the statements made by the delegation of the Netherlands on behalf of several States and by the delegation of Australia on behalf of those countries participating in the initiative on disarmament and non-proliferation.",
"Mexico also welcomes the action taken by the Secretary-General, Mr. Ban Ki-moon, in promoting multilateral negotiations on disarmament in his five-point plan and by convening the high-level meeting held in 2010. Likewise, we take note of the report presented by the Chair of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters.",
"The 2010 high-level meeting revealed the differing views concerning the dysfunctional nature of the various disarmament forums, particularly the Conference on Disarmament. However, it also showed the tremendous interest of the international community in this issue, which concerns us all given that it affects the security and the very survival of humankind.",
"Mexico has lent its full support to the Conference on Disarmament and its predecessor bodies, all of which were created to achieve an aim to which my country attaches the highest priority. It is therefore unacceptable that the forum entrusted with negotiating legally binding instruments to safeguard the security of our peoples has not, over the past 15 years, been able to carry out substantive work on any of the items on its agenda and has failed to fulfil its mandate.",
"Nor is there agreement on the reasons for the paralysis affecting the Conference on Disarmament. Some contend that this is due to external factors and that the Conference is a victim of circumstances. Others believe that the dysfunctional nature of the forum is a result of the fact that it was designed to work in the context of the cold war, not in the multipolar context of the twenty-first century. The impasse may be the result of a combination of both of those factors. Clearly, the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament were designed for different times. This affects its decision-making as well as its substantive work.",
"The limited nature of membership of the Conference on Disarmament, the composition of its regional groups and the lack of participation by civil society are also anachronistic factors. However, the greatest obstacle responsible for stymying the work of the Conference has proved to be the consensus rule, which has been construed as the need for absolute unanimity, both on matter of substance and those of form. This interpretation has turned this rule into a right of veto for the 65 members of the Conference on Disarmament. When the veto is exercised, the majority of the international community is robbed of the opportunity to achieve a higher goal that is a priority on the global agenda. The veto has even been used to prevent the adoption of a programme of work. It would appear that a precondition exists that there must be agreement on substance before negotiations can start — forgetting that the Conference on Disarmament has a specific duty to negotiate.",
"The responsibility of ensuring that the Conference on Disarmament fulfils its mandate falls primarily on its members, but, in the last analysis, it is of concern to all States Members of the United Nations, which in 1978 designated it as the only multilateral forum for disarmament.",
"This provides us with an opportunity to take a step back and take a look, from the perspective of the General Assembly, at what is happening in Geneva. What we see from here and what is perceived by the 128 States that are not members of the Conference on Disarmament — that is to say, two thirds of the membership — is that over the past 15 years, at least one State member of the Conference on Disarmament was prepared to exercise the right to veto, thus preventing that forum from discharging the mandated entrusted to it by this very Assembly.",
"We note also that the repeated calls by the General Assembly on the Conference on Disarmament to begin its work have gone unheeded. If this state of affairs continues, it will be logical for the General Assembly to carefully consider this issue and adopt the measures necessary to rescind the prerogatives granted to a body that no longer complies with its wishes.",
"In 2005, Mexico, together with other countries, proposed that disarmament negotiations should commence in the General Assembly, in the hope that the Conference on Disarmament would adopt its programme of work and fulfil its mandate. Mexico remains prepared to encourage such a step or any other that would offer real possibilities for beginning multilateral negotiations on disarmament.",
"In conclusion, we trust that the General Assembly, at its upcoming session, will shoulder the responsibility falling to it in this respect.",
"Mr. Errázuriz (Chile) (spoke in Spanish): My delegation is grateful to the President of the General Assembly for having convened this debate and for his commitment to revitalizing the disarmament agenda. We also appreciate the interest of the Secretary-General in relaunching negotiations on disarmament and non-proliferation. The five-point plan and the high-level meeting convened in 2010 are proof of a high degree of political responsibility regarding a matter that is of vital importance for the multilateral system to work effectively and thereby contribute to collective security, development, peace and international security.",
"Chile aligns itself with the statements made by the Permanent Representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Permanent Representative of Australia on behalf of the 10 countries involved in the non-proliferation and disarmament initiative, and by the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands on behalf of the 41 countries concerned.",
"First and foremost, Chile wishes to reaffirm its commitment to multilateralism in general and in the matter of disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation in particular. We appreciate the multilateral disarmament and security institutions that protect both our individual security interests and those of the international community as a whole.",
"It is pointless to go on analyzing the reasons for the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament and the dysfunction in the disarmament machinery when what the international community wants is concrete actions and stronger standards and instruments on disarmament and arms limitation. That is a sphere in which we have seen progress and a favourable climate that should permeate the Conference on Disarmament.",
"After more than 10 unproductive years, the Conference on Disarmament has arrived at a restricted situation that is unsustainable. A revitalization process directed at reaching an agreement allowing it to resume its negotiation function requires a broad political commitment that could take shape in a framework in which countries feel they have an effective forum for participating in creating a safer world and protecting their own legitimate national interests.",
"Self-diagnosis and debates on the rules of procedure must give way to measures that make it possible to reanimate the Conference in short order or to seek alternatives that could fully serve the interests of the international community. We suggest analyzing document CD/1931, submitted by Colombia, which gives a thorough description of the perceptions, interests and limitations of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"Revitalizing the Conference requires revising some of its central aspects, such as its composition, procedures and consensus rule. Although we believe in retaining that rule as a way of attaining a broad base on matters in which the security of States is at stake, it should not be abused to the point of paralyzing the Conference on merely procedural matters. The composition of the regional groups is another point that must be analyzed. In the twenty-first century the Conference on Disarmament must not turn its back on civil society. It should build bridges with civil society and have greater interaction with it. All these political issues must be part of a negotiating package.",
"Chile has a broad and flexible attitude about options that would make possible progress in multilateral negotiations on disarmament and non‑proliferation. We do not intend to replace the Conference on Disarmament. We prefer to work inside it, as the outstanding negotiating forum in the field. Still, we must be clear that we are open to examining alternatives.",
"The fact that we are meeting here in New York may lead us to establish the right of the General Assembly to take actions on matters of disarmament and non-proliferation, which have a real, direct impact on the role and mandate of the Conference on Disarmament. If the status quo continues, it will be difficult to challenge the legitimacy of such a step.",
"The subsidiary bodies of the United Nations system are not ends in themselves. They are merely means to satisfy and channel the political aspirations and needs of the international community. Disarmament is a common global good. That is not true of the Conference on Disarmament or other mechanisms of the so-called disarmament machinery that have their origin in the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, more than 30 years ago, and that can be changed, as has happened with other bodies. A fourth special session on disarmament could be the suitable forum in which to introduce reforms that would give the international community the tools required by our present circumstances.",
"We should ask ourselves whether the lack of progress in disarmament negotiations is structurally linked to the Conference on Disarmament, a problem specific to that body, or whether it derives from the strategic and political interests of major players that probably would affect any disarmament forum. If the latter is the case, progress will be achieved only through determined commitment and political will on the part of those players and the international community as a whole.",
"Ms. Štiglic (Slovenia): Allow me first to thank the President of the General Assembly, and the Secretary-General for his personal initiative in organizing today’s timely debate under agenda item 162, “Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: Revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations”. I would like to welcome the presence of Ms. Pellicer, who presides in the Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Disarmament, whose opinion we await with great anticipation and which we believe will significantly support our work. I would also like to thank Mr. Tokayev, the Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament, for his remarks.",
"Before I start, I would like to align Slovenia with the statements made by the European Union, by Portugal on behalf of the informal group of observer States to the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva and by the Netherlands on behalf of the countries supporting the initiative on follow-up to the high-level meeting that took place on 24 September 2010.",
"I wish to make three points regarding today’s discussion.",
"First, we believe that it is now high time for concrete follow-up decisions that should follow the high-level meeting that took place here last September. We hope that after today’s meeting we will know more about how to proceed in the next General Assembly session. We equally hope that the Secretary-General’s Advisory Board will be useful and will offer the Secretary-General and Member States instrumental advice in this regard.",
"Secondly, Slovenia believes that the current stalemate in global multilateral disarmament negotiations clearly demonstrates how urgently we need a comprehensive reform of the existing international disarmament machinery. The Geneva-based Conference on Disarmament, established in 1979, needs to be adapted to the realities of the contemporary world of the twenty-first century. Above all, it should open its doors to all interested countries that want to contribute to international peace and security. International peace and security is important for all countries in the world, not only for the group of current members of the Conference on Disarmament. We firmly believe that new members would enrich the work of the Conference and help it to overcome the present impasse.",
"Let me use this opportunity to reiterate our longstanding view that the Conference should commence negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) without any further delay. We are convinced that an FMCT would effectively complement the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and would guide us further on our way towards a world without nuclear weapons.",
"Thirdly, the reinvigoration of the Conference on Disarmament is one of the first steps on the way to reforming the international disarmament machinery. In this regard, we should also reconsider the role of the United Nations Disarmament Commission, which this year again failed to produce any significant results. The reform should be comprehensive and effective and should also redefine the role of the First Committee.",
"Finally, Slovenia welcomes the efforts of the Secretary-General and of many countries to move the disarmament process forward. We expect that in the autumn we will start serious discussions on concrete proposals on how to implement the process that we started in the high-level meeting last year. Time is of the essence, and let me invite all States to join us in our efforts to unblock international disarmament negotiations and start effective reform of the international disarmament machinery that will finally deliver results and take us forward to our ultimate goal — a world without nuclear weapons.",
"Mr. Abdullah (Malaysia): Let me first express our appreciation to the Secretary-General for his continuous efforts in promoting a world free of nuclear weapons.",
"I align my delegation with the statement made by Egypt at the 113th meeting on behalf of the Non‑Aligned Movement. We also would like to thank the Netherlands for its statement delivered at the same meeting on behalf of 41 States, which we view as highly pertinent to the purposes of this debate.",
"The Conference on Disarmament, the United Nations Disarmament Commission, the First Committee of the General Assembly and the review process of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty constitute the multilateral platform for States to work collectively to achieve our shared goal of general and complete disarmament under effective international control. For this reason, among others, the Conference in particular cannot forever remain deadlocked. We need to set the right priorities and concentrate all efforts on achieving them.",
"Moving forward, my delegation wishes to reiterate the unanimous conclusion of the International Court of Justice that there exists an obligation to pursue in good faith, and to bring to conclusion, negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects, under strict and effective international control. We therefore wish to underscore that emphasis should be given to the total elimination of nuclear weapons through the adoption of a nuclear weapons convention. It is imperative that the Conference on Disarmament commence its substantive work at the earliest opportunity, to enable further progress in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation.",
"It is also worth recalling that the Conference on Disarmament, the Disarmament Commission and the First Committee were the outcomes of the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament. We are therefore of the view that these three organs are all accountable to the Assembly. In this connection, we support the convening of a fourth special session of the Assembly devoted to disarmament, which could be instrumental in moving forward the disarmament agenda.",
"Another alternative that could also be considered is the possibility of reviewing the effectiveness of each entity through an eminent persons group, which would come up with recommendations for ways to revitalize the United Nations disarmament machinery. Malaysia mentioned this in its statement at the high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament held last year. It was also mentioned in the recommendation section of the recent report of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters. Malaysia is ready to explore any other feasible ideas put forward.",
"Transparency and complete inclusiveness should be the guiding principles of the Conference on Disarmament. We support expansion of the Conference and agree that further opportunity should be given to civil society to follow Conference proceedings in a meaningful manner.",
"Lastly, we cannot stress enough that genuine and strong political will exhibited by States in a tangible manner is absolutely vital to taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations at the Conference on Disarmament and other organs of the United Nations. Malaysia is ready to work closely with other delegations to undertake this joint endeavour.",
"Mr. Fernández-Arias Minuesa (Spain) (spoke in Spanish): Spain aligns itself with the statement made at the 113th meeting on behalf of the European Union.",
"A little less than a year ago, last 24 September, a high-level meeting was held under the auspices of the Secretary-General with the goal of evaluating the situation of the Conference on Disarmament and the reasons for its stalemate. That exercise led to a thorough analysis of the present situation, with wide participation on the part of ministers and other high-level representatives, as was recognized in resolution 65/93. This also highlights the commendably firm commitment of the Secretary-General, who has made revitalizing the disarmament machinery one of his priorities.",
"Regrettably, we must conclude that the paralysis of the Conference on Disarmament has continued throughout 2011, with no sign of any resolution. The efforts and appeals to lift this negotiating body out of its stalemate have to date been fruitless.",
"It would be tempting to say that since we have made no progress, we are in the same place we were in a year ago. A year ago, however, we could feel confident that some positive momentum rising from a series of good news in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation — such as the signing of the New START Treaty, the Washington summit on nuclear security and the consensus for a plan of action based on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Review Conference — would have a contagious effect on the Conference on Disarmament. However, that hope has still not materialized, and while the disarmament agenda is making progress in other forums, the Conference in Geneva continues to waste its means, efforts and energy for yet another year, without taking even the first step towards consensus in the form of adopting a programme of work — something it painstakingly achieved in 2009.",
"In recent years it has become commonplace to say that the Conference on Disarmament works but does not produce. Its abundant — perhaps excessive — schedule of meetings provides evidence of its labours. We have to wonder, however, if those labours, as arduous as they are unproductive, have any reason to be other than as a ritual for its own sake, considering that they are unable to unblock the negotiations.",
"It is indeed true that despite its inaction on negotiations, during the Conference’s current session — and thanks to the laudable efforts of the Canadian, Chilean, Chinese and Colombian presidencies — countless formulas, initiatives and proposals have been brought up, many of which are very sound, in our view. It is not ideas that are lacking but rather sufficient consensus to bring them to fruition.",
"Given this critical convergence, which places us between the clamour from the international community and civil society for progress on disarmament and an ineffective or at any rate stalled disarmament machinery, what should be done?",
"The ideal would be progress within the framework of the Conference on Disarmament, which in the past has shown itself to be an effective forum for international negotiation for such important achievements as the Biological Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.",
"Spain is committed to this course, as it demonstrated on 16 June, when, together with Germany, the Netherlands, Mexico, Sweden, Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania, it introduced document CD/1910, a joint discussion paper designed to stimulate debate on fissile material in the Conference on Disarmament.",
"One can continue bet on revitalizing the Conference on Disarmament, but it would be a mistake to do so with infinite patience. Our task is too important and urgent to leave it to a single forum that for 14 years has shown itself incapable of fulfilling its mission. In other words, if the debate is couched in terms either of making progress in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation or of betting on the Conference on Disarmament, there can be only one response from all of us here, and it must be heard once and for all in a clear and unanimous manner.",
"But let us not anticipate events. For the time being, this meeting presents a new opportunity for exploring the causes of and possible solutions to the paralysis of the Conference on Disarmament, and we must not waste it. In that regard, we would like to join in the concrete proposals offered by the European Union. In particular, we call attention to the following.",
"First, we call on the Conference on Disarmament, the First Commission and the Disarmament Commission to review their working methods and duly examine the issue in their reports to the General Assembly, while requesting that the Assembly maintain its interest in this issue and its follow-up. Secondly, we call on States possessing nuclear weapons to declare and maintain a moratorium on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other explosive nuclear devices. Lastly, we call on the member States of the Conference to initiate negotiations for a fissile material cut-off treaty without delay, and to begin working on the other items on the agenda.",
"We must be both bold and realistic as we explore and promote concrete proposals for the Conference on Disarmament, always keeping in mind that, as Alexis de Tocqueville said, institutions that we are accustomed to calling necessary are sometimes only institutions to which we have become accustomed.",
"Mr. Mahmood (Bangladesh): May I convey to you, Sir, the appreciation of the delegation of Bangladesh for scheduling this important plenary meeting as a follow-up to the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and Taking forward Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations, held on 24 September 2010.",
"I would like to associate myself with the statement delivered by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement. In addition, I would like to dwell on certain core elements from our national perspective.",
"The agreement between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on arms reduction is an important positive step after years of sluggishness in disarmament talks. This is a step in the right direction, but it is decidedly insufficient for freeing the planet from the curse of nuclear weapons. We hope that States parties will seize the moment at this plenary meeting, and that the meeting provides guidance to all of us, including the States that have yet to become parties to the relevant instruments, in achieving the total elimination of nuclear weapons.",
"Bangladesh is a democratic, secular and inclusive society. My country, with its impeccable disarmament and non-proliferation record, is committed to the pursuit of universal adherence to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). Bangladesh has unconditionally opted to remain non‑nuclear by choice. We were the first annex 2 country from South Asia to ratify the CTBT. We have also concluded a safeguards agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), including the additional protocols.",
"Bangladesh is constitutionally committed to achieving general and complete disarmament. As a demonstration of that commitment, the Parliament of Bangladesh has also adopted a resolution supporting the 2010 NPT Review Conference. The resolution, inter alia, emphasized the need to implement all three pillars of the NPT, namely, nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation and the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. It has also reiterated its support for article IV of the NPT, which guarantees the inalienable rights of all States parties to the NPT to develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination and in conformity with articles I and II of the Treaty, under the IAEA safeguards and verification mechanism. The Bangladesh Parliament, in its unanimous opinion, also expressed the belief that any use of nuclear weapons would constitute an international crime, including a crime against humanity, a crime against peace, a war crime and genocide. The Government of Bangladesh fully supports this parliamentary resolution.",
"Bangladesh steadfastly supports a multilateral approach to nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament. We believe that the Conference on Disarmament is the sole multilateral negotiating body on disarmament. We also support the work of the Disarmament Commission, which is the sole specialized, deliberative body within the United Nations multilateral disarmament machinery.",
"We believe that weapons of mass destruction pose the gravest threat to humankind. We continue to believe that only the total elimination of nuclear weapons can provide a guarantee against the use or threat of use of such weapons and against the danger of such weapons falling into the hands of terrorists.",
"Bangladesh is convinced that, in addition to electricity generation, the peaceful uses of nuclear technology within the IAEA safeguards and verification regime may help tackle some old as well as contemporary development challenges that we confront, including hunger, disease, natural resource management and climate change. It is disconcerting to note that undue restrictions on exports of material, equipment and technology for peaceful purposes to developing non-nuclear-weapon countries continue to persist through measures incompatible with the provisions of the Treaty. These barriers need to be removed.",
"It is a matter of concern that the nuclear-weapon States are not only adding more precision capability to the existing stockpiles of nuclear weapons, but are also developing new types of weaponry. We stress that non‑nuclear States parties to the NPT have a legitimate right to receive unconditional assurances from the nuclear-weapon States that the latter will not use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against them.",
"Bangladesh also views the disarmament and non‑proliferation agenda from a development perspective. Our conscience cannot justify an expenditure of about $1.5 trillion a year on armaments when developing countries, particularly least developed countries like Bangladesh, are struggling to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. The full implementation of the disarmament and non‑proliferation agenda, including nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, is critical to achieve this goal.",
"Let me reiterate that, notwithstanding everything to which I have referred, we have not lost faith in ourselves. While we acknowledge that our journey towards a nuclear-weapon-free world will not be easy, we do not believe that difficulties should deter us from beginning our quest for a nuclear-weapon-free world, for ourselves and for our children. We must leave behind a planet habitable for future generations. Let us resolve to make a difference today.",
"Mr. Taalas (Finland): I would like thank you, Sir, for convening this plenary meeting on this pressing topic.",
"Finland aligns itself with the statements made on behalf of the European Union and on behalf of a group of like-minded countries delivered by the Netherlands.",
"Almost a year has passed since the High-level Meeting in New York last September, and we have not seen any progress. The reasons for this situation are well-known. The decade-long hiatus in the Conference on Disarmament negotiations threatens to unravel the system of multilateral disarmament negotiations. The United Nations disarmament machinery is in jeopardy. The situation requires political re-engagement and fresh thinking by all Member States. Business as usual is not an option. What we need most urgently is strong political will to restart multilateral disarmament negotiations. We hope this meeting will serve to crystallize this will.",
"We need to begin negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty in the Conference on Disarmament without delay. It would take us a step closer to our goal of a world without nuclear weapons and would be essential for our non-proliferation efforts. A fissile material cut-off treaty would contribute to implementing all three pillars of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.",
"The Conference on Disarmament must embrace the momentum for nuclear disarmament and non‑proliferation as manifested in the New START Treaty and at the Nuclear Security Summit. Finland urges all Member States to work towards complete nuclear disarmament through concrete actions.",
"There are also some practical steps we can take in order to revitalize the work in the United Nations disarmament machinery.",
"First, we should review the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament, the First Committee and the Disarmament Commission. We need more substantial discussion and search for common ground, and less procedure.",
"Secondly, multilateral negotiations demand the participation of all relevant players. Reviewing the Conference on Disarmament’s membership base is warranted in order to ensure its inclusiveness.",
"Thirdly, we need fresh ideas and a better connection to the realities outside United Nations meeting rooms. We should strengthen the voice of civil society and academia and find ways to make better use of their valuable contribution in our work.",
"We are committed to doing our utmost to advance multilateral disarmament negotiations during Finland’s chairmanship of the First Committee during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. We hope that, with the political re-engagement of all Member States, we can together take the revitalization agenda forward.",
"Mr. Tladi (South Africa): South Africa is thankful for this opportunity to have an open and honest discussion about the multilateral disarmament agenda and, in particular, for the opportunity to examine the progress that has been made since the adoption of resolution 65/93 on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations.",
"My delegation aligns itself with the statements delivered by the representative of Egypt, who spoke on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, and by the representative of the Netherlands, who spoke on behalf of a group of States from various regions around the world.",
"One of the outcomes of the first special session on the General Assembly devoted to disarmament (SSOD-I) was to recognize the need for a single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum of limited size taking decisions on the basis of consensus — what we know today as the Conference on Disarmament. The past achievements of the Conference and its predecessor entities have illustrated the role that this body can play in the negotiation of key multilateral disarmament instruments. It is therefore regrettable that this institution has for many years now failed to fulfil its basic mandate. As a result of the continuing deadlock, many have understandably started to question the Conference’s relevance and continued value in the pursuit of disarmament goals, especially since the dawn of the new international security environment after the end of the Cold War.",
"Another decision of SSOD-I was the establishment of the Disarmament Commission as a deliberative body on disarmament and a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly. Unfortunately, this body is also not fulfilling its mandate and has again this year failed to produce any concrete recommendations.",
"Nuclear disarmament remains our highest priority, which is a priority shared by all members of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Group of 21 and the vast majority of States Members of the Conference on Disarmament and the United Nations across all regions. Not only do we share concerns about the continued vertical and horizontal proliferation of nuclear weapons, but we believe that the very existence of nuclear weapons contributes to global insecurity.",
"Furthermore, the catastrophic humanitarian consequences that would result from the use of nuclear weapons clearly represent a serious risk to humankind. While these weapons exist, none of us will truly be secure. Only the complete elimination of all nuclear weapons and the assurance that they will never be produced again can provide the necessary guarantees against their use. It is for this reason that South Africa has consistently argued for a systematic and progressive approach towards achieving our goal of a world free from nuclear weapons. We believe that continuous and irreversible progress in nuclear disarmament and other related nuclear arms control measures remains fundamental to the promotion of nuclear non-proliferation.",
"The lack of real progress towards nuclear disarmament has weakened the global non-proliferation regime. Although nuclear disarmament was the subject of the first resolution adopted by the General Assembly in 1946 (resolution 1 (I)), it has been the first item on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament since the Conference’s inception. Despite the ongoing demand by the overwhelming majority of members of the Conference for the establishment of a subsidiary body to deal with nuclear disarmament alone, that has not materialized. That is particularly disconcerting given that all States parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons have committed to this goal in the Action Plan adopted by the 2010 NPT Review Conference. My delegation therefore reiterates its call to the Conference on Disarmament to immediately establish a subsidiary body to deal with nuclear disarmament.",
"As part of the systematic and progressive approach to nuclear disarmament, my delegation also supports the commencement of negotiations on a treaty that would ban the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices and that would fulfil both non-proliferation and disarmament objectives. My delegation does not subscribe to the view that a fissile material treaty is the only item ripe for negotiations. Given the nature of the Conference on Disarmament as a negotiating forum, we believe that the Conference is able to negotiate on any issue on its agenda, although we acknowledge that the finalization of any internationally legally binging arrangements in the near future may be more likely on some issues than on others.",
"While we may not all agree on the issues that are either more or less ripe for the conclusion of an agreement, that should not prevent us from dealing substantively with the issues on the multilateral disarmament agenda. The question that confronts us today is whether the Conference on Disarmament is able to live up to our expectations or whether alternative options should be explored for taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations in an effort to revitalize the work that should have been undertaken by this body.",
"We acknowledge that the Conference on Disarmament came close to resuming its work in 2009 when it adopted a programme of work. While CD/1864 was not a perfect document, it was our hope that it would have led to a new phase in the Conference’s recent history that would have allowed us to work together to build a better, more secure future. Unfortunately, neither CD/1864 nor any other formula on mandates for subsidiary bodies on items on our agenda has led to a resumption of substantive work.",
"While some would ascribe the lack of concrete results in the Conference on Disarmament to its rules of procedure, my delegation believes that the resistance by some to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects, under strict and effective international control, is a larger obstacle faced by the international community.",
"Many of us would like to see the Conference on Disarmament resume its rightful place. However, its continued failure to engage in substantive work over the past 15 years does not allow us to be indifferent to the ongoing challenges. If the Conference continues to fail in executing its mandate, there would be no reason not to consider other options in taking forward the important work that this body has been entrusted with.",
"In conclusion, South Africa remains committed to a rules-based international system. We will therefore pursue any further actions that may be required with a view to strengthening multilateral governance in the field of disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control. In addition, we will examine any options for taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations with the aim of achieving our goal of a world free of nuclear weapons.",
"The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker for this meeting. We shall hear the remaining speakers tomorrow, 29 July, at 11 a.m. in the Hall. At that meeting, the Assembly will also take up agenda item 13 to continue its discussion on the human right to water and sanitation.",
"Before concluding this meeting, a representative has requested to exercise the right of reply. May I remind Member States that statements in exercise of the right of reply are limited to 10 minutes for the first intervention and to 5 minutes for the second intervention and should be made by delegations from their seats.",
"I now give the floor to the representative of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.",
"Mr. Ri Tong Il (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea): Let me exercise the right of reply and at the same time make some comments on the remarks made by the representative of Canada, who raised a question about the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea presidency of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"As far as the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea presidency of the Conference is concerned, it is an exercise of the sovereign right of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, as a State Member of the United Nations, to be President of the Conference on Disarmament. Under the Conference on Disarmament’s rules of procedure, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea is obligated to serve as President of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"In addition, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea is and has been a State Member of the United Nations. Article 2, paragraph of 1, of the Charter of the United Nations stipulates that the United Nations is based on the principle of respect for the sovereign equality of all Members States. As far as this legal issue is concerned, we consider the remarks by the representative of Canada to be in serious violation of the United Nations Charter.",
"Secondly, the remarks of the representative of Canada were in violation of the practice in international forums. This would not be the first time that the Canadian delegation has boycotted an",
"international forum. The first time was in 2001, when there was an anti-racism conference in Durban. Canada was the only country that boycotted that meeting. It set a very disgraceful precedent in the practice of international multilateralism.",
"That was not the only instance of a Canadian boycott. It occurred again in other meetings, including here at the General Assembly while one country’s president was delivering a speech — right in this forum. This is the third time that a Canadian representative has taken such action in the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea therefore strongly condemns this behaviour by the Canadian representative.",
"Thirdly, this is a demonstration of Cold-War-era psychology and mentality. Actually, this is now the post-Cold-War period. It was only during the time of the Cold War that we witnessed such confrontational behaviour by countries. The post-Cold-War period is a time for dialogue and confidence-building. One can see this in every region, including in the Asian region. Canada and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea participate as members of the Regional Forum of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The overall spirit is one of confidence-building and dialogue. But now, rather than adopting that behaviour of dialogue and reconciliation, Canada has taken the road to confrontation. The Canadian representative is the only one adopting that kind of behaviour.",
"The meeting rose at 6.05 p.m."
] | A_65_PV.116 | [
"Chairman: Mr. Deiss (Switzerland)",
"In the absence of the President, Mr. Tanin (Afghanistan), Vice-President, took the Chair.",
"The meeting was called to order at 3.10 p.m.",
"Agenda item 115 (continued)",
"Follow-up to the outcome of the Millennium Summit",
"Draft decision (A/65/L.88)",
"The Acting President: Members will recall that the General Assembly held the debate on agenda item 115 together with item 13, “Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields”, at its 40th and 41st plenary meetings, on 29 October 2010, as well as agenda items 13 and 120, “Strengthening of the United Nations system,",
"Members will also recall that, under item 115, the Assembly held a specific meeting devoted to development at its 97th and 98th plenary meetings, on 14 June 2011. In addition, members will recall that, under agenda items 13 and 115, the Assembly adopted resolutions 65/1, 65/7, 65/281 and 65/285 at its 9th, 41st, 100th and 105th plenary meetings, respectively. Also under item 115, the Assembly adopted resolution 65/238 at its 73rd plenary meeting.",
"The Assembly will now take action on draft decision A/65/L.88, entitled “Participation of civil society representatives at the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases, to be held on 19 and 20 September 2011”.",
"May I take it that the Assembly decides to adopt draft decision A/65/L.88?",
"Draft decision A/65/L.88 was adopted.",
"The Acting President: The Assembly has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of agenda item 115.",
"Agenda item 27 (continued)",
"High-level Meeting on Youth",
"Social development",
"(b) Social development, including questions relating to the world social situation and to youth, ageing, disabled persons and the family",
"The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of Mauritania.",
"Mr. Ould Cheikh (Mauritania) (spoke in Arabic): At the outset, I would like to express the condolences of the President, the Government and the people of Mauritania to the Kingdom of Norway for the terrorist act that took on scores of innocent victims. Two days ago our Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement of condolences in this regard.",
"I would also like to express my gratitude to the General Assembly and its President, our dear friend Mr. Joseph Deiss, who is guiding our work with great wisdom. I would like to express my gratitude in particular for resolution 65/267 of 15 March 2011, thanks to which we are here in New York to discuss youth issues, which are an important part of society and the cornerstone of any fruitful socio-economic development.",
"The Government of my country, the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, on the instructions of its President, Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, has affirmed and reaffirmed that the future of any group resides in its youth. A five-year national plan has been established for youth, recreation and sports to be implemented between 2011 and 2015. Our youth policy puts young people in a priority place for the Government and will be funded by more than $230 million, of which $37 million will come from a state fund. This policy responds to the election campaign of the President of the Government, who was elected two years ago.",
"The Government of Mauritania is committed to combating poverty among young people, who constitute 40 per cent of the Mauritanian population, through its national youth policy, sport and recreation. It intends to integrate them into development and to support youth efforts to improve their situation, which is affected by unemployment and school drop-out. We want to build national youth networks that are renewed every three years. This is one of the objectives of my Government ' s policy. We have also signed and ratified all international agreements relating to youth, thereby demonstrating the importance we attach to them, in particular in terms of education, health and unemployment.",
"With regard to education, despite the progress made in school enrolment, much remained to be done. We have created a new government department for higher education and scientific research, as well as public education institutions, in order to reform education in Mauritania.",
"Young people in Mauritania face many challenges in health care. However, those with special needs will find resources available through political will and far-reaching reforms initiated by the Ministry of Health.",
"In terms of unemployment, we have formed an important ministry responsible for employing young people and promoting the commercial sector, which provides 25 per cent of employment opportunities, followed by agriculture with 20.4 per cent, in addition to other sectors, such as services and public administration.",
"Addressing youth-related issues entails many challenges and requires the assignment of roles to sustain youth development. This has been done through the creation of central agencies. Although we have expressed the desire to care for young people by creating a ministry for youth affairs and urging them to use these services, there are still many challenges.",
"The Acting President: In accordance with General Assembly resolution 57/29 of 19 November 2002, I now give the floor to the observer for Associates for Population and Development.",
"Mr. Rao: Mr. President: I thank you for giving me this opportunity to comment on behalf of the Partners for Population and Development at this High-level Meeting on Youth.",
"First of all, the Partners for Population and Development want to convey their deepest condolences to the Government and people of Norway for their recent tragedy.",
"As an intergovernmental organization of 25 developing countries, the Partners for Population and Development are committed to promoting South-South cooperation in population and development through support, especially in member countries, for the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals, the goals of the International Conference on Population and Development and the World Programme of Action for Youth.",
"The year 2011 will be remembered as the year in which the world's population reached 7 billion. According to the latest United Nations estimates, the world ' s population will continue to increase to 9.3 billion in the year 2050. To put these figures in perspective, the world population did not reach 1 billion until 1804. They then spent 123 years to reach 2 billion in 1927, 33 years to reach 3 billion in 1960, 14 years to reach 4 billion in 1974, 13 years to reach 5 billion in 1987 and 12 years to reach 6 billion in October 1999. An additional $1 billion will be added by October 2011. The growth of the world ' s population is truly phenomenal.",
"A key feature of the current global demographic situation with significant future consequences is the fact that more than 3 billion people are under 25 years of age and approximately 90 per cent live in developing countries. This preponderance of young people, as long as it is combined with appropriate policies, can become a great source of growth, prosperity and social change in the world. The efficiency to help all these young people meet their educational, employment, development, policy, health needs — including reproductive health — and the speed with which we empower them will undoubtedly influence the pace and future features of peace and development in the world.",
"While in the past countries have made sincere efforts to achieve the goals of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, the Millennium Development Goals and the World Programme of Action for Youth, millions of young people live in poverty and progress in youth development has been very uneven in different countries around the world. Young people face many challenges in society, including lack of access to quality education, decent employment, adequate medical care — including reproductive health — and political participation. They also suffer from violence and climate change setbacks. The most affected are girls and young women, as well as the poor and the disadvantaged. Young women and girls are particularly vulnerable because they are often prevented from completing their education and also because of the risk of pregnancy, child-related complications, forced early marriage, HIV infection and abduction by traffickers.",
"As noted in the outcome document (resolution 65/312), it is important to give priority attention to addressing these and other challenges that hinder youth development, especially through poverty reduction and the promotion of sustained economic growth, sustainable development, full and productive employment and the full participation of youth in policy formulation and implementation at all levels. The Partners for Population and Development strongly believe that national capacity-building to address youth development is very important and that the international community should do its best to support the least developed countries in this regard.",
"Based on their history of sharing innovative experiences and practices, as well as promoting capacity-building through training, research and knowledge-sharing, the Partners for Population and Development are convinced that South-South and triangular cooperation should play an important role in future national and international efforts for youth development.",
"Finally, the Partners for Population and Development want to support the implementation of the outcome document by all stakeholders.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Peru.",
"Mr. Gutierrez (Peru): Peru has a young population of 7.5 million, accounting for 28 per cent of the total population. This figure has increased in recent years and today young people are the largest population group in Peru. Taking these figures into account, in the last 10 years the Peruvian State has been developing institutionalized policies through the National Youth Secretariat with the aim of formulating and proposing general guidelines to contribute to the integral development of young people, ensuring their social inclusion and fostering their active citizen participation. In the nine years of work of the Secretariat, Peru has obtained interesting results that I wish to share with you today.",
"In 2006, the National Youth Plan 2006-2011 was developed to develop synergies between the State and civil society, to create greater and better opportunities for young people, and to institutionalize cross-cutting policies at all levels of government. These policies have had a positive effect, which has improved the quality of life of many young people. Between 2004 and 2008, poverty reduction has been achieved in the young population from 43.8% to 31.6%. In addition, in the area of citizen participation, there has been a greater participation of young people in the political sphere at the national level, with 1,665 young people serving elected public office today. While it is true that these advances reflect permanent social investment policies and the inclusion of young people in the political agenda of the Peruvian State, it is also a reality that we still have much to do to achieve inclusive and favourable development for the young Peruvian population.",
"Peru, on the basis of a national effort, has achieved sustained economic growth over the past 10 years, the same that today seeks to translate into an inclusive development of immediate impact on the youngest. This development should give them functional and realistic tools that enable them to participate actively in the country's productive and political system, thus contributing to their growth and assessing their citizen participation. From our perspective, inclusive development must also be supported in youth-focused social investment policies, which should not be understood as assistance policies towards a population group, but as a complement to economic growth and as a way to promote the integral development of a sector of Peruvian society that will forge a more integrated and cohesive future in the country. These policies are an integral part of the medium-term strategies for the sustainable and inclusive development of Peru.",
"Many of the Latin American countries, such as Peru, have a large young population. This particular demographic situation gives us one of the best opportunities in recent decades to make a leap towards sustainable development and overcome the problems of social inequity that characterize the region, provided that we invest resolutely in young people and their education. We are confident that if these generations have access to quality education, an adequate health system and an opportunity for decent and productive employment within a democratic system that promotes and guarantees citizen participation, our countries will have the necessary human, social and cultural capital to enhance sustainable development, improve distribution and promote wealth creation.",
"In conclusion, I would like to end this intervention by expressing Peru ' s commitment to continue to support and promote youth policies in national and international forums in which we participate, and also to express my country ' s strong commitment to continue with initiatives and programmes that will enable the progressive and transversal inclusion of youth in Peruvian society in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.",
"The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker on this item.",
"May I take it that it is the wish of the General Assembly to conclude its consideration of sub-item (b) of agenda item 27.",
"It was so decided.",
"Agenda item 162 (continued)",
"Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and promoting multilateral disarmament negotiations",
"The Acting President: Members will recall that the Assembly held a debate on agenda item 162 at its 113th plenary meeting on 27 July 2011.",
"Mr. Tarar (Pakistan): Pakistan aligns itself with the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.",
"Pakistan appreciated the Secretary-General ' s efforts to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the international disarmament machinery. It is an opportunity to carefully analyse the challenges facing the disarmament machinery as a whole, which should not be missed by trying to negotiate on a particular treaty. Pakistan ' s position on the high-level meeting convened by the Secretary-General last year was circulated as a document of the General Assembly as document A/65/378.",
"The challenges facing the international agenda and disarmament machinery go beyond the Conference on Disarmament. The components of the contemporary disarmament machinery created by the special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament are interrelated. Therefore, the revitalization of those components, including the First Committee and the Disarmament Commission, should be simultaneous and proceed in an integrated and holistic manner.",
"The overall objective and goal of the establishment of the Conference on Disarmament, as mandated by the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, was nuclear disarmament, an agenda item that has not progressed over the past 32 years. In 2008, the Secretary-General, in a historic speech in which he outlined his plan of action, provided a primary place for nuclear disarmament in his five-point proposal. The first step that the Secretary-General suggested was to urge all States, in particular nuclear-weapon States, to fulfil their obligations under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to undertake negotiations on effective measures leading to nuclear disarmament. While acknowledging the Conference on Disarmament as the only multilateral forum in the world for disarmament negotiations, the Secretary-General suggested that nuclear Powers should actively collaborate with other States on this issue in the Conference on Disarmament.",
"The reason the Secretary-General made that appeal is that the Conference on Disarmament has not been able to live up to its reason for being — nuclear disarmament — for more than three decades. It is also a fact that the Conference on Disarmament did not achieve any substantive progress for 15 years after the conclusion of the negotiations on the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. However, it is astonishing that the current desire to revitalize the Conference on Disarmament only addresses the events that have taken place over the past two years and focuses on one issue. Ironically, the strong condemnation of the current impasse is promoted by countries that either were responsible for the decades of inactivity of the Conference on Disarmament or were manifestly silent.",
"To clearly assess the reasons behind the impasse of the Conference on Disarmament, it is important to recognize the following basic facts.",
"The work or inactivity of the Conference on Disarmament is a reflection of the prevailing political realities, as it does not work in a vacuum. The Conference on Disarmament cannot negotiate any treaty that is contrary to the security interests of any of its member States. Indeed, the rule of consensus was introduced into the rules of procedure of the Conference on Disarmament to ensure that it was so. Therefore, progress can only be made at the Conference if the security issues of concern to all its member States are addressed or addressed. The lack of progress at the Conference cannot be attributed to its rules of procedure, as there are historical instruments, such as the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, which were negotiated with the same rules of procedure.",
"Those facts mean that the problems of the Conference on Disarmament are often not organizational or procedural. It is therefore time for us to face reality and recognize the true reasons why the Conference has been dysfunctional.",
"The history of the Conference on Disarmament clearly demonstrates a pattern whereby only those agreements that do not undermine or endanger the security interests of powerful States are negotiated. The Biological Weapons Convention and the Chemical Weapons Convention were negotiated only when biological and chemical weapons became unnecessary in terms of their operational usefulness. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty was concluded once the major Powers had already conducted sufficient nuclear tests and therefore no further testing was required since they had alternative computer simulation techniques.",
"The same is true of the fissile material cut-off treaty. Now, having developed huge arsenals of nuclear weapons, as well as stockpiles of fissile material, in particular highly enriched uranium and plutonium suitable for warlike uses that can be quickly converted into nuclear warheads, these great Powers are ready to conclude a treaty banning only future production of fissile material, as they no longer need it. That approach cost them nothing, as it does not undermine or jeopardize their safety.",
"In addition, in recent years, discriminatory policies undertaken by some major Powers on nuclear cooperation have created insecurity and imbalances. By sacrificing international non-proliferation goals at the altar of power and benefits, these policies have accentuated the asymmetry of stockpiles of fissile material in our region. Unfortunately, these discriminatory policies continue and the members of the Nuclear Suppliers Group, a group composed of some of the most fervent supporters of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the most critical of the lack of progress in the Conference on Disarmament, have not opposed them.",
"For those reasons, Pakistan was forced to pronounce itself against nuclear selectivity and discrimination. No country could be expected to make concessions to its fundamental security interests for the sake of an instrument that had no cost to all other countries concerned.",
"To follow an honest and objective approach in order to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament, as well as the entire disarmament machinery, the following steps would have to be taken.",
"The agenda of the Conference on Disarmament covers a number of critical issues and all issues need to be addressed in an equitable and balanced manner. The lack of progress on the issue due to the security concerns of States should not lead to stagnation in the Conference, as there were other issues on its agenda that could and should be addressed.",
"Nuclear disarmament remains the long-standing issue on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament. The Non-Aligned Movement, composed of 120 members, representing the vast majority of the States Members of the United Nations, has consistently considered nuclear disarmament the highest priority in the negotiations of the Conference on Disarmament. This priority was reaffirmed again in the statement made yesterday by the representative of the Movement. The plenary should take note of this.",
"The proposal on a legal instrument on negative security assurances is another important issue that has been on the CD ' s agenda for several years. A legally binding instrument on negative security assurances would not jeopardize the strategic interests of any country. Indeed, no nuclear-weapon State would intend to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon States. Even the threat of doing so is morally reprehensible.",
"We must recognize the realities and work to form a consensus in the Conference on Disarmament taking into account the legitimate security interests of all States. The Conference cannot negotiate by choosing only those issues that some States consider ripe. The nuclear-weapon States must fulfil their obligations to undertake negotiations on effective measures leading to nuclear disarmament in the Conference on Disarmament. Double standards and selectivity should be eliminated when taking non-proliferation and disarmament measures.",
"Practical efforts to revitalize the international disarmament machinery should include the convening of the fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, as called for in the statement made yesterday on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement. That session could greatly contribute to the promotion of the objectives of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation in a non-discriminatory, balanced and transparent manner, keeping in mind the security interests of all States.",
"Before concluding, I would like to warn you of the possibility of bringing the fissile material cut-off treaty outside the Conference on Disarmament to proceed with negotiations, as we believe that the Conference is the only multilateral disarmament negotiating forum.",
"In that regard, I would like to mention some of the arguments that one of the major nuclear Powers argued in 2005 to respond to the intention of some Member States to present a draft resolution in the First Committee, which sought to establish ad hoc committees within the General Assembly to address the four main issues of the Conference on Disarmament. That nuclear Power declared:",
"“The international community should continue to focus on making the Conference on Disarmament work, rather than creating another Conference on Disarmament ‘fantasma’...",
"We do not engage in negotiations on vital national and global security issues through a majority vote.",
"The reasons for the current impasse in the Conference on Disarmament are no easier to resolve in New York than in Geneva. ... The outcome of this resolution will be to delay the same international non-proliferation and disarmament goals that its sponsors seek to promote. ”",
"In conveying that position, that country expressly stated that it would not participate in such a process and that it would not in any way be bound to any agreement that might emanate from such an organ. It is interesting to note that the same country is now trying to raise a specific issue within the CD. That paradoxical approach is inexplicable.",
"I would like to reiterate that Pakistan will not join any such process, nor will there be any possibility of acceding to the results of such a process. It should be borne in mind that the issue of the fissile material cut-off treaty outside the Conference on Disarmament would also be a precedent for a similar modus operandi on other issues on the agenda of the Conference, such as nuclear disarmament and negative security assurances.",
"Mr. Benmehidi (Algeria) (spoke in French): At the outset, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the Secretary-General for the important statement he made at the 113th meeting, which corroborates his personal commitment to disarmament. I extend my appreciation to the President of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, Ms. Olga Pellicer, who was pleased to inform us of the deliberations of his Committee on the agenda item.",
"My delegation welcomes the initiative to organize this high-level meeting, since it considers that it offers Member States a new opportunity to continue in a clearer and deeper manner the exchanges that began on 24 September 2010, at the initiative of the Secretary-General.",
"My delegation fully endorses the statement made at the 113th meeting by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.",
"Algeria attaches the utmost importance to disarmament and non-proliferation issues. Discussions on the future of the Conference on Disarmament receive special attention from the Algerian Government. Indeed, today ' s views focus on the virtues of multilateral negotiation as a better way to take into account legitimate security concerns, in a spirit of equity, responsibility and transparency, in the face of threats to the nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation regime.",
"As it deals with very different areas, the continuing impasse of the Conference on Disarmament is clearly a matter of great concern. That situation particularly affected the interests of non-nuclear-weapon States. Algeria believes that this stalemate cannot be attributed to a failure of that institutional mechanism or its way of functioning. It is therefore not attributable to its rules of procedure, in particular the rule of consensus, or the agenda of the Conference.",
"However, some consider that stagnation is due to the rigidity of the rules of procedure, and propose to limit the application of the rule of consensus strictly to substantive issues and to resort to vote on procedural matters, such as the establishment of a subsidiary body. It should be said that it is not always easy to differentiate between substance and form aspects, especially when it comes to issues relating to a subsidiary body.",
"It is clear that the rule of consensus is also a way of protecting the national security interests of all States alike, and not just the strongest. Taking into account the security interests of all, this rule in principle confers legitimacy on the agreed treaty and guarantees it universality and effectiveness.",
"With regard to the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament, Algeria believed that its components — which were also inspired by the Decalogue and emphasized nuclear danger — remained current. Nuclear weapons remain the most serious threat to humanity.",
"It should be recalled that the Conference on Disarmament certainly contributed to multilateral disarmament. Established in 1978 at the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament precisely to revitalize the disarmament machinery of the time, its mandate is to facilitate the implementation of the Programme of Action adopted at that special session (resolution S-10/2, part III). In particular, the Conference on Disarmament had made it possible to adopt the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, even if the latter had not yet entered into force.",
"After those two achievements, the Conference did not achieve any further progress. The reasons for stagnation should be sought in the evolution of the disarmament problem and security policies outside the framework of the Conference.",
"Indeed, the obvious lack of political will to address the set of issues on the agenda of the Conference, on the one hand, and the attempts to establish a hierarchy between the points of the Decalogue linked to the uncertainty of regional security balances, on the other, are the reason for the current stagnation. The Conference on Disarmament can only undertake its substantive work if Member States demonstrate the political will necessary to achieve collective solutions in order to truly address the challenges to the security of all and to international peace. Therefore, action must be taken in that regard rather than threatening to condemn the Conference on Disarmament to marginalization through another mechanism.",
"It has been proposed that if the stagnation continues, other forums could be envisaged to negotiate the fissile material cut-off treaty. My delegation believes that such a measure could prejudice the objective of the treaty, namely, the consolidation of non-proliferation, the promotion of nuclear disarmament and universal adherence, which remain necessary for such an agreement to have the necessary political basis and credibility.",
"The General Assembly cannot deprive the Conference on Disarmament of its prerogatives, let alone replace it or legitimize the elimination of one of the fundamental parts of its mandate. Apart from setting a precedent with serious consequences, such a measure would challenge the universality and balance to be maintained between the central and complementary aspects of the Conference.",
"In any case, Algeria favours a comprehensive and balanced approach in the programme of work of the Conference on Disarmament that takes into account the priorities and concerns of all. That programme of work should address all items on the agenda of the Conference, in particular the main issues I have just mentioned. In that spirit, the Algerian delegation continued to believe that decision CD/1864, adopted by consensus in May 2009, remained valid. It is true that this decision was not the perfect result, but the fruit of a compromise which, as stated in its preamble, is part of a process of evolution.",
"Decision CD/1864 does not create a hierarchy of priorities. Its objective is to launch a process of interactive discussions and negotiations to generate a climate of confidence and to conduct negotiations on nuclear disarmament and other issues. It would appear that this aspect of decision CD/1864, which is clearly stated in its preamble, has often been forgotten by some and concealed by others, who have only maintained negotiations on the fissile material cut-off treaty.",
"Algeria is convinced of the need to reiterate the commitment of the international community to regain the role of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral framework for disarmament negotiations. In the event that the divergences preventing the Conference from fulfilling its mandate persisted, it would be appropriate to convene a fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament. That would be an opportunity to reiterate that role in the context of a broader review of disarmament issues, a new consensus on disarmament priorities and the disarmament machinery, including coordination between deliberative bodies and the Conference on Disarmament as a negotiating forum.",
"With regard to the observations and recommendations of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, Algeria supported any initiative that could effectively promote or re-start the work of the Conference on Disarmament in fulfilment of its original mandate.",
"Mr. Kodama (Japan): Japan wishes to subscribe to the statements made at the 113th meeting by the representatives of Australia, on behalf of the non-proliferation and disarmament initiative and the Netherlands, on behalf of more than 40 countries.",
"To achieve a world without nuclear weapons, multilateral disarmament efforts of all nuclear-weapon States and concerted action by the international community as a whole are essential. In this regard, the role of the Conference on Disarmament, as the sole multilateral negotiating forum on disarmament, is of paramount importance, as it brings together the nuclear-weapon States and non-parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The Conference and its predecessor have drafted core disarmament treaties, such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the Biological Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.",
"Almost a year has elapsed since the high-level meeting on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the promotion of multilateral negotiations on disarmament, which reached the unanimous political consensus to overcome the impasse in which the Conference on Disarmament is undergoing. However, in this period, we have not been able to take advantage of the opportunity provided by that consensus.",
"Faced with the imminence of the anniversaries of the launch of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and with the resistance of the citizens of Japan reaching their limit, we cannot afford to prolong the stagnation. We must immediately undertake effective work on the core issues of the CD agenda and make progress on nuclear disarmament, the conclusion of the fissile material cut-off treaty, negative security assurances and the prevention of an arms race in outer space.",
"If the Conference on Disarmament proves to be incapable of breaking out of its impasse, we should consider possible alternatives, such as making greater use of the General Assembly. In that regard, it was certainly regrettable that the anti-cooperation attitude of a country had prevented the Conference from developing its very important task of promoting nuclear disarmament for the benefit of the international community. This situation even puts the relevance of the current configuration of the Conference into question.",
"From that perspective, the present follow-up meeting and the forthcoming session of the General Assembly, in particular the October meetings of the First Committee, provide us with important opportunities to promote nuclear disarmament and the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament and the disarmament machinery.",
"Japan believes it is of the utmost importance that negotiations on the fissile material cut-off treaty be initiated without delay. Together with the Government of Australia, we have organized three expert meetings parallel to the Conference on Disarmament, in which we have held discussions with a level of detail and technical complexity as they have never been at the heart of the Conference. Following these parallel meetings, and also considering the informal meetings of the Conference on Disarmament on the fissile material cut-off treaty in recent years, it may be considered that the technical talks to a large extent have come to an end. So the time has come to begin negotiations. We must engage in political deliberations for that purpose.",
"In close cooperation with nine other non-nuclear-weapon States, Japan has recently launched a non-proliferation and disarmament initiative. We have already convened two meetings at the ministerial level, last September and in April of the present, to facilitate the effective implementation of the agreements reached on certain issues at the 2010 NPT Review Conference. Japan intends, with determination and in close cooperation with those nine States, to submit proposals that will effectively achieve concrete progress in nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, including proposals that will facilitate the early commencement of negotiations on the fissile material cut-off treaty and allow for greater transparency.",
"It is essential to retain the positive momentum generated during the last NPT Review Conference and to continue to promote positive action for disarmament and non-proliferation. Much can also be done here in New York to support this type of action. To that end, in May, Japan organized, together with Poland and Turkey, a seminar that sparked a very positive response from the diplomatic community in New York. I am confident that further such initiatives will be taken to further promote disarmament and non-proliferation and facilitate the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament and the disarmament machinery.",
"Mr. Moraes Cabral (Portugal): I have the honour to speak on behalf of the informal group of observer States to the Conference on Disarmament.",
"First of all, I would like to congratulate the President on having scheduled this debate at such an appropriate time. Disarmament and non-proliferation are issues of global concern. Observer States therefore welcome this opportunity to present their views.",
"To begin with, I can say that the members of the group are fully committed to the Conference on Disarmament and its revitalization. Even though I knew that revitalization should be a multidimensional process, I gave my remarks to the issue of expansion, which is the reason for being of our group.",
"In fact, expansion is something that has been pending for a long time, since the last date of 1999. Let me recall here that the rules of procedure provide that “The composition of the Conference shall be considered at regular intervals” which has not occurred.",
"However, the main reason for our appeal is of a political nature. In fact, our reasoning is very simple and obvious. The current membership of the Conference on Disarmament no longer reflects the world as it is today. It's been 12 years since the last expansion. The current situation no longer reflects today ' s reality and is undoubtedly unsustainable if the work of the Conference is to be resumed.",
"Taking a repeated expression countless times, the Conference on Disarmament does not operate in the vacuum. I shouldn't. However, in order to reconnect with the international community and with reality, the Conference must first of all understand that the world is no longer the one in 1999.",
"The Conference on Disarmament should be more open and inclusive. It should seriously and urgently consider inviting more countries to join it, thus making it more representative of the world in which we live. On the other hand, we must bear in mind that, while the membership of the Conference is limited, its decisions are global in scope. We're all concerned.",
"For the transformation process to be considered satisfactory, it must be inclusive and fully transparent, rather than limited and conservative. In our view, expansion is an improvement, not a rémora. It represents a new opportunity, a new beginning, for the Conference on Disarmament. The mere fact that there are countries that have an interest in participating in the Conference is a clear and far-reaching political argument for their permanent relevance in the world today. To put it this way, expansion will work in favour of the legitimacy of the Conference, which, taking into account the current situation, is something to be considered with due attention.",
"In that context, we reiterate our call for the early appointment of a special rapporteur on the issue of membership. In any case—and let me be very clear at this point—the appointment of a rapporteur does not prejudge any concrete results. Needless to say, decisions are for the member States of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"We also take this opportunity to emphasize that our view is shared by a large number of member States, regional groups and other groupings — for example, the Association of South-East Asian Nations, the European Union and the Group of Eastern European States — which, during this year ' s session and today again expressed their strong support for the expansion of members and the appointment of a special rapporteur.",
"Our group discussed the issue of the expansion of the Conference on Disarmament in several plenary meetings of the Conference during the first two parts of its 2011 annual session. We also report to the Advisory Board of the Secretary-General on the matter at its fifty-sixth session. We therefore reiterate our call for consideration of membership in the context of the ongoing debate on revitalization.",
"While I take the floor, I would like to make some additional comments on behalf of my country. In that capacity, we fully subscribe to the statement made on behalf of the European Union at the 113th meeting and that of the informal group of observer States that I have just made.",
"I would like to say that my country recognizes the role of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole forum for multilateral disarmament negotiations. Portugal is therefore committed to actively supporting the work of the Conference. Similarly, the Conference should also do its part, namely, to maintain the pace of the current disarmament agenda.",
"We must bear in mind that, although the membership of the Conference is limited, its decisions are international. They're important to all of us. Therefore, the fact that there are countries interested in participating in the Conference despite the long-standing paralysis represents an unequivocal and powerful political declaration in favour of the importance of the Conference. In our view, that expansion would strengthen the legitimacy of the Conference. While we recognize that expansion is not in itself the solution, it is certainly part of the response for a better-functioning Conference.",
"Mr. Waxman: Israel attaches importance to the consideration of the issue of the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament. Indeed, it is appropriate for us to seriously consider this issue, not only because of the long-standing impasse that has characterized the work of the Conference, but mainly because of the calls for consideration outside the Conference of items that belong to the agenda of that body, or even for the replacement of the Conference by another body that is supposed to be more appropriate to that task.",
"Israel does not support those calls which, in our view, are not useful in promoting meaningful work at the Conference. While it is indisputable that the Conference requires an up-to-date and clear project that allows it to overcome the prolonged stagnation, its revitalization must be generated within its own framework. There are no magic wands that provide us with a better solution or an institution that carries out a more relevant disarmament negotiating process.",
"The Conference on Disarmament is a unique and widely recognized entity as the sole multilateral negotiating body in the field of disarmament. Its uniqueness is derived from its members—which include States of greater importance for these issues—and its rules of procedure. While some criticize the rules of procedure, tackling it as an outdated reflection of the geopolitical realities of the past, Israel remains convinced that it is well suited to the complexity and delicate nature of the issues on the agenda of the Conference. The rules of procedure, in particular the rule of consensus, reflect the need to protect vital security interests and to provide negotiating States with the level of confidence necessary to address such critical issues.",
"It should be considered sincerely whether the complexity of the multilateral scenario should be circumvented by attempting to examine the issues for which the mandate was given in accordance with the special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament of 1978, and whether such attempts could yield the desired results.",
"In the conventional sphere, independent processes to date have not been able to attract the most important countries, whose participation in the new legal provisions will provide the most important changes in the situation on the ground. The Convention on Cluster Munitions is undoubtedly one such case. Although more than a hundred States signed that instrument, a realistic review shows that about 90 per cent of cluster munitions stockpiles have been left out of the Treaty. Important States have simply decided not to match the initiative and are looking for solutions in other areas. In that regard, the non-conventional sphere is even more complex.",
"Israel does not believe that considering issues outside the framework of the Conference on Disarmament is a viable or useful proposal. We believe that the Conference should focus on ways to improve its productivity that make sense. While paralysis persists on the four main themes, there is no reason why the Conference should not undertake substantive work, including negotiations, on other issues on its agenda.",
"A formula that recognizes the importance and validity that the international community attaches to the four core issues and at the same time directs the Conference towards a pragmatic approach could and should be found in common agreement. This will result in the negotiation of other issues that could have a vital impact on security and stability. One of these important issues is agenda item 7, devoted to transparency in armaments. There are many important issues that could be taken up under that agenda item, such as negotiating a ban on the transfer of arms to terrorists or portable air defence systems. While stagnation continues, an agreement could and should be reached to promote other relevant issues.",
"The Conference on Disarmament has served the international community in the past. It's an institution too important to put it aside. We are confident that the Conference will have much to contribute in the future. Let's not take a path that could prevent that institution from doing it. Instead, let us focus realistically and usefully on bringing this company forward.",
"Mr. Al Habib (Islamic Republic of Iran): I would like to join the statement made at the 113th meeting by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.",
"I would like to begin my intervention with a wise proverb, who says: “The inefficient worker always blames his tools.” As a tool, the Conference on Disarmament, in developing important international legal instruments on disarmament, has perfectly demonstrated its efficiency and the effectiveness of its rules, including the rule of consensus, including in the complex political and security context of the cold war.",
"As the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters had concluded adequately in its last report, although there were continuing attempts to conceal the political motives for the inactivity of the Conference by raising technical issues, such as its internal rules of procedure, which seemed to be procedural problems were indeed political problems.",
"Lack of political will is the main problem of the Conference on Disarmament. Consequently, the only option to promote its activity is to give political will to that important and irreplaceable forum, which is the only multilateral disarmament negotiating body.",
"We believe that any possible initiative to assess the performance of the Conference should be transparent, comprehensive, just and, most importantly, driven by Member States. It should focus on addressing the root causes of the problem. The main objective of such an assessment should be to improve the performance of the Conference while preserving its nature, role, objective and power.",
"In any assessment we undertake on the performance of the Conference, we must be careful not to mix our reflections with exaggerations, pessimism, hasty judgments and unreliable emotional diagnoses, as such approaches would only complicate and further exacerbate the situation.",
"Unlike some who favour changing the consensus rule of the Conference, we believe that the Conference cannot be improved by modifying the format or modality of its rules of procedure, since, due to the delicate nature of disarmament treaties, closely related to the supreme national security interests of States, consensus is the only way to develop such treaties, as in the past with disarmament treaties concluded both within and outside the Conference.",
"The inactivity of the Conference over the past decade was the result of the lack of political will; the lack of willingness of some States to take into account the security interests of all States and to consider all essential issues in a comprehensive and balanced manner; the fact that some countries see in the Conference a forum for dealing with a single item and are not willing to recognize the importance of other issues; of the little will of some countries even to begin negotiations so long as possible",
"We believe that the complete elimination of nuclear weapons is the highest priority and the only absolute guarantee against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons. For that reason, we believe that the Conference should focus on promoting the programme of nuclear disarmament and the complete elimination of nuclear weapons, leading to a world free of nuclear weapons.",
"In that context, we strongly support the early commencement by the Conference on Disarmament of negotiations on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons within a specific period of time, including a nuclear weapons convention. We also support the commencement of negotiations for the conclusion of universal, unconditional and legally binding instruments on negative security assurances for non-nuclear-weapon States and on the prevention of an arms race in outer space.",
"We emphasize the validity of multilateralism as a fundamental principle of disarmament and non-proliferation negotiations, and, while reiterating our determination to promote that valuable principle, we recall the fundamental importance and permanent validity of the consensus outcome of the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament. We are fully convinced that, since the Conference on Disarmament was established at that first special session, the best way to address its challenges is to organize a fourth special session, a proposal that has the strong support of many countries, especially the 120 member States of the Non-Aligned Movement.",
"In conclusion, we believe that the role of such a fourth special session and the Conference on Disarmament cannot be replaced with alternative initiatives. The problems currently addressed by the Conference on Disarmament are not new at all. The best way to address that challenge is to do things as easily as possible.",
"Mrs. Anderson (Ireland): The high-level meeting convened by the Secretary-General in September 2010 was useful in demonstrating the views of States on the root causes of the impasse in the Conference on Disarmament. The meeting also highlighted the strong desire of the international community to move from discussions to action. It is not only the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament that should be re-examined, but also those of the Disarmament Commission and the First Committee. Those three bodies should be more receptive and more willing to change the way they work.",
"My country ' s approach to disarmament is based on the firm conviction that multilateral cooperation is in the interests of all, and, in particular, meets the interests of the smaller States, which depend on a strong international system based on standards. One of the main reasons that we have been called here is that the only multilateral disarmament negotiating body, the Conference on Disarmament, is not working properly. Taking into account the vital powers of the Conference, this unsatisfactory functioning is deeply troubling.",
"While we are trying to find a solution, it is worth recalling that in the past the Conference on Disarmament made an outstanding contribution in the area of arms control and disarmament. There's no reason I can't do it again.",
"Given those backgrounds, it was particularly disappointing that the Conference had not been able to participate in substantive negotiating work for more than 16 years. Since becoming a member in 1999, Ireland has not seen this body carry out important activities. That situation is difficult to explain or defend. It causes a poor impression of multilateralism and has obvious implications for international peace and security. While the impasse in the Conference on Disarmament could have been understandable as long as there was no progress in the broader context of disarmament, it is now markedly contrasted with the positive developments we have witnessed in other areas in recent years.",
"Ireland is prepared to participate in the negotiations on the entire four main themes on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament or on any of them in particular. While all States have the right to promote and defend their national security interests, in our view, the rule of consensus was never conceived as a mechanism that would enable a State to frustrate the desire of the vast majority of members to participate in the negotiations on a specific issue. The consequent inability of the Conference on Disarmament to engage in negotiations on any agenda item is, in our view, unsustainable. Negotiations on any of the main topics will take time—probably many years. In the course of the negotiations, specific national problems could be accommodated and, in any case, the agreement could not be imposed under the consensus rule. However, it is axiomatic that negotiations should begin if the agreement is to be reached.",
"My country ' s main goal in the Conference on Disarmament is to promote nuclear disarmament. This can be facilitated through a series of methods, including through the holding of an appropriate fissile material treaty, which would include a verification mechanism and cover existing reservations, and a universal and legally binding agreement on negative security assurances. The prevention of an arms race in outer space is an issue that deserves urgent attention before the opportunity to avoid that race is lost.",
"While at the root of the paralysis of the Conference on Disarmament there are substantive differences, we believe that the way the Conference is organized is a contributing factor. The demand for consensus, even to begin negotiations, as well as for the most basic procedural decisions, leads to the kind of deadlock with which we are all familiar.",
"Another factor that hinders progress is the interpretation that the obligation to adopt an annual programme of work should include complex negotiating mandates and other details, rather than a simple schedule of activities, as is customary in most multilateral bodies.",
"The expansion of the Conference on Disarmament and the increased participation of civil society in its work would, in our view, increase the representation in the Conference of world public opinion and strengthen its prestige and credibility.",
"Like other speakers, I welcome the recommendations made by the Advisory Board of the Secretary-General and hope that they will help us overcome the impasse in the Conference on Disarmament. Furthermore, we cannot evade the fact that the responsibility for designing and implementing solutions for global problems rests primarily with States. This is primarily a problem of political will.",
"These responsibilities cover much more than the Conference on Disarmament itself. The Disarmament Commission has not achieved any substantive results in the past 12 years, which should not be prolonged. The working methods of the First Committee should also be brought to the attention of Member States.",
"While the Commission should be the main forum for discussion on the most pressing disarmament and non-proliferation issues and how to resolve them, we believe that time is wasted by presenting resolutions of which the content of which varies only from year to year, and most of the time is very little.",
"At this time of austerity, we all have to justify how we use our limited resources. Having operational disarmament mechanisms is a priority, but there must be a correlation between efforts and their results.",
"I would like to conclude by expressing the hope that today ' s debate will serve to encourage us to act and encourage the parties most directly concerned to reconsider their approach, assuming the responsibility they share with the international community to participate, negotiate and develop agreements that will enable us to achieve the ultimate goal of a world without nuclear weapons.",
"Ireland is prepared to take into account how many ideas can help us move forward, including the recommendations made by the Advisory Board to the Secretary-General, to draw on the action of the General Assembly and also the possibility — which Ireland would accept to a good degree — of another special session devoted to disarmament. We look forward to further discussions in the First Committee in October.",
"Mr. Cancellation (Uruguay): First of all, and in finding that there are so many empty places in this Hall and the absence of so many colleagues — to whom I know they are definitely committed to disarmament and non-proliferation issues, and I also know that they are very interested in this debate that we are taking place — let me point out that I regret that, due to the problems of organizing this debate, we cannot have a higher level of participation and a greater concurrence.",
"I would like to point out that the country adheres to what was expressed by the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands on behalf of the States that requested the convening of this debate.",
"Uruguay has been one of the applicants for a plenary meeting under agenda item 162, “Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and promoting multilateral disarmament negotiations”, and we are pleased with this call.",
"From the high-level meeting of 24 September 2010, the importance that United Nations Members attach to multilateralism, as well as the widespread concern about the impasse in the Conference on Disarmament, a situation that undermines its credibility and undermines that of the entire United Nations system, was noted.",
"It was also clear that negotiations on a non-discriminatory and internationally verifiable treaty to ban the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and substantive work on nuclear disarmament, negative security assurances and the prevention of an arms race in outer space were to be started without delay.",
"Unfortunately, this year ' s substantive session has been wasted again by the Conference on Disarmament without advancing the items under its consideration and has not been able to give a hopeful signal that its course will change in the near future.",
"We are all aware and we have all recognized the achievements of the Conference on Disarmament and its predecessors as a genuine area that gave life to the main arms limitation instruments to which the international community as a whole benefits. However, after more than 13 years of inaction, justifications such as the intrinsic deficiency of the system, the lack of political will or the imperative of consensus cannot be claimed. Membership and consensus are privileges that imply responsibilities, so the Conference on Disarmament cannot fail to meet the expectations that have been placed in its members, to fulfil its mandate and to work in accordance with the imperative of the times in which we live.",
"Uruguay understands that, in view of this widespread sense of failure, it is imperative to seek quick and effective solutions to relaunch the work of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"In this regard, I would like to propose three concrete proposals for the revitalization of multilateral negotiations in this area.",
"First, it is not desirable to take advantage of the current political conjuncture of a moderate multilateralism. The reaffirmation of the competence and legitimacy of the bodies that the international community has given to address disarmament issues and respect for international law as a supreme rule of coexistence among nations must be reiterated.",
"Uruguay therefore called for the Conference on Disarmament, without further delay, to begin negotiations on a non-discriminatory and internationally verifiable treaty to prohibit the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons. It also calls for entry, without any conditions, into the negotiation of a legally binding agreement on negative security assurances to ensure that non-nuclear-weapon States will not suffer the consequences of the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons by the possessing Powers.",
"The justified interest and legitimate aspiration of non-nuclear-weapon States to possess negative security assurances finds their legal and political support in Article 2, paragraph 4, of the Charter of the United Nations. Uruguay also calls for the denial of new effective and verifiable multilateral instruments with a view to preventing the arms race, including the placement of weapons in outer space.",
"Secondly, Uruguay believes that one way of revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament is to extend its membership to those States that have expressed their legitimate interest in becoming part of that body. In this regard, I would like to join the expressions made by the Permanent Representative of Portugal on behalf of the informal observer group of the Conference on Disarmament. Our country has formalized its aspiration to enter the Conference on Disarmament, as well as 25 other States that have advocated its expansion since 1982. That is why Uruguay proposes the appointment of a special coordinator of the Conference on Disarmament to consider the expansion of its members during 2011.",
"Thirdly, if the Conference on Disarmament is unable to overcome its impasse, it will be inevitable for the General Assembly to act in accordance with the mandate conferred upon it by the Charter of the United Nations, whose Article 11 states that the Assembly",
"“may consider the general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and arms regulation, and may also make recommendations on such principles to Members or the Security Council. ”",
"Mr. Çobanoğlu (Turkey): Turkey attaches great importance to the work of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral negotiating body on disarmament, and hopes that the Conference will resume its substantive work. Hence Turkey was one of the signatories of the letter requesting the convening of the meeting today.",
"We join the statement made yesterday by the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands on behalf of the 41 countries that signed the letter. Turkey also associates itself with the statement made by the Permanent Representative of Australia on behalf of the Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Initiative. Since many of our views have already been expressed in those statements, I will limit myself to adding, on behalf of my country, the following observations.",
"First, while there are many different views on how to revitalize the Conference on Disarmament, we are in favour of this process of revitalization taking place within the Conference itself. That said, other efforts, such as today ' s meeting, can also serve to generate momentum and reflect the high expectations of the international community regarding the resumption of the substantive work of the Conference.",
"Secondly, by focusing our attention on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament, we should not lose sight of the fact that the outstanding problems are not confined to the Conference. In fact, they affect the entire multilateral disarmament machinery. This does not mean that the problems are all attributable to the United Nations disarmament machinery. On the contrary, as the Secretary-General, Mr. Ban Ki-moon pointed out clearly in his opening speech yesterday (see A/65/PV.113), the problem does not depend on the vehicle, but on its driver. We are convinced that these problems can only be overcome fully with political will and flexibility, of which we must all show.",
"Thirdly, any consideration of the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament should bear in mind that the rule of consensus is an essential tool when it comes to international security issues. All countries may ever need to use this tool in order to safeguard their legitimate security interests. In our view, the rule of consensus has no alternative.",
"Finally, unlike some other delegations, we believe that the expansion of the Conference on Disarmament is not a priority in the context of its revitalization. In our view, the current impasse in the Conference on Disarmament has nothing to do with its composition. Indeed, if the Conference fails to resolve its problems with its current membership, it is very unlikely, if not impossible, that it can resolve them with an expanded composition that would represent different priorities and interests. We also believe that any debate on the expansion of the Conference should analyse the contribution that, on a case-by-case basis, could be made by States that aspire to be part of it.",
"It is our hope that the Conference will be revitalized, that the concerns of all Member States will be taken into account, that substantive work on the fundamental issues will be undertaken and that, with its current membership, the Conference will overcome its protracted stalemate.",
"Mr. Raytchev (Bulgaria): At the outset, I wish to express my delegation ' s deep appreciation to President Deiss and the Secretary-General, Mr. Ban Ki-moon, for convening this debate. As one of the countries that requested it, we are particularly grateful for this opportunity to hold a debate on follow-up gives the high-level meeting on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament, held in September 2010.",
"Bulgaria associates itself with the statement made on behalf of the European Union and the statement made by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of an interregional group of States. I will limit myself to highlighting some aspects that we consider important.",
"We all hoped that the high-level meeting held in September 2010 would lead to positive changes in the Conference on Disarmament. Unfortunately, that was not the case and the Conference had thus far been unable to build on the momentum for global disarmament and non-proliferation. We all agree, however, that stagnation cannot and must not be perpetuated. They've already missed 15 years and we can't afford to waste even longer.",
"The situation is paradoxical, because the Conference on Disarmament should be more relevant than ever and have a great workload, at this time of asymmetric threats and common security challenges, and the international community should be more convinced than ever of the methodological relevance of multilateralism. The more the stagnation continues, the more the relevance of the Conference on Disarmament will be questioned.",
"Justifications—the rule of consensus and the lack of political will, among others—are largely known. The Conference on Disarmament itself cannot be blamed. The responsibility lies with us, your members. Change must occur from within. We must all ask ourselves to what extent we want the Conference on Disarmament to become relevant and reliable. The rule of consensus is there, but we must use it with creativity rather than resorting to it to cause delays in the Conference. This rule was established in order for members, on the basis of their commitment, to express their common will and not for a member to impose their views on all others.",
"The world is interrelated. New realities require new approaches. If the Conference on Disarmament does not adapt rapidly to new challenges and conditions, it will become irrelevant. The new dynamic prints premura, and the response of the Conference must be resolved. The Conference should produce results or risk inducing the international community to explore new avenues for multilateral negotiations on disarmament and non-proliferation.",
"A revitalized Conference on Disarmament means a functioning Conference on Disarmament that responds to new realities. However, the two most pressing problems persist: first, the adoption of a programme of work and, second, the prompt commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty. Any national security issue, if legitimate, may be subject to review within the negotiating process rather than a ground for blocking the substantive work of the Conference. Nothing should be discarded if negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty were initiated.",
"The increase in the membership of the Conference on Disarmament would undoubtedly be a step forward to adapt to new realities. New members would bring new energy and new ideas. Civil society is also part of the process, and non-governmental organizations and research institutions have an important role to play. We join the calls for the improvement of the working methods, as well as the First Committee and the United Nations Disarmament Commission.",
"We are ready to work towards those goals before the commencement of the sixty-sixth session of the First Committee in October. However, I would like to conclude by citing Berthold Brecht, who said the following: “because things are the way they are, they will not remain that way.” That idea fully applies to the Conference on Disarmament as we now know it.",
"Mr. Cabactulan (Philippines): The Philippines endorses the statement made by the Permanent Representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement. My delegation also supports the statement made by the representatives of Portugal, on behalf of the informal group of observer States of the Conference on Disarmament and the Netherlands, on behalf of the group of like-minded States.",
"The Philippines reiterates its belief that multilateral diplomacy is the best way to continue making progress in nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. At the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons held in May 2010, States parties took a major step forward in those areas when the Final Document of the Conference was adopted (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). In this regard, the Philippines reminds States parties of their obligation to implement the plan of action, as well as the section on the implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East, as contained in the conclusions and recommendations section of the Document.",
"The high-level meeting held in September 2010 took a step forward. Today ' s debate is a continuation of that Meeting held almost a year ago. Despite the time that has elapsed since—in fact, the period of more than 15 years since the Conference on Disarmament agreed on the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty—the stalemate persists.",
"This situation, which recalls the punishment of Sisyphus, cannot be allowed to continue. Bearing in mind the discussions at the high-level meeting in September, the Philippines and many other delegations believe that the situation is unsustainable. The Conference on Disarmament should agree on and implement a programme of work. If you can't, you should take other peremptory measures. Moreover, since the bottom-up approach has paralysed the reform efforts of the Conference because the consensus rule gives all members of the Conference a veto-like right, it is now imperative that the General Assembly, which established the Conference on Disarmament, affirm its power through a top-down approach.",
"The Philippines, together with several other delegations forming the informal group of observer States, believes that it is urgently necessary for the Conference on Disarmament to expand its membership. In order to promote greater inclusion and dynamism in the Conference, the Philippines called for consideration of the conditions to be met in order to become a member of the Conference, in accordance with its rules of procedure and to allow the increase in the membership of the Conference. Many countries, currently observers to the Conference, have the legitimate aspiration to become full members. To facilitate this review, the Philippines calls for the Conference on Disarmament to appoint a special rapporteur/coordinator on expansion.",
"However, alternative means should also be considered. It may well be considered that the Conference on Disarmament is the only multilateral disarmament body, but disarmament agreements have been conceived outside it, including the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction and the Convention on Cluster Munitions. Under those Conventions, not all countries had acceded to their beginnings and in fact had not yet acceded, but that did not preclude the possibility of States becoming parties. The key, in the view of the Philippines, is to begin negotiations as soon as possible.",
"Another possible approach is the way in which preparations are being made for the negotiation of an arms trade treaty, which was within the scope of the General Assembly, which decided that a United Nations Conference to negotiate the treaty would be held. The Philippines also continues to support appeals for the organization of the fourth special session devoted to disarmament, in which the United Nations disarmament machinery could be re-evaluated and revitalized extensively.",
"In my delegation ' s view, the important thing is not which body conducts the negotiations, but that the negotiations are actually initiated and translated into more tangible and concrete results than the mere empirical reports of the meetings, as was the case with the last meeting of the Disarmament Commission in April.",
"We, the States present today in this Hall, have a difficult choice and decision to make. Do we continue to be limited in the Conference on Disarmament, in the hope that spurious problems to which the Conference has to deal are dissipated over time as by magic, leading to genuine progress towards the negotiation of a disarmament agenda? Or dare we go further and follow, for example, the path taken by a significant number of countries in the search for alternative means, as was the case in the negotiations on the Ottawa and Oslo Conventions? Shall we establish a process parallel to the Conference on Disarmament? Do we hope to repeat the success of the first special session devoted to disarmament, held in 1978, and place our hopes at the fourth special session devoted to disarmament? Do we have to take care of some high-level group that will study more thoroughly what needs to be done? Do we follow the path of the General Assembly and give that body a more important and active role in making progress in multilateral disarmament negotiations?",
"Unfortunately, the correct answer is not clear. What is clear to us is that we must make a decision and implement it as soon as possible. The decision may be to give the General Assembly a more important and active role and to seek innovative and alternative means to advance multilateral disarmament negotiations. If we do not take a decision and act, we will be doomed to stagnation and inactivity, which will increase the possibility that the weapons that had been left aside so far could begin to be used, which would have devastating and terrible effects.",
"Mr. Manjeev Singh Puri (India): I join other colleagues in thanking the President for convening this follow-up meeting of the Secretary-General ' s high-level meeting, attended by our Minister for Foreign Affairs, His Excellency. Sri S.M. Krishna, September 24, 2010.",
"India endorsed the statement made on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.",
"Almost a year has elapsed since the convening of the high-level meeting. The Conference on Disarmament remains incapable of carrying out its primary task of negotiating multilateral treaties. We share the disappointment of Member States in the continuing stalemate in the Conference. We believe that the Conference on Disarmament or its rules of procedure of that dead end should not be blamed. We believe that today ' s meeting should send a strong message of support to the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral forum for negotiations on and to give political impetus to the multilateral agenda, including the early commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty in the Conference on Disarmament.",
"The Conference on Disarmament adopted a consensus decision in May 2009 on its programme of work, which included the immediate commencement of negotiations on a fissile material treaty. The high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010 proved to be a very comprehensive support measure for CD/1864. Indeed, the first recommendation of that meeting, which the Secretary-General subsequently reiterated in his address to the Conference on Disarmament on 26 January, is that the Conference adopt that programme of work or a similar one in 2011.",
"India will not stand in the way if consensus arises on a programme of work that will enable us to continue from where we were in connection with decision CD/1864 adopted by consensus, if that decision contributes to the early commencement of substantive work at the Conference, including the negotiation of a fissile material cut-off treaty within the framework of the mandate contained in CD/1299. This does not prejudice the priority we attach to nuclear disarmament.",
"India has been a strong supporter of global, non-discriminatory and verifiable nuclear disarmament. Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi presented a visionary plan of action for a world order without nuclear weapons and without violence. This plan establishes a road map for achieving universal, non-discriminatory, gradual and verifiable nuclear disarmament within a specified time frame. It should be recalled that the Final Document of the first special session devoted to disarmament (resolution S-10/2) accords the highest priority to nuclear disarmament. We believe that the goal of nuclear disarmament can be achieved through a gradual process supported by a universal commitment and an agreed multilateral framework that is global and non-discriminatory. There is a need for genuine dialogue among all nuclear-weapon States in order to build confidence and reduce the prominence of such weapons in international affairs and security doctrines.",
"I would like to reiterate our support for the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral negotiating forum, recognized as such by the international community. The Conference continues to have the mandate, composition, credibility and rules of procedure to fulfil that responsibility. It is up to Member States to make it work through the negotiation of multilateral treaties that can be applied universally. Proposals that question the viability or relevance of the Conference, or aimed at unrealistic alternatives, will not yield fruitful or useful results in achieving progress on the multilateral agenda agreed with the participation of all relevant countries. We hope that our deliberations today will positively advance the disarmament agenda and reaffirm the fundamental role of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral negotiating forum for the achievement of our common goals.",
"Mrs. Aitimova (Kazakhstan): My delegation commends the President for following up on the important high-level meeting convened by the Secretary-General on 24 September last year on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the promotion of multilateral disarmament negotiations.",
"We would also like to thank President Deiss for his statements; the Secretary-General, Mr. Ban Ki-moon; the Chair of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, Ms. Olga Pellicer; and the Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament and Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva, Mr. Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. Its impressions and the Secretary-General ' s summary of the above-mentioned meeting point to important fundamental measures to strengthen the disarmament machinery with a common vision on disarmament and non-proliferation. We also reiterate that disarmament helps to address other global challenges, such as poverty reduction, climate change and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.",
"Kazakhstan firmly and systematically supports the vision of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, as demonstrated by its decision to close its nuclear test site and to renounce one of the world ' s largest nuclear arsenals. As a member of the Conference on Disarmament, Kazakhstan attaches great importance to that forum and to the contribution it has made in the past. Unfortunately, however, the Conference has not responded to expectations. The time has come to explore concrete strategies to overcome the stagnation of the past decade on key issues that are widely accepted in order to accelerate the disarmament and non-proliferation process.",
"As with other Member States, Kazakhstan agrees that it is essential to begin negotiations on a non-discriminatory, multilateral and internationally verifiable fissile material cut-off treaty as soon as possible. Such a treaty would minimize illegitimate military programmes and significantly improve the control of existing materials, thereby greatly reducing the threat of nuclear terrorism.",
"As a country in which the Cosmodromo Baikonur space launch complex is located and participating in international cooperation on outer space, in addition to carrying out its own national space development on the basis of multilateral cooperation, Kazakhstan calls for strict peaceful activities in outer space and urges the Conference to include this issue in its agenda. In view of the growing number of countries involved in and dependent on space programmes, we should further promote the prevention of an arms race in outer space by working with other international entities dealing with space exploration issues.",
"Speaking at the World Summit on Nuclear Safety held in Washington, D.C. in April 2010, the President of my country, Mr. Nursultan Nazarbayev called for the development of a legally binding international instrument on nuclear security assurances to non-nuclear-weapon States. Only such assurances can effectively curb the aspirations of certain non-nuclear States to acquire nuclear weapons to ensure their own security. The next step should be the drafting of a universal declaration on a world without nuclear weapons, reaffirming the determination of all States to move forward with determination and progressively towards a convention on a nuclear-weapon-free world.",
"My delegation agrees with other Member States that the current paralyzation undermines the credibility of the Conference on Disarmament and makes its relevance questioned. The reason for the current stagnation in multilateral negotiations is perceived not only as a lack of political will but also as a gap in the disarmament machinery.",
"In short, my delegation requests the General Assembly and Member States to consider ways to review the mandate of the Conference, its composition, structure and working procedures, as well as to strengthen disarmament and non-proliferation measures, starting immediately to work on a fissile material cut-off treaty, the peaceful use of outer space, a legally binding treaty for negative security assurances and a declaration or convention prohibiting nuclear weapons. The principle of consensus should be reconsidered so that the Conference would be a strong and viable entity, rather than removing the policy-making process outside the United Nations, as some States had proposed. The work of the Conference should begin with a relevant and effective agenda both in terms of past and emerging issues in the near future. We therefore fully support the Secretary-General ' s proposal to appoint a high-level group of eminent persons seeking ways of strengthening the disarmament machinery, in particular the Conference on Disarmament.",
"In conclusion, I would like to assure the Assembly that Kazakhstan will make every effort to strengthen the Conference on Disarmament and enhance its commitment to the multilateral disarmament process.",
"Mr. Husain (Canada): At the outset, let me thank the President of the General Assembly for convening this meeting on this very important issue. I would have hoped that we would meet today to celebrate hope and enthusiasm for the prospects for the resumption of negotiations on multilateral disarmament. That's not the case. The Conference on Disarmament remains stagnant and effectively disintegrated. There is a need for institutional reform.",
"Therefore, when the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Canada, the Honourable John Baird, announced the suspension of Canada ' s participation in the Conference to be held under the presidency of North Korea, Canada also pledged to lead an initiative to reform the methodology for electing the President of the Conference on Disarmament. The realization of such efforts represents Canada ' s conviction that only those who promote and honor the values and objectives of the Conference on Disarmament can be allowed to lead the Conference. As our Minister said, it is absurd that one of the worst transgressors in the world in terms of nuclear proliferation and non-compliance with the commitments made by a disarmament body.",
"Canada was pleased to discharge its functions in 2011 as the first of the six successive Presidents of the Conference, and is also among several countries that have assumed leadership roles with excellent references to non-proliferation and have a strong commitment to disarmament.",
"This year the members of the Conference have held discussions on the four core themes of the Conference. However, let's be clear. The mandate of the Conference on Disarmament is to negotiate disarmament and not only to deliberate on disarmament. The 2011 session of the Conference has almost culminated, and the various positions on a programme of work are still deeply rooted and mutually exclusive. Our efforts for the Conference to resume its activities in 2011 have not yet been successful, although Canada will renew its efforts to that end in August, when North Korea no longer holds the presidency.",
"The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea to raise a point of order.",
"Mr. Ri Tong Il (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea): Mr. President: I have requested the floor because the representative of Canada has just referred to the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea as North Korea. The Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea is a Member State of the United Nations, and I beg you to call the speaker on this issue to order.",
"The Acting President: We have taken note of the question of order raised by the representative of the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea, and I request the representative of Canada to continue his statement.",
"Mr. Husain (Canada): In view of the continuing impasse in the Conference on Disarmament, Canada believes that serious efforts should be made to follow up on the high-level meeting held in September. Canada was one of the States that, at the high-level meeting last September, spoke in favour of the establishment of a deadline for the Conference to begin its substantive work — including negotiations — if it has not yet done so this fall. Specifically, we believe that the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session could also consider ways to continue the work of the Conference.",
"Speaking at the Conference on 28 February, the former Minister for Foreign Affairs of Canada, the Honourable Lawrence Cannon, again urged the members of the Conference to think innovatively. This year we have observed some positive evidence in this regard. Australia and Japan ' s side-by-side initiative on a fissile material cut-off treaty is a clear example of this. Canada is reluctant to believe that the time has also come to consider other options outside the Conference on Disarmament.",
"A treaty banning the production of fissile material is Canada ' s highest priority as a next disarmament instrument and, while we would have preferred the commencement of negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament, our patience with non-functioning multilateral disarmament bodies is not endless. One of the 65 countries is currently preventing the Conference from holding negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty by citing regional strategic issues. However, in the future it could easily occur that another country or other countries misuse the consensus rule on a procedural issue with a view to impeding multilateral negotiations on substantive disarmament. That was never the purpose of the rule of consensus.",
"Canada believes that initiating an external process of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty would not put the Conference on Disarmament at greater risk than, since 1998, it has been unable to establish a programme of work. We therefore welcome the recent statement made by the United States that it is conducting consultations on alternative means to begin negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty. We agree that the success of that treaty would require the active participation of nuclear-weapon States. Considering that many nuclear-weapon States have declared a moratorium on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons, it is now time to begin negotiations to conclude that treaty. Universality can be achieved over time.",
"(spoke in French)",
"Canada is flexible in terms of the modalities of the negotiations and the venue, and will resume its participation in the Conference on Disarmament after the presidency of North Korea, focusing on the reform of that body and stressing the need to address important issues related to the other key issues on its agenda.",
"We look forward to the widest possible debate on the merits of all possible alternative means for negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty. An idea that remains under review is that substantive work is carried out through the establishment of subcommittees of the First Committee. Other alternatives have also been introduced. Canada, for its part, did not object to the convening of a fourth special session devoted to disarmament, but believed that to begin negotiations on a treaty banning the production of fissile material should not be expected to conclude that wider process. We can and must begin these negotiations immediately.",
"Mr. Le Hoai Trung (Viet Nam): Viet Nam associates itself with the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.",
"Last year we witnessed some positive developments reflected in the entry into force of the New START Treaty, concluded by the United States and the Russian Federation in February, and in the adoption of the Final Document of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT/CONF.2010/50). There are still conflicts in various parts of the world, and instability and new security hazards have emerged in Asia, the Middle East and North Africa. The danger of an arms race has also increased. Against that backdrop, it was regrettable that the Conference on Disarmament remained stagnant, since it could not even agree on a programme of work.",
"The lack of progress in the Conference on Disarmament has not only prevented the Conference from contributing effectively to the promotion of a more peaceful and secure international environment, but has also undermined confidence in that important multilateral disarmament forum.",
"Due to time constraints, we would like to underline a number of issues. First, nuclear disarmament remains the highest priority in the field of disarmament. I would like to recall the adoption of resolution 65/56 on nuclear disarmament, in which the Conference on Disarmament is requested to establish a special committee on nuclear disarmament in early 2011 and to begin negotiations on a phased programme for the total elimination of nuclear weapons. To that end, I call upon the nuclear-weapon States to implement substantive and effective measures to achieve complete nuclear disarmament, in particular to take the lead in launching negotiations to conclude a nuclear weapons convention.",
"Second, the fundamental role of the United Nations disarmament machinery in the disarmament and non-proliferation process and in arms control should be maintained. We urge the Conference on Disarmament to adopt a comprehensive and balanced programme of work covering all pressing issues, such as nuclear disarmament, negative security assurances, the prevention of an arms race in outer space and the conclusion of a treaty banning the production of fissile material. To achieve this end, I would like to request greater political will, flexibility and cooperation.",
"Third, multilateral disarmament negotiations should be aimed at strengthening international peace and security and achieving the ultimate goal of eliminating the danger of nuclear war and implementing measures to halt and reverse the arms race. That negotiation process should be based on the fundamental principles agreed upon at the first special session of the General Assembly. These principles include strict observance of the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, respect for the right to participate on an equal footing, full recognition of the role of the United Nations in the field of disarmament and due consideration of the vital interests of all peoples of the world.",
"Viet Nam ' s systematic policy has been to strive for peace and to support the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction with the objective of achieving general and complete disarmament. Viet Nam has acceded to all major multilateral treaties on the prohibition of weapons of mass destruction and has been an active member of many United Nations disarmament bodies. In the South-East Asia region, Viet Nam also works closely with other members of the Association of South-East Asian Nations and other partners in the implementation of the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty and its Plan of Action. Viet Nam will continue to work with all other international partners to achieve further progress in the field of disarmament.",
"Mr. Heller (Mexico): Mexico fully associates itself with the interventions made by the delegation of the Netherlands on behalf of several States, and the delegation of Australia on behalf of the countries involved in the disarmament and non-proliferation initiative.",
"Mexico also welcomed the attention that the Secretary-General, Mr. Ban Ki-moon has provided for the promotion of multilateral disarmament negotiations, both in its five-point plan and in the convening of the 2010 high-level meeting. In the same vein, we take note of the report submitted by the President of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters.",
"The 2010 high-level meeting revealed the different interpretations on the dysfunctional nature of the various forums that make up the disarmament machinery, especially that of the Conference on Disarmament. However, it also demonstrated the enormous interest of the international community in this issue, which concerns all, as it affects the security and survival of humanity itself.",
"Mexico has provided its unrestricted support to the Conference on Disarmament and the forums that preceded it, as they were created to reach an end to which my country gives the highest priority. It is therefore unacceptable that the forum to negotiate legally binding instruments to safeguard the security of our peoples has not been able, over the past 15 years, to undertake substantive work on any of the items on its agenda or to fulfil its mandate.",
"We do not even agree on the cause of the paralysis of the Conference on Disarmament. Some argue that it responds to exogenous factors and consider that the Conference on Disarmament is the victim of these circumstances. Others, on the other hand, believe that the dysfunction of the forum lies in the fact that it was conceived to function in the framework of the cold war and not in the multipolar context of the twenty-first century. Possibly this stagnation is the result of the combination of both factors. It is clear that the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament correspond to a different reality that does not prevail today, hindering both its decision-making and its substantive work.",
"The limited membership of the Conference on Disarmament, the composition of its regional groups and the lack of participation of civil society are equally anachronistic factors. However, the greatest obstacle to the work of the Conference on Disarmament has been the recourse to the rule of consensus, interpreted as the need for absolute unanimity, both for matters of substance and procedure. This interpretation has made this rule a veto right for the 65 members of the Conference on Disarmament. When this veto is exercised, the majority of the international community is deprived of a higher and priority objective of the international agenda. This veto has even been imposed to prevent the adoption of a programme of work. It seems that there is a precondition for agreement on the merits before negotiating, forgetting that negotiating is precisely the obligation of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"The responsibility for ensuring that the Conference on Disarmament fulfils its mandate rests primarily with its members, but ultimately concerns all States Members of the United Nations, which in 1978 designated it as the only multilateral disarmament negotiating forum.",
"This is an opportunity to distance and to see from the perspective of the General Assembly what is happening in Geneva. What we see from here, what the 128 States that do not belong to the Conference on Disarmament, i.e. two thirds of membership, see is that in the last 15 years at least one member State of the Conference on Disarmament has been willing to exercise its veto, preventing that forum from fulfilling the mandate given to it precisely by this Assembly.",
"We also note that the Assembly ' s repeated calls to the Conference on Disarmament to begin its work have had no effect. If this situation persists, it is logical for the General Assembly to carefully examine this issue and to take appropriate measures to revert to the prerogatives accorded to a forum that no longer responds to its appeals.",
"In 2005, Mexico, together with other countries, raised the possibility of starting disarmament negotiations in the General Assembly, pending the adoption by the Conference on Disarmament of its programme of work and its mandate. Mexico remains prepared to promote this possibility or any other initiative that offers real possibilities for launching a multilateral disarmament negotiating process.",
"In conclusion, we hope that, at its next session, the General Assembly will assume its responsibility in this regard.",
"Mr. Errázuriz (Chile): My delegation thanks the President of the General Assembly for convening the present debate, as well as his commitment to revitalizing the disarmament agenda. At the same time, we appreciate the Secretary-General ' s interest in reactivating disarmament and non-proliferation negotiations. The five-point plan and the convening of the 2010 high-level meeting reveal a high political responsibility for an indispensable issue for the effective functioning of a multilateral system and thus contribute to collective security and development, as well as international peace and security.",
"Chile associates itself with the previous statements made by the Permanent Representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement; by the Permanent Representative of Australia on behalf of the 10 non-proliferation and disarmament countries; and by the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands on behalf of the 41 countries concerned.",
"First of all, Chile would like to reaffirm its commitment to multilateralism in general and, in particular, to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. In that context, we value the multilateral disarmament and security institutions that operate, as a guarantee of both our own security interests and those of the international community as a whole.",
"It is not possible to continue to analyse the causes of the inaction of the Conference on Disarmament and the disfunctionality of disarmament machinery, when the international community is interested in concrete actions and in strengthening disarmament and arms limitation standards and instruments, where we have seen progress and a favourable climate that should permeate the Conference on Disarmament.",
"In this context and after more than 10 unproductive years, the Conference on Disarmament has reached a limiting situation that can be called unsustainable. A revitalization process aimed at an agreement that would enable it to resume its negotiating role requires a broad political commitment that can be reflected in a framework in which countries feel that they have an effective space to participate in building a safer world and protecting their legitimate national interests.",
"The stage of self-critical diagnoses and discussions on the rules of procedure should be replaced by measures to reactivate the Conference on Disarmament in the short term or simply seek alternatives that may partially satisfy the interest of the international community. We would suggest that this forum analyse document CD/1931, which Colombia presented, which gives us an X-ray of the perceptions, interests and limitations of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"A renewal exercise of the Conference on Disarmament requires a review of some central aspects such as its composition, procedures or consensus rule. While we believe that the latter should be preserved as a means of reaching broad bases on issues where the security of States is at stake, its use cannot and should not be abusive to the point of paralysing even mere procedural issues. The composition of regional groups is a point that should also be analysed. In the twenty-first century, the Conference on Disarmament cannot work behind civil society, with which bridges are required and greater interaction is achieved. All these are political issues that should be part of a negotiating package.",
"Chile has a broad and flexible approach to options for progress in multilateral disarmament and non-proliferation negotiations. Our intention is not to replace the Conference on Disarmament and we prefer to work on it as the negotiating forum par excellence in that area, but we must also be clear that we are open to considering alternatives.",
"The fact that we are in this debate here, in New York, may lead to the emergence of the right of the General Assembly to take action on disarmament and non-proliferation, which have a real and direct impact on the functions and mandate of the Conference on Disarmament. If the status quo continues, it will be difficult to question the legitimacy of that path.",
"Subsidiary bodies of the United Nations system are not an end in themselves, they are only tools to meet and channel the political aspirations and needs of the international community. Disarmament is a global good, not so the Conference on Disarmament or the other mechanisms of the so-called disarmament machinery that have its genesis at the first special session of the General Assembly on disarmament more than 30 years ago and which can be subject to change, as has happened with other bodies. The convening of the fourth special session of the General Assembly on disarmament can be an appropriate body to introduce reforms that give the international community the tools that the current times require.",
"On the other hand, and in conclusion, it should be asked whether the lack of progress in the disarmament negotiations is structurally linked to the Conference on Disarmament, i.e., is it a problem proper to that forum, or is it due to the strategic and political interests of important actors, who will probably be present in any disarmament forum, where progress could only be achieved with the determined commitment and political will of those and the international community as a whole?",
"Mrs. Štiglic (Slovenia): First of all, I would like to thank the President of the General Assembly, as well as the Secretary-General for his personal initiative to organize today ' s timely debate under agenda item 162, “Follow-up to the high-level meeting on 24 September 2010: revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and promoting multilateral disarmament negotiations”. I welcome the presence among us of Mrs. Pellicer, chaired by the Secretary-General ' s Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, whose opinion we look forward to and believe will contribute significantly to our work. I would also like to thank the Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament, Mr. Tokayev, for his remarks.",
"Before we begin, I would like to point out that Slovenia subscribes to the statements made by the European Union, by Portugal on behalf of the informal group of observer States to the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva and the Netherlands on behalf of the countries in favour of the follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010.",
"I would like to make three comments regarding today ' s debate.",
"First, we believe that it is time for concrete follow-up decisions to be taken after the high-level meeting held here last September. We hope that after today ' s meeting we will have more insight into how to proceed at the next session of the General Assembly. We also hope that the Advisory Board of the Secretary-General will be useful and will provide critical advice to the Secretary-General and Member States in this regard.",
"Secondly, Slovenia believes that the current stagnation in the global negotiations on multilateral disarmament clearly demonstrates to what extent it is urgent that we proceed to a comprehensive reform of the current international disarmament machinery. The Geneva-based Conference on Disarmament, which was established in 1979, must adapt to the realities of the twenty-first century contemporary world. First of all, it must open its doors to all interested countries that wish to contribute to international peace and security. International peace and security are important to all countries of the world, not only to the group of current members of the Conference on Disarmament. We are firmly convinced that the new members would enrich the work of the Conference and help it overcome the current impasse.",
"I would like to take this opportunity to reiterate our long-standing view that the Conference should begin negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty without further delay. We are convinced that such a treaty would effectively complement the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and continue to guide us on the path to a world without nuclear weapons.",
"Third, the reactivation of the Conference on Disarmament is one of the first steps to be taken to reform the international disarmament machinery. In that regard, we should also rethink the role of the United Nations Disarmament Commission, which has not achieved any significant results this year. Reform should be comprehensive and effective and should also redefine the role of the First Committee.",
"Lastly, Slovenia welcomed the efforts of the Secretary-General and many countries to promote the disarmament process. We hope that in autumn we will be able to engage in serious discussions on concrete proposals on how to proceed with the process we started with the high-level meeting last year. The time factor is very important, and I would like to invite all States to join us in the efforts to unlock international disarmament negotiations and to initiate an effective reform of the international disarmament machinery that will eventually yield results and bring us closer to our ultimate goal: a world without nuclear weapons.",
"Mr. Abdullah (Malaysia): I should like first of all to express our gratitude to the Secretary-General for his continued efforts in promoting a world without nuclear weapons.",
"My delegation subscribes to the statement made by Egypt at the 113th meeting on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement. We would also like to thank the Netherlands for the statement they made at the same meeting on behalf of 41 States, which we consider to be of great relevance to the objectives of this debate.",
"The Conference on Disarmament, the United Nations Disarmament Commission, the First Committee of the General Assembly and the review process of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons constitute the multilateral platform for States to work collectively in order to achieve our common goal of general and complete disarmament with effective international control. For that reason, among others, the Conference in particular cannot remain stagnant forever. We must set appropriate priorities and concentrate all efforts on achieving them.",
"In the future, my delegation wishes to reiterate the unanimous conclusion of the International Court of Justice that there is an obligation to conduct negotiations in good faith leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects and to bring them to a successful conclusion, with strict and effective international control. We would therefore like to emphasize that emphasis should be placed on the total elimination of nuclear weapons through the adoption of a nuclear weapons convention. It is essential that the Conference on Disarmament begin its substantive work as soon as possible so that further progress can be made on disarmament and non-proliferation.",
"It should also be recalled that the Conference on Disarmament, the Disarmament Commission and the First Committee were the result of the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament. We therefore believe that these three bodies should be accountable to the Assembly. In this regard, we favour the convening of a fourth special session of the Assembly devoted to disarmament, which could be decisive in promoting the disarmament agenda.",
"An alternative that could also be considered was the possibility of examining the efficiency of each entity through a group of eminent persons, which could make recommendations on how to revitalize the United Nations disarmament machinery. Malaysia mentioned it in its statement at the high-level meeting on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament last year. It was also mentioned in the recommendation section of the recent report of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters. Malaysia is prepared to study any other viable idea proposed.",
"Transparency and total inclusiveness should be the guiding principles of the Conference on Disarmament. We favour the expansion of the Conference and agree that it would be useful to provide civil society with more opportunities to follow the proceedings of the Conference in a meaningful way.",
"Finally, we cannot fail to emphasize once again that the genuine and firm political will expressed by States in a tangible manner is absolutely essential to promoting multilateral disarmament negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament and other United Nations bodies. Malaysia is prepared to work closely with other delegations to undertake this common project.",
"Mr. Fernández-Arias Minuesa (Spain): Spain associates itself with the statement delivered on behalf of the European Union at the 113th meeting.",
"Less than a year ago, on 24 September, a high-level meeting was held under the auspices of the Secretary-General to assess the situation of the Conference on Disarmament and the reasons for its stagnation. This exercise led to a thorough analysis of the current situation, with broad participation of Ministers and other high-level representatives, as recognized in Assembly resolution 65/93. The strong commitment of the Secretary-General, who has placed the revitalization of disarmament machinery among the priorities of his mandate, should be highlighted and appreciated.",
"Unfortunately, we note that the situation of paralysis in the Conference on Disarmament has persisted throughout 2011, and it has not been resolved. The efforts and appeals to remove this negotiating body from its impasse have been, for the time being, unsuccessful.",
"The temptation would be to say that, since there has been no progress, we are just like a year ago. One year ago, however, we could still trust that a positive inertia, derived from a series of good news in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation — such as the signing of a new START treaty, the Washington, D.C. summit on nuclear security or consensus on a plan of action reached at the NPT Review Conference — would be a challenge to the CD itself. That hope has not yet been realized, as while the disarmament agenda progresses in other forums, the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva continues to dilapidate, one more year, means, efforts and energies, without even achieving that first step towards the consensus that would embody the adoption of a programme of work, something that was ephemerally achieved in 2009.",
"In recent years, the claim that the Conference on Disarmament does not produce has become commonplace, but it does work. Their work gives good faith to the meetings held in their lump — and perhaps excessive — schedule of sessions. It should be asked, however, whether these works — such arduous as unproductive because they do not lead to firm negotiations — already have another logic than that of the ritual that is exhausted in itself.",
"It is well true that, in exchange for its negotiatory inaction, the Conference on Disarmament has brought to a halt — during this course, and thanks to the praiseworthy efforts of the Canadian, Chilean, Chinese and Colombian Presidents — a number of formulas, initiatives and proposals, many of which, in our view, are very successful. It is not the ideas that are lacking, but the sufficient consensus to carry them out.",
"In the face of this critical juncture, which places us between the cry of the international community and of civil society that call for advances in the field of disarmament, and an inoperative disarmament machinery, or at least, ungrateful, what is the way forward?",
"What is desirable, ideally, would be for progress to take place within the framework of the Conference on Disarmament, which was confirmed in the past as an effective forum for international negotiation with achievements as far as biological and chemical conventions, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons or the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.",
"Spain remains committed to this path, as evidenced by the fact that on 16 June it presented — together with Germany, the Netherlands, Mexico, Sweden, Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania — CD/1910, a joint reflection exercise aimed at promoting the debate on fissile materials at the Conference on Disarmament.",
"It is therefore appropriate to remain committed to revitalizing the Conference, but it would be a mistake to do so with infinite patience. The task before us is too important, too perennial, to trust the only letter from a forum that for 14 years has been unable to fulfill its task. In other words, if the debate arises in terms of progress in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation or betting on the Conference on Disarmament, and both options are exclusive, the response of all gathered here could only be one, and it should be heard — at least once — in a clear and unanimous manner.",
"But let us not move forward: for the time being, the meeting before us is a new opportunity to delve into the causes and possible solutions of the paralysis of the Conference on Disarmament, and we cannot miss them. In this regard, we would like to join the concrete proposals submitted by the European Union and, in particular, to draw attention to the following.",
"First, we appeal to the Conference on Disarmament, the First Committee and the United Nations Disarmament Commission to review its working methods and to reflect this issue in their reports to the General Assembly, while wishing that the Assembly itself should remain interested in this matter and its follow-up. Second, we appeal to the nuclear-weapon States to declare and maintain a moratorium on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices. Finally, we appeal to the States members of the Conference on Disarmament to begin negotiations on a treaty banning the production of fissile material without delay, and to begin working on other issues on the agenda.",
"In conclusion, we wish to be bold and realistic in exploring and advancing concrete proposals for the Conference on Disarmament, always recalling that, as Alexis de Tocqueville said, what we used to call necessary institutions is sometimes just institutions that we have become accustomed to.",
"Mr. Mahmood: Mr. President: I would like to convey the gratitude of the delegation of Bangladesh for organizing this important plenary meeting to follow up on the high-level meeting on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the promotion of multilateral disarmament negotiations, held on 24 September 2010.",
"I would like to point out that we subscribe to the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement. I would also like to deepen certain basic elements from our national perspective.",
"The agreement between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on arms reduction is an important positive step after years of slowness in the disarmament talks. This is a well-managed measure, but it is decisively insufficient to rid the planet of the curse of nuclear weapons. We hope that States parties will take advantage of this plenary meeting and that the meeting will guide us all, including States that have not yet signed the relevant instruments, to achieve the total elimination of nuclear weapons.",
"Bangladesh is a democratic, secular and inclusive society. My country, with an unblemished record on disarmament and non-proliferation, is committed to working towards universal adherence to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. Bangladesh has unconditionally opted to remain a non-nuclear State. We were the first South Asian country in Annex 2 to ratify the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. We have also concluded a safeguards agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), including additional protocols.",
"Bangladesh is constitutionally committed to achieving general and complete disarmament. As a sign of this commitment, the Parliament of Bangladesh has also adopted a resolution supporting the 2010 NPT Review Conference. Among other things, the resolution emphasizes the need to implement the three pillars of the NPT, namely nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation and the peaceful use of nuclear energy. It also reiterates its support for article IV of the NPT, which guarantees the inalienable rights of all States parties to the NPT to develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination and in accordance with articles I and II of the Treaty, under the IAEA safeguards and verification mechanism. The Parliament of Bangladesh, in its unanimous opinion, has also expressed the conviction that any use of nuclear weapons would constitute an international crime, which could be considered, inter alia, a crime against humanity, a crime against peace, a crime of war and genocide. The Government of Bangladesh fully supports this parliamentary resolution.",
"Bangladesh unconditionally supports a multilateral approach to nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament. We believe that the Conference on Disarmament is the only multilateral negotiating body on disarmament. We also support the work of the Disarmament Commission, which is the only specialized deliberative body within the United Nations multilateral disarmament machinery.",
"We believe that weapons of mass destruction pose the most serious threat to humanity. We continue to believe that only the total elimination of nuclear weapons can provide a guarantee that such weapons will not be used or threatened with use and that there will be no danger of such weapons falling into the hands of terrorists.",
"Bangladesh is convinced that, in addition to generating electricity, the peaceful uses of nuclear technology under the IAEA safeguards and verification regime can help address some development challenges that we face, both old and contemporary, such as hunger, disease, natural resource management and climate change. It was disconcerting to note that unnecessary restrictions persisted on exports of material, equipment and technology for peaceful purposes to non-nuclear-weapon developing countries, owing to measures incompatible with the provisions of the Treaty. We have to remove those barriers.",
"It is a matter of concern that the nuclear-weapon States are not only increasing the accuracy of their existing arsenals of nuclear weapons, but are also developing new types of weapons. We insist that non-nuclear States parties to the NPT have the legitimate right to receive unconditional assurances from nuclear-weapon States that they will not use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against them.",
"Bangladesh also focuses on the disarmament and non-proliferation agenda from a development perspective. For reasons of conscience, we cannot justify an expenditure of about $1.5 billion a year in armaments when there are developing countries, particularly the least developed countries such as Bangladesh, which have difficulties in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. The full implementation of the disarmament and non-proliferation agenda, including nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, are indispensable for achieving that goal.",
"I would like to reiterate that, despite all that I have mentioned, we have not lost faith in ourselves. While we recognize that the journey towards a world without nuclear weapons will not be easy, we do not consider that difficulties should deter us from undertaking the search for a world without nuclear weapons, for ourselves and for our children. We must bequeath to the generations to come a habitable planet. Let's try to change things from now on.",
"Mr. Taalas, Finland: Mr. President, I would like to thank you for convening this plenary meeting on such a pressing issue.",
"Finland subscribes to statements made on behalf of the European Union and on behalf of a group of countries with similar views by the Netherlands.",
"Almost a year has passed since the high-level meeting held in New York last September and we have seen no progress. The reasons for this situation are well known. The parenthesis in the negotiations of the Conference on Disarmament for a decade threatens to override the multilateral disarmament negotiating system. The United Nations disarmament machinery is at risk. In the face of this situation, all Member States must renew their political commitment and provide new ideas. We can't choose to stay the same. What is most lacking is the firm political will to undertake multilateral disarmament negotiations. We hope that this meeting will serve to crystallize that will.",
"We must immediately begin negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty in the Conference on Disarmament. That would bring us closer to our goal of achieving a world without nuclear weapons and would be essential to our non-proliferation efforts. A fissile material cut-off treaty would contribute to the implementation of the three pillars of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.",
"The Conference on Disarmament should take advantage of the momentum for nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, as evidenced by the new START Treaty and the Nuclear Security Summit. Finland urges all Member States to work towards complete nuclear disarmament through concrete measures.",
"There are also some practical steps we can take to revitalize the work of the United Nations disarmament machinery.",
"First, we must examine the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament, the First Committee and the Disarmament Commission. We need more substantial debate and more common denominators, and less procedural.",
"Secondly, all relevant actors should be involved in multilateral negotiations. To ensure that they are inclusive, it is essential to review the membership of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"Third, we need innovative ideas and a better connection to the reality outside the United Nations meeting rooms. We must echo the voice of civil society and academia and find a way to make better use of their valuable contribution to our work.",
"We pledge to do our utmost to promote multilateral disarmament negotiations during the Finnish Presidency of the First Committee at the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. We hope that, with the new political commitment of all Member States, we will be able to cope with the revitalization agenda.",
"Mr. Tladi (South Africa): South Africa appreciates this opportunity to participate in a public and honest debate on the multilateral disarmament agenda and, in particular, the possibility of reviewing progress since the adoption of resolution 65/93 on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the promotion of multilateral disarmament negotiations.",
"My delegation associates itself with the statements made by the representative of Egypt, speaking on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and the representative of the Netherlands, speaking on behalf of a group of States from various regions of the world.",
"One outcome of the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament was to recognize the need for a single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum, which was of a limited size and to take decisions on the basis of consensus, a forum that we now know as the Conference on Disarmament. The previous achievements of the Conference and its predecessor entities have demonstrated the role that this body can play in negotiating important multilateral disarmament instruments. It is therefore regrettable that for many years this institution has failed to fulfil its core mandate. As a result of the continuing stagnation, many — as understandable — have begun to question the relevance of the Conference and the validity of efforts to achieve disarmament goals, especially since the dawn of the new international security environment established after the cold war.",
"Another decision of the first special session devoted to disarmament was to establish the Disarmament Commission as a deliberative body on disarmament and a subsidiary body of the General Assembly. Unfortunately, this body does not fulfil its mandate, and this year it did not make specific recommendations.",
"Nuclear disarmament remains our primary priority, shared by all members of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Group of 21 and the vast majority of Member States of the Conference on Disarmament and the United Nations in all regions. Not only do we share concerns about the vertical and horizontal proliferation of nuclear weapons, but we believe that the very existence of nuclear weapons contributes to insecurity in the world.",
"Moreover, the catastrophic humanitarian consequences resulting from the use of nuclear weapons clearly pose a serious risk to humanity. As long as these weapons exist, none of us will be truly safe. Only the complete elimination of all nuclear weapons and the assurance that they will never be manufactured can provide the necessary guarantees against their use. For this reason, South Africa has consistently advocated a gradual and systematic approach to achieving our goal of a world free of nuclear weapons. We believe that continued and irreversible progress in nuclear disarmament and the adoption of other related nuclear arms control measures remains critical in the promotion of nuclear non-proliferation.",
"The lack of concrete progress towards achieving nuclear disarmament has undermined the global non-proliferation regime. While nuclear disarmament was the subject of the first resolution adopted by the General Assembly in 1946 (resolution 1 (I)), it has also been the first item on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament since its establishment. Despite the constant demand of the overwhelming majority of the members of the Conference that a subsidiary body should be established to deal only with nuclear disarm, that has not materialized. This is particularly disconcerting since all States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons have committed to this objective in the Plan of Action adopted by the 2010 NPT Review Conference. My delegation therefore reiterates its call to the Conference on Disarmament to immediately establish a subsidiary body to deal with nuclear disarmament.",
"As part of the gradual and systematic approach to nuclear disarmament, my delegation also supports the commencement of negotiations on a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices, which promotes both disarmament and non-proliferation objectives. My delegation does not endorse the view that a fissile material cut-off treaty is the only item in a position to negotiate. Given the nature of the Conference on Disarmament as a negotiating forum, we believe that the Conference can negotiate any issue on its agenda, although we recognize that the conclusion of a legally binding international agreement in the near future could be more likely on some issues than on others.",
"While we may not all agree on the issues that we are more or less able to consider for the conclusion of an agreement, that should not prevent us from dealing substantially with the issues contained in the multilateral disarmament agenda. The question we are now facing is whether the Conference on Disarmament is up to our expectations or whether we should consider other alternatives to promote multilateral disarmament negotiations in an effort to revitalize the work that this body should have done.",
"We recognize that the Conference on Disarmament was about to resume its work in 2009 when it adopted a programme of work. Although CD/1864 was not a perfect document, we hoped that it would have given rise to a new stage in the recent history of the Conference, which would have allowed us to work together to forge a better and safer future. Unfortunately, neither CD/1864 nor any other formula of mandates for subsidiary bodies on items on our agenda have allowed the resumption of substantive work.",
"While some consider that the lack of concrete results in the Conference on Disarmament is due to its rules of procedure, my delegation believes that the resistance of some to good faith and to negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects, under strict and effective international control, is the main obstacle facing the international community.",
"Many of us would like the Conference on Disarmament to regain its rightful place. However, the fact that in the past 15 years we have been unable to undertake substantive work does not allow us to be indifferent to the current challenges. If the Conference continues to fail to fulfil its mandate, there would be no reason to consider alternative options for promoting the important work entrusted to it.",
"In conclusion, South Africa remains committed to a rules-based international system. We will therefore take any further steps necessary to strengthen multilateral governance in the field of disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control. In addition, we will consider any alternative that would promote multilateral disarmament negotiations with the aim of achieving our goal of a nuclear-weapon-free world.",
"The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker at this meeting. We will hear the remaining speakers tomorrow, 29 July, at 11 a.m. in the Hall. At that meeting, the Assembly will also consider agenda item 13 to continue its debate on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation.",
"Before concluding this meeting, a representative has requested to exercise his right of reply. I remind Member States that statements in exercise of the right of reply shall be limited to 10 minutes for the first intervention and five minutes for the second intervention, and should be made by delegations from their seats.",
"I give the floor to the representative of the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea.",
"Mr. Ri Tong Il (Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea): Allow me to exercise the right of reply and, at the same time, to comment on the words spoken by the representative of Canada, who raised a question on the presidency of the Conference on Disarmament, currently occupied by the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea.",
"With regard to the presidency of the Conference, the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea is currently exercising its sovereign right, as a Member State of the United Nations, to preside over the Conference on Disarmament. In accordance with the rules of procedure of the Conference on Disarmament, the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea has an obligation to assume the functions of President of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"Furthermore, the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea is and has been a Member State of the United Nations. Article 2, paragraph 1, of the Charter of the United Nations stipulates that the Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Member States. With regard to this legal issue, we believe that the words of the representative of Canada constitute a serious violation of the Charter of the United Nations.",
"Secondly, the statements of the representative of Canada contravene the practice of international forums. This is not the first time that the Canadian delegation boycotts an international forum. The first time was in 2001, when a conference against racism was held in Durban. Canada was the only country that boycotted that meeting. That set a very regrettable precedent in the practice of international multilateralism.",
"That wasn't the only case of a Canadian boycott. This happened again at other meetings, even here in the General Assembly when the President of a country was speaking precisely in this forum. This is the third time that a representative of Canada has acted in this way at the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva. The Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea therefore strongly condemns this conduct of the representative of Canada.",
"Third, this demonstrates the psychology and mentality of the cold war period. Actually, this is the post-cold-war period. It was only during the period of the cold war that we witnessed that controversial attitude of countries. The post-cold-war phase is a period for dialogue and confidence-building. This can be perceived in all regions, including in the Asia region. Canada and the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea participate as members of the Association of South-East Asian Nations Regional Forum. The overall spirit fosters dialogue and confidence-building. However, now, instead of having a conduct of dialogue and reconciliation, Canada has chosen the path of confrontation. The representative of Canada is the only one who has behaved that way.",
"The meeting rose at 6.05 p.m."
] |
[
"Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones",
"* A/66/150.",
"Tema 63 a) del programa provisional*",
"Nueva Alianza para el Desarrollo de África: progresos en su aplicación y apoyo internacional",
"Nueva Alianza para el Desarrollo de África: noveno informe consolidado sobre los progresos en su aplicación y el apoyo internacional",
"Informe del Secretario General",
"Resumen",
"El presente informe, solicitado por la Asamblea General en su resolución 65/284, coincide con el décimo aniversario de la aprobación por los líderes africanos del programa insignia de la Unión Africana, la Nueva Alianza para el Desarrollo de África (NEPAD). En él se evalúan los avances registrados en la ejecución de los proyectos y programas de la NEPAD y el apoyo prestado por la comunidad internacional. El informe también coincide con un interés renovado por las necesidades de África, que se aprecia en los importantes compromisos asumidos tras la sesión plenaria de alto nivel de la Asamblea General sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio celebrada en 2010, la aprobación del Programa de Acción de Estambul en la Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados y del marco de aplicación de las recomendaciones del Grupo Directivo sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en África a fin de acelerar los avances hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en África. Esta renovada atención obedece a que los países africanos siguen enfrentando problemas para conseguir los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.",
"En este contexto, aunque en el informe se destaca el hecho de que los países africanos han realizado avances en la aplicación de la NEPAD, también se reitera la necesidad de asignar más recursos a las prioridades sectoriales de la Alianza y de emprender reformas adecuadas para seguir alentando la participación del sector privado en proyectos de asociación y promover las alianzas de colaboración entre los sectores público y privado para financiar proyectos de infraestructura. Con el fin de reforzar aún más la cooperación internacional para el desarrollo y facilitar la aplicación de la NEPAD, los asociados para el desarrollo deberían adoptar con urgencia medidas para concluir con éxito la Ronda de negociaciones comerciales de Doha, con su dimensión de desarrollo, cumplir con los compromisos en materia de ayuda y mejorar la eficacia de la ayuda. Diez años después de la aprobación de la NEPAD, la opción de mantener las prácticas habituales ya no es una alternativa aceptable, porque no permitiría cumplir con los compromisos adquiridos y retrasaría la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y la aplicación de la NEPAD.",
"Índice",
"Página\nI.Introducción 4II.Actividades 4 realizadas por los países y organizaciones de \nÁfrica \nA.Infraestructura 4B.Agricultura 6 y seguridad \nalimentaria \nC. Salud 7D. Educación 8 y \ncapacitación E. Medio 9 ambiente y \nturismo F.Tecnología 10 de la información y las \ncomunicaciones G.Ciencia 11 y \ntecnología H. Incorporación 12 de la perspectiva de género, empoderamiento de la mujer y participación de la sociedad \ncivil I. Mecanismo 13 de examen entre los propios países \nafricanos III. Respuesta 14 de la comunidad internacional: aprovechar el impulso generado por el apoyo internacional al desarrollo de \nÁfrica A.Asistencia 15 oficial para el \ndesarrollo B.Alivio 17 de la \ndeuda C. Inversión 19 extranjera \ndirecta \nD.Comercio 19E.Cooperación 20 \nSur-Sur F.Aldeas 21 del \nMilenio IV. Apoyo 22 prestado por el sistema de las Naciones \nUnidas Fortalecimiento 22 delMecanismode Coordinación Regionalde losorganismosyorganizacionesde las NacionesUnidas que trabajanenÁfricaenapoyodelaUnión Africanaysu programadelaNEPADyel \nsistemadegrupostemáticos V.Conclusiones 23 y \nrecomendaciones",
"I. Introducción",
"1. La Asamblea General en su resolución 65/284, titulada “Nueva Alianza para el Desarrollo de África: progresos en su aplicación y apoyo internacional”, pidió al Secretario General que le presentara, en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, un informe exhaustivo sobre la aplicación de la resolución. El presente informe se ha preparado atendiendo a esa solicitud.",
"2. En el informe se ponen de relieve las medidas adoptadas por los países y organizaciones africanas en la aplicación de la Nueva Alianza para el Desarrollo de África (NEPAD), la respuesta de la comunidad internacional y el apoyo prestado por el sistema de las Naciones Unidas durante el último año. Asimismo, el informe destaca las actividades realizadas por el sector privado y las instituciones de la sociedad civil en apoyo de la NEPAD. Para la preparación del informe se contó con información proporcionada por los Estados Miembros, la Comisión de la Unión Africana, el Banco Africano de Desarrollo (BAFD), el Organismo de Planificación y Coordinación de la NEPAD (Organismo de la NEPAD), la secretaría del Mecanismo de examen entre los propios países africanos, la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) y varias entidades del sistema de las Naciones Unidas.",
"II. Actividades realizadas por los países y organizaciones de África",
"3. La NEPAD, cuya creación fue aprobada en julio de 2001 en Lusaka por los líderes africanos, es tanto una visión colectiva de futuro como un marco estratégico de desarrollo para África. Su principal objetivo es generar un crecimiento económico amplio y equitativo para que África pueda reducir la pobreza e integrarse mejor en la economía mundial. Para hacer realidad esta idea es necesario cumplir las principales prioridades sectoriales de la NEPAD. En gran medida, la transición de un marco a un plan operacional depende de la voluntad de cada país. En el contexto de la NEPAD, se espera que cada país diseñe su propio plan nacional de manera coherente con los objetivos de la NEPAD y asuma la responsabilidad de ejecutar los programas de la Alianza a nivel nacional. Asimismo, las comunidades económicas regionales, que son las instituciones fundamentales para la integración económica de África, desempeñan un papel central en la ejecución de proyectos a nivel subregional.",
"A. Infraestructura",
"4. La labor realizada en los últimos 12 meses en este sector se han centrado en la energía, el transporte y el agua. El establecimiento del Organismo de la NEPAD y su integración en las estructuras y procesos de la Unión Africana ha permitido obtener una mayor coherencia y coordinación de las actividades para el desarrollo. Por ejemplo, el Organismo de la NEPAD y el Departamento de Infraestructura y Energía de la Comisión de la Unión Africana elaboraron un programa de trabajo conjunto y aprobaron un proyecto conjunto de infraestructuras prioritarias para 2010-2015, basado en el Plan de Acción para África de la Unión Africana y la NEPAD. El principal objetivo del Programa de Desarrollo de la Infraestructura en África, que fue aprobado en la 14ª Cumbre de la Unión Africana, celebrada en febrero de 2010, es concebir una visión de futuro para el desarrollo de la infraestructura de África teniendo en cuenta los objetivos estratégicos y las políticas sectoriales del continente. El Programa proporciona un marco coherente para desarrollar la infraestructura regional y continental (transporte, energía, agua y tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones).",
"5. Tras la ejecución con éxito del plan de acción a corto plazo, el Organismo de la NEPAD, en colaboración con el Banco Africano de Desarrollo, llevó a cabo un tercer examen del plan de acción. Según el examen, el plan de acción contribuyó al desarrollo de la infraestructura regional con una inversión estimada de 5.600 millones de dólares entre 2002 y 2008, lo que equivale al 69% del conjunto de inversiones del plan de acción a corto plazo original. Desde 2004, el 70% de los 103 proyectos examinados ha registrado algún avance, en tanto que el 15% ha llegado a su fin.",
"6. Para tratar de racionalizar sus actividades y asegurar la coordinación y colaboración efectivas en la ejecución de los programas y proyectos, el Organismo de la NEPAD firmó en marzo de 2010 un memorando de entendimiento con el Foro Africano para Reguladores de Servicios Públicos. El Foro es una iniciativa creada en el documento fundacional de la NEPAD con el objetivo de establecer e impulsar la colaboración entre los reguladores de servicios públicos del continente africano para apoyar el crecimiento y el desarrollo socioeconómico de África, y se ocupa principalmente de la reglamentación de la infraestructura (comunicaciones, energía, transporte, agua y saneamiento). La cooperación entre el Foro y el Organismo tiene la finalidad de ampliar y fortalecer los acuerdos de asociación vigentes con respecto al desarrollo de la infraestructura en África.",
"7. En el sector del transporte aéreo se ha seguido promoviendo la seguridad y eficiencia de los viajes por vía aérea en el continente mediante la plena aplicación de la Declaración de Yamusukro sobre una nueva política para la aviación civil en África. El Organismo de la NEPAD y la Comisión Africana de Aviación Civil también han llegado a un acuerdo respecto de un memorando de entendimiento que se firmará este año, por el que el Organismo ayudará a la Comisión a movilizar recursos para el desarrollo de la aviación civil en África y asumir su nueva función como organismo encargado de aplicar la Declaración de Yamusukro.",
"8. El Organismo de la NEPAD sigue desempeñando una función activa en la ejecución del proyecto de infraestructura de África y la República de Corea, iniciativa de la organización Korea Institute for Development Strategy. Por consiguiente, el Organismo apoyó la visita de un equipo de 18 expertos a Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, la República Democrática del Congo, la República Unida de Tanzanía, Sudáfrica y Zambia, con la misión de encontrar una cartera de proyectos de inversión en los ámbitos del transporte y la energía. El Organismo también está realizando un seguimiento de los resultados de la conferencia de la República de Corea y África sobre inversiones en el desarrollo de la infraestructura y la energía, que se celebró en Seúl en diciembre de 2009. Diversos proyectos de infraestructura de Angola, Namibia, la República Democrática del Congo, la República Unida de Tanzanía, Sudáfrica y Zambia se están promoviendo ante los inversores de la República de Corea.",
"9. En la esfera de la infraestructura y la integración a nivel regional, el Organismo de la NEPAD ha venido facilitando la ejecución de siete proyectos regionales en el marco de la Iniciativa Presidencial de Fomento de la Infraestructura de la Unión Africana y la NEPAD, según lo aprobado en el 16º período de sesiones de la Asamblea de la Unión Africana.",
"10. En el sector del agua y el saneamiento, las actividades se han centrado en ampliar y fortalecer la capacidad de formular y ejecutar programas aprovechando las asociaciones de colaboración. A este respecto, el Organismo de la NEPAD y WaterAid (una organización no gubernamental dedicada al agua y el saneamiento con sede en el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte) han acordado que WaterAid proporcionará al Organismo consultores por períodos breves para formular y ejecutar sus programas y que, a cambio, el Organismo considerará la posibilidad de incluir el programa de actividades de WaterAid para África Meridional en su dependencia de infraestructura. Ambas partes acordaron además colaborar para llevar a cabo programas y proyectos regionales y continentales sobre agua y saneamiento.",
"B. Agricultura y seguridad alimentaria",
"11. La agricultura es el pilar de muchas economías africanas, por lo que es fundamental para el crecimiento socioeconómico y el desarrollo sostenible a largo plazo de África. Durante el período que se examina se siguió avanzando en el cumplimiento de los compromisos adoptados de conformidad con el Programa general para el desarrollo de la agricultura en África (CAADP) tanto a nivel nacional como regional y aumentó el número de países que formularon programas para alcanzar la meta de productividad agrícola del 6%. De los 26 países que firmaron sus pactos nacionales sobre el CAADP, 20 han preparado o finalizado sus planes nacionales de inversión, los han presentado para que se realice un examen técnico independiente organizado por el Organismo y actualmente están trabajando en las modalidades de financiación y ejecución.",
"12. Los avances más significativos se han registrado en la consecución de la meta de invertir un 10% del presupuesto en la agricultura, establecida en la Declaración de Maputo. Diez países han alcanzado la meta, frente a tan solo cinco que la habían alcanzado en 2009, en tanto que nueve países han invertido entre el 5% y el 10% de su presupuesto.",
"13. También se han registrado avances importantes respecto de la aplicación de los pactos regionales sobre el CAADP. La Comisión de la Comunidad Económica de los Estados de África Occidental (CEDEAO), única comisión económica regional en firmar un pacto regional sobre el CAADP, ha asignado 150 millones de dólares de sus propios recursos para financiar un plan quinquenal, lo que representa el 16% del costo general del plan regional. De manera similar, los asociados para el desarrollo han respondido de manera positiva y España ha asignado 240 millones de euros en el curso de tres años, de los cuales ya se han desembolsado dos tercios a través del Banco Mundial.",
"14. La ejecución del CAADP ha reportado ventajas adicionales a los países beneficiarios. En primer lugar, los países están emprendiendo y proporcionando análisis con base empírica y planificando y revisando estrategias y programas, lo que está dando lugar a la formulación de programas de inversión de calidad. En segundo lugar, los países están obteniendo un mayor acceso a instrumentos y mecanismos aceptables desde el punto de vista local, lo que permite lograr una mayor inclusión, un examen más público e inclusivo de las políticas de desarrollo y una mayor disposición gubernamental a interactuar con agentes no estatales en pie de igualdad. En tercer lugar, ha permitido mejorar la participación de los asociados para el desarrollo y, en cuarto lugar, ha ayudado en gran medida a establecer un marco y prioridades nacionales para armonizar y coordinar el apoyo a la ayuda para el desarrollo.",
"15. A nivel regional se han realizado avances en la ejecución del proyecto piloto de política pesquera para África Occidental, en el que participaron Ghana y Sierra Leona. El proyecto presta apoyo a importantes inversiones del Banco Mundial en los sectores de la pesca de Ghana y Sierra Leona. Estos países son beneficiarios de dos inversiones conexas de la Asociación Internacional de Fomento (AIF) por un total de entre 90 y 100 millones de dólares. Se han asignado a Ghana y Guinea-Bissau otros 57,8 millones de dólares proporcionados por el Banco Mundial (52 millones), el Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial (4 millones) y la Alianza para la Pesca en África (1,8 millones) como parte de la primera fase del Programa Regional de Pesca de África Occidental.",
"16. Estas inversiones son estratégicas para la NEPAD y la Asociación para la pesca en África por tres motivos: a) la NEPAD dirige la definición del marco normativo, reglamentario y de gestión en el que tendrían lugar las inversiones en el sector de la pesca; b) ayudan a integrar la pesca en el marco del CAADP para asegurar que el sector pesquero contribuya de manera efectiva y sostenible a lograr la meta del 6% de crecimiento anual y la seguridad alimentaria; y c) constituyen la respuesta fundamental en la etapa posterior al pacto sobre el CAADP para ayudar a los países que han finalizado su pacto a formular programas de inversión en pesca.",
"17. La puesta en marcha de la Alianza para la Pesca en África ha sido importante para los países beneficiarios por varias razones: a) sus aportaciones han sido fundamentales para aprovechar la inversión financiera del Banco Mundial y reducir de 18 a 6 meses el tiempo que lleva finalizar el ciclo de desarrollo del programa; y b) su función activa y significativa en la movilización de los expertos locales para formular el programa de inversiones ha ampliado la implicación local en los programas.",
"C. Salud",
"18. El Organismo de la NEPAD ha seguido impulsando los objetivos fundamentales de la Alianza de mejorar los sistemas de atención de la salud en África, incrementar el número de trabajadores sanitarios capacitados y asegurar la disponibilidad de medicamentos asequibles, inocuos y efectivos para todos los africanos. Para conseguir este último objetivo, la NEPAD dirige la Iniciativa de Armonización Reglamentaria de los Medicamentos en África, que moviliza recursos financieros y técnicos, promociona los exámenes normativos y legislativos de la reglamentación de los medicamentos y coordina las iniciativas en curso de fomento de la capacidad de regulación, con el fin de aumentar la armonización de la reglamentación de los medicamentos. La NEPAD coordina un consorcio formado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la Fundación Bill y Melinda Gates, la Fundación Clinton y el Departamento de Desarrollo Internacional del Reino Unido para poner en práctica la Iniciativa y hasta la fecha ha recibido seis propuestas de proyectos de comisiones económicas regionales para lograr la armonización a nivel regional. El Organismo de la NEPAD, en consulta con las comisiones económicas regionales, ha concluido el análisis de la situación de la reglamentación y armonización de los medicamentos en la Comunidad de África Oriental (CAO), la Comunidad de África Meridional para el Desarrollo (SADC) y la Comunidad Económica de los Estados de África Occidental (CEDEAO) y difundirá las enseñanzas extraídas del proceso de examen en los países y las comisiones de África.",
"19. A través de la Iniciativa, el Organismo de la NEPAD está colaborando con los interesados y los asociados para hacer frente a la insuficiente reglamentación de los mercados farmacéuticos africanos como principal medida para promover y proteger la salud pública, dado que dicha reglamentación contribuye a asegurar que los pacientes tengan acceso a medicamentos de alta calidad, inocuos y efectivos. En este sentido, el Organismo está colaborando con el Comité de Salud, Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales del Parlamento Panafricano para mejorar la difusión y la promoción de la Iniciativa en el continente. Asimismo, el marco de aplicación de la Iniciativa fue aprobado en abril de 2011 por la Conferencia de Ministros de Salud de la Unión Africana celebrada en Namibia.",
"20. El Organismo de la NEPAD ha seguido desempeñando una función fundamental para resolver la crisis que afecta al personal sanitario en África. En este contexto, la Plataforma Africana sobre Recursos Humanos para la Salud, presidida por el Organismo, concluyó una evaluación de las necesidades de las escuelas médicas de África Subsahariana con el fin de proporcionar una sólida base de conocimientos para el futuro. Las conclusiones del estudio guiarán la colaboración entre la OMS y el Plan de Emergencia del Presidente de los Estados Unidos de América para luchar contra el SIDA a fin de promover la formación innovadora de los médicos y enfermeros, de conformidad con el compromiso del Plan de Emergencia de apoyar la capacitación de más de 100.000 nuevos profesionales de la salud en África.",
"21. Está avanzando la colaboración con Research for Health Africa para mejorar la salud y la equidad, reducir la pobreza y contribuir al desarrollo socioeconómico de los países africanos. Hasta la fecha, Mozambique, la República Unida de Tanzanía y el Senegal han optado por participar en la iniciativa de Research for Health Africa. La República Unida de Tanzanía y el Senegal han acordado hacer uso de esta iniciativa y de su portal de Internet para gestionar su investigación nacional sobre los sistemas de información sanitaria. El Organismo de la NEPAD también está diseñando un programa para prestar apoyo técnico a las comisiones económicas regionales con el fin de elaborar marcos exhaustivos sobre las políticas sanitarias y fitosanitarias, así como estrategias para los cultivos esenciales, en particular respecto de las cuestiones relacionadas con la integración de los mercados regionales.",
"D. Educación y capacitación",
"22. El Organismo de la NEPAD ha seguido promocionando el desarrollo profesional de los enfermeros y las parteras en África, a través de negociaciones con el Gobierno de la República Unida de Tanzanía a fin de desplegar parteras y enfermeros licenciados en las comunidades rurales mediante el uso de dispensarios móviles. El Organismo también ha formulado un programa orientado a mejorar la formación y las calificaciones de los enfermeros y parteras en tres países integrantes de la Comunidad Económica de los Estados de África Central (CEEAC). En África Meridional, un grupo de seis universidades que ofrecen títulos de máster en enfermería y atención de partos ha formado un consorcio, que cooperará para desarrollar y ofrecer programas de grados y maestrías en enfermería y atención de partos en tres universidades anfitrionas de la región de la CEEAC. Simultáneamente prestarán asistencia a los órganos reguladores de los tres países y trabajarán con los Ministerios de Salud para elaborar planes profesionales que contemplarán el reconocimiento, la utilización y la remuneración de estos enfermeros y parteras en el sector público. Asimismo, el Organismo de la NEPAD ha dado prioridad a la educación forestal y ha solicitado al Gobierno de Suecia que proporcione financiación para un taller destinado a finalizar el programa de estudios de posgrado en educación forestal.",
"23. En el marco del proyecto de establecer un centro regional para la enseñanza de las matemáticas, la ciencia y la tecnología se están redoblando los esfuerzos para propiciar el apoyo de los Gobiernos del Gabón y Sudáfrica a la inauguración del centro en el Gabón. Tres países (Angola, Mozambique y la República Democrática del Congo) han presentado propuestas para financiar la formación de docentes mediante la enseñanza abierta a distancia al African Renaissance and International Cooperation Fund de Sudáfrica.",
"E. Medio ambiente y turismo",
"24. Siete años después de la aprobación del Plan de Acción de la NEPAD para el Medio Ambiente, se han registrado avances en la formulación de planes de acción subregionales para el medio ambiente en las regiones y los países representados por la CEEAC, la CEDEAO, la Autoridad Intergubernamental para el Desarrollo, la SADC y la Unión del Magreb Árabe, lo que ha permitido formular planes nacionales de acción en cinco países. Además se ha desarrollado la capacidad de aplicar el Plan de Acción para el Medio Ambiente a nivel nacional y subregional. El Plan también ha prestado apoyo a los países de África para mejorar la aplicación de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático y el Protocolo de Kyoto. Se ha proporcionado un apoyo similar en la ejecución de los aspectos de los planes nacionales de acción relacionados con la biodiversidad y la desertificación. A este respecto se han establecido objetivos normativos y se ha formulado un marco para orientar los debates sobre cuestiones como el acceso y el reparto de beneficios, la ordenación sostenible de los bosques, las especies exóticas invasivas y la gestión marítima y costera integrada. El Plan también ha proporcionado el marco para aplicar la Convención Marco sobre el Cambio Climático a nivel regional. El Organismo de la NEPAD, en colaboración con la Comisión de la Unión Africana y la Conferencia Ministerial de África sobre el Medio Ambiente, ha iniciado un proceso para examinar la aplicación de los planes de acción sobre el medio ambiente.",
"25. El Organismo de la NEPAD está preparando una propuesta programática titulada “Programa de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático: respuesta al cambio climático mediante la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación”. Como parte de un programa en curso cuyo objetivo es integrar el empoderamiento de los jóvenes en los programas de la NEPAD, se ha dado inicio al proceso de participación de los jóvenes en el cambio climático. Este proceso se llevará a cabo mediante la Iniciativa de Jóvenes Científicos Africanos sobre el Cambio Climático, cuya secretaría estará en la Universidad del Noroeste (Sudáfrica). El objetivo de la Iniciativa de Jóvenes Científicos es concienciar a los jóvenes y propiciar su participación proactiva en cuestiones y actividades relacionadas con el cambio climático. Está previsto que la iniciativa se ponga en funcionamiento a mediados de agosto de 2011 con el tema titulado “Promoción del papel de los sistemas de conocimientos indígenas de África en la mitigación y la adaptación al cambio climático”.",
"26. En el marco de la Estrategia Regional Africana para la Reducción de Riesgo de Desastre de la Unión Africana y la NEPAD y el programa de acción para su aplicación, se están adoptando medidas para integrar la reducción del riesgo de desastre en las iniciativas de reducción de la pobreza y desarrollo sostenible. El programa de acción ampliado para la aplicación de la Estrategia Regional Africana para la Reducción de Riesgo de Desastre correspondiente al período 2006-2015 se presentó y aprobó en la segunda Conferencia Ministerial de África sobre la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastre. Asimismo se restableció el Grupo Asesor Africano sobre la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastre específicamente para asesorar y apoyar a las plataformas nacionales, al igual que a las autoridades subregionales y regionales, en la aplicación de las iniciativas de reducción del riesgo de desastre en África.",
"27. Como catalizador del desarrollo, el fomento del turismo puede generar un positivo efecto cascada en otros sectores y ayudar a compartir el costo del desarrollo. La Comisión de la Unión Africana y el Organismo de la NEPAD están colaborando activamente con las organizaciones nacionales, regionales, continentales y mundiales para promover un programa general de integración regional en el sector turístico. Además, reconociendo las oportunidades y los problemas que el sector turístico plantea para África, varios países africanos han elaborado planes generales de turismo con asistencia de la Organización Mundial del Turismo y otros asociados para el desarrollo.",
"F. Tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones",
"28. Tras la decisión adoptada en el 15º período de sesiones del Comité de Orientación de los Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno de la NEPAD, celebrado en julio de 2010 en Uganda, la Comisión de la Iniciativa África Electrónica de la NEPAD fue sustituida por el Programa África Electrónica de la NEPAD para impulsar el sector prioritario de la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones, de conformidad con la nueva orientación estratégica del Organismo de la NEPAD.",
"29. El Programa África Electrónica de la NEPAD, encargado de formular políticas, estrategias y proyectos a nivel continental para el desarrollo de la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones en toda África, ha seguido avanzando en la ejecución de sus principales iniciativas, a saber: la red de infraestructura de banda ancha para la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones en África y la iniciativa de ciberescuelas. Se redoblaron los esfuerzos para ampliar a todo el continente el entorno propicio de la red de infraestructura de banda ancha de la NEPAD para la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones mediante la organización de varios talleres regionales y nacionales de interesados sobre el Protocolo de Kigali: uno en El Cairo, para África Septentrional, y otros en Gambia, Senegal, Nigeria y Djibouti, para los interesados locales.",
"30. Se registraron avances en el tendido del cable submarino Uhurunet. El acuerdo de construcción y mantenimiento y el contrato de abastecimiento para el cable Africa Coast to Europe (ACE)/Uhurunet se firmaron en Francia en junio de 2010. Este segmento del cable Uhurunet se extenderá desde Francia a Sudáfrica y conectará a todos los países de la costa occidental de África. Baharicom, la empresa encargada de desplegar el anillo de cable submarino Uhurunet alrededor de África está intentando reunir capital y créditos para cumplir con el calendario de pagos del contrato de abastecimiento.",
"31. Con respecto a la red terrestre transfronteriza Umojanet, se completaron dos planes de actividades. El primero, finalizado en julio de 2010, incluyó a 10 países de África Oriental y Meridional (Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, República Democrática del Congo, República Unida de Tanzanía, Sudáfrica, Zambia y Zimbabwe) y el segundo, finalizado en septiembre de 2010, incluyó a 12 países de África Occidental y Central (Benin, Burkina Faso, Camerún, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea Ecuatorial, Malí, Níger, Nigeria, República Centroafricana y Togo).",
"32. En enero de 2011, la 16ª Cumbre de la Unión Africana aprobó la selección, por el Comité Técnico de la Iniciativa Presidencial de Fomento de la Infraestructura de la Unión Africana y la NEPAD, de los proyectos de infraestructura de banda ancha para la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones Uhurunet y Umojanet y el enlace de fibra óptica para la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones a lo largo del gasoducto propuesto entre Nigeria, el Níger y Argelia.",
"33. Con respecto a la iniciativa de ciberescuelas de la NEPAD, el Organismo de la Alianza ha venido trabajando en las modalidades de conclusión de la fase de demostración de la iniciativa. Se han llevado a cabo 80 demostraciones de la iniciativa de ciberescuelas de la NEPAD en 16 países de África. Cada escuela del proyecto de demostraciones estaba equipada con un laboratorio informático que incluía al menos 20 computadoras personales, así como un servidor y una infraestructura de redes y dispositivos periféricos como escáneres, pizarras electrónicas e impresoras. Las escuelas tenían conexión a Internet para comunicarse con el resto del mundo. El Organismo ha firmado un memorando de entendimiento con la Internet Society para desarrollar la capacidad de los principales interesados africanos en el ámbito de la gobernanza de Internet.",
"G. Ciencia y tecnología",
"34. Entre los principales logros de la Iniciativa de indicadores de ciencia, tecnología e innovación de África conseguidos hasta la fecha se incluye el establecimiento de centros de coordinación para impulsar la producción de indicadores de ciencia, tecnología e innovación a nivel nacional, la creación de capacidad para reunir datos sobre ciencia, tecnología e innovación y la publicación de African Innovation Outlook 2010, la primera de una serie destinada a informar al público sobre las actividades relacionadas con la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación en los países africanos. La publicación, presentada en Etiopía en mayo de 2011, contiene los resultados de varias encuestas sobre investigación y desarrollo y se espera que genere un debate que permitirá reunir datos de mejor calidad. El Organismo de la NEPAD y la Iniciativa de indicadores de ciencia, tecnología e innovación también están prestando apoyo a la Comisión de la Unión Africana para establecer el Observatorio Africano de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. Se ha firmado un acuerdo con el país anfitrión, Guinea Ecuatorial, y el Observatorio tendrá una función fundamental en la coordinación, la reunión de datos y la capacitación, al igual que en la difusión de información sobre las actividades relacionadas con la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación en África.",
"35. Se ha completado con éxito la primera fase del programa de la Iniciativa de indicadores de ciencia, tecnología e innovación de África en 19 países miembros de la Comisión de la Unión Africana; el programa tiene por objetivo servir de mecanismo para el aprendizaje mutuo y el intercambio de conocimientos en la realización de encuestas sobre investigación y desarrollo e innovación. Como resultado del programa se han elaborado directrices para estas encuestas, que han sido adoptadas por los países participantes. La medición de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación como instrumento de apoyo para la formulación y aplicación de políticas ha abierto nuevas vías de investigación y debate. Los países participantes están colaborando respecto de estas cuestiones y construyendo una comunidad de intercambio de prácticas que asegurará que África se exprese con voz unánime.",
"36. En noviembre de 2010 se inauguraron oficialmente las instalaciones de la Red de Biociencias de África Oriental y Central en Kenya. Con apoyo financiero del Canadá, el Organismo de la NEPAD ha construido laboratorios de primer nivel para los científicos de África Oriental y Central, que les ofrecerán la oportunidad de llevar a cabo investigaciones de avanzada en la esfera de las ciencias biológicas para abordar los problemas a los que se enfrentan los agricultores al intentar aumentar la productividad agrícola. Recientemente se estableció la Red Panafricana de Expertos en Bioseguridad que presta servicios en todo el continente y está gestionada por personal africano con conocimientos especializados multidisciplinarios sobre los sistemas de bioseguridad. Desde su creación, la Red ha proporcionado capacitación e información de carácter científico a los reguladores africanos pertenecientes al ámbito de la biotecnología agrícola para ayudar a los países a adoptar decisiones fundamentadas.",
"H. Incorporación de la perspectiva de género, empoderamiento de la mujer y participación de la sociedad civil",
"37. El Organismo de la NEPAD está trabajando en el establecimiento de incubadoras de empresas para empresarias africanas en las comisiones económicas regionales. En la actualidad, el objetivo es financiar proyectos piloto sobre incubación de empresas para dos comisiones regionales, el Mercado Común de África Oriental y Meridional (COMESA) y la CEDEAO, con un presupuesto de 1 millón de euros. El plan consiste en aprovechar esta experiencia para aplicarla en otras cinco comisiones regionales. En mayo de 2010, el Organismo de la NEPAD y COMESA firmaron un memorando de entendimiento. El proyecto se presentó en la cuarta reunión de ministros responsables de las cuestiones de género y de la mujer, que decidieron empezar a seleccionar a las empresarias y las instituciones colaboradoras. Posteriormente se llevó a cabo una consulta técnica con COMESA y la Federación de Asociaciones Nacionales de Empresarias de África Oriental y Meridional y se acordó que una iniciativa del Banco Mundial sobre incubación empresarial prestaría asistencia en la difusión de las experiencias adquiridas a nivel mundial y en África.",
"38. El Organismo de la NEPAD ha forjado alianzas estratégicas con entidades del sistema de las Naciones Unidas como la Comisión Económica para África (CEPA) y la Entidad de las Naciones Unidas para la Igualdad entre los Géneros y el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres (ONU-Mujeres) en ámbitos fundamentales como los de las mujeres rurales, el empoderamiento económico de la mujer africana y la generación y difusión de conocimientos. Además de los preparativos de la segunda convocatoria de proyectos, el Fondo NEPAD/España para el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres africanas se encargó del seguimiento y la evaluación de los proyectos en curso y del cierre de los proyectos financiados en el marco de la primera convocatoria. La segunda fase del Fondo, que abarca el período 2011-2013, representa la consolidación del programa de la NEPAD sobre el empoderamiento de la mujer en África.",
"39. El Fondo ha contribuido a promover la incorporación de la perspectiva de género y la formulación de instrumentos fundamentales para aliviar la pobreza, incluido el aumento de la cantidad de mujeres y niñas que recibieron formación profesional económicamente viable. También ha ayudado a crear oportunidades laborales mediante asociaciones públicas y privadas, a desarrollar los conocimientos de las mujeres líderes en el ámbito empresarial y la sociedad civil y en la capacitación sobre el uso de la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones, con el fin de reducir la brecha digital. El Fondo ha promovido asimismo la creación de actividades generadoras de ingresos para las mujeres prestando apoyo al procesamiento agrícola (45 máquinas) y la capacitación en gestión empresarial (600 empresarias).",
"I. Mecanismo de examen entre los propios países africanos",
"40. El Mecanismo de examen entre los propios países africanos ha seguido fortaleciendo su posición como instrumento para promover la buena gobernanza y el desarrollo socioeconómico en África. En enero de 2011, Liberia se sumó oficialmente al Mecanismo de examen entre los propios países africanos. Según la información proporcionada por su secretaría, a finales de julio de 2011 se habían sumado al Mecanismo mediante la firma del memorando de entendimiento 30 países, a saber: Angola, Argelia, Benin, Burkina Faso, el Camerún, el Congo, Djibouti, Egipto, Etiopía, el Gabón, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Malí, Mauricio, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nigeria, la República Unida de Tanzanía, Rwanda, Santo Tomé y Príncipe, el Senegal, Sierra Leona, Sudáfrica, el Sudán, el Togo, Uganda y Zambia. Los países miembros del Mecanismo representan más del 76% de la población de África.",
"41. Mauricio y Etiopía fueron examinados por los demás países africanos durante las Cumbres 13ª y 14ª del Foro del Mecanismo, respectivamente. A finales de julio de 2011, habían sido examinados 14 países: Argelia, Benin, Burkina Faso, Etiopía, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malí, Mauricio, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudáfrica y Uganda. Otros países están en diversas etapas del proceso de examen: Sierra Leona y Zambia recibieron una misión de examen en febrero y mayo de 2011, respectivamente, la República Unida de Tanzanía será objeto de un examen en la segunda mitad de 2011, y Ghana y Kenya serán objeto de un examen periódico de segundo ciclo.",
"42. Los países examinados han progresado también en la ejecución de sus respectivos programas de acción nacionales resultantes del proceso de examen. A este respecto en la 14ª Cumbre del Foro, celebrada en Addis Abeba en enero de 2011, se examinaron los informes sobre los progresos en la ejecución de los programas nacionales de Lesotho, Nigeria y Sudáfrica, y en la 15ª Cumbre, celebrada en Malabo en junio de 2011, se examinaron los informes sobre los progresos en la ejecución de los programas nacionales de Benin y Burkina Faso.",
"43. Con el fin de racionalizar y acelerar el proceso de examen entre los propios países, se han revisado algunos de los instrumentos existentes. Por ejemplo, en marzo de 2011 se revisó y validó el cuestionario principal en el curso de un taller para interesados celebrado en Johannesburgo y se volverá a examinar en la 16ª Cumbre del Foro, que se celebrará en Etiopía en enero de 2012, tras un profundo examen realizado por los centros de coordinación del Mecanismo, como dispuso el Foro en su 15ª Cumbre.",
"44. El Mecanismo ha seguido recibiendo apoyo de sus tres asociados estratégicos, el BAFD, la CEPA y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo. Este apoyo ha incluido la participación en misiones de examen en los países y otras formas de asistencia técnica y financiera. Al respecto, el BAFD ha seguido proporcionando un subsidio para financiar el proyecto destinado a racionalizar y acelerar el proceso del Mecanismo de examen entre los propios países africanos. Entre los objetivos del proyecto figuran la revisión y mejora de los instrumentos y procesos y el fortalecimiento de la capacidad del personal de la secretaría del Mecanismo. La CEPA también ha desempeñado un papel fundamental en el desarrollo de la investigación y los conocimientos relacionados con el Mecanismo mediante un estudio sobre la gestión de la diversidad, titulado “Conclusiones del Mecanismo de examen entre los propios países africanos y marco para el análisis y la formulación de políticas”, y mediante la organización de talleres destinados a dar a conocer el Mecanismo y armonizar los programas nacionales de acción y otros planes nacionales en un marco común de gastos a mediano plazo.",
"III. Respuesta de la comunidad internacional: aprovechar el impulso generado por el apoyo internacional al desarrollo de África",
"45. África ha comenzado a superar la crisis económica y financiera mundial a pesar de que la economía mundial se recupera a un ritmo más lento. En 2010, África creció un 4,9% en promedio, lo que significa un aumento con respecto al 3,1% registrado en 2009[1]. Sin embargo, está recuperación es incierta a causa de los poco auspiciosos pronósticos para economía mundial y de la inestabilidad política reinante en las subregiones. Asimismo, África sigue a la zaga de otras regiones en lo que respecta a los avances hacia la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, en particular los relacionados con la mortalidad materna e infantil y el acceso al saneamiento y el agua potable.",
"46. Por este motivo, los asociados para el desarrollo deben mantener plenamente su compromiso de seguir ayudando a África a cumplir la agenda de desarrollo del continente, incluidas, las prioridades de la NEPAD. Los países del Grupo de los Ocho (G-8) asumieron históricos compromisos para aumentar la ayuda destinada a África en la Cumbre de Gleneagles celebrada en 2005, pero hasta ahora no han hecho realidad sus promesas. En la cumbre del G-8 celebrada en Francia en 2011 se reafirmaron los compromisos de Gleneagles. A finales de 2010, el Grupo de los 20 también puso en funcionamiento su iniciativa para el desarrollo, el Consenso de Seúl sobre el Desarrollo para un Crecimiento Compartido, que hace mayor hincapié en promover el crecimiento económico desarrollando la infraestructura y creando puestos de trabajo. Por último, en la sesión plenaria de alto nivel de la Asamblea General sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, celebrada en septiembre de 2010 en Nueva York, se aprobó un plan mundial de acción para alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio dentro de sus plazos y se dedicó especial atención a África.",
"47. Las inciertas perspectivas económicas de los asociados tradicionales para el desarrollo de África y el menor margen fiscal de que disponen parecen indicar que en los próximos años podrían adquirir una mayor importancia los donantes no tradicionales, incluidas las economías emergentes y los actores no estatales, como las fundaciones privadas y los filántropos. Habida cuenta de que los países de la OCDE han reducido sus presupuestos de asistencia tras la crisis financiera y económica mundial, lo que ha repercutido negativamente en el desembolso de dicha ayuda, el cuarto Foro de Alto Nivel sobre la Eficacia de la Ayuda celebrado en Busan (República de Corea) en noviembre y diciembre de 2011, será una ocasión oportuna para que los asociados para el desarrollo reafirmen su compromiso con la cantidad y la eficacia de la ayuda, de conformidad con la Declaración de París sobre la eficacia de la ayuda y el Programa de Acción de Accra.",
"48. En la Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados, celebrada en mayo de 2011 en Turquía, se aprobó el Programa de Acción en favor de los países menos adelantados para el decenio 2011-2020 y la Declaración de Estambul. El objetivo del Programa de Acción consiste en asegurar el crecimiento económico sostenido y la reducción de la pobreza para que la mitad de los países menos adelantados hayan superado esa categoría en 2020. En el Programa de Acción se establecen ocho esferas prioritarias: la capacidad productiva, que incluye la infraestructura, la energía, la ciencia y la tecnología y el desarrollo del sector privado; la agricultura, la seguridad alimentaria y el desarrollo rural; el comercio; los productos básicos; el desarrollo humano y social, que incluye el empoderamiento de la mujer; la respuesta a los efectos de las crisis múltiples y otros retos incipientes, como el cambio climático y la sostenibilidad ambiental; la movilización de recursos financieros para el desarrollo y el aumento de la capacidad; y la buena gobernanza en todos los niveles. Dado que 33 de los 48 países menos adelantados se encuentran en África, la ejecución del Programa de Acción contribuiría notablemente a resolver los problemas de desarrollo que afectan al continente.",
"A. Asistencia oficial para el desarrollo",
"49. Según la OCDE, en 2009 la asistencia oficial para el desarrollo (AOD) proporcionada por todos los donantes ascendió a 128.000 millones de dólares, del que 48.000 millones se destinaron a África, lo que representa un aumento anual del 11,7% en cifras reales con respecto a 2008 (véase el gráfico I). En 2010, la asistencia bilateral dedicada a África, sin contar los desembolsos realizados por los organismos multilaterales, aumentó un 3,6% en cifras reales en comparación con 2009 y alcanzó los 29.300 millones de dólares en 2010. A pesar de estos aumentos, la AOD sigue siendo inferior a las contribuciones prometidas por los países del G-8 en la Cumbre de Gleneagles celebrada en 2005, en la que se comprometieron a incrementar la AOD dedicada a África en 25.000 millones de dólares. El Grupo de Tareas sobre el Desfase en el Logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio estima que existe un desfase de 18.000 millones de dólares y que en 2010 África recibió un total de 46.000 millones de dólares en concepto de AOD de los donantes del Comité de Asistencia para el Desarrollo de la OCDE, suma significativamente inferior a los 64.000 millones prometidos en Gleneagles[2].",
"Gráfico I",
"Total de asistencia oficial para el desarrollo de todos los donantes",
"(En miles de millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos corrientes)",
"Fuente: Base de datos del Comité de Asistencia para el Desarrollo de la OCDE, 2011.",
"50. En las Cumbres del G-8 celebradas en Canadá en 2010 y en Francia en 2011 se reafirmó la alianza del Grupo con África. En la Iniciativa de Muskoka sobre la salud materna, neonatal e infantil, los países miembros del G-8 se comprometieron a gastar otros 5.000 millones de dólares entre 2010 y 2015 para alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio cuarto y quinto en los países en desarrollo. En la Cumbre de 2011, celebrada en Francia, se reafirmó la alianza mediante la aprobación de la declaración conjunta del G-8 y África titulada “Valores compartidos, responsabilidades compartidas”. En la Cumbre también se puso en marcha la Alianza de Deauville, que brinda apoyo a las nuevas democracias de los países árabes y tiene el compromiso de proporcionar 20.000 millones de dólares a través de bancos multilaterales de desarrollo para apoyar el crecimiento sostenible e inclusivo en Túnez y Egipto.",
"51. Con respecto a la eficacia de la ayuda, son desiguales los progresos registrados en la consecución de las metas establecidas en 2005 en la Declaración de París sobre la eficacia de la ayuda y en 2008 en el Programa de Acción de Accra (A/63/539, anexo). Por una parte se avanzó notablemente para desligar la ayuda ofrecida a África, y en particular a los países menos adelantados, y 18 donantes han firmado la Iniciativa Internacional para la Transparencia de la Ayuda. Por otra parte siguen sin avanzar demasiado el uso de los sistemas de los países y la reducción de la fragmentación de la ayuda. En este contexto se espera que la comunidad internacional renueve su compromiso de mejorar la eficacia de la ayuda en el cuarto Foro de Alto Nivel sobre la Eficacia de la Ayuda, que se celebrará próximamente.",
"52. Los asociados no tradicionales para el desarrollo están desempeñando un papel cada vez más importante en el desarrollo de África. En el marco de la cooperación Sur-Sur, países emergentes como el Brasil, China, la India y Turquía, entre otros, proporcionan subsidios y préstamos, a menudo con menos condiciones que los donantes tradicionales. Sin embargo, a causa de la falta de datos, es difícil presentar un panorama claro de la magnitud de la AOD de los asociados para el desarrollo nuevos y emergentes.",
"53. Además de los donantes bilaterales, nuevos agentes filantrópicos, como la Fundación Bill y Melinda Gates y el Fondo Mundial de Lucha contra el SIDA, la Tuberculosis y la Malaria proporcionan un innovador apoyo a la financiación para el desarrollo de los países africanos, lo que contribuye a aumentar los limitados recursos nacionales destinados al desarrollo. Por ejemplo, la Fundación Gates, que ha comenzado a presentar información al Comité de Asistencia para el Desarrollo de la OCDE sobre la ayuda que presta al sector sanitario, desembolsó en 2009 1.800 millones de dólares en concepto de subsidios para mejorar la salud en los países en desarrollo, de los que el 36% se destinó específicamente a África. De esta forma se ha convertido en el tercer principal donante en esta esfera, tras los Estados Unidos y el Fondo Mundial.",
"B. Alivio de la deuda",
"54. Gracias a los esfuerzos constantes para aliviar la carga de la deuda externa de los países africanos realizados en el marco de la Iniciativa en favor de los países pobres muy endeudados, la Iniciativa para el Alivio de la Deuda Multilateral y a nivel bilateral, la deuda y la suma correspondiente y al servicio de la deuda se han reducido drásticamente desde que alcanzaron su máximo nivel a mediados de la década de 1990. Aunque en África Subsahariana el total de la deuda externa alcanzó el 73% del producto interno bruto (PIB) en 1994, en 2010 se redujo al 21% del PIB[3], lo que liberó recursos y permitió que los países gastaran más en estrategias de reducción de la pobreza y para acelerar la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.",
"55. En el período comprendido entre julio de 2010 y junio de 2011, la deuda de cuatro países, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, la República Democrática del Congo y el Togo, se redujo significativamente gracias a la Iniciativa para los países pobres muy endeudados y la Iniciativa para el Alivio de la Deuda Multilateral. Al alcanzar el punto de culminación, la República Democrática del Congo recibió 12.300 millones de dólares en concepto de alivio de la deuda. Después de cumplir con los requisitos pendientes, Liberia alcanzó el punto de culminación en junio de 2010 y su deuda se redujo en 4.600 millones de dólares en valores nominales. En consecuencia, la deuda externa de Liberia se redujo al 15% del PIB. En diciembre de 2010, Guinea-Bissau recibió del Banco Mundial y el Fondo Monetario Internacional 1.200 millones de dólares en concepto de alivio de la deuda. Por último, en diciembre de 2010, al alcanzar el punto de culminación, la deuda externa del Togo se redujo en un 82%. En total, 26 países africanos han alcanzado ya el punto de culminación en la Iniciativa en favor de los países pobres muy endeudados y se han beneficiado del alivio de la deuda (véase el cuadro 1). Los miembros del Club de París contribuyeron significativamente al alivio de la deuda de los cuatro países acordando reducciones y cancelaciones de la deuda bilateral. La contribución de los miembros del Club de París al alivio de la deuda de estos cuatro países en el marco de la Iniciativa en favor de los países pobres muy endeudados representó más de 9.000 millones de dólares en valores nominales.",
"56. A pesar de estos avances, está aumentando la preocupación por la sostenibilidad de la deuda, en particular teniendo en cuenta los efectos duraderos de la crisis económica y financiera mundial y la mayor participación y cartera de préstamos de los donantes nuevos y emergentes en África. Según informes recientes, 9 de los 26 países africanos que se han beneficiado hasta ahora de la Iniciativa en favor de los países pobres muy endeudados y la Iniciativa para el Alivio de la Deuda Multilateral siguen sufriendo problemas de endeudamiento o están en riesgo de sufrirlos[4].",
"Cuadro 1",
"Beneficiarios actuales y potenciales de la Iniciativa en favor de los países pobres muy endeudados y la Iniciativa para el Alivio de la Deuda Multilateral",
"Situación Países",
"26 países han alcanzado Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Camerún, Congo, el punto de culminación Etiopía, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malí, Mauritania, Mozambique, Níger, República Centroafricana, República Democrática del Congo, República Unida de Tanzanía, Rwanda, Santo Tomé y Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leona, Togo, Uganda, Zambia",
"Cuatro países han Chad, Comoras, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea alcanzado el punto de decisión",
"Tres países no han Eritrea, Somalia, Sudán alcanzado el punto de decisión",
"Fuente: FMI, julio de 2011.",
"C. Inversión extranjera directa",
"57. Según la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD), la inversión extranjera directa recibida por África se redujo marcadamente en 2009, descendiendo a 59.000 millones de dólares frente al máximo histórico de 72.000 millones de dólares registrado en 2008, principalmente a causa de la crisis económica y financiera mundial. Las estimaciones preliminares de la UNCTAD para 2010 indican que la inversión extranjera directa en África disminuyó otro 14%, alcanzando los 50.000 millones de dólares[5].",
"58. La inversión extranjera directa disminuyó en todas las subregiones del continente, a excepción de África Central, que se benefició de las grandes inversiones hechas en Guinea Ecuatorial. En lo que respecta a la distribución sectorial, las inversiones en el sector manufacturero y el sector primario descendieron rápidamente durante la crisis, por lo que en 2009 el sector de los servicios pasó a ser el principal receptor de inversiones extranjeras directas en África. Gracias a la pronta recuperación de los precios internacionales de los productos básicos tras la crisis, se espera que en 2011 la inversión extranjera directa aumente en las industrias extractivas. De hecho, mientras que las inversiones “desde cero” se mantuvieron en niveles relativamente bajos en 2010, las fusiones y adquisiciones en las industrias extractivas crecieron.",
"59. A medida que disminuyen las inversiones realizadas por los socios tradicionales, los países emergentes van fortaleciendo su posición en África y su participación sigue creciendo de manera constante. Por ejemplo, la proporción de la inversión extranjera directa procedente de Asia aumentó desde un promedio del 6,7% entre 1995 y 1999 hasta el 15,2% entre 2000 y 2008.",
"60. Los países africanos también han seguido tratando de mejorar el clima de inversión con el fin de atraer inversiones extranjeras directas. A finales de 2008 habían concertado 715 tratados bilaterales de inversión para promover y proteger a los inversores extranjeros. Las comisiones económicas regionales también han llevado a cabo programas regionales de inversión[6]. El mayor esfuerzo realizado por África también se reflejó en un mejor desempeño según el informe del Banco Mundial titulado Doing Business 2011: Making a Difference for Entrepreneurs, en el que se evalúa el entorno de reglamentación de las empresas. En 2011, el informe incluye 3 países africanos entre las 10 economías que registraron un mayor avance. Los asociados para el desarrollo están apoyando este proceso, entre otras cosas mediante la Iniciativa para las inversiones en África de la NEPAD y la OCDE, que fortalece la capacidad de los países africanos para concebir y aplicar reformas que mejoren el clima empresarial.",
"D. Comercio",
"61. En el último año prácticamente no se realizaron avances en la Ronda de Doha de negociaciones comerciales para lograr un acuerdo sobre las cuestiones que afectan a África. Esto fue así a pesar de que, en la Cumbre celebrada en Seúl en noviembre de 2010, los líderes del G-20, se comprometieron a concluir la Ronda de Doha para finales de 2011, subrayando el papel fundamental del comercio en la recuperación de la economía mundial. Además, en las negociaciones sobre los acuerdos de asociación económica entre la Unión Europea y África se ha progresado muy poco. En la tercera Cumbre de África y la Unión Europea, celebrada en Libia en noviembre de 2010, ambas partes renovaron su compromiso de encontrar soluciones a las preocupaciones comunes que siguen existiendo con respecto a los acuerdos de asociación económica. Sin embargo, las negociaciones están estancadas.",
"62. Tras el segundo examen general de la iniciativa de ayuda para el comercio, realizado en 2009, los compromisos de la iniciativa con África aumentaron aún más y alcanzaron los 17.000 millones de dólares en 2009, lo que supone un aumento del 21% con respecto a 2008[7], y se centraron en la infraestructura y la capacidad productiva. El tercer examen general se llevará a cabo en 2011, con lo que se dará un impulso adicional a la iniciativa de ayuda para el comercio.",
"63. Los países africanos están intentando mejorar el bajo nivel de intercambio comercial dentro de África y, en la 16ª Cumbre de la Unión Africana, reafirmaron su compromiso de aumentar la integración. Los programas de infraestructura de la Unión Africana y la NEPAD hacen hincapié en la conectividad regional, y las comisiones económicas regionales siguen esforzándose para lograr una mayor integración comercial, principalmente mediante el acuerdo de libre comercio previsto entre el COMESA, la CAO y la SADC, con el objetivo final de establecer una sola unión aduanera. Las tres comunidades regionales apuntan a finalizar la primera fase de sus actividades de integración, el establecimiento de una zona de libre comercio, en el curso de los próximos tres años.",
"E. Cooperación Sur-Sur",
"64. La cooperación Sur-Sur está cobrando una importancia cada vez mayor para el desarrollo de África, complementando a la cooperación Norte-Sur. El rápido crecimiento del Brasil, China y la India y otras economías emergentes ha tenido efectos drásticos y en gran medida positivos en el continente, aumentando las corrientes de financiación, intercambio comercial y asistencia para el desarrollo. Tras la crisis financiera y económica mundial, los vínculos económicos y otros tipos de cooperación han ayudado a mitigar su impacto en la economía africana y han contribuido a que el continente retome la vía de la recuperación económica. El Consenso de Seúl sobre el Desarrollo para un Crecimiento Compartido del G-20 formalizó esta nueva función de las economías emergentes en la esfera mundial.",
"65. Tras la celebración de un exitoso foro sobre la cooperación entre China y África, otros países y regiones han procurado instituir estructuras formales para orientar su cooperación e interacción con África. Cabe mencionar, por ejemplo, el segundo Foro Internacional Viet Nam-África, que tuvo lugar en agosto de 2010, el Foro Irán-África, celebrado en septiembre de 2010, y la segunda Cumbre Afroárabe, organizada en Libia en octubre de 2010. En esta última, la Unión Africana y la Liga de los Estados Árabes aprobaron una estrategia de colaboración afroárabe destinada a crear una región integrada entre África y los países árabes y a impulsar una cooperación económica y política más estrecha.",
"66. En mayo de 2011, la India también intensificó su cooperación con África durante el segundo Foro África-India, celebrado en Etiopía con el tema titulado “Ampliación de la colaboración: visión de futuro compartida”. Se aprobó el Marco África-India de Promoción de la Cooperación para complementar el marco existente y propiciar una actualización del actual Plan de Acción conjunto que incorporaría un mecanismo de seguimiento. La India anunció que proporcionaría a África 5.000 millones de dólares durante los próximos tres años, dentro de las líneas de crédito destinadas a ayudar al continente a alcanzar sus objetivos de desarrollo, ofreciendo otros 700 millones de dólares para crear nuevas instituciones y programas de capacitación. El Foro también decidió institucionalizar el proceso de la cumbre.",
"67. A nivel mundial, en mayo de 2011, los Ministros del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados aprobaron en Indonesia un documento final exhaustivo en el que se esbozaba la visión de futuro compartida del Movimiento para los próximos 50 años y se hacía una declaración conmemorativa con ocasión del 50° aniversario del establecimiento del Movimiento. La declaración conmemorativa de Bali reafirmó la necesidad de ampliar e intensificar la cooperación Sur-Sur y mejorar la coordinación en la formulación de posiciones y estrategias comunes sobre cuestiones de desarrollo económico y social. En la declaración también se subrayó la necesidad de expandir la alianza mundial y de que la financiación para el desarrollo asegure la consecución de los objetivos de desarrollo convenidos internacionalmente teniendo en cuenta, entre otras cosas, las necesidades especiales de África.",
"F. Aldeas del Milenio",
"68. Durante el período que se examina, el proyecto Aldeas del Milenio siguió acelerando el avance hacia la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en diez ubicaciones de los países de África Subsahariana, beneficiando a unas 500.000 personas.",
"69. Los informes sobre la marcha de los trabajos publicados después de los tres primeros años de funcionamiento indican que el enfoque del proyecto es eficaz. El seguimiento y la evaluación rigurosos de nueve ubicaciones de investigación revelan que las cosechas medias de maíz se han triplicado y que los niveles de malnutrición crónica de los niños menores de 2 años se han reducido en un 43%. Se han establecido programas de alimentación escolar en todos los países y el 70% de los alumnos de la enseñanza primaria reciben una comida diaria en la escuela. Esto ha tenido un importante efecto positivo en la matriculación y la asistencia a la escuela.",
"70. Los resultados obtenidos en el sector de la salud indican que el acceso a las pruebas del VIH durante el embarazo se ha duplicado y que las tasas de partos en centros sanitarios mejoraron un 50% por término medio. El proyecto ha registrado una reducción en la prevalencia de la malaria de más del 80% y el uso de mosquiteros se multiplicó por siete. Aproximadamente el 75% de los niños ha sido inmunizado contra el sarampión y ha recibido suplementos de vitamina A en el curso de los seis últimos meses. El número de personas con acceso al agua potable se ha duplicado y el acceso a mejores servicios de saneamiento se ha triplicado.",
"71. Varios países están estudiando las lecciones extraídas del proyecto con el fin de elaborar estrategias nacionales para alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio basándose en este modelo integrado. En Ghana, Malí y Nigeria, los Gobiernos están desarrollando iniciativas ampliadas a nivel nacional en el contexto de los Objetivos sobre la base de la experiencia de las Aldeas del Milenio, en tanto que en Malawi y Uganda los resultados del proyecto se han utilizado en el debate general sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio mantenido a nivel gubernamental.",
"IV. Apoyo prestado por el sistema de las Naciones Unidas",
"Fortalecimiento del Mecanismo de Coordinación Regional de los organismos y organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas que trabajan en África en apoyo de la Unión Africana y su programa de la NEPAD y el sistema de grupos temáticos",
"72. Durante el período que se examina, el sistema de las Naciones Unidas siguió prestando apoyo técnico e institucional al programa de la NEPAD de la Unión Africana. El año pasado se constató un mayor alineamiento entre los programas de las diversas entidades de las Naciones Unidas y los de la Comisión de la Unión Africana, el Organismo de la NEPAD y las comisiones económicas regionales. El sistema de las Naciones Unidas ha participado intensamente en todos estos procesos de construcción institucional y diseño y ejecución de programas a nivel regional, subregional, nacional y comunitario.",
"73. El Mecanismo de Coordinación Regional registró importantes logros, como demuestra la mayor coordinación de los organismos y programas de las Naciones Unidas. En concreto, el concepto “Unidos en la acción” obtuvo una mayor aceptación y los organismos reconocieron la necesidad de adoptar un enfoque colectivo para apoyar la creación de capacidad en la Unión Africana.",
"74. En el 11º período de sesiones del Mecanismo de Coordinación Regional sobre el tema “Río+20”, celebrado en noviembre de 2010, se lograron importantes resultados, especialmente con respecto a la ejecución del programa decenal de fomento de la capacidad en la Unión Africana, que dio nuevos bríos a dicha ejecución. El examen del programa finalizó en 2010 y las principales conclusiones se incorporaron al informe del Secretario General (A/65/716-S/2011/54). En el informe se indica que existe un enorme apoyo al programa entre los miembros de la Comisión de la Unión Africana. También se pide que se refuerce la interacción con las comisiones económicas regionales y se señala la necesidad de aumentar la movilización de recursos para ejecutar el programa.",
"75. Se ha consolidado la reconfiguración de la secretaría del Mecanismo de Coordinación Regional, que pasó de estar dirigida esencialmente por las Naciones Unidas a ser una secretaría conjunta de las Naciones Unidas y la Unión Africana, y la Unión Africana está ejerciendo un liderazgo y control más efectivo en el Mecanismo. En la actualidad, la secretaría conjunta cuenta con personal propio tomado de la Comisión de la Unión Africana y la CEPA, que han seguido prestando coordinación estratégica y apoyo al Mecanismo. Se han reforzado los procesos de coordinación, especialmente tras el establecimiento de la dependencia de coordinación de la NEPAD en la oficina del Presidente de la Comisión de la Unión Africana. También ha mejorado la coordinación entre los grupos temáticos y dentro de ellos. En particular, el grupo temático de promoción y comunicaciones recabó la participación de representantes de los medios informativos africanos en el segundo diálogo regional de los medios de comunicación de África, celebrado en Lesotho en junio de 2011, y aprobó la Declaración de Maseru para ampliar su función de promoción de las prioridades de desarrollo de la Unión Africana y la NEPAD.",
"76. El Grupo de Trabajo Interinstitucional sobre África, establecido por la Oficina del Asesor Especial para África en la Sede, ha seguido brindando un marco eficaz para que los organismos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas compartan conocimientos y experiencias. En particular, el Grupo de Trabajo se ha ocupado activamente de proporcionar aportes y sugerencias para la preparación de los informes del Secretario General.",
"V. Conclusiones y recomendaciones",
"77. En el último año se han registrado avances en la ejecución de los proyectos de la NEPAD y en la puesta en marcha del Mecanismo de examen entre los propios países africanos, así como un aumento la AOD y la ayuda para el comercio destinada a los países de África. A pesar de estos avances, siguen existiendo problemas fundamentales en la aplicación de la NEPAD. Dado que este año se celebra el décimo aniversario de la Alianza, los países africanos deben seguir ejecutando los proyectos de la NEPAD, asignándoles más recursos y promoviendo el desarrollo del sector privado, mientras que los asociados para el desarrollo deben adoptar medidas urgentemente para cumplir los compromisos asumidos con respecto a África.",
"78. El décimo aniversario de la NEPAD podría ser un punto de inflexión en el cumplimiento de sus prioridades sectoriales. Esto requerirá voluntad y el liderazgo para concretar en acciones y resultados normativos el concepto de desarrollo y los compromisos internacionales de África. Diez años después de la aprobación de la NEPAD, la opción de mantener las prácticas habituales no debería ser viable. Las siguientes recomendaciones podrían servir de punto de partida.",
"79. El documento fundacional de la NEPAD subraya la necesidad de una alianza entre los gobiernos de África y sus propios pueblos, incluidos el sector privado y la sociedad civil. Se han realizado grandes avances para dar mayor cabida a la participación civil. Ahora los países africanos deben aprovechar el impulso y seguir fortaleciendo los mecanismos de participación, inclusión y empoderamiento de todos los sectores de la sociedad en los procesos políticos y de desarrollo.",
"80. Dado que el sector privado es un asociado fundamental en la aplicación de la NEPAD, los países africanos deberían establecer un entorno favorable para las empresas mejorando aún más el clima de inversiones. Los países africanos también deben seguir realizando reformas institucionales apropiadas para atraer capital privado y forjar alianzas entre el sector público y el privado con miras a financiar proyectos de infraestructura.",
"81. Habida cuenta de la importancia que tiene el desarrollo agrícola para garantizar la seguridad de los alimentos y hacer frente a las crisis alimentarias recurrentes, los países africanos deberían esforzarse por alcanzar la meta fijada en la Declaración de Maputo de asignar el 10% de los presupuestos nacionales al sector agrícola y al desarrollo rural y asegurar una mejor gobernanza para gestionar los recursos asignados de manera eficaz.",
"82. Las mujeres africanas representan la esperanza, la fortaleza y la oportunidad de África. Los países africanos deberían avanzar más allá de las políticas y los planes y pasar a la ejecución, incluso priorizando las acciones encaminadas a alcanzar los objetivos del Decenio de la Mujer Africana 2010-2020.",
"83. Dado que el examen entre los propios países africanos se ha realizado en 14 países, los gobiernos deberían ejecutar los programas de acción acordados y aplicar las recomendaciones de los informes del Mecanismo de examen. El proceso de examen podría ser más rápido para acelerar la tasa de finalización de los países que ya han iniciado su proceso de examen.",
"84. Los países africanos deberían integrar las cuestiones relacionadas con el cambio climático en la planificación y gestión económica tanto a nivel nacional como regional e incorporar la política ambiental a los sectores productivos, y los asociados internacionales deberían prestar apoyo a sus medidas de mitigación y adaptación. Los países africanos deberían seguir participando en el proceso preparatorio de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible (Río+20) que se celebrará en 2012, cuyos resultados afectarán el futuro del crecimiento sostenible del continente.",
"85. Muchos países y organizaciones que no son miembros del Comité de Asistencia para el Desarrollo de la OCDE están asumiendo un papel cada vez más importante como asociados para el desarrollo de los países africanos. Por lo tanto, con el fin de mejorar la eficacia de la ayuda, es necesario propiciar la participación de los asociados nuevos y emergentes que no son miembros del Comité. El cuarto Foro de Alto Nivel sobre la Eficacia de la Ayuda, que se celebrará próximamente en Busan (República de Corea), podría ser la plataforma adecuada. En el Foro de Alto Nivel, los asociados para el desarrollo deberían tener en cuenta la posición de África, el Consenso de Túnez, en el que se exhorta a avanzar más allá de la eficacia de la ayuda para centrarse en la eficacia del desarrollo, con el objetivo final de reducir la dependencia de la ayuda y promover la autosuficiencia.",
"86. La AOD y la inversión extranjera directa pueden contribuir al crecimiento de África. Los asociados para el desarrollo deberían adoptar medidas urgentes y colectivas para aumentar sustancialmente los desembolsos de la ayuda, con el fin de cumplir su compromiso de duplicar la asistencia ofrecida a África. También deberían mantener la tendencia al alza de las inversiones extranjeras directas en África.",
"87. Habida cuenta de la elevada tasa de desempleo juvenil en África, los asociados para el desarrollo deberían alcanzar la conclusión, largamente postergada, de la Ronda de Doha de negociaciones comerciales multilaterales, con sus dimensiones de desarrollo, dado que esto aumentaría el comercio internacional y podría mejorar las posibilidades de crear de puestos de trabajo.",
"88. En la esfera del VIH/SIDA, los asociados para el desarrollo deberían seguir apoyando el fortalecimiento de los sistemas nacionales de salud, la infraestructura de investigación y la capacidad de los laboratorios, y ampliar los sistemas de vigilancia, con el fin de mejorar las medidas orientadas a mitigar el impacto de la epidemia, como se indica en la Declaración Política sobre el VIH/SIDA de junio de 2011.",
"89. La iniciativa de ayuda para el comercio es un mecanismo efectivo para ayudar a los países africanos a superar las limitaciones de la oferta y beneficiarse del mayor acceso a los mercados. Las medidas de esta iniciativa deberían complementar y no sustituir las destinadas a mejorar el acceso a los mercados de las exportaciones africanas y fortalecer la contribución del continente al comercio mundial.",
"90. A pesar de que los costos del servicio de la deuda han disminuido gracias a diversas iniciativas bilaterales y multilaterales de reducción de la deuda, varios países africanos están experimentando dificultades que podrían afectar la sostenibilidad respecto de su endeudamiento. Con el fin de mantener la sostenibilidad en la deuda, los asociados para el desarrollo deberían asegurar que los países que cumplan los requisitos para la reducción de la deuda obtengan un alivio total la deuda de todos los acreedores, incluidos los acreedores comerciales, y disuadir a los acreedores que no pertenecen al Club de París de emprender acciones judiciales contra los países pobres muy endeudados.",
"[1] Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), Banco Africano de Desarrollo, Comisión Económica para África (CEPA) y Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, African Economic Outlook (París, OCDE, 2011).",
"[2] Naciones Unidas, The Global Partnership for Development: Time to Deliver, informe del Grupo de Tareas sobre el Desfase en el Logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (Nueva York, se publicará en 2011).",
"[3] Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI), base de datos World Economic Outlook, abril de 2011.",
"[4] Africa Progress Panel, The Transformative Power of Partnerships, Africa Progress Report 2011 (Ginebra, 2011).",
"[5] Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo, “Global investment trends monitor No. 5”, enero de 2011, disponible en http://www.unctad.org/en/docs//webdiaeia20111_en.pdf.",
"[6] CEPA y OCDE, The Mutual Review of Development Effectiveness in Africa: 2011 Interim Report (2011), disponible en http://www.uneca.org/gpad/publications/mdre2011/MRDE%202011_Interim_EN.pdf.",
"[7] Ibid."
] | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"* A/66/150.",
"Item 63 (a) of the provisional agenda*",
"New Partnership for Africa’s Development: progress in implementation and international support",
"New Partnership for Africa’s Development: ninth consolidated progress report on implementation and international support",
"Report of the Secretary-General",
"Summary",
"The present report, mandated by General Assembly resolution A/65/284, coincides with the tenth anniversary of the adoption by African leaders of the flagship programme of the African Union, the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD). The report assesses progress achieved in implementing NEPAD projects and programmes and the support provided by the international community. It also coincides with renewed attention being paid to Africa’s development needs, as evidenced by the significant commitments made following the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals in 2010, the adoption of both the Istanbul Programme of Action at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries and the implementation framework for the recommendations of the Millennium Development Goals Africa Steering Group to accelerate progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Africa. This renewed attention reflects the fact that African countries still face challenges in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.",
"In this context, while highlighting the fact that African countries have made progress in implementing NEPAD, the report reiterates the need for allocation of more resources to NEPAD sectoral priorities and for appropriate reforms to further encourage the private sector in partnership projects and promote public-private partnerships for the financing of infrastructure projects. To further strengthen international cooperation for development and facilitate the implementation of NEPAD, development partners should take urgent steps to successfully conclude the Doha Round of trade negotiations with its development dimension, deliver on aid commitments and improve aid effectiveness. Ten years after the adoption of NEPAD, the option of “business as usual” should not be an alternative as it would lead to broken promises and further delay the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and the implementation of NEPAD.",
"Contents",
"Page\nI.Introduction 4II. Action 4 taken by African countries and \norganizations \nA.Infrastructure 4B.Agriculture 6 and food \nsecurity \nC.Health 7D. Education 8 and \ntraining E.Environment 8 and \ntourism F.Information 10 and communications \ntechnology G.Science 11 and \ntechnology H.Gender 11 mainstreaming, empowerment of women and civil society \nparticipation I.African 12 Peer Review \nMechanism III.Response 13 of the international community: building on the momentum of international support for Africa’s \ndevelopment A.Official 14 development \nassistance B.Debt 16 \nrelief C.Foreign 17 direct \ninvestment \nD. Trade 18E.South-South 19 \ncooperation F.Millennium 19 \nVillages IV.Support 20 provided by the United Nations \nsystem Strengtheningof 20 the Regional CoordinationMechanismofUnited Nations agencies andorganizations workinginAfricain supportof the AfricanUnion and itsNEPADprogramme and the \nclustersystem V.Conclusions 21 and \nrecommendations",
"I. Introduction",
"1. In its resolution 65/284, entitled “New Partnership for Africa’s Development: progress in implementation and international support”, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a comprehensive report on the implementation of the resolution to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. The present report responds to that request.",
"2. The report highlights the policy measures taken by African countries and organizations in the implementation of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), the response of the international community and support provided by the United Nations system during the past year. The activities undertaken by the private sector and civil society in support of NEPAD are also highlighted. The report has benefited from information provided by Member States, the African Union Commission, the African Development Bank (AfDB), the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency (NEPAD Agency), the African Peer Review Mechanism secretariat, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and a number of entities of the United Nations system.",
"II. Action taken by African countries and organizations",
"3. NEPAD, which was adopted in July 2001 in Lusaka by African leaders, is both a collective vision and a strategic development framework for Africa. Its main objective is to generate broad-based and equitable economic growth that allows Africa to reduce poverty and better integrate into the global economy. Translating this vision into action requires implementation of the key sectoral priorities of NEPAD. To a large extent, the move from a framework to an operational blueprint depends on the resolve of each country. Within the NEPAD context, each country is expected to design its own national blueprint consistent with NEPAD goals and assume responsibility for implementing NEPAD programmes at the national level. In addition, the regional economic communities, which are the core institutions for Africa’s economic integration, play a leading role in implementing projects at the subregional level.",
"A. Infrastructure",
"4. Efforts in the past 12 months in this sector have focused on power, transport and water. The establishment of the NEPAD Agency and its integration into the structures and processes of the African Union has led to strengthened coherence and coordination of development efforts. For example, the NEPAD Agency and the African Union Commission Infrastructure and Energy Department have developed a joint work programme, and adopted a joint priority infrastructure project for 2010-2015, drawn from the African Union/NEPAD African Action Plan. The main objective of the Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa, which was endorsed at the fourteenth African Union Summit in February 2010, is to develop a vision for Africa’s infrastructure development based on the continent’s strategic objectives and sector policies. It provides a coherent framework for regional and continental infrastructure development (transport, energy, water and information and communications technology).",
"5. Following the successful implementation of the short-term action plan, the NEPAD Agency, in collaboration with AfDB, launched a third review of the action plan. According to the review, the action plan contributed to the development of regional infrastructure with an estimated investment of $5.6 billion between 2002 and 2008, accounting for 69 per cent of the original short-term action plan investment envelope. Since 2004, of the 103 projects that have been reviewed, 70 per cent have achieved some progress and 15 per cent have reached project completion point.",
"6. In an effort to streamline its activities and ensure effective coordination and collaboration in programme and project implementation, the NEPAD Agency concluded a memorandum of understanding with the African Forum for Utility Regulators in March 2010. The Forum is an initiative established by the NEPAD founding document with the aim of establishing and fostering cooperation among utility regulators on the African continent in support of Africa’s growth and socio‑economic development. Its primary focus pertains to the regulation of infrastructure (communications, energy, transport, water and sanitation). Cooperation between the Forum and the Agency is aimed at building and strengthening existing partnership arrangements in relation to infrastructure development in Africa.",
"7. In the air transport sector, efforts have also continued to promote the safety and efficiency of air travel on the continent through the full implementation of the Yamoussoukro Declaration on a new African civil aviation policy. The NEPAD Agency and the African Civil Aviation Commission have also agreed on a memorandum of understanding to be signed this year, whereby the Agency will support the Commission in the mobilization of resources for the development of civil aviation in Africa and in undertaking its new role as the executing agency for the Yamoussoukro Declaration.",
"8. The NEPAD Agency continues to play an active role in the implementation of the Africa-Republic of Korea infrastructure project, an initiative of the Korea Institute for Development Strategy. Accordingly, the Agency supported the visit of an 18-member team of experts to Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia, seeking pipeline investment projects in transportation and energy. The Agency is also following up on the outcome of the Republic of Korea-Africa investment conference on infrastructure and energy development held in Seoul in December 2009. Infrastructure projects from Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, South Africa, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia are being promoted to investors from the Republic of Korea.",
"9. In the area of regional integration and infrastructure, the NEPAD Agency has been facilitating the implementation of seven regional projects within the framework of the African Union-NEPAD Presidential Infrastructure Champion Initiative, as endorsed at the sixteenth session of the Assembly of the African Union.",
"10. In the water and sanitation sector, efforts have been focused on building and strengthening capacity in programme development and implementation through leveraging partnerships. In this regard, the NEPAD Agency and WaterAid (a water and sanitation non-governmental organization based in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) have agreed that WaterAid will provide short-term consultants to the Agency to develop and implement its programmes and in return the Agency will consider hosting the WaterAid programme of activities for Southern Africa within its infrastructure unit. The two sides further agreed to work together in undertaking regional and continental water and sanitation programmes and projects.",
"B. Agriculture and food security",
"11. Agriculture is the mainstay of many African economies and thus crucial to Africa’s long-term socio-economic growth and sustainable development. Progress on the implementation of commitments under the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) at both country and regional levels continued during the period under review with an increasing number of countries designing programmes to deliver on the 6 per cent agricultural productivity target. Of the 26 countries that have signed their national CAADP compacts, 20 have prepared or finalized their national investment plans and presented them to an independent technical review organized by the Agency, and are now working on financing and implementation modalities.",
"12. Progress has been most notable in meeting the target of 10 per cent of the budget invested in agriculture as set out in the Maputo Declaration. Ten countries have now met the target, compared to only five countries in 2009, and nine countries have invested between 5 and 10 per cent of the budget.",
"13. There has also been noticeable progress on the implementation of regional CAADP compacts. The Commission of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the only regional economic commission to sign a regional CAADP compact, has allocated $150 million from its own resources to finance a five-year plan. This represents 16 per cent of the overall cost of the regional plan. Similarly, development partners have also responded positively, with Spain allocating €240 million over three years, of which two thirds have already been disbursed through the World Bank.",
"14. The implementation of CAADP has brought additional benefits to beneficiary countries. Firstly, countries are embracing and providing for evidence-based analysis and planning and reviewing strategies and programmes, which is translating into the development of quality investment programmes. Secondly, countries are getting better access to locally acceptable tools and mechanisms, allowing for greater inclusiveness, more public and inclusive review of development policies and government openness to engage non-State actors as equal partners. Thirdly, it has led to an improved engagement with development partners and fourthly, it has greatly helped in providing framework and national priorities around which to harmonize and coordinate development aid support.",
"15. At the regional level, progress has been made in the implementation of the West Africa fisheries policy pilot project, involving Ghana and Sierra Leone. The project is supporting major World Bank investments in the fisheries sectors in Ghana and Sierra Leone. These countries are beneficiaries of two related International Development Association (IDA) investments totalling $90 to $100 million. An additional $57.8 million has been allocated to Ghana and Guinea-Bissau by the World Bank ($52 million), the Global Environmental Facility ($4 million) and the Partnership for African Fisheries ($1.8 million) as part of the first phase of the West African Regional Fisheries Programme.",
"16. These investments are strategic for NEPAD and the Partnership for African Fisheries in three ways: (a) NEPAD takes the lead in defining the policy, regulatory and management framework within which fisheries investments should take place; (b) they support the alignment of fisheries within the CAADP framework, i.e. to ensure that fisheries contribute more effectively and sustainably to the 6 per cent annual growth target and to food security; and (c) this constitutes the critical post-CAADP compact response to support countries which have completed their CAADP compact for formulating investment programmes in fisheries.",
"17. The implementation of the Partnership for African Fisheries has been important for the beneficiary countries in several respects: (a) its inputs have been critical in leveraging the financial investment of the World Bank and reducing the time it takes to complete the programme development cycle from 18 to 6 months; and (b) its active and important role in mobilizing local expertise for the formulation of the investment programme has enhanced the local ownership of the programmes.",
"C. Health",
"18. The NEPAD Agency has continued to pursue the key NEPAD objectives of improving health-care systems in Africa, increasing the number of trained health workers, and ensuring the availability of affordable, safe and effective medicine for all Africans. To achieve the latter goal, NEPAD is leading the African Medicines Regulatory Harmonization Initiative, which mobilizes financial and technical resources, advocates for policy and legislative reviews of the regulation of medicines, and coordinates existing capacity-building initiatives for regulation, with the aim of increasing harmonization of the regulation of medicines. NEPAD coordinates a consortium consisting of the World Health Organization (WHO), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Clinton Foundation and the Department for International Development of the United Kingdom in implementing the Initiative and has so far received six project proposals from regional economic commissions for achieving harmonization at the regional level. The NEPAD Agency, in consultation with the regional economic commissions, has finalized the situation analysis of the regulation and harmonization of medicines in the East African Community (EAC), Southern African Development Community (SADC) and ECOWAS regions and will disseminate lessons learned from the review process to African countries and the commissions.",
"19. Through the Initiative, the NEPAD Agency is working with stakeholders and partners to address the poor regulation of African pharmaceutical markets as a main component of promotion and protection of public health, since it contributes to ensuring that patients access high-quality, safe and effective medicines. As such, the Agency is collaborating with the Pan-African Parliament Committee on Health, Labour and Social Affairs to raise awareness of and advocate for the Initiative on the continent. Furthermore, the implementation framework for the Initiative was endorsed by the African Union Conference of Ministers of Health in April 2011 in Namibia.",
"20. The NEPAD Agency has continued to play a key role in addressing the health workforce crisis in Africa. In this context, the African Platform on Human Resources for Health, chaired by the Agency, completed a needs assessment study of sub-Saharan African medical schools to provide a strong knowledge base for future action. The findings of the study will guide the collaboration between WHO and the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief in their efforts to scale up the transformative education of doctors and nurses, in line with the commitment of the Emergency Plan to support the training of more than 100,000 new health professionals in Africa.",
"21. Progress is being made in working with Research for Health Africa to achieve health and equity, reduce poverty and contribute to the socio-economic development of African countries. To date, Mozambique, Senegal and the United Republic of Tanzania have chosen to participate in the Research for Health Africa initiative. Senegal and the United Republic of Tanzania have agreed to use the initiative and its web portal to manage their national research into health information systems. The NEPAD Agency is also designing a programme to provide technical support to the regional economic commissions to develop comprehensive sanitary and phytosanitary policy frameworks, as well as strategies for staple crops. In particular, it will address issues of regional market integration.",
"D. Education and training",
"22. The NEPAD Agency has continued to promote human resource development for nurses and midwives in Africa, through negotiations with the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania for deployment of graduate nurses and midwives in rural communities, using mobile clinics. The Agency has also developed a programme which aims to upgrade the education and qualifications of nurses and midwives in three countries within the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS). In Southern Africa, a group of six universities with established clinical master’s degrees in nursing and midwifery has formed a consortium, which will cooperate to develop and offer both undergraduate and master’s degree programmes in nursing and midwifery in three host universities in the ECCAS region. At the same time they will assist regulatory bodies in the three countries and work with the Ministries of Health to develop career plans which make provision for the recognition, utilization and reward of such nurses and midwives in the public sector. In addition, the NEPAD Agency has prioritized forestry education, with submissions made to the Government of Sweden to provide funding for a workshop to finalize the programme for postgraduate studies in forestry education.",
"23. The project to establish a regional centre for mathematics, science and technology education is being pursued through redoubled efforts to engage the Governments of Gabon and South Africa to support the launch of the centre in Gabon. Three countries (Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Mozambique) have submitted proposals for funding teacher development through open and distance learning to the African Renaissance and International Cooperation Fund in South Africa.",
"E. Environment and tourism",
"24. Seven years after the adoption of the NEPAD Action Plan for the Environment, progress has been recorded in the development of subregional environment action plans for the regions and countries represented by ECCAS, ECOWAS, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, SADC, and the Arab Maghreb Union. This has enabled national action plans to be developed in five countries. Furthermore, capacity has been built in the implementation of the Action Plan for the Environment at national and subregional levels. The Plan has also provided support to African countries in enhancing implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. Similar support has been provided in the execution of the biodiversity and desertification aspects of the national action plans. In this regard, policy goals have been set and a framework developed to guide discussions on issues such as access and benefit sharing, sustainable forest management, alien invasive species, and integrated marine and coastal management. The Plan has also provided the framework for implementation of the Framework Convention on Climate Change at the regional level. The NEPAD Agency, in collaboration with the African Union Commission and the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment, has initiated a process to review the implementation of the environment action plans.",
"25. The NEPAD Agency is currently preparing a programme proposal entitled “Climate change adaptation and mitigation programme: responding to climate change using science, technology and innovation”. As part of an ongoing programme of integrating youth empowerment into NEPAD programmes, the process of engaging youth in climate change has started. This will be undertaken through the African Young Scientists Initiative on Climate Change, which will have its secretariat hosted at North-West University, South Africa. The aim of the Young Scientists Initiative is to create awareness and elicit the proactive engagement of youth in climate change issues and activities. A launch for the initiative is planned for mid-August 2011 on the theme: “Promoting the role of African indigenous knowledge systems in climate change adaptation and mitigation”.",
"26. Within the framework of the African Union-NEPAD Africa Regional Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction and the programme of action for its implementation, efforts are being made to integrate disaster risk reduction into poverty reduction and sustainable development initiatives. The extended programme of action for the implementation of the Africa Regional Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction for the period 2006 to 2015 was presented and adopted at the second African Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction. In addition, the African Advisory Group on Disaster Risk Reduction was re-established specifically to advise and support national platforms, as well as subregional and regional authorities, in the implementation of disaster risk reduction initiatives in Africa.",
"27. As a development catalyst, tourism development can generate a positive spillover effect on other sectors, as well as sharing the development cost. The African Union Commission and the NEPAD Agency are actively working in partnership with national, regional, continental and global organizations to promote a comprehensive programme of regional integration in the tourism sector. Moreover, recognizing the opportunities and challenges the tourism industry presents to Africa, a number of African countries have developed tourism master plans with the assistance of the United Nations World Tourism Organization and other development partners.",
"F. Information and communications technology",
"28. Following a decision taken at the fifteenth session of the NEPAD Heads of State and Government Orientation Committee in July 2010 in Uganda, the NEPAD e-Africa Commission was replaced by the NEPAD e-Africa Programme to drive the information and communications technology priority sector, in line with the new strategic orientation of the NEPAD Agency.",
"29. The NEPAD e-Africa Programme, tasked with developing policies, strategies and projects at continental level for the development of information and communications technology throughout Africa, has continued to advance the implementation of its key initiatives: the NEPAD information and communications technology broadband infrastructure network for Africa and the NEPAD e-Schools initiative. Efforts to extend the enabling environment of the NEPAD information and communications technology broadband infrastructure network across the continent were enhanced by the organization of several regional and national stakeholder workshops on the Kigali Protocol held in Cairo for North Africa and in the Gambia, Senegal, Nigeria and Djibouti for local stakeholders.",
"30. Progress was registered in implementation of the Uhurunet submarine cable. The construction and maintenance agreement and the supply contract for the Africa Coast to Europe (ACE)/Uhurunet cable were signed in France in June 2010. This segment of the Uhurunet cable will stretch from France to South Africa and will connect all countries on the west coast of Africa. Baharicom, the company charged with development of the Uhurunet submarine cable ring around Africa has been making efforts to raise equity and debt and meet the payment schedule of the supply contract.",
"31. Regarding the Umojanet cross-border terrestrial network, two business plans were completed. The first, completed in July 2010, covered 10 countries in Eastern and Southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe) and the second, completed in September 2010, covered 12 countries in West and Central Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Mali, the Niger, Nigeria and Togo).",
"32. In January 2011, the sixteenth African Union Summit endorsed the selection by the Technical Committee of the Presidential Infrastructure Championship Initiative of the African Union-NEPAD information and communications technology broadband infrastructure projects Uhurunet, Umojanet and the information and communications technology fibre-optic link along the proposed Nigeria-Niger-Algeria gas pipeline.",
"33. On the NEPAD e-Schools initiative, the NEPAD Agency has been working on modalities for closure of the demonstration phase of the initiative. Eighty demonstrations of NEPAD e-Schools have been implemented in 16 African countries. Each school in the demonstration project was equipped with a computer laboratory containing at least 20 personal computers, as well as a server and networking infrastructure and peripheral devices such as scanners, electronic whiteboards and printers. The schools were connected to the Internet to enable them to communicate with the rest of the world. The Agency has signed a memorandum of understanding with the Internet Society to develop the capacity of key African stakeholders in the area of Internet governance.",
"G. Science and technology",
"34. Notable achievements of the African Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators Initiative to date are the establishment of focal points to spearhead the production of science, technology and innovation indicators at national level, capacity-building in science, technology and innovation data collection and publication of the African Innovation Outlook 2010, the first in a series of publications to inform the public about science, technology and innovation activities in African countries. This was launched in Ethiopia in May 2011 and contains the results of research and development surveys. It is expected to generate a debate to enrich the process of collecting better quality data. The NEPAD Agency and the Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators Initiative are also supporting the African Union Commission in establishing the African Observatory on Science, Technology and Innovation. A host country agreement has been signed with Equatorial Guinea and the Observatory will play the main role in coordination, data collection, and training, as well as dissemination of information on science, technology and innovation activities in Africa.",
"35. The African Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators Initiative programme has successfully completed its first phase in 19 African Union Commission member countries, designed to serve as a learning mechanism for mutual learning and knowledge sharing in conducting research and development and innovation surveys. As a result, guidelines for such surveys have been developed and adopted in participating countries. The measurement of science, technology and innovation as a support tool for policy formulation and implementation has opened up areas for further research and debate. Participating countries are collaborating on these matters and building a community of practice which will ensure that Africa speaks with one voice.",
"36. In November 2010, the Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa hub facilities were officially launched in Kenya. With financial support from Canada, the NEPAD Agency has constructed world-class laboratory facilities for scientists in Eastern and Central Africa. They will provide these scientists with the opportunity to carry out cutting edge research in the area of life sciences to address the challenges that face farmers in increasing agricultural productivity. Recently, the African Biosafety Network of Expertise was set up as a continent-wide service network managed by African staff with multidisciplinary expertise in biosafety systems. Since its inception, the Network has been providing training and science-based information to African regulators of agricultural biotechnology in order to help countries make informed decisions.",
"H. Gender mainstreaming, empowerment of women and civil society participation",
"37. The NEPAD Agency is working on the implementation of business incubators for African women entrepreneurs in the regional economic commissions. Currently, the aim is to finance pilot projects on business incubation for two selected regional commissions, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and ECOWAS, with a budget of €1 million. The plan is to build upon this experience to roll it out to five other regional commissions. A memorandum of understanding was signed between the NEPAD Agency and COMESA in May 2010. The project was presented to the fourth meeting of Ministers responsible for gender and women’s affairs, who took a decision to start the identification of women entrepreneurs and partner institutions. Subsequently, a technical consultation took place with COMESA and the Federation of National Associations of Women in Business in Eastern and Southern Africa (FEMCOM), and it was agreed that a World Bank initiative on business incubation will assist in disseminating lessons learned globally and in Africa.",
"38. The NEPAD Agency has embarked on strategic alliances with United Nations system agencies, such as the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) and the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN‑Women), in critical areas such as rural women, the economic empowerment of African women, knowledge generation and dissemination. Alongside preparation of the second call for proposals, the NEPAD/Spanish Fund for African Women’s Empowerment undertook monitoring and evaluation of ongoing projects and closure of projects funded within the first call for proposals. The second phase of the Fund, which covers the period 2011 to 2013, represents the consolidation of the NEPAD programme on the empowerment of women in Africa.",
"39. The Fund has contributed to the promotion of gender mainstreaming and the development of essential tools for poverty alleviation, including increased numbers of women and girls trained in economically viable vocational skills. It has also assisted in the creation of employment opportunities through public and private partnerships, in skills development for women leaders in business and civil society and capacity-building in the use of information and communications technology in an effort to narrow the digital gap. The Fund has also supported the creation of income-generating activities for women through support for agroprocessing (45 machines) and business management training (600 women entrepreneurs).",
"I. African Peer Review Mechanism",
"40. The African Peer Review Mechanism has continued to strengthen its position as an instrument for advancing good governance and socio-economic development in Africa. Liberia officially joined the Mechanism at the African Peer Review Forum in January 2011. As of the end of July 2011, according to information provided by its secretariat, 30 countries had joined the Mechanism through signing the memorandum of understanding, namely: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, the Sudan, the United Republic of Tanzania, Togo, Uganda and Zambia. The membership of the Mechanism represents more than 76 per cent of the population of Africa.",
"41. Mauritius and Ethiopia were peer-reviewed during the thirteenth and fourteenth Summits of the African Peer Review Forum, respectively. As of the end of July 2011, 14 countries had been peer-reviewed: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa and Uganda. Other countries are at various stages of the review process: Sierra Leone and Zambia received a country review mission in February and May 2011, respectively, the United Republic of Tanzania will be reviewed in the second half of 2011 and Ghana and Kenya are also poised for a second-cycle periodic review.",
"42. The countries reviewed have also made progress in the implementation of their respective national programmes of action arising from the review process. To that end, the fourteenth Summit of the Forum, held in Addis Ababa in January 2011, reviewed progress reports on the implementation of the national programmes of Lesotho, Nigeria and South Africa, while the fifteenth Summit, held in Malabo in June 2011, reviewed progress reports on the implementation of the national programmes of Benin and Burkina Faso.",
"43. In order to streamline and fast-track the peer review process, some of the existing tools have been revised. For instance, the master questionnaire was revised and validated in March 2011 at a stakeholder workshop in Johannesburg and is now due to be reviewed by the Forum at its sixteenth Summit in Ethiopia in January 2012, after a thorough review by the Mechanism focal points, as directed by the Forum at its fifteenth Summit.",
"44. The Mechanism has continued to receive support from its three strategic partners, AfDB, ECA and the United Nations Development Programme. That support has included participation in country review missions and other forms of technical and financial assistance. In this regard, AfDB has continued to provide a grant to support the project to streamline and fast-track the African Peer Review Mechanism process. The aims of the project include revising and improving instruments and processes and strengthening the capacity of the staff of the secretariat of the Mechanism. ECA has also been instrumental in enhancing research on and knowledge of the Mechanism through a study on diversity management entitled “Findings from the African Peer Review Mechanism and a framework for analysis and policymaking”, and by organizing workshops to raise awareness of the Mechanism and harmonize the national programmes of action and other national plans into a common medium-term expenditure framework.",
"III. Response of the international community: building on the momentum of international support for Africa’s development",
"45. Africa has rebounded from the global economic and financial crisis despite the slowdown in the pace of the global economic recovery. In 2010, Africa grew by 4.9 per cent on average, up from 3.1 per cent in 2009.[1] However, this recovery is fraught with uncertainty, related to both the fragile global economic outlook and political instability in the subregions. In addition, Africa still lags behind other regions with regard to progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals, in particular goals related to child and maternal mortality and access to sanitation and clean water.",
"46. For this reason, development partners need to fully deliver on their commitments to continue their support for Africa aimed at achieving the development agenda for the continent, including the implementation of NEPAD priorities. The Group of 8 (G-8) countries made historic commitments to increase aid to Africa at the Gleneagles Summit in 2005, but have so far fallen short on these promises. The G-8 summit held in France in 2011 saw a reaffirmation of the Gleneagles commitments. In late 2010, the Group of 20 also launched its development initiative, the Seoul Development Consensus for Shared Growth, which puts more emphasis on promoting economic growth through infrastructure development and job creation. Lastly, the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, held in September 2010 in New York, adopted a global action plan to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by their target date and devoted special attention to Africa.",
"47. The uncertain economic outlook for Africa’s traditional development partners and the reduced fiscal space they are facing seem to indicate that non-traditional donors could gain further importance in the coming years. This includes both emerging economies as well as non-State actors, such as private foundations and philanthropists. Given the tightening of aid budgets in OECD countries in the aftermath of the global financial and economic crisis and its negative impact on aid disbursement, the fourth High-level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Busan, Republic of Korea, in November and December 2011 will be an opportune moment for development partners to reaffirm their commitment to both aid quantity and effectiveness, as enshrined in the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the Accra Agenda for Action.",
"48. The Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in May 2011 in Turkey, adopted the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020 and the Istanbul Declaration. The objective of the Programme of Action is to ensure sustained economic growth and poverty reduction with a view to enabling half the number of least developed countries to graduate from the least developed country category by 2020. The Programme of Action identifies eight priority areas: productive capacity, including infrastructure, energy, science and technology and private sector development; agriculture, food security and rural development; trade; commodities; human and social development, including women’s empowerment; addressing the impact of multiple crises and emerging challenges, such as climate change and sustainability; mobilizing financial resources for development and capacity-building; and good governance at all levels. Given that 33 out of the 48 least developed countries are in Africa, the implementation of the Programme of Action would go a long way to addressing the development challenges facing the continent.",
"A. Official development assistance",
"49. According to OECD, total official development assistance (ODA) from all donors reached $128 billion in 2009. Of this, $48 billion went to Africa, which represents an annual increase of 11.7 per cent in real terms over 2008 (see figure I below). In 2010, bilateral aid to Africa, not counting disbursements by multilateral agencies, rose by 3.6 per cent in real terms as compared to 2009 and reached $29.3 billion in 2010. Despite these increases, ODA continues to fall short of pledges made by the G-8 countries at the 2005 Gleneagles Summit, where they committed to increasing total ODA to Africa by $25 billion. The Millennium Development Goals Gap Task Force estimates that there is a delivery gap of $18 billion and that Africa received $46 billion of total ODA from OECD Development Assistance Committee donors in 2010, which falls significantly short of the Gleneagles commitment of $64 billion.[2]",
"Figure I Total official development assistance from all donors",
"(Billions of current United States dollars)",
"Source: Based on OECD/Development Assistance Committee online database 2011.",
"50. The G-8 Summits in Canada in 2010 and France in 2011 reaffirmed the G-8 partnership with Africa. In the Muskoka Initiative on maternal, newborn and child health, G-8 member countries committed to spending an additional $5 billion between 2010 and 2015 to achieve Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 in developing countries. At the 2011 Summit in France the partnership was reaffirmed with the adoption of the G-8/Africa joint declaration: “Shared values, shared responsibilities”. Also at the Summit the Deauville Partnership was launched, which lends support to the new democracies in the Arab countries and is committed to providing $20 billion through multilateral development banks to support sustainable and inclusive growth in Tunisia and Egypt.",
"51. With regard to aid effectiveness, progress in achieving the targets set in the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness in 2005 and the Accra Agenda for Action (A/63/539, annex) in 2008 is mixed. On the one hand, there is notable progress in untying aid to Africa, and to the least developed countries in particular, and 18 donors have signed up to the International Aid Transparency Initiative. On the other hand, progress in using country systems and reducing aid fragmentation remains limited. Against this backdrop, the international community is expected to renew its commitments to improving aid effectiveness at the upcoming fourth High-level Forum on Aid Effectiveness.",
"52. Non-traditional development partners are playing an increasingly important role in Africa’s development. Under the umbrella of South-South cooperation, emerging countries such as Brazil, China, India, Turkey and others provide grants and loans, often with less conditionality than traditional donors. However, due to lack of data, it is difficult to provide a clear picture of the magnitude of ODA from the new and emerging development partners.",
"53. In addition to bilateral donors, new philanthropic actors such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and others, provide innovative development funding support to African countries which helps to augment limited domestic resources for development. For example, the Gates Foundation, which has started to report its aid to health to the OECD Development Assistance Committee, disbursed $1.8 billion in grants to improve health in developing countries in 2009, 36 per cent of which targeted Africa specifically. It is thus the third largest donor in this area, behind the United States and the Global Fund.",
"B. Debt relief",
"54. Thanks to continuing efforts to relieve the external debt burden of African countries within the framework of the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) debt initiative, the multilateral debt relief initiative (MDRI) and at the bilateral level, the amount of debt and debt servicing has been drastically reduced since its peak in the mid-1990s. While total external debt reached 73 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) in sub-Saharan Africa in 1994, it fell to 21 per cent of GDP in 2010,[3] freeing resources and allowing countries to increase spending on poverty reduction and acceleration towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals.",
"55. Four countries, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia and Togo, have seen their debt reduced by significant amounts in the period from July 2010 to June 2011 through HIPC and MDRI. Upon reaching completion point, the Democratic Republic of the Congo was granted $12.3 billion in debt relief. After fulfilling outstanding requirements, Liberia reached completion point in June 2010 and saw its debt reduced by $4.6 billion in nominal terms. As a result, Liberia’s external debt stock fell to 15 per cent of GDP. Guinea-Bissau received $1.2 billion in debt relief from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund in December 2010. Lastly, in December 2010, upon reaching completion point, Togo saw an 82 per cent reduction in its external debt. Overall, 26 African countries have now reached completion point in the HIPC initiative and have benefited from debt relief (see table 1 below). Members of the Paris Club contributed significantly to the debt relief for all four countries by agreeing to reductions and cancellations of bilateral debt. The contribution of Paris Club members to the debt relief of these four countries under the HIPC initiative amounted to more than $9 billion in nominal terms.",
"56. Despite this progress, there are renewed concerns about debt sustainability, in particular in light of the lingering impact of the global economic and financial crisis and the increased engagement and loan portfolio of new and emerging donors in Africa. According to recent reports, 9 of the 26 African countries that have so far benefited from the HIPC and MDRI initiatives still experience, or are at high risk of experiencing, debt distress.[4]",
"Table 1 Current and potential beneficiaries of HIPC and MDRI",
"Status Countries",
"26 post-completion point Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, countries Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, the Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, United Republic of Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia",
"4 post-decision point Chad, Comoros, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea countries",
"3 pre-decision point countries Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan",
"Source: IMF, as of July 2011.",
"C. Foreign direct investment",
"57. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows to Africa decreased sharply in 2009 to $59 billion from a historic high of $72 billion in 2008, due mainly to the global economic and financial crisis. UNCTAD preliminary estimates for 2010 indicate that FDI flows to Africa declined by a further 14 per cent, to $50 billion.[5]",
"58. FDI declined in all subregions of the continent, with the exception of Central Africa, which benefited from large investments in Equatorial Guinea. In terms of sectoral distribution, investments in both manufacturing and the primary sector fell rapidly during the crisis, so that the services sector became the largest FDI recipient in Africa in 2009. Because of the quick recovery of global commodity prices after the crisis, FDI in the extractive industries is expected to rise in 2011. Indeed, while greenfield investments remained relatively low in 2010, mergers and acquisitions in the extractive industries were on the rise.",
"59. As investment inflows from traditional partners continue to decline, emerging countries have further strengthened their position in Africa with their share steadily increasing. For example, the share of FDI inflows originating in Asia rose from an average of 6.7 per cent between 1995 and 1999 to 15.2 per cent between 2000 and 2008.",
"60. African countries have also continued their efforts to improve the investment climate in order to attract FDI. By the end of 2008, they had concluded 715 bilateral investment treaties to promote and protect foreign investors. The regional economic commissions have also carried out regional investment programmes.[6] Africa’s increased efforts are also reflected in an improved performance in the World Bank report, Doing Business 2011: Making a Difference for Entrepreneurs, which assesses the business regulation environment. In 2011, it lists 3 African countries among the 10 most improved economies. Development partners are supporting this process, inter alia, through the NEPAD-OECD Investment Initiative, which strengthens the capacity of African countries to design and implement reforms that improve their business climate.",
"D. Trade",
"61. Over the past year, virtually no progress has been made in reaching an agreement on issues affecting Africa in the Doha Round of trade negotiations. This is despite the commitment of the G-20 leaders, at the G-20 Summit in Seoul in November 2010, to conclude the Doha Round by the end of 2011, emphasizing the critical role of trade in the global economic recovery. In addition, negotiations on economic partnership agreements between the European Union and African regions have made very limited progress. At the third Africa-European Union Summit in Libya in November 2010, both sides renewed their commitment to finding solutions for the common concerns that remain over the economic partnership agreements. However, negotiations have stalled.",
"62. Following the second global review of the Aid for Trade initiative in 2009, Aid for Trade commitments to Africa increased further, amounting to $17 billion in 2009, a 21 per cent increase over 2008,[7] and focused on infrastructure and productive capacity. The third global review of the initiative will take place in 2011, creating additional momentum for Aid for Trade.",
"63. African countries are addressing the low level of trade within Africa and have reaffirmed their commitment to greater integration at the sixteenth African Union Summit. The African Union and NEPAD infrastructure programmes put an emphasis on regional connectivity and the regional economic commissions continue their efforts to achieve greater trade integration, most notably through a planned free trade agreement between COMESA, EAC and SADC, with the ultimate goal of establishing a single customs union. The three regional communities aim to complete the first phase of their integration efforts, a free trade area, within the next three years.",
"E. South-South cooperation",
"64. South-South cooperation has become increasingly important for Africa’s development, complementing North-South cooperation. The rapid growth of Brazil, China, India and other emerging economies has had a dramatic and largely positive impact on the continent, leading to increasing flows of finance, trade, and development assistance. In the aftermath of the global financial and economic crises, economic linkages and other forms of cooperation have helped to mitigate the impact of the crises on the African economy and contributed to putting the continent back on the path of economic recovery. The G-20 Seoul Development Consensus for Shared Growth formalized this new role for emerging economies in the global arena.",
"65. Following the convening of a successful forum on China-Africa cooperation, other countries and regions have sought to institute formal structures to guide their cooperation and engagement with Africa. Examples are the second Viet Nam-Africa International Forum in August 2010, the Iran-Africa Forum in September 2010 and the second Afro-Arab Summit held in Libya in October 2010. At the latter, the African Union and the League of Arab States adopted an Africa-Arab partnership strategy aimed at creating an integrated Africa-Arab region and fostering closer economic and political cooperation.",
"66. In May 2011, India also deepened its cooperation with Africa during the second Africa-India Forum Summit held in Ethiopia on the theme: “Enhancing partnership: shared vision”. The Africa-India Framework for Enhanced Cooperation was adopted to supplement the existing framework and induce an update of the existing joint Plan of Action that would incorporate a follow-up mechanism. India announced $5 billion worth of support to Africa over the next three years under lines of credit to aid Africa in the achievement of its development goals, offering an additional $700 million towards the development of new institutions and training programmes. The Forum also decided to institutionalize the summit process.",
"67. At the global level, in May 2011 in Indonesia, Non-Aligned Movement Ministers adopted a comprehensive outcome document outlining a shared vision of the Movement for the next 50 years and a commemorative declaration marking the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the Movement. The Bali commemorative declaration reaffirmed the need to expand and deepen South-South cooperation and enhance coordination in the formulation of common positions and strategies on economic and social development issues. The declaration also underlines the need for scaling up the global partnership and for finance for development to ensure the attainment of the internationally agreed development goals taking into account, inter alia, Africa’s special needs.",
"F. Millennium Villages",
"68. Over the period under review, the Millennium Villages project continued to accelerate progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals at 10 sites in sub-Saharan African countries, reaching approximately 500,000 people.",
"69. Progress reports published after the first three years of operations indicate that the project approach is effective. Rigorous monitoring and evaluation of nine research sites reveals that average maize yields have tripled and levels of chronic malnutrition in children under the age of two have declined by 43 per cent. School meal programmes have been established in all countries, with 70 per cent of primary school students receiving a school meal every day. This has had a significant positive impact on school enrolment and attendance.",
"70. Results in the health sector show that access to HIV testing during pregnancy has increased twofold, with institutional delivery rates improving by an average of 50 per cent. The project has recorded a reduction in malaria prevalence of more than 80 per cent and a sevenfold increase in bednet use. About 75 per cent of children have been immunized against measles and received vitamin A supplements in the past six months. The number of people with access to safer water has doubled and access to improved sanitation has increased threefold.",
"71. A number of countries are studying the lessons learned from the project to develop national strategies to achieve the Millennium Development Goals informed by this integrated model. In Ghana, Mali and Nigeria, Governments are developing national scale-up initiatives for the Millennium Development Goals based on the Millennium Villages experience, while in Malawi and Uganda the results of the project have informed the general discussion on the Millennium Development Goals at Government level.",
"IV. Support provided by the United Nations system",
"Strengthening of the Regional Coordination Mechanism of United Nations agencies and organizations working in Africa in support of the African Union and its NEPAD programme and the cluster system",
"72. During the period under review, the United Nations system continued to provide its technical and institutional support to the African Union NEPAD programme. Last year witnessed increased alignment of the programmes of various United Nations entities with those of the African Union Commission, the NEPAD Agency and the regional economic commissions. The United Nations system has been intensely involved in all these processes of institution-building and programme design and implementation at the regional, subregional, national and community levels.",
"73. The Regional Coordination Mechanism recorded significant achievements, as evidenced in enhanced coordination on the part of United Nations agencies and programmes. Specifically, the “Delivering as one” concept gained increased acceptance, with agencies recognizing the need to adopt a collective approach to support capacity-building in the African Union.",
"74. The eleventh session of the Regional Coordination Mechanism on the theme “Rio+20”, held in November 2010, achieved significant outcomes, especially in relation to the implementation of the ten-year capacity-building programme for the African Union, which gave a renewed impetus to the implementation of the programme. The review of the programme was completed in 2010 and the main findings incorporated in the report of the Secretary-General (A/65/716-S/2011/54). The report finds considerable support for the programme among the members of the African Union Commission. The report calls for strengthened engagement with the regional economic commissions, as well as the need for strengthened resource mobilization for the implementation of the programme.",
"75. The reconfiguration of the Regional Coordination Mechanism secretariat from being essentially led by the United Nations to becoming a joint United Nations-African Union secretariat has been consolidated and the African Union is increasingly exercising effective ownership and leadership. The joint secretariat now has a dedicated staff drawn from the African Union Commission and ECA, both of which have continued to provide strategic coordination and support to the Mechanism. Coordination processes have been strengthened, especially with the establishment of the NEPAD coordination unit within the office of the Chair of the African Union Commission. There has also been an improvement in coordination within and between clusters. In particular, the advocacy and communication cluster engaged representatives of the African media in the second Africa regional media dialogue in Lesotho in June 2011 and adopted the Maseru Declaration to enhance their advocacy role on African Union/NEPAD development priorities.",
"76. The Inter-Agency Task Force on Africa, convened by the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa at Headquarters, has continued to provide an effective framework for the agencies of the United Nations system to share expertise and experience. In particular, the Task Force has been active in providing inputs and suggestions for the preparation of the reports of the Secretary-General.",
"V. Conclusions and recommendations",
"77. The past year has witnessed progress in the implementation of NEPAD projects and in moving forward the implementation of the African Peer Review Mechanism, an increase in ODA and Aid for Trade to African countries. Despite this progress, fundamental challenges remain in the implementation of NEPAD. As this year marks the celebration of the tenth anniversary of NEPAD, African countries should continue to implement and allocate more resources to NEPAD projects and promote private sector development, while development partners should take urgent steps to honour their commitments to Africa.",
"78. The tenth anniversary of NEPAD could be a turning point in the implementation of its sectoral priorities. This will require resolution and leadership to turn Africa’s development vision and international commitments into policy actions and results. Ten years after the adoption of NEPAD, “business as usual” should not be an option. The following recommendations could be a starting point.",
"79. The NEPAD founding document stresses the need for partnership between African Governments and their own peoples, including the private sector and civil society. Much has been achieved in broadening the space for civic engagement. Now African countries need to build on this momentum and further strengthen mechanisms for the participation, inclusion and empowerment of all segments of society in the political and development processes.",
"80. Since the private sector is a key partner in the implementation of NEPAD, African countries should establish a business-friendly environment by further improving the investment climate. African countries also need to continue to undertake appropriate institutional reforms in order to attract private capital and develop public-private partnerships for financing infrastructure projects.",
"81. Given the importance of agricultural development in ensuring food security and coping with recurrent food crises, African countries should strive to meet the Maputo Declaration target of allocating 10 per cent of national budgets to the agricultural sector and rural development and ensure better governance to effectively manage the resources allocated.",
"82. African women are Africa’s face of hope, strength and opportunity. African countries should move beyond policies and plans to implementation, including prioritizing actions to achieve the goals of the African Women’s Decade 2010-2020.",
"83. Now that 14 countries have been peer-reviewed, Governments should implement the agreed programmes of action and recommendations of the African Peer Review Mechanism country reports. The review process could move faster in order to accelerate the rate of completion of countries that have already launched the peer review process.",
"84. African countries should integrate climate change issues into economic planning and management at both national and regional levels and mainstream environmental policy into productive sectors, and international partners should support their mitigation and adaptation efforts. African countries should continue to engage in the preparatory process for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) in 2012, whose outcome will affect the future sustainable growth of the continent.",
"85. Many countries and organizations that are not members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee are assuming an increasing role as development partners for African countries. Therefore, in order to improve aid effectiveness, there is a need to involve new and emerging development partners that are not Committee members. The upcoming fourth High-level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Busan, Republic of Korea, could be the right platform. At the High-level Forum, development partners should take into account the African position, the Tunis Consensus, which calls for moving beyond aid effectiveness and focusing on development effectiveness, with the ultimate goal of reducing aid dependency and promoting self-reliance.",
"86. ODA and FDI can contribute to growth in Africa. Development partners should take urgent and collective action to substantially scale up aid disbursements, in order to meet their commitments of doubling assistance to Africa. They should also maintain the upward trend of FDI inflows to Africa.",
"87. In the context of high youth unemployment in Africa, development partners should conclude the long overdue Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations with its development dimensions, as this would increase international trade and potentially boost prospects for job creation.",
"88. In the area of HIV/AIDS, development partners should continue supporting the strengthening of national health systems, research infrastructure and laboratory capacity and expand surveillance systems, with the goal of improving efforts to mitigate the impact of the epidemic, as reflected in the Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS of June 2011.",
"89. Aid for Trade is an effective mechanism for supporting African countries in improving supply-side constraints and gaining from increased market access. As such, Aid for Trade measures should complement and not substitute for efforts to improve market access for African exports and strengthen the continent’s contribution to world trade.",
"90. Despite a decrease in debt service costs through various bilateral and multilateral debt reduction initiatives, a number of African countries are experiencing debt distress that could impact their debt sustainability. To maintain debt sustainability, development partners should ensure that eligible countries for debt reduction get full debt relief from all creditors, including commercial creditors, and discourage lawsuits against heavily indebted poor countries by non-Paris Club creditors.",
"[1] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), African Development Bank, Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) and United Nations Development Programme, African Economic Outlook (Paris, OECD, 2011).",
"[2] United Nations, The Global Partnership for Development: Time to Deliver, Millennium Development Goals Gap Task Force report (New York, forthcoming in 2011).",
"[3] International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Economic Outlook database, April 2011.",
"[4] Africa Progress Panel, The Transformative Power of Partnerships, Africa Progress Report 2011 (Geneva, 2011).",
"[5] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, “Global investment trends monitor No. 5”, January 2011, available at http://www.unctad.org/en/docs//webdiaeia20111_en.pdf.",
"[6] ECA and OECD, The Mutual Review of Development Effectiveness in Africa: 2011 Interim Report (2011), available at http://www.uneca.org/gpad/publications/mdre2011/ MRDE%202011_Interim_EN.pdf.",
"[7] Ibid."
] | A_66_202 | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"* A/66/150.",
"Item 63 (a) of the provisional agenda*",
"New Partnership for Africa ' s Development: progress in implementation and international support",
"New Partnership for Africa ' s Development: ninth consolidated progress report and international support",
"Report of the Secretary-General",
"Summary",
"The present report, requested by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/284, coincides with the tenth anniversary of the adoption by African leaders of the African Union flagship programme, the New Partnership for Africa ' s Development (NEPAD). It assesses progress in the implementation of NEPAD projects and programmes and the support provided by the international community. The report also coincides with a renewed interest in Africa ' s needs, which is appreciated in the important commitments made following the high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, held in 2010, the adoption of the Istanbul Programme of Action at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries and the framework for the implementation of the recommendations of the Steering Group on the Millennium Development Goals in Africa to accelerate progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in Africa. This renewed focus is on African countries continuing to face challenges in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.",
"In this context, while the report highlights the fact that African countries have made progress in the implementation of NEPAD, it also reiterates the need to allocate more resources to the Alliance ' s sectoral priorities and to undertake appropriate reforms to further encourage private sector participation in partnership projects and to promote public-private partnerships to finance infrastructure projects. In order to further strengthen international development cooperation and facilitate the implementation of NEPAD, development partners should urgently take steps to successfully complete the Doha Round of trade negotiations, with their development dimension, to fulfil aid commitments and to improve aid effectiveness. Ten years after the adoption of NEPAD, the option of maintaining customary practices is no longer an acceptable alternative, because it would not be able to meet the commitments made and would delay the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and the implementation of NEPAD.",
"Contents",
"Page I.Introduction 4II.Activities 4 carried out by African countries and organizations A.Infrastructure 4B.Agriculture 6 and food security C. Health 7D. Education 8 and training E. Medio 9 Ambiente y turismo F.Tecnología 10 de la información y las comunicaciones G.Ciencia 11 y tecnología H. Incorporación 12 de la perspectiva de género, promoción de la mujer y participación de la sociedad civil I. Mechanism 13 review among African countries III. Response 14 of the international community: building on the momentum generated by international support for Africa ' s development A. Attendance 15 Development Officer B. Debt 17 C. Investment 19 foreign direct D.Commerce 19E.Cooperation 20 South-South F. Villages 21 of the Millennium IV. Support 22 provided by the United Nations system Strengthening 22 of the Regional Coordination Mechanism of the United Nations organizations and organizations working in Africapoyo of the African Union and its programme of the NEPADyel system of groups V.Conclusions 23 and recommendations",
"I. Introduction",
"1. The General Assembly, in its resolution 65/284, entitled “New Partnership for Africa ' s Development: progress in implementation and international support”, requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a comprehensive report on the implementation of the resolution. The present report has been prepared pursuant to that request.",
"2. The report highlights actions taken by African countries and organizations in the implementation of the New Partnership for Africa ' s Development (NEPAD), the response of the international community and the support provided by the United Nations system over the past year. The report also highlights activities undertaken by the private sector and civil society institutions in support of NEPAD. Information was provided by Member States, the African Union Commission, the African Development Bank (AfDB), the NEPAD Planning and Coordination Agency (NEPAD), the African Peer Review Mechanism secretariat, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and various entities of the United Nations system.",
"II. Activities undertaken by African countries and organizations",
"3. NEPAD, which was approved in July 2001 in Lusaka by African leaders, is both a collective vision of the future and a strategic development framework for Africa. Its main objective is to generate comprehensive and equitable economic growth so that Africa can reduce poverty and better integrate into the global economy. To realize this idea, it is necessary to meet NEPAD ' s main sectoral priorities. To a large extent, the transition from a framework to an operational plan depends on the will of each country. In the context of NEPAD, each country is expected to design its own national plan in a manner consistent with NEPAD ' s objectives and assume responsibility for implementing the programmes of the Partnership at the national level. In addition, regional economic communities, which are the key institutions for Africa ' s economic integration, play a central role in the implementation of projects at the subregional level.",
"A. Infrastructure",
"4. The work done in the past 12 months in this sector has focused on energy, transport and water. The establishment of the NEPAD Agency and its integration into the structures and processes of the African Union has led to greater coherence and coordination of development activities. For example, the NEPAD Agency and the African Union Commission ' s Infrastructure and Energy Department developed a joint work programme and adopted a joint priority infrastructure project for 2010-2015, based on the African Union-NEPAD Action Plan. The main objective of the Africa Infrastructure Development Programme, which was adopted at the 14th African Union Summit in February 2010, is to design a future vision for the development of Africa ' s infrastructure, taking into account the strategic objectives and sectoral policies of the continent. The Programme provides a coherent framework for developing regional and continental infrastructure (transport, energy, water and information and communications technology).",
"5. Following the successful implementation of the short-term action plan, the NEPAD Agency, in collaboration with the African Development Bank, conducted a third review of the action plan. According to the review, the plan of action contributed to the development of regional infrastructure with an estimated investment of $5.6 billion between 2002 and 2008, equivalent to 69 per cent of the investment package of the original short-term plan of action. Since 2004, 70 per cent of the 103 projects reviewed have registered some progress, while 15 per cent have come to an end.",
"6. In an effort to streamline its activities and ensure effective coordination and collaboration in the implementation of programmes and projects, the NEPAD Agency signed a memorandum of understanding with the African Forum for Public Service Regulators in March 2010. The Forum is an initiative created in the NEPAD founding document with the aim of establishing and promoting collaboration among the African continent ' s public service regulators to support Africa ' s growth and socio-economic development, and is primarily concerned with infrastructure regulation (communications, energy, transport, water and sanitation). Cooperation between the Forum and the Agency is aimed at expanding and strengthening existing partnership agreements on infrastructure development in Africa.",
"7. The air transport sector has continued to promote the safety and efficiency of air travel on the continent through the full implementation of the Yamusukro Declaration on a new policy for civil aviation in Africa. The NEPAD Agency and the African Civil Aviation Commission have also agreed on a memorandum of understanding to be signed this year, by which the Agency will assist the Commission in mobilizing resources for the development of civil aviation in Africa and to assume its new role as the implementing agency of the Yamusukro Declaration.",
"8. The NEPAD Agency continues to play an active role in the implementation of the Africa-Republic of Korea infrastructure project, initiative of the Korea Institute for Development Strategy. The Agency therefore supported the visit of a team of 18 experts to Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the United Republic of Tanzania, South Africa and Zambia, with the mission of finding a portfolio of investment projects in the areas of transport and energy. The Agency is also following up on the results of the conference of the Republic of Korea and Africa on investment in infrastructure and energy development, held in Seoul in December 2009. Various infrastructure projects in Angola, Namibia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the United Republic of Tanzania, South Africa and Zambia are being promoted to investors in the Republic of Korea.",
"9. In the area of infrastructure and regional integration, the NEPAD Agency has been facilitating the implementation of seven regional projects under the African Union-NEPAD Presidential Infrastructure Development Initiative, as approved at the sixteenth session of the Assembly of the African Union.",
"10. In the water and sanitation sector, activities have focused on expanding and strengthening capacity to formulate and implement programmes using partnerships. In this regard, the NEPAD and WaterAid Agency (a non-governmental water and sanitation organization based in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) have agreed that WaterAid will provide the Agency with short-term consultants to formulate and implement its programmes and that, in return, the Agency will consider including the WaterAid programme of activities for Southern Africa in its infrastructure unit. Both parties also agreed to collaborate to implement regional and continental water and sanitation programmes and projects.",
"B. Agriculture and food security",
"11. Agriculture is the cornerstone of many African economies, and it is therefore crucial for Africa ' s long-term socio-economic growth and sustainable development. During the reporting period, progress continued to be made in the implementation of commitments under the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) at both the national and regional levels and increased the number of countries that developed programmes to achieve the 6 per cent agricultural productivity target. Of the 26 countries that signed their national CAADP compacts, 20 have prepared or completed their national investment plans, submitted them for an independent technical review organized by the Agency and are currently working on funding and implementation modalities.",
"12. The most significant progress has been made towards the goal of investing 10 per cent of the budget in agriculture, as set out in the Maputo Declaration. Ten countries have reached the target, compared to only five that had reached it in 2009, while nine countries have invested between 5 and 10 per cent of their budget.",
"13. Important progress has also been made with regard to the implementation of the CAADP regional compacts. The Economic Community of West African States Commission (ECOWAS), the only regional economic commission to sign a regional compact on CAADP, has allocated $150 million of its own resources to finance a five-year plan, accounting for 16 per cent of the overall cost of the regional plan. Similarly, development partners have responded positively and Spain has allocated Euro40 million over the course of three years, of which two thirds have already been disbursed through the World Bank.",
"14. The implementation of CAADP has reported additional advantages to beneficiary countries. First, countries are undertaking and providing evidence-based analysis and planning and reviewing strategies and programmes, leading to the formulation of quality investment programmes. Secondly, countries are gaining greater access to locally acceptable instruments and mechanisms, enabling greater inclusion, a more public and inclusive review of development policies and a greater governmental willingness to interact with non-State actors on an equal basis. Third, it had improved the participation of development partners and, fourthly, had greatly helped to establish a national framework and priorities to harmonize and coordinate support for development assistance.",
"15. At the regional level, progress has been made in the implementation of the pilot fisheries policy project for West Africa, involving Ghana and Sierra Leone. The project supports major World Bank investments in the fisheries sectors of Ghana and Sierra Leone. These countries are beneficiaries of two related investments of the International Development Association (IFA) totalling between $90 and $100 million. An additional $57.8 million has been allocated to Ghana and Guinea-Bissau by the World Bank (52 million), the Global Environment Facility ($4 million) and the Africa Fisheries Alliance ($1.8 million) as part of the first phase of the West African Regional Fisheries Programme.",
"16. These investments are strategic for NEPAD and the Africa Fisheries Partnership for three reasons: (a) NEPAD directs the definition of the policy, regulatory and management framework in which investments in the fisheries sector would take place; (b) help to integrate fisheries within the framework of CAADP to ensure that the fisheries sector contributes effectively and sustainably to the goal of 6 per cent annual growth and food security; and (c) constitute the key response in the post-fishing compact.",
"17. The launch of the Africa Fisheries Partnership has been important for beneficiary countries for a number of reasons: (a) their contributions have been critical in harnessing the financial investment of the World Bank and reducing the time it takes to complete the programme ' s development cycle from 18 to 6 months; and (b) their active and significant role in mobilizing local experts to formulate the investment programme has expanded local ownership of the programmes.",
"C. Health",
"18. The NEPAD Agency has continued to promote the Alliance ' s key objectives of improving health-care systems in Africa, increasing the number of trained health workers and ensuring the availability of affordable, safe and effective medicines for all Africans. In order to achieve this ultimate objective, NEPAD is leading the Drug Regulatory Harmonization Initiative in Africa, which mobilizes financial and technical resources, promotes policy and legislative reviews of drug regulation and coordinates ongoing regulatory capacity-building initiatives to enhance the harmonization of drug regulation. NEPAD coordinates a consortium formed by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Clinton Foundation and the United Kingdom Department of International Development to implement the Initiative and has so far received six proposals for regional economic commissions projects to achieve regional harmonization. The NEPAD Agency, in consultation with the regional economic commissions, has completed an analysis of the status of drug regulation and harmonization in the East African Community (OEC), the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and will disseminate lessons learned from the review process in African countries and commissions.",
"19. Through the Initiative, the NEPAD Agency is working with stakeholders and partners to address insufficient regulation of African pharmaceutical markets as a major step in promoting and protecting public health, as such regulation contributes to ensuring that patients have access to high-quality, safe and effective medicines. In this regard, the Agency is working with the Pan-African Parliament Health, Labour and Social Affairs Committee to improve the dissemination and promotion of the Initiative on the continent. The implementation framework of the Initiative was also adopted in April 2011 by the African Union Conference of Ministers of Health in Namibia.",
"20. The NEPAD Agency has continued to play a key role in resolving the crisis affecting health personnel in Africa. In this context, the African Platform on Human Resources for Health, chaired by the Agency, concluded an assessment of the needs of sub-Saharan African medical schools in order to provide a sound knowledge base for the future. The findings of the study will guide the collaboration between WHO and the Emergency Plan of the President of the United States of America to combat AIDS in order to promote the innovative training of doctors and nurses, in accordance with the commitment of the Emergency Plan to support the training of more than 100,000 new health professionals in Africa.",
"21. Collaboration with Research for Health Africa is progressing in improving health and equity, reducing poverty and contributing to the socio-economic development of African countries. To date, Mozambique, the United Republic of Tanzania and Senegal have opted to participate in the Research for Health Africa initiative. The United Republic of Tanzania and Senegal have agreed to use this initiative and its Internet portal to manage their national research on health information systems. The NEPAD Agency is also developing a programme to provide technical support to the regional economic commissions with a view to developing comprehensive health and phytosanitary policy frameworks, as well as essential crop strategies, in particular on issues related to the integration of regional markets.",
"D. Education and training",
"22. The NEPAD Agency has continued to promote the professional development of nurses and midwives in Africa through negotiations with the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania to deploy midwives and graduated nurses in rural communities through the use of mobile clinics. The Agency has also developed a programme aimed at improving the training and qualifications of nurses and midwives in three countries of the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS). In Southern Africa, a group of six universities offering master's degrees in nursing and childbirth care has formed a consortium, which will cooperate to develop and offer programmes of degrees and master's degree in nursing and delivery in three host universities in the ECCAS region. At the same time, they will assist the regulatory bodies of the three countries and work with the Ministries of Health to develop professional plans that will include the recognition, use and remuneration of these nurses and midwives in the public sector. The NEPAD Agency has also prioritized forest education and has requested the Government of Sweden to provide funding for a workshop to finalize the postgraduate forest education curriculum.",
"23. In the framework of the project to establish a regional centre for the teaching of mathematics, science and technology, efforts are being made to encourage the support of the Governments of Gabon and South Africa for the inauguration of the centre in Gabon. Three countries (Angola, Mozambique and the Democratic Republic of the Congo) have submitted proposals to finance teacher training through open distance education to the African Renaissance and International Cooperation Fund of South Africa.",
"E. Environment and tourism",
"24. Seven years after the adoption of the NEPAD Plan of Action for the Environment, progress has been made in the formulation of subregional action plans for the environment in the regions and countries represented by ECCAS, ECOWAS, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, SADC and the Arab Maghreb Union, which has enabled the formulation of national action plans in five countries. In addition, the capacity to implement the Environment Action Plan has been developed at the national and subregional levels. The Plan has also supported African countries to improve the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. Similar support has been provided in the implementation of aspects of national action plans related to biodiversity and desertification. In this regard, policy objectives have been established and a framework has been developed to guide discussions on issues such as access and benefit-sharing, sustainable forest management, invasive exotic species and integrated maritime and coastal management. The Plan has also provided the framework for the implementation of the Framework Convention on Climate Change at the regional level. The NEPAD Agency, in collaboration with the African Union Commission and the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment, has initiated a process to review the implementation of environmental action plans.",
"25. The NEPAD Agency is preparing a programme proposal entitled " Climate change mitigation and adaptation programme: response to climate change through science, technology and innovation " . As part of an ongoing programme aimed at integrating youth empowerment into NEPAD programmes, the youth participation process in climate change has been initiated. This process will be conducted through the Young African Scientific Initiative on Climate Change, whose secretariat will be at the University of the Northwest (South Africa). The aim of the Young Scientists Initiative is to raise awareness among young people and promote their proactive participation in climate change issues and activities. The initiative is expected to be implemented in mid-August 2011 under the theme “Promotion of the role of African indigenous knowledge systems in mitigating and adapting to climate change”.",
"26. Within the framework of the African Regional Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction of the African Union and NEPAD and the programme of action for its implementation, steps are being taken to integrate disaster risk reduction into poverty reduction and sustainable development initiatives. The expanded programme of action for the implementation of the African Regional Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction for the period 2006-2015 was presented and adopted at the second African Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction. The African Advisory Group on Disaster Risk Reduction was also re-established specifically to advise and support national platforms, as well as subregional and regional authorities, in implementing disaster risk reduction initiatives in Africa.",
"27. As a catalyst for development, tourism development can generate a positive cascade effect in other sectors and help share the cost of development. The African Union Commission and the NEPAD Agency are actively working with national, regional, continental and global organizations to promote a comprehensive regional integration programme in the tourism sector. In addition, recognizing the opportunities and challenges posed by the tourism sector for Africa, several African countries have developed general tourism plans with the assistance of the World Tourism Organization and other development partners.",
"F. Information and communications technology",
"28. Following the decision taken at the fifteenth session of the NEPAD Heads of State and Government Guidance Committee in July 2010 in Uganda, the NEPAD Electronic Africa Initiative Commission was replaced by the NEPAD Electronic Africa Programme to advance the priority information and communications technology sector, in line with the new strategic direction of the NEPAD Agency.",
"29. The NEPAD Electronic Africa Programme, which is responsible for formulating policies, strategies and projects at the continental level for the development of information and communications technology throughout Africa, has continued to advance in the implementation of its main initiatives, namely, the broadband infrastructure network for information and communications technology in Africa and the equestrian initiative. Efforts to expand the enabling environment of the NEPAD broadband infrastructure network for information and communications technology to the entire continent through the organization of several regional and national stakeholders workshops on the Kigali Protocol: one in Cairo, for North Africa, and others in the Gambia, Senegal, Nigeria and Djibouti, for local stakeholders.",
"30. Progress was recorded on the roof of the Uhurunet submarine cable. The construction and maintenance agreement and the supply contract for Africa Coast to Europe (ACE)/Uhurunet cable were signed in France in June 2010. This Uhurunet cable segment will extend from France to South Africa and connect to all countries on the West Coast of Africa. Baharicom, the company in charge of deploying the Uhurunet submarine cable ring around Africa is trying to collect capital and credits to meet the payment schedule of the supply contract.",
"31. With respect to the Umojanet transboundary land network, two business plans were completed. The first, completed in July 2010, included 10 East and Southern African countries (Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe) and the second, completed in September 2010, included 12 West and Central African countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Equatorial Guinea, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, the Central African Republic and Togo).",
"32. In January 2011, the sixteenth African Union Summit approved the selection by the Technical Committee of the African Union-NEPAD Presidential Infrastructure Development Initiative, of broadband infrastructure projects for information and communications technology Uhurunet and Umojanet and the fiber optic link for information and communications technology along the pipeline proposed between Nigeria, Niger and Algeria.",
"33. With regard to the NEPAD cyber-school initiative, the Partnership Agency has been working on the modalities for the completion of the demonstration phase. 80 demonstrations of the NEPAD e-school initiative have been carried out in 16 African countries. Each school of the demonstration project was equipped with a computer lab that included at least 20 personal computers, as well as a server and infrastructure of peripheral networks and devices such as scanners, electronic boards and printers. Schools had Internet connection to communicate with the rest of the world. The Agency has signed a memorandum of understanding with the Internet Society to build the capacity of key African stakeholders in the field of Internet governance.",
"G. Science and technology",
"34. Key achievements of the African Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators Initiative to date include the establishment of focal points to boost the production of science, technology and innovation indicators at the national level, capacity-building to collect science, technology and innovation data and the publication of African Innovation Outlook 2010, the first in a series to inform the public about science, technology and innovation activities in African countries. The publication, presented in Ethiopia in May 2011, contains the results of several research and development surveys and is expected to generate a debate that will allow for better data collection. The NEPAD Agency and the Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators Initiative are also supporting the African Union Commission to establish the African Science, Technology and Innovation Observatory. An agreement has been signed with the host country, Equatorial Guinea, and the Observatory will have a key role in coordination, data collection and training, as well as in disseminating information on science, technology and innovation activities in Africa.",
"35. The first phase of the Africa Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators Initiative programme in 19 member countries of the African Union Commission has been successfully completed; the programme aims to serve as a mechanism for mutual learning and knowledge sharing in research and development and innovation surveys. As a result of the programme, guidelines have been developed for these surveys, which have been adopted by participating countries. Measuring science, technology and innovation as a support tool for policy formulation and implementation has opened up new avenues of research and debate. Participating countries are collaborating on these issues and building a community of exchange of practices that will ensure that Africa is expressed unanimously.",
"36. The facilities of the East and Central Africa Biosciences Network in Kenya were officially opened in November 2010. With financial support from Canada, the NEPAD Agency has built first-level laboratories for scientists in East and Central Africa, which will provide them with the opportunity to conduct advanced research in the field of biological sciences to address the challenges faced by farmers in attempting to increase agricultural productivity. The Pan-African Network of Biosafety Experts was recently established to serve across the continent and is managed by African staff with multidisciplinary expertise on biosafety systems. Since its inception, the Network has provided scientific training and information to African regulators in the field of agricultural biotechnology to assist countries in making informed decisions.",
"H. Gender mainstreaming, women ' s empowerment and civil society participation",
"37. The NEPAD Agency is working on the establishment of business incubators for African entrepreneurs in the regional economic commissions. Currently, the objective is to finance pilot projects on enterprise incubation for two regional commissions, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and ECOWAS, with a budget of 1 million euros. The plan is to take advantage of this experience in implementing it in five other regional commissions. A memorandum of understanding was signed by the NEPAD and COMESA Agency in May 2010. The project was presented at the fourth meeting of ministers responsible for gender and women, who decided to begin selecting women entrepreneurs and partner institutions. A technical consultation with COMESA and the Federation of National Business Associations of Eastern and Southern Africa was subsequently conducted and it was agreed that a World Bank initiative on business incubation would assist in the dissemination of lessons learned globally and in Africa.",
"38. The NEPAD Agency has forged strategic partnerships with United Nations system entities such as the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) and the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) in key areas such as rural women, the economic empowerment of African women and the generation and dissemination of knowledge. In addition to the preparations for the second call for projects, the NEPAD/Spain Fund for the Empowerment of African Women was responsible for the monitoring and evaluation of ongoing projects and the closure of projects funded under the first call. The second phase of the Fund, covering the period 2011-2013, represents the consolidation of the NEPAD programme on the empowerment of women in Africa.",
"39. The Fund has helped to promote gender mainstreaming and the development of key tools for poverty alleviation, including the increase in the number of women and girls who received economically viable vocational training. It has also helped to create employment opportunities through public and private partnerships, develop the knowledge of women leaders in business and civil society and in training on the use of information and communications technology, in order to reduce the digital divide. The Fund has also promoted the creation of income-generating activities for women by supporting agricultural processing (45 machines) and business management training (600 women entrepreneurs).",
"I. African Peer Review Mechanism",
"40. The African Peer Review Mechanism has continued to strengthen its position as a tool for promoting good governance and socio-economic development in Africa. In January 2011, Liberia officially joined the African Peer Review Mechanism. According to information provided by its secretariat, the Mechanism had been joined by the end of July 2011 by signing the memorandum of understanding 30 countries, namely: Angola, Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, the Sudan, the United Republic of Tanzania, The member countries of the Mechanism represent more than 76 per cent of the population in Africa.",
"41. Mauritius and Ethiopia were considered by other African countries during the 13th and 14th Summits of the Mechanism Forum, respectively. At the end of July 2011, 14 countries had been considered: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa and Uganda. Other countries are at various stages of the review process: Sierra Leone and Zambia received a review mission in February and May 2011, respectively, the United Republic of Tanzania will be reviewed in the second half of 2011, and Ghana and Kenya will be subject to a second-cycle periodic review.",
"42. The countries under review have also made progress in the implementation of their respective national action programmes resulting from the review process. In this regard, the fourteenth Summit of the Forum, held in Addis Ababa in January 2011, reviewed reports on progress in the implementation of national programmes in Lesotho, Nigeria and South Africa, and the fifteenth Summit, held in Malabo in June 2011, reviewed reports on progress in the implementation of national programmes in Benin and Burkina Faso.",
"43. In order to streamline and accelerate the country review process, some of the existing instruments have been revised. For example, the main questionnaire was revised and validated in March 2011 during an stakeholder workshop in Johannesburg and will be re-examined at the sixteenth Forum Summit, to be held in Ethiopia in January 2012, following a thorough review by the focal points of the Mechanism, as mandated by the Forum at its fifteenth Summit.",
"44. The Mechanism has continued to receive support from its three strategic partners, AfDB, ECA and the United Nations Development Programme. This support has included participation in country review missions and other forms of technical and financial assistance. In this regard, BAFD has continued to provide a subsidy to finance the project aimed at streamlining and accelerating the African Peer Review Mechanism process. The objectives of the project include the review and improvement of the tools and processes and the strengthening of the staff capacity of the Mechanism secretariat. ECA has also played a key role in the development of research and knowledge related to the Mechanism through a study on diversity management, entitled “Conclusions of the African Peer Review Mechanism and the Framework for Policy Analysis and Development”, and through the organization of workshops to publicize the Mechanism and harmonize national action programmes and other national plans within a common medium-term expenditure framework.",
"III. Response of the international community: building on the momentum generated by international support for Africa ' s development",
"45. Africa has begun to overcome the global economic and financial crisis despite the slower recovery of the world economy. In 2010, Africa grew 4.9% on average, which means an increase over 3.1% in 2009[1]. However, recovery is uncertain because of the lowly auspicious forecasts for the world economy and the prevailing political instability in the subregions. Africa also continues to lag behind other regions in terms of progress towards the Millennium Development Goals, particularly those related to maternal and child mortality and access to sanitation and drinking water.",
"46. For this reason, development partners must fully maintain their commitment to continue to assist Africa in meeting the continent ' s development agenda, including the priorities of NEPAD. The Group of Eight (G-8) countries made historic commitments to increase aid for Africa at the 2005 Gleneagles Summit, but so far have not made their promises. The G-8 summit held in France in 2011 reaffirmed Gleneagles' commitments. At the end of 2010, the Group of 20 also launched its development initiative, the Seoul Development Consensus for a Shared Growth, which places greater emphasis on promoting economic growth by developing infrastructure and creating jobs. Finally, at the high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, held in September 2010 in New York, a global plan of action was adopted to achieve the Millennium Development Goals within its time frames and special attention was devoted to Africa.",
"47. The uncertain economic prospects of traditional Africa ' s development partners and the lowest fiscal margin available to them seem to indicate that non-traditional donors, including emerging economies and non-State actors, such as private foundations and philanthropists, could acquire greater importance in the coming years. Since OECD countries have reduced their aid budgets following the global financial and economic crisis, which has had a negative impact on the disbursement of such aid, the fourth High-level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, held in Busan, Republic of Korea, in November and December 2011, will be a timely opportunity for development partners to reaffirm their commitment to the quantity and effectiveness of aid, in accordance with the Accra Declaration of Action and the Accra Declaration on Aid.",
"48. The Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in May 2011 in Turkey, adopted the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020 and the Istanbul Declaration. The objective of the Programme of Action is to ensure sustained economic growth and poverty reduction so that half of the least developed countries have exceeded that category by 2020. The Programme of Action identifies eight priority areas: productive capacity, including infrastructure, energy, science and technology and private sector development; agriculture, food security and rural development; trade; commodities; human and social development, including women ' s empowerment; response to the impact of multiple crises and other emerging challenges, such as climate change and environmental sustainability; mobilization of financial resources for development. Since 33 of the 48 least developed countries were in Africa, the implementation of the Programme of Action would contribute significantly to addressing the development challenges facing the continent.",
"A. Official development assistance",
"49. According to OECD, official development assistance (ODA) provided by all donors in 2009 amounted to $128,000 million, of which $48 billion was allocated to Africa, representing an annual increase of 11.7 per cent in real terms compared to 2008 (see figure I). In 2010, bilateral assistance for Africa, without the disbursements of multilateral agencies, increased by 3.6 per cent in real terms compared to 2009 and reached $29.3 billion in 2010. Despite these increases, ODA remains lower than the contributions pledged by the G-8 countries at the 2005 Gleneagles Summit, which pledged to increase ODA by $25 billion. The Millennium Development Goals Task Force estimates that there is a $18 billion gap and that Africa received a total of $46 billion in ODA from OECD Development Assistance Committee donors in 2010 significantly less than $64 billion pledged in Gleneagles[2].",
"Figure I",
"Total official development assistance for all donors",
"(Billions of United States dollars in current)",
"Source: OECD Development Assistance Committee Database, 2011.",
"50. The G-8 Summits held in Canada in 2010 and France in 2011 reaffirmed the Group ' s partnership with Africa. In the Muskoka Initiative on Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health, G-8 member countries committed to spending another $5 billion between 2010 and 2015 to achieve the Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 in developing countries. At the 2011 Summit in France, the partnership was reaffirmed through the adoption of the joint declaration of the G-8 and Africa entitled “Shared values, shared responsibilities”. The Summit also launched the Deauville Alliance, which supports the new democracies of the Arab countries and is committed to providing $20 billion through multilateral development banks to support sustainable and inclusive growth in Tunisia and Egypt.",
"51. With regard to aid effectiveness, progress in achieving the targets set out in 2005 in the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and in 2008 in the Accra Agenda for Action (A/63/539, annex). On the one hand, significant progress was made to divert aid to Africa, particularly to the least developed countries, and 18 donors have signed the International Aid Transparency Initiative. On the other hand, the use of country systems and the reduction of aid fragmentation continue to be too much progress. In this context, it is expected that the international community will renew its commitment to improving aid effectiveness at the upcoming fourth High-level Forum on Aid Effectiveness.",
"52. Non-traditional development partners are playing an increasingly important role in African development. Within the framework of South-South cooperation, emerging countries such as Brazil, China, India and Turkey, among others, provide subsidies and loans, often with less conditions than traditional donors. However, due to the lack of data, it is difficult to present a clear picture of the magnitude of ODA of new and emerging development partners.",
"53. In addition to bilateral donors, new philanthropic actors, such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, provide innovative support for financing for development in African countries, which contributes to increasing limited national resources for development. For example, the Gates Foundation, which has begun to submit information to the OECD Development Assistance Committee on the assistance it provides to the health sector, disbursed $1.8 billion in 2009 as grants to improve health in developing countries, of which 36 per cent was earmarked for Africa. It has thus become the third largest donor in this area, after the United States and the Global Fund.",
"B. Debt relief",
"54. Continuing efforts to alleviate the external debt burden of African countries under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative, the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative and at the bilateral level, debt and debt and debt servicing have been drastically reduced since they reached their peak in the mid-1990s. Although total external debt in sub-Saharan Africa reached 73 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1994, in 2010 it fell to 21 per cent of GDP[3], which freed resources and allowed countries to spend more on poverty reduction strategies and to accelerate the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.",
"55. In the period from July 2010 to June 2011, the debt of four countries, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Togo, was significantly reduced by the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative. At the completion point, the Democratic Republic of the Congo received $12.3 billion in debt relief. After meeting the outstanding requirements, Liberia reached the completion point in June 2010 and its debt was reduced by $4.6 billion in nominal terms. As a result, Liberia ' s external debt was reduced to 15 per cent of GDP. In December 2010, Guinea-Bissau received $1.2 billion from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund for debt relief. Finally, in December 2010, when it reached the completion point, Togo ' s external debt fell by 82 per cent. In total, 26 African countries have already reached the completion point in the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and have benefited from debt relief (see table 1). The members of the Paris Club contributed significantly to debt relief for the four countries by agreeing on reductions and cancellations of bilateral debt. The contribution of the Paris Club members to debt relief for these four countries under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative represented more than $9 billion in nominal terms.",
"56. Despite these developments, concern for debt sustainability is increasing, particularly in view of the long-lasting effects of the global economic and financial crisis and the increased involvement and loan portfolio of new and emerging donors in Africa. According to recent reports, 9 of the 26 African countries that have so far benefited from the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative continue to suffer debt problems or are at risk of suffering them.[4]",
"Table 1",
"Current and potential beneficiaries of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative",
"Situation Countries",
"26 countries have reached Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, the completion point Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda, Zambia",
"Four countries have Chad, Comoros, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea reached the decision point",
"Three countries have not Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan reached the decision point",
"Source: IMF, July 2011.",
"C. Foreign direct investment",
"57. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Africa ' s foreign direct investment declined sharply in 2009, down to $59,000 million compared to the historic ceiling of $72 billion in 2008, mainly due to the global economic and financial crisis. UNCTAD ' s preliminary estimates for 2010 indicate that foreign direct investment in Africa decreased by another 14 per cent, reaching $5 billion.[5]",
"58. Foreign direct investment declined in all subregions of the continent, with the exception of Central Africa, which benefited from large investments in Equatorial Guinea. With regard to sectoral distribution, investments in the manufacturing sector and the primary sector declined rapidly during the crisis, and in 2009, the services sector became the main recipient of FDI in Africa. With the early recovery of international commodity prices after the crisis, foreign direct investment is expected to increase in extractive industries in 2011. In fact, while “zero” investments remained at relatively low levels in 2010, mergers and acquisitions in extractive industries grew.",
"59. As investments made by traditional partners diminish, emerging countries are strengthening their position in Africa and their participation continues to grow steadily. For example, the proportion of FDI from Asia increased from an average of 6.7 per cent between 1995 and 1999 to 15.2 per cent between 2000 and 2008.",
"60. African countries have also continued their efforts to improve the investment climate in order to attract foreign direct investment. By the end of 2008, 715 bilateral investment treaties had been concluded to promote and protect foreign investors. The regional economic commissions have also carried out regional investment programmes[6]. Africa ' s greatest effort was also reflected in a better performance according to the World Bank ' s report Doing Business 2011: Making a Difference for Entrepreneurs, which assesses the regulatory environment of companies. In 2011, the report included three African countries among the 10 economies that had registered further progress. Development partners are supporting this process, including through the NEPAD/OECD Africa Investment Initiative, which strengthens the capacity of African countries to design and implement reforms that will improve business climate.",
"D. Trade",
"61. In the past year, virtually no progress was made in the Doha Round of trade negotiations to reach agreement on issues affecting Africa. This was the case despite the fact that at the Seoul Summit in November 2010, G-20 leaders committed to concluding the Doha Round by the end of 2011, underlining the fundamental role of trade in the recovery of the world economy. Moreover, the negotiations on the economic partnership agreements between the European Union and Africa have made very little progress. At the third African and European Union Summit, held in Libya in November 2010, both sides renewed their commitment to finding solutions to the common concerns that continue to exist with respect to economic partnership agreements. However, the negotiations are stagnant.",
"62. Following the second overall review of the Aid for Trade initiative, undertaken in 2009, the commitments of the African initiative increased further and reached $17 billion in 2009, an increase of 21 per cent over 2008[7], focusing on infrastructure and productive capacity. The third general review will be conducted in 2011, giving additional impetus to the Aid for Trade initiative.",
"63. African countries are trying to improve the low level of trade in Africa and, at the sixteenth African Union Summit, reaffirmed their commitment to enhancing integration. The infrastructure programmes of the African Union and NEPAD emphasize regional connectivity, and the regional economic commissions continue to work towards greater trade integration, mainly through the free trade agreement between COMESA, CAO and SADC, with the ultimate goal of establishing a single customs union. The three regional communities aim to complete the first phase of their integration activities, the establishment of a free trade zone, over the next three years.",
"E. South-South cooperation",
"64. South-South cooperation is becoming increasingly important for Africa ' s development, complementing North-South cooperation. The rapid growth of Brazil, China and India and other emerging economies has had drastic and largely positive effects on the continent, increasing funding flows, trade and development assistance. Following the global financial and economic crisis, economic linkages and other types of cooperation have helped to mitigate their impact on the African economy and have helped the continent take the path of economic recovery. The Seoul Development Consensus for a Shared Growth of G-20 formalized this new role of emerging economies in the global sphere.",
"65. Following a successful forum on cooperation between China and Africa, other countries and regions have sought to institute formal structures to guide their cooperation and interaction with Africa. For example, the second Viet Nam-Africa International Forum, held in August 2010, the Iran-Africa Forum, held in September 2010, and the second Afro-Arab Summit, held in Libya in October 2010. In the latter, the African Union and the League of Arab States adopted an Afro-Arab partnership strategy to create an integrated region between Africa and the Arab countries and to promote closer economic and political cooperation.",
"66. In May 2011, India also intensified its cooperation with Africa during the second Africa-India Forum in Ethiopia, entitled “Enlargement of collaboration: a shared vision of future”. The Africa-India Framework for the Promotion of Cooperation was adopted to complement the existing framework and to provide an update on the current Joint Action Plan that would incorporate a follow-up mechanism. India announced that it would provide Africa with $5 billion over the next three years, within the credit lines to help the continent achieve its development goals, offering an additional $700 million to create new training institutions and programmes. The Forum also decided to institutionalize the summit process.",
"67. At the global level, in May 2011, the Ministers of the Non-Aligned Movement adopted in Indonesia a comprehensive outcome document outlining the Movement ' s shared vision for the next 50 years and making a commemorative declaration on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the establishment of the Movement. The Bali commemorative declaration reaffirmed the need to expand and intensify South-South cooperation and improve coordination in the formulation of common positions and strategies on issues of economic and social development. The declaration also stressed the need to expand the global partnership and to ensure that development finance ensures the achievement of internationally agreed development goals, taking into account, inter alia, the special needs of Africa.",
"F. Millennium Villages",
"68. During the period under review, the Millennium Villages project continued to accelerate progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals in ten sub-Saharan African country locations, benefiting some 500,000 people.",
"69. Progress reports issued after the first three years of operation indicate that the project approach is effective. The rigorous monitoring and evaluation of nine research locations reveal that average corn harvests have tripled and that levels of chronic malnutrition among children under 2 years of age have decreased by 43 per cent. School feeding programmes have been established in all countries and 70 per cent of primary school pupils receive a daily meal at school. This has had a significant positive impact on school enrolment and attendance.",
"70. Results in the health sector indicate that access to HIV testing during pregnancy has doubled and that childbirth rates in health centres have improved by 50 per cent on average. The project has recorded a reduction in the prevalence of malaria of more than 80% and the use of mosquito nets was multiplied by seven. Approximately 75 per cent of children have been immunized against measles and have received vitamin A supplements over the past six months. The number of people with access to safe drinking water has doubled and access to improved sanitation has tripled.",
"71. Several countries are exploring the lessons learned from the project in order to develop national strategies to achieve the Millennium Development Goals based on this integrated model. In Ghana, Mali and Nigeria, Governments are developing nationally expanded initiatives in the context of the Goals based on the experience of the Millennium Villages, while in Malawi and Uganda the results of the project have been used in the general debate on the Millennium Development Goals held at the governmental level.",
"IV. United Nations system support",
"Strengthening the Regional Coordination Mechanism of United Nations agencies and organizations working in Africa in support of the African Union and its NEPAD programme and the cluster system",
"72. During the reporting period, the United Nations system continued to provide technical and institutional support to the African Union NEPAD programme. Last year, there was a greater alignment between the programmes of the various United Nations entities and those of the African Union Commission, the NEPAD Agency and the regional economic commissions. The United Nations system has been actively involved in all these processes of institutional construction and programme design and implementation at the regional, subregional, national and community levels.",
"73. The Regional Coordination Mechanism recorded significant achievements, as demonstrated by the increased coordination of United Nations agencies and programmes. Specifically, the concept “One in Action” gained greater acceptance and agencies recognized the need for a collective approach to support capacity-building in the African Union.",
"74. The eleventh session of the Regional Coordination Mechanism on the theme " Rio+20 " , held in November 2010, achieved significant results, especially with regard to the implementation of the 10-year capacity-building programme in the African Union, which gave new breeding for such implementation. The programme review was completed in 2010 and the main findings were incorporated into the report of the Secretary-General (A/65/716-S/2011/54). The report indicates that there is enormous support for the programme among members of the African Union Commission. It also calls for strengthened interaction with the regional economic commissions and notes the need to increase resource mobilization to implement the programme.",
"75. The reconfiguration of the secretariat of the Regional Coordination Mechanism has been consolidated, which is essentially headed by the United Nations to be a joint secretariat of the United Nations and the African Union, and is exercising more effective leadership and control in the Mechanism. The joint secretariat currently has its own staff from the African Union Commission and ECA, which have continued to provide strategic coordination and support to the Mechanism. Coordination processes have been strengthened, especially following the establishment of the NEPAD coordination unit in the office of the Chairman of the African Union Commission. Coordination among and within thematic clusters has also improved. In particular, the advocacy and communications cluster sought the participation of African media representatives in the second African media regional dialogue, held in Lesotho in June 2011, and adopted the Maseru Declaration to enhance its role in promoting the development priorities of the African Union and NEPAD.",
"76. The Inter-Agency Working Group on Africa, established by the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa at Headquarters, has continued to provide an effective framework for United Nations system agencies to share knowledge and experience. In particular, the Working Group has been actively engaged in providing inputs and suggestions for the preparation of the reports of the Secretary-General.",
"V. Conclusions and recommendations",
"77. In the past year, progress has been made in the implementation of NEPAD projects and in the launch of the African Peer Review Mechanism, as well as increased ODA and trade aid for African countries. Despite these developments, key challenges remain in the implementation of NEPAD. Since the tenth anniversary of the Alliance is celebrated this year, African countries must continue to implement NEPAD projects by allocating more resources and promoting private sector development, while development partners must take urgent action to fulfil their commitments to Africa.",
"78. The tenth anniversary of NEPAD could be a turning point in meeting its sectoral priorities. This will require will and leadership to realize in policy actions and results the concept of development and the international commitments of Africa. Ten years after the adoption of NEPAD, the option of maintaining customary practices should not be viable. The following recommendations could serve as a starting point.",
"79. The NEPAD founding document underscores the need for a partnership between African Governments and their own peoples, including the private sector and civil society. Great strides have been made to increase civil participation. Now African countries must build on the momentum and further strengthen mechanisms for the participation, inclusion and empowerment of all sectors of society in political and development processes.",
"80. Since the private sector is a key partner in the implementation of NEPAD, African countries should establish a business-friendly environment by further improving the investment climate. African countries should also continue to undertake appropriate institutional reforms to attract private capital and build public-private partnerships to finance infrastructure projects.",
"81. In view of the importance of agricultural development in ensuring food security and addressing recurring food crises, African countries should strive to achieve the goal set out in the Maputo Declaration of assigning 10 per cent of national budgets to the agricultural sector and rural development and ensuring better governance to manage the resources allocated effectively.",
"82. African women represent the hope, strength and opportunity of Africa. African countries should move beyond policies and plans and move to implementation, including by prioritizing actions to achieve the objectives of the African Women ' s Decade 2010-2020.",
"83. Since the African Peer Review has been conducted in 14 countries, Governments should implement the agreed programmes of action and implement the recommendations of the Review Mechanism reports. The review process could be faster to accelerate the completion rate for countries that have already initiated their review process.",
"84. African countries should integrate climate change issues into both national and regional economic planning and management and incorporate environmental policy into productive sectors, and international partners should support their mitigation and adaptation actions. African countries should continue to participate in the preparatory process for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) to be held in 2012, the results of which will affect the future of sustainable growth on the continent.",
"85. Many countries and organizations that are not members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee are playing an increasingly important role as development partners in African countries. In order to improve aid effectiveness, it was therefore necessary to encourage the participation of new and emerging partners who were not members of the Committee. The fourth forthcoming High-level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Busan, Republic of Korea, could be the appropriate platform. At the High-level Forum, development partners should take into account the position of Africa, the Tunisian Consensus, which calls for progress beyond aid effectiveness to focus on development effectiveness, with the ultimate goal of reducing aid dependence and promoting self-reliance.",
"86. ODA and FDI can contribute to Africa ' s growth. Development partners should take urgent and collective action to substantially increase aid disbursements in order to fulfil their commitment to duplicate assistance to Africa. They should also maintain the upward trend of FDI in Africa.",
"87. In view of the high rate of youth unemployment in Africa, development partners should reach the long-deferred conclusion of the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations, with their development dimensions, as this would enhance international trade and enhance the possibilities of creating jobs.",
"88. In the area of HIV/AIDS, development partners should continue to support the strengthening of national health systems, research infrastructure and laboratory capacity, and to expand monitoring systems, with a view to improving measures to mitigate the impact of the epidemic, as indicated in the June 2011 Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS.",
"89. The Aid for Trade initiative is an effective mechanism to help African countries overcome supply constraints and benefit from increased market access. The actions of this initiative should complement and not replace those aimed at improving market access for African exports and strengthening the continent ' s contribution to global trade.",
"90. Although debt-servicing costs have declined through various bilateral and multilateral debt-reduction initiatives, several African countries are experiencing difficulties that could affect sustainability in their indebtedness. In order to maintain debt sustainability, development partners should ensure that countries that meet the requirements for debt reduction obtain total debt relief from all creditors, including commercial creditors, and deter creditors that do not belong to the Paris Club from taking legal action against heavily indebted poor countries.",
"[1] Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), African Development Bank, Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) and United Nations Development Programme, African Economic Outlook (Paris, OECD, 2011).",
"[2] United Nations, The Global Partnership for Development: Time to Deliver, report of the Millennium Development Goals Task Force (New York, 2011).",
"[3] International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Economic Outlook database, April 2011.",
"[4] Africa Progress Panel, The Transformative Power of Partnerships, Africa Progress Report 2011 (Geneva, 2011).",
"[5] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, “Global investment trends monitor No. 5”, January 2011, available at http://www.unctad.org/en/docs//webdiaeia20111_en.pdf.",
"[6] ECA and OECD, The Mutual Review of Development Effectiveness in Africa: 2011 Interim Report (2011), available at http://www.uneca.org/gpad/publications/mdre2011/MRDE%202011_Interim_EN.pdf.",
"[7] Ibid."
] |
[
"Informe del Secretario General sobre la Misión de Administración Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en Kosovo",
"I. Introducción y prioridades de la Misión",
"1. El presente informe se presenta con arreglo a la resolución 1244 (1999) del Consejo de Seguridad, en que el Consejo decidió establecer la Misión de Administración Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en Kosovo (UNMIK) y pidió que el Secretario General le presentara periódicamente informes sobre la aplicación de su mandato. El presente informe comprende las actividades de la UNMIK y los acontecimientos conexos ocurridos del 16 de abril al 15 de julio de 2011.",
"2. Las prioridades de la Misión no han cambiado: promover la seguridad, la estabilidad y el respeto de los derechos humanos en Kosovo y en la región. La UNMIK sigue promoviendo esos objetivos mediante su colaboración con Pristina y Belgrado, las comunidades de Kosovo y los agentes regionales e internacionales. La Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa (OSCE) y la Fuerza Internacional de Seguridad en Kosovo (KFOR) han seguido desempeñando sus importantes funciones en el marco de la resolución 1244 (1999) del Consejo de Seguridad. En consonancia con la declaración de la Presidencia del Consejo de Seguridad de 26 de noviembre de 2008 (S/PRST/2008/44) y en mi informe de 24 de noviembre de 2008 (S/2008/692), la Misión de la Unión Europea por el Estado de Derecho en Kosovo (EULEX) está operando bajo la autoridad general y en el marco de neutralidad de las Naciones Unidas. La OSCE, la KFOR y la EULEX han seguido cooperando y coordinando sus actividades con la UNMIK. Los organismos, fondos y programas de las Naciones Unidas también siguen colaborando estrechamente con la UNMIK.",
"II. Situación política",
"3. Tras haber superado una serie de crisis políticas, las autoridades de Kosovo han centrado su atención en su propia consolidación y en el aseguramiento de la estabilidad institucional. Los líderes de los dos principales partidos albanokosovares gobernantes, el Partido Democrático de Kosovo (PDK) y la Nueva Alianza de Kosovo (AKR), acordaron las modalidades de redistribución de los puestos ministeriales. El Primer Ministro, Hashim Thaçi (PDK), nombró al expresidente Behgjet Pacolli (AKR) Viceprimer Ministro Principal, cargo de nueva creación, y a un miembro de la AKR para que encabezara el Ministerio de la Diáspora, de reciente creación. En la actualidad, el Gobierno tiene seis viceprimeros ministros y 19 ministros, tres de los cuales también son viceprimeros ministros. Tres de los viceministros actuales son serbios y ocho son de otras comunidades.",
"4. A principios de mayo, el Comité especial de la Asamblea encargado de la reforma de la ley electoral, integrado por representantes de todos los grupos de la Asamblea, inició sus trabajos. La reforma del sistema electoral formaba parte del acuerdo de compromiso entre el Gobierno encabezado por el PDK y el principal partido de la oposición, la Liga Democrática de Kosovo (LDK), que puso fin a la crisis política que se produjo a principios de año. El Comité de la Asamblea está preparando una propuesta para introducir varios distritos electorales y un sistema de mayorías para las elecciones legislativas. Una vez que el Comité llegue a un acuerdo en relación con los cambios, se requerirá una mayoría de dos tercios de la Asamblea para que se aprueben.",
"5. Durante el período a que se refiere el informe, las autoridades de Kosovo incrementaron sus esfuerzos para establecer una estrecha colaboración con la Unión Europea y aumentar su visibilidad a nivel internacional. En este contexto, recibieron las visitas del Presidente de la Comisión Europea, Sr. José Manuel Barroso, y de la Alta Representante de la Unión Europea para Asuntos Exteriores y Política de Seguridad, Sra. Catherine Ashton. Durante su visita, la Alta Representante destacó la importancia del diálogo en curso con Belgrado e instó a las partes a mostrar flexibilidad y creatividad a fin de obtener resultados tangibles. El Primer Ministro viajó a Bruselas poco después de la quinta ronda del diálogo, y examinó la perspectiva de la Unión Europea sobre Kosovo con la Alta Representante. Desde su toma de posesión el 7 de abril, la Presidenta, Sra. Atifete Jahjaga, ha centrado sus actividades en participar en foros multilaterales. Entre otras reuniones, asistió a la cumbre de líderes de Europa central celebrada en Varsovia y a los festejos por el 150 aniversario de la unificación de Italia, celebrados en Roma. Los países anfitriones no invitaron a la UNMIK a esas actividades. El Presidente de Serbia, Sr. Boris Tadić, aunque invitado, no asistió, citando la política del Gobierno de Serbia de no asistir a las reuniones en que la participación de Kosovo no ha sido facilitada por las Naciones Unidas.",
"6. Las autoridades de Kosovo han reiterado su voluntad de cooperar con una investigación de las denuncias contenidas en el informe del Relator Especial del Consejo de Europa sobre el tráfico de órganos humanos, Sr. Dick Marty, y acogieron con satisfacción la creación de un equipo de tareas de la EULEX para llevar a cabo esta investigación. La EULEX ha confirmado que el Equipo de Tareas comenzará a desempeñar sus funciones en 2011, cuando concluya la contratación en curso de todos sus miembros del personal. El Equipo de Tareas estará integrado por dos fiscales internacionales y varios investigadores internacionales que se especializan en investigaciones de crímenes de guerra. El Equipo de Tareas, que desempeñará sus funciones bajo la autoridad administrativa del jefe del componente de justicia de la EULEX, tendrá sedes en Bruselas y en Pristina. Aunque Serbia ha reconocido los esfuerzos de la EULEX en este sentido, Belgrado se ha mantenido firme en su opinión de que debe haber un órgano independiente, establecido por el Consejo de Seguridad, con facultades para investigar en Albania y otros lugares, que dirija la investigación.",
"7. Durante el período que abarca el informe, algunos funcionarios gubernamentales serbios, incluido el Viceprimer Ministro Principal y Ministro del Interior, Sr. Ivica Dačić, sugirieron que “los ajustes territoriales” podrían ser llevados a la mesa de negociaciones con el fin de alcanzar una solución definitiva para Kosovo. La sugerencia dio lugar a réplicas agudas de Pristina y Washington. Las autoridades de Kosovo argumentaron que la única manera de resolver los problemas étnicos en Kosovo, y en los Balcanes occidentales, era mediante la plena aplicación del plan Ahtisaari y la integración europea. Grupos políticos serbokosovares también se opusieron a la idea de los ajustes territoriales, independientemente de que vivan al norte o al sur del río Ibër/Ibar y de que se inclinen por Belgrado o por Pristina. Los que viven al sur del río Ibër/Ibar temen que los ajustes territoriales los dejen sin protección en Kosovo, mientras que los serbios de Kosovo septentrional argumentan que esos ajustes van en contra del interés nacional de Serbia y están prohibidos por su Constitución, pues implican el reconocimiento de la independencia de Kosovo. En contraste, el Sr. Albin Kurti, jefe del grupo de oposición de albanokosovares Vetëvendosje, se comprometió a trabajar con miras a lograr la unión de Kosovo con Albania.",
"8. El 12 de mayo, el jefe de la delegación de Belgrado en el diálogo con Pristina, Sr. Borislav Stefanović, viajó a Pristina y se reunió con el Sr. Hajredin Kuçi, Viceprimer Ministro y Ministro de Justicia; el jefe de la delegación de Pristina en el diálogo, la Viceprimera Ministra Edita Tahiri; el embajador de los Estados Unidos, y el Representante Especial interino de la Unión Europea. La visita provocó protestas por parte de unos 200 partidarios de Vetëvendosje, que se tornaron violentas y en las que varias personas, entre ellas oficiales de policía, resultaron heridas y algunos vehículos, dañados. Las autoridades de Kosovo condenaron las protestas.",
"9. Durante el período a que se refiere el informe, un Estado Miembro de las Naciones Unidas, Andorra, reconoció a Kosovo, por lo que el número de Estados que lo reconocen asciende a 76.",
"III. Colaboración entre Pristina y Belgrado y disposiciones prácticas",
"10. Durante el período que se examina, prosiguió el proceso de diálogo acogido con beneplácito por la Asamblea General en su resolución 64/298 y facilitado por la Unión Europea: se celebraron la cuarta y quinta rondas de reuniones en Bruselas, los días 17 y 18 de mayo y 2 de julio. El Director Político del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Serbia, Sr. Borislav Stefanović, y la Viceprimera Ministra de Kosovo, Sra. Edita Tahiri, siguieron al frente de sus respectivas delegaciones en las conversaciones.",
"11. En los intervalos entre sesiones plenarias, la frecuencia de las reuniones preparatorias, los grupos de trabajo técnico y los contactos bilaterales y trilaterales entre el equipo de facilitación del diálogo de la Unión Europea y las partes en el diálogo se incrementó considerablemente.",
"12. En la cuarta ronda de conversaciones se puso el acento en el registro civil, los registros catastrales, la libertad de circulación, las telecomunicaciones y la energía. En la quinta reunión se obtuvieron resultados concretos para el diálogo. Se alcanzó acuerdo en tres ámbitos que mejorarán la vida de la gente común. En relación con el registro civil, las partes acordaron que un comité mixto presidido por la EULEX, establecido como resultado de las conversaciones sostenidas en reuniones previas en el marco del diálogo, seguiría identificando las lagunas en los libros del registro civil que faltan. La EULEX certificará las copias de todos los libros originales del registro civil con miras a establecer un registro civil exhaustivo en Kosovo. Como parte del acuerdo, la EULEX proporcionará información específica acerca del registro civil de Kosovo, previa solicitud. De esta forma se proporcionaría una mayor seguridad jurídica a las personas que viven en Kosovo y se facilitaría la resolución de problemas conexos en los tribunales.",
"13. El acuerdo sobre la libertad de circulación, que ambas partes convinieron en aplicar tan pronto como fuera posible, permitirá a la gente cruzar la frontera administrativa utilizando sus documentos de identidad o sus permisos de conducir. Incluye otras disposiciones que permitirán viajar en auto a través de las fronteras, pero los detalles de esta modalidad no se han terminado de elaborar.",
"14. Las partes también acordaron, en principio, aceptar los títulos universitarios y escolares. Se espera que esto se aplique mediante la certificación otorgada por un órgano internacional o por una institución académica de una tercera parte, previo acuerdo mutuo. Las partes se proponen elaborar los detalles en la próxima reunión que se celebre en el marco del diálogo.",
"15. Se prevé que los acuerdos alcanzados en la quinta reunión, presentados en forma de conclusiones de la Presidencia de la Unión Europea, se pongan en práctica tan pronto como sea factible desde el punto de vista operacional. La firme determinación de ambas partes de hacer que los acuerdos funcionen se plasmará en la creación de grupos mixtos de trabajo tripartito presididos por la Unión Europea para asegurar que la aplicación se lleve a cabo con la mayor eficiencia posible. La UNMIK ha seguido contribuyendo al diálogo, incluso mediante la prestación de asistencia a las reuniones y el suministro de información a partir de su experiencia en Kosovo, como en lo atinente al registro civil, la libertad de circulación, la aceptación de los títulos académicos y la libre circulación de mercancías.",
"16. Los partidos de oposición Alianza para el Futuro de Kosovo (AAK), LDK y Vetëvendosje, así como organizaciones de la sociedad civil de Kosovo, han exigido que los acuerdos alcanzados se presenten y examinen en la Asamblea de Kosovo y han criticado a las autoridades de Kosovo por la falta de transparencia sobre el tema. El más inflexible en ese sentido fue Vetëvendosje, que se opone al diálogo. El Presidente de la Asamblea de Kosovo, Sr. Jakup Krasniqi (PDK), ha hecho varias declaraciones públicas en las que ha afirmado que ni él ni la Asamblea han sido informados adecuadamente acerca del contenido del diálogo.",
"17. Los dirigentes serbios de Kosovo septentrional, en general, expresaron su desaprobación del diálogo, indicando que iba en contra de los intereses de los serbokosovares y constituía un paso hacia el reconocimiento de Kosovo por Serbia como Estado independiente. Los dirigentes serbokosovares al sur del río Ibër/Ibar fueron más positivos respecto del diálogo por considerarlo una herramienta que contribuye a aliviar los problemas de la vida diaria. El mayor partido de serbokosovares que participa en las instituciones de Kosovo, el Partido Liberal Independiente, ha expresado reiteradamente su frustración por lo que ve como su exclusión del proceso, tanto por parte de Belgrado como de Pristina.",
"18. El Gobierno de Serbia promovió los beneficios mutuos de los acuerdos, al tiempo que destacó que no perjudicaban el estatuto futuro de Kosovo. Los partidos de oposición serbios han criticado al Partido Democrático, principal partido gobernante de Serbia, por estar de acuerdo con las conclusiones del diálogo, con la notable excepción del partido más pequeño de la oposición, el Partido Democrático Liberal, que acogió con beneplácito las conclusiones. Sin embargo, mientras que en la oposición el Partido Democrático de Serbia, Nueva Serbia y el Partido Radical Serbio denunciaron la situación, el principal partido de la oposición, el Partido Progresista Serbio, proyectó un tono más moderado, y señaló que el diálogo debía continuar, pero que sus conclusiones no debían dar lugar al reconocimiento de Kosovo por parte de Serbia.",
"19. Complementando el apoyo prestado al proceso oficial de diálogo, mi Representante Especial y mi Representante en Belgrado han seguido celebrando reuniones periódicas con las autoridades serbias, y los contactos entre mi Representante Especial y las autoridades de Kosovo se han intensificado. El personal de la UNMIK siguió manteniendo contactos periódicos de trabajo con las autoridades de Kosovo.",
"20. Durante el período a que se refiere el informe, los esfuerzos de exhumación se reanudaron en Zhilivodë/Žilivoda por parte de la Fuerza de Seguridad de Kosovo y la EULEX. El 15 de julio de 2011, el Grupo de Trabajo de Pristina y Belgrado sobre personas desaparecidas, presidido por el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja (CICR), celebró su primera reunión después de un paréntesis de casi un año, debido en buena medida a los acontecimientos políticos internos en Kosovo. Las partes reiteraron su intención de cumplir los compromisos contraídos y de continuar interactuando en el marco del Grupo de Trabajo. Se logró identificar a 11 personas desaparecidas, cuyos restos fueron entregados a sus familiares. Según el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja, 1.809 personas siguen desaparecidas.",
"IV. Kosovo septentrional",
"21. La situación general de seguridad en Kosovo septentrional permaneció relativamente en calma, pero las tensiones aumentaron hacia el final del período a que se refiere el informe. Los líderes serbios de Kosovo septentrional expresaron su preocupación respecto de las decisiones del Ministerio del Interior de Kosovo de ampliar sus operaciones a los municipios septentrionales de Kosovo en que existe una mayoría de serbios, mediante las actividades de las Unidades Regionales de Apoyo Operacional y las Unidades Regionales de Tráfico. Las tensiones aumentaron cuando las Unidades de Apoyo Operacional comenzaron a patrullar diariamente las zonas multiétnicas de Kosovo septentrional, como parte de las iniciativas de Pristina para afianzar su autoridad en el lugar.",
"22. A mediados de mayo, las tensiones en Kosovo septentrional también se incrementaron como resultado de la decisión del Ministerio del Interior de Kosovo de proceder a la rotación de los comandantes de los puestos y las comisarías de policía en esa región. En un inicio, los seis comandantes serbios de Kosovo septentrional se negaron a ejecutar la orden de la rotación y fueron suspendidos de sus cargos. Si bien dos de los comandantes accedieron más tarde a la rotación, uno se vio impedido de asumir su nuevo cargo debido a un bloqueo de la carretera. Tras una investigación de la Dependencia de Normas Profesionales de la Policía de Kosovo, a principios de julio el Director de la policía de Kosovo adoptó la decisión de rescindir los contratos de trabajo de los cuatro comandantes serbokosovares que no cumplieron la orden de rotación. Los líderes serbios de Kosovo septentrional denunciaron la decisión y expresaron la posición de que cualesquiera planes de rotación deberían haberse basado en consultas con ellos. Los oficiales de policía y el personal administrativo serbios de las comisarías de Kosovo septentrional han llevado a cabo paros laborales aleatorios en apoyo de la reincorporación de los comandantes despedidos. En junio, las asambleas municipales patrocinadas por Belgrado en Zubin Potok, Zveçan/Zvečan, Leposaviq/Leposavić y Mitrovica Norte celebraron una sesión conjunta en la que rechazaron los planes de rotación y culparon a la KFOR, la EULEX y las autoridades de Kosovo de tratar de presionar a los serbios de Kosovo septentrional para que aceptaran la autoridad de Pristina. Al 15 de julio, los cuatro comandantes despedidos habían firmado sus cartas de despido. La decisión de despido puede ser apelada hasta el 20 de julio.",
"23. Tras la detención en mayo de un residente serbio de Zubin Potok por la EULEX, sospechoso de haber cometido diversas actividades delictivas, entre ellas de delincuencia organizada, contrabando y evasión fraudulenta de derechos de importación e impuestos al consumo, miembros de la comunidad empresarial local denunciaron la detención como un acto de intimidación y un intento de imponer el pago de impuestos y derechos de aduana a las autoridades de Kosovo, a quienes no reconocen. Como resultado de ello, la asociación de empresarios locales organizó bloqueos de carreteras a diario en Zubin Potok y bloqueos de carreteras esporádicos en Mitrovica Norte, Leposaviq/Leposavić y Zveçan/Zvečan, que se prolongaron durante casi un mes. Aunque las acciones se realizaron inicialmente en apoyo del detenido, posteriormente también se hacían en contra de la rotación de los comandantes de las estaciones de policía de Kosovo septentrional. Estos acontecimientos tensaron más las relaciones entre los serbios de Kosovo septentrional y la EULEX.",
"24. En respuesta a las alegaciones de algunos líderes locales y habitantes serbios de Kosovo septentrional de que sus intereses no estaban siendo reflejados adecuadamente por la delegación serbia en el diálogo, el jefe del equipo negociador de Belgrado en el diálogo con Pristina, Sr. Borislav Stefanović, visitó Zveçan/Zvečan y Zubin Potok el 2 de junio y se reunió con funcionarios locales para asegurarles que sus intereses serían tomados en cuenta en las negociaciones.",
"25. En mayo, se amplió la junta consultiva de la Administración de la UNMIK en Mitrovica y se modernizaron sus procedimientos para hacer de ella un órgano más eficiente que reflejara mejor la situación política existente en Mitrovica Norte. Tras una serie de consultas con la UNMIK con todos los interesados a fin de identificar a candidatos adecuados y mantener un equilibrio étnico que fuera un reflejo de la población local, se nombró a 15 miembros de la junta consultiva, entre ellos dos albanokosovares y un bosniokosovar.",
"26. El 16 de junio, las autoridades aduaneras de Kosovo bloquearon un cargamento de camiones cargados con concentrados de mineral de zinc destinados a la exportación por las sucursales septentrional y meridional de la Empresa Trepça, sobre la base de una carta en que el Organismo de Privatización de Kosovo indicó que no había autorizado esas exportaciones. Posteriormente, las autoridades liberaron el envío de Trepça/sur para la exportación, mientras que a los 22 camiones procedentes de Trepça/norte se les negó el paso. Las exportaciones de Trepça /norte habían sido autorizadas por la UNMIK sobre la base de la legislación promulgada con arreglo a la resolución 1244 (1999). La sucursal septentrional de la Empresa Trepça deriva casi todos los ingresos de las exportaciones de esos concentrados de minerales, que son esenciales para la economía en el la parte septentrional, ya que paga a los proveedores y a todos los empleados de Trepça/norte.",
"V. Situación económica",
"27. El 1 de junio, una misión del Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) a Kosovo, en el marco de las consultas del Artículo IV, anunció la interrupción del acuerdo de derecho de giro que durante 18 meses había mantenido con Kosovo. El FMI llegó a la conclusión de que elementos del presupuesto de 2011 del Gobierno de Kosovo, en particular el gran aumento de la masa salarial, se desviaba de los compromisos del acuerdo. Como resultado de ello, Kosovo no podrá acceder a los fondos que el FMI desembolsaría en 2011 en el marco del acuerdo de derecho de giro. Además, una cantidad considerable de fondos de la Unión Europea y el Banco Mundial no se materializarán, pues están vinculados a garantías claras de la existencia de un marco macroeconómico sólido. El personal del FMI ha acordado con las autoridades de Kosovo un programa de vigilancia del personal, en virtud del cual el Fondo seguirá de cerca la aplicación de las reformas económicas y financieras hasta fines de 2011, antes de adoptar una decisión respecto del establecimiento de un posible acuerdo apoyado por el FMI en 2012. El presupuesto de 2011 también incluye ingresos por un monto de 300 millones de euros procedentes de la venta prevista del 75% de las acciones de la compañía telefónica PTK, que se prevé sea la principal fuente de ingresos para la financiación del déficit. Según el FMI, un posible retraso en el proceso de privatización es un riesgo para el presupuesto de 2011. Las dudas sobre la posibilidad de que estos fondos se faciliten en su totalidad, así como los gastos previstos para la construcción de una autopista que atraviese Kosovo desde Albania, ejercen una presión financiera adicional sobre el presupuesto de Kosovo. Además, desde que Kosovo perdió el trato preferencial en los intercambios comerciales con la Unión Europea el 31 de diciembre de 2010, los productos originarios de Kosovo están sujetos a derechos de aduana al entrar en el mercado de la Unión Europea.",
"28. En mayo, las autoridades de Kosovo comenzaron a preparar enmiendas del marco jurídico vigente para las privatizaciones en Kosovo, establecido previamente por la UNMIK. Existen algunas preocupaciones de que el proyecto de ley permita a las autoridades de Kosovo tener acceso a los fondos de privatización que mantiene en fideicomiso el Organismo Fiduciario de Kosovo para beneficio de propietarios y acreedores, y utilizarlos con fines presupuestarios. La legislación propuesta debilitaría considerablemente la protección de los fondos de privatización y los expondría a la posibilidad de que se utilicen de forma indebida. Por lo tanto, plantea cuestiones de derechos de propiedad, en cuanto a la posible expropiación de los fondos de la privatización en detrimento de los propietarios y acreedores, y cuestiones relacionadas con el deber de diligencia y posibles problemas de responsabilidad, respecto de los propietarios y acreedores, para proteger los fondos fiduciarios. La legislación propuesta también contempla cambios en el proceso de privatización y liquidación de empresas de propiedad social y trata de minimizar la participación internacional en cuestiones relacionadas con el Organismo Fiduciario de Kosovo, en contravención del marco jurídico establecido por la UNMIK.",
"VI. Seguridad",
"29. Durante el período que se examina, la situación general de seguridad en Kosovo permaneció relativamente en calma, aunque se produjo un aumento de los incidentes de baja intensidad que afectan a las comunidades de minorías, en comparación con el mismo período de 2010, al igual que en el número de incidentes que afectan al personal internacional y los activos.",
"30. Entre los acontecimientos positivos, cabe señalar una disminución de casi el 27% en el número de asesinatos e intentos de asesinato. Los robos a mano armada también disminuyeron en un 20%. La policía de Kosovo ha dado muestras de mejora en su profesionalismo tras realizar una serie de operaciones exitosas contra el contrabando de armas, la trata de seres humanos, la corrupción y el lavado de dinero. El 19 de abril, nueve armas de fuego y 600 cartuchos de municiones fueron incautados en Kaçanik/Kačanik. El 13 de junio, una ametralladora pesada con 600 cartuchos de municiones y un mortero con 33 granadas fueron incautados en otra operación cerca de Shtërpcë/Štrpce.",
"31. Sin embargo, los incidentes delictivos que afectan a las comunidades minoritarias casi se duplicaron durante los últimos tres meses en comparación con el mismo período del año anterior (77 casos hasta el 15 de julio, en comparación con 38 en 2010). En cinco ocasiones, autobuses que transportaban a serbios fueron apedreados. Aunque en la mayoría de los casos se trató de actos de hostigamiento, intimidación, asalto y daños a la propiedad de baja intensidad, también se informó de unos pocos casos de incidentes graves, como un asalto a tres agentes de policía serbokosovares que estaban de servicio por parte de un grupo de albanokosovares armados el 2 de julio y el apuñalamiento de un serbio en Mitrovica.",
"32. La mayoría de los incidentes que afectaron al personal internacional y los activos fueron hurtos, robos o daños menores a la propiedad o los vehículos, pero también se informó de varias agresiones físicas, amenazas e incidentes de ataques con piedras. En particular, el 7 de junio en Pristina, dos vehículos oficiales de la EULEX fueron incendiados por desconocidos, mientras que un funcionario internacional de la Comisión Europea fue asaltado y robado el 15 de junio. Los días 6 y 21 de junio, dos vehículos con matrículas de la OSCE —un vehículo privado conducido por un funcionario internacional y un vehículo oficial— fueron alcanzados por disparos en circunstancias no esclarecidas cerca de Pejё/Peć y Gjilan/Gnjilane, respectivamente.",
"33. Durante el período que se examina se registraron una serie de protestas, actos públicos y manifestaciones —en general, pacíficos— en todo Kosovo en relación con diversas cuestiones políticas y socioeconómicas.",
"34. La tasa de criminalidad se mantuvo relativamente constante. El número total de delitos violentos cometidos con uso de armas o bajo la amenaza de uso de armas se mantuvo elevado, sin signos de disminución, lo que indica que la proliferación de armas ilegales sigue siendo un serio factor de inseguridad. En ese contexto, se registraron 151 tiroteos y 335 casos de confiscación de armas y municiones ilegales durante los últimos tres meses.",
"35. El 29 de junio, el alcalde albanokosovar de Mitrovica Sur amenazó con retirar las paredes externas de concreto que rodean el edificio utilizado actualmente por la UNMIK como sus instalaciones regionales, afirmando que esa medida era necesaria como parte del plan de embellecimiento urbano del municipio, financiado por la Comisión Europea. La cuestión se resolvió tras una serie de intervenciones de la UNMIK ante la EULEX, la Oficina de Enlace de la Comunidad Europea, las misiones bilaterales y los principales líderes políticos de Pristina, todos los cuales entendieron la ilegalidad de la medida propuesta. El oficial encargado de la UNMIK se reunió con el alcalde el 7 de julio y, tras una nueva evaluación de las necesidades de seguridad, llegaron a un entendimiento que evitó que la municipalidad retirara las paredes de protección contra explosiones, al cambiarlas de lugar.",
"VII. Estado de derecho",
"36. La UNMIK siguió ejerciendo ciertas funciones en la esfera del estado de derecho, supervisando actividades y cooperando a nivel técnico con los Ministerios de Justicia y del Interior de Kosovo, así como con el Ministerio de Justicia de Serbia. La UNMIK también siguió facilitando las comunicaciones entre las autoridades de Serbia y los Estados que no han reconocido a Kosovo y el Ministerio de Justicia de Kosovo, incluso recibiendo y trasmitiendo las solicitudes de asistencia judicial mutua. La situación sigue estando paralizada entre los Ministerios de Justicia de Kosovo y de Serbia en lo que respecta a la asistencia judicial mutua. La UNMIK sigue entablando conversaciones para solucionar la situación, también con la EULEX. Durante el período que se examina, la UNMIK remitió 46 respuestas del Ministerio de Serbia al Ministerio de Kosovo.",
"37. Como Serbia no había tramitado ninguna de las solicitudes recibidas directamente del Ministerio de Justicia de Kosovo, la Sala Especial del Tribunal Supremo sobre asuntos relativos al Organismo Fiduciario de Kosovo utilizó los buenos oficios de la UNMIK para llevar a cabo la asistencia jurídica mutua. La UNMIK remitió 47 solicitudes de la Sala Especial para la remisión de documentos a Serbia.",
"38. La UNMIK también facilitó la interacción diaria de Kosovo con la INTERPOL y sus Estados miembros: recibió ocho solicitudes para la emisión de avisos de búsqueda internacional y facilitó la emisión de cinco notificaciones rojas de la INTERPOL.",
"39. Durante el período que se examina, la UNMIK siguió prestando servicios de certificación de documentos, tanto para los residentes de Kosovo como a solicitud de Estados que no reconocen a Kosovo. Esos servicios incluyeron principalmente la certificación de documentación sobre el estado civil, las pensiones, y de carácter académico.",
"VIII. Comunidades, retorno y reconciliación",
"40. La Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR) informó de 244 retornos voluntarios de integrantes de minorías en los meses de abril y mayo, por lo que el total de personas que han retornado desde el mes de enero asciende a 492. De las 244 personas que han regresado, aproximadamente el 39% eran serbokosovares, el 34% eran de las comunidades romaní, ashkalí y egipcia de Kosovo, y el 12% eran goraníes de Kosovo, mientras que los bosniokosovares y los albanokosovares representaban el 5% en cada caso. La cifra total de integrantes de minorías que han regresado voluntariamente a Kosovo entre enero de 2000 y mayo de 2011 asciende a 22.630.",
"41. En abril y mayo, se organizaron cinco visitas de prospección para 69 personas con discapacidad, principalmente de Montenegro y Serbia, así como cinco visitas de inspección en Serbia propiamente dicha en beneficio de más de 139 desplazados de los municipios de Deçan/Dečani, Kllokot/Klokot, Rahovec/Orahovac y Lipjan/Lipljan.",
"42. Algunas comunidades de acogida siguen oponiéndose al retorno de los desplazados. En el municipio de Shtime/Štimlje, una comunidad albanokosovar se había opuesto al retorno de tres familias de ashkalíes de Kosovo desplazados desde la ex República Yugoslava de Macedonia sobre la base de alegaciones relacionadas con crímenes de guerra. En Deçan/Dečani, una “visita de prospección” al pueblo de Lloqan/Loćane programada para 13 serbokosovares desplazados fue aplazada cuando la comunidad de acogida se opuso a recibir la visita de dos de ellos, alegando que habían cometido crímenes de guerra durante el conflicto. Las autoridades municipales y otras partes interesadas están buscando soluciones duraderas para hacer frente a estas situaciones, incluyendo el diálogo previo al retorno y la inclusión de beneficios para las comunidades de acogida en los proyectos de retorno.",
"43. El ACNUR también registró el retorno forzoso, principalmente desde países de Europa occidental, de 100 personas integrantes de comunidades comunitarias, 71 de los cuales eran miembros de las comunidades romaní, ashkalí y egipcia de Kosovo, 11 eran serbokosovares, 12 bosniokosovares, 4 goraníes de Kosovo y 2 albanokosovares.",
"44. Las autoridades centrales y locales de Kosovo están lidiando con las dificultades socioeconómicas relacionadas con la reintegración de los repatriados forzosos. Las autoridades municipales han señalado la falta de financiación y los obstáculos burocráticos, como la falta de coordinación entre ellos y el Ministerio del Interior. En un intento por hacer avanzar el proceso de retorno, se pusieron en marcha varios proyectos, en particular la elaboración de la Estrategia municipal de retorno, la asignación de tierras para los desplazados sin tierra de las comunidades romaní, ashkalí y egipcia de Kosovo, el examen de las solicitudes de asistencia presentadas por los desplazados para construir o reconstruir sus viviendas y el inicio de los proyectos de construcción que estaban estancados.",
"45. Varios municipios lograron avances considerables en la ejecución de proyectos de desarrollo para los repatriados, especialmente en los pueblos de minorías y de composición étnica mixta. Dragash/Dragaš, Istog/Istok, Graçanicë/Gračanica, Lipjan/Lipljan, Fushë Kosovë/Kosovo Polje y Partesh//Parteš son algunos de los municipios que emprendieron proyectos de inversión de capital para residentes de comunidades minoritarias, incluyendo el desarrollo de la infraestructura como la construcción o mejora de carreteras, la construcción de redes de alcantarillado y abastecimiento de agua, la modernización de la red eléctrica y la construcción de nuevas escuelas. No obstante, algunos miembros de comunidades minoritarias han expresado su descontento por el mal estado de la infraestructura en sus pueblos, en particular el suministro irregular de electricidad y agua, el deterioro de las carreteras y los sistemas de alcantarillado, así como la falta de perspectivas de empleo. Como parte de su apoyo a las comunidades, la UNMIK facilitó la comunicación entre las comunidades minoritarias y las autoridades de Kosovo en una serie de estas cuestiones, fomentando las actividades de extensión y la atención por parte de las autoridades de Kosovo a los pueblos de minorías.",
"46. En abril, las autoridades de Kosovo llevaron a cabo un censo de población y vivienda en todo Kosovo, con la excepción de la zona al norte del río Ibër/Ibar. Se celebraron conversaciones con los líderes de los serbios de Kosovo septentrional sobre la realización del censo en Kosovo septentrional, pero no se ha llegado a un acuerdo. Según cifras preliminares, la población total residente en Kosovo, con exclusión de los habitantes de la parte septentrional, asciende a 1.733.872 habitantes. Los no residentes no fueron incluidos en los resultados preliminares. En el censo de 1981, que es el último aceptado por todas las partes, se registraron 1.584.440 habitantes. El censo proporcionará información de importancia crítica para los procesos integrados de planificación y es esencial para asegurar una adecuada planificación de futuras estrategias de desarrollo para todos los residentes de Kosovo. Los datos definitivos deberán publicarse en junio de 2012, pero sin información o estimaciones precisas sobre el número de serbokosovares que residen en Kosovo, en particular en Kosovo septentrional, no estarán completos.",
"47. Las celebraciones de Semana Santa y los servicios religiosos se realizaron en todo Kosovo sin mayores incidentes. La Iglesia Ortodoxa Serbia llevó a cabo su principal celebración de Pascua en la catedral de San Jorge en Prizren, recientemente renovada, donde el jefe de la diócesis de Raška-Prizren, el obispo Teodosije, ofició la primera liturgia de Pascua desde 1999 ante una congregación de unos 100 serbokosovares. El 28 de junio, Día de San Vito (Vidovdan), se celebró en el Monasterio de Gračanica y en Gazimestan, con la participación del Patriarca Irinej de la Iglesia Ortodoxa Serbia y casi 2.000 participantes serbios. Durante las ceremonias se produjeron unos pocos incidentes solamente, entre ellos un enfrentamiento entre cinco serbios y la policía en Gazimestan y el apedreamiento de dos autobuses de serbios en Mitrovica Sur. Los cinco sujetos que participaron en el enfrentamiento con la policía, cuatro de ellos procedentes de Serbia propiamente dicha y uno de Kosovo, fueron condenados a 30 días de prisión por alteración de la paz y el orden públicos e incitación al odio racial, étnico y religioso. A raíz de las discrepancias en relación con los hechos entre la información proporcionada por la policía de Kosovo, por un parte, y la policía de la EULEX, por la otra, esta última se hizo cargo de las causas y el 13 de julio un fiscal de la EULEX retiró los cargos por falta de pruebas.",
"IX. Patrimonio cultural y religioso",
"48. La UNMIK siguió facilitando la labor de la Comisión de Ejecución de la Reconstrucción relacionada con la reconstrucción de sitios del patrimonio cultural y religioso dañados o destruidos durante los disturbios de marzo de 2004. Durante el período examinado, la etapa final de ejecución prosiguió en varios sitios, y la Comisión celebró consultas con todas las partes para estudiar las modalidades para realizar nuevas actividades por medio del mecanismo de la Comisión, que sigue siendo la única plataforma para la interacción técnica sobre el patrimonio cultural entre la Iglesia Ortodoxa Serbia, Pristina y Belgrado.",
"49. La UNMIK también facilitó las actividades de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO) en Kosovo, sobre la base del memorando de entendimiento general. Durante el período que abarca el presente informe, se firmó el contrato para la reconstrucción de la catedral católica romana de Prizren, financiada por el Gobierno de Albania, y se completó la licitación para la restauración de pinturas murales de la Iglesia de la Santísima Virgen de Ljeviška en Prizren, financiada por donaciones de los Gobiernos de Grecia y la República Checa.",
"50. La UNMIK supervisó los arreglos de seguridad de los sitios del patrimonio de la Iglesia Ortodoxa Serbia, en coordinación con la EULEX, el Ministerio de Cultura, Juventud y Deportes de Kosovo, y la KFOR. El 10 de mayo, la KFOR transfirió las responsabilidades de seguridad en relación con el Monasterio de los Santos Arcángeles, cerca de Prizren, a la policía de Kosovo. Los sitios patrimoniales de la Iglesia Ortodoxa Serbia que quedan actualmente bajo la protección de la KFOR son los monasterios de Visoki Dečani y Devič y el monesterio del Patriarcado de Peć.",
"51. Si bien algunos sitios religiosos serbios y cementerios ortodoxos fueron dañados durante el período que abarca el informe, también hay ejemplos positivos de la comunicación entre las autoridades locales y la Iglesia Ortodoxa Serbia. En Rahovec/Orahovac, tras la intervención internacional, las autoridades municipales y la Iglesia Ortodoxa Serbia están buscando una solución pacífica a la invasión de las tierras pertenecientes al monasterio ortodoxo en el pueblo de Zoqishtë/Zociste, que se produjo como resultado de la rehabilitación y ampliación de la carretera adyacente. Otra señal positiva de la mejora de las relaciones fue la reunión celebrada en junio entre el obispo Teodosije y el alcalde de Deçan/Decani, facilitada por el Embajador de Noruega en Kosovo, en la que se examinaron las posibilidades de una cooperación más estrecha.",
"52. El 23 de junio, la diócesis de Raška/Prizren informó de que las excavaciones realizadas por un ciudadano común en el terreno adyacente a la iglesia habían expuesto a los elementos partes de los cimientos de la Iglesia Ortodoxa de San Kyriake, en el centro histórico de Prizren. La diócesis temía que las excavaciones pudieran afectar a la estabilidad de la iglesia, que tiene más de 700 años, y exhortó a que se adoptaran medidas con carácter urgente para preservar y proteger el sitio, que se encuentra dentro de la zona de protección especial de la ciudad. La policía de Kosovo confirmó el daño ocasionado a los cimientos de la iglesia y los inspectores municipales detuvieron todos los trabajos en el sitio.",
"X. Derechos humanos",
"53. La institución del Defensor del Pueblo sigue esperando el nombramiento de los Defensores del Pueblo adjuntos, aunque la Asamblea de Kosovo ha iniciado el proceso. En junio, el Defensor del Pueblo dirigió un informe especial al Presidente de la Asamblea, en que se detallan las dificultades que sigue teniendo la institución para ejercer su mandato. En el informe se señala que los problemas se derivan principalmente de los supuestos intentos de violar la independencia de la institución mediante intervenciones presupuestarias por parte del Gobierno y señala que, en este sentido, la Ley de la institución del Defensor del Pueblo aprobada por la Asamblea constituye un retroceso en comparación con el reglamento de la UNMIK. El Comité de Derechos Humanos de la Asamblea se ha comprometido a abordar algunas de las recomendaciones contenidas en ese informe.",
"54. Según el Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, el reciente asesinato de una mujer de 27 años, cometido presuntamente por su exmarido, sacó a la luz las numerosas ocasiones en que el poder judicial no ha aplicado debidamente medidas de protección, de conformidad con la legislación pertinente. En el caso de que se trata, el juez no impuso medidas urgentes de protección dentro de los 15 días prescritos por la ley. Según la policía de Kosovo, se trata de la cuarta mujer que muere como resultado de la violencia doméstica en los últimos 12 meses. Además, se están imponiendo sanciones leves por la violación de las medidas de protección, incluso en casos de reincidencia. Las investigaciones incompletas, la aplicación inadecuada de las medidas de protección, la falta de cooperación entre la policía y los fiscales, y el no enjuiciamiento de los delincuentes han aumentado la vulnerabilidad de las víctimas ante la reincidencia, a la vez que se permite que los autores queden impunes. Sin un fuerte mensaje de los mecanismos encargados del cumplimiento de la ley en el sentido de que no se tolerará la violencia, los autores pueden seguir cometiendo abusos contra las mujeres, sin temor a las sanciones.",
"XI. Representación externa y cooperación regional",
"55. Durante el período que se examina, la UNMIK ha facilitado la participación de los representantes de Kosovo en numerosas reuniones regionales a diferentes niveles, incluida la reunión de los Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores de los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea y los de los Balcanes occidentales, celebrada el 21 de junio en Luxemburgo, así como varias reuniones de la Comunidad de la Energía en otros sectores, como el transporte y la aviación.",
"56. Las reuniones de la presidencia de 2011 del Acuerdo Centroeuropeo de Libre Comercio (ACELC) prosiguieron. Después de las reuniones del Grupo de Trabajo del ACELC sobre Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio, celebrada en abril, y del Subcomité del ACELC de Aduanas y Reglas de Origen, celebrada los días 19 y 20 de mayo, la UNMIK facilitó la reunión del Subcomité de Agricultura, celebrada el 24 de mayo en Bruselas y presidida por el Presidente en ejercicio del ACELC para 2011. El 30 de junio, la reunión de expertos y viceministros del ACELC se celebró en Pristina, con la participación de todas las partes en el ACELC, con excepción de Montenegro y la República de Moldova. Sin embargo, las autoridades de Kosovo decidieron no participar en la reunión del Subcomité sobre Barreras No Arancelarias y Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio, celebrada en Sarajevo, porque no estaban de acuerdo con las modalidades de la reunión.",
"XII. Observaciones",
"57. Me complace informar de que el diálogo entre Belgrado y Pristina ha continuado a un ritmo intenso durante el período que se examina y ha producido sus primeros resultados concretos tres meses después de su inicio. Acojo con agrado los acuerdos alcanzados en los ámbitos de la libertad de circulación, el registro civil y los títulos académicos, e insto a Belgrado y Pristina a que participen plenamente en su aplicación. Sigo estando firmemente convencido de que este diálogo tiene el potencial de salvar las diferencias entre las partes y resolver una serie de cuestiones de larga data que afectan a la vida de la gente sobre el terreno.",
"58. He notado que la participación de las partes en el proceso ha venido encarando cierta oposición. Sin embargo, estoy seguro de que los efectos positivos de los acuerdos, cuando se apliquen, van a generar una mayor comprensión y apreciación de los beneficios que pueden derivarse del diálogo. También considero que la participación positiva de las partes fuera del proceso de diálogo oficial, como las reuniones celebradas en mayo entre funcionarios de alto nivel de Pristina y el negociador serbio, puede allanar el camino para que sigan avanzando en sus relaciones.",
"59. A medida que avanza el proceso de diálogo, las Naciones Unidas mantienen su compromiso de apoyar la función facilitadora de la Unión Europea, y de ofrecer su experiencia en cuanto a abordar las cuestiones que se examinan. Reitero mi intención de mantener informado al Consejo de Seguridad de los avances logrados en el diálogo, y hago un llamamiento a sus miembros para que sigan alentando a las partes a que hagan esfuerzos de buena fe para encarar los retos pendientes. Creo que se pueden lograr acuerdos respecto de una serie de cuestiones examinadas durante los últimos meses, con lo que se contribuirá considerablemente a la consolidación de la paz, la estabilidad y la reconciliación en Kosovo y en la región.",
"60. También me siento alentado por la reanudación de las sesiones del Grupo de Trabajo sobre personas desaparecidas, después de un paréntesis de casi un año, debido en gran parte a los acontecimientos políticos internos en Kosovo. La participación y el compromiso continuos de las partes en esta cuestión humanitaria fundamental es de vital importancia para la reconciliación en Kosovo y la región. La UNMIK seguirá apoyando los esfuerzos de Pristina, Belgrado, la EULEX y el CICR para resolver todos los casos pendientes de personas desaparecidas.",
"61. El número de retornos voluntarios ha seguido siendo decepcionantemente bajo, a pesar de los esfuerzos de las autoridades locales y centrales para proporcionar fondos adicionales para prestar asistencia en la reconstrucción y la asignación de tierras municipales a los desplazados internos. Tengo la esperanza de que se encuentren soluciones para hacer frente a las tensiones que persisten entre las comunidades de acogida y los que retornan, y se redoblen los esfuerzos para asegurar la reintegración satisfactoria de todas las comunidades que regresan.",
"62. En Kosovo septentrional, el aumento de las tensiones sigue siendo motivo de preocupación. En este sentido, voy a seguir destacando con firmeza que las cuestiones delicadas relacionadas con Kosovo septentrional sólo pueden resolverse por medios pacíficos, sobre la base de consultas con todas las comunidades sobre el terreno, y no mediante la acción unilateral. Insto a todas las partes a que se abstengan de adoptar medidas que pudieran socavar los avances logrados en el diálogo y aumentar las tensiones, y a que trabajen juntos para evitar un empeoramiento de la situación.",
"63. Lamentablemente, en este período se produjo la repetición de amenazas inaceptables en relación con los locales de la oficina de la UNMIK en Mitrovica por parte de las autoridades municipales a escala local. Hago un llamamiento a las autoridades de Mitrovica y a los líderes políticos de Pristina para que demuestren pleno respeto y ofrezcan garantías de que la inviolabilidad de los locales de la UNMIK en Kosovo será claramente reconocida y observada en lo sucesivo. También he observado con preocupación el creciente número de incidentes que afectan al personal internacional y a los activos.",
"64. Deseo expresar mi agradecimiento al Sr. Lamberto Zannier, quien concluyó su mandato como mi Representante Especial para Kosovo y Jefe de la UNMIK el 1 de julio, por su firme adhesión a los principios de las Naciones Unidas y por su liderazgo al frente de la UNMIK en los últimos tres años. He apreciado mucho su gestión satisfactoria de la evolución de la Misión en una compleja situación política y su dedicación a la promoción de la paz y la estabilidad en Kosovo y la región. También quisiera encomiar al personal de la UNMIK por su labor y adhesión a los objetivos de las Naciones Unidas.",
"65. Por último, deseo concluir expresando mi agradecimiento a los asociados de larga data de las Naciones Unidas en Kosovo (la Unión Europea, la OTAN y la OSCE), así como a los organismos, fondos y programas de las Naciones Unidas, por su constante apoyo y cooperación con la UNMIK.",
"Anexo I",
"Informe de la Alta Representante de la Unión Europea para Asuntos Exteriores y Política de Seguridad al Secretario General sobre las actividades de la Misión de la Unión Europea por el Estado de Derecho en Kosovo",
"(En el período comprendido entre el 16 de abril y el 15 de julio de 2011)",
"1. Resumen",
"21 de julio de 2011",
"La Misión de la Unión Europea por el Estado de Derecho en Kosovo (EULEX) siguió cumpliendo su mandato de supervisar, orientar y asesorar las instituciones de Kosovo. La Misión prestó asistencia y apoyo a la consolidación y reforma de las instituciones jurídicas, e hizo aportes a diversas reformas a largo plazo de los sectores judicial y policial. La EULEX también hizo uso de sus funciones ejecutivas, cuando resultó necesario, en el contexto de tareas policiales e investigativas relacionadas con investigaciones de gran resonancia, operaciones policiales en Kosovo septentrional y el enjuiciamiento de causas de crímenes de guerra, corrupción y delincuencia organizada. La Misión siguió centrando su atención en Kosovo septentrional, aumentando el número de miembros del personal de la Misión que vive en la zona sin dejar de trabajar para reducir las tensiones que existen entre las comunidades locales. La Misión también ha desempeñado un papel activo en el diálogo Prishtinë/Priština–Belgrado, al facilitar los aspectos técnicos de un acuerdo para restituir copias de los documentos de los registros civiles a Kosovo.",
"Desde que se publicó el informe del Relator Especial del Consejo de Europa, senador Dick Marty, sobre la investigación de las denuncias de trato inhumano de personas y tráfico de órganos humanos en Kosovo, en diciembre de 2010, la EULEX ha asumido la responsabilidad del caso y sigue adelante con la investigación preliminar, por conducto de un grupo especial de tareas, basado parcialmente en Bruselas.",
"2. Actividades de la EULEX de abril a julio de 2011",
"Generalidades",
"La EULEX cuenta en la actualidad con 2.824 funcionarios (1.637 de contratación internacional y 1.187 de contratación local). Apoyar a las instituciones de Kosovo mediante la supervisión, la orientación y el asesoramiento sigue siendo la función definitoria de la Misión, a la que dedica la mayor parte de su labor cotidiana, aunque las funciones ejecutivas de la Misión se emplean con regularidad y atraen una mayor atención.",
"La EULEX proporcionó orientación, supervisión y asesoramiento en relación con diversas medidas y procesos a nivel de la gestión en Kosovo, incluido el traspaso de funciones de la KFOR a la policía de Kosovo en relación con la tercera y última fase de la frontera con la ex República Yugoslava de Macedonia en junio, y el traspaso de la responsabilidad en materia de seguridad en relación con el monasterio del Santo Arcángel de Prizren a la policía de Kosovo el 10 de mayo. La Misión también trabajó en estrecha colaboración con el Servicio de Aduanas de Kosovo para sustituir los sistemas obsoletos de procesamiento de datos con el sistema integrado de información aduanera ASYCUDA World, que cumple las normas de la Unión Europea, y trabajó con la policía de Kosovo para introducir el sistema de gestión de fronteras compatible con la Unión Europea. Ambos sistemas deben mejorar la capacidad de Kosovo para controlar efectivamente la frontera y los puntos de cruce de frontera y vigilar la entrada y salida de personas, mercancías y vehículos. La EULEX también prestó apoyo a la consolidación y el desarrollo de instituciones encargadas de fomentar el estado de derecho en Kosovo, como el Consejo Judicial de Kosovo y el Consejo de la Magistratura y la Fiscalía de Kosovo, ayudando a estas instituciones incipientes a establecer procedimientos internos en relación con la contratación y la selección de los miembros del Consejo y los magistrados y aumentando la transparencia, además de preparar la aplicación de la Ley de tribunales de Kosovo, que constituye una reforma a fondo de la estructura y la competencia de los tribunales de Kosovo y una tarea clave para el Consejo Judicial de Kosovo en los próximos tres años. La EULEX también está proporcionando asistencia directa a las autoridades de Kosovo en relación con el establecimiento de un programa adecuado de protección de testigos, otra reforma fundamental para el funcionamiento del sector de la justicia de Kosovo en el futuro. A la espera de que esas estructuras puedan valerse por sí mismas, la EULEX está ejecutando en Kosovo un programa independiente de protección de testigos que está en pleno funcionamiento.",
"La EULEX prestó apoyo al diálogo en curso entre Prishtinë/Priština y Belgrado, facilitando el acuerdo de traspaso de copias de documentos de los registros civiles sustraídos de Kosovo durante el conflicto de 1998-1999 al presidir la Comisión Mixta sobre esa cuestión y actuar de intermediario en la certificación y el intercambio de documentos.",
"A lo largo de la primavera y el verano, la EULEX llevó a cabo una campaña pública de lucha contra las drogas en los medios de comunicación de Kosovo, en coordinación con la policía de Kosovo, como actividad de información pública y de protección policial de la comunidad.",
"Crímenes de guerra",
"La EULEX siguió realizando varias investigaciones y procesos judiciales en la esfera de los crímenes de guerra, incluido el enjuiciamiento de varios sospechosos notorios. En el denominado juicio de “Geci”, iniciado en marzo bajo la dirección del Tribunal del distrito de Mitrovicë/Mitrovica, se siguieron escuchando testimonios a lo largo de la primavera y el verano y se prevé que el veredicto se pronunciará a fines de julio. El juicio contra Sabit Geci y Alija Riza, acusados de crímenes de guerra cometidos contra civiles en un complejo militar del Ejército de Liberación de Kosovo en Albania durante el conflicto de Kosovo de 1999, ha utilizado de manera muy provechosa la provisión de enlaces de vídeo anónimos facilitados por la Dependencia de Seguridad de Testigos de la EULEX. Los enlaces de vídeo hicieron posible que las personas presentaran su testimonio sin revelar su identidad, por lo que la fiscalía pudo tener acceso a testimonios clave. El juicio también es notable por el hecho de que la Misión estableció satisfactoriamente su jurisdicción sobre la causa Geci por delitos cometidos en Albania, una disposición aplicable a la investigación en curso basada en el informe del senador Dick Marty (véase más adelante). El juicio por crímenes de guerra contra Fahredin Gashi y Rama Hysni (el denominado juicio de “Bllaca”) también continuó en el Tribunal del distrito de Prishtinë/Priština y es el primer juicio resultante del testimonio de los testigos de la cooperativa Nazim Bllaca.",
"También prosiguieron las investigaciones relacionadas con el caso del exministro Fatmir Limaj, así como con el arresto de nueve personas en Kosovo y Suiza el 16 de marzo, acusadas de haber cometido crímenes de guerra. La investigación está bajo la supervisión de un fiscal de la Fiscalía Especial de Kosovo y se basa en sospechas fundadas de asesinatos, torturas y otros delitos cometidos contra civiles y prisioneros de guerra albanokosovares y serbokosovares en un centro de detención de Kosovo en 1999. Los detenidos han sido mantenidos en régimen de detención prolongada en prisión preventiva desde marzo, y, más recientemente, el 20 de junio, un panel de magistrados de Kosovo y de la EULEX rechazó los recursos de apelación de cinco de los acusados por improcedentes y confirmó la decisión del juez de instrucción de prolongar su detención por un mes más. Todavía queda por aclarar la cuestión relativa a la inmunidad parlamentaria de arresto de Limaj, que es miembro de la Asamblea de Kosovo, y la Misión ha utilizado diversas vías legales y políticas para recibir aclaraciones sobre la cuestión, pero, incluso como miembro de la Asamblea, Limaj no goza de inmunidad de procesamiento por los presuntos delitos cometidos.",
"El Gobierno tomó medidas para aclarar la cuestión de la inmunidad de arresto el 20 de julio, cuando decidió plantear al Tribunal Constitucional una demanda de interpretación de la inmunidad del Presidente, el Primer Ministro, los Ministros y los miembros de la Asamblea de Kosovo.",
"Se están llevando a cabo investigaciones tras la detención en abril (por la policía de Kosovo y la EULEX) de Zoran Kolić, un alto funcionario del Partido Liberal Independiente acusado de crímenes de guerra presuntamente cometidos en 1999. En mayo, un panel de magistrados locales de la EULEX prolongó su detención en prisión preventiva.",
"Corrupción",
"La EULEX siguió colaborando estrechamente con los fiscales de Kosovo para identificar, priorizar y procesar los principales casos de corrupción en diversos niveles del Gobierno. El 15 de junio, un equipo mixto de la policía de Kosovo y la EULEX llevó a cabo registros e incautó materiales como parte de una investigación del Ministerio de la Comunidad y el Retorno y la denominada empresa “Fimex” en Pristina. Los registros, que también incluyeron dos residencias privadas, se llevaron a cabo en el contexto de una investigación sobre corrupción relacionada con licitaciones emitidas entre 2007 y 2009. Los cargos en el caso se refieren a la apropiación indebida en el desempeño del cargo, la aceptación y la entrega de sobornos. El 23 de junio, la EULEX llevó a cabo registros en la Oficina Municipal de Registros Catastrales de Gračanica/Graçanicë, incluidos los despachos del Jefe y el Director de la Oficina. Los registros se llevaron a cabo en el contexto de una investigación sobre presunto abuso de posición oficial en relación con la inscripción fraudulenta de propiedad, en 2010, de empresas privatizadas que anteriormente habían sido de propiedad social. Mientras tanto, continúan las investigaciones en casos de corrupción que afectan a cuatro acusados vinculados al ex gobernador del Banco Central de Kosovo, en las que se sigue entrevistando a los testigos.",
"El 23 de mayo, un panel de magistrados locales y de la EULEX en el Tribunal del distrito de Prishtinë/Priština condenó a ocho personas acusadas de corrupción en relación con irregularidades cometidas en el Banco de Crédito de Prishtinë/Priština y las sentencias dictadas iban de la suspensión de la condena a cinco años de prisión. El 8 de junio, la Fiscalía Especial de Kosovo presentó un acta de acusación contra cinco acusados en la investigación relacionada con un contrato de operadores de redes móviles virtuales entre el Servicio de Correos y Telecomunicaciones de Kosovo y una empresa privada, Dardafon. El mismo día, la Fiscalía Especial de Kosovo presentó una acusación contra dos acusados en el contexto de una investigación relativa a la importación de una gran cantidad de tabaco por cuatro empresas tabacaleras de Kosovo en diciembre de 2008.",
"Como parte del continuo apoyo de la Misión a las instituciones de Kosovo mediante la supervisión, la orientación y el asesoramiento eficaces, el 28 de junio la EULEX inició un programa de capacitación y reuniones de trabajo para los magistrados, fiscales e investigadores de Kosovo y la EULEX en relación con la confiscación de activos de origen delictivo. El programa tiene por objeto hacer del uso de las facultades de decomiso que se derivan de la ley vigente una herramienta estándar en la lucha contra la delincuencia organizada y la corrupción. También servirá para preparar el camino conducente a la aplicación de la nueva legislación en la esfera.",
"Delincuencia organizada",
"El 10 de junio, un fiscal de la EULEX de la Fiscalía Especial de Kosovo presentó una acusación contra dos personas en relación con la denominada causa Medicus. El Tribunal del distrito de Prishtinë/Priština emitió órdenes de detención contra ellas y ambos sospechosos son objeto de notificaciones de búsqueda emitidas por la INTERPOL. Los dos acusados se suman a las otras siete personas acusadas en abril por un panel de magistrados locales y de la EULEX. En conjunto, los nueve acusados enfrentan cargos relacionados con el tráfico de órganos y seres humanos, la delincuencia organizada, el ejercicio ilegal de la actividad médica y el abuso de cargo oficial. La causa fue incoada en noviembre de 2008 por agentes de policía de Kosovo y de la UNMIK.",
"El 17 de junio, siete de los acusados en la denominada causa del Río Tisa acusados de delincuencia organizada y tráfico ilícito de migrantes fueron condenados a penas de prisión de 2 a 19 años, que ascendieron en total a 65 años. La causa puso al descubierto a un grupo de delincuentes organizados que ofrecía a migrantes el paso ilegal a la Unión Europea y otros países europeos, de lo que derivaban importantes ganancias ilícitas. Las actividades del grupo provocaron la muerte de 15 migrantes en octubre de 2009.",
"Durante la primavera y el verano también se llevaron a cabo varias operaciones policiales relacionadas con la lucha contra la delincuencia organizada. El 4 de mayo, como parte de varios registros domiciliarios relacionados con el tráfico de drogas en Pejë/Peć, la Policía Ejecutiva de la EULEX arrestó a un hombre en relación con una investigación sobre el tráfico internacional de heroína, autorizada por un juez de instrucción de la EULEX del Tribunal de distrito de Prishtinë/Priština y supervisada por un fiscal de la EULEX. El detenido es sospechoso de traficar drogas dentro y fuera de Kosovo a varios países de Europa en 2008-2009 y su detención forma parte de una investigación más amplia sobre la delincuencia organizada. El 17 de mayo, la EULEX arrestó a un hombre en un lugar situado entre Zubin Potok y Mitrovicë/Mitrovica Norte, sospechoso de participar en actividades de delincuencia organizada. La detención se produjo en el contexto de una investigación en curso de la Fiscalía Especial de Kosovo sobre la delincuencia organizada y el blanqueo de capitales y el seguimiento de una operación policial de la EULEX en Zubin Potok, realizada en febrero. Tras la detención se organizaron bloqueos diarios de carreteras en la zona en apoyo del detenido.",
"Grupo Especial de Tareas de la EULEX",
"Desde que se publicó el informe del Relator Especial del Consejo de Europa, senador Dick Marty, en diciembre de 2010, la EULEX ha asumido la responsabilidad de la causa y sigue llevando adelante la investigación preliminar, por medio de un grupo especial de tareas que se ocupa de esa cuestión en conjunción con los fiscales asignados a esa causa únicamente. La planificación de este proceso ya ha alcanzado una etapa avanzada, hasta el punto que los miembros del Grupo de Tareas han sido entrevistados y contratados y se han conseguido las instalaciones y el equipo para el grupo de tareas en Bruselas. El Grupo de Tareas de la EULEX, con sedes en Bruselas y Prishtinë/Priština, integrado por personal de la EULEX que ha sido seleccionado en el proceso de contratación más reciente y asignado con carácter permanente a la investigación de la causa, comenzará a desempeñar sus funciones inmediatamente después de su despliegue. La EULEX sigue manteniendo contactos con partes interesadas y actores pertinentes de la región a medida que avanza el proceso de investigación.",
"La cooperación con las autoridades judiciales en Tirana, en particular, han llevado a la Sala de Delitos Graves a fallar, el 27 de mayo de 2011, a favor de una solicitud de asistencia internacional presentada por los fiscales de la EULEX en este sentido, lo que allana el camino para la labor de investigación concreta en Albania. Paralelamente a esas iniciativas judiciales, la Misión ha fortalecido su programa de protección de testigos dirigiéndose, entre otras organizaciones, a EUROPOL para mejorar las posibilidades de reubicación en el exterior y aumentando los fondos para ese tipo de reubicación.",
"Aprobado por Xavier Bout de Marnhac Jefe de la Misión",
"Anexo II",
"Composición y número de efectivos del componente de policía de la Misión de Administración Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en Kosovo (al 15 de julio de 2011)",
"País Número",
"Alemania 1",
"Federación de Rusia 1",
"Ghana 1",
"Italia 1",
"Pakistán 1",
"Rumania 1",
"Ucrania 1",
"Total 7",
"Anexo III",
"Composición y número de efectivos del componente de enlace militar de la Misión de Administración Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en Kosovo (al 15 de julio de 2011)",
"País Número",
"Dinamarca 1",
"España 1",
"Noruega 1",
"Polonia 1",
"República Checa 1",
"Rumania 1",
"Ucrania 2",
"Total 8"
] | [
"Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo",
"I. Introduction and Mission priorities",
"1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1244 (1999), by which the Council decided to establish the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) and requested that I report at regular intervals on the implementation of its mandate. It covers the activities of UNMIK, and developments related thereto, from 16 April to 15 July 2011.",
"2. The Mission’s priorities remain unchanged: to promote security, stability and respect for human rights in Kosovo and in the region. UNMIK continues to further these goals by engaging with Pristina and Belgrade, the communities in Kosovo, and regional and international actors. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the Kosovo Force (KFOR) have continued to perform their important roles within the framework of Security Council resolution 1244 (1999). In line with the Security Council presidential statement of 26 November 2008 (S/PRST/2008/44) and my report of 24 November 2008 (S/2008/692), the European Union Rule of Law Mission (EULEX) is operating under the overall authority and within the status-neutral framework of the United Nations. OSCE, KFOR and EULEX have continued to cooperate and coordinate with UNMIK. The United Nations agencies, funds and programmes also continue to work closely with UNMIK.",
"II. Political situation",
"3. Having overcome a series of political crises, the Kosovo authorities have focused their attention on consolidating themselves and ensuring institutional stability. The leaders of the two main ruling Kosovo Albanian parties, the Democratic Party of Kosovo (PDK) and the New Kosovo Alliance (AKR), agreed on modalities for redistributing ministerial posts. The Prime Minister, Hashim Thaçi (PDK), appointed former President Behgjet Pacolli (AKR) as the Principal Deputy Prime Minister, a newly created post, and a member of AKR to head the newly created Ministry for the Diaspora. At present, the Government has six deputy prime ministers and 19 ministers, of whom three are also deputy prime ministers. The current deputy ministers include three Serbs and eight from other communities.",
"4. Early in May, the ad hoc Assembly Committee on the reform of the electoral law, composed of representatives from all Assembly caucuses, commenced its work. Electoral system reform was part of the compromise agreement between the PDK-led government and the main opposition party, the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK), which ended the political crisis early in the year. The Assembly Committee is preparing a proposal introducing multiple electoral districts and a majority system for the legislative elections. Once the Committee reaches agreement on the changes, a two-thirds majority of the Assembly is required for adoption.",
"5. During the reporting period, the Kosovo authorities increased their efforts to establish a close engagement with the European Union and enjoy visibility at the international level. In this context, they received visits from the President of the European Commission, José Manuel Barroso, and the European Union High Representative for Security and Foreign Policy, Catherine Ashton. During her visit, the High Representative emphasized the importance of the ongoing dialogue with Belgrade and urged the parties to show flexibility and creativity in order to secure tangible results. The Prime Minister went to Brussels shortly after the fifth round of the dialogue, and discussed the European Union perspective for Kosovo with the High Representative. Since her inauguration on 7 April, the President, Atifete Jahjaga, has focused her activities on participating in multilateral forums. Among other meetings, she attended the summit of Central European leaders in Warsaw, and the celebrations in Rome for the 150th anniversary of the unification of Italy. The host countries did not invite UNMIK to these events. The President of Serbia, Boris Tadić, although invited, did not attend, citing the policy of the Government of Serbia not to attend gatherings where the participation of Kosovo is not facilitated by the United Nations.",
"6. The Kosovo authorities have reiterated their willingness to cooperate with an investigation into the allegations contained in the report of the Special Rapporteur of the Council of Europe on trafficking in human organs, Dick Marty, and welcomed the creation of a EULEX Task Force to conduct the investigation. EULEX has confirmed that the Task Force will be operational later in 2011, when the ongoing recruitment of all its staff members will be finalized. The Task Force will be composed of two international prosecutors and several international investigators specializing in war crimes investigations. The Task Force, which will exercise its functions under the administrative authority of the head of the EULEX justice component, will be located in Brussels and Pristina. While Serbia has acknowledged the efforts of EULEX in this regard, Belgrade has remained firm in its view that there should be an independent body established by the Security Council, with investigative powers in Albania and beyond, to lead the investigation.",
"7. During the reporting period, some Serbian government officials, including the Principal Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior, Ivica Dačić, suggested that “territorial adjustments” might be brought to the table in order to reach a final settlement for Kosovo. The suggestion resulted in sharp retorts from Pristina and Washington. The Kosovo authorities argued that the only way to resolve ethnic problems in Kosovo, and in the Western Balkans, was through full implementation of the Ahtisaari plan and European integration. Kosovo Serb political groups also opposed the idea of territorial adjustments, regardless of whether they live north or south of the Ibër/Ibar River and regardless of their orientation towards Belgrade or Pristina. Those living south of the Ibër/Ibar River fear that territorial adjustments would leave them unprotected in Kosovo, while the northern Kosovo Serbs argue that they are against the Serbian national interest and prohibited by the Serbian Constitution, as they imply recognition of Kosovo’s independence. In contrast, the head of the Kosovo Albanian opposition group Vetëvendosje, Albin Kurti, pledged to work towards the union of Kosovo with Albania.",
"8. On 12 May, the head of the Belgrade delegation in the dialogue with Pristina, Borislav Stefanović, travelled to Pristina and met with the Deputy Prime Minister and Justice Minister, Hajredin Kuçi; the head of the Pristina delegation in the dialogue, the Deputy Prime Minister, Edita Tahiri; the United States Ambassador; and the interim European Union Special Representative. The visit sparked protests by some 200 supporters of Vetëvendosje, which turned violent and resulted in injuries to several people, including police officers, and damage to some vehicles. The Kosovo authorities condemned the protests.",
"9. During the reporting period one State Member of the United Nations, Andorra, recognized Kosovo, bringing the total number of recognizing States to 76.",
"III. Engagement between Pristina and Belgrade and practical arrangements",
"10. During the reporting period, the process of dialogue welcomed by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/298 and facilitated by the European Union continued: the fourth and fifth rounds of meetings were held in Brussels on 17 and 18 May and on 2 July. The Political Director of the Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Borislav Stefanović, and the Deputy Prime Minister of Kosovo, Edita Tahiri, continued to lead their respective delegations in the talks.",
"11. Between the plenary sessions, the frequency of preparatory meetings, technical working groups and bilateral and trilateral contacts between the European Union dialogue facilitation team and the parties to the dialogue was markedly increased.",
"12. The fourth round of discussions focused on civil registry, cadastre records, freedom of movement, telecommunications and energy issues. The fifth meeting brought concrete results to the dialogue. Agreement was reached in three areas which will improve the life of ordinary people. On civil registry, the parties agreed that a joint committee chaired by EULEX, established as a result of talks at previous dialogue meetings, will continue identifying gaps in missing civil registry books. EULEX will certify copies of all original civil registry books with a view to establishing a comprehensive civil registry in Kosovo. As part of the agreement, EULEX will provide specific civil registration information from Kosovo upon request. This would allow greater legal certainty for people living in Kosovo and it would facilitate the resolution of related issues in court.",
"13. The agreement on freedom of movement, which both sides agreed should be implemented as soon as possible, will enable people to cross the administrative boundary line using their identity cards or driving licences. It includes other provisions that would allow cross-boundary travel by car, the details of which have to be worked out.",
"14. The parties also agreed in principle on the acceptance of university and school diplomas. This is expected to be implemented through the certification by a mutually agreed international body or a third-party academic institution. The parties plan to elaborate the details at the next dialogue meeting.",
"15. It is expected that the agreements reached at the fifth meeting, presented in the form of conclusions by the European Union Chair, will be put into practice as soon as operationally feasible. The firm commitment of both parties to make the agreements work will materialize in the establishment of tripartite joint working groups chaired by the European Union to ensure that implementation is carried out as efficiently as possible. UNMIK has continued its contribution to the dialogue, including its assistance to the meetings and providing information from its experience in Kosovo, such as on civil registry, freedom of movement, acceptance of diplomas and free movement of goods.",
"16. The Kosovo opposition parties Alliance for the Future of Kosovo (AAK), LDK and Vetëvendosje, as well as civil society organizations, have demanded that the agreements reached be presented and discussed in the Assembly of Kosovo and have criticized the Kosovo authorities for lack of transparency on the issue. Most adamant in this regard was Vetëvendosje, which opposes the dialogue. The President of the Assembly, Jakup Krasniqi (PDK), has made several public statements alleging that neither he nor the Assembly have been adequately briefed about the substance of the dialogue.",
"17. Northern Kosovo Serb leaders generally voiced disapproval of the dialogue, stating that it was against the interests of Kosovo Serbs and constituted a step towards Serbia recognizing Kosovo as an independent State. Kosovo Serb leaders south of the Ibër/Ibar River were more positive about the dialogue as a tool to help to ease their day-to-day problems. The largest Kosovo Serb party participating in the Kosovo institutions, the Independent Liberal Party, repeatedly expressed frustration over its perceived exclusion from the process by both Belgrade and Pristina.",
"18. The Government of Serbia promoted the mutual benefits of the agreements, while stressing that they did not prejudice the future status of Kosovo. The Serbian opposition parties have criticized the main ruling party in Serbia, the Democratic Party, for agreeing to the dialogue conclusions, with the notable exception of the smaller opposition Liberal Democratic Party, which welcomed the conclusions. Yet, while the opposition Democratic Party of Serbia, New Serbia and the Serbian Radical Party denounced the development, the largest opposition party, the Serbian Progressive Party, projected a milder tone, noting that the dialogue must continue, but that its conclusions must not lead to the recognition of Kosovo by Serbia.",
"19. Complementing the support provided to the formal dialogue process, my Special Representative and my Representative in Belgrade have continued to hold regular meetings with the Serbian leadership, and contacts between my Special Representative and the Kosovo authorities have intensified. UNMIK staff continued to liaise regularly with the Kosovo authorities at the working level.",
"20. During the reporting period, exhumation efforts were resumed at Zhilivodë/ Žilivoda by the Kosovo Security Force and EULEX. On 15 July 2011, the Pristina-Belgrade Working Group on Missing Persons, chaired by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), held its first meeting after a hiatus of nearly one year, largely due to internal political events in Kosovo. The parties reiterated their intention to fulfil the commitments undertaken and to continue their interaction within the framework of the Working Group. Eleven missing persons were identified and their remains returned to their families. According to ICRC, 1,809 persons remain missing.",
"IV. Northern Kosovo",
"21. The overall security situation in northern Kosovo remained relatively calm, but tensions increased towards the end of the reporting period. Northern Kosovo Serb leaders raised concerns with regard to decisions of the Kosovo Ministry of Internal Affairs to expand its operations into Kosovo Serb-majority northern municipalities, through the activities of the Regional Operational Support Units and Regional Traffic Units. Tensions rose when the Operational Support Units commenced daily patrols in multi-ethnic areas of northern Kosovo, as part of Pristina’s efforts to assert authority there.",
"22. In the middle of May, a decision by the Kosovo Ministry of Internal Affairs to rotate the Kosovo police northern station and gate commanders also heightened tensions in northern Kosovo. Initially, all six northern Kosovo Serb commanders refused to implement the rotation order and were suspended from office. While two of the commanders later agreed to the rotation, one was prevented from assuming his new post by a roadblock. After an investigation by the Kosovo Police Professional Standards Unit, early in July the Kosovo police Director endorsed a decision to terminate the employment contracts of the four Kosovo Serb commanders who did not comply with the rotation order. Northern Kosovo Serb leaders denounced the decision and expressed the position that any rotation plans should have been based on consultations with them. Kosovo Serb police officers and administrative staff in the northern stations have held random work stoppages in support of the reinstatement of the dismissed commanders. In June, the Belgrade-sponsored municipal assemblies in Zubin Potok, Zveçan/Zvečan, Leposaviq/ Leposavić and northern Mitrovica held a joint session at which they rejected the rotation plans and blamed KFOR, EULEX and the Kosovo authorities for trying to pressure northern Kosovo Serbs to accept the authority of Pristina. By 15 July, the four dismissed northern commanders had signed their termination letters. The termination decision can be appealed by 20 July.",
"23. Following the detention in May of a Serb resident of Zubin Potok by EULEX, on suspicion of various criminal activities, including organized crime, smuggling, and fraudulent evasion of import duty and excise tax, members of the local business community denounced the detention as intimidation and an attempt to impose the payment of taxes and Customs duties to the Kosovo authorities, which they do not recognize. As a result, the local business association organized daily roadblocks in Zubin Potok and sporadic roadblocks in northern Mitrovica, Leposaviq/Leposavić and Zveçan/Zvečan, which continued for almost one month. While the actions were initially staged in support of the detainee, subsequently they were also in opposition to the rotation of the northern police station commanders. These developments further strained the relationship between northern Kosovo Serbs and EULEX.",
"24. In response to allegations by some northern Kosovo Serb local leaders and inhabitants that their interests were not being adequately reflected by the Serbian delegation in the dialogue, the head of Belgrade’s negotiating team in the dialogue with Pristina, Borislav Stefanović, visited on 2 June Zveçan/Zvečan and Zubin Potok and met with local officials to reassure them that their interests would be taken into account in the talks.",
"25. In May, the UNMIK Advisory Board in Mitrovica was expanded and its procedures streamlined to make it a more efficient body and to better reflect the existing local political situation in northern Mitrovica. Following a series of UNMIK consultations with all stakeholders, to identify suitable candidates and maintain an ethnic balance reflecting the local population, 15 members were appointed to the Advisory Board, including two Kosovo Albanians and one Kosovo Bosniak.",
"26. On 16 June, the Kosovo Customs authorities blocked a shipment of lorries loaded with zinc ore concentrates destined for export by the northern and southern components of the Trepça Enterprise, on the basis of a letter from the Kosovo Privatization Agency to the effect that it had not authorized such exports. Later, the authorities released the Trepça/south shipment for export, whereas all 22 lorries coming from Trepça/north were refused passage. The Trepça/north export had been authorized by UNMIK on the basis of legislation promulgated under resolution 1244 (1999). The northern part of the Trepça Enterprise derives almost all income from these mineral concentrate exports, which is essential for the economy in the north, as it pays suppliers and all Trepça/north employees.",
"V. Economic situation",
"27. On 1 June, an International Monetary Fund (IMF) mission on the Article IV consultations with Kosovo announced the interruption of the 18-month standby arrangement with Kosovo. IMF concluded that elements of the Kosovo government’s 2011 budget, in particular the large increase in the wage bill, deviated from the commitments under the arrangement. As a result, Kosovo will not be able to access the IMF funds to be disbursed under the standby arrangement in 2011. In addition, a considerable amount of European Union and World Bank funds will not materialize, as these are linked to clear assurances on a sound macro-economic framework. IMF staff have agreed with the Kosovo authorities on a staff monitoring programme, under which the Fund would monitor the implementation of economic and financial reforms until the end of 2011, before deciding on a possible IMF-supported arrangement in 2012. The 2011 budget also includes income of €300 million from the forecast sale of 75 per cent of the shares of the telephone company PTK, expected to be the main source of deficit financing. According to IMF, a possible delay in the privatization process is a risk for the 2011 budget. Doubts about whether these funds will be made available in full, as well as the planned expenditure for the construction of the highway traversing Kosovo from Albania, place additional financial pressure on the Kosovo budget. In addition, since Kosovo lost preferential trade treatment by the European Union on 31 December 2010, products originating from Kosovo are subject to Customs duties upon entering into the European Union market.",
"28. In May, the Kosovo authorities started preparing amendments to the existing privatization legal framework in Kosovo previously established by UNMIK. There are some concerns that the draft legislation may permit the Kosovo authorities to have access to, and use for budgetary purposes, privatization funds that are held in trust by the Kosovo Trust Agency for the benefit of owners and creditors. The proposed legislation would severely weaken the protection of privatization funds and expose the funds to the possibility of improper use. It therefore raises both property rights issues, in terms of the possible expropriation of privatization funds to the detriment of owners and creditors, and duty of care and potential liability issues, vis-à-vis owners and creditors, to protect the trust funds. The proposed legislation also contemplates changes to the privatization and liquidation process of socially owned enterprises and seeks to minimize international involvement in Kosovo Trust Agency-related matters, contrary to the legal framework established by UNMIK.",
"VI. Security",
"29. During the period under review, the overall security situation in Kosovo remained relatively calm, although low-level incidents affecting minority communities increased compared to the same period in 2010, as did the number of incidents affecting international personnel and assets.",
"30. One positive development was a nearly 27 per cent decrease in the number of murders and attempted murders. There was also a 20 per cent reduction in the number of armed robberies. Kosovo police demonstrated improved professionalism by conducting a number of successful operations against arms smuggling, trafficking of human beings, corruption and money-laundering. On 19 April, nine firearms and 600 rounds of ammunition were seized in Kaçanik/Kačanik. On 13 June, a heavy machine gun with 600 rounds of ammunition and a mortar with 33 grenades were seized in another operation near Shtërpcë/Štrpce.",
"31. However, criminal incidents affecting minority communities nearly doubled during the past three months compared to the same period the previous year (77 cases as at 15 July, compared to 38 in 2010). There were five instances of buses transporting ethnic Serbs being stoned. Although most other cases consisted of low-level harassment, intimidation, assault and damage to property, a few serious incidents were also reported, such as an assault on three Kosovo Serb police officers on duty by a group of Kosovo Albanian armed men on 2 July and the stabbing of a Serb in Mitrovica.",
"32. Most of the incidents affecting international personnel and assets were low-profile thefts, burglaries or minor damage to property or vehicles, but several physical assaults, threats and stoning incidents were also reported. Notably, on 7 June in Pristina, two EULEX official vehicles were set on fire by unknown individuals, while an international staff member of the European Commission was assaulted and robbed on 15 June. On 6 and 21 June, two vehicles with OSCE registration plates, one a private car driven by an international staff member, the other an official vehicle, were hit by bullets under unclear circumstances near Pejё/Peć and Gjilan/Gnjilane, respectively.",
"33. During the reporting period there were also a number of protests, rallies and demonstrations across Kosovo over various political and socio-economic issues, which were generally peaceful.",
"34. The crime rate remained relatively constant. The overall number of violent crimes committed with the use or under the threat of weapons remained high, with no sign of decrease, indicating that the proliferation of illegal weapons continued to be a serious factor of insecurity. A total of 151 shooting incidents and 335 cases of confiscation of illegal weapons and ammunition were registered during the past three months.",
"35. On 29 June, the Kosovo Albanian Mayor in southern Mitrovica threatened to remove the external concrete blast walls that surround the building currently used by UNMIK as its regional premises, claiming that this is necessary as part of the municipality’s urban beautification plan, funded by the European Commission. The issue was resolved only after a series of UNMIK interventions with EULEX, the European Commission Liaison Office, bilateral missions, and senior political leadership in Pristina, all of whom understood the illegality of the proposed action. The Officer in Charge of UNMIK met with the Mayor on 7 July and, after a fresh assessment of the security requirements, reached an understanding which obviated the municipality’s intention to remove the blast walls, by changing their location.",
"VII. Rule of law",
"36. UNMIK continued to exercise certain responsibilities in the area of the rule of law, to monitor activities and to cooperate at the technical level with the Kosovo Ministries of Justice and Internal Affairs, and the Serbian Ministry of Justice. UNMIK also continued to facilitate communication between the Serbian authorities and non-recognizing States and the Kosovo Ministry of Justice, including receiving and forwarding requests for mutual legal assistance. The impasse between the Kosovo Ministry of Justice and the Serbian Ministry of Justice on mutual legal assistance persisted. UNMIK remains engaged in discussions to address the situation, including with EULEX. During the reporting period, UNMIK forwarded 46 responses from the Serbian Ministry to the Kosovo Ministry.",
"37. As Serbia had not processed any requests received directly from the Kosovo Ministry of Justice, the Special Chamber of the Supreme Court on Kosovo Trust Agency-Related Matters used UNMIK good offices to carry out mutual legal assistance: UNMIK forwarded 47 requests for service of documents to Serbia from the Special Chamber.",
"38. UNMIK also facilitated the interaction of Kosovo with INTERPOL and its member States on a daily basis, receiving eight requests for issuance of international wanted notices and facilitating the issuance of five INTERPOL red notices.",
"39. During the reporting period, UNMIK continued to provide document-certification services, both to Kosovo residents and at the request of non-recognizing States. Those services included primarily the certification of civil status, pension and academic documents.",
"VIII. Communities, returns and reconciliation",
"40. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reported 244 individual voluntary minority returns in April and May, bringing the total of such returns since January to 492 persons. Of the 244 returnees, approximately 39 per cent were Kosovo Serbs, 34 per cent were from the Kosovo Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities, and 12 per cent were Kosovo Goranis, while Kosovo Bosniaks and Kosovo Albanians each accounted for 5 per cent. The total number of minority voluntary returns from January 2000 to May 2011 is 22,630.",
"41. In April and May, five “go-and-see” visits were organized for 69 displaced persons, mostly from Montenegro and Serbia, as well as five “go-and-inform” visits in Serbia proper, for the benefit of more than 139 displaced persons from the Deçan/ Dečani, Kllokot/Klokot, Rahovec/Orahovac and Lipjan/Lipljan municipalities.",
"42. Some receiving communities continue to oppose the return of displaced persons. In Shtime/Štimlje municipality, a Kosovo Albanian receiving community had objected to the return of three Kosovo Ashkali displaced families from the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia on the basis of war crime allegations. In Deçan/Dečani, a “go-and-see” visit to Lloqan/Loćane village for 13 displaced Kosovo Serbs was postponed when the receiving community objected to the visit of two of them, alleging that they had committed war crimes during the conflict. Municipal authorities and other stakeholders are seeking durable solutions to deal with these situations, including pre-return dialogue and inclusion of benefits for the receiving communities in returns projects.",
"43. UNHCR also recorded the forced return, mainly from Western European countries, of 100 persons from minority communities: 71 members of the Kosovo Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities, 11 Kosovo Serbs, 12 Kosovo Bosniaks, 4 Kosovo Goranis and 2 Kosovo Albanians.",
"44. Kosovo central and local authorities are grappling with the socio-economic difficulties associated with the reintegration of forced returnees. Municipal authorities have cited lack of funding and bureaucratic hurdles, including lack of coordination between them and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In a bid to advance the returns process, several returns projects were initiated, notably the development of the Municipal Returns Strategy, allocation of land for landless displaced persons of the Kosovo Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities, review of applications from displaced persons for assistance with housing construction/reconstruction, and commencement of stalled construction projects.",
"45. Several municipalities made significant progress in implementing development projects for returnees, especially in minority and ethnically mixed villages. Dragash/Dragaš, Istog/Istok, Graçanicë/Gračanica, Lipjan/Lipljan, Fushë Kosovë/ Kosovo Polje and Partesh/Parteš are among the municipalities that embarked on capital investment projects for minority community residents, including infrastructure development such as construction or upgrading of roads, construction of sewage and water supply networks, modernizing the electricity network and building new schools. Nevertheless, some members of minority communities have expressed dissatisfaction with the poor state of infrastructure in their villages, in particular with the irregular electricity and water supply, dilapidated roads and sewage systems, as well as the lack of employment prospects. As part of its support to communities, UNMIK facilitated communication between minority communities and the Kosovo authorities on a number of these issues, encouraging outreach and attention by Kosovo authorities to minority villages.",
"46. In April, the Kosovo authorities conducted a population and housing census throughout Kosovo, with the exception of the area north of the Ibër/Ibar River. Discussions were held with northern Kosovo Serb leaders about conducting the census in northern Kosovo, but no agreement has been reached. According to the preliminary figures, the total population residing in Kosovo, excluding the inhabitants in the north, amounts to 1,733,872 inhabitants. Non-residents were not included in the preliminary results. In the 1981 census, which is the last that was accepted by all sides, 1,584,440 residents were registered. The census will provide critical data for integrated planning processes and is crucial for ensuring proper planning of future development strategies for all Kosovo residents. Final data are due to be published in June 2012, but without data or accurate estimates of the number of Kosovo Serbs resident in Kosovo, particularly in northern Kosovo, they will be incomplete.",
"47. Easter celebrations and religious services were held throughout Kosovo without major incidents. The Serbian Orthodox Church held its main Easter commemoration in the recently renovated cathedral of St. George in Prizren, where the head of the diocese of Raška-Prizren, Bishop Teodosije, celebrated the first Easter liturgy since 1999 before a congregation of some 100 Kosovo Serbs. On 28 June, St. Vitus’ Day (Vidovdan) was celebrated in Gračanica Monastery and at Gazimestan, with the participation of the Serbian Orthodox Patriarch Irinej and nearly 2,000 Serb participants. There were only a few incidents, including a clash between five Serbs and police at Gazimestan and the stoning of two Serbian buses in southern Mitrovica. The five individuals involved in the clash with the police, four of whom were from Serbia proper and one from Kosovo, were sentenced to 30 days in jail for disturbing public peace and order and inciting racial, ethnic and religious hatred. Following discrepancies regarding the events in question as reported by the Kosovo police, on the one hand, and EULEX police, on the other, the latter took over the cases and on 13 July a EULEX prosecutor dropped the charges for lack of evidence.",
"IX. Cultural and religious heritage",
"48. UNMIK continued to facilitate the work of the Reconstruction Implementation Commission on the reconstruction of cultural and religious heritage sites damaged or destroyed during the violence of March 2004. During the reporting period, the final stage of implementation continued at several sites, and the Commission held consultations with all parties to explore modalities for further activities through the mechanism of the Commission, which remains the only platform for technical interaction on cultural heritage among the Serbian Orthodox Church, Pristina and Belgrade.",
"49. UNMIK also facilitated the activities of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in Kosovo, based on the umbrella memorandum of understanding. During the reporting period, the contract for the reconstruction of the Roman Catholic cathedral in Prizren, funded by the Government of Albania, was signed, and the tender for the restoration of wall paintings in the Church of the Holy Virgin Ljeviška in Prizren, funded by donations from the Governments of Greece and the Czech Republic, was completed.",
"50. UNMIK monitored the security arrangements provided for Serbian Orthodox sites in coordination with EULEX, the Kosovo Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports and KFOR. On 10 May, KFOR transferred security responsibilities for the Holy Archangels Monastery, near Prizren, to the Kosovo police. The patrimonial sites of the Serbian Orthodox Church now remaining under KFOR protection are the Visoki Dečani and Dević monasteries and the monastery of the Peć Patriarchate.",
"51. While some Serbian religious sites and Orthodox graveyards were damaged during the reporting period, there were also positive examples of communication between local authorities and the Serbian Orthodox Church. In Rahovec/Orahovac, after international intervention, the municipal and Serbian Orthodox Church authorities are seeking a peaceful settlement to the encroachment of land belonging to the Orthodox Monastery in Zoqishtë/Zočište village, which occurred as a result of the rehabilitation and extension of the adjacent road. Another positive sign of improving relations was the meeting in June between Bishop Teodosije and the Mayor of Deçan/Dečani, facilitated by the Norwegian Ambassador to Kosovo, at which prospects for closer cooperation were discussed.",
"52. On 23 June, the diocese of Raška/Prizren reported that excavation works by a private citizen adjacent to the church had exposed parts of the foundations of the Orthodox Church of St. Kyriake, in the historic centre of Prizren. The diocese fears that the excavation work could affect the stability of the more than 700-year-old church and called for urgent measures to preserve and protect the site, which is located within the town’s special protective zone. The Kosovo police confirmed the damage to the church’s foundation and the municipal inspectorate halted all work at the site.",
"X. Human rights",
"53. The Ombudsperson Institution is still awaiting the appointment of the Deputy Ombudspersons, although the Assembly of Kosovo has initiated the procedure. In June, the Ombudsperson addressed a special report to the President of the Assembly, detailing the difficulties that the institution continues to face in the exercise of its mandate. The report states that challenges stem mainly from alleged attempts to infringe the institution’s independence through budgetary interventions by the Government and notes that, in this respect, the law on the Ombudsperson adopted by the Assembly constitutes a setback compared to the UNMIK regulation. The Assembly Committee on Human Rights has been engaged to address some of the recommendations contained in that report.",
"54. According to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the recent alleged murder of a 27-year-old woman by her ex-husband brought to light continued failures by the judiciary to duly apply protection measures in accordance with the relevant legislation. In the case in question, a judge failed to impose urgent protection measures within 15 days as prescribed by law. According to the Kosovo police, this was the fourth woman to die as a result of domestic violence in the past 12 months. In addition, lenient sanctions are being imposed against violations of protection measures, even in cases of recidivism. Incomplete investigations, inadequate implementation of protection measures, lack of cooperation between the police and prosecutors, and a failure to prosecute offenders have increased victims’ vulnerability to recidivism while allowing perpetrators to go unpunished. Without a strong message from law enforcement mechanisms that violence will not be tolerated, perpetrators can continue to abuse women without fear of sanctions.",
"XI. External representation and regional cooperation",
"55. During the reporting period, UNMIK facilitated the participation of Kosovo representatives at numerous regional meetings at different levels, including the meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the European Union and the Western Balkans in Luxembourg on 21 June, as well as several Energy Community meetings in other sectors, such as transport and aviation.",
"56. The meetings of the 2011 chairmanship of the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) continued. After the meetings of the CEFTA Working Group on Technical Barriers to Trade in April and the Subcommittee on Customs and Rules of Origin on 19 and 20 May, UNMIK facilitated the meeting of the Subcommittee on Agriculture on 24 May in Brussels, chaired by the 2011 Chair-in-Office. On 30 June the meeting of CEFTA Experts and Deputy Ministers was held in Pristina, with the participation of all CEFTA parties except Montenegro and the Republic of Moldova. However, the Kosovo authorities chose not to participate in the Subcommittee on Non-Tariff Barriers and Technical Barriers to Trade in Sarajevo, as they disagreed with the modalities of the meeting.",
"XII. Observations",
"57. I am pleased to report that the dialogue between Belgrade and Pristina has continued at an intense pace during the reporting period and has produced its first concrete results three months after its launch. I welcome the agreements reached in the areas of freedom of movement, civil registry and academic diplomas and I urge Belgrade and Pristina to engage fully in implementing them. It remains my firm belief that this dialogue has the potential to bridge the differences between the sides and to resolve a series of long-standing issues that affect the lives of the people on the ground.",
"58. I have noted that the engagement of the sides in the process has been facing some opposition. However, I am confident that the positive impact of the agreements, when implemented, will generate a wider understanding and appreciation of the benefits that can be derived from the dialogue. I also consider that the positive engagement of the sides outside the formal process of dialogue, such as the meetings held in May by senior officials in Pristina and the Serbian negotiator, may pave the way for further progress in their relations.",
"59. As the process of dialogue moves forward, the United Nations remains committed to supporting the facilitating role of the European Union, and to providing its expertise on the issues under discussion. I reiterate my intention to keep the Security Council informed of the progress made in the dialogue, and I appeal to its members to continue encouraging the sides to make good faith efforts to tackle the remaining challenges. I believe that agreements can be reached on a number of issues discussed during the past months, thereby contributing significantly to the consolidation of peace, stability and reconciliation in Kosovo and in the region.",
"60. I am also encouraged by the resumption of the sessions of the Working Group on Missing Persons, after a hiatus of nearly a year largely due to internal political events in Kosovo. The continuing engagement and commitment by the parties to this fundamental humanitarian issue is of vital importance to reconciliation in Kosovo and the region. UNMIK will continue to support efforts by Pristina, Belgrade, EULEX and ICRC to resolve all the outstanding cases of missing persons.",
"61. The numbers of voluntary returns have remained disappointingly low, despite efforts by the local and central authorities to provide additional funding to assist with reconstruction and the allocation of municipal land for internally displaced persons. It is my hope that solutions will be found to addressing the persisting tensions between receiving communities and returnees, and efforts will be redoubled to ensure the successful reintegration of all the returning communities.",
"62. In northern Kosovo, the growing tensions remain a cause for concern. In this regard, I will continue to firmly stress that sensitive issues relating to northern Kosovo can be resolved only through peaceful means, on the basis of consultation with all communities on the ground, and not through unilateral action. I urge all sides to refrain from actions that could undermine the progress made in the dialogue and escalate tensions, and to work together to avoid any further deterioration of the situation.",
"63. Regrettably, this period saw the recurrence of earlier, unacceptable threats to the premises of the UNMIK office in Mitrovica by the local municipal authorities. I call on the authorities in Mitrovica and on the political leaders in Pristina to demonstrate full respect and to provide reassurances that the inviolability of the UNMIK premises throughout Kosovo will henceforth be clearly acknowledged and observed. I have also noted with concern the growing overall number of incidents affecting international personnel and assets.",
"64. I would like to express my gratitude to Lamberto Zannier, who concluded his tenure as my Special Representative for Kosovo and Head of UNMIK on 1 July, for his strong commitment to the United Nations principles and his leadership of UNMIK during the past three years. I deeply appreciated his successful management of the evolution of the Mission within a challenging political environment and his dedicated efforts to furthering peace and stability in Kosovo and the region. I would also like to commend the staff of UNMIK for their work and commitment to the goals of the United Nations.",
"65. Finally, I would like to conclude by extending my gratitude to the long-standing partners of the United Nations in Kosovo — the European Union, NATO and OSCE — as well as to the United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, for their ongoing support and cooperation with UNMIK.",
"Annex I",
"Report of the European Union High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy to the Secretary-General on the activities of the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo",
"(covering the period from 16 April to 15 July 2011)",
"1. Summary",
"21 July 2011",
"The European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX) continued to implement its mandate to monitor, mentor and advise Kosovo institutions. The Mission provided assistance and support to the consolidation and reform of rule of law institutions, along with input to several long-term judicial and police reforms. EULEX also made use of its executive functions, when necessary, in the context of policing and investigative tasks related to high-profile investigations, police operations in the north of Kosovo and the prosecution of cases involving war crimes, corruption and organized crime. The Mission continued to focus attention on the north of Kosovo, increasing the number of Mission staff living in the area while working to defuse ongoing tensions between local communities. The Mission has also taken an active role in the Prishtinë/Priština-Belgrade dialogue by facilitating the technical aspects of an agreement to return copies of civil registries records to Kosovo.",
"Since the report of the Council of Europe Special Rapporteur, Senator Dick Marty, on the investigation of allegations of inhuman treatment of people and illicit trafficking in human organs in Kosovo was made public in December 2010, EULEX has assumed responsibility for the case and continues to move forward with the preliminary investigation, through a special task force, partially based in Brussels.",
"2. EULEX activities, April to July 2011",
"General",
"EULEX currently comprises 2,824 staff (1,637 international and 1,187 local staff). Monitoring, mentoring and advising in support of Kosovo institutions remains the Mission’s defining function and constitutes the majority of its everyday work, although the executive functions of the Mission are employed regularly and attract greater attention.",
"EULEX provided monitoring, mentoring and advising on several actions and management-level processes in Kosovo, including the handover/takeover from KFOR to the Kosovo police of the third and final phase of the border with the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in June, and the handing over of security responsibility for the Holy Archangels Monastery in Prizren to the Kosovo police on 10 May. The Mission also worked closely with Kosovo Customs to replace outdated data-processing systems with the integrated system ASYCUDA World, compliant with European Union standards, and worked with the Kosovo police to introduce the European Union-compatible Border Management System. Both systems should improve the ability of Kosovo to effectively control border/boundary crossing points and monitor the entry and exit of persons, goods and vehicles. EULEX also provided support to the consolidation and development of Kosovo rule of law institutions like the Kosovo Judicial Council and Kosovo Prosecutorial Council, helping these burgeoning institutions to establish internal procedures on the recruitment and selection of council members and judges and enhancing transparency, together with preparing for implementation of the Kosovo Law on Courts, an in-depth reform of the structure and jurisdiction of Kosovo courts — and a key task for the Kosovo Judicial Council in the coming three years. EULEX is also providing close assistance to Kosovo authorities on the establishment of an adequate witness protection programme, another reform critical to a functional Kosovo justice sector in the future. Until such structures can stand on their own, EULEX operates a fully operational and independent witness protection programme for Kosovo.",
"EULEX provided support to the continuing Prishtinë/Priština-Belgrade dialogue, facilitating the agreement to hand over copied civil registries records removed from Kosovo during the 1998-1999 conflict by chairing the Joint Committee on the matter and acting as an intermediary to certify and share the documents.",
"Throughout spring and summer, EULEX carried out a public anti-drugs media campaign throughout Kosovo, coordinated with the Kosovo police as a public information and community policing effort.",
"War crimes",
"EULEX continued several investigations and prosecutions in the area of war crimes, including the trials of several high-profile suspects. The so-called “Geci” trial, begun in March under the direction of Mitrovicë/Mitrovica District Court, continued to hear testimony throughout the spring and summer, with a verdict expected at the end of July. The trial against defendants Sabit Geci and Riza Alija, accused of war crimes committed against civilians in a Kosovo Liberation Army military compound in Albania during the Kosovo conflict of 1999, has benefited greatly from the provision of anonymous video links facilitated by the EULEX Witness Security Unit. The video links allowed persons to testify without revealing their identity, giving the prosecution access to key testimonies. The trial is also notable for the fact that the Mission successfully established jurisdiction over the Geci case for crimes committed in Albania, an arrangement applicable to the ongoing investigation based on the report by Senator Dick Marty (see below). The so-called “Bllaca” war crimes trial against Fahredin Gashi and Hysni Rama also continued at Prishtinë/Priština District Court, the first trial resulting from the testimony of the cooperative witness Nazim Bllaca.",
"Investigations also proceeded concerning the case of the former Minister, Fatmir Limaj, together with the arrests on 16 March of nine individuals in Kosovo and Switzerland, with regard to war crimes allegations. The investigation is under the supervision of a prosecutor from the Kosovo Special Prosecution Office and is based on grounded suspicions of killings, torture and other offences against Kosovo Albanian and Serb civilians and prisoners of war in a detention centre in Kosovo in 1999. The arrested individuals have been kept under extended detention on remand since March and, most recently, on 20 June, a panel of Kosovo and EULEX judges rejected the appeals of five of the defendants as ungrounded and confirmed the decision of the pre-trial judge to extend their detention for a further month. The issue of Limaj’s parliamentary immunity from arrest as a member of the Kosovo Assembly still needs to be clarified, and the Mission has sought various legal and political avenues to receive clarification on the issue; however, even as a member of the Assembly, Limaj does not enjoy immunity from prosecution for the alleged crimes committed.",
"The Government took steps to clarify the issue of immunity from arrest on 20 July when it decided to refer to the Constitutional Court a request for an interpretation of the immunity of the President, Prime Minister, Ministers and members of the Kosovo Assembly.",
"Investigations are proceeding following the arrest in April, by the Kosovo police and EULEX, of Zoran Kolić, a senior official of the Independent Liberal Party, on charges of war crimes allegedly committed in 1999. In May, a panel of local EULEX judges extended his detention on remand.",
"Corruption",
"EULEX continued to work closely with Kosovo prosecutors to identify, prioritize and prosecute major cases of corruption at various levels of government. On 15 June, a joint Kosovo police and EULEX police team carried out searches and seized materials as part of an investigation concerning the Ministry of Community and Returns and the so-called “Fimex” company in Pristina. The searches, which also included two private residences, were conducted in the context of an investigation into corruption with regard to tenders issued from 2007 to 2009. The charges in the case relate to misappropriation in office, accepting and giving bribes. On 23 June, EULEX carried out searches at the Municipal Cadastral Office of Gračanica/Graçanicë, including the offices of the Head and the Director of the Office. The searches were carried out in the context of an investigation into alleged abuse of official position in relation to the fraudulent registration of ownership of privatized former socially owned enterprises in 2010. Meanwhile, investigations continue in corruption cases involving four defendants connected to the former Governor of the Central Bank of Kosovo, with witnesses continuing to be interviewed.",
"On 23 May, a panel of local and EULEX judges at Prishtinë/Priština District Court convicted eight people on corruption charges in connection with irregularities at the Credit Bank of Prishtinë/Priština, handing down sentences ranging from suspended sentences to five years in prison. On 8 June, the Special Prosecution Office filed an indictment against five defendants in the investigation in relation to a mobile virtual network operator agreement between the Post and Telecommunications of Kosovo and a private company, Dardafon. On the same day, the Special Prosecution Office filed an indictment against two defendants in the context of an investigation regarding a large importation of tobacco by four Kosovo tobacco companies in December 2008.",
"As part of the Mission’s continuing support to Kosovo institutions through effective monitoring, mentoring and advising, on 28 June EULEX began a 12-month training and workshop programme for Kosovo and EULEX judges, prosecutors and investigators on the confiscation of criminal assets. The programme aims to make the use of confiscation powers deriving from the existing law a standard tool in the fight against organized crime and corruption. It will also serve to prepare the way for the implementation of new legislation in the area.",
"Organized crime",
"On 10 June, a EULEX prosecutor from the Kosovo Special Prosecution Office filed an indictment against two individuals related to the so-called Medicus case. Warrants of arrest were issued by Prishtinë/Priština District Court and both suspects are subject to INTERPOL international wanted notices. The two indictees join seven additional defendants indicted in April by a panel of EULEX and local judges. Together, the nine defendants will face charges related to organ and human trafficking, organized crime, unlawful exercise of medical activity and abuse of official position. The case was initiated by Kosovo and UNMIK police officers in November 2008.",
"On 17 June, seven of the defendants in the so-called Tisa River case charged with organized crime and smuggling of migrants were sentenced to terms of imprisonment ranging from 2 to 19 years, for a total of 65 years. The case exposed an organized crime group that offered migrants illegal passage to European Union and other European countries, making significant illicit profits. The activities of the group resulted in the death of 15 migrants in October 2009.",
"Several police operations related to combating organized crime were also carried out during the spring and summer. On 4 May, as part of several house searches linked to drug trafficking in Pejë/Pec, EULEX Executive Police arrested a man in connection with an investigation into international heroin trafficking, authorized by a EULEX pretrial judge at Prishtinë/Priština District Court and supervised by a EULEX prosecutor. The arrested individual is suspected of trafficking drugs in and out of Kosovo to various European countries in 2008/09 and his arrest is part of a wider investigation into organized crime. On 17 May, EULEX arrested a man in a location between Zubin Potok and northern Mitrovicë/Mitrovica, suspected of involvement in organized crime. The arrest took place within the context of an ongoing investigation by the Special Prosecution Office into organized crime and money-laundering and followed up on an earlier EULEX law enforcement operation in Zubin Potok in February. Following the arrest daily roadblocks were organized in the area in support of the arrested person.",
"EULEX Special Task Force",
"Since the report of the Council of Europe Special Rapporteur, Senator Dick Marty, was made public in December 2010, EULEX has assumed responsibility for the case and continues to move forward with the preliminary investigation, through a special Task Force dedicated to the matter with prosecutors assigned to this case only. Planning for this process has now reached an advanced stage, to the point where Task Force members have been interviewed and recruited and facilities and equipment for the Task Force in Brussels have been secured. The EULEX Task Force, to be based in Brussels and Prishtinë/Priština, consists of EULEX staff selected in the most recent hiring process, permanently assigned to the investigation of the case and operational immediately upon their deployment. EULEX continues to maintain contact with relevant stakeholders and actors in the region as the investigatory process moves forward.",
"Cooperation with judicial authorities in Tirana has in particular led the Court of Serious Crimes, on 27 May 2011, to rule in favour of a request for international assistance lodged by EULEX prosecutors in this respect, paving the way for concrete investigative work in Albania. In parallel to those judicial efforts, the Mission has strengthened its witness security programme by reaching out to, inter alia, EUROPOL to improve the prospects for relocation abroad and by increasing the funding for such relocation.",
"Approved by Xavier Bout de Marnhac Head of Mission",
"Annex II",
"Composition and strength of the police component of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo",
"(as at 15 July 2011)",
"Country Number",
"Germany 1",
"Ghana 1",
"Italy 1",
"Romania 1",
"Russian Federation 1",
"Pakistan 1",
"Ukraine 1",
"Total 7",
"Annex III",
"Composition and strength of the military liaison component of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo",
"(as at 15 July 2011)",
"Country Number",
"Czech Republic 1",
"Denmark 1",
"Norway 1",
"Poland 1",
"Romania 1",
"Spain 1",
"Ukraine 2",
"Total 8"
] | S_2011_514 | [
"Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo",
"I. Introduction and priorities of the Mission",
"1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1244 (1999), in which the Council decided to establish the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) and requested the Secretary-General to report on the implementation of his mandate on a regular basis. The present report covers the activities of UNMIK and related developments from 16 April to 15 July 2011.",
"2. The Mission ' s priorities have not changed: to promote security, stability and respect for human rights in Kosovo and the region. UNMIK continues to promote these objectives through its collaboration with Pristina and Belgrade, Kosovo communities and regional and international actors. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the International Security Force in Kosovo (KFOR) have continued to carry out their important functions under Security Council resolution 1244 (1999). In line with the statement by the President of the Security Council of 26 November 2008 (S/PRST/2008/44) and my report of 24 November 2008 (S/2008/692), the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX) is operating under general authority and within the framework of United Nations neutrality. OSCE, KFOR and EULEX have continued to cooperate and coordinate their activities with UNMIK. United Nations agencies, funds and programmes also continue to work closely with UNMIK.",
"II. Political situation",
"3. Having overcome a series of political crises, the Kosovo authorities have focused their attention on their own consolidation and on ensuring institutional stability. The leaders of the two main ruling Albanian parties, the Kosovo Democratic Party (PDK) and the New Kosovo Alliance (AKR), agreed on the modalities for redistribution of ministerial posts. The Prime Minister, Hashim Thaçi (PDK), appointed former President Behgjet Pacolli (AKR) as Chief Deputy Prime Minister, a newly established post, and a member of the AKR to head the newly established Ministry of Diaspora. At present, the Government has six Deputy Prime Ministers and 19 Ministers, three of whom are also Deputy Prime Ministers. Three of the current deputy ministers are Serbs and eight are from other communities.",
"4. In early May, the Special Committee of the Assembly on Electoral Law Reform, composed of representatives of all groups of the Assembly, began its work. The reform of the electoral system was part of the commitment agreement between the Government led by the PDK and the main opposition party, the Kosovo Democratic League (LDK), which ended the political crisis that occurred early in the year. The Assembly Committee is preparing a proposal to introduce several electoral districts and a majority system for legislative elections. Once the Committee agrees on the changes, a two-thirds majority of the Assembly will be required for approval.",
"5. During the reporting period, the Kosovo authorities increased their efforts to establish close cooperation with the European Union and increase their visibility at the international level. In this context, they received the visits of the President of the European Commission, Mr. José Manuel Barroso, and the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Ms. Catherine Ashton. During her visit, the High Representative stressed the importance of the ongoing dialogue with Belgrade and urged the parties to show flexibility and creativity in order to achieve tangible results. The Prime Minister travelled to Brussels shortly after the fifth round of the dialogue, and discussed the European Union perspective on Kosovo with the High Representative. Since her inauguration on 7 April, the Chairperson, Ms. Atifete Jahjaga has focused on participating in multilateral forums. Among other meetings, he attended the summit of leaders of central Europe held in Warsaw and the celebrations for the 150th anniversary of the unification of Italy, held in Rome. Host countries did not invite UNMIK to such activities. The President of Serbia, Mr. Boris Tadić, although invited, did not attend, citing the policy of the Government of Serbia not to attend meetings where the participation of Kosovo has not been facilitated by the United Nations.",
"6. The Kosovo authorities have reiterated their willingness to cooperate with an investigation of the allegations contained in the report of the Special Rapporteur of the Council of Europe on trafficking in human organs, Mr. Dick Marty, and welcomed the creation of a EULEX task force to conduct this investigation. EULEX has confirmed that the Task Force will begin its duties in 2011, when it completes the ongoing recruitment of all its staff members. The Task Force will consist of two international prosecutors and several international investigators specializing in war crimes investigations. The Task Force, which will perform its functions under the administrative authority of the head of the EULEX justice component, will be based in Brussels and Pristina. Although Serbia has recognized EULEX ' s efforts in this regard, Belgrade has stood firm in its view that there should be an independent body, established by the Security Council, with the authority to investigate in Albania and elsewhere, which leads the investigation.",
"7. During the reporting period, some Serbian government officials, including the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior, Mr. Ivica Dačić suggested that “territorial adjustments” could be brought to the negotiating table in order to achieve a final solution for Kosovo. The suggestion led to sharp replicas of Pristina and Washington. The Kosovo authorities argued that the only way to resolve ethnic problems in Kosovo, and in the Western Balkans, was through the full implementation of the Ahtisaari plan and European integration. Kosovo Serb political groups also opposed the idea of territorial adjustments, regardless of whether they live north or south of the Ibër/Ibar river and are inclined by Belgrade or Pristina. Those living south of the Ibër/Ibar river fear that territorial adjustments leave them unprotected in Kosovo, while the northern Kosovo Serbs argue that these adjustments go against the national interest of Serbia and are prohibited by its Constitution, as they imply recognition of the independence of Kosovo. In contrast, Mr. Albin Kurti, head of the opposition group of albanokosovares Vetëvendosje, committed to working towards Kosovo ' s union with Albania.",
"8. On 12 May, the head of the delegation of Belgrade in the dialogue with Pristina, Mr. Borislav Stefanović, traveled to Pristina and met with Mr. Hajredin Kuçi, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Justice; the head of the Pristina delegation in the dialogue, Deputy Prime Minister Edita Tahiri; the United States Ambassador, and the Acting Special Representative of the European Union. The visit provoked protests by some 200 Vetëvendosje supporters, who became violent and in which several people, including police officers, were injured and some vehicles damaged. The Kosovo authorities condemned the protests.",
"9. During the reporting period, a United Nations Member State, Andorra, recognized Kosovo, and the number of States recognizing it was 76.",
"III. Cooperation between Pristina and Belgrade and practical arrangements",
"10. During the period under review, the process of dialogue welcomed by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/298 and facilitated by the European Union continued: the fourth and fifth rounds of meetings were held in Brussels, on 17 and 18 May and 2 July. The Political Director of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia, Borislav Stefanović, and the Deputy Prime Minister of Kosovo, Ms. Edita Tahiri, they followed their respective delegations in the talks.",
"11. At the inter-sessional intervals, the frequency of preparatory meetings, technical working groups and bilateral and trilateral contacts between the European Union facilitation team and the parties to the dialogue increased considerably.",
"12. In the fourth round of talks, emphasis was placed on civil registration, cadastral records, freedom of movement, telecommunications and energy. The fifth meeting produced concrete results for the dialogue. Agreement was reached in three areas that will improve the lives of ordinary people. With regard to civil registration, the parties agreed that a joint committee chaired by EULEX, established as a result of the discussions held at pre-session meetings in the framework of the dialogue, would continue to identify gaps in the missing civil registry books. EULEX will certify copies of all original civil registration books with a view to establishing a comprehensive civil registration in Kosovo. As part of the agreement, EULEX will provide specific information on the Kosovo civil registry, upon request. This would provide greater legal security for persons living in Kosovo and facilitate the resolution of related problems in the courts.",
"13. The agreement on freedom of movement, which both parties agreed to apply as soon as possible, will allow people to cross the administrative border using their identity documents or their driving permits. It includes other provisions that will allow you to travel by car across borders, but the details of this modality have not been completed.",
"14. The parties also agreed, in principle, to accept university and school degrees. This is expected to be implemented through the certification granted by an international body or by an academic institution of one third, subject to mutual agreement. The parties intend to elaborate the details at the next meeting in the framework of the dialogue.",
"15. The agreements reached at the fifth meeting, presented in the form of conclusions of the Presidency of the European Union, are expected to be implemented as soon as practicable from an operational point of view. The firm determination of both sides to make the agreements work will be reflected in the creation of tripartite joint working groups chaired by the European Union to ensure that the implementation is carried out as efficiently as possible. UNMIK has continued to contribute to the dialogue, including through the provision of attendance at meetings and the provision of information from its experience in Kosovo, such as civil registration, freedom of movement, acceptance of academic degrees and free movement of goods.",
"16. Opposition parties Alliance for the Future of Kosovo (AAK), LDK and Vetëvendosje, as well as civil society organizations in Kosovo, have demanded that the agreements reached be submitted and discussed in the Assembly of Kosovo and have criticized the Kosovo authorities for lack of transparency on the subject. The most inflexible in that regard was Vetëvendosje, who opposes dialogue. The President of the Assembly of Kosovo, Mr. Jakup Krasniqi (PDK), has made several public statements in which he has stated that neither he nor the Assembly have been adequately informed about the content of the dialogue.",
"17. The Serb leaders of northern Kosovo, in general, expressed their disapproval of the dialogue, indicating that it was against the interests of Kosovo Serbs and constituted a step towards the recognition of Kosovo by Serbia as an independent State. The Kosovo Serb leaders south of the Ibër/Ibar River were more positive about the dialogue as a tool that helps alleviate the problems of daily life. The largest party of Kosovo Serbs participating in Kosovo institutions, the Independent Liberal Party, has repeatedly expressed its frustration at what it sees as its exclusion from the process, both by Belgrade and Pristina.",
"18. The Government of Serbia promoted the mutual benefits of the agreements, while emphasizing that they did not prejudice the future status of Kosovo. The Serbian opposition parties have criticized the Democratic Party, the main ruling party of Serbia, for agreeing with the conclusions of the dialogue, with the notable exception of the smaller opposition party, the Liberal Democratic Party, which welcomed the conclusions. However, while in the opposition the Democratic Party of Serbia, New Serbia and the Serbian Radical Party denounced the situation, the main opposition party, the Serbian Progressive Party, designed a more moderate tone, noting that the dialogue should continue, but that their conclusions should not give rise to the recognition of Kosovo by Serbia.",
"19. Complementing the support provided to the formal dialogue process, my Special Representative and my Representative in Belgrade have continued to hold regular meetings with the Serbian authorities, and contacts between my Special Representative and the Kosovo authorities have intensified. UNMIK staff continued to maintain regular working contacts with the Kosovo authorities.",
"20. During the reporting period, exhumation efforts resumed in Zhilivodë/Žilivoda by the Kosovo Security Force and EULEX. On 15 July 2011, the Pristina and Belgrade Working Group on Missing Persons, chaired by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), held its first meeting after a bracket of almost one year, largely due to internal political developments in Kosovo. The parties reiterated their intention to fulfil their commitments and to continue to interact within the framework of the Working Group. Eleven missing persons were identified, whose remains were handed over to their families. According to the International Committee of the Red Cross, 1,809 persons remain missing.",
"IV. Northern Kosovo",
"21. The overall security situation in northern Kosovo remained relatively calm, but tensions increased towards the end of the reporting period. The northern Kosovo Serb leaders expressed concern about the decisions of the Kosovo Ministry of the Interior to extend their operations to the northern municipalities of Kosovo with a majority of Serbs through the activities of the Regional Operating Support Units and the Regional Movement Units. Tensions increased when the Operational Support Units began to patrol the multi-ethnic areas of northern Kosovo on a daily basis, as part of Pristina ' s efforts to strengthen its authority at the site.",
"22. In mid-May, tensions in northern Kosovo also increased as a result of the decision of the Kosovo Ministry of the Interior to rotate the post commanders and police stations in that region. At the outset, the six northern Kosovo Serb commanders refused to execute the rotation order and were suspended from their posts. While two of the commanders later agreed to the rotation, one was prevented from assuming his new post due to a roadblock. Following an investigation by the Kosovo Police Professional Standards Unit, in early July the Kosovo Police Director decided to terminate the employment contracts of the four Kosovo Serb commanders who did not comply with the rotation order. The northern Kosovo Serb leaders denounced the decision and expressed the position that any rotation plans should have been based on consultations with them. Serbian police officers and administrative personnel from northern Kosovo police stations have conducted random labour strikes in support of the reinstatement of dismissed commanders. In June, the municipal assemblies sponsored by Belgrade in Zubin Potok, Zveçan/Zvečan, Leposaviq/Leposavić and North Mitrovica held a joint session in which they rejected the rotation plans and blamed KFOR, EULEX and the Kosovo authorities to try to pressure the northern Kosovo Serbs to accept the authority of Pristina. As of 15 July, the four fired commanders had signed their letters of dismissal. The dismissal decision can be appealed until July 20.",
"23. Following the arrest in May of a Serbian resident of Zubin Potok by EULEX, suspected of having committed various criminal activities, including organized crime, smuggling and fraudulent evasion of import and consumer taxes, members of the local business community denounced detention as an act of intimidation and an attempt to impose taxes and customs duties on the Kosovo authorities, to whom they do not recognize. As a result, the association of local entrepreneurs organized daily roadblocks in Zubin Potok and sporadic roadblocks in Mitrovica Norte, Leposaviq/Leposavić and Zveçan/Zvečan, which lasted for almost a month. Although the actions were initially carried out in support of the detainee, they were subsequently also against the rotation of the commanders of the northern Kosovo police stations. These developments had more relations between the northern Kosovo Serbs and EULEX.",
"24. In response to the allegations of some local leaders and northern Kosovo Serb inhabitants that their interests were not adequately reflected by the Serbian delegation in the dialogue, the head of the Belgrade negotiating team in the dialogue with Pristina, Mr. Borislav Stefanović visited Zveçan/Zvečan and Zubin Potok on 2 June and met with local officials to ensure that their interests would be taken into account in the negotiations.",
"25. In May, the UNMIK Administration Advisory Board was expanded in Mitrovica and its procedures were modernized to make it a more efficient body to better reflect the political situation in North Mitrovica. Following a series of consultations with UNMIK with all stakeholders to identify suitable candidates and maintain an ethnic balance reflecting the local population, 15 members of the advisory board were appointed, including two Kosovo Albanians and a Bosniankosovar.",
"26. On 16 June, the Kosovo customs authorities blocked a shipment of trucks loaded with zinc ore concentrates for export by the northern and southern branches of Trepça Company, on the basis of a letter in which the Kosovo Privatization Agency indicated that it had not authorized such exports. Subsequently, the authorities released Trepça/sur for export, while the 22 trucks from Trepça/norte were denied the passage. Trepça/Norte exports had been authorized by UNMIK on the basis of legislation enacted pursuant to resolution 1244 (1999). The northern branch of the Trepça Company derives almost all export earnings from these mineral concentrates, which are essential to the economy in the northern part, as it pays the suppliers and all Trepça/Norte employees.",
"V. Economic situation",
"27. On 1 June, a mission from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to Kosovo, in the context of Article IV consultations, announced the interruption of the right-of-money agreement that it had maintained with Kosovo for 18 months. The IMF concluded that elements of the 2011 budget of the Government of Kosovo, in particular the large increase in the wage mass, diverted from the commitments of the agreement. As a result, Kosovo will not be able to access the funds that the IMF would disburse in 2011 within the framework of the right to turn agreement. In addition, a considerable amount of funds from the European Union and the World Bank will not materialize, as they are linked to clear assurances of the existence of a solid macroeconomic framework. IMF staff have agreed with the Kosovo authorities on a staff monitoring programme, whereby the Fund will closely follow the implementation of economic and financial reforms until the end of 2011, before deciding on the establishment of a possible IMF-supported agreement in 2012. The 2011 budget also includes revenue of Euro300 million from the planned sale of 75 per cent of the shares of the PTK telephone company, which is expected to be the main source of income for the financing of the deficit. According to the IMF, a possible delay in the privatization process is a risk to the 2011 budget. The doubts about the possibility of these funds being provided in their entirety, as well as the projected costs for the construction of a highway across Kosovo from Albania, exert additional financial pressure on the Kosovo budget. Moreover, since Kosovo lost preferential treatment in trade with the European Union on 31 December 2010, products originating in Kosovo are subject to customs duties when entering the European Union market.",
"28. In May, the Kosovo authorities began to prepare amendments to the existing legal framework for privatizations in Kosovo, previously established by UNMIK. There are some concerns that the draft law will enable the Kosovo authorities to have access to the privatization funds maintained by the Kosovo Trust Agency for the benefit of owners and creditors and to use them for budgetary purposes. The proposed legislation would significantly weaken the protection of privatization funds and expose them to the possibility of misuse. It therefore raises property rights issues, as to the possible expropriation of privatization funds to the detriment of the owners and creditors, and issues related to the duty of diligence and potential liability issues, with respect to the owners and creditors, to protect the trust funds. The proposed legislation also contemplates changes in the process of privatization and liquidation of socially owned enterprises and seeks to minimize international participation in issues related to the Kosovo Trust Agency, in contravention of the legal framework established by UNMIK.",
"VI. Security",
"29. During the reporting period, the overall security situation in Kosovo remained relatively calm, although there was an increase in low-intensity incidents affecting minority communities, compared with the same period in 2010, as in the number of incidents involving international staff and assets.",
"30. Positive developments include a decrease of almost 27 per cent in the number of murders and attempted murders. Armed robberies also decreased by 20%. The Kosovo police have shown improvement in their professionalism following a series of successful operations against arms smuggling, human trafficking, corruption and money laundering. On 19 April, nine firearms and 600 rounds of ammunition were seized in Kaçanik/Kačanik. On 13 June, a heavy machine gun with 600 rounds of ammunition and a mortar with 33 grenades were seized in another operation near Shtërpcë/Štrpce.",
"31. However, criminal incidents involving minority communities almost doubled over the past three months compared to the same period in the previous year (77 cases up to 15 July, compared to 38 in 2010). On five occasions, buses transporting Serbs were stoned. Although most cases involved harassment, intimidation, assault and damage to low-intensity property, a few cases of serious incidents were also reported, such as an assault on three Kosovo Serb police officers on the part of a group of armed Albanians on 2 July and the stabbing of a Serb in Mitrovica.",
"32. Most of the incidents affecting international staff and assets were theft, theft or minor damage to property or vehicles, but several physical assaults, threats and incidents of stone attacks were also reported. In particular, on 7 June in Pristina, two EULEX official vehicles were burned by strangers, while an international European Commission official was assaulted and stolen on 15 June. On 6 and 21 June, two OSCE-registered vehicles — a private vehicle driven by an international staff member and an official vehicle — were shot in unclarified circumstances near Pejё/Peć and Gjilan/Gnjilane, respectively.",
"33. During the period under review, a number of protests, public events and demonstrations — in general, peaceful — were recorded throughout Kosovo on various political and socio-economic issues.",
"34. The crime rate remained relatively constant. The total number of violent offences committed with the use of weapons or under the threat of use of weapons remained high, without signs of decline, indicating that the proliferation of illegal weapons remains a serious factor of insecurity. In that context, 151 shootings and 335 cases of confiscation of illegal weapons and ammunition were recorded during the last three months.",
"35. On 29 June, the Albanian mayor of South Mitrovica threatened to remove the external concrete walls surrounding the building currently used by UNMIK as its regional facilities, claiming that this measure was necessary as part of the urban beautification plan of the municipality, funded by the European Commission. The issue was resolved following a series of UNMIK interventions with EULEX, the European Community Liaison Office, bilateral missions and the main political leaders of Pristina, all of which understood the illegality of the proposed measure. The UNMIK officer met with the mayor on 7 July and, following a further assessment of security needs, reached an understanding that prevented the municipality from removing the walls of protection against explosions by changing them.",
"VII. Rule of law",
"36. UNMIK continued to perform certain functions in the area of the rule of law, monitoring activities and technical cooperation with the Kosovo Ministries of Justice and the Interior, as well as with the Serbian Ministry of Justice. UNMIK also continued to facilitate communications between the Serbian authorities and States that have not recognized Kosovo and the Kosovo Ministry of Justice, including by receiving and transmitting requests for mutual legal assistance. The situation remains paralyzed between the Kosovo and Serbian Ministries of Justice in respect of mutual legal assistance. UNMIK continues to engage in discussions to resolve the situation, also with EULEX. During the reporting period, UNMIK forwarded 46 responses from the Ministry of Serbia to the Ministry of Kosovo.",
"37. Since Serbia had not processed any of the requests received directly from the Kosovo Ministry of Justice, the Special Chamber of the Supreme Court on matters relating to the Kosovo Trust Agency used the good offices of UNMIK to carry out mutual legal assistance. UNMIK forwarded 47 requests from the Special Chamber for the transfer of documents to Serbia.",
"38. UNMIK also facilitated the daily interaction of Kosovo with INTERPOL and its member States: it received eight requests for the issuance of international search notices and facilitated the issuance of five INTERPOL red notifications.",
"39. During the period under review, UNMIK continued to provide document certification services for both Kosovo residents and at the request of non-Kosovo States. These services mainly included civil status, pension and academic documentation certification.",
"VIII. Communities, return and reconciliation",
"40. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reported 244 voluntary returns of minority members in the months of April and May, bringing the total number of returnees since January to 492. Of the 244 returnees, approximately 39 per cent were Kosovo Serbs, 34 per cent were from the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities in Kosovo, and 12 per cent were Kosovo Gorans, while Bosniaks and Kosovo Albanians accounted for 5 per cent. The total number of minority members who have voluntarily returned to Kosovo between January 2000 and May 2011 is 22,630.",
"41. In April and May, five prospective visits were organized for 69 persons with disabilities, mainly from Montenegro and Serbia, as well as five inspection visits in Serbia for the benefit of more than 139 displaced persons from the municipalities of Deçan/Dečani, Kllokot/Klokot, Rahovec/Orahovac and Lipjan/Lipljan.",
"42. Some host communities continue to oppose the return of displaced persons. In the municipality of Shtime/Štimlje, an albanokosovar community had opposed the return of three displaced Kosovo Ashkali families from the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia on the basis of allegations relating to war crimes. In Deçan/Dečani, a “prospecting visit” to the people of Lloqan/Loćane scheduled for 13 displaced Kosovo Serbs was postponed when the host community opposed receiving the visit of two of them, alleging that they had committed war crimes during the conflict. Municipal authorities and other stakeholders are seeking durable solutions to address these situations, including pre-return dialogue and the inclusion of benefits for host communities in return projects.",
"43. UNHCR also recorded the forced return, mainly from countries in Western Europe, of 100 community members, 71 of whom were members of the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities in Kosovo, 11 were Kosovo Serbs, 12 Bosniaks, 4 Kosovo Gorans and 2 Kosovo Albanians.",
"44. Kosovo central and local authorities are dealing with socio-economic difficulties related to the reintegration of forced returnees. The municipal authorities have noted the lack of funding and bureaucratic obstacles, such as the lack of coordination between them and the Ministry of the Interior. In an effort to advance the return process, a number of projects were launched, including the development of the Municipal Return Strategy, the allocation of land for landless displaced persons from the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities in Kosovo, the review of requests for assistance from displaced persons to build or rebuild their homes and the initiation of stagnant construction projects.",
"45. A number of municipalities made significant progress in implementing development projects for returnees, especially in minority and mixed ethnic groups. Dragash/Dragaš, Istog/Istok, Graçanicë/Gračanica, Lipjan/Lipljan, Fushë Kosovë/Kosovo Polje and Parteh///Parteš are some of the municipalities that undertook capital investment projects for residents of minority communities, including the development of infrastructure such as the construction or improvement of roads, the construction of sewage networks and the modernization of electricity However, some members of minority communities have expressed their dissatisfaction over the poor state of infrastructure in their villages, in particular the irregular supply of electricity and water, the deterioration of roads and sewage systems, and the lack of employment prospects. As part of its support to the communities, UNMIK facilitated communication between minority communities and the Kosovo authorities on a number of these issues, encouraging outreach and attention by the Kosovo authorities to minority peoples.",
"46. In April, the Kosovo authorities conducted a population and housing census throughout Kosovo, with the exception of the area north of the Ibër/Ibar River. Discussions were held with northern Kosovo Serb leaders on the conduct of the census in northern Kosovo, but no agreement has been reached. According to preliminary figures, the total population residing in Kosovo, excluding the inhabitants of the northern part, is 1,733,872. Non-residents were not included in the preliminary results. In the 1981 census, which is the last accepted by all parties, 1,584,440 inhabitants were registered. The census will provide critical information for integrated planning processes and is essential to ensure proper planning for future development strategies for all Kosovo residents. The final data should be published in June 2012, but without accurate information or estimates on the number of Kosovo Serbs residing in Kosovo, particularly in northern Kosovo, will not be complete.",
"47. Holy Week celebrations and religious services were held throughout Kosovo without further incidents. The Serbian Orthodox Church held its main celebration of Easter at St. George's Cathedral in Prizren, recently renewed, where the head of the diocese of Raška-Prizren, Bishop Theodosije, offered the first liturgy of Easter since 1999 before a congregation of about 100 Kosovo Serbs. On 28 June, the Day of San Vito (Vidovdan), was held in the Monastery of Gračanica and in Gazimestan, with the participation of the Irinej Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church and nearly 2,000 Serb participants. During the ceremonies there were only a few incidents, including a clash between five Serbs and the police in Gazimestan and the stone-throwing of two Serb buses in South Mitrovica. The five individuals who participated in the confrontation with the police, four of them from Serbia proper and one from Kosovo, were sentenced to 30 days in prison for disruption of public peace and order and incitement to racial, ethnic and religious hatred. Following discrepancies in relation to the facts between the information provided by the Kosovo police, on the one hand, and the EULEX police, on the other, the latter took over the cases and on 13 July a EULEX prosecutor withdrew charges for lack of evidence.",
"IX. Cultural and religious heritage",
"48. UNMIK continued to facilitate the work of the Reconstruction Implementation Commission related to the reconstruction of damaged or destroyed cultural and religious heritage sites during the March 2004 riots. During the period under review, the final stage of implementation continued on several sites, and the Commission held consultations with all parties to study the modalities for further activities through the mechanism of the Commission, which remains the only platform for technical interaction on cultural heritage between the Serbian, Pristina and Belgrade Orthodox Church.",
"49. UNMIK also facilitated the activities of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in Kosovo, on the basis of the general memorandum of understanding. During the period covered by the present report, the contract was signed for the reconstruction of the Roman Catholic Cathedral of Prizren, funded by the Government of Albania, and the tender for the restoration of mural paintings by the Church of the Blessed Virgin of Ljeviška in Prizren, funded by donations from the Governments of Greece and the Czech Republic.",
"50. UNMIK supervised the security arrangements for the heritage sites of the Serbian Orthodox Church, in coordination with EULEX, the Kosovo Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports, and KFOR. On 10 May, KFOR transferred security responsibilities to the Monastery of the Holy Archangels near Prizren to the Kosovo police. The heritage sites of the Serbian Orthodox Church currently under the protection of KFOR are the monasteries of Visoki Dečani and Devič and the Monastery of the Peć Patriarchate.",
"51. While some Serbian religious sites and Orthodox cemeteries were damaged during the reporting period, there are also positive examples of communication between local authorities and the Serbian Orthodox Church. In Rahovec/Orahovac, following international intervention, the municipal authorities and the Serbian Orthodox Church are seeking a peaceful solution to the invasion of the lands belonging to the Orthodox monastery in the village of Zoqishtë/Zocyste, which occurred as a result of the rehabilitation and expansion of the adjacent road. Another positive sign of improving relations was the June meeting between Bishop Teodosije and the mayor of Deçan/Decani, facilitated by the Ambassador of Norway to Kosovo, which discussed the possibilities for closer cooperation.",
"52. On June 23, the Diocese of Raška/Prizren reported that the excavations made by a common citizen on the ground adjacent to the church had exposed to the elements parts of the foundations of the Orthodox Church of San Kyriake, in the historic centre of Prizren. The diocese feared that excavations could affect the stability of the church, which is over 700 years old, and called for urgent action to preserve and protect the site, which is within the special protection zone of the city. The Kosovo police confirmed the damage to the foundations of the church and the municipal inspectors detained all the work on the site.",
"X. Human rights",
"53. The institution of the Ombudsman is still awaiting the appointment of the Deputy Ombudsman, although the Kosovo Assembly has initiated the process. In June, the Ombudsman addressed a special report to the President of the Assembly, detailing the difficulties that the institution continues to face in exercising its mandate. The report notes that the problems stem mainly from the alleged attempts to violate the independence of the institution through budgetary interventions by the Government and notes that, in this regard, the Law on the Institution of the Ombudsman adopted by the Assembly constitutes a setback in comparison with UNMIK regulations. The Human Rights Committee of the Assembly is committed to addressing some of the recommendations contained in that report.",
"54. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the recent murder of a 27-year-old woman, allegedly committed by her ex-husband, brought to light the numerous occasions when the judiciary has not properly implemented protective measures, in accordance with the relevant legislation. In the case in question, the judge did not impose urgent protection measures within 15 days prescribed by law. According to the Kosovo police, this is the fourth woman who died as a result of domestic violence in the past 12 months. In addition, minor penalties are being imposed for the violation of protection measures, including in cases of recidivism. Incomplete investigations, inadequate implementation of protection measures, lack of cooperation between the police and prosecutors, and non-prosecution of offenders have increased the vulnerability of victims to recidivism, while allowing perpetrators to go unpunished. Without a strong message from law enforcement mechanisms that violence will not be tolerated, perpetrators can continue to commit abuses against women without fear of sanctions.",
"XI. External representation and regional cooperation",
"55. During the period under review, UNMIK has facilitated the participation of the representatives of Kosovo in numerous regional meetings at different levels, including the meeting of the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the member States of the European Union and those of the Western Balkans, held on 21 June in Luxembourg, as well as several meetings of the Energy Community in other sectors, such as transport and aviation.",
"56. Meetings of the 2011 Presidency of the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CFTA) continued. Following the meetings of the CCAF Working Group on Technical Barriers to Trade, held in April, and the CCAFTA Sub-Committee on Customs and Rules of Origin, held on 19 and 20 May, UNMIK facilitated the meeting of the Subcommittee on Agriculture, held on 24 May in Brussels and chaired by the Chairman-in-Office of the CCAFTA for 2011. On 30 June, the meeting of experts and deputy ministers of the ACELC was held in Pristina, with the participation of all parties to the ACELC, with the exception of Montenegro and the Republic of Moldova. However, the Kosovo authorities decided not to participate in the meeting of the Subcommittee on Non- Tariff Barriers and Technical Barriers to Trade, held in Sarajevo, because they did not agree with the modalities of the meeting.",
"XII. Comments",
"57. I am pleased to report that the dialogue between Belgrade and Pristina has continued at an intense pace during the period under review and has produced its first concrete results three months after its inception. I welcome the agreements reached in the areas of freedom of movement, civil registration and academic degrees, and I urge Belgrade and Pristina to participate fully in their implementation. I remain firmly convinced that this dialogue has the potential to bridge the differences between the parties and resolve a number of long-standing issues that affect the lives of people on the ground.",
"58. I have noted that the participation of the parties in the process has been facing some opposition. However, I am sure that the positive effects of the agreements, when implemented, will generate greater understanding and appreciation of the benefits that may arise from the dialogue. I also believe that the positive participation of the parties outside the formal dialogue process, such as meetings held in May between high-level officials in Pristina and the Serbian negotiator, can pave the way for further progress in their relations.",
"59. As the dialogue process progresses, the United Nations remains committed to supporting the facilitation role of the European Union and to providing its experience in addressing the issues under review. I reiterate my intention to keep the Security Council informed of the progress made in the dialogue, and I call upon its members to continue to encourage the parties to make good faith efforts to address the remaining challenges. I believe that agreements can be reached on a number of issues discussed in recent months, which will contribute significantly to the consolidation of peace, stability and reconciliation in Kosovo and the region.",
"60. I am also encouraged by the resumption of meetings of the Working Group on Missing Persons, after a bracket of almost one year, largely due to internal political developments in Kosovo. The continued engagement and commitment of the parties to this critical humanitarian issue is of vital importance to reconciliation in Kosovo and the region. UNMIK will continue to support the efforts of Pristina, Belgrade, EULEX and ICRC to resolve all outstanding cases of missing persons.",
"61. The number of voluntary returns has remained disappointingly low, despite the efforts of local and central authorities to provide additional funds to assist in the reconstruction and allocation of municipal land to internally displaced persons. I hope that solutions will be found to address the remaining tensions between host communities and returnees, and efforts will be made to ensure the successful reintegration of all returning communities.",
"62. In northern Kosovo, rising tensions remain a matter of concern. In this regard, I will continue to strongly emphasize that sensitive issues related to northern Kosovo can only be resolved through peaceful means, on the basis of consultations with all communities on the ground, and not through unilateral action. I urge all parties to refrain from taking measures that could undermine progress in dialogue and increase tensions, and to work together to prevent a worsening situation.",
"63. Unfortunately, during this period, there was a repetition of unacceptable threats regarding UNMIK office premises in Mitrovica by local municipal authorities. I appeal to the authorities of Mitrovica and the political leaders of Pristina to demonstrate full respect and to provide assurances that the inviolability of UNMIK premises in Kosovo will be clearly recognized and observed in the future. I have also noted with concern the growing number of incidents affecting international staff and assets.",
"64. I wish to express my gratitude to Mr. Lamberto Zannier, who concluded his mandate as my Special Representative for Kosovo and Head of UNMIK on 1 July, for his strong commitment to the principles of the United Nations and for his leadership at UNMIK in the past three years. I have greatly appreciated its successful management of the evolution of the Mission in a complex political situation and its commitment to the promotion of peace and stability in Kosovo and the region. I would also like to commend UNMIK staff for their work and commitment to the objectives of the United Nations.",
"65. Finally, I wish to conclude by expressing my gratitude to the long-standing partners of the United Nations in Kosovo (the European Union, NATO and OSCE), as well as to United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, for their continued support and cooperation with UNMIK.",
"Annex I",
"Report of the European Union High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy to the Secretary-General on the activities of the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo",
"(For the period from 16 April to 15 July 2011)",
"1. Summary",
"21 July 2011",
"The European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX) continued to fulfil its mandate to monitor, guide and advise Kosovo institutions. The Mission assisted and supported the consolidation and reform of legal institutions and contributed to a number of long-term reforms in the judicial and police sectors. EULEX also used its executive functions, where necessary, in the context of police and investigative tasks related to large-scale investigations, police operations in northern Kosovo and prosecution of war crimes, corruption and organized crime. The Mission continued to focus on northern Kosovo, increasing the number of Mission personnel living in the area without failing to work to reduce tensions among local communities. The Mission has also played an active role in the Prishtinë/Priština-Belgrad dialogue by facilitating the technical aspects of an agreement to restore copies of civil record documents to Kosovo.",
"Since the publication of the report of the Special Rapporteur of the Council of Europe, Senator Dick Marty, on the investigation of allegations of inhuman treatment of persons and trafficking in human organs in Kosovo, in December 2010, EULEX has assumed responsibility for the case and continues with the preliminary investigation, through a special task force, partly based in Brussels.",
"2. EULEX activities from April to July 2011",
"General",
"EULEX currently has 2,824 staff (1,637 international staff and 1,187 local staff). Supporting Kosovo institutions through monitoring, guidance and advice remains the Mission ' s defining role, which is dedicated to most of its day-to-day work, although the Mission ' s executive functions are regularly employed and attract greater attention.",
"EULEX provided guidance, supervision and advice on various management measures and processes in Kosovo, including the transfer of KFOR functions to the Kosovo police regarding the third and final phase of the border with the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in June, and the transfer of security responsibility in connection with the monastery of the Holy Archangel of Prizren to the Kosovo police on 10 May. The Mission also worked closely with the Kosovo Customs Service to replace obsolete data-processing systems with the integrated customs information system ASYCUDA World, which complies with European Union standards, and worked with the Kosovo police to introduce the EU-compatible border management system. Both systems should enhance Kosovo ' s ability to effectively control the border and border crossing points and monitor the entry and exit of persons, goods and vehicles. EULEX also supported the consolidation and development of institutions responsible for promoting the rule of law in Kosovo, such as the Kosovo Judicial Council and the Kosovo Magistracy Council and the Kosovo Prosecutor ' s Office, helping these institutions to establish internal procedures in relation to the recruitment and selection of members of the Council and judges and to increase transparency, in addition to preparing the implementation of the Kosovo Courts Act, which constitutes a substantive reform of the structure and judges. EULEX is also providing direct assistance to the Kosovo authorities regarding the establishment of an appropriate witness protection programme, another fundamental reform for the functioning of the Kosovo justice sector in the future. Pending the use of such structures by themselves, EULEX is implementing an independent witness protection programme in Kosovo that is fully operational.",
"EULEX supported the ongoing dialogue between Prishtinë/Priština and Belgrade, facilitating the agreement to transfer copies of documents from Kosovo ' s civil records during the 1998-1999 conflict by chairing the Joint Commission on this issue and acting as an intermediary in the certification and exchange of documents.",
"Throughout spring and summer, EULEX conducted a public anti-drug campaign in the Kosovo media, in coordination with the Kosovo police, as a public information and community policing activity.",
"War crimes",
"EULEX continued to conduct several investigations and prosecutions in the field of war crimes, including the prosecution of several notorious suspects. The so-called “Geci” trial, initiated in March under the direction of the Mitrovicë/Mitrovica District Court, continued to hear testimonies throughout the spring and summer and the verdict is expected to be delivered at the end of July. The trial against Sabit Geci and Alija Riza, accused of war crimes committed against civilians in a Kosovo Liberation Army military compound in Albania during the 1999 Kosovo conflict, has benefited from the provision of anonymous video links provided by the EULEX Witness Security Unit. The video links made it possible for people to present their testimony without revealing their identity, so the prosecution could have access to key testimonies. The trial is also notable for the fact that the Mission successfully established its jurisdiction over the Geci case for crimes committed in Albania, a provision applicable to the ongoing investigation based on the report of Senator Dick Marty (see below). The trial for war crimes against Fahredin Gashi and Rama Hysni (the so-called “Bllaca” trial) also continued at the Prishtinë/Priština District Court and is the first trial resulting from the testimony of the witnesses of the Nazim Bllaca cooperative.",
"Investigations related to the case of former Minister Fatmir Limaj, as well as the arrest of nine persons in Kosovo and Switzerland on 16 March, accused of having committed war crimes, also continued. The investigation is under the supervision of a prosecutor of the Kosovo Special Prosecutor ' s Office and is based on substantial suspicions of murder, torture and other crimes committed against Albanian civilians and prisoners of war and Kosovo Serbs in a Kosovo detention centre in 1999. Detainees have been held in prolonged pre-trial detention since March, and more recently, on 20 June, a panel of Kosovo and EULEX judges rejected the appeals of five of the improperly accused and confirmed the decision of the investigating judge to extend their detention for a further month. The question concerning the parliamentary immunity of arrest of Limaj, which is a member of the Kosovo Assembly, remains to be clarified, and the Mission has used various legal and political channels for clarification on the issue, but, even as a member of the Assembly, Limaj does not enjoy immunity from prosecution for alleged crimes committed.",
"The Government took steps to clarify the issue of the immunity of arrest on 20 July, when it decided to bring to the Constitutional Court a claim for the interpretation of the immunity of the President, the Prime Minister, the Ministers and members of the Kosovo Assembly.",
"Investigations are under way following the arrest in April (by the Kosovo police and EULEX) of Zoran Kolić, a senior official of the Independent Liberal Party charged with war crimes allegedly committed in 1999. In May, a panel of EULEX local judges extended their detention in pretrial detention.",
"Corruption",
"EULEX continued to work closely with Kosovo prosecutors to identify, prioritize and process major corruption cases at various levels of the Government. On 15 June, a joint Kosovo police team and EULEX conducted searches and seized materials as part of an investigation by the Ministry of Community and Return and the so-called “Fimex” company in Pristina. The records, which also included two private residences, were carried out in the context of an investigation on corruption related to tenders issued between 2007 and 2009. The charges in the case relate to misappropriation in the performance of the charge, acceptance and delivery of bribes. On 23 June, EULEX conducted records at the Gračanica/Graçanicë Municipal Registry Office, including the offices of the Chief and the Director of the Office. The records were carried out in the context of an investigation into alleged abuse of official position in connection with the fraudulent registration of property, in 2010, of privatized companies that had previously been of social ownership. Meanwhile, investigations in cases of corruption continue to affect four defendants linked to the former governor of the Central Bank of Kosovo, where witnesses are still being interviewed.",
"On 23 May, a panel of local and EULEX judges at the Prishtinë/Priština District Court sentenced eight persons charged with corruption in connection with irregularities committed at the Prishtinë/Priština Credit Bank and sentences handed down were suspended from five years ' imprisonment. On 8 June, the Kosovo Special Prosecutor ' s Office filed an indictment against five defendants in the investigation relating to a contract of virtual mobile network operators between the Kosovo Post and Telecommunications Service and a private enterprise, Dardafon. On the same day, the Kosovo Special Prosecutor ' s Office filed an indictment against two defendants in the context of an investigation on the import of a large amount of tobacco by four Kosovo tobacco companies in December 2008.",
"As part of the Mission ' s continued support to Kosovo institutions through effective monitoring, guidance and advice, on 28 June EULEX launched a training programme and working meetings for Kosovo judges, prosecutors and investigators and EULEX on the confiscation of assets of criminal origin. The programme aims to make use of confiscation powers derived from the current law a standard tool in combating organized crime and corruption. It will also prepare the way for the implementation of the new legislation in the field.",
"Organized crime",
"On 10 June, a EULEX prosecutor from the Kosovo Special Prosecutor ' s Office filed an indictment against two persons in relation to the so-called Medicus case. The Prishtinë/Priština District Court issued arrest warrants against them and both suspects are subject to search notifications issued by INTERPOL. The two accused are joined by the other seven accused in April by a panel of local judges and EULEX. Together, the nine accused face charges related to trafficking in organs and human beings, organized crime, illegal exercise of medical activity and abuse of official office. The case was opened in November 2008 by Kosovo and UNMIK police officers.",
"On 17 June, seven of the defendants in the so-called Tisa River case accused of organized crime and smuggling of migrants were sentenced to prison terms of 2 to 19 years, totalling 65 years. The case exposed a group of organized criminals who offered migrants the illegal passage to the European Union and other European countries, resulting in significant illegal gains. The activities of the group resulted in the death of 15 migrants in October 2009.",
"A number of police operations related to the fight against organized crime were also carried out during spring and summer. On 4 May, as part of several house searches related to drug trafficking in Pejë/Peć, the EULEX Executive Police arrested a man in connection with an investigation into international heroin trafficking, authorized by an EULEX investigating judge of the Prishtinë/Priština District Court and supervised by a EULEX prosecutor. The detainee is suspected of trafficking drugs within and outside Kosovo to several European countries in 2008-2009 and his detention is part of a wider investigation into organized crime. On 17 May, EULEX arrested a man at a location between Zubin Potok and Mitrovicë/Mitrovica Norte, suspected of participating in organized crime activities. The detention occurred in the context of an ongoing investigation by the Kosovo Special Prosecutor ' s Office on organized crime and money-laundering and the follow-up to a EULEX police operation in Zubin Potok in February. Following the arrest, daily roadblocks were arranged in the area in support of the detainee.",
"EULEX Task Force",
"Since the publication of the report of the Special Rapporteur of the Council of Europe, Senator Dick Marty, in December 2010, EULEX has assumed responsibility for the case and continues to carry out the preliminary investigation, through a special task force dealing with this issue in conjunction with the prosecutors assigned to that case only. Planning for this process has already reached an advanced stage, to the extent that the members of the Task Force have been interviewed and hired and facilities and equipment for the task force in Brussels have been secured. The EULEX Task Force, based in Brussels and Prishtinë/Priština, composed of EULEX personnel who have been selected in the most recent recruitment process and permanently assigned to the investigation of the case, will begin to perform its functions immediately after its deployment. EULEX continues to liaise with relevant stakeholders and actors in the region as the research process progresses.",
"Cooperation with the judicial authorities in Tirana, in particular, has led the Serious Crimes Chamber to fail, on 27 May 2011, in favour of a request for international assistance submitted by EULEX prosecutors in this regard, which pave the way for concrete research in Albania. In parallel to these judicial initiatives, the Mission has strengthened its witness protection programme by addressing, inter alia, EUROPOL to improve the possibilities of relocation abroad and increasing funds for such relocation.",
"Approved by Xavier Bout de Marnhac Head of Mission",
"Annex II",
"Composition and strength of the police component of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (as at 15 July 2011)",
"Country",
"Germany 1",
"Russian Federation 1",
"Ghana 1",
"Italy 1",
"Pakistan 1",
"Romania 1",
"Ukraine 1",
"Total 7",
"Annex III",
"Composition and troop strength of the military liaison component of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (as at 15 July 2011)",
"Country",
"Denmark 1",
"Spain 1",
"Norway 1",
"Poland 1",
"Czech Republic 1",
"Romania 1",
"Ukraine 2",
"Total 8"
] |
[
"Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones",
"Tema 69 b) del programa provisional*",
"Promoción y protección de los derechos humanos: cuestiones de derechos humanos, incluidos otros medios de mejorar el goce efectivo de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales",
"* A/66/150.",
"Defensores de los derechos humanos",
"Nota del Secretario General",
"El Secretario General tiene el honor de transmitir a los Miembros de la Asamblea General el presente informe, preparado por la Relatora Especial sobre la situación de los defensores de los derechos humanos, Margaret Sekaggya, con arreglo a lo establecido en la resolución 64/163 de la Asamblea General.",
"Informe de la Relatora Especial sobre la situación de los defensores de los derechos humanos",
"Resumen",
"En el informe se señalan los derechos establecidos en la Declaración sobre los defensores de los derechos humanos y se realiza un análisis del contenido de los distintos derechos, así como de los diferentes aspectos necesarios para garantizar su aplicación. En el informe también se abordan las restricciones y violaciones más comunes que enfrentan los defensores y se ofrece una serie de recomendaciones para facilitar a los Estados la aplicación de cada uno de esos derechos.",
"El informe tiene dos objetivos: que los Estados tomen más conciencia de los derechos establecidos en la Declaración y que sirva como instrumento práctico para los defensores que trabajan para lograr que se respeten los derechos que les corresponden con arreglo a dicho instrumento.",
"A pesar de los esfuerzos realizados para aplicar la Declaración, los defensores de los derechos humanos siguen haciendo frente a numerosas violaciones de sus derechos. Cabe esperar que el presente informe contribuya al desarrollo de un entorno más seguro y propicio para que los defensores puedan realizar su labor. En el sitio web de la Relatora Especial figura un comentario más amplio sobre la Declaración.",
"Índice",
"Página\nI.Introducción 4II.Derecho 5 a la \nprotección III.Derecho 8 a la libertad de \nreunión IV.Derecho 9 a la libertad de \nasociación V.Derecho 11 a acceder a los organismos internacionales y comunicarse con \nellos VI.Derecho 13 a la libertad de opinión y \nexpresión VII.Derecho 15 de \nprotesta VIII.Derecho 16 a desarrollar y debatir ideas nuevas sobre derechos \nhumanos IX.Derecho 17 a un recurso \neficaz X.Derecho 18 de acceso a la \nfinanciación XI.Derogaciones 20 permisibles y el derecho a defender los derechos \nhumanos XII.Conclusiones 21 y \nrecomendaciones",
"I. Introducción",
"1. El presente informe es el cuarto presentado a la Asamblea General por la actual Relatora Especial, y el décimoprimero presentado a ese organismo desde 2001 por el titular del mandato relativo a los defensores de los derechos humanos. El informe se presenta con arreglo a lo establecido en la resolución 16/5 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos y la resolución 64/163 de la Asamblea General.",
"2. La Declaración sobre el derecho y el deber de los individuos, los grupos y las instituciones de promover y proteger los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales universalmente reconocidos reafirma derechos que son esenciales para la defensa de los derechos humanos, entre ellos libertad de asociación, libertad de reunirse pacíficamente, libertad de opinión y expresión y acceso a financiación y desarrollar y debatir nuevas ideas sobre derechos humanos. La aplicación de la Declaración es un requisito previo para la creación de un entorno propicio que permita a los defensores de derechos humanos realizar su labor.",
"3. Aunque algunos Estados se han esforzado por garantizar que la legislación interna refleje las obligaciones del Estado establecidas en la Declaración y otras normas internacionales de derechos humanos, en muchos países la tendencia actual es promulgar leyes y reglamentos que restringen el espacio para las actividades de derechos humanos. Muchas leyes nacionales son incompatibles con las normas internacionales y, en particular, con la Declaración. Incluso cuando se hacen esfuerzos por promulgar leyes que se adecuen a las normas internacionales, su aplicación poco eficaz a menudo continúa creando problemas.",
"4. A pesar de que ha transcurrido más de un decenio desde que la Asamblea General aprobó la Declaración, todavía no es un instrumento suficientemente conocido, tanto por los principales responsables de su aplicación -es decir, los gobiernos- como por las personas cuyos derechos protege, los defensores de los derechos humanos. En consecuencia, es necesario seguir esforzándose para que se conozcan más los derechos y las obligaciones establecidos en la Declaración[1].",
"5. El propósito del presente informe es reducir esa brecha, mejorando la comprensión por los Estados de los derechos y las obligaciones que figuran en la Declaración, así como aumentar la conciencia respecto de este instrumento entre los agentes no estatales pertinentes que pueden contribuir al desarrollo de un entorno propicio para la labor de los defensores. Además, este informe tiene como objetivo aumentar la capacidad de los defensores de los derechos humanos de asegurar que se respeten los derechos que les corresponden con arreglo a la Declaración. El presente informe se basa en su mayoría en el análisis de la información recibida y en los informes preparados por ambas titulares del mandato, la Sra. Margaret Sekkaggya, Relatora Especial sobre la situación de los derechos humanos, y su predecesora, la Sra. Hina Jilani, Representante Especial del Secretario General sobre la situación de los defensores de los derechos humanos.",
"6. El informe se divide en 10 secciones, y en cada una de ellas se aborda un derecho establecido en la Declaración, a saber: el derecho a recibir protección, el derecho a la libertad de reunión, el derecho a la libertad de asociación, el derecho a acceder a los organismos internacionales y a comunicarse con ellos, el derecho a la libertad de opinión y de expresión, el derecho de protesta, el derecho a desarrollar y debatir nuevas ideas sobre derechos humanos, el derecho a un recurso eficaz y el derecho de acceso a la financiación. En la sección final se abordan las derogaciones permisibles a esos derechos. A continuación, la Relatora Especial formula una serie de recomendaciones respecto de la aplicación de cada derecho.",
"7. De conformidad con el mandato de la Relatora Especial de integrar una perspectiva de género en toda su labor, en el presente informe se hace referencia a las condiciones particulares de la situación de las mujeres defensoras de los derechos humanos, en particular, a los retos a que hacen frente. Las defensoras de los derechos humanos corren más riesgos de estar sometidas a ciertas formas de violencia, prejuicios, repudio y otro tipo de violaciones que sus contrapartes masculinos. A menudo, ello se debe a que se percibe a las defensoras de los hechos humanos como desafiantes de las normas, tradiciones, percepciones y estereotipos socioculturales aceptados. En el presente informe, se utiliza el término defensoras de los derechos humanos para hacer referencia a las mujeres que, de manera individual o en asociación con otras, actúan para promover o proteger los derechos humanos, incluidos los de la mujer. El término también puede hacer referencia a varones que trabajan en pro de los derechos de la mujer, como también de manera más general en pro de las cuestiones de género.",
"8. Se espera que el presente informe contribuya a la promoción de un entorno más seguro y propicio para que los defensores puedan realizar su labor. En el sitio web de la Relatora Especial figura un comentario más amplio sobre la Declaración[2].",
"II. Derecho a la protección",
"9. La obligación del Estado de proteger los derechos de los defensores ante las violaciones cometidas por agentes estatales y no estatales deriva de la responsabilidad y obligación primaria de cada Estado de proteger todos los derechos humanos, según se consagra en el artículo 2 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, que establece la obligación de los Estados de garantizar a todos los individuos que se encuentren en su territorio y estén sujetos a su jurisdicción los derechos reconocidos en el Pacto, sin distinción alguna. En su preámbulo y en sus artículos 2, 9 y 12, la Declaración sobre los defensores de los derechos humanos establece la obligación del Estado de proteger a los defensores de los derechos humanos.",
"10. La obligación de los Estados de proteger incluye aspectos tanto negativos como positivos. Por un lado, los Estados deben abstenerse de violar los derechos humanos. Por el otro, los Estados deben actuar con la debida diligencia para prevenir, investigar y sancionar toda violación de los derechos consagrados en la Declaración. En otras palabras, los Estados deben prevenir las violaciones de los derechos de los defensores sujetos a su jurisdicción mediante la adopción de medidas jurídicas, judiciales, administrativas y de todo otro tipo que garanticen que los defensores gocen de sus derechos; investigar las presuntas violaciones; enjuiciar a los presuntos autores; y otorgar a los defensores recursos y una reparación. A fin de proteger mejor a los defensores, los Estados también deben armonizar sus marcos jurídicos internos con la Declaración sobre los defensores de los derechos humanos.",
"11. La obligación de proteger también entraña la de asegurar que los defensores no sean víctimas de violaciones de sus derechos a manos de agentes no estatales. La falta de protección de los defensores podría, en circunstancias particulares, dar lugar a responsabilidad del Estado. Por ejemplo, los actos y omisiones cometidos por agentes no estatales en virtud de instrucciones, el control o la dirección del Estado puede, en ciertas circunstancias, dar lugar a responsabilidad del Estado.",
"12. En la Declaración se reafirma la responsabilidad de todas las personas de no violar los derechos de otros, incluida la responsabilidad de los agentes no estatales de respetar los derechos de los defensores de los derechos humanos (véanse los artículos 10, 11, 12.3 y 19). En consecuencia, todos los agentes no estatales, incluidos grupos armados, la prensa, grupos confesionales, comunidades, empresas privadas y los particulares, deben abstenerse de adoptar medida alguna encaminada a que los defensores no puedan ejercer sus derechos.",
"13. A fin de garantizar la seguridad personal de los defensores en riesgo inminente, los Estados han adoptado distintas medidas y programas de protección. Muchos Estados utilizan programas de protección de testigos; otros han puesto en práctica medidas de protección, incluida la creación de dependencias especiales de investigación para delitos cometidos contra activistas de derechos humanos; estableciendo sistemas de alerta temprana; ofreciendo protección policial y guardaespaldas; y mediante programas que permiten, en situaciones de emergencia, trasladar a los defensores a otras regiones o países.",
"14. Sin embargo, muchas de esas medidas han recibido críticas en lo que hace a su eficacia y sostenibilidad. Por ejemplo, los programas de protección de testigos no bastan para garantizar la seguridad de los defensores ya que, en la mayoría de los casos, no fueron ideados con ese fin y no tienen en cuenta sus necesidades específicas. En otras instancias, el resultado de la evaluación de los riesgos no se ha conformado a la situación de vulnerabilidad que afrontan los defensores que solicitan la protección. Además, en algunos casos, las medidas de protección no han abordado las condiciones específicas del perfil de los defensores respecto de su género, afiliación étnica, posición de liderazgo y lugar de residencia. En otros casos, los guardaespaldas han transmitido información a los organismos de inteligencia. Los defensores también han planteado inquietudes respecto de la privatización de las medidas de protección, que pueden trasladar la responsabilidad de la protección a manos de empresas de seguridad privadas. Los defensores temen que esas empresas puedan emplear a ex integrantes de fuerzas paramilitares.",
"15. Respecto de las medidas de protección para las defensoras de derechos humanos y de quienes trabajan en pro de los derechos de la mujer o las cuestiones de género, en la gran mayoría de los casos no existen mecanismos específicos o bien, cuando existen, a menudo están afectados por la falta de aplicación, de voluntad política o de especificidades de género.",
"16. Para que la protección sea adecuada se necesita una política amplia de los gobiernos que establezca un entorno adecuado de respeto de la labor de los defensores; que el marco jurídico se adecue a las disposiciones de la Declaración; y que se haga comparecer ante la justicia a quienes adopten medidas en contra de los defensores. Abordar la impunidad, de conformidad con el artículo 12 de la Declaración, es una medida fundamental para garantizar a los defensores un entorno seguro.",
"17. En todas las regiones del mundo, los defensores, incluidos las defensoras y quienes trabajan en pro de los derechos de la mujer o las cuestiones de género, siguen siendo víctimas de intimidación, amenazas, asesinatos, desapariciones, torturas y malos tratos, detenciones arbitrarias, vigilancia, acoso administrativo y judicial y, de manera más general, de estigmatización por parte de agentes estatales y no estatales. Las infracciones a que se enfrentan las defensoras pueden adoptar formas específicas de su género, que van desde el abuso verbal sobre la base de su sexo, el abuso sexual y la violación. Los defensores también afrontan violaciones al ejercicio de sus derechos a la libertad de opinión y expresión, acceso a la información, acceso a la financiación, libertad de circulación y libertades de asociación y reunión pacífica. En muchos países, prevalece un clima de impunidad ante las violaciones cometidas contra los defensores.",
"18. Entre las situaciones concretas que afectan la labor de los defensores de los derechos humanos y que dan lugar a un entorno extremadamente inseguro cabe mencionar:",
"a) La estigmatización, a que en ciertos contextos están sometidos tanto las defensoras de los derechos de la mujer como sus contrapartes masculinos, que incluye la acusación de ser frentes de movimientos guerrilleros, terroristas, extremistas políticos, separatistas o de trabajar en favor de países extranjeros o sus intereses. A menudo las defensoras también son estigmatizadas en razón de su sexo o de los derechos basados en el género que promueven.",
"b) El enjuiciamiento de los defensores y la penalización de sus actividades. Se detiene y enjuicia a los defensores sobre la base de acusaciones falsas. Otros son detenidos sin cargos, a menudo sin acceso a un abogado, atención médica o proceso judicial y sin que se les informe de las razones de la detención.",
"c) Ataques por agentes no estatales y clima de impunidad. Los agentes no estatales han participado con cada vez mayor frecuencia en ataques contra defensores de los derechos humanos. Guerrileros, milicias privadas, grupos parapoliciales de vigilancia y grupos armados han participado en actos de violencia contra defensores, incluidas golpizas, asesinatos y distintos actos de intimidación. Las empresas privadas también han participado, directa o indirectamente, en actos de violencia contra los defensores.",
"19. Además, los dirigentes de las comunidades y los grupos confesionales recurren con cada vez mayor frecuencia a la estigmatización de los defensores que se ocupan de cuestiones como los derechos de las lesbianas, los homosexuales, los bisexuales y los transexuales, la violencia contra la mujer y la violencia en el hogar. A menudo los defensores que trabajan en la esfera de la violencia en el hogar y otros tipos de violencia contra la mujer también reciben presiones de los familiares o son amenazados por los autores a fin de que retiren las denuncias.",
"20. En algunas partes del mundo, la prensa también ha participado en violaciones cometidas contra defensores de los derechos humanos, especialmente en relación con violaciones a su derecho a la intimidad. En algunos Estados, los defensores han sido víctimas de campañas de denigración en la prensa, aunque en ocasiones los autores eran medios de propiedad del Estado.",
"III. Derecho a la libertad de reunión",
"21. En los artículos 5 y 12 de la Declaración sobre los defensores de los derechos humanos se reconoce el derecho a la libertad de reunión y la legitimidad de la participación en actividades pacíficas de protesta contra violaciones de los derechos humanos. El derecho a reunirse pacíficamente es esencial para los defensores de los derechos humanos; sin la garantía de este derecho y protección contra su violación por funcionarios del Estado y entidades no estatales, la capacidad de los defensores de desempeñar su función de protección y promoción de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales queda sumamente restringida.",
"22. El derecho de reunión pacífica se aplica a todos los hombres y mujeres que promueven y protegen los derechos humanos, en la medida en que acepten y apliquen los principios de universalidad y no violencia. Como la desigualdad de la mujer en el goce de sus derechos está arraigada en “la tradición, la historia y la cultura, incluso en las actitudes religiosas”[3], los Estados deben garantizar que esas actitudes no se utilicen para justificar las violaciones del derecho de la mujer a la igualdad ante la ley y al goce en condiciones de igualdad de todos los derechos[4], incluido el derecho a la libertad de reunión.",
"23. La Declaración protege numerosas formas de reunión, desde las celebradas en residencias privadas a conferencias en lugares públicos, demostraciones, vigilias, marchas, piquetes y otros tipos de reunión, a fin de promover y proteger los derechos humanos. Este derecho también se puede ejercer individualmente y en asociación con otras personas. En consecuencia, no es necesario que una organización no gubernamental tenga personalidad jurídica para participar en reuniones, incluidas las demostraciones.",
"24. Los defensores de los derechos humanos deben realizar esas actividades de manera pacífica a fin de estar protegidos con arreglo a la Declaración. Preocupa a la Relatora Especial que los agentes estatales recurran frecuentemente al uso excesivo de fuerza para responder a situaciones relacionadas con la libertad de reunión, lo que en algunos casos ha provocado reacciones violentas en lo que eran asambleas pacíficas. Ese tipo de conducta constituye una clara contravención de la Declaración y hace que el Estado sea responsable por las provocaciones que desembocan en actos de violencia. En virtud de la Declaración, el derecho interno debe proteger eficazmente a los defensores de los actos cometidos por el Estado que den lugar a violaciones de los derechos humanos. La Declaración también brinda a los defensores protección cuando protestan contra actos de violencia de otros grupos o personas. En consecuencia, la protección que ofrece la Declaración incluye las violaciones cometidas tanto por el Estado como por agentes no estatales.",
"25. En cuanto a las restricciones permisibles, la libertad de reunión puede estar sujeta a limitaciones de conformidad con las obligaciones internacionales aplicables. El artículo 21 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos define los requisitos necesarios para que las limitaciones se consideren permisibles. En primer lugar, las restricciones deben estar sujetas a lo previsto en la legislación, es decir, que se las puede imponer no sólo por ley, sino también mediante una autorización reglamentaria de carácter más general, como una orden ejecutiva o un decreto[5]. En segundo lugar, las restricciones deben ser necesarias en una sociedad democrática, lo que significa que las limitaciones deben ser proporcionales ―los Estados deben primero agotar todas las alternativas que limiten el derecho en menor medida― y deben ajustarse a un mínimo de principios democráticos[6]. Por último, los únicos fundamentos que permiten injerirse en el derecho de reunión pacífica son la seguridad nacional o la seguridad pública, el orden público, la protección de la salud o la moral públicas o la protección de los derechos y libertades de los demás.",
"26. Las restricciones impuestas al derecho de reunión se han aplicado de manera amplia para prohibir o perturbar reuniones pacíficas dedicadas a los derechos humanos, frecuentemente con el pretexto de la necesidad de mantener el orden público, y sobre la base de la legislación, argumentos y mecanismos de lucha contra el terrorismo. El mandato ha identificado las tendencias siguientes como violaciones del derecho de reunión: a) uso de fuerza excesiva contra defensores de los derechos humanos durante las reuniones; b) arresto y detención de defensores mientras ejercen su derecho de reunión o impedirles que participen en demostraciones; c) amenazas contra defensores y sus familiares antes, durante o después de su participación en reuniones pacíficas; d) acoso y enjuiciamiento judiciales de los defensores; e) restricciones a los viajes que se imponen a los defensores para impedirles su participación en reuniones fuera del país de residencia; y f) restricciones impuestas mediante medidas legislativas y administrativas.",
"27. Las defensoras de los derechos humanos a menudo afrontan más riesgos que sus contrapartes masculinos cuando participan en actividades colectivas públicas a raíz de las percepciones que se tiene en algunas sociedades acerca de la función tradicional de la mujer, y se convierten en blanco de los agentes no estatales. En algunos casos, las represalias contra las defensoras adoptan formas como violación y agresión sexual que, además de causar daño físico y psicológico, pueden tener consecuencias sociales negativas,.",
"IV. Derecho a la libertad de asociación",
"28. El derecho a la libertad de asociación está reconocido en muchos instrumentos internacionales y regionales, incluida la Declaración sobre los defensores de los derechos humanos, que en su artículo 5 establece el derecho de toda persona, individual o colectivamente, a formar organizaciones, asociaciones o grupos no gubernamentales, y a afiliarse a ellos o a participar en ellos. En la Declaración se subraya que la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos es un fin legítimo que puede procurar una asociación.",
"29. El derecho a la libertad de asociación se aplica a todos los hombres y mujeres que se dediquen a promover y proteger los derechos humanos, siempre que acepten y apliquen los principios de universalidad y no violencia.",
"30. El derecho de la mujer a participar en la vida pública, incluso mediante la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos, figura en la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, así como en varios tratados internacionales. Con arreglo al artículo 7 de la Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer, los Estados convinieron en adoptar todas las medidas apropiadas para eliminar la discriminación contra la mujer en la vida política y pública del país y, en particular, garantizando, en igualdad de condiciones con los hombres, el derecho a participar en organizaciones y asociaciones no gubernamentales que se ocupen de la vida pública y política del país.",
"31. Los Estados asumen obligaciones tanto negativas como positivas a resultas del derecho a la libertad de asociación, incluida la obligación de prevenir violaciones a ese derecho, proteger a quienes lo ejercen e investigar las violaciones de ese derecho. Habida cuenta de la importancia de la función que en las sociedades democráticas desempeñan los defensores de los derechos humanos, el ejercicio libre y pleno de este derecho obliga a los Estados a crear condiciones jurídicas y reales para que los defensores puedan desarrollar libremente sus actividades. Asimismo, aunque las asociaciones deben tener algún tipo de estructura institucional, no es necesario que para funcionar asuman una personalidad jurídica y, con arreglo a la Declaración, las asociaciones de hecho reciben la misma protección.",
"32. En cuanto a las restricciones permisibles, el derecho a la libertad de asociación no es absoluto y puede estar sujeto a limitaciones con arreglo a las obligaciones internacionales aplicables. El Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos (artículo 22) detalla específicamente los requisitos para que esas limitaciones sean admisibles. Para que una restricción al derecho a la libertad de asociación sea válida, debe reunir las condiciones siguientes: a) debe estar prevista por ley, es decir, mediante un acto del parlamento o una norma no escrita equivalente del common law. Las limitaciones no son permisibles si se introducen mediante decretos del gobierno u otras órdenes administrativas similares; b) deben ser necesarias en una sociedad democrática; el Estado debe demostrar que las limitaciones son necesarias para prevenir una amenaza real a la seguridad nacional o al orden democrático y que otras medidas menos invasivas no son adecuadas para lograr ese propósito; c) esas limitaciones sólo se pueden imponer en interés de la seguridad nacional, de la seguridad pública o del orden público, o para proteger la salud o la moral públicas o los derechos y libertades de los demás.",
"33. Esta disposición, leída conjuntamente con los artículos 5 y 17 de la Declaración sobre los defensores de los derechos humanos, debe interpretarse en el sentido de que entraña la protección de las organizaciones de derechos humanos que critican las políticas del Estado, dan a conocer las violaciones de los derechos humanos cometidas por las autoridades o que cuestionan el marco jurídico y constitucional vigente.",
"34. La Relatora Especial ha observado que en muchos países la legislación nacional que regula el funcionamiento de las organizaciones no gubernamentales impone graves restricciones a su inscripción, financiación, administración y funcionamiento. En particular, se ha utilizado la legislación nacional para injerirse en la gestión interna y las actividades de las organizaciones no gubernamentales, incluso restringiendo los tipos de actividad que se permite realizar a las organizaciones de la sociedad civil sin el consentimiento previo del gobierno. La interpretación discrecional de las leyes vigentes también ha permitido a las autoridades incoar procedimientos judiciales contra organizaciones de derechos humanos por infracciones de menor cuantía, o disolverlas sin ofrecerles un recurso adecuado ni supervisión judicial. En otros casos, aparentemente la legislación se adecua a las normas internacionales, pero los procedimientos de inscripción se han utilizado de manera arbitraria para denegar protección a las organizaciones no gubernamentales de derechos humanos que más critican a los gobiernos.",
"V. Derecho a acceder a los organismos internacionales y comunicarse con ellos",
"35. El derecho a acceder a los organismos internacionales y comunicarse con ellos, tal como se lo reconoce en la Declaración sobre los defensores de los derechos humanos, figura en el Protocolo Facultativo de la Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer (art. 11), el Protocolo Facultativo de la Convención contra la Tortura y Otros Tratos o Penas Crueles, Inhumanos o Degradantes (art. 15) y el Protocolo Facultativo del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales (art. 13). En los protocolos facultativos se incluye una disposición específica que pide a los Estados partes que adopten todas las medias necesarias para asegurar que las personas bajo su jurisdicción no estén sujetas a malos tratos ni intimidación, ni sufran perjuicios de ningún tipo por haberse comunicado con los órganos de supervisión de los instrumentos respectivos ni por haberles suministrado información.",
"36. Este derecho también está protegido con arreglo a otras disposiciones pertinentes, como el derecho a la libertad de circulación y a la libertad de expresión[7]. En la declaración se reconoce el derecho de acceso a los organismos internacionales y a comunicarse con ellos, con arreglo a los artículos 5 c) y 9 4). Al hacer referencia explícita a este derecho con arreglo a dos disposiciones diferentes, en la Declaración se reconoce que el acceso a los organismos internacionales y la comunicación con ellos son esenciales para que los defensores de los derechos humanos puedan desempeñar su labor y alertar a la comunidad internacional acerca de problemas de derechos humanos, y señalar a la atención de los mecanismos regionales e internacionales de derechos humanos los casos más importantes.",
"37. La Declaración protege una amplia gama de actividades de colaboración con organismos y agencias internacionales, desde la presentación de información o denuncias relacionados con casos concretos, o la presentación de información sobre la situación interna de los derechos humanos en un país en particular a las entidades internacionales dedicadas a los derechos humanos[8]. En cuanto a los diferentes órganos y mecanismos con que pueden mantener relaciones los defensores, la Declaración establece el derecho a comunicarse con un amplio espectro de instituciones y mecanismos, incluidas organizaciones no gubernamentales, organizaciones intergubernamentales y órganos internacionales. Entre esos mecanismos cabe mencionar los órganos de las Naciones Unidas, incluidos sus representantes y mecanismos, como órganos creados en virtud de tratados, procedimientos especiales, mecanismos universales de examen periódico y las presencias sobre el terreno de la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, al igual que otros organismos que no pertenecen al sistema de las Naciones Unidas.",
"38. El mandato ha subrayado la manera en que los órganos de derechos humanos de las Naciones Unidas creados en virtud de tratados y los distintos procedimientos especiales del Consejo de Derechos Humanos dependen en gran medida de la información que les proporcionan los defensores de los derechos humanos. Esa información se puede utilizar como un valioso sistema de alerta temprana para poner sobre aviso a la comunidad internacional de amenazas a la paz en surgimiento o inminentes.",
"39. En relación con la protección que se otorga a los defensores que colaboran con los mecanismos internacionales, en la Declaración se especifica la obligación de los Estados de adoptar todas las medidas necesarias para proteger a los defensores en el ejercicio de sus derechos (artículo 12.2). Además, se puede declarar responsables a los agentes no estatales por violaciones de los derechos de los defensores que sean delitos o crímenes con arreglo al derecho interno.",
"40. El Consejo de Derechos Humanos y su antecesora, la Comisión de Derechos Humanos, también abordaron esta cuestión en varias resoluciones y pidieron al Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas y al Alto Comisionado para los Derechos Humanos que informaran de casos de personas o grupos que hubieran sido intimidados o víctimas de represalias por haber cooperado o tratado de cooperar con las Naciones Unidas, incluidos sus representantes y mecanismos, en la esfera de los derechos humanos[9].",
"41. El mandato ha intervenido en casos en que no se permitió a los activistas de derechos humanos salir de sus países para participar en acontecimientos internacionales dedicados a los derechos humanos, incluido el Consejo de Derechos Humanos, o que fueron acosados u objeto de represalias graves al regresar a su país de origen después de haber participado en esos acontecimientos. El mandato también ha intervenido en casos de personas que fueron especialmente afectadas después de haber presentado información o denuncias a los mecanismos internacionales de derechos humanos, en particular al mandato y a otros procedimientos especiales del Consejo de Derechos Humanos. Siguen preocupando profundamente al mandato las denuncias recibidas sobre actos de intimidación, amenazas, ataques, detenciones arbitrarias, malos tratos, tortura y asesinatos de defensores de derechos humanos que colaboraron con las Naciones Unidas u otros mecanismos internacionales.",
"42. Además de los casos en que el mandato ha recibido información directa sobre la situación de los defensores de derechos humanos, en los informes del Secretario General relacionados con la cooperación con representantes o mecanismos de los órganos de las Naciones Unidas dedicados a los derechos humanos se describen situaciones de personas que han sido víctimas de intimidación o represalias por los gobiernos y los agentes no gubernamentales por haber tratado de cooperar o por haber cooperado con las Naciones Unidas, sus representantes y mecanismos en la esfera de los derechos humanos; por haber prestado testimonio o aportado información a éstos; por haberse valido de los procedimientos establecidos por las Naciones Unidas; por haber prestado asistencia jurídica con ese fin; por haber presentado comunicaciones con arreglo a procedimientos establecidos en los instrumentos de derechos humanos; o por ser familiares de víctimas de violaciones de derechos humanos o por haber prestado asistencia jurídica o de otro tipo a las víctimas. Por ejemplo, en los casos de represalia que figuran en el informe de 2010 del Secretario General se mencionan instancias de ataques, amenazas, intimidación y acoso; detención, prisión y violencia física contra los defensores, incluido el asesinato; y campañas encaminadas a estigmatizar o restar legitimidad a las actividades de los defensores de los derechos humanos. Esos actos tienen como finalidad afectar o impedir la cooperación de personas y grupos con las Naciones Unidas, sus representantes y mecanismos[10].",
"VI. Derecho a la libertad de opinión y expresión",
"43. El derecho a la libertad de opinión y expresión es de importancia crucial para la labor de los defensores de los derechos humanos. Sin este derecho, los defensores no podrían desempeñar su labor de supervisión, promoción y protección de los derechos humanos. Este derecho se aplica tanto a los hombres como a las mujeres que promueven y protegen los derechos humanos, siempre que acepten y apliquen los principios de universalidad y no violencia. En el caso de las defensoras de los derechos humanos, es necesario que los Estados garanticen que la tradición, la historia, la cultura y las actitudes religiosas no se utilicen para justificar violaciones del derecho de la mujer a la igualdad ante la ley y al goce de los derechos en igualdad de condiciones[11].",
"44. El artículo 6 de la Declaración reconoce tres aspectos diferentes de este derecho: 1) el derecho a tener una opinión sin sufrir injerencias; 2) el derecho a acceder a la información; y 3) el derecho a difundir información e ideas de toda índole. En cuanto al primer aspecto, el derecho a tener una opinión, no se admite restricción alguna[12].",
"45. En cuanto a los otros dos aspectos, el párrafo 3 del artículo 19 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos establece que “el ejercicio del derecho a la libertad de expresión entraña deberes y responsabilidades especiales y por esta razón se permiten ciertas restricciones del derecho en interés de terceros o de la comunidad en su conjunto. No obstante, cuando un Estado Parte considera procedente imponer ciertas restricciones al ejercicio de la libertad de expresión, éstas no deberán poner en peligro ese derecho en sí mismo”[13]. Con arreglo al párrafo 3, las restricciones deberán estar “fijadas por la ley” y deben justificarse como “necesarias” en razón de uno de los propósitos siguientes: a) asegurar el respeto a los derechos o a la reputación de los demás; b) la protección de la seguridad nacional, el orden público o la salud o la moral públicas[14].",
"46. El Relator Especial sobre la promoción y protección del derecho a la libertad de opinión y de expresión ha subrayado que no se permite restringir las dimensiones siguientes del derecho de libertad de expresión:",
"i) La discusión de políticas del gobierno y el debate político; la información sobre los derechos humanos, las actividades del gobierno y la corrupción en el gobierno; la participación en campañas electorales, manifestaciones pacíficas o actividades políticas, en pro de la paz y la democracia, en particular, y la expresión de opiniones o discrepancias, ideas religiosas o creencias, entre otros, por miembros de minorías o de grupos vulnerables;",
"ii) La libre circulación de la información y las ideas, comprendidas prácticas tales como la prohibición o la clausura injustificadas de publicaciones u otros medios de difusión y el abuso de las medidas administrativas y la censura;",
"iii) El acceso a las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones, como la radio, la televisión e Internet, y la utilización de tales tecnologías[15].",
"47. El goce de este derecho exige que los Estados cumplan sus obligaciones tanto positivas como negativas, entre ellas abstenerse de injerirse en el goce del derecho; protegerlo, o ejercer la diligencia debida a fin de prevenir, punir, investigar y compensar el daño causado por personas o entidades privadas; y tomar medidas positivas a fin de hacer efectivo el derecho[16].",
"48. A pesar de la protección ofrecida por los instrumentos internacionales y regionales de derechos humanos y las constituciones nacionales, el derecho a la libertad de expresión ha sufrido las restricciones más adversas con arreglo a las leyes de seguridad nacional o de lucha contra el terrorismo. En muchos casos, esas leyes se han utilizado para penalizar el disenso y suprimir el derecho a que los Estados rindan cuentas. Se han utilizado las disposiciones de las leyes sobre seguridad interna, secretos oficiales y sedición, entre otras, para denegar la libertad de información a los defensores y para enjuiciarlos por sus intentos de procurar y difundir información sobre la observancia de las normas de derechos humanos.",
"49. Otras restricciones y violaciones comunes al derecho a la libertad de opinión y expresión incluyen: a) uso de procedimientos civiles y penales de difamación y calumnias contra los defensores que se expresan públicamente contra las violaciones de derechos humanos; b) promulgación de leyes que restringen la impresión y publicación; y c) censura, suspensión, clausura o prohibición de los medio de prensa.",
"50. Además, a menudo los defensores y periodistas son perseguidos a raíz de sus investigaciones sobre los abusos de derechos humanos. Son víctimas de amenazas, ataques e intimidación, y algunos han sido secuestrados y/o asesinados. También han sido arrestados y detenidos después de la publicación de cartas en que exigían el mejoramiento de la situación de los derechos humanos, por publicar artículos en línea en que criticaban las políticas gubernamentales y por denunciar violaciones de derechos humanos. Las mujeres periodistas y profesionales de los medios de difusión también están expuestas a resultas de su labor. En ese grupo se incluyen las periodistas que realizan investigaciones y se dedican a cuestiones relacionadas con los derechos humanos, las columnistas que promueven la reforma de los derechos humanos, las periodistas que vigilan las violaciones de los derechos humanos y que informan de ellas, y las mujeres que publican blogs.",
"VII. Derecho de protesta",
"51. El derecho de protesta entraña el goce de una serie de derechos reconocidos internacionalmente que se reiteran en la Declaración sobre los defensores de los derechos humanos, entre ellos la libertad de opinión y expresión, la libertad de asociación, la libertad de reunión pacífica, y derechos sindicales como el derecho de huelga.",
"52. La protección del derecho de protesta comprende obligaciones tanto negativas como positivas. El Estado tiene la obligación negativa de abstenerse de injerirse, así como la obligación positiva de proteger a los titulares de derechos en el ejercicio de éstos, en particular cuando quienes protestan sostienen opiniones poco populares o controversiales, o forman parte de minorías u otros grupos expuestos a mayores riesgos de ataque y otras formas de intolerancia. Además, el respeto del derecho de protesta entraña la obligación de los Estados de adoptar medidas concretas para crear, mantener y reforzar el pluralismo, la tolerancia y una actitud abierta a las expresiones de disenso en la sociedad.",
"53. El derecho de protesta es un elemento esencial del derecho a participar en una sociedad democrática, y las restricciones impuestas a este derecho deben examinarse cuidadosamente en cuanto a su necesidad y razonabilidad. Se pueden imponer restricciones a la demostraciones públicas en la medida en que se lo haga a fin de proteger la seguridad nacional o la seguridad pública, el orden público, la salud o la moral pública o los derechos y libertades de los demás.",
"54. Entre las restricciones y violaciones más comunes al derecho de protesta cabe mencionar: a) prohibiciones y restricciones injustificadas a las demostraciones; b) requisitos innecesarios para obtener autorización; c) inexistencia de recursos para apelar las decisiones que deniegan la autorización para celebrar demostraciones; d) legislación que no se adecua a las normas internacionales de derechos humanos; e) legislación de lucha contra el terrorismo con definiciones de “terrorismo” que son tan amplias que pueden poner en peligro la participación en demostraciones públicas; y f) insuficiencias en el marco jurídico del derecho de huelga, incluida la penalización del derecho de huelga y la no incorporación de este derecho a la legislación interna.",
"55. Las violaciones que sufren los defensores a consecuencia de su participación en protestas incluyen amenazas después de las demostraciones, arresto y detención arbitrarios, intimidación, malos tratos y tortura, así como uso excesivo de la fuerza por las autoridades. Causa preocupación el número de participantes en protestas pacíficas que han sido heridos o asesinados durante la represión violenta realizada por las autoridades. El mandato también ha identificado necesidades específicas de protección relativas a algunos grupos de participantes en protestas, entre ellos las mujeres defensoras y los defensores dedicados a los derechos de lesbianas, homosexuales, bisexuales y transexuales; activistas estudiantiles, sindicalistas; y defensores que vigilan las demostraciones e informan sobre ellas. A menudo necesitan protección específica los defensores que participan en protestas vinculadas a las demandas de reformas democráticas, el movimiento contra la globalización, los procesos electorales; demostraciones en pro de la paz; y derechos sobre la tierra, los recursos naturales y reclamos ambientales.",
"VIII. Derecho a desarrollar y debatir ideas nuevas sobre derechos humanos",
"56. El derecho a desarrollar y debatir ideas nuevas sobre derechos humanos está consagrado en la Declaración sobre los defensores de los derechos humanos y es una disposición importante para el desarrollo en curso de los derechos humanos. Se puede considerar que este derecho es un perfeccionamiento del derecho a la libertad de opinión y expresión, el derecho a la libertad de reunión y el derecho a la libertad de asociación, que están protegidos en muchos instrumentos regionales e internacionales[17]. En el artículo 7 de la Declaración sobre los defensores de los derechos humanos se afirma el derecho a desarrollar y debatir nuevas ideas sobre derechos humanos, y a preconizar su aceptación.",
"57. Muchos de los derechos humanos básicos que hoy día damos por sentados llevaron años de lucha y deliberación antes de adoptar su forma final y fueran aceptados ampliamente. Un buen ejemplo es la larga lucha de la mujer en muchos países para lograr el derecho al voto. Se puede mencionar el caso de los defensores que promueven los derechos de lesbianas, homosexuales, bisexuales y transexuales. En muchos países del mundo, esos activistas son acosados a raíz de su labor y en ocasiones han sido asesinados por defender una idea diferente de la sexualidad. Igualmente, las defensoras de los derechos humanos corren un riesgo mayor de ser víctimas de ciertas formas de violencia porque se percibe que desafían las normas, tradiciones, percepciones y estereotipos socioculturales aceptados sobre la feminidad, la orientación sexual y la función y la condición de la mujer en la sociedad.",
"58. Aunque los derechos de las defensoras y de quienes trabajan en pro de los derechos de la mujer y las cuestiones de género no son derechos humanos nuevos, en algunos contextos se los puede percibir como nuevos porque abordan cuestiones que quizás desafíen la tradición y la cultura. Sin embargo, la tradición y la cultura no son estáticos, según ha argumentado la experta independiente de las Naciones Unidas en la esfera de los derechos culturales, que ha dicho que las culturas se encuentran en evolución constante, al igual que los conceptos relativos a los derechos humanos[18].",
"59. Gracias a la visión de estos valientes defensores es que los derechos humanos se han desarrollado y han transformado a nuestras sociedades. Estos visionarios han sostenido que “la mujer merece los mismos derechos que el hombre, los imperios no son inevitables, las pueblos indígenas son seres humanos, y la tortura y el genocidio son éticamente reprensibles y no se los debe tolerar. Igualmente, también piden a la gente que imagine que se pueden crear normas internacionales y que no se debe permitir a las naciones-estado que afirmen que la manera en que deseen comportarse y tratar a sus pueblos son cuestiones de su estricta competencia”[19]. Sin embargo, a menudo esas ideas son resistidas, especialmente porque desafían la legitimidad del statu quo, así como las normas y tradiciones socioculturales.",
"60. Sin embargo, las ideas que ofenden, conmocionan o perturban están protegidas por el derecho a la libertad de expresión. Se trata de un componente crucial y necesario para que exista una sociedad democrática[20]. El pluralismo, la tolerancia y la amplitud de miras son particularmente importantes en una sociedad democrática. La democracia no entraña simplemente que siempre debe prevalecer la opinión de la mayoría: se debe lograr un equilibrio que asegure un trato justo y adecuado a las minorías y que impida los abusos de quienes ocupan una posición dominante. El Estado es el garante último del principio del pluralismo, función que entraña la obligación positiva de asegurar el goce efectivo de los derechos. Esa obligación es de particular importancia para quienes sostienen opiniones impopulares o pertenecen a minorías, porque son ellos los más vulnerables a la victimización[21].",
"61. En ese contexto, el derecho a desarrollar y debatir ideas nuevas de derechos humanos es una disposición importante para respaldar y proteger a esos defensores que promueven nuevas visiones e ideas relativas a los derechos humanos.",
"IX. Derecho a un recurso eficaz",
"62. El artículo 9 de la Declaración establece el derecho toda persona a disponer de recursos eficaces y a ser protegida en caso de violación de sus derechos humanos y libertades fundamentales. En el marco de la Declaración, la obligación de brindar a los defensores un recurso eficaz fuerza a los Estados a garantizar una investigación rápida e imparcial de las presuntas violaciones de los derechos humanos, el enjuiciamiento de los autores, el otorgamiento de una indemnización y la ejecución de las decisiones o fallos.",
"63. El derecho a un recurso eficaz también entraña acceso eficaz a la justicia, que puede incluir no sólo mecanismos judiciales, sino también administrativos o cuasijudiciales. Para que las investigaciones y el enjuiciamiento de los autores sean imparciales es necesario que el poder judicial sea eficaz e independiente. Sin embargo, en muchos casos los problemas en el sistema judicial y en el marco jurídico han impedido a los defensores procurar y obtener justicia. Los Estados también deben adoptar todas las medidas necesarias para garantizar que las violaciones cometidas contra los defensores sean llevadas ante los tribunales u otros mecanismos de denuncia, como las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos o los mecanismos de la verdad y la reconciliación.",
"64. Las reparaciones también son un aspecto fundamental del derecho a un recurso eficaz. La obligación de brindar un recurso eficaz no se cumple si las personas cuyos derechos han sido violados no reciben una reparación. Además de una indemnización, la reparación puede consistir en “la restitución, la rehabilitación y la adopción de medidas tendientes a dar una satisfacción, entre ellas la presentación de disculpas públicas y testimonios oficiales, el ofrecimiento de garantías de evitar la reincidencia y la reforma de las leyes y prácticas aplicables, y el enjuiciamiento de los autores de violaciones de derechos humanos”[22].",
"65. No obstante, la información recibida por el mandato ilustra a menudo la falta de una respuesta eficaz de las autoridades frente a los defensores, lo que ha dado lugar a la impunidad de quienes abusan de los derechos de éstos. Las autoridades judiciales han mostrado una alarmante falta de diligencia en la investigación de casos de abuso contra defensores y gran lenidad con los presuntos autores, especialmente los miembros de las fuerzas armadas y de seguridad. Igualmente, los defensores han planteado que la impunidad es una de sus principales inquietudes respecto de las violaciones cometidas por agentes no estatales. En muchos casos, las denuncias de los defensores sobre violaciones de sus derechos nunca se investigan o se las rechaza sin justificación.",
"66. El mandato también ha recibido repetidamente información sobre la situación de defensoras dedicadas a cuestiones relacionadas con la impunidad y el acceso a la justicia, incluidos testigos y víctimas de violaciones de derechos humanos, así como de abogados, particulares y organizaciones que los representan o los apoyan. En algunos países este grupo aparentemente se encuentra en una particular situación de riesgo.",
"67. Estas tendencias preocupan profundamente a la Relatora Especial, porque revelan que la impunidad de los abusos en materia de derechos humanos cometidos contra sus defensores sigue estando inaceptablemente difundida. Poner fin a la impunidad es una condición necesaria para garantizar la seguridad de los defensores.",
"X. Derecho de acceso a la financiación",
"68. El derecho de acceso a la financiación es un elemento inherente al derecho a la libertad de asociación incorporado en los principales instrumentos de derechos humanos. En el artículo 13 de la Declaración sobre los defensores de los derechos humanos se reconoce expresamente el acceso a la financiación como derecho de fondo y autónomo. La redacción del artículo 13 incluye las distintas etapas del ciclo de financiación. Los Estados tienen la obligación de permitir a los particulares y a las organizaciones procurar, recibir y utilizar fondos. La Declaración obliga a los Estados a adoptar medidas legislativas, judiciales, administrativas o de otra índole apropiadas para facilitar o, como mínimo, no obstaculizar el ejercicio eficaz del derecho de acceso a la financiación.",
"69. En el artículo 13 de la Declaración también se especifica que los recursos se deben utilizar “con el objeto expreso de promover y proteger, por medios pacíficos, los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales”. Además, en el artículo 3 de la Declaración se establece que, si bien el derecho interno es el marco jurídico en el cual se debe garantizar el derecho al acceso a la financiación, la legislación debe adecuarse a las normas y los estándares internacionales de derechos humanos.",
"70. Respecto del origen de los fondos, la Declaración protege el derecho de recibir financiación de distintas fuentes, incluidas las extranjeras. Habida cuenta de los limitados recursos que las organizaciones de derechos humanos disponen en el plano local, las restricciones al acceso a la financiación internacional pueden afectar gravemente la capacidad de los defensores de desempeñar su labor. En algunos casos, esas limitaciones pueden amenazar la existencia misma de las organizaciones. Los gobiernos deben permitir el acceso de los defensores de los derechos humanos, en particular las organizaciones no gubernamentales, a la financiación extranjera, como parte de la cooperación internacional a que tiene derecho la sociedad civil en la misma medida que los gobiernos.",
"71. Muchos países han promulgado legislación que restringe significativamente la capacidad de las organizaciones de derechos humanos de acceder a la financiación, incluidas restricciones sobre el origen de los fondos y la exigencia de la autorización previa del Estado para que las organizaciones no gubernamentales reciban fondos de donantes extranjeros. Algunos gobiernos han introducido una prohibición absoluta de ciertos tipos de financiación, por ejemplo, la proveniente de organismos de las Naciones Unidas o de otros donantes bilaterales. En otros casos, se prohíbe a las organizaciones dedicadas a ciertas esferas, como las relacionadas con la gobernanza, a recibir financiación extranjera.",
"72. Los gobiernos también restringen la manera en que se pueden utilizar los fondos, y se valen de leyes y reglamentos impositivos para obstaculizar indebidamente la labor de las organizaciones de derechos humanos. En particular, las organizaciones no gubernamentales que critican a los gobiernos a menudo son investigadas exhaustivamente por cuestiones impositivas y las autoridades competentes abusan de los procedimientos fiscales.",
"73. Además de la legislación y las prácticas restrictivas, el entorno político de un país determinado puede socavar el acceso a la financiación, en particular a los grupos dedicados a la mujer. Estos grupos han indicado que las sociedades patriarcales, el sexismo y los regímenes autoritarios son algunos de los desafíos estructurales más comunes al acceso a la financiación que utilizan para apoyar su labor[23].",
"XI. Derogaciones permisibles y el derecho a defender los derechos humanos",
"74. El artículo 4 1) del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos establece: “En situaciones excepcionales que pongan en peligro la vida de la nación y cuya existencia haya sido proclamada oficialmente, los Estados Partes en el presente Pacto podrán adoptar disposiciones que, en la medida estrictamente limitada a las exigencias de la situación, suspendan las obligaciones contraídas en virtud de este Pacto, siempre que tales disposiciones no sean incompatibles con las demás obligaciones que les impone el derecho internacional y no entrañen discriminación alguna fundada únicamente en motivos de raza, color, sexo, idioma, religión u origen social”.",
"75. Para que un Estado pueda invocar el artículo 4 se deben satisfacer dos condiciones fundamentales: la situación debe constituir una emergencia pública que amenace la vida de la nación, y el Estado debe haber proclamado oficialmente un estado de emergencia. Otro requisito fundamental es que esas medidas deben limitarse a lo estrictamente necesario que exija la situación. Esto se refiere a la duración, la amplitud geográfica y alcance material del estado de emergencia y de toda medida derogatoria adoptada en razón de la emergencia. Además, el artículo 4 1) exige que toda medida que derogue las disposiciones del Pacto se debe adecuar a las demás obligaciones que incumban al Estado con arreglo al derecho internacional, en particular las normas del derecho internacional humanitario, y que los Estados Partes en ninguna circunstancia pueden invocar el artículo 4 del Pacto como justificación para actuar en violación del derecho humanitario o las normas imperativas del derecho internacional[24].",
"76. La importancia de la Declaración sobre los defensores de los derechos humanos radica en sus disposiciones que legitiman y protegen ciertas actividades de protección y promoción de derechos humanos y libertades fundamentales reconocidos universalmente. La Declaración no se centra especialmente en el reconocimiento de esos derechos, sino en su reiteración y en la protección de las actividades que las promueven. La Declaración extiende su protección a los particulares únicamente en la medida en que participan en ese tipo de actividades. Se trata de distinciones importantes que deben tenerse en cuenta al examinar los argumentos relacionados con las derogaciones, limitaciones y restricciones de los derechos en el contexto de emergencias o de seguridad. Aun si algunos derechos y libertades se restringen en una situación de emergencia, en virtud de la legislación de seguridad o en razón de cualquier otra exigencia, no se puede restringir y suspender ninguna actividad relacionada con la vigilancia de esos derechos.",
"77. En este contexto, se debe exigir que las derogaciones de las normas aplicables de derechos humanos, incluida la Declaración, y las excepciones a éstas satisfagan un estándar más alto cuando se apliquen a los defensores de los derechos humanos. En momentos de gran riesgo para los derechos humanos, es esencial que exista alguna forma de supervisión y rendición de cuentas independiente respecto de esos derechos. Sería contrario al espíritu de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos argumentar que en esos momentos de mayor riesgo al derecho se puede silenciar legalmente el derecho de defender los derechos humanos.",
"XII. Conclusiones y recomendaciones",
"78. Sigue preocupando a la Relatora Especial que más de un decenio después de aprobada la Declaración, si bien se han logrado algunos progresos, muchos países siguen promulgando leyes y reglamentos que restringen el espacio para las actividades de derechos humanos y que son incompatibles con las normas internacionales y con la Declaración en particular. Aun en los casos en que se trata de promulgar leyes que se adecuen a las normas internacionales, a menudo su aplicación ineficaz sigue causando problemas.",
"79. La Declaración es un instrumento insuficientemente conocido, tanto por los gobiernos como por los defensores de los derechos humanos, y es necesario hacer más al respecto. La Relatora Especial espera que, al crear conciencia sobre la Declaración, el presente informe contribuya al desarrollo de un entorno más seguro y propicio para que los defensores puedan llevar a cabo su legítima labor.",
"80. Después de un análisis de los derechos establecidos en la Declaración, los aspectos necesarios para garantizar su aplicación y los principales retos que afrontan los defensores de los derechos humanos, la Relatora Especial desea formular las recomendaciones siguientes:",
"Derecho a la protección",
"81. En sus declaraciones públicas, los Estados deben abstenerse de estigmatizar la labor de los defensores de los derechos humanos y reconocer la función que desempeñan, incluidas las defensoras y quienes trabajan en pro de los derechos de la mujer o las cuestiones de género, así como la legitimidad de sus actividades. Ese reconocimiento constituye un primer paso para prevenir o reducir las amenazas y los riesgos que afrontan.",
"82. Los Estados también deben garantizar que las violaciones cometidas contra los defensores, incluidas las defensoras y quienes trabajan en pro de los derechos de la mujer o las cuestiones de género, cometidas por agentes estatales y no estatales, se investiguen rápida e imparcialmente, y que los responsables reciban un castigo adecuado.",
"83. Los Estados deben promulgar leyes nacionales para la protección de los defensores, con referencia específica a la labor de las defensoras de los derechos humanos. Esas leyes se deben elaborar en consulta con la sociedad civil y con el asesoramiento técnico de los organismos internacionales competentes.",
"84. Los Estados deben remitirse a las directrices mínimas relativas a los programas de protección para los defensores de los derechos humanos recomendadas por la Relatora Especial en 2010[25].",
"85. Los agentes no estatales y las entidades privadas deben respetar la Declaración sobre los defensores de los derechos humanos y abstenerse de poner en peligro la seguridad de los defensores y obstruir su labor. Además, las empresas nacionales y transnacionales deben elaborar, en cooperación con los defensores, políticas de derechos humanos que incluyan mecanismos de vigilancia y rendición de cuentas para las violaciones cometidas contra los derechos de los defensores.",
"86. Se alienta a las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos a que en sus programas den prioridad a la protección de los defensores y a que establezcan centros de coordinación para los defensores. Las instituciones nacionales deben investigar las denuncias hechas por las defensores y difundir la Declaración.",
"87. Se alienta a la Oficina del Alto Comisionado para los Derechos Humanos a que elabore una estrategia amplia de protección de los defensores, que incluya las amenazas y las represalias de agentes no estatales.",
"Derecho a la libertad de reunión",
"88. Los Estados deben favorecer regímenes de notificación, más que de autorización, para la celebración de reuniones y, cuando se necesite autorización, deben asegurar que ésta se otorgue de conformidad con el principio de no discriminación. En tal sentido, los Estados deben asegurar que existan procedimientos de examen satisfactorios para las denuncias de restricciones impuestas a las reuniones.",
"89. Los Estados deben asegurar que los funcionarios encargados del cumplimiento de la ley reciban capacitación sobre las normas internacionales de derechos humanos y las relativas al control de reuniones pacíficas, incluida la Declaración sobre los defensores de derechos humanos, el Código de conducta para funcionarios encargados de hacer cumplir la ley, los Principios Básicos sobre el Empleo de la Fuerza y de Armas de Fuego por los Funcionarios Encargados de Hacer Cumplir la Ley y demás tratados, declaraciones y directrices pertinentes.",
"90. Los Estados deben aplicar un código de conducta a los funcionarios encargados del cumplimiento de la ley, en particular respecto del control de multitudes y el uso de la fuerza, y asegurar que el marco jurídico contenga disposiciones eficaces de supervisión y rendición de cuentas de los funcionarios, especialmente respecto de su respuesta ante los actos de protesta pública.",
"91. Todas las denuncias de uso indiscriminado y/o excesivo de la fuerza por los funcionarios encargados del cumplimiento de la ley deben investigarse adecuadamente, y deben adoptarse las medidas que corresponda contra los funcionarios responsables.",
"92. Los Estados deben adoptar las medidas necesarias para garantizar el ejercicio eficaz del derecho de libertad de reunión para todas las personas, sin discriminación de ningún tipo. En muchos países, a menudo las defensoras afrontan mayores riesgos cuando participan en medidas públicas colectivas en razón de la percepción que en algunas sociedades se tiene de la función tradicional de la mujer. Quienes trabajan en pro de los derechos de la mujer y las cuestiones de género también afrontan mayores riesgos.",
"93. Los Estados deben examinar su marco jurídico para asegurar que la legislación nacional se adecue a la Declaración y demás compromisos y normas internacionales relativos al derecho a la libertad de reunión, de conformidad con el artículo 2 2) de la Declaración.",
"Derecho a la libertad de asociación",
"94. Los Estados deben adoptar las medidas necesarias para garantizar el ejercicio eficaz del derecho a la libertad de asociación para todas las personas, sin discriminación de ningún tipo.",
"95. Los Estados no deben injerirse en la gestión interna y las actividades de las organizaciones no gubernamentales. La legislación interna debe evitar incluir listas de actividades permitidas o prohibidas para las organizaciones de la sociedad civil, y las organizaciones no gubernamentales deben poder llevar a cabo actividades de defensa de los derechos humanos.",
"96. Los Estados deben establecer un registro único y de acceso público para las organizaciones de la sociedad civil. Los órganos de registro deben ser independientes del gobierno e incluir representantes de la sociedad civil.",
"97. Respecto de la legislación y los procedimientos de registro, la Relatora Especial recomienda que:",
"a) Se permita a las organizaciones no gubernamentales realizar actividades colectivas sin tener que registrarse y que los Estados no impongan sanciones penales por la participación de entidades no registradas.",
"b) Las leyes relativas a la creación, el registro y el funcionamiento de las organizaciones de la sociedad civil deben establecer criterios claros, uniformes y simples que se deben satisfacer para el registro. Se debe permitir registrar inmediatamente como entidades jurídicas a las organizaciones no gubernamentales que satisfagan los criterios prescritos.",
"c) Los Estados aseguren que las leyes y los reglamentos vigentes se apliquen de manera independiente y transparente. Las leyes deben ser claras respecto de la situación de las organizaciones en el período comprendido entre la solicitud de registro y la decisión final. Hasta que se dicte dicha resolución final, las organizaciones de derechos humanos deben tener libertad para llevar a cabo sus actividades.",
"d) En caso de que se promulgue una nueva ley relativa a las organizaciones de la sociedad civil, se considerará que todas las organizaciones no gubernamentales registradas previamente continuarán funcionando legalmente y que se les ofrecerá un procedimiento rápido para actualizar su registro. A menos que se apruebe una nueva ley, las leyes vigentes relativas al registro de las organizaciones de la sociedad civil no deben exigir que las organizaciones se reinscriban periódicamente.",
"e) El proceso de registro debe ser rápido, accesible y de bajo costo. Los Estados no deben imponer costos relacionados con el proceso de registro que dificulten a las organizaciones no gubernamentales mantener ese registro, ni tampoco deben imponerles cargas insostenibles.",
"f) Los Estados deben garantizar el derecho de apelación contra toda denegación de registro. Los Estados también deben asegurar que exista un recurso eficaz y rápido contra todo rechazo de la solicitud, y que las decisiones de la autoridad de registro estén sujetas a un examen judicial independiente.",
"Derecho a acceder a los organismos internacionales y comunicarse con ellos",
"98. Los Estados deben abstenerse de todo acto de intimidación o represalia contra los defensores que hayan tratado de cooperar o hayan cooperado con los órganos de derechos humanos de las Naciones Unidas, quienes se hayan valido de los procedimientos establecidos por las Naciones Unidas, quienes hayan prestado asistencia jurídica a las víctimas, quienes hayan presentado comunicaciones con arreglo a los procedimientos establecidos por los instrumentos derechos humanos, y los familiares de víctimas de violaciones de los derechos humanos.",
"99. Los Estados deben proteger a las personas y los miembros de los grupos que deseen cooperar con las Naciones Unidas, sus representantes y mecanismos. Los Estados también tienen la obligación de poner fin a la impunidad de los autores de violencia contra las personas que hayan tratado de cooperar con las Naciones Unidas, así como la de brindar recursos a las víctimas.",
"100. Los Estados deben abstenerse de imponer restricciones a los viajes y garantizar que los defensores tengan acceso a los órganos de las Naciones Unidas, que tengan la posibilidad de presentar informes orales y escritos, y que esos informes reciban la consideración debida.",
"Derecho de libertad de opinión y expresión",
"101. Los Estados deben adoptar todas las medidas necesarias para asegurar el ejercicio eficaz del derecho a la libertad de opinión y expresión para todas las personas y los sectores sociales, sin discriminación de ningún tipo[26].",
"102. Los Estados deben garantizar que la legislación de seguridad no se aplique contra los defensores de los derechos humanos como medio de impedir su labor al respecto. Los Estados deben garantizar la posibilidad de que los defensores de los derechos humanos pueden vigilar eficazmente la aplicación de la legislación de seguridad. En el contexto del arresto y la detención de una persona con arreglo a la legislación de seguridad, como mínimo los defensores deben tener acceso periódico al detenido e información básica sobre el fondo de los cargos que fundamenten la detención.",
"103. Los Estados deben asegurar que las leyes y las políticas reflejen el derecho de los defensores a tener acceso a la información y a los lugares en donde se han cometido las presuntas violaciones y que las autoridades competentes reciban capacitación para poner en práctica ese derecho.",
"104. Los Estados también deben asegurar que se ponga a disposición del público la información en poder de los agentes no estatales, en particular las empresas privadas, que esté vinculada a los intereses públicos. Los Estados deben establecer un mecanismo eficaz e independiente con ese fin.",
"105. Los Estados deben abstenerse de penalizar, limitar o censurar el ejercicio de la libertad de expresión. Con excepción de las restricciones permisibles y legítimas establecidas en las normas internacionales de derechos humanos, se debe abolir toda medida de este tipo[27].",
"106. La difamación y otros delitos similares deben tratarse con arreglo al derecho civil, y la cuantía de las multas pagadas como reparación debe ser razonable y permitir la continuación de las actividades profesionales. No se deben aplicar penas de prisión a los delitos que se refieran a la reputación de otras personas, como la difamación y la calumnia[28].",
"107. Los Estados deben abstenerse de introducir nuevas normas que persigan los mismos objetivos que las leyes de difamación bajo nuevos términos jurídicos, como desinformación y difusión de información falsa. Bajo ningún concepto deben considerarse delitos las críticas a la nación, sus símbolos, el gobierno, sus miembros y sus actividades[29].",
"Derecho de protesta",
"108. Los Estados deben aplicar un código de conducta a los funcionarios encargados del cumplimiento de la ley, en particular respecto del control de multitudes y el uso de la fuerza, y asegurar que el marco jurídico establezca la rendición de cuentas de los funcionarios en lo que respecta a su respuesta ante las protestas públicas.",
"109. Los Estados deben adoptar todas las medidas necesarias para proteger a los defensores durante las protestas, abstenerse del uso de fuerza excesiva contra quienes protestan y adherirse a las normas internacionales de derechos humanos cuando detengan a personas en el contexto de demostraciones pacíficas.",
"110. Los Estados deben asegurar que la legislación y las medidas de lucha contra el terrorismo no se apliquen contra los defensores de los derechos humanos para menoscabar su labor al respecto.",
"111. Se alienta a los Estados a que adopten las medidas siguientes para abordar las necesidades de protección de los grupos siguientes de defensores:",
"Defensoras",
"• Investigar y enjuiciar los casos de violencia basada en el género contra las defensoras durante las demostraciones;",
"• Capacitar e instruir a los funcionarios encargados del cumplimiento de la ley sobre las medidas de protección que deben adoptarse respecto de los menores que participan con sus madres en la demostraciones.",
"Defensores de los derechos de lesbianas, homosexuales, bisexuales y transexuales",
"• Hace rendir cuentas a las autoridades que ilícitamente decidan prohibir una demostración;",
"• Asegurar la protección de los participantes en manifestaciones del orgullo gay, antes, durante y después en las marchas, contra la violencia de quienes se oponen a tales manifestaciones;",
"• Capacitar a los funcionarios encargados del cumplimiento de la ley sobre la conducta adecuada, en particular en cuanto a la aplicación del principio de no discriminación y de respeto de la diversidad.",
"Estudiantes activistas",
"• Adoptar medidas para crear un entorno propicio que permita a los niños y los jóvenes adultos asociarse y expresar opiniones sobre cuestiones que los afectan, así como cuestiones más amplias relacionadas con los derechos humanos.",
"Sindicalistas",
"• Reconocer a los sindicalistas como defensores de los derechos humanos, a quienes corresponden los derechos y la protección establecidos en la Declaración sobre los defensores de los derechos humanos;",
"• Examinar la legislación que restringe el derecho de huelga, incluidas las disposiciones con definiciones muy amplias sobre servicios esenciales que restringen o impiden las huelgas de grandes sectores de funcionario público.",
"Defensores y periodistas que vigilan las demostraciones",
"• Permitir que los defensores de los derechos humanos desempeñen su función de supervisión y otorgar a la prensa acceso a las reuniones a fin de facilitar una cobertura independiente.",
"Derecho a desarrollar y debatir ideas nuevas",
"112. Los Estados deben reconocer el derecho de los defensores de promover y proteger ideas nuevas en materia de derechos humanos (o ideas que se perciban como nuevas) y de promover su aceptación. Los Estados deben reconocer públicamente la legitimidad de las actividades de los defensores, como primer paso para prevenir o reducir las violaciones contra ellos.",
"113. Los Estados deben adoptar las medidas necesarias para crear un entorno de pluralismo, tolerancia y respeto en que todos los defensores los derechos humanos puedan desempeñar su labor sin riesgo a su integridad física y psicológica y sin sufrir ninguna forma de restricción, acoso, intimidación o temor a la persecución.",
"114. Los Estados deben adoptar medidas adicionales para asegurar la protección de los defensores que corren mayor riesgo de afrontar ciertas formas de violencia porque se los percibe como que desafían las normas, tradiciones, percepciones y estereotipos socioculturales aceptados sobre la feminidad, la orientación sexual y la función y la condición de la mujer en la sociedad.",
"Derecho a un recurso eficaz",
"115. Los Estados deben asegurar que todas las violaciones contra los defensores se investiguen de manera rápida e independiente, el enjuiciamiento de los presuntos autores y la imposición de penas adecuadas. Los Estados también deben asegurar que las víctimas tengan acceso a la justicia y a recursos eficaces, incluida una indemnización adecuada.",
"116. Los Estados deben asegurar la rendición de cuentas de quienes hayan cometido violaciones de los derechos humanos, especialmente contra defensores de los derechos humanos, por medio de procedimientos disciplinarios, civiles y penales adecuados. Debe considerarse la aplicación de sanciones jurídicas contra quienes enjuicien falsamente a los defensores.",
"117. Los Estados deben asegurar que los funcionarios públicos y los funcionarios encargados del cumplimiento de la ley responsables de la prevención, la investigación y el enjuiciamiento de violaciones contra los defensores reciban capacitación adecuada respecto de la Declaración y las necesidades específicas de protección de los defensores.",
"118. Los Estados deben responder de manera oportuna y amplia a las comunicaciones remitidas por el mandato. Una buena práctica para las respuestas es aportar información sobre las medidas adoptadas para resolver casos individuales, así como sobre las iniciativas adoptadas para impedir la repetición de situaciones similares.",
"Derecho de acceso a la financiación",
"119. Los Estados deben asegurar y facilitar por ley el acceso a los fondos, incluidos de fuentes extranjeras, con miras a defender los derechos humanos.",
"120. Los Estados deben abstenerse de restringir el uso de fondos siempre que se respeten los propósitos establecidos expresamente en la Declaración de promover y proteger los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales por medios pacíficos. Los Estados no deben exigir una autorización gubernamental previa para solicitar o recibir fondos del extranjero.",
"121. Los Estados deben permitir que las organizaciones no gubernamentales tengan acceso a la financiación extranjera, y restringir ese acceso únicamente en interés de la transparencia y en cumplimiento de las leyes generalmente aplicables en materia de divisas y aduanas. En consecuencia, los Estados deben examinar las leyes vigentes con miras a facilitar el acceso a la financiación.",
"122. Los Estados deben permitir a las organizaciones no gubernamentales realizar todas las actividades de recaudación de fondos aceptables con arreglo a las mismas normas que se aplican en general a otras organizaciones sin fines de lucro.",
"123. Los Estados deben prohibir que las autoridades competentes realicen investigaciones impositivas exhaustivas y abusen de los procedimientos fiscales.",
"[1] Si bien no es un instrumento jurídicamente vinculante, la Declaración sobre los defensores de los derechos humanos contiene derechos que ya se reconocen en muchos instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos jurídicamente vinculantes, incluido el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos. En la Declaración se especifica de qué manera los derechos incluidos en los principales instrumentos de derechos humanos se aplican a los defensores de los derechos humanos y a su labor. Además, la Declaración fue aprobada por consenso por la Asamblea General, lo que en consecuencia representa el fuerte compromiso de los Estados a su aplicación.",
"[2] http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/defenders/index.htm.",
"[3] Observación general núm. 28: Igualdad de derechos entre hombres y mujeres (artículo 3) (68º período de sesiones, 2000), Comité de Derechos Humanos, párr. 5.",
"[4] Ibíd.",
"[5] M. Nowak, CCPR Commentary (N. P. Engel, 2005), 490, párr. 19.",
"[6] Ibíd., 489, párrs. 21 y 22.",
"[7] Véase Comité de Derechos Humanos, Observaciones finales respecto de Uzbekistán, 26 de abril de 2005, párr. 19, CCPR/CO/83/UZB, y Comité de Derechos Humanos, Observaciones finales respecto de Marruecos, 1 de diciembre de 2004, párr. 18, CCPR/CO/82/MAR, citados en The Right to Access International Bodies, Human Rights Defenders Briefing Papers, International Service for Human Rights, 2009, págs. 5 y 6.",
"[8] Véase también The Right to Access International Bodies, Human Rights Defenders Briefing Papers, International Service for Human Rights, 2009, pág. 5.",
"[9] Véase la resolución 12/2 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos: Cooperación con las Naciones Unidas, sus representantes y mecanismos en la esfera de los derechos humanos, 12 de octubre de 2009, A/HRC/RES/12/2.",
"[10] Véase el informe del Secretario General sobre cooperación con las Naciones Unidas, sus representantes y mecanismos en la esfera de los derechos humanos, A/HRC/14/19, 7 de mayo de 2010.",
"[11] Observación general núm. 28: Igualdad de derechos entre hombres y mujeres (artículo 3) (68º período de sesiones, 2000), Comité de Derechos Humanos (párr. 5).",
"[12] Observación general núm. 10: Libertad de expresión (artículo 19) (19º período de sesiones, 1983), Comité de Derechos Humanos, párr. 1.",
"[13] Ibíd., párr. 4.",
"[14] Ibíd., párr. 4.",
"[15] Relator Especial sobre la promoción y protección del derecho a la libertad de opinión y de expresión, A/HRC/14/23/, párr. 81, 20 de abril de 2010.",
"[16] Ibíd., párr. 25.",
"[17] Véase también Protecting Human Rights Defenders, Human Rights First, en <http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/our-work/human-rights-defenders/protecting-human-rights-defenders/>.",
"[18] Informe de la experta independiente en la esfera de los derechos culturales, Sra. Farida Shaheed, presentado con arreglo a la resolución 10/23 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, A/HRC/14/36, párr. 34, 22 de marzo de 2010.",
"[19] The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen, Paul Gordon Lauren, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998, pág. 282.",
"[20] Manfred Novak, UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, CCPR Commentary, p. 505, 2a. edición revisada (N. P. Engel, 2005).",
"[21] Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, Baczowski and Others v. Poland, solicitud núm. 1543/06, fallo de 3 de mayo de 2007.",
"[22] Comité de Derechos Humanos, Observación general núm. 31, “Naturaleza de la obligación jurídica general impuesta a los Estados Partes en el Pacto” (CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13), párr. 16.",
"[23] FundHer Brief 2008, Money Watch for Women’s Rights Movements and Organizations, pág. 17, Association for Women’s Rights in Development (AWID).",
"[24] Observación general núm. 24: Estados de emergencia (artículo 4) (72° período de sesiones, 2001), Comité de Derechos Humanos.",
"[25] A/HRC/13/22, párr. 113, pág. 22.",
"[26] Relator Especial sobre la promoción y protección del derecho a la libertad de opinión y de expresión, A/HRC/4/23, párr. 119, 20 de abril de 2010.",
"[27] Ibíd., párr. 120.",
"[28] Relator Especial sobre la promoción y protección del derecho a la libertad de opinión y de expresión, A/HRC/4/27, párr. 81, 2 de enero de 2007.",
"[29] Ibíd., párr. 82."
] | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"* A/66/150.",
"Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*",
"Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms",
"Human rights defenders",
"Note by the Secretary-General",
"The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the present report, submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, Margaret Sekaggya, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/163.",
"Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders",
"Summary",
"The present report maps out the rights provided for in the Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and analyses what the different rights entail, as well as the various aspects necessary to ensure their implementation. The report also addresses the most common restrictions and violations faced by human rights defenders and provides recommendations to facilitate implementation by States of each right.",
"The aim of the report is twofold: to increase the awareness of States of the rights provided for in the Declaration and to serve as a practical tool to defenders working to ensure respect for the rights to which they are entitled under this instrument.",
"Despite efforts to implement the Declaration, human rights defenders continue to face numerous violations of their rights. It is hoped that the present report will contribute to the development of a safer and more conducive environment for defenders to be able to carry out their work. A more comprehensive commentary concerning the Declaration is available in the section on the work of the Special Rapporteur of the website of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.",
"Contents",
"Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Right 4 to be \nprotected III. Right 6 to freedom of \nassembly IV. Right 8 to freedom of \nassociation V. Right 9 to access and communicate with international \nbodies VI. Right 11 to freedom of opinion and \nexpression VII. Right 13 to \nprotest VIII. Right 14 to develop and discuss new human rights \nideas IX. Right 15 to an effective \nremedy X. Right 16 to access \nfunding XI.Permissible 17 derogations and the right to defend human \nrights XII.Conclusions 18 and \nrecommendations",
"I. Introduction",
"1. The present report is the fourth submitted to the General Assembly by the present Special Rapporteur, and the eleventh report submitted by the mandate holder on human rights defenders to the Assembly since 2001. The report is submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 16/5 and Assembly resolution 64/163.",
"2. The Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders) reaffirms rights that are instrumental to the defence of human rights, including freedom of association, freedom of peaceful assembly, freedom of opinion and expression, and the right to access funding and to develop and discuss new human rights ideas. Implementing the Declaration is a prerequisite for the creation of a conducive environment for human rights defenders to be able to carry out their work.",
"3. Although some States have made efforts to guarantee that domestic legislation reflects the obligations of States that are contained in the Declaration and in other international human rights standards, the current trend in many countries is to pass laws and regulations restricting the space for human rights activities. Many national laws are incompatible with international standards and with the Declaration in particular. Even where efforts are made to adopt laws that are in line with international standards, their ineffective implementation often remains a problem.",
"4. Despite the fact that more than a decade has passed since the Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly, it is not an instrument that is sufficiently known, either to those who shoulder the main responsibility for its implementation, namely Governments, or to those whose rights it sets out to protect, human rights defenders. Accordingly, additional efforts are needed to improve understanding of the rights and responsibilities contained in the Declaration.[1]",
"5. The purpose of the present report is to fill this awareness gap by enhancing the understanding of States of the rights and responsibilities contained in the Declaration, as well as increasing awareness of this instrument among relevant non‑State actors who can contribute to the development of a conducive environment for the work of defenders. Additionally, the report aims to build the capacity of human rights defenders to ensure respect for the rights that they are entitled to under the Declaration. The report is based mostly on the analysis of information received and reports developed by both mandate holders, the current Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, Margaret Sekaggya, and her predecessor Hina Jilani.",
"6. The report is divided into 10 sections, each addressing a discrete right provided for in the Declaration, namely: the right to be protected, the right to freedom of assembly, the right to freedom of association, the right to access and communicate with international bodies, the right to freedom of opinion and expression, the right to protest, the right to develop and discuss new human rights ideas, the right to an effective remedy and the right to access funding. A final section addresses permissible derogations to these rights. The Special Rapporteur then sets forth a series of recommendations regarding the implementation of each right.",
"7. In accordance with the mandate of the Special Rapporteur to integrate a gender perspective throughout her work, the present report refers to the specificities of the situation of women human rights defenders and the particular challenges they face. Women defenders are more at risk of being subjected to certain forms of violence, prejudices, exclusion, repudiation and other violations, than their male counterparts. This is often due to the fact that women defenders are perceived as challenging accepted sociocultural norms, traditions, perceptions and stereotypes about femininity, sexual orientation and the role and status of women in society. The term “women human rights defenders” in the present report refers to women who, individually or in association with others, act to promote or protect human rights, including women’s rights. The term “women human rights defenders” can also refer to male human rights defenders working on women’s rights as well as on gender issues more generally.",
"8. It is hoped that this report will contribute to the development of a safer and more conducive environment for defenders to be able to carry out their work. A more comprehensive commentary concerning the Declaration is available in the section on the work of the Special Rapporteur of the website of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (www2.ohchr.org/english/ issues/defenders/index.htm).",
"II. Right to be protected",
"9. The State’s duty to protect the rights of defenders from violations committed by States and non-State actors is derived from each State’s primary responsibility and duty to protect all human rights, as enshrined in article 2 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which establishes the obligation of States to guarantee all individuals within their territories and subject to their jurisdiction the rights recognized in the Covenant without discrimination. The Declaration on Human Rights Defenders establishes the State’s duty to protect human rights defenders in the preamble to the Declaration as well as in its articles 2, 9 and 12.",
"10. The obligation of States to protect includes both negative and positive aspects. On the one hand, States must refrain from violating human rights. On the other hand, States should act with due diligence to prevent, investigate and punish any violation of the rights enshrined in the Declaration. In other words, States should prevent violations of the rights of defenders under their jurisdiction by taking legal, judicial, administrative and all other measures to ensure the full enjoyment by defenders of their rights; investigating alleged violations; prosecuting alleged perpetrators; and providing defenders with remedies and reparation. To enhance the protection of defenders, States should also harmonize their domestic legal frameworks with the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders.",
"11. The obligation to protect also involves ensuring that defenders do not suffer from violations of their rights at the hands of non-State actors. Failure to protect defenders could, in particular circumstances, engage the State’s responsibility. For instance, acts and omissions committed by non-State actors under the instructions, control or direction of the State can, under certain circumstances, give rise to State responsibility.",
"12. The Declaration reaffirms the responsibility of everyone not to violate the rights of others, including the responsibility of non-State actors to respect the rights of human rights defenders (see arts. 10, 11, 12 (3) and 19). Accordingly, all non‑State actors, including armed groups, the media, faith-based groups, communities, private companies and individuals should refrain from taking any measures that would result in preventing defenders from exercising their rights.",
"13. To ensure the personal safety of defenders at imminent risk, States have developed different measures and protection programmes. Many States use their witness protection programmes; others have put in place protection measures, including establishing specialized investigative units for crimes against human rights activists, setting up early warning systems, providing police protection and bodyguards, and establishing programmes for emergency placement of defenders in other regions or countries.",
"14. Many of these measures, however, have received criticism with regard to their efficiency and sustainability. Witness protection programmes, for example, are not sufficient to provide for the safety of defenders since in most cases they have not been designed for that purpose and do not take their specific needs into account. In other instances, the outcome of risk assessments has failed to match the situation of vulnerability faced by defenders requesting protection. Further, protective measures have, on some occasions, failed to address the specificities of the profile of defenders pertaining to gender, ethnic affiliation, leadership position and place of residence. In other cases, bodyguards have transmitted information to intelligence agencies. Defenders have also raised concerns about the privatization of protection measures, which can place the responsibility for protection in the hands of private security companies. Defenders fear former paramilitaries could be employed by these companies.",
"15. Concerning protection measures for women defenders and those working on women’s rights or gender issues, in the vast majority of cases there are no specific mechanisms in place or, where they do exist, they are often hindered by a lack of implementation, political will or gender specificity.",
"16. Adequate protection requires a comprehensive policy from Governments establishing an adequate environment which is respectful of the work of defenders, where the legal framework is in line with the Declaration’s provisions, and those taking adverse actions against defenders are brought to justice. Addressing impunity, in line with article 12 of the Declaration, is a key step in ensuring a safe environment for defenders.",
"17. In every region of the world, defenders — including women defenders and those working on women’s rights or gender issues — continue to face intimidation, threats, killings, disappearances, torture, ill-treatment, arbitrary detention, surveillance, administrative and judicial harassment and, more generally, stigmatization by both State and non-State actors. Violations faced by women defenders may take a gender-specific form, ranging from verbal abuse based on their sex, to sexual abuse and rape. Defenders also confront violations of the exercise of their rights to freedom of opinion and expression, access to information, access to funding, free movement and freedoms of association and peaceful assembly. In many countries, a climate of impunity for violations committed against defenders prevails.",
"18. Specific situations impeding the work of human rights defenders and leading to a highly insecure environment include:",
"(a) The stigmatization to which both women defenders and their male counterparts are subjected in certain contexts, including accusations of being fronts for guerrilla movements, terrorists, political extremists, separatists, or working on behalf of foreign countries or their interests. Also, women defenders often face further stigmatization by virtue of their sex or the gender-based rights they advocate;",
"(b) Prosecution of defenders and criminalization of their activities. Defenders are arrested and prosecuted on false charges. Others are detained without charge, often without access to a lawyer, medical care or a judicial process, and without being informed of the reason for their arrest;",
"(c) Attacks by non-State actors and a climate of impunity. Non-State actors have been increasingly involved in attacks on human rights defenders. Guerrillas, private militias, vigilante groups and armed groups have been implicated in violence against defenders, including beatings, killings and various acts of intimidation. Private companies have also been directly or indirectly involved in acts of violence against defenders.",
"19. In addition, community leaders and faith-based groups are increasingly resorting to the stigmatization of — and attacks against — defenders working on issues such as the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons, violence against women and domestic violence. Also, women human rights defenders working in the area of domestic violence and other types of violence against women are often pressured by family members or threatened by the perpetrators to drop cases.",
"20. In some parts of the world, the media has been involved in violations committed against human rights defenders, notably in relation to violations of their right to privacy. In certain States, defenders have been subjected to denigration campaigns in the press, although sometimes the perpetrators were State-owned outlets.",
"III. Right to freedom of assembly",
"21. In its articles 5 and 12, the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders recognizes the right to freedom of assembly and the legitimacy of participation in peaceful activities to protest against violations of human rights. The right to peaceful assembly is essential for human rights defenders; without the guarantee of this right and the protection against its violation by State officials and non-State entities, the ability of defenders to fulfil their role in the protection and promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms is severely restricted.",
"22. The right to meet or assemble peacefully applies to every man and woman acting to promote and protect human rights, providing they accept and apply the principles of universality and non-violence. As women’s inequality in the enjoyment of rights is rooted in “tradition, history and culture, including religious attitudes”,[2] States should ensure that these attitudes are not used to justify violations of women’s right to equality before the law and to equal enjoyment of all rights,² including the right to freedom of assembly.",
"23. The Declaration protects numerous forms of assembly, from meetings inside private residences to conferences in public places, demonstrations, vigils, marches, picket lines and other kinds of assemblies, with the aim of promoting and protecting human rights. Also, this right can be exercised individually and in association with others. Accordingly, it is not necessary for a non-governmental organization to have legal personality to participate in assemblies, including a demonstration.",
"24. Human rights defenders must exercise these activities peacefully in order to be protected under the Declaration. The Special Rapporteur is concerned about the frequent excessive use of force by State agents in responding to situations involving freedom of assembly, which in some instances has provoked violent reactions from otherwise peaceful assemblies. Such behaviour clearly contravenes the Declaration and makes the State accountable for provocations that result in violence. Under the Declaration defenders are entitled to effective protection under national law against actions committed by the State that result in human rights violations. The Declaration also provides defenders with protection when protesting against violent acts of other groups or individuals. Consequently, the protection afforded in the Declaration covers violations committed by both State and non-State actors.",
"25. Concerning permissible restrictions, freedom of assembly can be subjected to limitations in accordance with applicable international obligations. Article 21 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights defines the necessary requirements for the limitations to be considered permissible. Firstly, restrictions must be in conformity with the law — that is, restrictions can be imposed not only by law but also through a more general statutory authorization, such as an executive order or a decree.[3] Secondly, restrictions must be necessary in a democratic society, which means that limitations must be proportional — States must first exhaust any alternatives that limit the right to a lesser degree — and must comply with minimum democratic principles.[4] Finally, the only grounds upon which an interference with the right to peaceful assembly is permitted are: national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.",
"26. Restrictions imposed on the right to freedom of assembly have been broadly applied to prohibit or disrupt peaceful human rights assemblies, frequently on the pretext of the need to maintain public order and relying on counter-terrorism legislation, arguments and mechanisms. The mandate holder has identified the following trends as violations of the right to freedom of assembly: (a) use of excessive force against defenders during assemblies; (b) arrest and detention of defenders while exercising their right to assemble or to prevent them from taking part in demonstrations; (c) threats against defenders and members of their families prior to, during or after their participation in a peaceful assembly; (d) judicial harassment and prosecution of defenders; (e) travel restrictions imposed on defenders to prevent them from participating in assemblies outside their country of residence; and (f) restrictions imposed through legislative and administrative measures.",
"27. Women defenders often face more risks than their male counterparts when participating in collective public action because of perceptions of the traditional role of women in some societies, and they become targets of non-State actors. In some cases, retaliation against women defenders takes such forms as rape and sexual assault, which can have adverse social consequences in addition to causing physical and psychological harm.",
"IV. Right to freedom of association",
"28. The right to freedom of association is recognized in many international and regional instruments, including the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, which provides in article 5 for the right of everyone, individually and in association with others, to form, join and participate in non-governmental organizations, associations or groups. The Declaration underscores that the promotion and protection of human rights is a legitimate purpose for an association to pursue.",
"29. The right to freedom of association applies to every man and woman working to promote and protect human rights, providing they accept and apply the principles of universality and non-violence.",
"30. The right of women to participate in public life, including through the promotion and protection of human rights, is contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as in various international treaties. Under article 7 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, States agree to take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the political and public life of the country and, in particular, to ensure that women enjoy the right to, inter alia, participate in non-governmental organizations and associations concerned with the public and political life of the country on equal terms with men.",
"31. There are both negative and positive obligations on States arising from the right to freedom of association, including the obligation to prevent violations of this right, to protect those exercising this right and to investigate violations of this right. Given the importance of the role that human rights defenders play in democratic societies, the free and full exercise of this right places a duty on States to create legal and real conditions in which defenders can freely carry out their activities. Also, although associations are required to have some kind of institutional structure, they do not need to assume a legal personality to operate and de facto associations are equally protected under the Declaration.",
"32. Concerning permissible restrictions, the right to freedom of association is not absolute and it can be subjected to limitations in accordance with applicable international obligations. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (art. 22) specifically details the requirements for such limitations to be admissible. For any restriction on the right to freedom of association to be valid, it must meet the following conditions:",
"(a) It must be provided by law — that is through an act of Parliament or an equivalent unwritten norm of common law. Limitations are not permissible if introduced through Government decrees or other similar administrative orders;",
"(b) It must be necessary in a democratic society. The State must demonstrate that the limitations are necessary to prevent a real threat to national security or the democratic order and that other less invasive measures are not adequate to achieve this purpose;",
"(c) Such limitations may only be imposed in the interest of national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.",
"33. This provision, read together with articles 5 and 17 of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, must be understood to involve the protection of human rights organizations that are critical of State policies, that publicize human rights violations perpetrated by authorities, or that question the existing legal and constitutional framework.",
"34. The Special Rapporteur has observed that in many countries national laws that regulate the functioning of non-governmental organizations impose severe restrictions on their registration, funding, management and operation. In particular, domestic legislation has been used to interfere with the internal management and activities of non-governmental organizations, including the placing of restrictions on the types of activities that civil society organizations are allowed to carry out without prior Government approval. The discretionary interpretation of existing laws has also permitted authorities to initiate legal proceedings against human rights organizations for minor infractions or to dissolve them without recourse to appropriate remedies or judicial supervision. In other instances, legislation seems to be in accordance with international standards, but registration procedures have been used arbitrarily to deny protection to human rights non-governmental organizations that are very critical of the Government.",
"V. Right to access and communicate with international bodies",
"35. The right to access and communicate with international bodies, as recognized in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, is contained in the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (art. 11), the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (art. 15), and the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (art. 13). The optional protocols include a specific provision asking States parties to take all appropriate measures to ensure that individuals under their jurisdiction are not subject to ill-treatment or intimidation, or prejudiced in any way, for having communicated with or provided information to the monitoring bodies of the respective instruments.",
"36. This right is also protected under other relevant provisions such as the right to freedom of movement and the right to freedom of expression.[5] The Declaration recognizes the right to access and to communicate with international bodies under articles 5 (c) and 9 (4). By referring explicitly to this right under two separate provisions, the Declaration recognizes that accessing and communicating with international bodies are essential for human rights defenders to carry out their work and to alert the international community to human rights problems and bring key cases to the attention of regional and international human rights mechanisms.",
"37. The Declaration protects a wide range of collaboration activities with international bodies and agencies, from the submission of information or complaints related to specific cases to the presentation of information on the internal human rights situation in a particular country at international human rights venues.[6] As regards the different bodies and mechanisms that defenders can engage with, the Declaration provides for the right to communicate with a wide range of institutions and mechanisms, including non-governmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations and international bodies. These mechanisms can include United Nations bodies, including United Nations representatives and mechanisms, such as treaty bodies, special procedures, the universal periodic review mechanism and field presences of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, and other bodies outside the United Nations system.",
"38. The mandate on human rights defenders has underscored how the United Nations human rights treaty bodies and the various special procedures of the Human Rights Council depend to a great extent on the information provided to them by human rights defenders. This can be used as a valuable early warning system to alert the international community to a developing or imminent threat to peace.",
"39. In relation to the protection afforded to defenders that collaborate with international mechanisms, the Declaration specifies the obligation of States to take the necessary measures to protect defenders in the exercise of their rights (art. 12 (2)). Furthermore, non-State actors can be held accountable for violations of the rights of defenders amounting to offences or crimes under national law.",
"40. The Human Rights Council and its predecessor, the Commission on Human Rights, have also addressed this issue through several resolutions and have requested the Secretary-General and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to report on cases of individuals or groups who have been intimidated or suffered reprisals for having cooperated or attempted to cooperate with the United Nations, including its representatives and mechanisms, in the field of human rights (see Human Rights Council resolution 12/2).",
"41. Under the mandate, there have been interventions in cases where human rights activists have not been granted permission to leave their countries to participate in international human rights events, including the Human Rights Council, or have been harassed or subjected to serious reprisals upon return to their homes from these events. There have also been interventions in cases of individuals who have been targeted after they have submitted information or complaints to international human rights mechanisms, in particular under the mandate on human rights defenders and other special procedures of the Human Rights Council. The mandate holder remains extremely concerned about allegations received reporting acts of intimidation, threats, attacks, arbitrary arrests, ill-treatment, torture and killings of human rights defenders who collaborated with the United Nations or other international mechanisms.",
"42. In addition to the cases reported directly to the mandate holder on the situation of human rights defenders, the reports of the Secretary-General related to cooperation with representatives or mechanisms of United Nations human rights bodies contain descriptions of situations in which persons have reportedly been intimidated or suffered reprisals by Governments and non-State actors for seeking to cooperate or having cooperated with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms in the field of human rights, for having provided testimony or information to them; for having availed themselves of procedures established by the United Nations; for having provided legal assistance for this purpose; for having submitted communications under procedures established by human rights instruments; or for being relatives of victims of human rights violations or for having provided legal or other assistance to victims. For example, the cases of reprisals described in the 2010 report of the Secretary-General on cooperation with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms in the field of human rights (A/HRC/14/19) include instances of attacks, threats, intimidation and harassment; detention, imprisonment and physical violence against defenders, including murder; and campaigns aimed at stigmatizing or delegitimizing the activities of human rights defenders. These acts are aimed at hampering or preventing individuals and groups from cooperating with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms (ibid.).",
"VI. Right to freedom of opinion and expression",
"43. The right to freedom of opinion and expression is of crucial importance to the work of human rights defenders. Without this right defenders would not be able to perform their monitoring and advocacy work to promote and protect human rights. This right applies to both men and women promoting and protecting human rights, providing they accept and apply the principles of universality and non‑violence. In the case of women human rights defenders, States need to ensure that tradition, history, culture and religious attitudes are not used to justify violations of women’s right to equality before the law and to the equal enjoyment of all rights.[7]",
"44. Article 6 of the Declaration recognizes three different aspects of the right to equality before the law and equal enjoyment of all rights: (a) the right to hold opinions without interference; (b) the right of access to information; and (c) the right to impart information and ideas of all kinds. With regard to the first aspect, the right to hold opinions, no restrictions are permitted.[8]",
"45. Concerning the other two aspects, article 19 (3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights establishes that “the right to freedom of expression carries with it special duties and responsibilities and for this reason certain restrictions on the right are permitted, which may relate either to the interests of other persons or to those of the community as a whole. However, when a State party imposes certain restrictions on the exercise of freedom of expression, these may not put in jeopardy the right itself.”[9] According to article 19 (3), restrictions must be “provided by law” and must be justified as being “necessary” for one of the following purposes: (a) respect of the rights or reputations of others; and (b) the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals.[10]",
"46. The Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression has emphasized that restrictions on the following dimensions of the right to freedom of expression are not permissible:",
"(a) Discussion of Government policies and political debate; reporting on human rights, Government activities and corruption in government; engaging in election campaigns, peaceful demonstrations or political activities, including for peace or democracy; and expression of opinion and dissent, religion or belief, including by persons belonging to minorities or vulnerable groups;",
"(b) The free flow of information and ideas, including practices such as the banning or closing of publications or other media and the abuse of administrative measures and censorship;",
"(c) Access to or use of information and communications technologies, including radio, television and the Internet (see A/HRC/14/23, para. 81).",
"47. The fulfilment of this right requires States to comply with both positive and negative obligations, including abstaining from interfering with the enjoyment of the right; protecting the right by working to prevent, punish, investigate and provide redress for harm caused by private persons or entities; and taking positive measures for the realization of the right (ibid., para. 25).",
"48. Despite protection under international and regional human rights instruments and national constitutions, the right to freedom of expression has suffered the most adverse restrictions under national security or anti-terrorism laws. In many instances, these laws have been used to criminalize dissent and suppress the right to hold States accountable. Provisions of laws on internal security, official secrets and sedition, among others, have been used to deny freedom of information to defenders and to prosecute them for their efforts to seek and disseminate information on the observance of human rights standards.",
"49. Other common restrictions and violations to the right to freedom of opinion and expression include: (a) the use of civil and criminal defamation and libel proceedings against defenders speaking out against human rights violations; (b) the adoption of laws restricting printing and publication; and (c) the censorship, suspension, closing or banning of media outlets.",
"50. Additionally, defenders and journalists are often targeted for investigating human rights abuses. They are subjected to threats, attacks and intimidation, and some have been abducted and/or killed. They have also been arrested and detained following the publication of letters calling for the improvement of the human rights situation, for publishing articles online criticizing governmental policies and for denouncing human rights violations. Women journalists and media professionals are also exposed as a result of their work. This group includes women investigative journalists working on human rights-related issues, women columnists advocating human rights reform, women reporters monitoring and reporting violations of human rights, and women bloggers.",
"VII. Right to protest",
"51. The right to protest entails the enjoyment of a set of internationally recognized rights that are reiterated in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, including freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of association, freedom of peaceful assembly and trade union rights such as the right to strike.",
"52. The protection of the right to protest comprises both negative and positive obligations. The State has a negative obligation to abstain from interfering and a positive obligation to protect rights holders in the exercise of this right, particularly when persons protesting hold unpopular or controversial views, or belong to minorities or other groups exposed to higher risks of attack and other forms of intolerance. Additionally, respecting the right to protest involves the obligation of States to take concrete steps to build, maintain and strengthen pluralism, tolerance and an open attitude to the expression of dissent in society.",
"53. The right to protest is an essential element of the right to participation in a democratic society and restrictions imposed on this right must be closely examined regarding their necessity and reasonableness. Restrictions may be imposed on public demonstrations, providing their purpose is to protect national security or public safety, public order, the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.",
"54. Common restrictions and violations to the right to protest include: (a) bans and unjustified restrictions on demonstrations; (b) unnecessary requirements to obtain authorizations; (c) lack of remedies to appeal decisions denying the authorization to hold demonstrations; (d) legislation not complying with international human rights law; (e) legislation on counter-terrorism with definitions of “terrorism” that are so broad that they can jeopardize participation in public demonstrations; and (f) inadequacies in the legal framework on the right to strike, including the criminalization of the right to strike and the failure to incorporate the right to strike in domestic law.",
"55. Violations suffered by defenders as a consequence of their participation in protests range from threats following demonstrations to arbitrary arrest and detention, intimidation, ill-treatment, torture and excessive use of force by authorities. A cause for concern is the number of peaceful protesters who have been injured or killed during violent crackdowns by the authorities. The mandate holder has also identified specific protection needs concerning some groups of protestors, including women defenders and defenders working on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights; student activists; trade unionists; and defenders monitoring and reporting on demonstrations. Defenders engaged in protests linked to demands for democratic reforms; the anti-globalization movement; election processes; peace demonstrations; and land rights, natural resources and environmental claims are often in need of specific protection.",
"VIII. Right to develop and discuss new human rights ideas",
"56. The right to develop and discuss new human rights ideas is enshrined in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders as an important provision for the ongoing development of human rights. This right may be seen as an elaboration of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, the right to freedom of assembly and the right to freedom of association, which are protected under many regional and international instruments.[11] The Declaration on Human Rights Defenders affirms the right to develop and discuss new human rights ideas, and to advocate their acceptance in article 7.",
"57. Many of the basic human rights that today we take for granted took years of struggle and deliberation before they took final shape and became widely accepted. A good example is the long struggle of women in many countries to gain the right to vote. Today, we see the case of defenders working on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights. In many countries around the world, these activists are targeted for their work, harassed, and sometimes killed, because of their work in defending a different idea of sexuality. Similarly, women human rights defenders are more at risk of suffering certain forms of violence because they are perceived as challenging accepted sociocultural norms, traditions, perceptions and stereotypes about femininity, sexual orientation and the role and status of women in society.",
"58. Although the rights of women defenders and those working on women’s rights or gender issues are not new human rights, in some contexts they may be perceived as new because they address issues that might challenge tradition and culture. Tradition and culture are not static, however, as the United Nations independent expert in the field of cultural rights has argued, saying that “cultures are constantly evolving, as are the concepts of human rights” (A/HRC/14/36, para. 34).",
"59. It is because of the visions of courageous defenders that human rights have developed and transformed our societies. These visionaries have held “that women deserve the same rights as men, that empires are not inevitable, that indigenous peoples are human beings, or that torture and genocide are ethically reprehensive and need not be tolerated. Similarly, they ask people to imagine that international norms can be established and that nation States need not be allowed to claim that however they wish to behave and treat people is strictly their own business.”[12] However, these ideas often meet resistance, especially because they challenge the legitimacy of the status quo as well as sociocultural norms and traditions.",
"60. Nonetheless, ideas that “offend, shock or disturb” are protected under the right of freedom of expression. This is a crucial part of what is required for a “democratic society” to exist.[13] Pluralism, tolerance and broadmindedness are particularly important in a democratic society. Democracy does not simply mean that the views of the majority must always prevail: a balance must be achieved which ensures the fair and proper treatment of minorities and avoids any abuse of a dominant position. The State is the ultimate guarantor of the principle of pluralism, a role that entails positive obligations to secure the effective enjoyment of rights. These obligations are of particular importance for persons holding unpopular views or belonging to minorities, because they are more vulnerable to victimization.[14]",
"61. In this context, the right to develop and discuss new human rights ideas is an important provision to support and protect those defenders that advocate new visions and ideas of human rights.",
"IX. Right to an effective remedy",
"62. Article 9 of the Declaration provides for the right of everyone to benefit from an effective remedy and to be protected in the event of a violation of his or her human rights and fundamental freedoms. In the framework of the Declaration, the obligation to provide defenders with an effective remedy requires States to ensure a prompt and impartial investigation into the alleged human rights violations, the prosecution of the perpetrators, the provision of reparations, as well as the enforcement of decisions or judgements.",
"63. The right to an effective remedy also entails effective access to justice, which can involve not only judicial but also administrative or quasi-judicial mechanisms. Impartial investigations and the prosecution of perpetrators require an effective and independent judiciary. In many instances, however, weaknesses in the judicial system and in the legal framework have prevented defenders from seeking and obtaining justice. States should take all necessary steps to ensure that violations against defenders are brought before tribunals or other complaints mechanisms, such as national human rights institutions or truth and reconciliation mechanisms.",
"64. Reparations are also a fundamental aspect of the right to an effective remedy. The obligation to provide an effective remedy is not fulfilled without reparation to individuals whose rights have been violated. In addition to compensation, reparations can involve “restitution, rehabilitation and measures of satisfaction, such as public apologies, public memorials, guarantees of non‑repetition and changes in relevant laws and practices, as well as bringing to justice the perpetrators of human rights violations”.[15]",
"65. Nevertheless, the information received by the mandate holder often illustrates the lack of effective response by authorities to defenders, which has resulted in impunity for those abusing their rights. Judicial authorities have shown an alarming lack of diligence in investigating cases of abuse against defenders and leniency towards suspected perpetrators, especially members of the security and armed forces. Similarly, defenders have raised impunity as one of the main concerns regarding violations committed by non-State actors. In many instances, complaints by defenders about violations of their rights are either never investigated or dismissed without justification.",
"66. The mandate holder has also repeatedly received information about the situation of women defenders working on issues of impunity and access to justice, including witnesses and victims of human rights violations seeking redress, as well as the lawyers, individuals and organizations representing or supporting them. This group appears to be particularly at risk in certain countries.",
"67. The Special Rapporteur is greatly concerned by these trends, which reveal that impunity for human rights abuses against defenders remains unacceptably widespread. Ending impunity is a necessary condition to ensure the security of defenders.",
"X. Right to access funding",
"68. The right to access funding is an inherent element of the right to freedom of association, which is contained in major human rights instruments. The Declaration on Human Rights Defenders explicitly recognizes the right to access funding as a self-standing substantive right under article 13. The wording of article 13 covers the different phases of the funding cycle. States are under an obligation to permit individuals and organizations to seek, receive and utilize funding. The Declaration requires States to adopt legislative, administrative or other measures to facilitate or, at a minimum, not to hinder the effective exercise of the right to access funding.",
"69. Article 13 of the Declaration also specifies that the funds must be used “for the express purpose of promoting and protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms through peaceful means”. In addition, article 3 of the Declaration establishes that while domestic legislation is the proper legal framework to guarantee the enjoyment of the right to access funding, legislation must be consistent with international human rights norms and standards.",
"70. Concerning the origin of the funds, the Declaration protects the right to receive funding from different sources, including foreign ones. Given the limited resources available for human rights organizations at the local level, restrictions on access to international funding can gravely affect the ability of defenders to carry out their work. In some cases, these limitations can threaten the very existence of organizations. Governments should allow access by human rights defenders, in particular non-governmental organizations, to foreign funding as a part of international cooperation, to which civil society is entitled to the same extent as Governments.",
"71. Many countries have put in place legislation that significantly restricts the ability of human rights organizations to access funding, including restrictions on the origin of the funds and the requirement for prior State authorization for non‑governmental organizations to receive funds from foreign donors. Some Governments have introduced a complete prohibition on certain types of funding, for example funding coming from United Nations agencies or other bilateral donors. In other instances, organizations working in particular fields — such as governance issues — are prohibited from receiving foreign funding.",
"72. Governments also place restrictions on how funds can be used and make use of tax laws and regulations to unduly hinder the work of human rights organizations. In particular, non-governmental organizations that are critical of their Governments often face extensive tax scrutiny and abusive use of fiscal procedures by the relevant authorities.",
"73. In addition to restrictive legislation and practices, the political environment in a given country can undermine access to funding, in particular for women’s groups. Women’s groups have indicated that patriarchal societies, sexism and authoritarian regimes are some of the most common structural challenges to accessing funding used to support their work.[16]",
"XI. Permissible derogations and the right to defend human rights",
"74. Article 4 (1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights states: “In time of public emergency which threatens the life of the nation and the existence of which is officially proclaimed, the States Parties to the present Covenant may take measures derogating from their obligations under the present Covenant to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, provided that such measures are not inconsistent with their other obligations under international law and do not involve discrimination solely on the ground of race, colour, sex, language, religion or social origin.”",
"75. Two fundamental conditions must be met before a State invokes article 4 of the Covenant: the situation must amount to a public emergency that threatens the life of the nation, and the State must have officially proclaimed a state of emergency. An additional fundamental requirement is that such measures must be limited to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation. This relates to the duration, geographical coverage and material scope of the state of emergency and any measures of derogation adopted because of the emergency. Further, article 4 (1) requires that no measure derogating from the provisions of the Covenant can be inconsistent with the State’s other obligations under international law, particularly the rules of international humanitarian law, and that States parties may in no circumstances invoke article 4 of the Covenant as justification for acting in violation of humanitarian law or peremptory norms of international law.[17]",
"76. The significance of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders lies in its provision of legitimacy and protection to certain activities that protect and promote universally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms. The central focus of the Declaration is not the recognition of these rights, but their reiteration and the protection of activities for their promotion. The Declaration extends protection to persons only to the extent of their engagement in these activities. These are important distinctions to take into account when considering any arguments regarding derogations, limitations and restrictions on rights in the emergency or security context. Even if some rights or freedoms are restricted in a situation of emergency, or under security legislation, or because of any other requirements, any activity relating to the monitoring of these rights can be neither restricted nor suspended.",
"77. In this context, derogations from and exceptions to applicable human rights standards, including the Declaration, should be required to meet a higher standard when they are applied to human rights defenders. At times of great risk to human rights, it is essential that there is some form of independent monitoring and accounting of these rights. It would be contrary to the spirit of international human rights standards to argue that at these moments of greater risk the right to defend human rights can be legally silenced.",
"XII. Conclusions and recommendations",
"78. The Special Rapporteur remains concerned that more than a decade after the adoption of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, although some progress has been made, many countries continue to pass laws and regulations that restrict the space for human rights activities and that are incompatible with international standards and with the Declaration in particular. Even where efforts are made to adopt laws that are in line with international standards, their ineffective implementation often remains a problem.",
"79. The Declaration is an instrument that is not sufficiently known, either to Governments or to human rights defenders, and more needs to be done. The Special Rapporteur hopes that, by raising awareness about the Declaration, the present report will contribute to the development of a safer and more conducive environment for defenders to be able to carry out their legitimate work.",
"80. After an analysis of the rights provided for in the Declaration, the necessary aspects to ensure their implementation and the main challenges faced by human rights defenders, the Special Rapporteur would like to set forth the following recommendations:",
"Right to be protected",
"81. States should refrain from stigmatizing the work of human rights defenders and should recognize the role they play, including women defenders and those working on women’s rights or gender issues, as well as the legitimacy of their activities in public statements. Such recognition is a first step for preventing or reducing threats and risks against them.",
"82. States should also ensure that violations against defenders, including women defenders and those working on women’s rights or gender issues, committed by State and non-State agents are promptly and impartially investigated and that those responsible are adequately punished.",
"83. States should adopt national laws on the protection of defenders, with a specific reference to the work of women human rights defenders. These laws should be developed in consultation with civil society and with technical advice from relevant international agencies.",
"84. States should refer to the minimum guidelines concerning protection programmes for human rights defenders that the Special Rapporteur issued in 2010 (A/HRC/13/22, para. 113).",
"85. Non-State actors and private entities should abide by the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders and refrain from endangering the safety of defenders and obstructing their work. In addition, national and transnational corporations should develop human rights policies in cooperation with defenders, including monitoring and accountability mechanisms related to violations of the rights of defenders.",
"86. National human rights institutions are encouraged to prioritize the protection of defenders in their agenda and establish focal points for defenders. These institutions should investigate complaints made by defenders and disseminate the Declaration.",
"87. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights is encouraged to develop a comprehensive strategy to protect defenders, including against threats and reprisals by non-State actors.",
"Right to freedom of assembly",
"88. States should favour regimes of notification rather than authorization of assemblies and, when authorization is required, States should make sure that it is provided in accordance with the principle of non-discrimination. In this connection, States must ensure that there are satisfactory review procedures for complaints of restrictions being imposed on assemblies.",
"89. States should ensure that law enforcement officials are trained in international human rights standards and international standards for the policing of peaceful assemblies, including the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, the Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials and other relevant treaties, declarations and guidelines.",
"90. States should enforce a code of conduct for law enforcement officials, particularly with regard to crowd control and the use of force, and ensure that the legal framework contains effective provisions for the oversight and accountability of officials, especially with regard to their responses to public protest actions.",
"91. All allegations of indiscriminate and/or excessive use of force by law enforcement officials should be properly investigated and appropriate action taken against the responsible officials.",
"92. States must take the necessary steps to guarantee the effective exercise of the right to freedom of assembly for all individuals without discrimination of any kind. In many countries, women defenders often face more risks when participating in collective public action because of perceptions of the traditional role of women in some societies. Those working on women’s rights and gender issues also face more risks.",
"93. States should review their legal framework to ensure that national legislation is in conformity with the Declaration and other international commitments and international standards relating to the right to freedom of assembly in accordance with article 2 (2) of the Declaration.",
"Right to freedom of association",
"94. States should take the necessary steps to guarantee the effective exercise of the right to freedom of association for all individuals without discrimination of any kind.",
"95. States should not interfere with the internal management or activities of non‑governmental organizations. Domestic laws should avoid containing lists of permitted or prohibited activities for civil society organizations and non‑governmental organizations should be able to carry out activities in defence of human rights.",
"96. States must put in place a single, publicly accessible register for civil society organizations. Registration bodies should be independent from the Government and should include representatives of civil society.",
"97. Regarding registration laws and procedures, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:",
"(a) Non-governmental organizations be allowed to carry out collective activities without having to register and that States do not impose criminal sanctions for participating in unregistered entities;",
"(b) Laws governing the creation, registration and functioning of civil society organizations be written and establish clear, consistent and simple criteria to be met in order to register. Non-governmental organizations that meet the prescribed criteria should be immediately able to register as legal entities;",
"(c) States ensure that existing laws and regulations are applied in an independent and transparent manner. Laws should be clear about the status of organizations in the period between the request for registration and the final decision. Pending such a final decision, human rights organizations should be free to carry out their activities;",
"(d) In the event of the adoption of a new law concerning civil society organizations, all previously registered non-governmental organizations be considered as continuing to operate legally and be provided with fast track procedures to update their registration. Unless a new law is adopted, existing laws governing the registration of civil society organizations should not require that organizations re-register periodically;",
"(e) The registration process be prompt, accessible and inexpensive. States should not impose costs related to the registration process that make it difficult for non-governmental organizations to maintain their registration, nor should they place other unsustainable burdens upon them;",
"(f) States guarantee the right to appeal against any denial of registration. States should also ensure an effective and prompt remedy against any rejection of application, as well as an independent judicial review of the decisions of the registration authority.",
"Right to access and communicate with international bodies",
"98. States should refrain from all acts of intimidation or reprisal against defenders who have sought to cooperate or have cooperated with United Nations human rights bodies, those who have availed themselves of procedures established by the United Nations, those who have provided legal assistance to victims, those who have submitted communications under procedures established by human rights instruments, and those who are relatives of victims of human rights violations.",
"99. States must protect individuals and members of groups who wish to cooperate with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms. States also have a duty to end impunity for perpetrators of violence against individuals who have sought to cooperate with the United Nations and to provide remedies for victims.",
"100. States should refrain from imposing travel restrictions and guarantee defenders access to United Nations bodies and to have the possibility to present oral and written reports and to have those reports given due consideration.",
"Right to freedom of opinion and expression",
"101. States should take all the necessary steps to ensure the effective exercise of the right to freedom of opinion and expression for all individuals and social sectors, without discrimination of any kind.[18]",
"102. States should ensure that security legislation is not applied against human rights defenders as a means to prevent their human rights work. States must guarantee the possibility for human rights defenders to effectively monitor the application of security legislation. In the context of the arrest and detention of a person under security legislation, defenders should, at a minimum, have regular access to the detainee and to basic information on the substance of the charges on which the detainee is held.",
"103. States must ensure that laws and policies reflect the right of defenders to access information and places of alleged violations and that the relevant authorities are trained to give effect to this right.",
"104. States should also ensure that information held by non-State actors — in particular private companies — that is linked to public interest is made available to the public. States should establish an effective and independent mechanism for this purpose.",
"105. States should refrain from criminalizing, limiting or censoring the exercise of freedom of expression. Except for the permissible and legitimate restrictions established in international human rights law, any measure of this kind should be abolished.[19]",
"106. Defamation and similar offences should be dealt with under civil law and the fines to be paid as compensation should be sufficient to allow for the continuation of professional activities. Prison sentences should be excluded for offences regarding the reputation of others such as libel and defamation.[20]",
"107. States must abstain from introducing new legislation with the same aim as defamation laws under different legal terminology such as disinformation and dissemination of false information. Criticism of the nation, its symbols, the Government, its members and their action should never be seen as an offence.[21]",
"Right to protest",
"108. States should enforce a code of conduct on law enforcement officials, particularly with regard to crowd control and the use of force, and ensure that the legal framework provides for the accountability of officials concerning their responses to public protests.",
"109. States should take all necessary measures to protect defenders during protests, refrain from the use of excessive force against protesters and adhere to international human rights norms when arresting persons in the context of peaceful demonstrations.",
"110. States must ensure that anti-terrorism legislation and measures are not applied against human rights defenders to hamper their human rights work.",
"111. States are encouraged to take the following measures to address the protection needs of the following groups of defenders:",
"(a) Women defenders:",
"(i) Investigate and prosecute cases of gender-based violence against women defenders during demonstrations;",
"(ii) Train and instruct law enforcement officials on protection measures to be taken with regard to children taking part in demonstrations with their mothers;",
"(b) Defenders working on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights:",
"(i) Hold accountable authorities taking unlawful decisions banning demonstrations;",
"(ii) Ensure the protection of participants in gay pride parades before, during and after marches from violence by counter-protestors;",
"(iii) Train law enforcement officials on appropriate conduct, particularly in relation to the implementation of the non-discrimination principle and respect for diversity;",
"(c) Student activists:",
"Take steps to create a conducive environment to allow children and young adults to associate and express views on matters affecting them as well as on broader human rights issues;",
"(d) Trade unionists:",
"(i) Acknowledge trade unionists as human rights defenders entitled to the rights and protection set out in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders;",
"(ii) Review restrictive legislation on the right to strike, including provisions with very broad definitions of essential services that restrict or prevent strikes by large sectors of civil servants;",
"(e) Defenders and journalists monitoring demonstrations:",
"Allow human rights defenders to perform their monitoring role and grant media access to assemblies to facilitate independent coverage.",
"Right to develop and discuss new ideas",
"112. States should recognize a defender’s right to promote and protect new human rights ideas (or ideas that are perceived as new) and to advocate for their acceptance. States should publicly recognize the legitimacy of defenders’ activities as a first step to preventing or reducing violations against them.",
"113. States must take necessary measures to create an environment of pluralism, tolerance and respect in which all human rights defenders can carry out their work without risk to their physical and psychological integrity or to any form of restriction, harassment, intimidation or fear of persecution.",
"114. States should take additional measures to ensure the protection of defenders who are at greater risk of facing certain forms of violence because they are perceived as challenging accepted sociocultural norms, traditions, perceptions and stereotypes about femininity, sexual orientation and the role and status of women in society.",
"Right to effective remedy",
"115. States should ensure prompt and independent investigations of all violations against defenders, the prosecution of alleged perpetrators and the imposition of adequate penalties. States should also ensure that victims have access to justice and effective remedies, including appropriate compensation.",
"116. States should ensure accountability of those who have committed human rights violations, especially against human rights defenders, by means of appropriate disciplinary, civil and criminal proceedings. The application of legal penalties for false prosecution of defenders should be considered.",
"117. States must ensure that public officials and law enforcement officers who are responsible for the prevention, investigation and prosecution of violations against defenders receive adequate training on the Declaration and on the specific protection needs of defenders.",
"118. States must respond to communications sent pursuant to the mandate on human rights defenders in a timely and comprehensive manner. A good practice for replies is to provide information on the measures taken to redress the individual situation, as well as on the initiatives taken to prevent the recurrence of similar situations.",
"Right to access to funding",
"119. States should ensure and facilitate by law access to funds, including from foreign sources, for the purpose of defending human rights.",
"120. States should refrain from restricting the use of funds, providing they comply with the purposes expressly established in the Declaration of promoting and protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms through peaceful means. States should not require prior governmental authorization to apply for or receive funding from abroad.",
"121. States must allow access by non-governmental organizations to foreign funding and restrict such access only in the interest of transparency and in compliance with generally applicable foreign exchange and customs laws. States should therefore review existing laws to facilitate access to funding.",
"122. States must allow non-governmental organizations to engage in all legally acceptable fund-raising activities under the same regulations that apply to other non‑profit organizations in general.",
"123. States should prohibit extensive tax scrutiny and abusive use of fiscal procedures by the relevant authorities.",
"[1] Although not a legally binding instrument, the Declaration contains rights that are already recognized in many legally binding international human rights instruments, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Declaration specifies how the rights included in major human rights instruments apply to human rights defenders and their work. In addition, the Declaration was adopted by consensus by the General Assembly, which consequently represents States’ strong commitment towards its implementation.",
"[2] Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 28 concerning article 3 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (equality of rights between men and women), para. 5.",
"[3] Manfred Nowak, United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary, 2nd revised ed. (N.P. Engel, 2005), p. 490, para. 19.",
"[4] Ibid., p. 489, paras. 21 and 22.",
"[5] See Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on Uzbekistan (CCPR/CO/83/UZB, para. 19) and Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on Morocco (CCPR/CO/82/ MAR, para. 18), cited in “Right to access international bodies”, Human Rights Defenders Briefing Papers series (International Service for Human Rights, 2009), pp. 5 and 6.",
"[6] See also “Right to access international bodies”, Human Rights Defenders Briefing Papers series (International Service for Human Rights, 2009), p. 5.",
"[7] Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 28, para. 5.",
"[8] Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 10 concerning article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (freedom of opinion), para. 1.",
"[9] Ibid., para. 4.",
"[10] Ibid., para. 4.",
"[11] See also “Protecting human rights defenders”, Human Rights First, available from www.humanrightsfirst.org/our-work/human-rights-defenders/protecting-human-rights-defenders.",
"[12] Paul Gordon Lauren, The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), p. 282.",
"[13] Nowak, United Nations Covenant, p. 505.",
"[14] Bączkowski and Others v. Poland (Application No. 1543/06), European Court of Human Rights, Chamber judgment of 3 May 2007.",
"[15] Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 31 concerning the nature of the general legal obligations imposed on States parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, para. 16.",
"[16] FundHer Brief 2008, “Money watch for women’s rights movements and organizations”, p. 17 (Association for Women’s Rights in Development, 2008).",
"[17] Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 29 concerning article 4 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (derogations during a state of emergency).",
"[18] Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression (A/HRC/14/23, para. 119).",
"[19] Ibid., para. 120.",
"[20] Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression (A/HRC/4/27, para. 81).",
"[21] Ibid., para. 82."
] | A_66_203 | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*",
"Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms",
"* A/66/150.",
"Human rights defenders",
"Note by the Secretary-General",
"The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the present report, prepared by the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, Margaret Sekaggya, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/163.",
"Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders",
"Summary",
"The report identifies the rights set out in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders and provides an analysis of the content of the various rights, as well as of the different aspects necessary to ensure their implementation. The report also addresses the most common restrictions and violations faced by defenders and provides a number of recommendations to facilitate the implementation of each of these rights by States.",
"The report has two objectives: to raise awareness of the rights set out in the Declaration and to serve as a practical tool for defenders working to ensure that their rights under the Declaration are respected.",
"Despite efforts to implement the Declaration, human rights defenders continue to face numerous violations of their rights. It is hoped that the present report will contribute to the development of a safer and more conducive environment for defenders to carry out their work. The Special Rapporteur ' s website contains a more comprehensive commentary on the Declaration.",
"Contents",
"Page I.Introduction 4II.Right 5 to Protection III.Right 8 to Freedom of Meeting IV.Right 9 to freedom of association V.Right 11 to access and communicate with international agencies VI.Right 13 to freedom of opinion and expression VII.Right 15 to protest VIII.Right 16 to develop and discuss new ideas on human rights IX. Right 17 to an effective remedy.",
"I. Introduction",
"1. The present report is the fourth submitted to the General Assembly by the current Special Rapporteur, and the tenth first submitted to that agency since 2001 by the mandate holder for human rights defenders. The report is submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 16/5 and General Assembly resolution 64/163.",
"2. The Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms reaffirms rights that are essential to the defence of human rights, including freedom of association, freedom of peaceful assembly, freedom of opinion and expression, and access to finance, and to develop and discuss new ideas on human rights. The implementation of the Declaration is a prerequisite for the creation of an enabling environment for human rights defenders to carry out their work.",
"3. While some States have endeavoured to ensure that domestic legislation reflects the obligations of the State set out in the Declaration and other international human rights standards, in many countries the current trend is to enact laws and regulations that restrict space for human rights activities. Many national laws are incompatible with international standards and, in particular, with the Declaration. Even when efforts are made to enact laws that conform to international standards, their unsuccessful application often continues to create problems.",
"4. Although more than a decade has elapsed since the adoption of the Declaration by the General Assembly, it is not yet a sufficiently well-known instrument, both by the main actors responsible for its implementation, i.e. by Governments, and by those whose rights it protects, human rights defenders. Accordingly, further efforts are needed to raise awareness of the rights and obligations set out in the Declaration[1].",
"5. The purpose of the present report is to reduce this gap, improving States ' understanding of the rights and obligations contained in the Declaration, as well as increasing awareness of this instrument among relevant non-State actors that can contribute to the development of an enabling environment for the work of defenders. In addition, this report aims to enhance the capacity of human rights defenders to ensure that their rights are respected in accordance with the Declaration. The present report is mostly based on the analysis of the information received and the reports prepared by both mandate holders, Ms. Margaret Sekkaggya, Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights, and her predecessor, Ms. Hina Jilani, Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the situation of human rights defenders.",
"6. The report is divided into 10 sections, and each of them addresses a right set out in the Declaration, namely: the right to protection, the right to freedom of assembly, the right to freedom of association, the right to access and communicate with international agencies, the right to freedom of opinion and expression, the right to protest, the right to develop and discuss new ideas on human rights, the right to an effective remedy and the right to access to freedom of opinion and expression. The final section addresses derogations that are permissible to those rights. The Special Rapporteur then makes a number of recommendations regarding the implementation of each right.",
"7. In accordance with the mandate of the Special Rapporteur to integrate a gender perspective throughout her work, the present report refers to the particular conditions of the situation of women human rights defenders, in particular to the challenges they face. Human rights defenders are at greater risk of being subjected to certain forms of violence, prejudice, repudiation and other violations than their male counterparts. Often, this is because human rights defenders are perceived as challenging accepted norms, traditions, perceptions and sociocultural stereotypes. In the present report, the term human rights defenders is used to refer to women who, individually or in association with others, act to promote or protect human rights, including women. The term may also refer to males working for women ' s rights, as well as more generally on gender issues.",
"8. The present report is expected to contribute to the promotion of a more secure and enabling environment for defenders to carry out their work. The Special Rapporteur ' s website contains a more comprehensive commentary on the Declaration[2].",
"II. Right to protection",
"9. The State ' s obligation to protect the rights of defenders against violations committed by State and non-State actors derives from the primary responsibility and obligation of each State to protect all human rights, as enshrined in article 2 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which establishes the obligation of States to guarantee to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the Covenant, without distinction. In its preamble and articles 2, 9 and 12, the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders establishes the State ' s obligation to protect human rights defenders.",
"10. The obligation of States to protect includes both negative and positive aspects. On the one hand, States should refrain from violating human rights. On the other hand, States must exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate and punish any violation of the rights enshrined in the Declaration. In other words, States should prevent violations of the rights of defenders subject to their jurisdiction by adopting legal, judicial, administrative and other measures to ensure that defenders enjoy their rights; investigate alleged violations; prosecute alleged perpetrators; and grant defenders resources and redress. In order to better protect defenders, States should also harmonize their domestic legal frameworks with the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders.",
"11. The obligation to protect also entails ensuring that defenders are not victims of violations of their rights by non-State actors. The lack of protection of defenders could, in particular circumstances, give rise to State responsibility. For example, acts and omissions committed by non-State actors under instructions, State control or direction may, in certain circumstances, lead to State responsibility.",
"12. The Declaration reaffirms the responsibility of all persons not to violate the rights of others, including the responsibility of non-State actors to respect the rights of human rights defenders (see articles 10, 11, 12.3 and 19). Accordingly, all non-State actors, including armed groups, the press, confessional groups, communities, private companies and individuals, should refrain from taking any action to ensure that defenders cannot exercise their rights.",
"13. In order to ensure the personal security of defenders at imminent risk, States have taken various protective measures and programmes. Many States use witness protection programmes; others have implemented protection measures, including the establishment of special investigation units for crimes committed against human rights activists; the establishment of early warning systems; the provision of police protection and bodyguards; and through programmes that enable defenders to move to other regions or countries in emergency situations.",
"14. However, many of these measures have received criticism of their effectiveness and sustainability. For example, witness protection programmes are not sufficient to ensure the safety of defenders because, in most cases, they were not designed to that end and do not take into account their specific needs. In other instances, the outcome of the risk assessment has not been conformed to the vulnerability situation faced by defenders seeking protection. In addition, in some cases, protection measures have not addressed the specific conditions of the profile of defenders regarding their gender, ethnic affiliation, leadership position and place of residence. In other cases, the bodyguards have transmitted information to the intelligence agencies. Defenders have also raised concerns about the privatization of protection measures, which may transfer responsibility for protection to private security companies. Defenders fear that these companies can employ former members of paramilitary forces.",
"15. With regard to protection measures for human rights defenders and those working for women ' s rights or gender issues, in most cases there are no specific mechanisms or, where they exist, they are often affected by lack of implementation, political will or gender specificities.",
"16. In order for protection to be adequate, a comprehensive policy of Governments is required to establish an appropriate environment for respect for the work of defenders; that the legal framework conforms to the provisions of the Declaration; and that those who take action against defenders are brought to justice. Addressing impunity, in accordance with article 12 of the Declaration, is a fundamental step in ensuring a safe environment for defenders.",
"17. In all regions of the world, defenders, including women defenders and those working for women ' s rights or gender issues, continue to be victims of intimidation, threats, murder, disappearances, torture and ill-treatment, arbitrary detentions, surveillance, administrative and judicial harassment and, more generally, stigmatization by State and non-State actors. Offences faced by women defenders may adopt specific forms of their gender, ranging from verbal abuse based on their sex, sexual abuse and rape. Defenders also face violations of their rights to freedom of opinion and expression, access to information, access to financing, freedom of movement and freedom of association and peaceful assembly. In many countries, there is a climate of impunity for violations against defenders.",
"18. Specific situations affecting the work of human rights defenders and leading to an extremely insecure environment include:",
"(a) The stigmatization, to which women ' s rights defenders and their male counterparts are subjected in certain contexts, which includes the accusation of being fronts of guerrilla movements, terrorists, political extremists, separatists or working for foreign countries or their interests. Women defenders are often also stigmatized because of their sex or gender-based rights they promote.",
"(b) The prosecution of defenders and the criminalization of their activities. Defenders are arrested and prosecuted on the basis of false accusations. Others are held without charge, often without access to a lawyer, medical care or judicial process and without being informed of the reasons for their arrest.",
"(c) Attacks by non-State actors and climate of impunity. Non-State actors have increasingly participated in attacks against human rights defenders. Guerrileros, private militias, vigilante groups and armed groups have participated in acts of violence against defenders, including beatings, killings and various acts of intimidation. Private companies have also participated, directly or indirectly, in acts of violence against defenders.",
"19. In addition, community leaders and faith-based groups increasingly resort to stigmatization of defenders dealing with issues such as lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights, violence against women and domestic violence. Defenders working in the area of domestic violence and other forms of violence against women often also receive pressure from family members or are threatened by perpetrators to withdraw complaints.",
"20. In some parts of the world, the press has also participated in violations against human rights defenders, especially in relation to violations of their right to privacy. In some States, defenders have been victims of press denigration campaigns, although sometimes the authors were means of State ownership.",
"III. Right to freedom of assembly",
"21. Articles 5 and 12 of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders recognize the right to freedom of assembly and the legitimacy of participation in peaceful protest against human rights violations. The right to peaceful assembly is essential to human rights defenders; without guaranteeing this right and protection against its violation by State officials and non-State entities, the capacity of defenders to play their role in the protection and promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms is severely restricted.",
"22. The right to peaceful assembly applies to all men and women who promote and protect human rights, insofar as they accept and apply the principles of universality and non-violence. Since women ' s inequality in the enjoyment of their rights is rooted in “tradition, history and culture, including in religious attitudes”[3], States must ensure that such attitudes are not used to justify violations of women ' s right to equality before the law and the equal enjoyment of all rights[4], including the right to freedom of assembly.",
"23. The Declaration protects many forms of assembly, from those held in private homes to conferences in public places, demonstrations, vigils, marches, pickets and other types of meetings, in order to promote and protect human rights. This right can also be exercised individually and in association with other persons. Accordingly, it is not necessary for a non-governmental organization to have a legal personality to participate in meetings, including demonstrations.",
"24. Human rights defenders must carry out such activities peacefully in order to be protected under the Declaration. The Special Rapporteur is concerned that State actors frequently resort to excessive use of force to respond to situations related to freedom of assembly, which in some cases has led to violent reactions in what were peaceful assemblies. Such conduct constitutes a clear violation of the Declaration and makes the State responsible for the provocations leading to violence. Under the Declaration, domestic law must effectively protect defenders from acts committed by the State leading to human rights violations. The Declaration also provides protection to defenders when they protest against acts of violence by other groups or individuals. Accordingly, the protection afforded by the Declaration includes violations committed by both the State and non-State actors.",
"25. With regard to permissible restrictions, freedom of assembly may be subject to limitations in accordance with applicable international obligations. Article 21 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights defines the requirements for limitations to be considered permissible. First, the restrictions must be subject to the provisions of the legislation, i.e. they may be imposed not only by law, but also by more general regulatory authorization, such as an executive order or a decree[5]. Second, restrictions must be necessary in a democratic society, which means that limitations must be proportional—States must first exhaust all alternatives that limit the right to a lesser extent—and must conform to a minimum of democratic principles.[6] Finally, the only foundations that allow for interference with the right to peaceful assembly are national security or public security, public order, protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.",
"26. Restrictions on the right to assembly have been broadly applied to prohibit or disrupt peaceful human rights meetings, often on the pretext of the need to maintain public order, and on the basis of legislation, arguments and counter-terrorism mechanisms. The mandate has identified the following trends as violations of the right of assembly: (a) excessive use of force against human rights defenders during meetings; (b) arrest and detention of defenders while exercising their right of assembly or preventing them from participating in demonstrations; (c) threats against defenders and their family members before, during or after their participation in peaceful meetings; (d) harassment and judicial prosecution of defenders; (e) restrictions on travel imposed on defenders;",
"27. Human rights defenders often face more risks than their male counterparts when they engage in public collective activities as a result of perceptions in some societies about the traditional role of women, and become targets of non-State actors. In some cases, reprisals against women defenders take forms such as rape and sexual assault, which, in addition to causing physical and psychological harm, may have negative social consequences.",
"IV. Right to freedom of association",
"28. The right to freedom of association is recognized in many international and regional instruments, including the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, which in its article 5 establishes the right of everyone, individually or collectively, to form and join or participate in organizations, associations or non-governmental groups. The Declaration emphasizes that the promotion and protection of human rights is a legitimate goal that can seek a partnership.",
"29. The right to freedom of association applies to all men and women engaged in the promotion and protection of human rights, provided they accept and apply the principles of universality and non-violence.",
"30. The right of women to participate in public life, including through the promotion and protection of human rights, is contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as in several international treaties. Under article 7 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, States agreed to take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the political and public life of the country and, in particular, to ensure, on an equal basis with men, the right to participate in non-governmental organizations and associations concerned with the public and political life of the country.",
"31. States undertake both negative and positive obligations as a result of the right to freedom of association, including the obligation to prevent violations of that right, protect those exercising it and investigate violations of that right. Given the importance of the role played by human rights defenders in democratic societies, the free and full exercise of this right requires States to create legal and real conditions for defenders to freely develop their activities. Furthermore, although associations must have some kind of institutional structure, it is not necessary for them to function to assume a legal personality and, under the Declaration, de facto associations receive the same protection.",
"32. With regard to permissible restrictions, the right to freedom of association is not absolute and may be subject to limitations under applicable international obligations. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (article 22) specifically details the requirements for such limitations to be admissible. For a restriction on the right to freedom of association to be valid, it must meet the following conditions: (a) it must be provided by law, i.e. through an act of parliament or an unwritten rule equivalent to common law. Limitations are not permissible if introduced by government decrees or other similar administrative orders; (b) they must be necessary in a democratic society; the State must demonstrate that the limitations are necessary to prevent a real threat to national security or to democratic order and that other less invasive measures are not adequate to achieve that purpose; (c) such limitations can only be imposed in the interest of national security, public safety or public order, or to protect public health or other freedoms.",
"33. This provision, read in conjunction with articles 5 and 17 of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, should be interpreted as implying the protection of human rights organizations that criticize State policies, publicize human rights violations committed by the authorities or question the existing legal and constitutional framework.",
"34. The Special Rapporteur has noted that in many countries national legislation regulating the functioning of non-governmental organizations imposes serious restrictions on their registration, funding, administration and functioning. In particular, national legislation has been used to interfere with the internal management and activities of non-governmental organizations, including by restricting the types of activity allowed to be carried out by civil society organizations without the prior consent of the Government. The discretionary interpretation of existing laws has also allowed the authorities to institute legal proceedings against human rights organizations for minor offences or to dissolve them without providing them with an adequate remedy or judicial supervision. In other cases, legislation was apparently in line with international standards, but registration procedures had been used arbitrarily to deny protection to non-governmental human rights organizations that most criticized Governments.",
"V. Right to access and communicate with international agencies",
"35. The right to access and communicate with international agencies, as recognized in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, is contained in the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (art. 11), the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (art. 15) and the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (art. 13). The optional protocols include a specific provision that requests States parties to take all necessary means to ensure that persons under their jurisdiction are not subject to ill-treatment or intimidation, or suffer any harm for having communicated with the monitoring bodies of the respective instruments or for providing them with information.",
"36. This right is also protected under other relevant provisions, such as the right to freedom of movement and freedom of expression.[7] The declaration recognizes the right to access and communicate with international agencies, in accordance with articles 5 (c) and 9 (4). In making explicit reference to this right under two different provisions, the Declaration recognizes that access to and communication with international agencies are essential to enable human rights defenders to carry out their work and to alert the international community to human rights problems, and to bring to the attention of regional and international human rights mechanisms the most important cases.",
"37. The Declaration protects a wide range of collaborative activities with international agencies and agencies, from reporting on specific cases or complaints, or from reporting on the internal situation of human rights in a country in particular to international human rights entities[8]. With regard to the various bodies and mechanisms with which defenders can interact, the Declaration establishes the right to communicate with a broad spectrum of institutions and mechanisms, including non-governmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations and international bodies. These mechanisms include United Nations bodies, including their representatives and mechanisms, such as treaty bodies, special procedures, universal periodic review mechanisms and field presences of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, as well as other non-United Nations system agencies.",
"38. The mandate has emphasized how the United Nations human rights treaty bodies and the various special procedures of the Human Rights Council depend largely on the information provided to them by human rights defenders. Such information can be used as a valuable early warning system to alert the international community to emerging or imminent threats to peace.",
"39. With regard to the protection afforded to defenders working with international mechanisms, the Declaration specifies the obligation of States to take all necessary measures to protect defenders in the exercise of their rights (art. 12.2). In addition, non-State actors may be held responsible for violations of the rights of defenders who are crimes or crimes under domestic law.",
"40. The Human Rights Council and its predecessor, the Commission on Human Rights, also addressed this issue in several resolutions and requested the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the High Commissioner for Human Rights to report cases of persons or groups who have been intimidated or victims of reprisals for cooperating or trying to cooperate with the United Nations, including its representatives and mechanisms, in the field of human rights.[9]",
"41. The mandate has intervened in cases where human rights activists were not allowed to leave their countries to participate in international human rights events, including the Human Rights Council, or were harassed or subjected to serious reprisals upon their return to their country of origin after they had participated in such events. The mandate has also intervened in cases of persons who were particularly affected after having submitted information or complaints to international human rights mechanisms, in particular the mandate and other special procedures of the Human Rights Council. The mandate remains deeply concerned at allegations of intimidation, threats, attacks, arbitrary detentions, ill-treatment, torture and killing of human rights defenders who collaborated with the United Nations or other international mechanisms.",
"42. In addition to the cases in which the mandate has received direct information on the situation of human rights defenders, the reports of the Secretary-General relating to cooperation with representatives or mechanisms of United Nations human rights bodies describe situations of persons who have been subjected to intimidation or reprisals by Governments and non-governmental actors for having tried to cooperate or for cooperating with the United Nations, their representatives and mechanisms in the field of human rights; for having provided evidence established For example, in cases of reprisal contained in the Secretary-General ' s 2010 report, instances of attacks, threats, intimidation and harassment are mentioned; detention, imprisonment and physical violence against defenders, including murder; and campaigns aimed at stigmatizing or subtracting legitimacy to the activities of human rights defenders. These acts are intended to affect or prevent the cooperation of individuals and groups with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms.[10]",
"VI. Right to freedom of opinion and expression",
"43. The right to freedom of opinion and expression is of crucial importance to the work of human rights defenders. Without this right, defenders could not carry out their work in monitoring, promoting and protecting human rights. This right applies to both men and women who promote and protect human rights, provided they accept and apply the principles of universality and non-violence. In the case of human rights defenders, States need to ensure that tradition, history, culture and religious attitudes are not used to justify violations of women ' s right to equality before the law and the enjoyment of rights on an equal basis.[11]",
"44. Article 6 of the Declaration recognizes three different aspects of this right: (1) the right to have an opinion without interference; (2) the right to access information; and (3) the right to disseminate information and ideas of any kind. With regard to the first aspect, the right to have an opinion, no restriction is allowed.[12]",
"45. With regard to the other two aspects, article 19, paragraph 3, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights states that “the exercise of the right to freedom of expression entails special duties and responsibilities, and for this reason certain restrictions of the right in the interests of third parties or of the community as a whole are permitted. However, when a State party considers it appropriate to impose certain restrictions on the exercise of freedom of expression, they should not jeopardize that right in themselves.”[13] Under paragraph 3, the restrictions must be “established by law” and must be justified as “necessary” for one of the following purposes: (a) ensuring respect for the rights or reputation of others; (b) protecting national security, public order or public health or public morals[14].",
"46. The Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression has emphasized that the following dimensions of the right to freedom of expression are not permitted:",
"(i) Discussion of government policies and political debate; information on human rights, government activities and corruption in government; participation in electoral campaigns, peaceful demonstrations or political activities, for peace and democracy, in particular, and expression of views or discrepancies, religious ideas or beliefs, among others, by members of minorities or vulnerable groups;",
"(ii) The free circulation of information and ideas, including practices such as the unwarranted prohibition or closure of publications or other media and abuse of administrative measures and censorship;",
"(iii) Access to information and communication technologies, such as radio, television and Internet, and the use of such technologies[15].",
"47. The enjoyment of this right requires States to fulfil their both positive and negative obligations, including by refraining from interfering in the enjoyment of the right; to protect it, or to exercise due diligence in order to prevent, Punish, investigate and compensate the harm caused by private individuals or entities; and to take positive measures to enforce the right[16].",
"48. Despite the protection provided by international and regional human rights instruments and national constitutions, the right to freedom of expression has suffered the most adverse restrictions under national security or counter-terrorism laws. In many cases, such laws have been used to criminalize dissent and to suppress the right to be held accountable by States. The provisions of the laws on internal security, official secrets and sedition have been used, inter alia, to deny freedom of information to defenders and to prosecute them for their efforts to seek and disseminate information on the observance of human rights standards.",
"49. Other restrictions and violations common to the right to freedom of opinion and expression include: (a) the use of civil and criminal defamation and slander proceedings against defenders publicly expressing themselves against human rights violations; (b) the enactment of laws restricting printing and publication; and (c) censorship, suspension, closure or prohibition of the press.",
"50. In addition, defenders and journalists are often prosecuted following their investigations into human rights abuses. They are victims of threats, attacks and intimidation, and some have been kidnapped and/or killed. They have also been arrested and detained after the issuance of letters demanding the improvement of the human rights situation, for publishing online articles criticizing government policies and for reporting human rights violations. Women journalists and media professionals are also exposed as a result of their work. The group includes journalists conducting investigations and engaging in human rights issues, columnists promoting human rights reform, journalists monitoring and reporting human rights violations, and women publishing blogs.",
"VII. Right to protest",
"51. The right to protest entails the enjoyment of a number of internationally recognized rights reiterated in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, including freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of association, freedom of peaceful assembly, and trade union rights as the right to strike.",
"52. Protection of the right to protest includes both negative and positive obligations. The State has a negative obligation to refrain from interfering, as well as a positive obligation to protect the rights holders in their exercise, particularly when protesters hold unpopular or controversial views, or form part of minorities or other groups exposed to increased risk of attack and other forms of intolerance. Moreover, respect for the right to protest entails the obligation of States to take concrete measures to create, maintain and strengthen pluralism, tolerance and an open attitude to expressions of dissent in society.",
"53. The right to protest is an essential element of the right to participate in a democratic society, and the restrictions imposed on this right must be carefully examined as to their need and reasonability. Restrictions may be imposed on public demonstrations to the extent that they do so in order to protect national security or public security, public order, public health or morals or the rights and freedoms of others.",
"54. The most common restrictions and violations of the right to protest include: (a) prohibitions and unwarranted restrictions on demonstrations; (b) unnecessary requirements for obtaining authorization; (c) lack of resources to appeal decisions denying authorization to carry out demonstrations; (d) legislation that does not conform to international human rights standards; (e) legislation to combat terrorism with broad-based definitions of “terrorism” that",
"55. Violations suffered by defenders as a result of their participation in protests include threats after demonstrations, arbitrary arrest and detention, intimidation, ill-treatment and torture, as well as excessive use of force by the authorities. The number of participants in peaceful protests who have been injured or killed during the violent repression by the authorities is of concern. The mandate has also identified specific protection needs for some groups of protesters, including women defenders and advocates for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights; student activists, trade unionists; and defenders who monitor and report demonstrations. Defenders who participate in protests linked to demands for democratic reforms, the movement against globalization, electoral processes, demonstrations for peace, and land rights, natural resources and environmental claims often need specific protection.",
"VIII. Right to develop and discuss new ideas on human rights",
"56. The right to develop and discuss new ideas on human rights is enshrined in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders and is an important provision for ongoing human rights development. This right may be regarded as an improvement in the right to freedom of opinion and expression, the right to freedom of assembly and the right to freedom of association, which are protected in many regional and international instruments.[17] Article 7 of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders affirms the right to develop and discuss new ideas on human rights and to preconceive their acceptance.",
"57. Many of the basic human rights that we now take for granted took years of struggle and deliberation before adopting their final form and were widely accepted. A good example is the long struggle of women in many countries to achieve the right to vote. The case of defenders promoting lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights can be mentioned. In many countries around the world, these activists are harassed by their work and have sometimes been killed for defending a different idea of sexuality. Similarly, human rights defenders are at greater risk of being victims of certain forms of violence because they are perceived to challenge accepted norms, traditions, perceptions and sociocultural stereotypes regarding femininity, sexual orientation and the role and status of women in society.",
"58. Although women ' s rights and those working for women ' s rights and gender issues are not new human rights, in some contexts they can be perceived as new because they address issues that may defy tradition and culture. However, tradition and culture are not static, as argued by the independent expert of the United Nations in the field of cultural rights, who said that cultures are constantly evolving, as well as human rights concepts.[18]",
"59. Thanks to the vision of these courageous defenders, human rights have developed and transformed our societies. These visionaries have argued that “women deserve the same rights as men, empires are not inevitable, indigenous peoples are human beings, and torture and genocide are ethically reprehensible and should not be tolerated. Likewise, they also ask people to imagine that international standards can be created and that state-owned nations should not be allowed to assert that the way they want to behave and treat their peoples are issues of their strict competence.”[19] However, these ideas are often resisted, especially because they challenge the legitimacy of the status quo, as well as sociocultural norms and traditions.",
"60. However, the ideas that offend, shock or disturb are protected by the right to freedom of expression. This is a crucial and necessary component for a democratic society[20]. Pluralism, tolerance and broad-mindedness are particularly important in a democratic society. Democracy does not simply imply that the views of the majority should always prevail: a balance must be achieved that ensures fair and adequate treatment of minorities and that prevents abuses of those who occupy a dominant position. The State is the ultimate guarantor of the principle of pluralism, which entails a positive obligation to ensure the effective enjoyment of rights. This obligation is of particular importance to those who hold unpopular views or belong to minorities, because they are the most vulnerable to victimization.[21]",
"61. In this context, the right to develop and discuss new human rights ideas is an important provision to support and protect those defenders who promote new human rights views and ideas.",
"IX. Right to an effective remedy",
"62. Article 9 of the Declaration provides for everyone to have effective remedies and to be protected in the event of a violation of their human rights and fundamental freedoms. Within the framework of the Declaration, the obligation to provide defenders with an effective force for States to ensure prompt and impartial investigation of alleged violations of human rights, prosecution of perpetrators, award of compensation and enforcement of decisions or judgements.",
"63. The right to an effective remedy also entails effective access to justice, which may include not only judicial mechanisms, but also administrative or quasi-judicial mechanisms. In order for investigations and prosecutions to be impartial, the judiciary must be effective and independent. However, in many cases the problems in the judicial system and in the legal framework have prevented defenders from seeking and obtaining justice. States should also take all necessary measures to ensure that violations committed against defenders are brought before the courts or other complaint mechanisms, such as national human rights institutions or truth and reconciliation mechanisms.",
"64. Remedies are also a fundamental aspect of the right to an effective remedy. The obligation to provide an effective remedy is not met if persons whose rights have been violated do not receive redress. In addition to compensation, reparation may consist of “restitution, rehabilitation and measures to give satisfaction, including public apology and official testimonies, the offer of guarantees to avoid recidivism and the reform of applicable laws and practices, and the prosecution of perpetrators of human rights violations.”[22]",
"65. However, the information received by the mandate often illustrates the lack of an effective response by the authorities to defenders, resulting in impunity for those who abuse their rights. The judicial authorities have shown an alarming lack of diligence in investigating cases of abuse against defenders and great lenity with the alleged perpetrators, especially members of the armed and security forces. Similarly, defenders have raised impunity as one of their main concerns regarding violations committed by non-State actors. In many cases, complaints by defenders of violations of their rights are never investigated or rejected without justification.",
"66. The mandate has also repeatedly received information on the situation of women defenders engaged in issues related to impunity and access to justice, including witnesses and victims of human rights violations, as well as lawyers, individuals and organizations representing or supporting them. In some countries this group is apparently in a particular risk situation.",
"67. These trends deeply concern the Special Rapporteur, because they reveal that impunity for human rights abuses committed against her defenders remains unacceptably widespread. Ending impunity is a necessary condition for ensuring the safety of defenders.",
"X. Right to access to finance",
"68. The right to access to finance is an inherent element of the right to freedom of association incorporated in the main human rights instruments. Article 13 of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders expressly recognizes access to financing as a substantive and autonomous right. The wording of article 13 includes the different stages of the funding cycle. States have an obligation to enable individuals and organizations to seek, receive and use funds. The Declaration requires States to take appropriate legislative, judicial, administrative or other measures to facilitate or, at least, not impede the effective exercise of the right to access to financing.",
"69. Article 13 of the Declaration also specifies that resources should be used “with the express purpose of promoting and protecting, by peaceful means, human rights and fundamental freedoms”. In addition, article 3 of the Declaration states that, while domestic law is the legal framework in which the right to access to finance must be guaranteed, legislation must be consistent with international human rights standards and norms.",
"70. On the origin of funds, the Declaration protects the right to receive funding from different sources, including foreign sources. Given the limited resources available to human rights organizations at the local level, restrictions on access to international funding can seriously affect the capacity of defenders to carry out their work. In some cases, such limitations may threaten the very existence of organizations. Governments should allow access by human rights defenders, in particular non-governmental organizations, to foreign funding, as part of international cooperation to which civil society is entitled, to the same extent as Governments.",
"71. Many countries have enacted legislation that significantly restricts the ability of human rights organizations to access funding, including restrictions on the origin of funds and the requirement of prior State authorization for non-governmental organizations to receive funds from foreign donors. Some Governments have introduced an absolute ban on certain types of funding, for example, from United Nations agencies or other bilateral donors. In other cases, organizations engaged in certain areas, such as governance, are prohibited from receiving foreign funding.",
"72. Governments also restrict how funds can be used, and use tax laws and regulations to improperly obstruct the work of human rights organizations. In particular, non-governmental organizations that criticize Governments are often thoroughly investigated for tax matters and the competent authorities abuse tax procedures.",
"73. In addition to restrictive legislation and practices, a particular country ' s political environment may undermine access to funding, in particular women ' s groups. These groups have indicated that patriarchal societies, sexism and authoritarian regimes are some of the most common structural challenges to access to funding they use to support their work.[23]",
"XI. Permissible derogations and the right to defend human rights",
"74. Article 4(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights states: “In exceptional situations that endanger the life of the nation and whose existence has been formally proclaimed, States parties to the present Covenant may adopt provisions which, to the extent strictly limited to the requirements of the situation, suspend their obligations under this Covenant, provided that such provisions are not inconsistent with other obligations under international law and do not involve discrimination based solely on their origin, sex, social origin, origin, origin, etc.”",
"75. In order for a State to invoke article 4 two fundamental conditions must be met: the situation must constitute a public emergency that threatens the life of the nation, and the State must have officially proclaimed a state of emergency. Another fundamental requirement is that such measures should be limited to what is strictly necessary. This refers to the duration, geographical scope and material scope of the state of emergency and any derogatory action taken on account of the emergency. Furthermore, article 4 (1) requires that any measure derogating from the provisions of the Covenant should be in conformity with other obligations that are in breach of the State under international law, in particular the rules of international humanitarian law, and that States parties in no circumstances may invoke article 4 of the Covenant as a justification for acting in violation of humanitarian law or the peremptory norms of international law.[24]",
"76. The importance of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders lies in its provisions that legitimize and protect certain activities for the protection and promotion of universally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms. The Declaration does not focus particularly on the recognition of these rights, but on their reiteration and the protection of their activities. The Declaration extends its protection to individuals only to the extent that they participate in such activities. These are important distinctions that need to be taken into account when considering arguments related to derogations, limitations and restrictions on rights in the context of emergencies or security. Even if some rights and freedoms are restricted in an emergency situation, under the security legislation or by reason of any other requirement, no activity related to the monitoring of such rights may be restricted and suspended.",
"77. In this context, derogations from applicable human rights standards, including the Declaration, and exceptions to them must be required to meet a higher standard when applied to human rights defenders. At a high risk for human rights, it is essential that there be some form of independent oversight and accountability for human rights. It would be contrary to the spirit of international human rights standards to argue that at such times of greater risk of law the right to defend human rights could be legally silenced.",
"XII. Conclusions and recommendations",
"78. The Special Rapporteur remains concerned that more than a decade after the adoption of the Declaration, while some progress has been made, many countries continue to enact laws and regulations that restrict the space for human rights activities and are incompatible with international standards and the Declaration in particular. Even in cases where it is about enacting laws that conform to international standards, their ineffective application often continues to cause problems.",
"79. The Declaration is an insufficiently known instrument, both by Governments and human rights defenders, and more needs to be done. The Special Rapporteur hopes that, in raising awareness of the Declaration, the present report will contribute to the development of a safer and more conducive environment for defenders to carry out their legitimate work.",
"80. Following an analysis of the rights set out in the Declaration, the necessary aspects to ensure their implementation and the main challenges facing human rights defenders, the Special Rapporteur wishes to make the following recommendations:",
"Right to protection",
"81. In their public statements, States should refrain from stigmatizing the work of human rights defenders and recognize their role, including women defenders and those working for women ' s rights or gender issues, as well as the legitimacy of their activities. This recognition is a first step in preventing or reducing the threats and risks they face.",
"82. States should also ensure that violations committed against defenders, including women defenders and those working for women ' s rights or gender issues, committed by State and non-State actors, are promptly and impartially investigated and that those responsible receive adequate punishment.",
"83. States should enact national laws for the protection of defenders, with specific reference to the work of human rights defenders. These laws should be developed in consultation with civil society and with the technical advice of relevant international bodies.",
"84. States should refer to the minimum guidelines for protection programmes for human rights defenders recommended by the Special Rapporteur in 2010[25].",
"85. Non-State actors and private entities should respect the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders and refrain from endangering the security of defenders and obstructing their work. In addition, national and transnational corporations should develop, in cooperation with defenders, human rights policies that include monitoring and accountability mechanisms for violations committed against the rights of defenders.",
"86. National human rights institutions are encouraged to prioritize the protection of defenders in their programmes and to establish focal points for defenders. National institutions should investigate complaints made by defenders and disseminate the Declaration.",
"87. The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights is encouraged to develop a comprehensive strategy for the protection of defenders, including threats and reprisals by non-State actors.",
"Right to freedom of assembly",
"88. States should favour notification regimes, rather than authorization, for the holding of meetings and, where authorization is required, should ensure that the meeting is conducted in accordance with the principle of non-discrimination. In that regard, States should ensure that satisfactory review procedures exist for complaints of restrictions imposed on meetings.",
"89. States should ensure that law enforcement officials receive training on international human rights standards and those relating to the control of peaceful assembly, including the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, the Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials and other relevant treaties, declarations and guidelines.",
"90. States should apply a code of conduct to law enforcement officials, in particular with regard to crowd control and the use of force, and ensure that the legal framework contains effective oversight and accountability arrangements for officials, especially with regard to their response to public protest.",
"91. All allegations of indiscriminate and/or excessive use of force by law enforcement officials should be properly investigated, and appropriate action should be taken against responsible officials.",
"92. States should take the necessary measures to ensure the effective exercise of the right to freedom of assembly for all, without discrimination of any kind. In many countries, women defenders often face greater risks when they participate in collective public measures because of the perception of the traditional role of women in some societies. Those working for women ' s rights and gender issues also face greater risks.",
"93. States should consider their legal framework to ensure that national legislation is in line with the Declaration and other international commitments and standards relating to the right to freedom of assembly, in accordance with article 2 (2) of the Declaration.",
"Right to freedom of association",
"94. States should take the necessary measures to ensure the effective exercise of the right to freedom of association for all, without discrimination of any kind.",
"95. States should not interfere with the internal management and activities of non-governmental organizations. Internal legislation should avoid including lists of activities permitted or prohibited for civil society organizations, and non-governmental organizations should be able to carry out human rights advocacy activities.",
"96. States should establish a single and public register for civil society organizations. Registration bodies should be independent of the government and include civil society representatives.",
"97. With regard to legislation and registration procedures, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:",
"(a) Non-governmental organizations are permitted to undertake collective activities without registration and States do not impose penal sanctions for the participation of unregistered entities.",
"(b) Laws relating to the creation, registration and operation of civil society organizations should establish clear, uniform and simple criteria to be met for registration. Non-governmental organizations that meet the prescribed criteria should be allowed to register immediately as legal entities.",
"(c) States ensure that existing laws and regulations are implemented independently and transparently. Laws should be clear about the status of organizations in the period between the request for registration and the final decision. Until such final resolution is issued, human rights organizations must be free to carry out their activities.",
"(d) In the event of the enactment of a new law on civil society organizations, all registered non-governmental organizations will be deemed to continue to operate legally and will be provided with a rapid procedure for updating their registration. Unless a new law is passed, existing laws relating to the registration of civil society organizations should not require organizations to re-register regularly.",
"(e) The registration process must be fast, accessible and low-cost. States should not impose costs related to the registration process that hinder non-governmental organizations from keeping such registration, nor should they impose unsustainable burdens on them.",
"f) States must guarantee the right of appeal against any denial of registration. States should also ensure that there is an effective and prompt remedy against any rejection of the application, and that the decisions of the registration authority are subject to an independent judicial review.",
"Right to access and communicate with international agencies",
"98. States should refrain from any acts of intimidation or reprisal against defenders who have sought to cooperate or cooperate with United Nations human rights bodies, who have availed themselves of the procedures established by the United Nations, who have provided legal assistance to victims, who have submitted communications in accordance with the procedures established by human rights instruments, and family members of victims of human rights violations.",
"99. States should protect individuals and members of groups wishing to cooperate with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms. States also have an obligation to end impunity for perpetrators of violence against persons who have tried to cooperate with the United Nations, as well as to provide remedies to victims.",
"100. States should refrain from imposing travel restrictions and ensure that defenders have access to United Nations bodies, which have the possibility of submitting oral and written reports, and that such reports are given due consideration.",
"Right to freedom of opinion and expression",
"101. States should take all necessary measures to ensure the effective exercise of the right to freedom of opinion and expression for all persons and social sectors without discrimination of any kind.[26]",
"102. States should ensure that security legislation does not apply to human rights defenders as a means of preventing their work in this regard. States should ensure that human rights defenders can effectively monitor the implementation of security legislation. In the context of the arrest and detention of a person under the security legislation, at least defenders must have regular access to the detainee and basic information on the merits of the arresting charges.",
"103. States should ensure that laws and policies reflect the right of defenders to access information and places where alleged violations have been committed and that the competent authorities are trained to implement that right.",
"104. States should also ensure that information is made available to the public by non-State actors, particularly private companies, which are linked to public interests. States should establish an effective and independent mechanism to that end.",
"105. States should refrain from criminalizing, limiting or censoring the exercise of freedom of expression. With the exception of the permissible and legitimate restrictions laid down in international human rights law, any such action must be abolished.[27]",
"106. Defamation and other similar crimes should be treated in accordance with civil law, and the amount of fines paid for as compensation should be reasonable and allow the continuation of professional activities. Prison sentences should not be applied to offences relating to the reputation of others, such as defamation and slander.[28]",
"107. States should refrain from introducing new rules that persecute the same objectives as defamation laws under new legal terms, such as misinformation and dissemination of false information. Under no circumstances should criticism of the nation, its symbols, the government, its members and its activities be considered crimes.[29]",
"Right to protest",
"108. States should apply a code of conduct to law enforcement officials, in particular with regard to crowd control and the use of force, and ensure that the legal framework establishes the accountability of officials in response to public protests.",
"109. States should take all necessary measures to protect defenders during protests, refrain from the use of excessive force against those protesting and acceding to international human rights standards when detaining people in the context of peaceful demonstrations.",
"110. States should ensure that counter-terrorism legislation and measures are not applied against human rights defenders to undermine their work.",
"111. States are encouraged to take the following measures to address the protection needs of the following groups of defenders:",
"Ombudsman",
"• Investigate and prosecute cases of gender-based violence against women defenders during demonstrations;",
"• Train and instruct law enforcement officials on protection measures to be taken with regard to minors involved with their mothers in demonstrations.",
"LGBT rights defenders",
"• Accounts the authorities that unlawfully decide to prohibit a demonstration;",
"• Ensuring the protection of participants in demonstrations of gay pride, before, during and after marches, against the violence of those who oppose such demonstrations;",
"• Train law enforcement officials on appropriate conduct, particularly with regard to the application of the principle of non-discrimination and respect for diversity.",
"Student activists",
"• Take measures to create an enabling environment for children and young adults to associate and express views on issues affecting them, as well as broader human rights issues.",
"Trade unionists",
"• To recognize trade unionists as human rights defenders, who are entitled to the rights and protection set out in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders;",
"• Review legislation restricting the right to strike, including provisions with very broad definitions of essential services that restrict or prevent strikes by large sectors of public officials.",
"Defenders and journalists monitoring demonstrations",
"• Allow human rights defenders to play their oversight role and provide the press with access to meetings to facilitate independent coverage.",
"Right to develop and discuss new ideas",
"112. States should recognize the right of defenders to promote and protect new ideas on human rights (or ideas perceived as new) and to promote their acceptance. States should publicly recognize the legitimacy of the activities of defenders as a first step in preventing or reducing violations against them.",
"113. States should take the necessary measures to create an environment of pluralism, tolerance and respect in which all human rights defenders can carry out their work without risk to their physical and psychological integrity and without any form of restriction, harassment, intimidation or fear of persecution.",
"114. States should take additional measures to ensure the protection of defenders who are at greater risk of facing certain forms of violence because they are perceived as challenging accepted norms, traditions, perceptions and sociocultural stereotypes regarding feminity, sexual orientation and the role and status of women in society.",
"Right to an effective remedy",
"115. States should ensure that all violations against defenders are promptly and independently investigated, the prosecution of alleged perpetrators and the imposition of appropriate penalties. States should also ensure that victims have access to justice and effective remedies, including adequate compensation.",
"116. States should ensure accountability for those who have committed human rights violations, especially against human rights defenders, through appropriate disciplinary, civil and criminal procedures. The application of legal sanctions against those who falsely prosecute defenders should be considered.",
"117. States should ensure that public officials and law enforcement officials responsible for the prevention, investigation and prosecution of violations against defenders are adequately trained in the Declaration and specific protection needs of defenders.",
"118. States should respond in a timely and comprehensive manner to communications referred to by the mandate. A good practice for responses is to provide information on measures taken to resolve individual cases, as well as on initiatives taken to prevent the recurrence of similar situations.",
"Right to access to finance",
"119. States should ensure and facilitate access by law to funds, including from foreign sources, with a view to defending human rights.",
"120. States should refrain from restricting the use of funds provided that the purposes set forth in the Declaration to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms through peaceful means are respected. States should not require prior governmental authorization to request or receive funds from abroad.",
"121. States should allow non-governmental organizations to have access to foreign financing, and restrict such access only in the interest of transparency and in compliance with generally applicable foreign and customs laws. States should therefore consider existing laws with a view to facilitating access to funding.",
"122. States should allow non-governmental organizations to undertake all fund-raising activities acceptable in accordance with the same rules that are generally applied to other non-profit organizations.",
"123. States should prohibit the conduct of thorough tax investigations and abuse of fiscal procedures by the competent authorities.",
"[1] While not a legally binding instrument, the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders contains rights already recognized in many legally binding international human rights instruments, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Declaration specifies how the rights included in the main human rights instruments apply to human rights defenders and their work. Moreover, the Declaration was adopted by consensus by the General Assembly, which therefore represents the strong commitment of States to its implementation.",
"[2] http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/defenders/index.htm.",
"[3] General comment No. 28: Equal rights between men and women (article 3) (eighth session, 2000), Human Rights Committee, para. 5.",
"[4] Ibid.",
"[5] M. Nowak, CCPR Commentary (N. P. Engel, 2005), 490, para. 19.",
"[6] Ibid., 489, paras. 21 and 22.",
"[7] See Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations on Uzbekistan, 26 April 2005, para. 19, CCPR/CO/83/UZB, and Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations on Morocco, 1 December 2004, para. 18, CCPR/CO/82/MAR, cited in The Right to Access International Bodies, Human Rights Defenders Briefing Papers, International Service for Human Rights, 2009, pp. 5 and 6.",
"[8] See also The Right to Access International Bodies, Human Rights Defenders Briefing Papers, International Service for Human Rights, 2009, p. 5.",
"[9] See Human Rights Council resolution 12/2: Cooperation with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms in the field of human rights, 12 October 2009, A/HRC/RES/12/2.",
"[10] See the report of the Secretary-General on cooperation with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms in the field of human rights, A/HRC/14/19, 7 May 2010.",
"[11] General comment No. 28: Equal rights between men and women (article 3) (eighth session, 2000), Human Rights Committee (para. 5).",
"[12] General comment No. 10: Freedom of expression (art. 19) (19th session, 1983), Human Rights Committee, para. 1.",
"[13] Ibid., para. 4.",
"[14] Ibid., para. 4.",
"[15] Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, A/HRC/14/23/, para. 81, 20 April 2010.",
"[16] Ibid., para. 25.",
"[17] See also Protecting Human Rights Defenders, Human Rights First, at http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/our-work/human-rights-defenders/protecting-human-rights-defenders/pursuation.",
"[18] Report of the independent expert on cultural rights, Ms. Farida Shaheed, submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 10/23, A/HRC/14/36, para. 34, 22 March 2010.",
"[19] The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen, Paul Gordon Lauren, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998, p. 282.",
"[20] Manfred Novak, UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, CCPR Commentary, p. 505, 2nd revised edition (N. P. Engel, 2005).",
"[21] European Court of Human Rights, Baczowski and Others v. Poland, request No. 1543/06, judgement of 3 May 2007.",
"[22] Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 31, “Nature of the general legal obligation imposed on States parties to the Covenant” (CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13), para. 16.",
"[23] FundHer Brief 2008, Money Watch for Women’s Rights Movements and Organizations, p. 17, Association for Women’s Rights in Development (AWID).",
"[24] General comment No. 24: States of emergency (article 4) (72nd session, 2001), Human Rights Committee.",
"[25] A/HRC/13/22, para. 113, p. 22.",
"[26] Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, A/HRC/4/23, para. 119, 20 April 2010.",
"[27] Ibid., para. 120.",
"[28] Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, A/HRC/4/27, para. 81, 2 January 2007.",
"[29] Ibid., para. 82."
] |
[
"Estados Unidos de América: proyecto de resolución",
"El Consejo de Seguridad,",
"Recordando todas sus resoluciones anteriores relativas al Iraq, en particular las resoluciones 1500 (2003), de 14 de agosto de 2003, 1546 (2004), de 8 de junio de 2004, 1557 (2004), de 12 de agosto de 2004, 1619 (2005), de 11 de agosto de 2005, 1700 (2006), de 10 de agosto de 2006, 1770 (2007), de 10 de agosto de 2007, 1830 (2008), de 7 de agosto de 2008, 1883 (2009), de 7 de agosto de 2009, y 1936 (2010), de 5 de agosto de 2010,",
"Reafirmando la independencia, la soberanía, la unidad y la integridad territorial del Iraq,",
"Poniendo de relieve la importancia que tienen la estabilidad y la seguridad del Iraq para el pueblo iraquí, la región y la comunidad internacional,",
"Alentando al Gobierno del Iraq a que siga fortaleciendo la democracia y el estado de derecho, mejorando la seguridad y el orden público y luchando contra el terrorismo y la violencia sectaria en todo el país, y reiterando su apoyo al pueblo y al Gobierno del Iraq en sus esfuerzos por construir una nación segura, estable, federal, unida y democrática, basada en el estado de derecho y el respeto de los derechos humanos,",
"Acogiendo con beneplácito las mejoras de las condiciones de seguridad logradas en el Iraq mediante iniciativas políticas y de seguridad concertadas, y destacando que todavía existen problemas de seguridad en el país y que es preciso sostener esas mejoras mediante un verdadero diálogo político y la unidad nacional,",
"Recalcando la necesidad de que todas las comunidades del Iraq participen en el proceso político y en un diálogo político inclusivo, se abstengan de realizar declaraciones y acciones que puedan agravar la tensión, lleguen a una solución integral para la distribución de los recursos, aseguren la estabilidad, hallen una solución justa y equitativa de las controversias sobre las fronteras internas de la nación y procuren lograr la unidad nacional,",
"Reafirmando la importancia que tienen las Naciones Unidas, en particular la Misión de Asistencia de las Naciones Unidas para el Iraq (UNAMI), en la prestación de asesoramiento, apoyo y asistencia al pueblo y al Gobierno del Iraq para fortalecer las instituciones democráticas, impulsar el diálogo político inclusivo y la reconciliación nacional, facilitar el diálogo regional, desarrollar procesos aceptables para el Gobierno del Iraq que permitan resolver las controversias sobre las fronteras internas, ayudar a los grupos vulnerables, incluidos los refugiados y los desplazados internos, reforzar la igualdad entre los géneros, fomentar la protección de los derechos humanos y promover la reforma judicial y legislativa, y poniendo de relieve la importancia de que las Naciones Unidas, en particular la UNAMI, den prioridad a la prestación de asesoramiento, apoyo y asistencia al pueblo y al Gobierno del Iraq para alcanzar esos objetivos,",
"Instando al Gobierno del Iraq a que siga promoviendo y protegiendo los derechos humanos y también a que estudie medidas adicionales para apoyar a la Alta Comisión Independiente de Derechos Humanos,",
"Reconociendo los esfuerzos del Gobierno del Iraq en la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos de las mujeres, reafirmando sus resoluciones 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) y 1960 (2010), relativas a la mujer, la paz y la seguridad, reiterando la necesidad de que la mujer participe plena, equitativa y efectivamente, reafirmando el papel fundamental que pueden desempeñar las mujeres en la reconstrucción del tejido social y destacando la necesidad de que participen en la formulación de estrategias nacionales a fin de que se tengan en cuenta sus puntos de vista,",
"Expresando la importancia de que se procure resolver las dificultades humanitarias a que se enfrenta el pueblo del Iraq y destacando la necesidad de seguir configurando una respuesta coordinada y proporcionando recursos suficientes para tratar de superar dichas dificultades,",
"Recalcando la soberanía del Gobierno del Iraq, reafirmando que todas las partes deben continuar adoptando todas las medidas factibles y concibiendo modalidades para asegurar la protección de los civiles afectados, incluidos los niños, las mujeres y los miembros de las minorías religiosas y étnicas, y que deben establecer condiciones propicias al regreso voluntario, seguro, digno y sostenible de los refugiados y los desplazados internos o la integración local de los desplazados internos, acogiendo con beneplácito los compromisos asumidos por el Gobierno del Iraq para socorrer a los desplazados internos, los refugiados y los repatriados, alentándolo a que continúe su labor al respecto y observando la importante función que desempeña la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados, con arreglo a su mandato, en la prestación continua de asesoramiento y apoyo al Gobierno del Iraq, en coordinación con la UNAMI, sobre esas cuestiones,",
"Instando a todos aquellos a quienes corresponda, de conformidad con el derecho internacional humanitario, incluidos los Convenios de Ginebra y el Reglamento de La Haya, a que permitan el acceso pleno e irrestricto del personal humanitario a todas las personas necesitadas de asistencia, pongan a su disposición, en la medida de lo posible, todos los medios necesarios para sus operaciones y promuevan la seguridad y libertad de circulación del personal humanitario, el personal de las Naciones Unidas y su personal asociado, así como de sus activos,",
"Acogiendo con beneplácito los importantes avances que ha hecho el Iraq para recuperar la posición internacional que tenía antes de que se aprobara la resolución 661 (1990), exhortando al Gobierno del Iraq a que continúe la cooperación que mantiene con el Gobierno de Kuwait para resolver los asuntos pendientes y cumplir sus obligaciones pendientes con arreglo a las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad relativas a la situación entre el Iraq y Kuwait aprobadas en virtud del Capítulo VII de la Carta, y recalcando la importancia de que ratifique el protocolo adicional de su acuerdo de salvaguardias amplias,",
"Expresando profunda gratitud a todo el personal de las Naciones Unidas que presta servicio en el Iraq por sus valerosos e incansables esfuerzos,",
"1. Decide prorrogar el mandato de la Misión de Asistencia de las Naciones Unidas para el Iraq (UNAMI) por un período de doce meses;",
"2. Decide también que el Representante Especial del Secretario General y la UNAMI, a solicitud del Gobierno del Iraq y teniendo en cuenta la carta dirigida al Secretario General por el Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores del Iraq (S/2011/464, anexo), sigan cumpliendo su mandato, establecido en la resolución 1936 (2010);",
"3. Reconoce que la seguridad del personal de las Naciones Unidas es esencial para que la UNAMI pueda realizar su cometido en beneficio del pueblo del Iraq y exhorta al Gobierno del Iraq y demás Estados Miembros a que continúen prestando apoyo logístico y de seguridad a la presencia de las Naciones Unidas en el Iraq;",
"4. Acoge con beneplácito las contribuciones de los Estados Miembros que aportan a la UNAMI el apoyo y los recursos financieros, logísticos y de seguridad que necesita para cumplir su misión y exhorta a los Estados Miembros a que sigan proporcionando apoyo y recursos suficientes a la UNAMI;",
"5. Expresa su intención de volver a examinar el mandato de la UNAMI en un plazo de doce meses o antes, si así lo solicita el Gobierno del Iraq;",
"6. Solicita al Secretario General que lo informe cada cuatro meses sobre los progresos realizados en el cumplimiento de todas las responsabilidades de la UNAMI; y",
"7. Decide seguir ocupándose de la cuestión."
] | [
"United States of America: draft resolution",
"The Security Council,",
"Recalling all its previous relevant resolutions on Iraq, in particular 1500 (2003) of 14 August 2003, 1546 (2004) of 8 June 2004, 1557 (2004) of 12 August 2004, 1619 (2005) of 11 August 2005, 1700 (2006) of 10 August 2006, 1770 (2007) of 10 August 2007, 1830 (2008) of 7 August 2008, 1883 (2009) of 7 August 2009, and 1936 (2010) of 5 August 2010,",
"Reaffirming the independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of Iraq,",
"Emphasizing the importance of the stability and security of Iraq for the people of Iraq, the region, and the international community,",
"Encouraging the Government of Iraq to continue strengthening democracy and the rule of law, improving security and public order and combating terrorism and sectarian violence across the country, and reiterating its support to the people and the Government of Iraq in their efforts to build a secure, stable, federal, united and democratic nation, based on the rule of law and respect for human rights,",
"Welcoming improvements in the security situation in Iraq achieved through concerted political and security efforts and stressing that challenges to security in Iraq still exist and that improvements need to be sustained through meaningful political dialogue and national unity,",
"Underscoring the need for all communities in Iraq to participate in the political process and an inclusive political dialogue, to refrain from making statements and actions which could aggravate tensions, to reach a comprehensive solution on the distribution of resources, and to ensure stability and develop a just and fair solution for the nation’s disputed internal boundaries and work towards national unity,",
"Reaffirming the importance of the United Nations, in particular the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), in advising, supporting and assisting the Iraqi people and Government to strengthen democratic institutions, advance inclusive political dialogue and national reconciliation, facilitate regional dialogue, develop processes acceptable to the Government of Iraq to resolve disputed internal boundaries, aid vulnerable groups including refugees and internally displaced persons, strengthen gender equality, promote the protection of human rights, and promote judicial and legal reform, and emphasizing the importance of the United Nations, in particular UNAMI, prioritizing advice, support, and assistance to the Iraqi people and Government to achieve these goals,",
"Urging the Government of Iraq to continue to promote and protect human rights and also to consider additional steps to support the Independent High Commission for Human Rights,",
"Recognizing the efforts of the Government of Iraq in the promotion and protection of the human rights of women and reaffirming its resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) on women, peace, and security and reiterating the need for the full, equal, and effective participation of women; reaffirming the key role women can play in re-establishing the fabric of society and stressing the need for their involvement in the development of national strategies in order to take into account their perspectives,",
"Expressing the importance of addressing humanitarian issues confronting the Iraqi people and stressing the need to continue to form a coordinated response and to provide adequate resources to address these issues,",
"Underscoring the sovereignty of the Government of Iraq, reaffirming that all parties should continue to take all feasible steps and to develop modalities to ensure the protection of affected civilians, including children, women and members of religious and ethnic minority groups, and should create conditions conducive to the voluntary, safe, dignified, and sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced persons or local integration of internally displaced persons, welcoming commitments and encouraging continued efforts of the Government of Iraq for the relief of internally displaced persons, refugees and returnees, and noting the important role of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, based on its mandate, in providing continued advice and support to the Government of Iraq, in coordination with UNAMI on these issues,",
"Urging all those concerned, as set forth in international humanitarian law, including the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Regulations, to allow full unimpeded access by humanitarian personnel to all people in need of assistance, and to make available, as far as possible, all necessary facilities for their operations, and to promote the safety, security, and freedom of movement of humanitarian personnel and United Nations and its associated personnel and their assets,",
"Welcoming the important progress Iraq has made towards regaining the international standing it held prior to the adoption of resolution 661 (1990), calling on the Government of Iraq to continue ongoing cooperation with the Government of Kuwait to address outstanding issues and to meet its outstanding obligations under the relevant Chapter VII Security Council resolutions pertaining to the situation between Iraq and Kuwait and underscoring the importance of ratification of the Additional Protocol to its Comprehensive Safeguard Agreement,",
"Expressing deep gratitude to all the United Nations staff in Iraq for their courageous and tireless efforts,",
"1. Decides to extend the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) for a period of twelve months;",
"2. Decides further that the Special Representative of the Secretary-General and UNAMI, at the request of the Government of Iraq, and taking into account the letter of from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iraq to the Secretary-General (S/2011/464, annex), shall continue to pursue their mandate as stipulated in resolution 1936 (2010);",
"3. Recognizes that security of United Nations personnel is essential for UNAMI to carry out its work for the benefit of the people of Iraq and calls upon the Government of Iraq and other Member States to continue to provide security and logistical support to the United Nations presence in Iraq;",
"4. Welcomes the contributions of Member States in providing UNAMI with the financial, logistical, and security resources and support that it needs to fulfil its mission and calls upon Member States to continue to provide UNAMI with sufficient resources and support;",
"5. Expresses its intention to review the mandate of UNAMI in twelve months or sooner, if requested by the Government of Iraq;",
"6. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council every four months on the progress made towards the fulfilment of all UNAMI’s responsibilities; and",
"7. Decides to remain seized of the matter."
] | S_2011_465 | [
"United States of America: draft resolution",
"The Security Council,",
"Recalling all its previous resolutions concerning Iraq, in particular resolutions 1500 (2003) of 14 August 2003, 1546 (2004) of 8 June 2004, 1557 (2004) of 12 August 2004, 1619 (2005) of 11 August 2005, 1700 (2006) of 10 August 2006, 1770 (2007) of 10 August 2007, 1830 (2008) of 7 August 2008, 1883 (2009) of 7 August 2009 and 1936 (2010) of 5 August 2008",
"Reaffirming the independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of Iraq,",
"Emphasizing the importance of the stability and security of Iraq for the Iraqi people, the region and the international community,",
"Encouraging the Government of Iraq to continue to strengthen democracy and the rule of law, improving security and public order and fighting terrorism and sectarian violence throughout the country, and reiterating its support for the people and Government of Iraq in their efforts to build a secure, stable, federal, united and democratic nation based on the rule of law and respect for human rights,",
"Welcoming the improvements in the security situation in Iraq through concerted political and security initiatives, and stressing that there are still security challenges in Iraq and that such improvements need to be sustained through genuine political dialogue and national unity,",
"Underscoring the need for all communities in Iraq to participate in the political process and in an inclusive political dialogue, to refrain from making statements and actions that could exacerbate tension, reach a comprehensive solution for the distribution of resources, ensure stability, achieve a just and equitable solution to disputes over the internal borders of the nation and seek to achieve national unity,",
"Reaffirming the importance of the United Nations, in particular the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), in providing advice, support and assistance to the people and Government of Iraq to strengthen democratic institutions, promote inclusive political dialogue and national reconciliation, facilitate regional dialogue, develop processes acceptable to the Government of Iraq to resolve disputes over internal borders, assist vulnerable groups, including refugees and internally displaced persons,",
"Urging the Government of Iraq to continue to promote and protect human rights and also to consider additional measures to support the Independent High Commission on Human Rights,",
"Recognizing the efforts of the Government of Iraq in the promotion and protection of women ' s human rights, reaffirming its resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) on women, peace and security, reiterating the need for women to participate fully, equitably and effectively, reaffirming the fundamental role that women can play in the reconstruction of the social fabric and stressing the need for their participation in the formulation of national strategies,",
"Expressing the importance of efforts to resolve the humanitarian challenges facing the people of Iraq and stressing the need to continue to shape a coordinated response and provide sufficient resources to address those difficulties,",
"Underscoring the sovereignty of the Government of Iraq, reaffirming that all parties should continue to take all feasible measures and to devise ways to ensure the protection of affected civilians, including children, women and members of religious and ethnic minorities, and that they should establish conditions conducive to the voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced persons, or the local integration of internally displaced persons, welcoming the commitments undertaken by the Government of Iraq to support them",
"Calling upon all those concerned, in accordance with international humanitarian law, including the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Regulations, to enable full and unrestricted access of humanitarian personnel to all persons in need of assistance, to make available, to the extent possible, all necessary means for their operations and to promote the safety and freedom of movement of humanitarian personnel, United Nations personnel and associated personnel, as well as their assets,",
"Welcoming the significant progress that Iraq has made in regaining its international position before the adoption of resolution 661 (1990), calling upon the Government of Iraq to continue its cooperation with the Government of Kuwait in resolving outstanding matters and meeting its outstanding obligations under Security Council resolutions on the situation between Iraq and Kuwait adopted under Chapter VII of the Charter, and stressing the importance of ratifying the additional protocol,",
"Expressing deep gratitude to all United Nations personnel serving in Iraq for their courageous and tireless efforts,",
"1. Decides to extend the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) for a period of twelve months;",
"2. Decides also that the Special Representative of the Secretary-General and UNAMI, at the request of the Government of Iraq and taking into account the letter addressed to the Secretary-General by the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Iraq (S/2011/464, annex), shall continue to fulfil its mandate, as set out in resolution 1936 (2010);",
"3. Recognizes that the security of United Nations personnel is essential for UNAMI to carry out its work for the benefit of the Iraqi people and calls upon the Government of Iraq and other Member States to continue to provide logistical and security support to the United Nations presence in Iraq;",
"4. Welcomes the contributions of Member States that provide UNAMI with the financial, logistical and security support and resources it needs to fulfil its mission and calls upon Member States to continue to provide adequate support and resources to UNAMI;",
"5. Expresses its intention to revisit the mandate of UNAMI within 12 months or before, if requested by the Government of Iraq;",
"6. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly every four months on the progress made in fulfilling all UNAMI responsibilities; and",
"7. Decides to remain seized of the matter."
] |
[
"Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones",
"Tema 69 b) del programa provisional*",
"Promoción y protección de los derechos humanos: cuestiones de derechos humanos, incluidos otros medios de mejorar el goce efectivo de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales",
"* A/66/150.",
"Protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales en la lucha contra el terrorismo",
"Informe del Secretario General",
"Resumen",
"La Asamblea General, en su resolución 65/221, reafirmó que los Estados deben cerciorarse de que las medidas adoptadas para combatir el terrorismo estén en consonancia con las obligaciones que les incumben en virtud del derecho internacional, en particular las normas de derechos humanos, el derecho de los refugiados y el derecho humanitario, e instó a los Estados a que, en la lucha contra el terrorismo, cumplieran plenamente las obligaciones que les incumben en virtud del derecho internacional, en particular en varios ámbitos específicos. Este informe se presenta con arreglo a dicha resolución. En él se hace referencia a acontecimientos recientes en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas relacionados con los derechos humanos y la lucha contra el terrorismo, en particular por conducto de las actividades del Equipo Especial sobre la Ejecución de la Lucha contra el Terrorismo, su Grupo de Trabajo sobre la protección de los derechos humanos en la lucha contra el terrorismo, el Comité contra el Terrorismo y su Dirección Ejecutiva, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos y sus distintos procedimientos, mandatos y demás mecanismos, los órganos creados en virtud de tratados de derechos humanos y la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos. Se informa del examen realizado por el sistema de las Naciones Unidas de cuestiones relacionadas con la lucha contra el terrorismo, incluida la adecuación de la legislación, las políticas y las prácticas de lucha contra el terrorismo a las normas internacionales de derechos humanos.",
"Índice",
"Página\nI.Introducción 3II.Acontecimientos 4 recientes en las Naciones Unidas en la esfera de los derechos humanos y la lucha contra el \nterrorismo A.Estrategia 4 global de las Naciones Unidas contra el terrorismo y Equipo Especial sobre la Ejecución de la Lucha contra el \nTerrorismo B.Comité 6 contra el Terrorismo - Dirección Ejecutiva del Comité contra el \nTerrorismo C.Consejo 7 de Derechos \nHumanos D.Órganos 15 creados en virtud de tratados de derechos \nhumanos III.Actividades 17 de la Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos y de la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos \nHumanos \nIV.Conclusiones 18",
"I. Introducción",
"1. En su resolución 65/221, la Asamblea General, entre otras cosas: a) expresó su grave preocupación por las violaciones de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales que ocurren en el contexto de la lucha contra el terrorismo, así como las violaciones del derecho internacional de los refugiados y del derecho internacional humanitario; b) instó a los Estados a que, en la lucha contra el terrorismo cumplieran plenamente las obligaciones que les incumben en virtud del derecho internacional, en particular con respecto a la prohibición absoluta de la tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes; se asegurasen de que todas las personas privadas de libertad gocen de las garantías que les reconoce el derecho internacional, incluida la revisión de su detención y demás garantías procesales fundamentales; asegurasen que ninguna forma de privación de libertad sustraiga al detenido de la protección de la ley; respetasen el derecho de las personas a la igualdad ante la ley y los tribunales y el derecho a un juicio justo; salvaguardasen el derecho a la intimidad; protegiesen todos los derechos humanos, incluidos los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales, respetasen plenamente las obligaciones relativas a la no devolución; asegurasen que las leyes que penalizan el terrorismo se ajusten al derecho; y asegurasen el acceso a un recurso efectivo; c) reconoció la necesidad de seguir reforzando procedimientos justos y claros en el marco del régimen de sanciones de las Naciones Unidas relacionadas con el terrorismo a fin de aumentar su eficiencia y transparencia, d) instó a los Estados a que, velando por el pleno cumplimiento de sus obligaciones internacionales, garantizasen el estado de derecho e incluyeran las debidas garantías en materia de derechos humanos en sus procedimientos nacionales para la inclusión de personas y entidades en el régimen de sanciones; e) solicitó a la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH) que siguiese contribuyendo a la labor del Equipo Especial sobre la Ejecución de la Lucha contra el Terrorismo, inclusive aumentando la conciencia sobre la necesidad de respetar los derechos humanos y el estado de derecho en la lucha contra el terrorismo f) alentó al Consejo de Seguridad y a su Comité contra el Terrorismo a que reforzaran los vínculos, la cooperación y el diálogo con los órganos competentes en materia de derechos humanos, en particular el ACNUDH, el Relator Especial sobre la promoción y la protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales en la lucha contra el terrorismo, otros procedimientos especiales y mecanismos competentes del Consejo de Derechos Humanos y los órganos competentes creados en virtud de tratados; y g) exhortó a las entidades de las Naciones Unidas que participan en el apoyo a las iniciativas contra el terrorismo a que continuaran facilitando la promoción y la protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales, así como las garantías procesales y el estado de derecho, al tiempo que luchan contra el terrorismo.",
"2. Se me solicitó que presentara a la Asamblea General, en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, un informe sobre la aplicación de la resolución 65/221. El presente informe también responde a la solicitud hecha por la ex Comisión de Derechos Humanos de que el Alto Comisionado informara a la Asamblea General sobre la aplicación de la resolución 2005/80 de la Comisión. En el presente informe se hace referencia a acontecimientos recientes en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas relacionados con los derechos humanos y la lucha contra el terrorismo, en particular por conducto de las actividades del Equipo Especial sobre la Ejecución de la Lucha contra el Terrorismo, su Grupo de Trabajo sobre la protección de los derechos humanos en la lucha contra el terrorismo, el Comité contra el Terrorismo y su Dirección Ejecutiva, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos y sus distintos procedimientos, mandatos y demás mecanismos, los órganos creados en virtud de tratados de derechos humanos y el ACNUDH.",
"II. Acontecimientos recientes en las Naciones Unidas en la esfera de los derechos humanos y la lucha contra el terrorismo",
"A. Estrategia global de las Naciones Unidas contra el terrorismo y Equipo Especial sobre la Ejecución de la Lucha contra el Terrorismo",
"3. El Equipo Especial sobre la Ejecución de la Lucha contra el Terrorismo sigue desempeñando una función crucial en la facilitación y promoción de la coordinación y coherencia en la aplicación de la Estrategia global en los planos nacional, regional y mundial. En tal sentido, el Grupo de Trabajo sobre la protección de los derechos humanos en la lucha contra el terrorismo, encabezado por el ACNUDH[1], sigue asistiendo a los Estados en la aplicación de los aspectos de derechos humanos de la Estrategia global de las Naciones Unidas contra el terrorismo[2], en particular los que figuran en su cuarto pilar, titulado “Medidas para asegurar el respeto de los derechos humanos para todos y el estado de derecho como base fundamental de la lucha contra el terrorismo”.",
"4. En la Estrategia Global y Plan de Acción contra el Terrorismo, los Estados resolvieron “hacer todo lo posible por establecer y mantener un sistema nacional de justicia penal eficaz y basado en el imperio de la ley que asegure, de conformidad con las obligaciones dimanadas del derecho internacional, que se enjuicie a toda persona que participe en la financiación, planificación, preparación o comisión de actos terroristas o apoye tales actos, según el principio de extradición o enjuiciamiento, con el debido respeto de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales…”². En ese contexto, el Grupo de Trabajo sobre la protección de los derechos humanos en la lucha contra el terrorismo está organizando una serie de cinco simposios regionales de expertos, con la participación de los Estados, con el fin de asegurar los principios fundamentales de un juicio justo en el contexto de la lucha contra el terrorismo, con particular referencia a las normas, la jurisprudencia y la práctica internacionales. Por conducto de los conocimientos especializados a nivel regional e internacional, y prestando especial atención al nivel regional, en los cinco simposios se prevé examinar cuestiones temáticas específicas, sacar conclusiones y formular recomendaciones basadas en normas internacionales.",
"5. Todos los simposios de expertos se celebran a nivel regional de manera rotativa, para facilitar una participación significativa de expertos y especialistas regionales y nacionales dedicados específicamente a las cuestiones que se examinan y que pueden aportar conocimientos prácticos fundamentales y de primera mano acerca de los retos y las situaciones complejas que deben abordarse, así como de las buenas prácticas recomendables. Los simposios centran su atención en los distintos aspectos de la protección del derecho a un juicio justo en el contexto de la lucha contra el terrorismo, incluidas cuestiones vinculadas a la universalidad y los aspectos no derogables del derecho a un juicio justo; la aplicación del derecho penal ordinario para enjuiciar a los sospechosos de haber cometido actos de terrorismo; el respeto del principio de legalidad; la relación entre los organismos de inteligencia y los encargados del cumplimiento de la ley; los derechos de los detenidos y/o enjuiciados por actos de terrorismo; la cuestión de la independencia e imparcialidad de los tribunales en el contexto de procesos relacionados con delitos de terrorismo; la cuestión de la proscripción de organizaciones; y las sanciones selectivas a nivel nacional.",
"6. El primer simposio regional de expertos se celebró en Bangkok los días 17 y 18 de febrero de 2011; asistieron 60 participantes de la región de Asia sudoriental (Brunei Darussalam, Camboya, Filipinas, Indonesia, Myanmar, República Democrática Popular Lao, Singapur, Tailandia, Timor-Leste y Viet Nam), entre quienes había jueces, fiscales, funcionarios de los ministerios de justicia, abogados defensores, expertos en derecho internacional, representantes de la sociedad civil y miembros del Equipo Especial sobre la Ejecución de la Lucha contra el Terrorismo. Los participantes evaluaron los retos que entraña la aplicación del derecho a un juicio justo en el contexto de la lucha contra el terrorismo según se establece en el derecho internacional, identificaron los derechos fundamentales para la protección del derecho a un juicio justo en la lucha contra el terrorismo y compartieron las mejores prácticas. Como resultado, el Equipo Especial publicará una serie inicial de observaciones y buenas prácticas que servirán de orientación para los Estados Miembros.",
"7. Durante el período de que se informa, el Grupo de Trabajo sobre la protección de los derechos humanos en la lucha contra el terrorismo publicó dos guías de referencia básicas en materia de derechos humanos, sobre la detención y el registro de particulares y sobre la infraestructura de seguridad[3]. Se están preparando tres guías más, sobre la detención en el contexto de la lucha contra el terrorismo, el principio de legalidad en las medidas nacionales de lucha contra el terrorismo y la proscripción de organizaciones. Esas guías tienen como objetivo brindar a los Estados, las organizaciones no gubernamentales nacionales e internacionales, los profesionales del derecho, los organismos de las Naciones Unidas y los particulares orientaciones sobre la manera en que en varias esferas relacionadas con la lucha contra el terrorismo se pueden adoptar medidas que respeten los derechos humanos.",
"8. El Grupo de Trabajo también ha seguido colaborando con la sociedad civil en cuestiones relacionadas con la aplicación de los aspectos de los derechos humanos de la Estrategia global. Habida cuenta de que las actividades de la sociedad civil son vitales para crear más conciencia acerca de las amenazas del terrorismo, para abordar de manera más eficaz esas amenazas y asegurar que se respeten los derechos humanos y el estado de derecho, la colaboración del Equipo Especial con la sociedad civil, las organizaciones no gubernamentales y los defensores de los derechos humanos es crucial para dar a conocer la asistencia que prestan el Equipo Especial y sus grupos de trabajo.",
"9. Otros grupos de trabajo del Equipo Especial sobre la Ejecución de la Lucha contra el Terrorismo[4] también siguen abordando en su labor cuestiones relacionadas con los derechos humanos; entre ellos cabe mencionar el Grupo de Trabajo sobre el apoyo a las víctimas del terrorismo y la divulgación de su situación, el recientemente establecido Grupo de Trabajo sobre la gestión de fronteras relacionada con la lucha contra el terrorismo, el Grupo de Trabajo sobre la represión del uso de Internet con fines terroristas y la iniciativa de asistencia integral para la lucha contra el terrorismo. El Grupo de Trabajo sobre prevención y resolución de conflictos ha organizado una serie de reuniones sobre la aplicación en la región de Asia central de la Estrategia global de las Naciones Unidas contra el terrorismo. La primera de esas reuniones se celebró en diciembre de 2010 en Bratislava y se centró en los pilares I (Medidas para hacer frente a las condiciones que propician la propagación del terrorismo) y IV (Medidas para asegurar el respeto de los derechos humanos para todos y el estado de derecho como base fundamental de la lucha contra el terrorismo) de la Estrategia. Se celebraron reuniones de trabajo sobre la cuestión de asegurar el respeto de los derechos humanos y del estado de derecho, incluida la buena gobernanza, a fin de hacer frente a las condiciones que propician la difusión del terrorismo. En marzo de 2011 se celebró una segunda reunión en Dushanbe, que se dedicó al pilar II de la Estrategia (Medidas para prevenir y combatir el terrorismo).",
"B. Comité contra el Terrorismo - Dirección Ejecutiva del Comité contra el Terrorismo",
"10. El Comité contra el Terrorismo y la Dirección Ejecutiva del Comité contra el Terrorismo siguen teniendo en cuenta las inquietudes pertinentes relativas a los derechos humanos en sus programas de trabajo centrados en la aplicación de las resoluciones 1373 (2001) y 1624 (2005) del Consejo de Seguridad. La resolución 1963 (2010) del Consejo, aprobada el 20 diciembre de 2010, prorrogó hasta el 31 diciembre 2013 el mandato de la Dirección Ejecutiva del Comité contra el Terrorismo. En la resolución se recordó a los Estados que las medidas eficaces de lucha contra el terrorismo y el respeto de los derechos humanos se complementan y refuerzan mutuamente y son parte esencial de una lucha eficaz contra el terrorismo. También se observó la importancia de que se respete el estado de derecho para que se combata efectivamente el terrorismo. En la resolución se alentó a la Dirección Ejecutiva del Comité contra el Terrorismo a que siguiera desarrollando sus actividades en esa esfera para que todos los asuntos de derechos humanos relacionados con la aplicación de las resoluciones 1373 (2001) y 1624 (2005) se tratasen de forma uniforme y con ecuanimidad. En tal sentido, la Dirección Ejecutiva del Comité contra el Terrorismo también siguió participando activamente en la labor del Grupo de Trabajo sobre la protección de los derechos humanos en la lucha contra el terrorismo del Equipo Especial sobre la Ejecución de la Lucha contra el Terrorismo.",
"11. De conformidad con el mandato encomendado por la Asamblea General en su resolución 65/221, la Dirección Ejecutiva del Comité contra el Terrorismo siguió manteniendo enlaces con el ACNUDH, el Relator Especial sobre la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales en la lucha contra el terrorismo y otras entidades dedicadas a los derechos humanos. La Dirección Ejecutiva también continuó su diálogo sobre cuestiones relativas a los derechos humanos con las organizaciones regionales y subregionales. Del 19 al 21 de abril de 2011, el Consejo de Europa acogió una reunión del Comité contra el Terrorismo dedicada al tema “Prevención del terrorismo”, a la que se invitó a organizaciones internacionales, regionales y subregionales. También participaron el ACNUDH y el Relator Especial sobre la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales en la lucha contra el terrorismo.",
"12. En noviembre de 2010, la Dirección Ejecutiva del Comité contra el Terrorismo organizó, para representantes de las fuerzas de policía, fiscales y coordinadores de la lucha contra el terrorismo de países del Asia meridional, un curso práctico regional que se celebró en Indonesia, en el Centro de Yakarta para la Cooperación en el Cumplimiento de la Ley. El curso centró su atención en el uso eficaz de técnicas de policía comunitarias y en las últimas novedades de la tecnología de la telefonía móvil, en cuanto se relaciona a la lucha contra el terrorismo. En el curso práctico también se abordó en detalle la función que desempeñan los coordinadores en el mejoramiento de la cooperación en la lucha contra el terrorismo en esa esfera. El ACNUDH prestó apoyo al curso al facilitar la participación de un experto en derechos humanos.",
"13. Además, en mayo de 2010, la Dirección Ejecutiva del Comité contra el Terrorismo organizó en Thimphu (Bhután) un curso práctico para funcionarios superiores encargados del cumplimiento de la ley, fiscales y jueces de Asia meridional. En el curso, los participantes debatieron la función de los servicios de policía y fiscalía en la lucha contra el terrorismo y los retos que afrontan esos servicios en la realización de las investigaciones y los procesos. El curso también brindó la oportunidad de crear conciencia en los servicios de policía y fiscalía respecto de las últimas tecnologías y técnicas disponibles de investigación y de compartir las experiencias y buenas prácticas pertinentes. Un representante del ACNUDH contribuyó al curso, señalando a la atención de los participantes las normas internacionales de derechos humanos aplicables a las investigaciones y los procesos.",
"C. Consejo de Derechos Humanos",
"14. En su 15° período de sesiones, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos decidió, en su resolución 15/15, prorrogar por tres años el mandato del Relator Especial sobre la promoción y la protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales en la lucha contra el terrorismo y le pidió que, entre otras cosas, identificara, intercambiara y promoviera las prácticas óptimas sobre medidas de lucha contra el terrorismo en que se respeten los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales[5].",
"15. En el mismo período de sesiones, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos, en su resolución 15/18 sobre la cuestión de la detención arbitraria, alentó a todos los Estados a respetar y promover el derecho de toda persona que sea privada de su libertad mediante detención o prisión a recurrir ante un tribunal, a fin de que éste decida a la mayor brevedad posible sobre la legalidad de su prisión y ordene su libertad si la prisión es ilegal, incluso cuando se trate de detención administrativa en virtud de la legislación en materia de seguridad pública. Además, el Consejo aprobó la resolución 15/28, sobre asistencia a Somalia en materia de derechos humanos, en la que instó al Gobierno Federal de Transición, los Estados miembros, los interesados y toda la comunidad internacional a que siguieran aislando a las personas y entidades cuyas actividades constituyan una amenaza para la paz, la seguridad o la estabilidad de Somalia y de la región, incluidas las que participen en atentados terroristas, asegurándose de que las medidas tomadas para luchar contra el terrorismo sean conformes con el derecho internacional.",
"16. El 11 de marzo de 2011, en su 16° período de sesiones, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos celebró, con arreglo a lo establecido en su decisión 15/116, una mesa redonda sobre los derechos humanos en el contexto de las medidas adoptadas frente a la toma de rehenes por terroristas[6], en que se prestó especial atención a la responsabilidad primaria de los Estados de promover y proteger los derechos humanos de todas las personas bajo su jurisdicción, al fortalecimiento de la cooperación internacional para prevenir y combatir el terrorismo y a la protección de los derechos de todas las víctimas del terrorismo. El propósito de la mesa redonda fue crear más conciencia y comprensión sobre los aspectos de derechos humanos de las tomas de rehenes cometidas en el contexto de actividades terroristas.",
"17. El moderador de la mesa redonda fue Sihasak Phuangketkeow (Tailandia), Presidente del Consejo de Derechos Humanos; fue inaugurada por la Alta Comisionada Adjunta de Derechos Humanos, Kyung-wha Kang. Los panelistas fueron: Martin Scheinin, Relator Especial sobre la promoción y la protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales en la lucha contra el terrorismo; Kamel Rezzag-Bara, Asesor del Presidente de la República Democrática Popular de Argelia; Cecilia R. V. Quisumbing, Comisionada de la Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos de Filipinas; Soumeylou Maiga, Presidente del Observatorio de Geoestrategia y Seguridad del Sahel (Malí); y Federico Andreu-Guzmán, Subdirector de la Subdirección de Litigio y Protección Jurídica de la Comisión Colombiana de Juristas.",
"18. También en su 16° período de sesiones, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos, en su resolución 16/23, de 25 de marzo de 2011, condenó en particular cualquier medida o intento de los Estados o funcionarios públicos de legalizar, autorizar o consentir la tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes en cualquier circunstancia, incluso por razones de seguridad nacional o mediante decisiones judiciales, y exhortó a los Estados a que garantizaran la rendición de cuentas por la comisión de esos actos. Además, recordó a los Estados que la prolongación de la detención en situación de incomunicación o la detención en sitios secretos puede facilitar la comisión de actos de tortura u otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes y constituir en sí una forma de trato de este tipo, e instó a todos los Estados a respetar las salvaguardias relativas a la libertad, la seguridad y la dignidad de la persona y a eliminar los lugares secretos de detención e interrogatorio.",
"19. El 1 de junio de 2011, durante su 17° período de sesiones, con arreglo a lo establecido en su decisión 16/116, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos celebró una mesa redonda sobre la cuestión de los derechos humanos de la víctimas del terrorismo, teniendo en cuenta, entre otras cosas, las recomendaciones del simposio sobre el apoyo a las víctimas del terrorismo convocado por el Secretario General, celebrado el 9 de septiembre de 2008. El objetivo de la mesa redonda fue aumentar la comprensión sobre la cuestión de los derechos humanos de las víctimas del terrorismo, intercambiar información sobre las actividades pertinentes emprendidas a nivel internacional, regional y nacional, y compartir las mejores prácticas con miras a aumentar la capacidad de los Estados de responder a las necesidades de protección de los derechos de las víctimas del terrorismo y sus familias, teniendo en cuenta sus obligaciones internacionales en materia de derechos humanos.",
"20. El moderador de la mesa redonda fue el Sr. Phuangketkeow (Tailandia), Presidente del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, y ésta fue inaugurada por Navanethem Pillay, Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos. Hicieron presentaciones los panelistas siguientes: Anne Wu, Oficial de Asuntos Políticos, Oficina del Equipo Especial sobre la Ejecución de la Lucha contra el Terrorismo; Martin Scheinin, Relator Especial sobre la promoción y la protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales en la lucha contra el terrorismo; Maite Pagazaurtundua, Fundación Víctimas del Terrorismo (España); Rianne M. Letschert, Profesora de Derecho Internacional y Victimología y Directora Adjunta del Instituto Internacional de Victimología de Tilburg (Países Bajos); Mauro Miedico, Coordinador, Dependencia Especializada en Terrorismo, Subdivisión de Prevención del Terrorismo, Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito; y Yakin Erturk, miembro del Comité de Prevención de la Tortura del Consejo de Europa y ex Relatora Especial sobre la violencia contra la mujer. Tal como solicitó el Consejo de Derechos Humanos en su decisión 16/116, el ACNUDH preparará un resumen de la mesa redonda, que se presentará al Consejo en su 19° período de sesiones.",
"Examen periódico universal",
"21. El Consejo de Derechos Humanos también examinó la cuestión de la protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales en la lucha contra el terrorismo con arreglo a su examen periódico universal. En algunas de las recomendaciones más prevalentes del Consejo Derechos Humanos se pide la adecuación de las normas internas de lucha contra el terrorismo a las normas y obligaciones internacionales de derechos humanos[7], señalando en particular la necesidad de examinar el marco legislativo de la lucha contra el terrorismo[8]. También se recomendó a los Estados que pusieran fin a las violaciones graves de los derechos humanos y del derecho humanitario cometidas con el pretexto de combatir el terrorismo[9]. También se plantearon preocupaciones acerca del enjuiciamiento de los detenidos por crímenes del terrorismo ante tribunales o jurisdicciones de excepción, destacándose que se los debe hacer comparecer ante órganos judiciales establecidos legalmente, protegidos con las debidas garantías procesales[10]. Además, se alentó a los Estados Miembros a que investigaran las denuncias de tortura en el contexto de las medidas de lucha contra el terrorismo, dieran a publicidad las conclusiones, hicieran comparecer a los autores ante la justicia e indemnizaran a las víctimas[11]. Además, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos exhortó a la promulgación de legislación, de conformidad con lo establecido en la Convención contra la tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes, que se ocupe de los actos descritos como “técnicas mejoradas de interrogatorio”[12]. También recomendó que se hiciera una evaluación abierta y transparente de las consecuencias de los vuelos sobre los territorios nacionales de los Estados y de los aterrizajes realizados en el contexto del programa de extradición de la Agencia Central de Inteligencia (CIA)[13]. Además, se planteó como preocupación las condenas a muerte en casos de terrorismo[14]. En otra recomendación se destacó la necesidad de evitar el uso de perfiles religiosos y raciales en la defensa contra el terrorismo, mediante la promulgación de legislación que prohíba esa práctica[15]. En tal sentido, también se sugirió que los controles de seguridad fueran “más inteligentes”, a fin de evitar la discriminación[16]. Además, se propuso que los Estados organizaran sesiones de capacitación basadas en los derechos humanos a fin de educar a las autoridades competentes y así mejorar las prácticas de lucha contra el terrorismo[17]. Por último, se exhortó a los Estados a que respondieran a las recomendaciones hechas por el Relator Especial sobre la promoción y la protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales en la lucha contra el terrorismo y a que adoptaran medidas al respecto[18].",
"Procedimientos especiales",
"22. En su informe presentado en el 16° período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos (A/HRC/16/51), el Relator Especial sobre la promoción y la protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales en la lucha contra el terrorismo presentó una compilación de las 10 mejores prácticas en la lucha contra el terrorismo, en la forma de modelos legislativos. La compilación fue el resultado de un análisis realizado por el Relator Especial sobre la base de su labor a lo largo de seis años y que entrañó distintas forma de interacción con múltiples interesados, en particular presentaciones hechas por escrito por los gobiernos (véase A/HRC/16/51/Add.4). La compilación se basa en tratados internacionales, resoluciones de organizaciones internacionales y la jurisprudencia de tribunales internacionales y regionales. En su informe, el Relator Especial concluye que, más allá de esos modelos, las mejores prácticas también podrían identificarse de otra manera, especialmente mediante la adopción de estrategias nacionales de lucha contra el terrorismo que deben ir más allá de una buena legislación y que requieren un enfoque amplio, basado en los derechos humanos, y que también se ocupen de las condiciones que propician la difusión del terrorismo, de conformidad con la Estrategia global de lucha contra el terrorismo. En las disposiciones modelo se hace referencia a la compatibilidad de la legislación de lucha contra el terrorismo con las normas de derechos humanos, el derecho humanitario y el derecho de los refugiados; la compatibilidad de las prácticas de lucha contra el terrorismo con las normas de derechos humanos, el derecho humanitario y el derecho de los refugiados; los principios de normalidad y especificidad; el examen del funcionamiento de la legislación y la práctica de lucha contra el terrorismo; vías de recurso efectivas en caso de violaciones de derechos humanos; las reparaciones y la asistencia a las víctimas; la definición de terrorismo; un delito modelo de incitación al terrorismo; los elementos básicos de las mejores prácticas en las listas de entidades terroristas; y los elementos básicos de las mejores prácticas en la detención y el interrogatorio de sospechosos de terrorismo.",
"23. Por invitación del Gobierno, el Relator Especial visitó Túnez del 22 al 26 de enero de 2010 (véase A/HC/16/51/Add.2). El Gobierno de Transición invitó al Relator Especial a una segunda visita, que se realizó del 22 al 26 de mayo 2011. En su comunicado de prensa de 26 de mayo, al concluir su misión de seguimiento, el Relator Especial destacó la necesidad de hacer las reformas necesarias en el marco de la lucha contra el terrorismo de conformidad con las normas internacionales de derechos humanos, e instó a que se adoptaran medidas para luchar contra la impunidad y asegurar la rendición de cuentas por los crímenes y las violaciones de derechos humanos cometidos en nombre de la lucha contra el terrorismo. Entre esas medidas se incluyen la continuación de oficio de las investigaciones y denuncias de tortura y detención ilegal, que a menudo se realizaban con el pretexto de luchar contra el terrorismo, y que se haga rendir cuentas a los responsables, a fin de ayudar a reconstruir la confianza entre la población y las fuerzas de seguridad del país. El Relator Especial manifestó que la abusiva ley de lucha contra el terrorismo, de 2003, prácticamente no se ha aplicado desde los acontecimientos de 14 enero de 2011. Según el Relator Especial, el Gobierno de Transición ha reconocido, al promulgar una ley de amnistía que incluye a quienes fueron condenados o detenidos con arreglo a esa ley, que ésta no brinda más seguridad al pueblo de Túnez, sino que en realidad se la utilizó como instrumento de opresión contra toda forma de disenso político o de otro tipo. El Relator Especial ofreció la asistencia de su mandato para reemplazar la ley de 2003 en un marco legislativo adecuado que regule las actividades de Túnez de lucha contra el terrorismo y que se adecue a los convenios y protocolos internacionales de lucha contra el terrorismo y que, al mismo tiempo, respete plenamente los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales. Haciendo referencia además a su informe anterior (véase A/HRC/16/51/Add.2), en que había expresado su gran preocupación por las actividades de distintas entidades del aparato de seguridad y sobre el secreto y la impunidad con que funcionaban, el Relator Especial encomió que el Gobierno de Transición hubiera abolido la Dirección de Seguridad del Estado, entidad presuntamente responsable de actividades de tortura y detención arbitraria e incluso secreta, y que actuaba como “policía política”, que no existía en la ley pero se utilizaba como término para describir a los elementos de los órganos de seguridad conexos al Ministerio del Interior que habían sido responsables de actuar contra los activistas políticos y de derechos humanos y otros disidentes.",
"24. Por invitación del Gobierno, el Relator Especial visitó el Perú del 1 al 8 de septiembre de 2010. En su informe (A/HRC/16/51/Add.3 y Corr.3), el Relator Especial examinó las medidas adoptadas por el Perú para prestar apoyo a las víctimas de crímenes de terrorismo y violaciones de derechos humanos cometidos entre 1980 y 2000 por las fuerzas de seguridad del Estado durante el conflicto armado interno. También analizó el marco legislativo de lucha contra el terrorismo y su aplicación en la práctica. El Relator Especial concluyó que el Perú aporta importantes lecciones sobre la administración de justicia y la reparación de los sufrimientos causados por el conflicto armado interno y considera que el establecimiento de la Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación constituye una práctica óptima. El proceso penal y la condena del ex Presidente del Perú y de sus ayudantes, así como los numerosos procesos nuevos de terroristas anteriormente condenados en juicios celebrados sin las debidas garantías, constituyen importantes progresos en el cumplimiento de las obligaciones del Estado de conformidad con las normas internacionales de derechos humanos. Sin embargo, preocupó al Relator Especial la amplia definición de terrorismo tipificada en la legislación penal, los lentos progresos hechos en la puesta en práctica del Plan de Reparaciones y la tendencia de asimilar al terrorismo a los defensores de los derechos humanos y los movimientos de protesta social. Destacó que recurrir al estado de emergencia y al despliegue de fuerzas militares no sólo como medio de lucha contra el terrorismo, sino también en situaciones de demostraciones masivas, plantea el riesgo de militarizar conflictos que no deben ser resueltos por las fuerzas armadas. El Relator Especial acogió complacido la decisión del Congreso de derogar el Decreto legislativo núm. 1097, aprobado por el poder ejecutivo en ejercicio de la facultad de legislar que se había delegado en él, ya que dicho decreto podría haber permitido el sobreseimiento de los procedimientos penales por violaciones de los derechos humanos cometidos durante el conflicto armado interno, y aparentemente habría sometido a prescripción los crímenes comprendidos en la Convención sobre la imprescriptibilidad de los crímenes de guerra y de los crímenes de lesa humanidad.",
"25. En su informe presentado a la Asamblea General en su 65º período de sesiones (A/65/258), el Relator Especial abordó la cuestión del cumplimiento por las Naciones Unidas de las normas de derechos humanos en la lucha contra el terrorismo, teniendo en cuenta y evaluando la función y la contribución de, entre otros, la Asamblea General, el Equipo Especial sobre la Ejecución de la Lucha contra el Terrorismo, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos, el Consejo de Seguridad y sus órganos subsidiarios y las operaciones de las Naciones Unidas sobre el terreno en lo concerniente a la promoción y la protección de los derechos humanos en el contexto de sus actividades de lucha contra el terrorismo. La principal recomendación hecha en el informe es que el Consejo de Seguridad aproveche la oportunidad que ofrecerá próximamente el décimo aniversario de su resolución 1373 (2001) para reemplazar las resoluciones 1373 (2001), 1624 (2005) y 1267 (1999) (en su forma enmendada) con una resolución única, no aprobada con arreglo al Capítulo VII de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, en la que se organicen en un marco único las medidas de lucha contra el terrorismo y las obligaciones relativas a la presentación de informes de los Estados. Esta propuesta se basa en una apreciación del Relator Especial a tenor de la cual el Capítulo VII no proporciona fundamentos jurídicos que permitan mantener el actual marco de resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad obligatorias y permanentes, de carácter cuasilegislativo o cuasijudicial. En el informe se examinan también algunos medios para mejorar los mecanismos de rendición de cuentas de las Naciones Unidas en relación con el respeto de los derechos humanos en sus operaciones sobre el terreno, en particular en la lucha contra el terrorismo, así como las aportaciones de diversos agentes a la aplicación de la Estrategia global de las Naciones Unidas contra el terrorismo, de 2006.",
"26. En su informe al Consejo de Derechos Humanos (A/HRC/16/47 y Add.1-3), el Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Detención Arbitraria destacó las consecuencias de gran alcance del estudio conjunto sobre las prácticas mundiales relativas a la detención secreta en el contexto de la lucha contra el terrorismo (véase A/HRC/13/42 y A/65/224, párr. 13), en particular en relación con su mandato y los casos de privación arbitraria de la libertad. Señaló con preocupación que los casos de detención secreta van normalmente acompañados de la ausencia de garantías jurídicas, hábeas corpus y juicio justo. El Grupo de Trabajo reiteró la necesidad de que se aplique un criterio estricto cuando examine casos en que los gobiernos hagan una referencia general y vaga al terrorismo como justificación para restringir los derechos humanos. El Grupo de Trabajo hizo referencia a tres opiniones aprobadas en el período que se examina, con arreglo a su procedimiento sobre denuncias individuales, que se referían directamente a casos de personas detenidas con cargos de terrorismo, y en todos los casos consideró que la privación de la libertad había sido arbitraria (Opinión núm. 22/2010, véase A/HRC/16/47/Add.1, y Opiniones 24/2010 y 32/2010, véase A/HRC/16/47, párr. 9, cuadro 1).",
"27. En su informe a la Asamblea General (A/65/273), el Relator Especial del Consejo de Derechos Humanos sobre la tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes expresó su preocupación por que, a fin de luchar eficazmente contra el aumento del terrorismo y otras formas de delincuencia organizada, los gobiernos de demasiados países parecen dispuestos a restringir ciertos derechos humanos atribuyendo facultades muy amplias a sus fuerzas del orden, de inteligencia y de seguridad, lo que genera un entorno propicio para el menoscabo de la prohibición absoluta de la tortura. La insensibilización ante la violencia de muchas sociedades ha alcanzado tal nivel que los gobiernos y la población en general simplemente consideran la tortura como un “mal menor”. El Relator Especial considera que esta tendencia es alarmante. Destacó que es necesaria una nueva campaña mundial de sensibilización para cambiar este clima de tolerancia al uso excesivo de la fuerza por los funcionarios encargados de hacer cumplir la ley. Debe recordarse a los gobiernos que la tortura no es un medio eficaz para combatir la delincuencia. Al contrario: contribuye a una mayor insensibilización de las sociedades y a la espiral de violencia que sufren muchas de ellas. En su primer informe al Consejo de Derechos Humanos (A/HRC/16/52), el recientemente nombrado Relator Especial indicó su intención de identificar y seguir perfeccionando los vínculos que existen entre los métodos forenses y de otras ciencias, no solo con miras a erradicar la tortura y aportar pruebas que corroboren los indicios de la práctica de la tortura, sino también para ofrecer a los Estados alternativas forenses y científicas fidedignas para la aplicación de la ley, la lucha contra el terrorismo y el procesamiento penal efectivo.",
"28. En su informe a la Asamblea General (A/65/321, párrs. 11 a 16), el anterior Relator Especial sobre las ejecuciones extrajudiciales, sumarias o arbitrarias abordó la cuestión de los asesinatos selectivos y la rendición de cuentas, incluso en el contexto de la lucha contra el terrorismo. Expresó su preocupación por que, desde la presentación del informe al Consejo de Derechos Humanos, en su 14° período de sesiones, sobre la cuestión de los asesinatos selectivos (A/HRC/14/24/Add.6), los Estados Miembros no habían aportado información concreta en relación con ninguna de las cuestiones básicas planteadas en el informe del Relator Especial.",
"29. En su informe al Consejo de Derechos Humanos, el Relator Especial sobre la promoción y protección del derecho a la libertad de opinión y expresión manifestó su preocupación respecto de las limitaciones impuestas al derecho a la libertad de expresión por conducto de la Internet con fundamento en la lucha contra el terrorismo (A/HRC/17/27). Señaló que existen leyes penales, o nuevas leyes ideadas específicamente para penalizar la expresión por conducto de la Internet, que a menudo se justifican con la noción de luchar contra el terrorismo, pero que en la práctica se utilizan para censurar el contenido de lo que el gobierno u otras entidades poderosas no gustan ni comparten. El Relator Especial destacó que la protección de la seguridad nacional o la necesidad de lucha contra el terrorismo no se pueden utilizar para justificar la restricción del derecho a la libertad de expresión, a menos que el gobierno pueda demostrar que: a) la expresión tenga como objetivo instigar una violencia inmediata; b) es probable que instigue a ese tipo de violencia; y c) exista una relación directa e inmediata entre la expresión y la posibilidad de que se produzca ese tipo de violencia.",
"30. En su informe a la Asamblea General (A/65/223), la Relatora Especial sobre la situación de los defensores de los derechos humanos abordó la cuestión de la estigmatización de los defensores de los derechos humanos por los agentes no estatales. La Relatora Especial señaló que, en el contexto de los conflictos civiles, los paramilitares tratan con frecuencia de estigmatizar la labor de los defensores de los derechos humanos y legitimar campañas de violencia contra ellos, aduciendo que están vinculados a grupos armados o terroristas. Manifestó que, en esos casos, es fundamental que el gobierno reafirme públicamente la importancia de la labor realizada por los defensores de los derechos humanos y denuncie cualquier intento de descalificarlos o estigmatizarlos. En su informe al Consejo de Derechos Humanos (A/HRC/16/44, Add.1-2 y Corr.1), la Relatora Especial planteó la cuestión de la estigmatización y penalización de la labor de los defensores de los derechos humanos de la mujer. Manifestó que, además de la estigmatización “política” en determinados contextos de los defensores de ambos sexos, a quienes se acusa de representar a movimientos guerrilleros, terroristas, extremistas políticos, separatistas y países o intereses extranjeros, su sexo o los derechos que propugnan en relación con el género o la sexualidad suelen agravar la estigmatización de las defensoras de los derechos humanos.",
"31. En su informe a la Asamblea General (A/65/207, párr. 39), la Relatora Especial sobre la libertad de religión o de creencias, consideró preocupantes los informes de que, en el contexto de las medidas de lucha contra el terrorismo, los musulmanes se ven sometidos regularmente a la investigación de sus datos personales, requisas domiciliarias, interrogatorios y detenciones motivados únicamente por la religión que profesan. La Relatora Especial insistió en que la práctica de elaborar perfiles basados en el origen étnico o nacional o la religión no se ajusta al requisito de proporcionalidad como medio de lucha contra el terrorismo y entraña además consecuencias negativas considerables que pueden hacer que esas medidas resulten contraproducentes para combatirlo",
"Grupo de trabajo intergubernamental de composición abierta encargado de estudiar la posibilidad de elaborar un marco normativo internacional para la regulación, el seguimiento y la supervisión de las actividades de las empresas militares y de seguridad privadas",
"32. En su resolución 15/26, de 1 de octubre de 2010, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos estableció un grupo de trabajo con el mandato de estudiar la posibilidad de elaborar un marco normativo internacional, incluida, entre otras, la posibilidad de elaborar un instrumento jurídicamente vinculante para la regulación, el seguimiento y la supervisión de las actividades de las empresas militares y de seguridad privadas, incluida la rendición de cuenta de estas empresas, teniendo en consideración los principios, los elementos principales y el proyecto de texto propuestos por el Grupo de Trabajo sobre la utilización de mercenarios como medio de violar los derechos humanos y obstaculizar el ejercicio del derecho de los pueblos a la libre determinación. El Consejo decidió también que el grupo de trabajo intergubernamental de composición abierta celebrase, durante dos años, un período anual de sesiones de cinco días y que presentase sus recomendaciones al Consejo de Derechos Humanos en su 21º período de sesiones. Con arreglo a lo establecido en la resolución, el primer período de sesiones de grupo de trabajo se celebró del 23 al 27 de mayo de 2011.",
"D. Órganos creados en virtud de tratados de derechos humanos",
"33. El Comité de Derechos Humanos, el Comité contra la Tortura, el Comité de los Derechos del Niño, el Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales y el Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial han seguido examinando el cumplimiento en la legislación y la práctica de los Estados partes en los tratados respectivos de su obligación jurídica de respetar los derechos humanos en el contexto de la lucha contra el terrorismo.",
"34. Las cuestiones abordadas por el Comité de Derechos Humanos y el Comité contra la Tortura se referían predominantemente a las definiciones extremadamente amplias y poco claras de delitos de terrorismo en la legislación nacional[19]. Además, el Comité de Derechos Humanos expresó su preocupación por la intención de los Estados de promulgar legislación de lucha contra el terrorismo que autoriza importantes demoras antes del enjuiciamiento y antes de permitir el acceso a un abogado y que, en circunstancias excepcionales, permite que las decisiones sobre la prórroga de la detención se adopten en ausencia del sospechoso[20]. En tal sentido, el Comité recomendó que toda persona arrestada o detenida en razón de una acusación penal, incluida las personas que presuntamente hubieran cometido delitos relacionados con la seguridad, tenga acceso inmediato a los abogados y acceso inmediato a un juez²⁰. También destacó la cuestión de la legislación que permite a los jueces ocultar pruebas a los detenidos por razones de seguridad y destacó la importancia del acceso a todas las pruebas, incluidas las secretas, y sugirió la posibilidad de introducir un régimen de abogados especiales²⁰. Además, el Comité de Derechos Humanos destacó su preocupación por la limitada independencia orgánica y funcional de los tribunales de seguridad del Estado y por la facultad del poder ejecutivo de remitir a esos tribunales casos que no afectan la seguridad del Estado[21].",
"35. El Comité contra la Tortura expresó su profunda preocupación por las denuncias del uso rutinario de tortura contra presuntos terroristas por la policía, guardiacárceles, fuerzas de seguridad y personal militar[22]. Además, señaló informes fidedignos que indicaban que esos casos se producían frecuentemente con la participación, la instigación o el consentimiento de los oficiales de comando de comisarías, centros de detención, cárceles y bases militares y en lugares no oficiales o secretos de detención²². En consecuencia, el Comité instó a los Estados partes pertinentes que adoptaran medidas inmediatas y eficaces para investigar, enjuiciar y sancionar todos los actos de tortura²². La legislación que restringe indebidamente las salvaguardias jurídicas contra la tortura y los malos tratos contra sospechosos o acusados de delitos terroristas o conexos, y que al mismo tiempo otorga a la policía amplias facultades para detener sospechosos sin orden judicial, ha sido un motivo más de preocupación para el Comité contra la Tortura[23]. En cuanto a la privación de derechos de los presuntos terroristas detenidos, el Comité ha exhortado a los Estados a que permitan a los detenidos tener acceso inmediato a un abogado, tiempo suficiente para prepararse para el juicio, exámenes médicos independientes que incluyan la confidencialidad entre médico y paciente, y la notificación de la detención a los familiares[24]. El Comité criticó las prácticas de detención y los incidentes de malos tratos de menores en instalaciones de detención no registradas para adultos, y que se los interrogue sin asistencia jurídica o la presencia de un adulto o guardián jurídico[25]. El Comité también señaló los informes sobre la frecuente injerencia del poder ejecutivo en los procesos judiciales, en particular los procesos penales, y de instancias de acoso, intimidación y destitución de jueces que resistieron la presión política y/o no ordenaron la detención de acusados de crímenes terroristas o delitos de Estado[26]. Además, expresó su preocupación por la admisión de pruebas y confesiones obtenidas mediante tortura y recomendó que se adoptasen las medidas necesarias para asegurar que, en la práctica, esas confesiones y pruebas no se admitan en los procedimientos judiciales, incluso en los casos correspondientes a las normas de lucha contra el terrorismo[27].",
"36. Entre otras cuestiones que preocupan a los órganos creados en virtud de tratados cabe mencionar el uso desproporcionado de la fuerza al responder a las amenazas terroristas y que causa muertes colaterales[28], la demolición de propiedades y hogares de familiares de los sospechosos de terrorismo[29], el secuestro de presuntos terroristas[30], la restricción en los lugares de detención de ciertos privilegios en relación con las actividades grupales de personas acusadas de delitos terroristas o condenadas por ellos[31], la práctica de perfiles raciales como parte de las medidas de seguridad nacional que pueden contribuir a que se estigmatice aún más a ciertos grupos[32], el enjuiciamiento de menores por su asociación con grupos armados en virtud de las disposiciones de lucha contra el terrorismo[33], y la falta de una definición estricta para declarar el estado de emergencia y su limitación a circunstancias excepcionales[34]. En cuanto a las leyes de emergencia, causan particular preocupación los abusos relacionados con menores, como la detención por más de un año, la denegación de un abogado[35], los enjuiciamientos ante tribunales militares[36] y las consecuencias de las reglamentaciones de emergencia en el goce de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales[37].",
"III. Actividades de la Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos y de la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos",
"37. En el desempeño de su mandato, la Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos siguió examinando la cuestión de la protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales en la lucha contra el terrorismo y formulando recomendaciones generales sobre las obligaciones de los Estados en tal sentido. En su informe al Consejo, en su 16° período de sesiones (A/HRC/16/50), la Alta Comisionada expresó su continua y profunda preocupación por la erosión del respeto a las garantías procesales, incluido el derecho a un juicio justo en el contexto de las políticas y prácticas de lucha contra el terrorismo. Si bien señaló que los recientemente establecidos procedimientos de exclusión de la lista, incluido el establecimiento de la Oficina del Ombudsman para recibir las solicitudes de personas y entidades que deseen ser excluidas de la Lista consolidada, representaba un paso importante en pro de procedimientos justos y claros, la Alta Comisionada subrayó la brecha que existe entre el régimen de la resolución 1267 y los requisitos de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos relativas a las garantías procesales y destacó que persiste la necesidad de llevar a cabo una reforma más amplia[38].",
"38. En consecuencia, la Alta Comisionada exhortó al Consejo de Derechos Humanos a que siguiera investigando todos los medios posibles para asegurar que las sanciones impuestas a personas y entidades vayan acompañadas de salvaguardias procesales rigurosas, que garanticen los estándares mínimos del debido proceso, tanto para las decisiones de inclusión como exclusión de nombres en la lista. Destacó además que ello debe incluir que se asegure el pleno apoyo a la Oficina del Ombudsman y, al mismo tiempo, elaborar mecanismos adicionales para mejorar las protecciones procesales en los procedimientos de inclusión en la lista y exclusión de ella. También se debe establecer un procedimiento independiente y cuasijudicial para el examen de las decisiones de inclusión en la lista y exclusión de ella[39].",
"39. En el mismo informe, la Alta Comisionada señaló las prácticas que impiden el derecho a un juicio justo en el contexto de la lucha contra el terrorismo, como ciertos usos de información procedente de los servicios de inteligencia en los procesos ante la justicia penal[40]. Si bien destacó que el uso de información fidedigna es indispensable para impedir la comisión de actos terroristas y hacer comparecer ante la justicia a los sospechosos, subrayó que el cada vez mayor uso de ese tipo de información en la lucha contra el terrorismo y la aparición en muchos países de “actividades policiales dirigidas por los servicios secretos” han dado lugar a la expansión del poder de esos servicios, a menudo sin que se tengan debidamente en cuenta las salvaguardias de las garantías procesales necesarias para brindar protección frente a los abusos. En tal sentido, la Alta Comisionada también destacó los retos que a los derechos humanos plantea el cada vez mayor uso por los Estados de los servicios de inteligencia, incluido el abuso de la doctrina del secreto de Estado en el contexto de los procedimientos judiciales, el uso en los procedimientos judiciales de pruebas obtenidas por medios ilegales, ya sea en el país como en el extranjero, y el uso de pruebas secretas. Entre tanto, exhortó a los Estados a que asegurasen que se cuente con marcos normativos que garanticen el cumplimiento de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos, tanto internamente como por conducto de la cooperación con los servicios de inteligencia de otros Estados.",
"40. Además de sus actividades relacionadas con la presidencia del Equipo Especial sobre la Ejecución de la Lucha contra el Terrorismo en relación con el pilar IV de la Estrategia global de las Naciones Unidas contra el terrorismo, según se refleja en la sección II.A del presente informe, el ACNUDH ha seguido reforzando la incorporación de un criterio de derechos humanos en las actividades comunes relativas a los demás pilares de la Estrategia. En tal sentido, el ACNUDH participó en un simposio titulado “Balance y definición del camino por seguir: fortalecimiento de la respuesta al terrorismo abordando las relaciones que existen con las actividades delictivas conexas”, organizado en Viena en marzo de 2011 por la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito, con una presentación sobre la manera en que se puede prestar apoyo a los Estados Miembros, mediante asistencia y cooperación técnicas, para responder a las preocupaciones legítimas sobre la seguridad nacional respetando plenamente el estado de derecho y las normas de derechos humanos.",
"41. La Alta Comisionada para los Derechos Humanos también inauguró una mesa redonda del Consejo de Derechos Humanos dedicada a la cuestión de los derechos humanos de las víctimas del terrorismo, que se celebró en junio de 2011[41], mientras que la Alta Comisionada Adjunta pronunció el discurso inaugural de la mesa redonda del Consejo sobre la cuestión de los derechos humanos en el contexto de las medidas adoptadas para abordar la toma de rehenes por terroristas, que se celebró en marzo de 2011[42]. Además, la Alta Comisionada Adjunta inauguró uno de los actos paralelos del 16° período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos dedicado al tema de los derechos humanos de las víctimas del terrorismo, en que otro representante del ACNUDH participó en condición de panelista.",
"IV. Conclusiones",
"42. La Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, los órganos creados en virtud de tratados de derechos humanos, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos y sus distintos procedimientos especiales han seguido expresando su profunda preocupación por las importantes incoherencias que siguen existiendo entre los marcos jurídicos y las prácticas nacionales de lucha contra el terrorismo y las normas internacionales de derechos humanos, incluidas las definiciones vagas y amplias de terrorismo, la falta de salvaguardias jurídicas relacionadas con las garantías procesales y un juicio justo, y las prácticas de tortura y malos tratos contra los presuntos terroristas. Reiterando mi exhortación a los Estados Miembros a que apliquen plenamente la Estrategia global de las Naciones Unidas contra el terrorismo y de que aseguren el respeto de los derechos humanos y del estado de derecho como principio fundamental de todas las medidas de lucha contra el terrorismo, insto a todos los Estados a que aseguren que sus medidas de lucha contra el terrorismo se adecuen a las obligaciones que les incumben con arreglo al derecho internacional.",
"43. Un sistema de justicia penal eficaz, basado en el respeto de los derechos humanos y el estado de derecho, que garantice el debido proceso y un juicio justo, sigue siendo la mejor manera de luchar eficazmente contra el terrorismo y de asegurar la rendición de cuentas. Aliento a los Estados a que participen activamente en el simposio regional de expertos sobre el tema “Protección de los derechos humanos a fin de asegurar los principios fundamentales de un juicio justo en el contexto de la lucha contra el terrorismo”, que se celebra bajo los auspicios del Grupo de Trabajo sobre la protección de los derechos humanos en la lucha contra el terrorismo, y a que aprovechen las observaciones y las buenas prácticas elaboradas en ese proceso. También aliento a los Estados y demás interesados a aprovechar las guías de referencia básicas sobre derechos humanos elaboradas por este grupo de trabajo.",
"44. Aliento al Equipo Especial sobre la Ejecución de la Lucha contra el Terrorismo, sus grupos de trabajo y entidades a que siguen incorporando en su labor un criterio de derechos humanos, y que en ella también aborden cuestiones y preocupaciones relativas a los derechos humanos, de conformidad con el criterio encomendado por los Estados Miembros en la Estrategia global, y a que asegure que la asistencia que presta el Equipo Especial para responder al terrorismo sea eficaz, sostenible y de conformidad con las normas internacionales de derechos humanos. En ese contexto, el Equipo Especial debe aumentar su compromiso con la sociedad civil de informar de la asistencia prestada por el Equipo Especial y sus grupos de trabajo.",
"45. Sobre la base de la resolución 1963 (2010) del Consejo de Seguridad, se alienta al Comité contra el Terrorismo y a su Dirección Ejecutiva a que sigan esforzándose por que, en las esferas de competencia de sus mandatos, el respeto del estado de derecho y las normas de derechos humanos constituyan el fundamento de la lucha contra el terrorismo. En tal sentido, cabe encomiar los esfuerzos del Comité contra el Terrorismo y de su Dirección Ejecutiva encaminados a procurar que la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos participe en sus actividades.",
"[1] Sus miembros son el Relator Especial sobre la promoción y la protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales en la lucha contra el terrorismo, la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito, la Dirección Ejecutiva del Comité contra el Terrorismo, el Instituto Interregional de las Naciones Unidas para Investigaciones sobre la Delincuencia y la Justicia, el Banco Mundial, la Organización Marítima Internacional y el equipo encargado de vigilar la aplicación de la resolución 1267. La Oficina de Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios y la Organización Internacional de la Policía Criminal (Interpol) participan en condición de observadores.",
"[2] Resolución 60/288 de la Asamblea General.",
"[3] Véase A/65/224, párrs. 5 y 6.",
"[4] La lista de grupos de trabajo del Equipo Especial sobre la Ejecución de la Lucha contra el Terrorismo se puede consultar en http://www.un.org/terrorism/workinggroups.shtml.",
"[5] Véanse los párrs. 22 a 25 del presente informe.",
"[6] En el documento A/HRC/18/29 figura un resumen de lo debatido en la mesa redonda.",
"[7] A/HRC/16/11 y Add.1, párr. 92.58; A/HRC/17/10 y Add.1, párr. 86.139.",
"[8] A/HRC/17/10 y Add.1, párrs. 86.137 y 86.138; véase también A/HRC/18/4, párr. 106.133, en lo que respecta a la evaluación basada en pruebas de la legislación de lucha contra el terrorismo.",
"[9] A/HRC/16/11 y Add.1, párr. 92.217.",
"[10] Ibíd., párr. 92.218.",
"[11] A/HRC/17/10 y Add.1, párr. 86.136.",
"[12] A/HRC/16/11 y Add.1, párr. 92.66.",
"[13] A/HRC/18/4, párr. 106.132.",
"[14] A/HRC/16/3 y Add.1, párrs 78.6, 78.9 y 78.19.",
"[15] A/HRC/16/11 y Add.1, párr 92.219.",
"[16] Ibíd., párr. 92.220.",
"[17] A/HRC/17/7 y Add.1, párr. 89.98.",
"[18] A/HRC/16/11 y Add.1, párr. 92.90.",
"[19] Véase CCPR/C/HUN/CO/5, párr. 9; CCPR/ISR/CP/3, párr. 13; CCPR/C/POL/CO/6, párr. 4; CCPR/C/JOR/CO/4, párr. 6; CAT/C/MCO/CO/4-5, párr. 14.",
"[20] Véase CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3, párr. 13.",
"[21] CCPR/C/JOR/CO/4, párr. 12.",
"[22] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1. párr. 10.",
"[23] Ibíd., párr. 14.",
"[24] CAT/C/TUR/CO/3, párr. 11.",
"[25] Ibíd., párr. 21.",
"[26] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, párr. 22.",
"[27] Ibíd., párr. 31.",
"[28] CCPR/ISR/CO/3, párr. 10.",
"[29] Ibíd., párr. 17.",
"[30] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, párr. 20.",
"[31] CAT/C/TUR/CO/3, párr. 17.",
"[32] CERD/C/AUS/CO/15-17, párr. 12.",
"[33] CRC/C/OPAC/LKA/CO/1, párr. 39.",
"[34] CRC/C/LKA/CO/3-4, párr. 10.",
"[35] CRC/C/OPAC/LKA/CO, párr. 32.",
"[36] CRC/C/OPC/EGY/1, párr. 30.",
"[37] E/C.12/LKA/CO/2-4, párr. 7.",
"[38] Véase A/HRC/16/50, párrs 16 a 21.",
"[39] Ibíd., párrs 27 y 44.",
"[40] Ibíd., párrs 33 a 40.",
"[41] Véanse también los párrafos 19 y 20 del presente informe.",
"[42] Véanse también los párrafos 16 y 17 del presente informe."
] | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"* A/66/150.",
"Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*",
"Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms",
"Protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism",
"Report of the Secretary-General",
"Summary",
"The General Assembly, in resolution 65/221, reaffirmed that States must ensure that any measure taken to combat terrorism complies with their obligations under international law, in particular human rights, refugee and humanitarian law, and urged States countering terrorism to fully comply with their obligations under international law, including in a number of specific areas. The present report is submitted pursuant to that resolution. It refers to recent developments within the United Nations system in relation to human rights and counter-terrorism, including through the activities of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, its Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism, the Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate, the Human Rights Council with its various special procedures mandates and other mechanisms, the human rights treaty bodies, and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. It reports on the consideration by the United Nations human rights system of issues relating to countering terrorism, including compliance of legislation, policies and practices for countering terrorism with international human rights law.",
"Contents",
"Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Recent 4 developments in the United Nations in the area of human rights and \ncounter‑terrorism A.United 4 Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task \nForce B. Counter-Terrorism 6 Committee/Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive \nDirectorate C. Human 7 Rights \nCouncil D. Human 14 rights treaty \nbodies III. Activities 15 of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human \nRights \nIV.Conclusions 17",
"I. Introduction",
"1. In its resolution 65/221, the General Assembly, inter alia, (a) expressed serious concern at the occurrence of violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as international refugee and humanitarian law, committed in the context of countering terrorism; (b) urged States countering terrorism to fully comply with their obligations under international law, including with regard to the absolute prohibition of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; ensure that all persons deprived of liberty benefit from the guarantees to which they are entitled under international law, including the review of the detention and other fundamental judicial guarantees; ensure that no form of deprivation of liberty places a detained person outside the protection of the law; ensure due process obligations and the right to a fair trial; safeguard the right to privacy; protect all human rights, including economic, social and cultural rights; respect non-refoulement obligations; ensure legality in the criminalization of acts of terrorism; and ensure the right to an effective remedy; (c) recognized the need to continue ensuring that fair and clear procedures under the United Nations terrorism-related sanctions regime are strengthened to enhance their efficiency and transparency; (d) urged States to ensure the rule of law and to include adequate human rights guarantees in their national listing procedures; (e) requested the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) to continue to contribute to the work of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, including by raising awareness of the need to protect human rights and the rule of law while countering terrorism; (f) encouraged the Security Council and its Counter-Terrorism Committee to strengthen dialogue with relevant human rights bodies, in particular with OHCHR, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, other relevant special procedures and mechanisms of the Human Rights Council and relevant treaty bodies; and (g) called upon United Nations entities involved in supporting counter-terrorism efforts to continue to facilitate the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as due process and the rule of law, while countering terrorism.",
"2. I was requested to submit a report on the implementation of resolution 65/221 to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. The present report also responds to the request of the former Commission on Human Rights for the High Commissioner to report to the General Assembly on the implementation of Commission resolution 2005/80. The report refers to recent developments within the United Nations system in relation to human rights and counter-terrorism, including through the activities of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, its Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism, the Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate, the Human Rights Council with its various special procedures mandates and other mechanisms, the human rights treaty bodies, and OHCHR.",
"II. Recent developments in the United Nations in the area of human rights and counter-terrorism",
"A. United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force",
"3. The Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force continues to play a crucial role in facilitating and promoting coordination and coherence in the implementation of the Global Strategy at the national, regional and global levels. In this connection, the Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism led by OHCHR[1] continues to assist States in implementing the human rights aspects of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy,[2] in particular those contained in its fourth pillar, entitled “Measures to ensure respect for human rights for all and the rule of law as the fundamental basis of the fight against terrorism”.",
"4. In the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and Plan of Action, States resolved to “make every effort to develop and maintain an effective and rule of law-based national criminal justice system that can ensure, in accordance with (…) obligations under international law, that any person who participates in the financing, planning, preparation or perpetration of terrorist acts or in support of terrorist acts is brought to justice, on the basis of the principle to extradite or prosecute, with due respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms […].”² In this context, the Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism is organizing a series of five expert regional symposia, with State participation, on the protection of human rights aimed at securing the fundamental principles of a fair trial in the context of countering terrorism, with particular reference to international standards, jurisprudence and practice. Through regional and international expertise, and a regional focus, the five symposia aim to examine specific thematic issues, draw conclusions and make recommendations based on international standards.",
"5. All expert symposia are being held at the regional level on a rotating basis to facilitate meaningful participation of regional and national experts and practitioners who work specifically on the issues examined and can provide key first-hand practical knowledge of the challenges and complexities encountered, as well as good practices to be recommended. The symposia focus on various aspects of the protection of the right to a fair trial in the context of countering terrorism, including issues linked to the universality and non-derogable aspects of the right to a fair trial; the use of ordinary criminal law to try persons suspected of terrorist acts; respect for the principle of legality; the relationship between intelligence and law enforcement agencies; the rights of persons detained and/or persons tried for acts of terrorism; the question of independence and impartiality of courts in the context of trials related to offences of terrorism; the issue of proscription of organisations; and targeted sanctions at the national level.",
"6. The first regional expert symposium took place in Bangkok, on 17 and 18 February 2011, and was attended by 60 participants from the South-East Asia region (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam), including judges, prosecutors and Ministry of Justice officials, defence lawyers, international law experts, civil society representatives, and members of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force. Participants assessed the challenges to implementing the right to a fair trial in the context of counter-terrorism as set out in international law, identified key rights to protecting the right to a fair trial in countering terrorism and shared good practices. As a result of this event, an initial set of observations and good practices will be issued by the Working Group to offer guidance to Member States.",
"7. During the reporting period, the Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism issued two basic human rights reference guides on the stopping and searching of persons in the context of countering terrorism, and on security infrastructure.[3] Three more are being developed on detention in the context of counter-terrorism; the principle of legality in national counter-terrorism legislation; and the proscription of organizations. These guides aim to provide guidance to State authorities, national and international non-governmental organizations, legal practitioners, and United Nations agencies, as well as individuals, on how human rights-compliant measures may be adopted in a number of counter-terrorism areas.",
"8. The Working Group has also continued to engage with civil society on issues related to the implementation of the human rights aspects of the Global Strategy. Given that the activities of civil society are vital to increasing awareness about the threats of terrorism, more effectively tackling these threats and for ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law, the Task Force’s engagement with civil society, non-governmental organizations and human rights defenders is crucial to informing the assistance provided by the Task Force and its working groups.",
"9. Other working groups of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force[4] also continue to address human rights issues in their work, including the Working Group on Supporting and Highlighting Victims of Terrorism, the newly established Working Group on Border Management Relating to Counter-Terrorism, the Working Group on Countering the Use of the Internet for Terrorism Purposes, and the integrated assistance for countering terrorism initiative. The Working Group on Preventing and Resolving Conflicts has organized a series of meetings on the implementation of the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy in the Central Asia region. The first of these meetings took place in December 2010 in Bratislava, and focused on pillars I (“Measures to address the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism”) and IV (“Measures to ensure respect for human rights for all and the rule of law as the fundamental basis of the fight against terrorism”) of the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. It included working sessions on the topic of ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law, including good governance, to address conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism. A second meeting took place in Dushanbe, in March 2011, and was dedicated to pillar II (“Preventing and combating terrorism”) of the Strategy.",
"B. Counter-Terrorism Committee/Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate",
"10. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate continue to take relevant human rights concerns into account in their work programmes focused on the implementation of Security Council resolutions 1373 (2001) and 1624 (2005). Security Council resolution 1963 (2010), adopted on 20 December 2010, further extended the mandate of the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate until 31 December 2013. The resolution also reminded States that effective counter-terrorism measures and respect for human rights are complementary and mutually reinforcing, and are an essential part of a successful counter-terrorism effort. It also noted the importance of respect for the rule of law so as to effectively combat terrorism. The resolution encouraged the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate to further develop its activities in this area, to ensure that all human rights issues relevant to the implementation of resolutions 1373 (2001) and 1624 (2005) are addressed consistently and even-handedly in all its activities. In this connection, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate also continued its active participation in the work of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism.",
"11. In line with the mandate provided by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/221, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate continued to liaise with OHCHR, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, and other human rights entities. The Executive Directorate also continued its dialogue on relevant human rights issues with regional and subregional organizations. From 19 to 21 April 2011, the Council of Europe hosted a meeting of the Counter-Terrorism Committee on the theme of “Prevention of Terrorism”, to which international, regional and subregional organizations were invited. Both OHCHR and the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism participated.",
"12. In November 2010, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate organized a regional workshop for representatives of police forces, prosecutors and counter-terrorism focal points of South Asian countries at the Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation, in Indonesia. The event focused on the effective use of community policing techniques in countering terrorism and the latest developments in mobile-phone technology as it pertains to counter-terrorism. The workshop also addressed in detail the role of counter-terrorism coordinators and focal points in enhancing counter-terrorism cooperation in national and international contexts. OHCHR supported the event by facilitating the participation of a human rights expert.",
"13. Furthermore, in May 2011, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate organized a regional workshop for senior law enforcement and prosecution officials and judges in South Asia, in Thimphu, Bhutan. During the workshop, participants discussed the role of the police and prosecution services in combating terrorism and the challenges faced by those services in leading effective investigations and prosecutions. The workshop also provided an opportunity to raise the awareness of police and prosecution services regarding the latest available investigation technologies and techniques, and to share relevant experience and good practice. A representative of OHCHR contributed to the event, drawing the participants’ attention to applicable international human rights standards with regard to investigations and prosecutions.",
"C. Human Rights Council",
"14. At its fifteenth session, the Human Rights Council decided, in its resolution 15/15, to extend the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism for a period of three years, and requested the Special Rapporteur, among other tasks, to identify, exchange and promote best practices on measures to counter terrorism that respect human rights and fundamental freedoms.[5]",
"15. At the same session, the Human Rights Council, in resolution 15/18 on the issue of arbitrary detention, encouraged all States to ensure that the right of anyone deprived of his or her liberty by arrest or detention to bring proceedings before a court, so that it may decide without delay on the lawfulness of detention and order release if the detention is not lawful, is equally respected in cases of administrative detention, including those under public security legislation. Furthermore, the Human Rights Council adopted resolution 15/28 on assistance to Somalia in the field of human rights and urged the Transitional Federal Government, Member States, stakeholders and the entire international community to continue to isolate and take all required measures against individuals and entities whose actions threaten the peace, security or stability of Somalia and of the region, including those engaged in terrorist acts, while ensuring that any measure taken to counter terrorism complies with international law.",
"16. On 11 March 2011, at its sixteenth session, the Human Rights Council held a panel discussion[6] pursuant to its decision 15/116 on the issue of human rights in the context of action taken to address terrorist hostage-taking, with a special focus on the primary responsibility of States to promote and protect human rights for all in their jurisdiction, the strengthening of international cooperation to prevent and combat terrorism and the protection of the rights of all victims of terrorism involved. The panel discussion was intended to increase awareness and understanding of the human rights aspects of hostage-taking when committed in the context of terrorist activities.",
"17. The panel discussion was moderated by Sihasak Phuangketkeow (Thailand), President of the Human Rights Council, and opened by the Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights, Kyung-wha Kang. The panellists were Martin Scheinin, Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism; Kamel Rezzag-Bara, Adviser of the President of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria; Commissioner Cecilia R.V. Quisumbing, National Human Rights Commission of the Philippines; Soumeylou Maiga, President of the Sahel Observatory of Geostrategy and Security of Mali; and Federico Andreu-Guzmán, Deputy Director of the Litigation and Legal Protection Section, Colombian Commission of Jurists.",
"18. Also at its sixteenth session, the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 16/23 of 25 March 2011, condemned, in particular, any action or attempt by States or public officials to legalize, authorize or acquiesce to torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment under any circumstances, including on grounds of national security or through judicial decisions, and urged States to ensure accountability for all such acts. It further reminded States that prolonged incommunicado detention or detention in secret places can facilitate the perpetration of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and can in itself constitute a form of such treatment, and urged all States to respect the safeguards concerning the liberty, the security and the dignity of the person and to ensure that secret places of detention and interrogation are abolished.",
"19. On 1 June 2011, during its seventeenth session, the Human Rights Council held a panel discussion on the issue of human rights of victims of terrorism, taking into account, inter alia, the recommendations of the Symposium on Supporting Victims of Terrorism, convened by the Secretary-General and held on 9 September 2008, pursuant to Council decision 16/116. The objective of the panel discussion was to enhance understanding of the issue of human rights of victims of terrorism, exchange information on relevant efforts undertaken at international, regional and national levels, and share good practices with a view to increasing the capacity of States to respond to the needs for the protection of the rights of victims of terrorism and their families, while taking into account their international human rights obligations.",
"20. The panel discussion was moderated by Mr. Phuangketkeow (Thailand), President of the Human Rights Council, and opened by Navanethem Pillay, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The following panellists made presentations: Anne Wu, Political Affairs Officer, Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force Office, Department of Political Affairs; Martin Scheinin, Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism; Maite Pagazaurtundua, Victims of Terrorism Foundation of Spain; Rianne M. Letschert, Professor of International Law and Victimology and Deputy Director of the International Victimology Institute, Tilburg, University of Tilburg, the Netherlands; Mauro Miedico, Coordinator, Specialized Terrorism Prevention Unit, Terrorism Prevention Branch, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; and Yakin Erturk, Member of the Committee on the Prevention of Torture of the Council of Europe and former Special Rapporteur on violence against women. As requested by the Human Rights Council in its decision 16/116, OHCHR will prepare a summary of the panel discussion to be submitted to the nineteenth session of the Human Rights Council.",
"Universal periodic review",
"21. The Human Rights Council also considered the issue of the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism under the universal periodic review. Some of the most prevalent recommendations of the Human Rights Council called for the alignment of domestic counter-terrorism laws with international human rights standards and obligations,[7] pointing particularly to the need for a review of the legislative framework to combat terrorism.[8] States were also recommended to halt serious violations of human rights and humanitarian law committed under the pretext of combating terrorism.[9] Concerns were raised about the prosecution of those arrested for terrorist crimes in exceptional tribunals or jurisdictions, highlighting that they must be brought before legally-established judicial bodies, with the protection of due process.[10] Furthermore, Member States were encouraged to investigate allegations of torture in the context of counter-terrorism measures, to give publicity to the findings, to bring perpetrators to justice and to provide reparation to the victims.[11] In addition, the Human Rights Council called for the enactment of legislation, consistent with the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and encompassing acts described as “enhanced interrogation techniques”.[12] It also recommended an open and transparent assessment of the consequences of flights conducted over the respective State’s national territory and landings that took place in the context of the Central Intelligence Agency extradition programme.[13] Moreover, capital punishment sentences for terrorism convictions were raised as a concern.[14] Other recommendations highlighted the need to avoid religious and racial profiling, while defending against terrorism, through the promulgation of prohibitive legislation.[15] In this connection, it was also suggested to “smarten” security checks so as to avoid discrimination.[16] Furthermore, it was proposed that States organize human rights-based training sessions to educate relevant authorities, in order to improve counter-terrorism practices.[17] Finally, Member States were called upon to respond and act on recommendations made by the Special Rapporteur for the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism.[18]",
"Special procedures",
"22. In his report to the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/51), the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism presented a compilation of 10 best practices in countering terrorism in the form of legislative models. The compilation is the outcome of analysis undertaken by the Special Rapporteur on the basis of his work conducted over six years and involving various forms of interaction with multiple stakeholders, in particular written submissions from Governments (see A/HRC/16/51/Add.4). The compilation draws upon international treaties, resolutions of international organizations and the jurisprudence of international and regional courts. In his report, the Special Rapporteur concludes that, beyond such models, best practices could also be identified in other forms, above all in the adoption of national counter-terrorism strategies that need to go beyond good laws and require a comprehensive approach, rooted in human rights and addressing also conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism, in line with the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. The model provisions refer to: consistency of counter-terrorism law with human rights, humanitarian law and refugee law; consistency of counter-terrorism practices with human rights, humanitarian law and refugee law; the principles of normalcy and specificity; review of the operation of counter-terrorism law and practice; effective remedies for violations of human rights; reparations and assistance to victims; the definition of terrorism; a model offence of incitement to terrorism; core elements of best practice in the listing of terrorist entities; and core elements of best practice in arrest and interrogation of terrorist suspects.",
"23. At the invitation of the Government, the Special Rapporteur conducted a visit to Tunisia from 22 to 26 January 2010 (see A/HRC/16/51/Add.2). The Transitional Government invited the Special Rapporteur for a second visit that took place from 22 to 26 May 2011. In his press statement of 26 May at the conclusion of his follow-up mission, the Special Rapporteur stressed the need to carry out necessary reforms within the counter-terrorism framework in compliance with international human rights law. He called for measures to combat impunity and secure accountability for crimes and human rights violations committed in the name of counter-terrorism. These measures include the continuation of ex officio investigations into allegations of torture and illegal detention, which were often conducted under the pretext of the fight against terrorism, and holding those responsible accountable to help rebuild trust between the population and the security forces in the country. The Special Rapporteur stated that the abusive anti-terrorism law of 2003 has largely not been used since the events of 14 January 2011. According to the Special Rapporteur, the Transitional Government had acknowledged, by adopting an amnesty law covering those who were convicted or held under the anti-terrorism law, that this law did not provide more security to the Tunisian people, but rather was used as a tool of oppression against any form of political or other dissent. The Special Rapporteur offered the assistance of his mandate to replace the 2003 law with a proper legislative framework that regulates Tunisia’s anti-terrorism efforts in line with international conventions and protocols on countering terrorism, while fully respecting human rights and fundamental freedoms. Further referring to his previous report (see A/HRC/16/51/Add.2), in which he had expressed grave concern about the activities of various entities of the security apparatus and the secrecy and impunity in which they operated, the Special Rapporteur commended the abolishment by the Transitional Government of the Directorate for State Security as an entity, allegedly responsible for activities of torture and arbitrary and even secret detention, and of the “political police”, which had not existed in the law, but was used as a term to describe those elements in the security organs related to the Ministry of the Interior that had been responsible for cracking down on political and human rights activists and other dissent.",
"24. At the invitation of the Government, the Special Rapporteur conducted a visit to Peru from 1 to 8 September 2010. In his report (A/HRC/16/51/Add.3 and Corr.1), the Special Rapporteur examined measures taken by Peru to support victims of terrorist crimes and human rights violations committed by State security forces during the internal armed conflict between 1980 and 2000. He also analysed the legislative framework for countering terrorism and its application and implementation in practice. The Special Rapporteur concluded that Peru provides important lessons with regard to the provision of justice and compensation for the suffering caused by the internal armed conflict and that the establishment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission can be considered as a best practice. The criminal trial and sentencing of the former President of Peru and his aides, and the numerous retrials of terrorism convicts previously convicted in unfair trials, constitute significant steps forward in the State’s compliance with its obligations under international human rights standards. The Special Rapporteur was concerned, however, about the broad definition of terrorism contained in criminal legislation, the slow progress made in the implementation of the reparations scheme, and the tendency to associate human rights defenders and social protest movements with terrorism. He emphasized that resorting to states of emergency and the deployment of military forces not only as a counter-terrorism measure, but also in situations of mass demonstrations, poses a risk of militarization of conflicts that should not be resolved by the armed forces. The Special Rapporteur welcomed the decision of Congress to repeal Legislative Decree No. 1097 adopted by the executive branch pursuant to delegated legislative authority, as the Decree could have allowed for the discontinuation (sobreseimiento) of criminal proceedings for human rights violations committed during the internal armed conflict, and appeared to have subjected crimes covered by the Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity to a statute of limitations.",
"25. The report of the Special Rapporteur to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session (A/65/258) addressed the question of compliance with human rights standards by the United Nations when countering terrorism, taking stock of and assessing the role and contributions of, inter alia, the General Assembly, the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, the Human Rights Council, the Security Council and its subsidiary bodies, and United Nations field presences in the promotion and protection of human rights in the context of their counter-terrorism activities. The main recommendation contained in the report was that the Security Council should seize the opportunity of the approaching tenth anniversary of its resolution 1373 (2001) to replace resolutions 1373 (2001), 1624 (2005) and 1267 (1999) (as amended) with a single resolution, not adopted under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, in order to systematize States’ counter-terrorism measures and reporting duties of States under a single framework. This proposal was motivated by the assessment of the Special Rapporteur that Chapter VII of the Charter does not provide the proper legal basis for maintaining the current framework of mandatory and permanent Security Council resolutions of a quasi-legislative or quasi-judicial nature. The report also addressed ways and means of improving human rights accountability of the United Nations for its field operations, including in the context of countering terrorism, as well as the contributions of various actors towards the implementation of the 2006 United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy.",
"26. In its report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/47 and Add. 1-3 and Corr.1), the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention stressed the far-reaching impact of the joint study on global practices in relation to secret detention in the context of countering terrorism (see A/HRC/13/42 and A/65/224, para. 13), particularly in relation to its mandate and instances of arbitrary deprivation of liberty. It noted with concern that cases of secret detention are regularly accompanied by the absence of legal guarantees, habeas corpus and fair trial. The Working Group has reiterated the need for the application of a strict test and close scrutiny when considering cases containing general and vague references to terrorism by Governments as a justification for restricting human rights. The Working Group made reference to three Opinions adopted under its individual complaints procedure during the period under consideration that directly concerned cases of persons detained on terrorism-related charges, holding the deprivation of liberty to be arbitrary in all of them (Opinion No. 22/2010, see A/HRC/16/47/Add.1, and Opinions No. 24/2010 and 32/2010, see A/HRC/16/47, para. 9, Table 1).",
"27. The then Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, in his report to the General Assembly (A/65/273), expressed concern that in order to combat increasing levels of crime, terrorism and other forms of organized crime effectively, Governments in too many countries seemed willing to restrict certain human rights by granting their law enforcement and intelligence agencies and security forces very extensive powers. He argued that this leads to an environment conducive to undermining the absolute prohibition of torture. The brutalization of many societies has reached a level where torture is simply regarded by Governments and the population at large as the “lesser evil”. The Special Rapporteur noted that this trend is alarming. He emphasized that there was a need for a global awareness-raising campaign to change this climate of tolerance towards excessive use of force by law enforcement officials. Governments needed to be reminded that torture is not an effective means of combating crime. On the contrary, it contributed to the further brutalization of societies and the spiral of violence that many societies suffered from. In his first report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/52), the newly appointed Special Rapporteur indicated his intention to identify and further develop the linkages between forensic and other sciences, not only with a view to eradicating torture and providing corroborating evidence of torture, but also to offer States credible forensic and other scientific alternatives to employ in law enforcement, counter-terrorism and effective criminal prosecution.",
"28. The former Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, in his report to the General Assembly (A/65/321, paras. 11-16), addressed the question of targeted killings and accountability, including in the context of countering terrorism. He expressed concern that since the presentation of his report to the Human Rights Council at its fourteenth session on the issue of targeted killing (A/HRC/14/24/Add.6), no concrete information had been provided by Member States in relation to any of the basic questions raised in the Special Rapporteur’s report.",
"29. In his report to the Human Rights Council, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression raised concerns regarding limitations imposed on the right to freedom of expression through the Internet on the grounds of countering terrorism (A/HRC/17/27). He noted that existing criminal laws, or new laws specifically designed to criminalize expression on the Internet, were often justified under the notion of countering terrorism, but “in practice are used to censor content that the Government and other powerful entities do not like or agree with.” The Special Rapporteur stressed that the protection of national security or the need to combat terrorism could not be used to justify restricting the right to freedom of expression, unless the Government could demonstrate that (a) the expression was intended to incite imminent violence; (b) it was likely to incite such violence; and (c) there was a direct and immediate connection between the expression and the likelihood or occurrence of such violence.",
"30. The Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders addressed the issue of stigmatization of human rights defenders by non-State actors in her report to the General Assembly (A/65/223). The Special Rapporteur pointed to the fact that in the context of civil conflict paramilitaries often attempted to stigmatize the work of human rights defenders and legitimize campaigns of violence against them by alleging that they were associated with armed groups or “terrorists”. She stated that, in such instances, it was vital that Governments publicly reaffirmed the importance of the work carried out by human rights defenders and denounced any attempts at its delegitimization or stigmatization. In her report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/44, Add. 1-2 and Corr.1), the Special Rapporteur raised the issue of stigmatization and criminalization of the work of women human rights defenders. She stated that, aside from the “political” stigmatization to which both women defenders and their male counterparts are subjected in certain contexts, including accusations of being fronts for guerrilla movements, terrorists, political extremists, separatists, foreign countries or interests, women human rights defenders often faced further stigmatization by virtue of their sex or the gender- or sexuality-based rights they advocated.",
"31. The Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, in the report to the General Assembly (A/65/207, para. 39), voiced concerns about reports that Muslims were, in the context of counter-terrorism measures, regularly subjected to screening of their personal data, house searches, interrogation and arrest solely because of their religious affiliation. The Special Rapporteur emphasized that profiling practices based on ethnicity, national origin and/or religion regularly failed to meet the requirement of a proportionate means of countering terrorism and also entailed considerable negative consequences that may render these measures counterproductive in the fight against terrorism.",
"Open-ended intergovernmental working group to consider the possibility of elaborating an international regulatory framework on the activities of private military and security companies",
"32. By resolution 15/26 of 1 October 2010, the Human Rights Council established an open-ended intergovernmental working group with the mandate to consider the possibility of elaborating an international regulatory framework, including, inter alia, the option of elaborating a legally binding instrument on the regulation, the monitoring and the oversight of the activities of private military and security companies, including their accountability, taking into consideration the principles, main elements and draft text as proposed by the Working Group on the use of mercenaries as a means of violating human rights and impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to self-determination. The Council decided that the open-ended intergovernmental working group would hold a session of five working days a year for a period of two years and present its recommendations at the twenty-first session of the Human Rights Council. Pursuant to the resolution, the first session of the working group took place from 23 to 27 May 2011.",
"D. Human rights treaty bodies",
"33. The Human Rights Committee, the Committee against Torture, the Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination continued to examine the compliance of State parties’ legislation and practices with their respective human rights treaty obligations in the context of countering terrorism.",
"34. The issues addressed by the Human Right Committee and the Committee against Torture predominantly concerned overly broad and unclear definitions of terrorism offences in national legislation.[19] Furthermore, the Human Rights Committee expressed concern at State’s intentions to adopt anti-terrorism legislation allowing for significant delays before trial, before providing access to a lawyer and for decisions on the extension of detention to be taken, in exceptional circumstances, in the absence of a suspect.[20] In this connection, the Committee recommended that any person arrested or detained on a criminal charge, including persons suspected of security-related offences, had immediate access to a lawyers and immediate access to a judge.²⁰ It also highlighted the issue of legislation that permitted judges to withhold evidence from the detainee owing to security concerns, and underscored the importance of access to all evidence, including classified evidence, and suggested to possibly introduce a regime of special advocates.²⁰ Moreover, the Human Rights Committee emphasized its concern regarding the limited organizational and functional independence of State security courts and the power of the executive to refer cases that did not affect State security to these courts.[21]",
"35. The Committee against Torture expressed deep concern at allegations of routine use of torture employed by police, prison officers, security forces and military personnel, against alleged terrorists.[22] Further, it pointed to credible reports indicating that these acts frequently occurred with the participation, at the instigation, or with the consent of, commanding officers in police stations, detention centres, prisons and military bases and in unofficial or secret places of detention.²² The Committee therefore urged the relevant State party to take immediate and effective measures to investigate, prosecute and punish all acts of torture.²² Legislation unduly restricting legal safeguards against torture and ill treatment for persons suspected of, or charged with, a terrorist or related crime, while simultaneously providing the police with broad powers to arrest suspects without a court warrant, has given the Committee against Torture additional cause for concern.[23] Regarding the deprivation of rights for alleged terrorists in detention, the Committee has urged States to allow detainees immediate access to a lawyer, adequate time to prepare for trial, independent medical examination that includes patient–doctor confidentiality, and family notification of detention.[24] The Committee criticized practices of detention and incidents of ill treatment of children in unrecorded adult pre-charge facilities and interrogations without legal assistance or the presence of an adult or a legal guardian.[25] The Committee also noted reports about frequent interference by the executive branch with the judicial process, in particular in criminal proceedings, and reported cases of harassment, threats, intimidation, and dismissal of judges who have resisted political pressure and/or, ordered the release of defendants charged with terrorist or State crimes.[26] Furthermore, it expressed concern at the admission of evidence and confessions obtained through torture, and recommended that necessary steps be taken to ensure that, in practice, such confessions and evidence are not admitted in court proceedings, including in cases falling under counter-terrorism regulations.[27]",
"36. Other issues of concern for treaty bodies included disproportionate use of force when responding to terrorist threats causing collateral deaths;[28] demolition of property and homes of families of terrorist suspects;[29] the abduction of alleged terrorist suspects;[30] the restriction in places of detention of certain privileges relating to group activities for persons accused of, or convicted for, terrorist offences;[31] practices of racial profiling as part of national security measures that may contribute to increased stigmatization of certain groups;[32] the prosecution of children for their association with armed groups under counter-terrorism provisions;[33] and the lack of a strict and narrow definition of conditions for declaring an emergency and limitation to exceptional circumstances.[34] Of particular concern with regard to emergency laws were child-related abuses such as detention for over a year, denial of a lawyer,[35] trials before military courts,[36] and the impact of emergency regulations on the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights.[37]",
"III. Activities of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights",
"37. In carrying out her mandate, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has continued to examine the question of the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism and to make general recommendations about the obligations of States in this regard. In her report to the Council at its sixteenth session (A/HRC/16/50), the High Commissioner expressed her continued deep concern at the erosion of respect for due process, including the right to a fair trial, in the context of counter-terrorism policies and practices. While noting that the newly established de-listing procedures, including the establishment of the Office of the Ombudsman to receive requests from individuals and entities seeking removal from the Consolidated List, represented an important step towards fair and clear procedures, the High Commissioner underlined the gulf between the 1267 regime and due process-related requirements in international human rights law and stressed that the need for more comprehensive reform remained.[38]",
"38. The High Commissioner therefore urged the Human Rights Council to continue to explore every avenue possible in order to ensure that sanctions imposed against individuals and entities were accompanied by rigorous procedural safeguards, which guaranteed minimum due process standards, for both listing and de-listing decisions. She further underlined that this should include ensuring full support to the Office of the Ombudsperson, while developing additional mechanisms to enhance due process protections for listing and de-listing procedures. It should also include the establishment of an independent, quasi-judicial procedure for review of listing and de-listing decisions.[39]",
"39. In the same report, the High Commissioner pointed to practices that impeded the right to a fair trial in the context of counter-terrorism, such as certain uses of intelligence in criminal justice processes.[40] While highlighting that the use of accurate intelligence is indispensable to prevent terrorist acts and bring individuals suspected of terrorist activity to justice, she underscored that the increased reliance on intelligence for countering terrorism and the advent of “intelligence-led law enforcement” in many countries has led to the expansion of intelligence authority, often without adequate consideration for the due process safeguards necessary to protect against abuses. In this connection, the High Commissioner also emphasized the challenges to human rights posed by the increased reliance by States on intelligence, including the abuse of the State secrecy doctrine in the context of legal proceedings, the use in legal proceedings of evidence obtained by illegal means, whether at home or abroad, and the use of secret evidence. In the meantime, she called upon States to ensure that regulatory frameworks are in place to guarantee compliance with international human rights law, both domestically and through intelligence cooperation with other States.",
"40. In addition to its activities as Chair of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism in relation to pillar IV of the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, as reflected in section II.A of the present report, OHCHR has continued to strengthen the incorporation of a human rights approach into the common efforts regarding the other pillars of the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. In this connection, OHCHR participated in a symposium entitled “Taking Stock and Defining the Way Forward: Strengthening the Response to Terrorism by Addressing Connections with Related Criminal Activities”, organized by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in March 2011 in Vienna, with a presentation on how Member States could be supported, through technical assistance and cooperation, to respond to legitimate national security concerns in full compliance with the rule of law and human rights.",
"41. The High Commissioner for Human Rights also opened a Human Rights Council panel discussion on the issue of human rights of victims of terrorism that took place in June 2011,[41] while the Deputy High Commissioner delivered opening remarks for a Council panel on the issue of human rights in the context of action taken to address terrorist hostage-taking that was held in March 2011.[42] In addition, the Deputy High Commissioner opened a side event to the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council on the topic of human rights of victims of terrorism, in which another OHCHR representative participated as a panellist.",
"IV. Conclusions",
"42. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, human rights treaty bodies, the Human Rights Council and its various special procedures have continued to express deep concerns with regard to remaining significant inconsistencies between domestic counter-terrorism legal frameworks and practices and international human rights standards, including vague and broad definitions of terrorism, lack of legal safeguards related to due process and fair trial guarantees, and practices of torture and ill-treatment of terrorist suspects. Reiterating my call on Member States to fully implement the Global Strategy on Counter-Terrorism, and to ensure respect for human rights and the rule of law as the fundamental basis of all counter-terrorism measures, I urge all States to ensure that their counter-terrorism measures comply with their obligations under international law.",
"43. Effective criminal justice systems based on respect for human rights and the rule of law, including due process and fair trial guarantees, continue to be the best means for effectively countering terrorism and ensuring accountability. I encourage States to actively participate in the regional expert symposia on the theme “Protection of human rights aimed at securing the fundamental principles of a fair trial in the context of countering terrorism”, held under the auspices of the Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism, and to make use of the observations and good practices being developed in this process. I also encourage States and other stakeholders to take advantage of the basic human rights reference guides developed by this Working Group.",
"44. I encourage the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, its Working Groups and entities to continue to incorporate a human rights approach to, and address human rights issues and concerns in, their work, in line with the approach mandated by Member States in the Global Strategy and to ensure that the assistance provided by the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force to respond to terrorism is effective, sustainable and compliant with international human rights law. In this context, the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force should increase its engagement with civil society to inform the assistance provided by the Task Force and its working groups.",
"45. Building on Security Council resolution 1963 (2010), the Counter-Terrorism Committee and the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate are encouraged to continue their efforts to place respect for the rule of law and human rights at the core of the fight against terrorism in areas within the scope of their mandates. In this connection, efforts by the Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate to involve the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in their activities are to be commended.",
"[1] Other members include the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights while countering terrorism, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate, the Office of Legal Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, the World Bank, the International Maritime Organization and the 1267 Monitoring Committee. The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) participate as observers.",
"[2] General Assembly resolution 60/288.",
"[3] See A/65/224, paras. 5-6.",
"[4] A list of all Working Groups of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force is available at: http://www.un.org/terrorism/workinggroups.shtml.",
"[5] See paras. 22-25 of the present report.",
"[6] A summary of the panel discussion is available in A/HRC/18/29.",
"[7] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.58; A/HRC/17/10 and Add.1, para. 86.139.",
"[8] A/HRC/17/10 and Add.1, paras 86.137, 86.138; see also A/HRC/18/4, para. 106.133, regarding an evidence-based evaluation of the anti-terrorism legislation.",
"[9] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.217.",
"[10] Ibid., para. 92.218.",
"[11] A/HRC/17/10 and Add.1, para. 86.136.",
"[12] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.66.",
"[13] A/HRC/18/4, para. 106.132.",
"[14] A/HRC/16/3 and Add.1, paras. 78.6, 78.9, 78.19.",
"[15] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.219.",
"[16] Ibid., para. 92.220.",
"[17] A/HRC/17/7 and Add.1, para. 89.98.",
"[18] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.90.",
"[19] See CCPR/C/HUN/CO/5, para. 9; CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3, para. 13; CCPR/C/POL/CO/6, para. 4; CCPR/C/JOR/CO/4, para. 6; CAT/C/MCO/CO/4-5, para. 14.",
"[20] See CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3, para. 13.",
"[21] CCPR/C/JOR/CO/4, para. 12.",
"[22] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 10.",
"[23] Ibid., para. 14.",
"[24] CAT/C/TUR/CO/3, para. 11.",
"[25] Ibid., para. 21.",
"[26] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 22.",
"[27] Ibid., para. 31.",
"[28] CCPR/ISR/CO/3, para. 10.",
"[29] Ibid., para. 17.",
"[30] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 20.",
"[31] CAT/C/TUR/CO/3, para. 17.",
"[32] CERD/C/AUS/CO/15-17, para. 12.",
"[33] CRC/C/OPAC/LKA/CO/1, para. 39.",
"[34] CRC/C/LKA/CO/3-4, para. 10.",
"[35] CRC/C/OPAC/LKA/CO, para. 32.",
"[36] CRC/C/OPAC/EGY/1, para. 30.",
"[37] E/C.12/LKA/CO/2-4, para. 7.",
"[38] See A/HRC/16/50, paras. 16-21.",
"[39] Ibid., paras. 27 and 44.",
"[40] Ibid., paras. 33-40.",
"[41] See also paras. 19-20 of the present report.",
"[42] See also paras. 16-17 of the present report."
] | A_66_204 | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*",
"Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms",
"* A/66/150.",
"Protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism",
"Report of the Secretary-General",
"Summary",
"The General Assembly, in its resolution 65/221, reaffirmed that States should ensure that measures taken to combat terrorism are consistent with their obligations under international law, in particular human rights law, refugee law and humanitarian law, and urged States to comply fully with their obligations under international law, in particular in a number of specific areas. This report is submitted pursuant to that resolution. It refers to recent developments in the United Nations system relating to human rights and counter-terrorism, in particular through the activities of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, its Working Group on the Protection of Human Rights in Counter-Terrorism, the Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate, the Human Rights Council and its various procedures, mandates and other mechanisms, the United Nations High-level Human Rights Treaty Organization and the United Nations Office. The United Nations system ' s review of counter-terrorism issues, including the adequacy of counter-terrorism legislation, policies and practices to international human rights standards, is reported.",
"Contents",
"Page I. Introduction 3II.Recent 4 United Nations Commissioners in the field of human rights and counter-terrorism A. United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force B. Counter-Terrorism Committee 6 - Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate C. Human Rights Council 7 D. United Nations High Commissioners 15",
"I. Introduction",
"1. In its resolution 65/221, the General Assembly, inter alia: (a) expressed serious concern about violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms occurring in the context of the fight against terrorism, as well as violations of international law of refugees and international humanitarian law; (b) urged States to comply fully with their obligations under international law",
"2. I was requested to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a report on the implementation of resolution 65/221. The present report also responds to the request of the former Commission on Human Rights that the High Commissioner report to the General Assembly on the implementation of Commission resolution 2005/80. The present report refers to recent developments in the United Nations system relating to human rights and counter-terrorism, in particular through the activities of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, its Working Group on the Protection of Human Rights in Counter-Terrorism, the Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate, the Human Rights Council and its various procedures, mandates and other mechanisms, the human rights treaty bodies of OHCHR.",
"II. Recent developments in the United Nations in the field of human rights and counter-terrorism",
"A. United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force",
"3. The Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force continues to play a crucial role in facilitating and promoting coordination and coherence in the implementation of the Global Strategy at the national, regional and global levels. In this regard, the Working Group on the Protection of Human Rights in the Fight against Terrorism, headed by OHCHR[1], continues to assist States in the implementation of the human rights aspects of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy[2], in particular those contained in its fourth pillar, entitled “Measures to ensure respect for human rights for all and the rule of law as a fundamental basis for combating terrorism”.",
"4. In the Global Strategy and Plan of Action against Terrorism, States resolved to " make every effort to establish and maintain an effective national criminal justice system based on the rule of law that ensures, in accordance with the obligations arising from international law, that any person who participates in the financing, planning, preparation or commission of terrorist acts or supports such acts, in accordance with the principle of extradition or prosecution, with due respect for human rights ... " In this context, the Working Group on the Protection of Human Rights in Counter-Terrorism is organizing a series of five regional expert symposiums, with the participation of States, to ensure the fundamental principles of fair trial in the context of counter-terrorism, with particular reference to international norms, jurisprudence and practice. Through expertise at the regional and international levels, with special attention at the regional level, the five symposiums envisage discussing specific thematic issues, drawing conclusions and making recommendations based on international standards.",
"5. All expert symposiums are held at the regional level in a rotating manner, to facilitate meaningful participation of regional and national experts and specialists specifically dedicated to the issues under review and who can provide basic and first-hand knowledge of the challenges and complex situations to be addressed, as well as good best practices. The symposiums focus on the various aspects of the protection of the right to a fair trial in the context of counter-terrorism, including issues related to the universality and non-derogable aspects of the right to a fair trial; the application of the ordinary criminal law to prosecute persons suspected of having committed terrorist acts; respect for the principle of legality; the relationship between intelligence agencies and those responsible for the impartiality of the law; the rights of the independent",
"6. The first regional expert symposium was held in Bangkok on 17 and 18 February 2011; 60 participants from the South-East Asia region (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Lao People ' s Democratic Republic, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam), including judges, prosecutors, officials from ministries of justice, defence lawyers, experts in international law, civil society representatives and members of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force. Participants assessed the challenges of the implementation of the right to a fair trial in the context of counter-terrorism as set out in international law, identified the fundamental rights for the protection of the right to a fair trial in the fight against terrorism and shared best practices. As a result, the Task Force will publish an initial series of observations and good practices that will provide guidance to Member States.",
"7. During the reporting period, the Working Group on the Protection of Human Rights in Combating Terrorism published two basic human rights reference guides on the detention and registration of individuals and on security infrastructure.[3] Three additional guides are being prepared on detention in the context of counter-terrorism, the principle of legality in national counter-terrorism measures and the proscription of organizations. These guides are aimed at providing States, national and international non-governmental organizations, law practitioners, United Nations agencies and individuals with guidance on how measures that respect human rights can be taken in several areas related to the fight against terrorism.",
"8. The Working Group has also continued to work with civil society on issues related to the implementation of the human rights aspects of the Global Strategy. Given that civil society activities are vital to raising awareness of the threats of terrorism, to more effectively address such threats and to ensure respect for human rights and the rule of law, the collaboration of the Task Force with civil society, non-governmental organizations and human rights defenders is crucial to publicizing the assistance provided by the Task Force and its working groups.",
"9. Other working groups of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force[4] also continue to address human rights issues in their work, including the Working Group on Support for Victims of Terrorism and the Dissemination of Their Situation, the recently established Working Group on Counter-Terrorism Border Management, the Working Group on the Suppression of the Use of the Internet for Terrorist Purposesue and the Comprehensive Terrorism Assistance Initiative. The Working Group on Conflict Prevention and Resolution has organized a series of meetings on the implementation in the Central Asian region of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. The first of these meetings was held in Bratislava in December 2010 and focused on pillars I (Measures to address the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism) and IV (Measures to ensure respect for human rights for all and the rule of law as the fundamental basis of the fight against terrorism) of the Strategy. Working meetings were held on the issue of ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law, including good governance, in order to address conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism. A second meeting was held in Dushanbe in March 2011, which was devoted to pillar II of the Strategy (Measures to Prevent and Combat Terrorism).",
"B. Counter-Terrorism Committee - Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate",
"10. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate continue to take into account relevant human rights concerns in their work programmes focused on the implementation of Security Council resolutions 1373 (2001) and 1624 (2005). Council resolution 1963 (2010), adopted on 20 December 2010, extended until 31 December 2013 the mandate of the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate. The resolution reminded States that effective counter-terrorism measures and respect for human rights complement and reinforce each other and are an essential part of effective counter-terrorism efforts. The importance of respect for the rule of law to effectively combat terrorism was also noted. The resolution encouraged the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate to further develop its activities in this area to ensure that all human rights issues related to the implementation of resolutions 1373 (2001) and 1624 (2005) are treated in a uniform and equanimous manner. In this regard, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate also continued to actively participate in the work of the Working Group on the Protection of Human Rights in Counter-Terrorism of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force.",
"11. In accordance with the mandate entrusted by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/221, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate continued to liaise with OHCHR, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism and other human rights actors. The Executive Directorate also continued its dialogue on human rights issues with regional and subregional organizations. From 19 to 21 April 2011, the Council of Europe hosted a meeting of the Counter-Terrorism Committee on the theme “Prevention of terrorism”, to which international, regional and subregional organizations were invited. OHCHR and the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism also participated.",
"12. In November 2010, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate organized, for representatives of the police, prosecutors and counter-terrorism coordinators of South Asian countries, a regional workshop held in Indonesia at the Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation. The course focused on the effective use of community policing techniques and on the latest developments in mobile telephony technology, as it relates to the fight against terrorism. The workshop also discussed in detail the role of focal points in enhancing cooperation in countering terrorism in this area. OHCHR supported the course by facilitating the participation of a human rights expert.",
"13. In addition, in May 2010, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate organized a workshop for senior law enforcement officials, prosecutors and judges in South Asia in Thimphu, Bhutan. In the course, participants discussed the role of police and prosecution services in countering terrorism and the challenges faced by such services in conducting investigations and prosecutions. The course also provided an opportunity to raise awareness in police and prosecution services regarding the latest available research technologies and techniques and to share relevant experiences and good practices. A representative of OHCHR contributed to the course, drawing the participants ' attention to international human rights standards applicable to investigations and processes.",
"C. Human Rights Council",
"14. At its fifteenth session, the Human Rights Council decided, in its resolution 15/15, to extend for three years the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism and requested him, inter alia, to identify, exchange and promote best practices on counter-terrorism measures that respect human rights and fundamental freedoms.[5]",
"15. At the same session, the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 15/18 on the question of arbitrary detention, encouraged all States to respect and promote the right of any person who is deprived of his or her liberty by arrest or detention to appeal to a court, so that the court may decide as soon as possible on the legality of his or her imprisonment and to order his or her release if the prison is illegal, even when it comes to administrative detention under the law. In addition, the Council adopted resolution 15/28 on assistance to Somalia in the field of human rights, in which it urged the Transitional Federal Government, member States, stakeholders and the entire international community to continue to isolate individuals and entities whose activities constitute a threat to the peace, security or stability of Somalia and the region, including those involved in terrorist attacks, ensuring that the measures taken to combat terrorism are in conformity with international law.",
"16. On 11 March 2011, at its sixteenth session, the Human Rights Council held, in accordance with its decision 15/116, a panel on human rights in the context of measures taken to address terrorist hostage-taking[6], with special attention paid to the primary responsibility of States to promote and protect the human rights of all persons under their jurisdiction, to the strengthening of international cooperation to prevent and combat terrorism and to the protection of all victims of terrorism. The purpose of the round table was to raise awareness and understanding of the human rights aspects of hostage-taking in the context of terrorist activities.",
"17. The moderator of the panel was Sihasak Phuangketkeow (Thailand), President of the Human Rights Council; it was opened by the Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights, Kyung-wha Kang. The panellists were: Martin Scheinin, Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism; Kamel Rezzag-Bara, Adviser to the President of the People ' s Democratic Republic of Algeria; Cecilia R. V. Quisumbing, Commissioner of the National Human Rights Commission of the Philippines; Soumeylou Maiga, President of the Observatory of Geostrategy and Safety of the Sahel (Malímán); and Federico Andre",
"18. Also at its sixteenth session, the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 16/23 of 25 March 2011, in particular condemned any measures or attempts by States or public officials to legalize, authorize or consent to torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in any circumstances, including for reasons of national security or through judicial decisions, and called upon States to ensure accountability for such acts. It also reminded States that the prolongation of detention incommunicado or detention in secret places may facilitate the commission of acts of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and in itself constitute a form of such treatment, and urged all States to respect safeguards relating to the freedom, security and dignity of the person and to eliminate secret places of detention and interrogation.",
"19. On 1 June 2011, at its seventeenth session, pursuant to its decision 16/116, the Human Rights Council held a panel discussion on the issue of the human rights of victims of terrorism, taking into account, inter alia, the recommendations of the symposium on support for victims of terrorism convened by the Secretary-General on 9 September 2008. The objective of the round table was to increase understanding of the human rights of victims of terrorism, exchange information on relevant activities undertaken at the international, regional and national levels, and share best practices with a view to enhancing the capacity of States to respond to the protection needs of victims of terrorism and their families, taking into account their international human rights obligations.",
"20. The moderator of the round table was Mr. Phuangketkeow (Thailand), President of the Human Rights Council, was opened by Navanethem Pillay, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Presentations were made by the following panelists: Anne Wu, Political Affairs Officer, Office of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force; Martin Scheinin, Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism; Maite Pagazaurtundua, Victims of Terrorism Foundation (Spain); Rianne M. Letschert, Professor of International Law and Victimology; and Deputy Director, Institute of Terrorism As requested by the Human Rights Council in its decision 16/116, OHCHR will prepare a summary of the round table, to be presented to the Council at its nineteenth session.",
"Universal periodic review",
"21. The Human Rights Council also considered the question of the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism in accordance with its universal periodic review. Some of the most prevalent recommendations of the Human Rights Council call for the adequacy of domestic counter-terrorism standards and international human rights obligations[7], noting in particular the need to review the legislative framework for counter-terrorism[8]. States were also recommended to end serious violations of human rights and humanitarian law committed on the pretext of combating terrorism.[9] Concerns were also raised regarding the prosecution of persons detained for crimes of terrorism in courts or emergency courts, noting that they should be brought before legally established judicial bodies, protected with due process guarantees.[10] In addition, Member States were encouraged to investigate allegations of torture in the context of counter-terrorism measures, publicize the findings, bring the perpetrators to justice and compensate the victims.[11] In addition, the Human Rights Council called for the enactment of legislation, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, to deal with acts described as “enhanced interrogation techniques”[12]. It also recommended that an open and transparent assessment of the consequences of flights on the national territories of States and of the landings carried out in the context of the extradition programme of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) be undertaken.[13] In addition, death sentences in cases of terrorism were raised as concern.[14] Another recommendation highlighted the need to avoid the use of religious and racial profiling in the defence against terrorism by enacting legislation prohibiting such practice.[15] In that regard, it was also suggested that security controls should be “ smarter” in order to avoid discrimination.[16] In addition, it was proposed that States organize human rights-based training sessions to educate the competent authorities and improve counter-terrorism practices.[17] Finally, States were called upon to respond to the recommendations made by the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism and to take action thereon.[18]",
"Special procedures",
"22. In his report to the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/51), the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism presented a compilation of the 10 best practices in the fight against terrorism in the form of legislative models. The compilation was the result of an analysis carried out by the Special Rapporteur on the basis of his work over six years, involving various forms of interaction with multiple stakeholders, including written submissions by Governments (see A/HRC/16/51/Add.4). The compilation is based on international treaties, resolutions of international organizations and the jurisprudence of international and regional courts. In his report, the Special Rapporteur concludes that, beyond these models, best practices could also be identified in another way, especially through the adoption of national counter-terrorism strategies that must go beyond good legislation and require a comprehensive, human rights-based approach, and that they also address conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism, in accordance with the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. The model provisions refer to the compatibility of counter-terrorism legislation with human rights, humanitarian law and refugee law; the compatibility of counter-terrorism practices with human rights standards, humanitarian law and refugee law; the principles of normality and specificity; the review of the operation of anti-terrorism legislation and practice; the use of effective remedies for victims of human rights violations;",
"23. At the invitation of the Government, the Special Rapporteur visited Tunisia from 22 to 26 January 2010 (see A/HC/16/51/Add.2). The Transitional Government invited the Special Rapporteur to a second visit from 22 to 26 May 2011. In his press release of 26 May, at the conclusion of his follow-up mission, the Special Rapporteur stressed the need to make the necessary reforms in the framework of the fight against terrorism in accordance with international human rights standards, and urged action to combat impunity and ensure accountability for crimes and human rights violations committed in the name of the fight against terrorism. These include the continuation of investigations and allegations of torture and illegal detention, which were often carried out under the pretext of combating terrorism, and the accountability of those responsible, in order to help rebuild confidence between the country ' s population and security forces. El Relator Especial expresó que la abusiva ley de lucha contra el terrorismo, de 2003, casi no se ha aplicación desde los eventos de 14 enero de 2011. According to the Special Rapporteur, the Transitional Government has recognized, by enacting an amnesty law that includes those who were convicted or detained under that law, that it does not provide more security to the people of Tunisia, but was actually used as an instrument of oppression against any form of political or other dissent. The Special Rapporteur offered the assistance of his mandate to replace the 2003 law in an appropriate legislative framework to regulate Tunisia ' s counter-terrorism activities and to abide by international conventions and protocols to combat terrorism and, at the same time, to fully respect human rights and fundamental freedoms. Further referring to his previous report (see A/HRC/16/51/Add.2), in which he had expressed his great concern about the activities of various entities of the security apparatus and the secrecy and impunity with which they operated, the Special Rapporteur commended the Transitional Government ' s abolition of the State Security Directorate, which was allegedly responsible for torture and arbitrary and even secret detention activities, and which acted as a “political policy” but did not exist in the law.",
"24. At the invitation of the Government, the Special Rapporteur visited Peru from 1 to 8 September 2010. In his report (A/HRC/16/51/Add.3 and Corr.3), the Special Rapporteur considered measures taken by Peru to support victims of terrorist crimes and human rights violations committed between 1980 and 2000 by the State security forces during the internal armed conflict. It also analysed the legislative framework for combating terrorism and its implementation in practice. The Special Rapporteur concluded that Peru provides important lessons on the administration of justice and reparation for the suffering caused by the internal armed conflict and considers that the establishment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission is an optimal practice. The criminal proceedings and the conviction of the former President of Peru and his assistants, as well as the numerous new terrorist proceedings previously convicted in trials without due process, constitute significant progress in the fulfilment of State obligations in accordance with international human rights standards. However, the Special Rapporteur was concerned about the broad definition of terrorism in criminal law, the slow progress made in the implementation of the Reparations Plan and the tendency to assimilate terrorism to human rights defenders and social protest movements. He stressed that resorting to the state of emergency and the deployment of military forces not only as a means of combating terrorism, but also in situations of mass demonstrations, poses the risk of militarizing conflicts that should not be resolved by the armed forces. The Special Rapporteur welcomed the decision of the Congress to repeal Legislative Decree No. 1097, approved by the executive branch in exercise of the power to legislate which had been delegated to it, since such a decree could have allowed the dismissal of criminal proceedings for human rights violations committed during the internal armed conflict, and would apparently have subject to statute the crimes covered by the Convention on the Non-Applicability of War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity.",
"25. In his report to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session (A/65/258), the Special Rapporteur addressed the issue of compliance by the United Nations with human rights standards in the fight against terrorism, taking into account and evaluating the role and contribution of, inter alia, the General Assembly, the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, the Human Rights Council, the Security Council and its subsidiary bodies and the operations of the United Nations in the field. The main recommendation made in the report is that the Security Council take advantage of the opportunity to give the tenth anniversary of its resolution 1373 (2001) to replace resolutions 1373 (2001), 1624 (2005) and 1267 (1999) (as amended) with a single resolution, not adopted under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, which organize counter-terrorism measures and reporting obligations within a single framework. This proposal is based on an assessment by the Special Rapporteur that Chapter VII does not provide legal grounds for maintaining the current framework of mandatory and permanent Security Council resolutions, of a quasi-legislative or quasi-judicial nature. The report also examines ways and means of improving United Nations accountability mechanisms in respect of respect for human rights in its field operations, in particular in the fight against terrorism, as well as inputs from various actors to the implementation of the 2006 United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy.",
"26. In its report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/47 and Add.1-3), the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention highlighted the far-reaching implications of the joint study on global practices relating to secret detention in the context of counter-terrorism (see A/HRC/13/42 and A/65/224, para. 13), in particular with regard to its mandate and cases of arbitrary deprivation of liberty. He noted with concern that cases of secret detention are normally accompanied by the absence of legal guarantees, habeas corpus and fair trial. The Working Group reiterated the need for a strict approach when considering cases in which Governments make a general reference and vague to terrorism as justification for restricting human rights. The Working Group referred to three views adopted during the period under review, in accordance with its individual complaints procedure, which dealt directly with cases of persons detained on terrorist charges, and in all cases considered that the deprivation of liberty had been arbitrary (Opinion No. 22/2010, see A/HRC/16/47/Add.1, and Reviews 24/2010 and 32/2010, see A/HRC/16/47, para. 9, table 1).",
"27. In his report to the General Assembly (A/65/273), the Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment expressed concern that, in order to combat effectively the increase in terrorism and other forms of organized crime, Governments in too many countries seem willing to restrict certain human rights by acknowledging very broad powers to their law enforcement, intelligence and security forces, which creates an enabling environment for the undermining of torture. Insensitization to violence in many societies has reached such a level that governments and the general population simply consider torture as a “lower evil”. The Special Rapporteur considers that this trend is alarming. He stressed the need for a new global awareness campaign to change this climate of tolerance for the excessive use of force by law enforcement officials. Governments should be reminded that torture was not an effective means of combating crime. On the contrary: it contributes to greater insensitization of societies and the spiral of violence suffered by many of them. In his first report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/52), the newly appointed Special Rapporteur indicated his intention to identify and further refine the links between forensic and other science methods, not only with a view to eradicating torture and providing evidence to corroborate the evidence of torture practice, but also to provide credible forensic and scientific alternatives to the law enforcement, effective prosecution of terrorism.",
"28. In his report to the General Assembly (A/65/321, paras. 11-16), the former Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions addressed the issue of targeted killings and accountability, including in the context of the fight against terrorism. He expressed concern that since the submission of the report to the Human Rights Council at its fourteenth session on the issue of targeted killings (A/HRC/14/24/Add.6), Member States had not provided specific information on any of the core issues raised in the Special Rapporteur ' s report.",
"29. In his report to the Human Rights Council, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression expressed concern about the limitations imposed on the right to freedom of expression through the Internet on the basis of the fight against terrorism (A/HRC/17/27). He pointed out that there are criminal laws, or new laws specifically designed to criminalize expression through the Internet, which are often justified by the notion of combating terrorism, but that in practice they are used to censor the content of what the government or other powerful entities do not like or share. The Special Rapporteur stressed that the protection of national security or the need to combat terrorism cannot be used to justify the restriction of the right to freedom of expression, unless the Government can demonstrate that: (a) the expression aims to instigate immediate violence; (b) it is likely to institute such violence; and (c) there is a direct and immediate relationship between the expression and the possibility of such violence.",
"30. In her report to the General Assembly (A/65/223), the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders addressed the issue of the stigmatization of human rights defenders by non-State actors. The Special Rapporteur noted that, in the context of civil conflicts, paramilitaries frequently seek to stigmatize the work of human rights defenders and to legitimize campaigns of violence against them, claiming that they are linked to armed or terrorist groups. He stated that, in such cases, it is essential for the Government to publicly reaffirm the importance of the work of human rights defenders and to report any attempt to disqualify or stigmatize them. In her report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/44, Add.1-2 and Corr.1), the Special Rapporteur raised the issue of stigmatization and criminalization of the work of women human rights defenders. He stated that, in addition to the stigmatization of “political” in certain contexts of the defenders of both sexes, who are accused of representing guerrilla movements, terrorists, political extremists, separatists and foreign countries or interests, their sex or the rights they advocate in relation to gender or sexuality often aggravate the stigmatization of human rights defenders.",
"31. In her report to the General Assembly (A/65/207, para. 39), the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, expressed concern at reports that, in the context of counter-terrorism measures, Muslims are regularly subjected to the investigation of their personal data, home requirements, interrogations and detentions solely motivated by their religion. The Special Rapporteur stressed that the practice of developing profiles based on ethnic or national origin or religion does not conform to the requirement of proportionality as a means of combating terrorism and also entails significant negative consequences that may result in counterproductive measures to combat it.",
"Open-ended intergovernmental working group to consider developing an international policy framework for the regulation, monitoring and monitoring of the activities of private military and security companies",
"32. In its resolution 15/26 of 1 October 2010, the Human Rights Council established a working group with a mandate to consider the development of an international normative framework, including, inter alia, the possibility of developing a legally binding instrument for the regulation, monitoring and monitoring of the activities of private military and security companies, including the accountability of these companies, taking into account the principles, main elements and the draft text proposed by the Working Group impedes the use of mercenaries as a means of self-determination. The Council also decided that the open-ended intergovernmental working group should hold a five-day annual session for two years and submit its recommendations to the Human Rights Council at its twenty-first session. Pursuant to the resolution, the first session of the working group was held from 23 to 27 May 2011.",
"D. Human rights treaty bodies",
"33. The Human Rights Committee, the Committee against Torture, the Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination have continued to examine compliance in the legislation and practice of States parties to the respective treaties with their legal obligation to respect human rights in the context of the fight against terrorism.",
"34. The issues addressed by the Human Rights Committee and the Committee against Torture predominantly referred to the extremely comprehensive and unclear definitions of terrorist offences in national legislation[19]. In addition, the Human Rights Committee expressed concern at the intention of States to enact counter-terrorism legislation that authorizes significant delays before prosecution and before allowing access to a lawyer and, in exceptional circumstances, allows decisions on the extension of detention to be taken in the absence of the suspect.[20] In this regard, the Committee recommended that any person arrested or detained on the basis of a criminal charge, including persons who allegedly committed security-related offences, have immediate access to lawyers and immediate access to a judge.20 He also highlighted the issue of legislation that allows judges to conceal evidence from detainees for security reasons and stressed the importance of access to all evidence, including secrets, and suggested the possibility of introducing a special legal regime20. In addition, the Human Rights Committee noted its concern at the limited organizational and functional independence of the State security courts and the authority of the executive branch to refer cases that do not affect the security of the State to those courts.[21]",
"35. The Committee against Torture expressed its deep concern at allegations of routine use of torture against alleged terrorists by the police, guards, security forces and military personnel.[22] In addition, it noted credible reports indicating that such cases were frequently produced with the participation, instigation or consent of police officers, detention centres, prisons and military bases and in unofficial places or secrets of detention.22 Accordingly, the Committee urged relevant States parties to take immediate and effective measures to investigate, prosecute and punish all acts of torture.22 Legislation that unduly restricts legal safeguards against torture and ill-treatment of suspects or accused of terrorist or related crimes, while at the same time empowering the police to arrest suspects without a court order, has been a further concern for the Committee against Torture.[23] With regard to the deprivation of the rights of suspected detained terrorists, the Committee has called upon States to allow detainees to have immediate access to a lawyer, sufficient time to prepare for trial, independent medical examinations that include confidentiality between physician and patient, and notification of detention to family members.[24] The Committee criticized detention practices and incidents of ill-treatment of minors in unregistered detention facilities for adults and interrogated them without legal aid or the presence of an adult or legal guardian.[25] The Committee also noted reports of frequent interference by the executive branch in judicial proceedings, in particular criminal proceedings, and instances of harassment, intimidation and dismissal of judges who resisted political pressure and/or did not order the arrest of persons accused of terrorist crimes or State crimes.[26] In addition, it expressed concern at the admission of evidence and confessions obtained through torture and recommended that the necessary measures be taken to ensure that, in practice, such confessions and evidence are not admitted to judicial proceedings, including in cases relating to counter-terrorism standards.[27]",
"36. Other issues of concern to the treaty bodies include the disproportionate use of force in responding to terrorist threats and causing collateral deaths[28], the demolition of property and homes of family members of terrorist suspects[29], the abduction of suspected terrorists[30], the restriction of certain privileges in places of detention in relation to group activities of persons accused of acts of terrorism[30] With regard to emergency laws, particular concern is the abuse of minors, such as detention for more than one year, denial of counsel[35], prosecutions before military courts[36] and the consequences of emergency regulations on the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights.[37]",
"III. Activities of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights",
"37. In carrying out its mandate, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights continued to examine the issue of the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism and to make general recommendations on States ' obligations in that regard. In her report to the Council at its sixteenth session (A/HRC/16/50), the High Commissioner expressed her continued and deep concern at the erosion of due process, including the right to a fair trial in the context of counter-terrorism policies and practices. While noting that the newly established procedures for delisting, including the establishment of the Office of the Ombudsman to receive requests from individuals and entities wishing to be excluded from the Consolidated List, represented an important step towards fair and clear procedures, the High Commissioner underscored the gap between the 1267 regime and the requirements of international human rights standards relating to due process and stressed the continuing need for reform.",
"38. Accordingly, the High Commissioner called upon the Human Rights Council to continue to investigate all possible means to ensure that sanctions imposed on individuals and entities are accompanied by rigorous procedural safeguards, ensuring the minimum standards of due process, both for inclusion and exclusion of names on the list. He further stressed that this should include ensuring full support for the Office of the Ombudsman and, at the same time, developing additional mechanisms to improve procedural protections in the listing and exclusion procedures. An independent and quasi-judicial procedure for the review of listing and exclusion decisions should also be established.[39]",
"39. In the same report, the High Commissioner noted practices that impede the right to a fair trial in the context of counter-terrorism, such as certain uses of intelligence information in criminal justice proceedings.[40] While noting that the use of reliable information is indispensable for preventing terrorist acts and bringing suspects to justice, he stressed that the increasing use of such information in the fight against terrorism and the emergence in many countries of “police activities led by secret services” have resulted in the expansion of the power of such services, often without due consideration of the safeguards of due process necessary to provide protection against abuse. In this regard, the High Commissioner also highlighted the challenges to human rights posed by the growing use by States of intelligence services, including the abuse of the doctrine of State secrecy in the context of judicial proceedings, the use in judicial proceedings of evidence obtained by illegal means, whether in the country or abroad, and the use of secret evidence. In the meantime, it called on States to ensure that policy frameworks are in place to ensure compliance with international human rights standards, both internally and through cooperation with the intelligence services of other States.",
"40. In addition to its activities related to the chairmanship of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force under pillar IV of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, as reflected in section II.A of the present report, OHCHR has continued to strengthen the mainstreaming of a human rights approach in common activities related to the other pillars of the Strategy. In this regard, OHCHR participated in a symposium entitled “Balance and definition of the way forward: strengthening the response to terrorism by addressing the relationships that exist with related criminal activities”, organized in Vienna in March 2011 by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, with a presentation on how support can be provided to Member States, through technical assistance and cooperation, to respond to legitimate concerns about national security and full respect for the rule of law.",
"41. The High Commissioner for Human Rights also opened a panel discussion of the Human Rights Council on the issue of the human rights of victims of terrorism, held in June 2011[41], while the Deputy High Commissioner delivered the opening address of the Council ' s round table on the issue of human rights in the context of the measures taken to address terrorist hostage-taking, held in March 2011.[42] In addition, the Deputy High Commissioner opened one of the side events of the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council devoted to the issue of the human rights of victims of terrorism, in which another representative of OHCHR participated as a panelist.",
"IV. Conclusions",
"42. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the human rights treaty bodies, the Human Rights Council and its various special procedures have continued to express their deep concern at the significant inconsistencies that continue to exist between legal frameworks and national counter-terrorism practices and international human rights standards, including vague and comprehensive definitions of terrorism, the lack of legal safeguards related to procedural safeguards and alleged fair trial and ill-treatment of terrorists. Reiterating my call upon Member States to fully implement the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and to ensure respect for human rights and the rule of law as a fundamental principle of all counter-terrorism measures, I urge all States to ensure that their counter-terrorism measures are consistent with their obligations under international law.",
"43. An effective criminal justice system, based on respect for human rights and the rule of law, ensuring due process and fair trial, remains the best way to effectively combat terrorism and ensure accountability. I encourage States to participate actively in the regional expert symposium on the theme " Protection of human rights in order to ensure the fundamental principles of fair trial in the context of counter-terrorism " , which is held under the auspices of the Working Group on the Protection of Human Rights in the Fight against Terrorism, and to take advantage of the observations and good practices developed in that process. I also encourage States and other stakeholders to take advantage of the basic human rights reference guides developed by this working group.",
"44. I encourage the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, its working groups and entities to continue to incorporate a human rights approach into its work, and to also address human rights issues and concerns, in accordance with the approach of Member States in the Global Strategy, and to ensure that the assistance provided by the Task Force to respond to terrorism is effective, sustainable and consistent with international human rights standards. In that context, the Task Force should enhance its commitment to civil society to report on the assistance provided by the Task Force and its working groups.",
"45. On the basis of Security Council resolution 1963 (2010), the Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate are encouraged to continue their efforts to ensure that, in the areas of competence of their mandates, respect for the rule of law and human rights standards constitute the basis for combating terrorism. In this regard, the efforts of the Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate to ensure that the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights participates in its activities.",
"[1] Its members are the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate, the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, the World Bank, the International Maritime Organization and the team to monitor the implementation of resolution 1267. The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) participate as observers.",
"[2] General Assembly resolution 60/288.",
"[3] See A/65/224, paras. 5 and 6.",
"[4] The Working Group List of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force is available at http://www.un.org/terrorism/workinggroups.shtml.",
"[5] See the paragraphs. 22-25 of the present report.",
"[6] A summary of the discussion at the round table is contained in document A/HRC/18/29.",
"[7] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.58; A/HRC/17/10 and Add.1, para. 86.139.",
"[8] A/HRC/17/10 and Add.1, paras. 86.137 and 86.138; see also A/HRC/18/4, para. 106.133, with regard to evidence-based evaluation of counter-terrorism legislation.",
"[9] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.217.",
"[10] Ibid., para. 92,218.",
"[11] A/HRC/17/10 and Add.1, para. 86.136.",
"[12] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.66.",
"[13] A/HRC/18/4, para. 106.132.",
"[14] A/HRC/16/3 and Add.1, paras 78.6, 78.9 and 78.19.",
"[15] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para 92.219.",
"[16] Ibid., para. 92.220.",
"[17] A/HRC/17/7 and Add.1, para. 89.98.",
"[18] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.90.",
"[19] See CCPR/C/HUN/CO/5, para. 9; CCPR/ISR/CP/3, para. 13; CCPR/C/POL/CO/6, para. 4; CCPR/C/JOR/CO/4, para. 6; CAT/C/MCO/CO/4-5, para. 14.",
"[20] See CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3, para. 13.",
"[21] CCPR/C/JOR/CO/4, para. 12.",
"[22] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1. para. 10.",
"[23] Ibid., para. 14.",
"[24] CAT/C/TUR/CO/3, para. 11.",
"[25] Ibid., para. 21.",
"[26] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 22.",
"[27] Ibid., para. 31.",
"[28] CCPR/ISR/CO/3, para. 10.",
"[29] Ibid., para. 17.",
"[30] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 20.",
"[31] CAT/C/TUR/CO/3, para. 17.",
"[32] CERD/C/AUS/CO/15-17, para. 12.",
"[33] CRC/C/OPAC/LKA/CO/1, para. 39.",
"[34] CRC/C/LKA/CO/3-4, para. 10.",
"[35] CRC/C/OPAC/LKA/CO, para. 32.",
"[36] CRC/C/OPC/EGY/1, para. 30",
"[37] E/C.12/LKA/CO/2-4, para. 7.",
"[38] See A/HRC/16/50, paras 16-21.",
"[39] Ibid., paras. 27 and 44.",
"[40] Ibid., paras. 33 to 40.",
"[41] See also paragraphs 19 and 20 of the present report.",
"[42] See also paragraphs 16 and 17 of the present report."
] |
[
"Resolución 2001 (2011)",
"Aprobada por el Consejo de Seguridad en su 6594ª sesión, celebrada el 28 de julio de 2011",
"El Consejo de Seguridad,",
"Recordando todas sus resoluciones anteriores relativas al Iraq, en particular las resoluciones 1500 (2003), de 14 de agosto de 2003, 1546 (2004), de 8 de junio de 2004, 1557 (2004), de 12 de agosto de 2004, 1619 (2005), de 11 de agosto de 2005, 1700 (2006), de 10 de agosto de 2006, 1770 (2007), de 10 de agosto de 2007, 1830 (2008), de 7 de agosto de 2008, 1883 (2009), de 7 de agosto de 2009, y 1936 (2010) de 5 de agosto de 2010,",
"Reafirmando la independencia, la soberanía, la unidad y la integridad territorial del Iraq,",
"Poniendo de relieve la importancia que tienen la estabilidad y la seguridad del Iraq para el pueblo iraquí, la región y la comunidad internacional,",
"Alentando al Gobierno del Iraq a que siga fortaleciendo la democracia y el estado de derecho, mejorando la seguridad y el orden público y luchando contra el terrorismo y la violencia sectaria en todo el país, y reiterando su apoyo al pueblo y al Gobierno del Iraq en sus esfuerzos por construir una nación segura, estable, federal, unida y democrática, basada en el estado de derecho y el respeto de los derechos humanos,",
"Acogiendo con beneplácito las mejoras de las condiciones de seguridad logradas en el Iraq mediante iniciativas políticas y de seguridad concertadas, y destacando que todavía existen problemas de seguridad en el país y que es preciso sostener esas mejoras mediante un verdadero diálogo político y una auténtica unidad nacional,",
"Recalcando la necesidad de que todas las comunidades del Iraq participen en el proceso político y en un diálogo político inclusivo, se abstengan de realizar declaraciones y acciones que puedan agravar la tensión, lleguen a una solución integral para la distribución de los recursos, aseguren la estabilidad, alcancen una solución justa y equitativa de la controversia relativa a las fronteras internas de la nación y procuren lograr la unidad nacional,",
"Reafirmando la importancia que tienen las Naciones Unidas, en particular la Misión de Asistencia de las Naciones Unidas para el Iraq (UNAMI), en la prestación de asesoramiento, apoyo y asistencia al pueblo y al Gobierno del Iraq para fortalecer las instituciones democráticas, impulsar el diálogo político inclusivo y la reconciliación nacional, facilitar el diálogo regional, desarrollar procesos aceptables para el Gobierno del Iraq que permitan resolver las controversias sobre las fronteras internas, ayudar a los grupos vulnerables, incluidos los refugiados y los desplazados internos, reforzar la igualdad entre los géneros, fomentar la protección de los derechos humanos y promover la reforma judicial y legislativa, y poniendo de relieve la importancia de que las Naciones Unidas, en particular la UNAMI, den prioridad a la prestación de asesoramiento, apoyo y asistencia al pueblo y al Gobierno del Iraq para alcanzar esos objetivos,",
"Instando al Gobierno del Iraq a que siga promoviendo y protegiendo los derechos humanos y a que estudie también la adopción de medidas adicionales para apoyar a la Alta Comisión Independiente de Derechos Humanos,",
"Reconociendo los esfuerzos del Gobierno del Iraq en la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos de las mujeres y reafirmando lo dispuesto en sus resoluciones 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) y 1960 (2010) relativas a la mujer, la paz y la seguridad, y reiterando la necesidad de la participación plena, equitativa y efectiva de la mujer; reafirmando el papel fundamental que pueden desempeñar las mujeres en la reconstrucción del tejido social y destacando la necesidad de su participación en la formulación de estrategias nacionales a fin de que se tengan en cuenta sus puntos de vista,",
"Expresando la importancia de que se procure resolver las dificultades humanitarias a que se enfrenta el pueblo del Iraq y destacando la necesidad de seguir configurando una respuesta coordinada y proporcionando recursos suficientes para tratar de superar dichas dificultades,",
"Recalcando la soberanía del Gobierno del Iraq, reafirmando que todas las partes deben continuar adoptando todas las medidas factibles y concibiendo modalidades para asegurar la protección de los civiles afectados, incluidos los niños, las mujeres y los miembros de las minorías religiosas y étnicas, y que deben establecer condiciones propicias al regreso voluntario, seguro, digno y sostenible de los refugiados y los desplazados internos o la integración local de los desplazados internos, acogiendo con beneplácito los compromisos asumidos por el Gobierno del Iraq para socorrer a los desplazados internos, los refugiados y los repatriados, alentándolo a que continúe su labor al respecto y observando la importante función que desempeña la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados, con arreglo a su mandato, en la prestación continua de asesoramiento y apoyo al Gobierno del Iraq, en coordinación con la UNAMI, sobre esas cuestiones,",
"Instando a todos aquellos a quienes corresponda, de conformidad con el derecho internacional humanitario, incluidos los Convenios de Ginebra y el Reglamento de La Haya, a que permitan el acceso pleno e irrestricto del personal humanitario a todas las personas necesitadas de asistencia, pongan a su disposición, en la medida de lo posible, todos los medios necesarios para sus operaciones, y promuevan la seguridad, protección y libertad de circulación del personal humanitario, el personal de las Naciones Unidas y su personal asociado y sus activos,",
"Acogiendo con beneplácito los importantes avances que ha hecho el Iraq para recuperar la posición internacional que tenía antes de que se aprobara la resolución 661 (1990), exhortando al Gobierno del Iraq a que continúe la cooperación que mantiene con el Gobierno de Kuwait para resolver los asuntos pendientes y cumplir sus obligaciones pendientes según lo dispuesto en las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad relativas a la situación entre el Iraq y Kuwait con arreglo al Capítulo VII de la Carta, y recalcando la importancia de la ratificación del Protocolo Adicional de su Acuerdo general de salvaguardias,",
"Expresando profunda gratitud a todo el personal de las Naciones Unidas en el Iraq por sus valerosos e incansables esfuerzos,",
"1. Decide prorrogar el mandato de la Misión de Asistencia de las Naciones Unidas para el Iraq (UNAMI) por un período de doce meses;",
"2. Decide también que el Representante Especial del Secretario General y la UNAMI, a solicitud del Gobierno del Iraq y teniendo en cuenta la carta dirigida al Secretario General por el Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores del Iraq (S/2011/464, anexo), sigan cumpliendo su mandato, establecido en la resolución 1936 (2010);",
"3. Reconoce que la seguridad del personal de las Naciones Unidas es esencial para que la UNAMI pueda realizar su cometido en beneficio del pueblo del Iraq y exhorta al Gobierno del Iraq y a otros Estados Miembros a que continúen prestando apoyo logístico y de seguridad a la presencia de las Naciones Unidas en el Iraq;",
"4. Acoge con beneplácito las contribuciones de los Estados Miembros que aportan a la UNAMI el apoyo y los recursos financieros, logísticos y de seguridad que necesita para cumplir su misión y exhorta a los Estados Miembros a que sigan proporcionando apoyo y recursos suficientes a la UNAMI;",
"5. Expresa su intención de volver a examinar el mandato de la UNAMI en un plazo de doce meses o antes, si así lo solicita el Gobierno del Iraq;",
"6. Solicita al Secretario General que lo informe cada cuatro meses sobre los progresos realizados en el cumplimiento de todas las responsabilidades de la UNAMI; y",
"7. Decide seguir ocupándose de la cuestión."
] | [
"Resolution 2001 (2011)",
"Adopted by the Security Council at its 6594th meeting, on 28 July 2011",
"The Security Council,",
"Recalling all its previous relevant resolutions on Iraq, in particular 1500 (2003) of 14 August 2003, 1546 (2004) of 8 June 2004, 1557 (2004) of 12 August 2004, 1619 (2005) of 11 August 2005, 1700 (2006) of 10 August 2006, 1770 (2007) of 10 August 2007, 1830 (2008) of 7 August 2008, 1883 (2009) of 7 August 2009, and 1936 (2010) of 5 August 2010,",
"Reaffirming the independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of Iraq,",
"Emphasizing the importance of the stability and security of Iraq for the people of Iraq, the region, and the international community,",
"Encouraging the Government of Iraq to continue strengthening democracy and the rule of law, improving security and public order and combating terrorism and sectarian violence across the country, and reiterating its support to the people and the Government of Iraq in their efforts to build a secure, stable, federal, united and democratic nation, based on the rule of law and respect for human rights,",
"Welcoming improvements in the security situation in Iraq achieved through concerted political and security efforts and stressing that challenges to security in Iraq still exist and that improvements need to be sustained through meaningful political dialogue and national unity,",
"Underscoring the need for all communities in Iraq to participate in the political process and an inclusive political dialogue, to refrain from making statements and actions which could aggravate tensions, to reach a comprehensive solution on the distribution of resources, and to ensure stability and develop a just and fair solution for the nation’s disputed internal boundaries and work towards national unity,",
"Reaffirming the importance of the United Nations, in particular the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), in advising, supporting and assisting the Iraqi people and Government to strengthen democratic institutions, advance inclusive political dialogue and national reconciliation, facilitate regional dialogue, develop processes acceptable to the Government of Iraq to resolve disputed internal boundaries, aid vulnerable groups including refugees and internally displaced persons, strengthen gender equality, promote the protection of human rights, and promote judicial and legal reform, and emphasizing the importance of the United Nations, in particular UNAMI, prioritizing advice, support, and assistance to the Iraqi people and Government to achieve these goals,",
"Urging the Government of Iraq to continue to promote and protect human rights and also to consider additional steps to support the Independent High Commission for Human Rights,",
"Recognizing the efforts of the Government of Iraq in the promotion and protection of the human rights of women and reaffirming its resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) on women, peace, and security and reiterating the need for the full, equal, and effective participation of women; reaffirming the key role women can play in re-establishing the fabric of society and stressing the need for their involvement in the development of national strategies in order to take into account their perspectives,",
"Expressing the importance of addressing humanitarian issues confronting the Iraqi people and stressing the need to continue to form a coordinated response and to provide adequate resources to address these issues,",
"Underscoring the sovereignty of the Government of Iraq, reaffirming that all parties should continue to take all feasible steps and to develop modalities to ensure the protection of affected civilians, including children, women and members of religious and ethnic minority groups, and should create conditions conducive to the voluntary, safe, dignified, and sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced persons or local integration of internally displaced persons, welcoming commitments and encouraging continued efforts of the Government of Iraq for the relief of internally displaced persons, refugees and returnees, and noting the important role of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, based on its mandate, in providing continued advice and support to the Government of Iraq, in coordination with UNAMI on these issues,",
"Urging all those concerned, as set forth in international humanitarian law, including the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Regulations, to allow full unimpeded access by humanitarian personnel to all people in need of assistance, and to make available, as far as possible, all necessary facilities for their operations, and to promote the safety, security, and freedom of movement of humanitarian personnel and United Nations and its associated personnel and their assets,",
"Welcoming the important progress Iraq has made towards regaining the international standing it held prior to the adoption of resolution 661 (1990), calling on the Government of Iraq to continue ongoing cooperation with the Government of Kuwait to address outstanding issues and to meet its outstanding obligations under the relevant Chapter VII Security Council resolutions pertaining to the situation between Iraq and Kuwait and underscoring the importance of ratification of the Additional Protocol to its Comprehensive Safeguard Agreement,",
"Expressing deep gratitude to all the United Nations staff in Iraq for their courageous and tireless efforts,",
"1. Decides to extend the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) for a period of twelve months;",
"2. Decides further that the Special Representative of the Secretary-General and UNAMI, at the request of the Government of Iraq, and taking into account the letter of from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iraq to the Secretary General (S/2011/464, annex), shall continue to pursue their mandate as stipulated in resolution 1936 (2010);",
"3. Recognizes that security of United Nations personnel is essential for UNAMI to carry out its work for the benefit of the people of Iraq and calls upon the Government of Iraq and other Member States to continue to provide security and logistical support to the United Nations presence in Iraq;",
"4. Welcomes the contributions of Member States in providing UNAMI with the financial, logistical, and security resources and support that it needs to fulfil its mission and calls upon Member States to continue to provide UNAMI with sufficient resources and support;",
"5. Expresses its intention to review the mandate of UNAMI in twelve months or sooner, if requested by the Government of Iraq;",
"6. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council every four months on the progress made towards the fulfilment of all UNAMI’s responsibilities; and",
"7. Decides to remain seized of the matter."
] | S_RES_2001(2011) | [
"Resolution 2001 (2011)",
"Adopted by the Security Council at its 6594th meeting, on 28 July 2011",
"The Security Council,",
"Recalling all its previous resolutions concerning Iraq, in particular resolutions 1500 (2003) of 14 August 2003, 1546 (2004) of 8 June 2004, 1557 (2004) of 12 August 2004, 1619 (2005) of 11 August 2005, 1700 (2006) of 10 August 2006, 1770 (2007) of 10 August 2007, 1830 (2008) of 7 August 2008, 1883 (2009) of 7 August 2009 and 1936 (2010) of 5 August 2009",
"Reaffirming the independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of Iraq,",
"Emphasizing the importance of the stability and security of Iraq for the Iraqi people, the region and the international community,",
"Encouraging the Government of Iraq to continue to strengthen democracy and the rule of law, improving security and public order and fighting terrorism and sectarian violence throughout the country, and reiterating its support for the people and Government of Iraq in their efforts to build a secure, stable, federal, united and democratic nation based on the rule of law and respect for human rights,",
"Welcoming the improvements in the security situation in Iraq through concerted political and security initiatives, and stressing that there are still security challenges in Iraq and that such improvements need to be sustained through genuine political dialogue and genuine national unity,",
"Underscoring the need for all communities in Iraq to participate in the political process and in an inclusive political dialogue, to refrain from making statements and actions that could exacerbate tension, to reach a comprehensive solution for the distribution of resources, to ensure stability, to reach a just and equitable solution to the dispute concerning the internal borders of the nation and to seek to achieve national unity,",
"Reaffirming the importance of the United Nations, in particular the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), in providing advice, support and assistance to the people and Government of Iraq to strengthen democratic institutions, promote inclusive political dialogue and national reconciliation, facilitate regional dialogue, develop processes acceptable to the Government of Iraq to resolve disputes over internal borders, assist vulnerable groups, including refugees and internally displaced persons,",
"Urging the Government of Iraq to continue to promote and protect human rights and also to consider additional measures to support the Independent High Commission on Human Rights,",
"Recognizing the efforts of the Government of Iraq in the promotion and protection of women ' s human rights and reaffirming the provisions of its resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) on women, peace and security, and reiterating the need for the full, equitable and effective participation of women; reaffirming the fundamental role that women can play in the reconstruction of the social fabric and stressing the need for their participation in the formulation of women",
"Expressing the importance of efforts to address the humanitarian challenges facing the people of Iraq and stressing the need to continue to shape a coordinated response and provide sufficient resources to address those difficulties,",
"Underscoring the sovereignty of the Government of Iraq, reaffirming that all parties should continue to take all feasible measures and to devise ways to ensure the protection of affected civilians, including children, women and members of religious and ethnic minorities, and that they should establish conditions conducive to the voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced persons, or the local integration of internally displaced persons, welcoming the commitments undertaken by the Government of Iraq to support them",
"Calling upon all those concerned, in accordance with international humanitarian law, including the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Regulations, to enable full and unrestricted access of humanitarian personnel to all persons in need of assistance, to make available, to the extent possible, all necessary means for their operations, and to promote the safety, protection and freedom of movement of humanitarian personnel, United Nations personnel and associated personnel and their assets,",
"Welcoming the significant progress that Iraq has made in regaining its international position before the adoption of resolution 661 (1990), calling upon the Government of Iraq to continue its cooperation with the Government of Kuwait in resolving outstanding matters and meeting its outstanding obligations under the Security Council resolutions relating to the situation between Iraq and Kuwait under Chapter VII of the Charter, and stressing the importance of the ratification of the Additional Protocol,",
"Expressing deep gratitude to all United Nations personnel in Iraq for their courageous and tireless efforts,",
"1. Decides to extend the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) for a period of twelve months;",
"2. Decides also that the Special Representative of the Secretary-General and UNAMI, at the request of the Government of Iraq and taking into account the letter addressed to the Secretary-General by the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Iraq (S/2011/464, annex), shall continue to fulfil its mandate, as set out in resolution 1936 (2010);",
"3. Recognizes that the security of United Nations personnel is essential for UNAMI to carry out its work for the benefit of the Iraqi people and calls upon the Government of Iraq and other Member States to continue to provide logistical and security support to the United Nations presence in Iraq;",
"4. Welcomes the contributions of Member States providing UNAMI with the financial, logistical and security support and resources it needs to fulfil its mission and calls upon Member States to continue to provide adequate support and resources to UNAMI;",
"5. Expresses its intention to revisit the mandate of UNAMI within 12 months or before, if requested by the Government of Iraq;",
"6. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly every four months on the progress made in fulfilling all UNAMI responsibilities; and",
"7. Decides to remain seized of the matter."
] |
[
"Orden del día provisional de la 6594ª sesión del Consejo de Seguridad",
"Que se celebrará el jueves 28 de julio de 2011 a las 10.00 horas",
"1. Aprobación del orden del día.",
"2. La situación relativa al Iraq",
"Tercer informe del Secretario General presentado de conformidad con el párrafo 6 de la resolución 1936 (2010) (S/2011/435)."
] | [
"Provisional agenda for the 6594th meeting of the Security Council",
"To be held on Thursday, 28 July 2011, at 10 a.m.",
"1. Adoption of the agenda.",
"2. The situation concerning Iraq",
"Third report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 1936 (2010) (S/2011/435)."
] | S_AGENDA_6594 | [
"Provisional agenda for the 6594th meeting of the Security Council",
"To be held on Thursday, 28 July 2011, at 10 a.m.",
"1. Adoption of the agenda.",
"2. The situation concerning Iraq",
"Third report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 1936 (2010) (S/2011/435)."
] |
[
"Carta de fecha 1 de febrero de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Representante Permanente del Líbano ante las Naciones Unidas",
"Siguiendo instrucciones de mi Gobierno, tengo el honor de transmitir adjunta una nota de protesta relativa a una violación del territorio libanés cometida por fuerzas enemigas israelíes el 24 de enero de 2011 (véase el anexo).",
"Le agradecería que dispusiera la distribución de la presente carta entre los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad y su publicación como documento oficial del Consejo en relación con el tema sobre la situación en el Oriente Medio.",
"(Firmado) Nawaf Salam Embajador Representante Permanente",
"Anexo de la carta de fecha 1 de febrero de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Representante Permanente del Líbano ante las Naciones Unidas",
"El 24 de enero de 2011, una patrulla del enemigo israelí compuesta por tres soldados se adentró unos 20 metros más allá de la valla técnica que separa la zona de las granjas de Shebaa ocupadas, reivindicada por el Líbano, de la zona liberada situada en las afueras de la localidad de Kafr Shuba. La patrulla permaneció allí un tiempo antes de retirarse a las granjas de Shebaa ocupadas. Este incidente constituye una violación flagrante de la soberanía libanesa y de la resolución 1701 (2006) del Consejo de Seguridad, además de una amenaza para la paz y la seguridad internacionales."
] | [
"Letter dated 1 February 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Lebanon to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council",
"On instructions from my Government, I have the honour to transmit to you herewith a complaint concerning a violation of Lebanese territory that Israeli enemy forces committed on 24 January 2011 (see annex).",
"I should be grateful if you would circulate the present letter to Security Council members and have it issued as an official document of the Council under the item on the situation in the Middle East.",
"(Signed) Nawaf Salam Ambassador Permanent Representative",
"Annex to the letter dated 1 February 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Lebanon to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council",
"On 24 January 2011, an Israeli enemy patrol comprising three soldiers crossed some 20 metres over the technical fence separating the area of the occupied Shab‘a Farms with regard to which Lebanon maintains a claim from the liberated area on the outskirts of the town of Kafr Shuba. It remained there for some time before withdrawing to the occupied Shab‘a Farms. This action is a flagrant violation of Lebanese sovereignty and Security Council resolution 1701 (2006), and a threat to international peace and security."
] | S_2011_52 | [
"Letter dated 1 February 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Lebanon to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council",
"On instructions from my Government, I have the honour to transmit herewith a note of protest concerning a violation of Lebanese territory committed by Israeli enemy forces on 24 January 2011 (see annex).",
"I should be grateful if you would have the present letter circulated to the members of the Security Council and its publication as an official document of the Council under the item on the situation in the Middle East.",
"(Signed) Nawaf Salam Ambassador Permanent Representative",
"Annex to the letter dated 1 February 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Lebanon to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council",
"On 24 January 2011, an Israeli enemy patrol consisting of three soldiers entered about 20 metres beyond the technical fence separating the area from the occupied Shab`a farms, claimed by Lebanon, from the liberated area outside the town of Kafr Shuba. The patrol remained there for a while before leaving at the occupied Shab`a farms. This incident constitutes a flagrant violation of Lebanese sovereignty and Security Council resolution 1701 (2006), in addition to a threat to international peace and security."
] |
[
"Carta de fecha 27 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Secretario General",
"Tengo el honor de transmitirle una carta de fecha 20 de julio de 2011 del Presidente de la Comisión de la Unión Africana, Sr. Jean Ping, en la que solicita que se distribuya el comunicado de la 286ª reunión del Consejo de Paz y Seguridad de la Unión Africana celebrada el 19 de julio de 2011 (véase el anexo).",
"Le agradecería que tuviera a bien señalar a la atención de los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad la presente carta y su anexo.",
"(Firmado) BAN Ki-moon",
"Anexo",
"Carta de fecha 20 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Presidente de la Comisión de la Unión Africana",
"Tengo el honor de enviarle adjunto el comunicado aprobado en la 286ª reunión del Consejo de Paz y Seguridad de la Unión Africana celebrada el 19 de julio de 2011 para examinar la situación en Darfur y las actividades de la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur (UNAMID) (véase el apéndice).",
"Como verá en el comunicado, el Consejo de Paz y Seguridad decidió renovar por un año el actual mandato de la UNAMID que finaliza el 31 de julio y, teniendo en cuenta el carácter híbrido de la Operación, instó al Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas a que hiciera lo mismo en la sesión que tenía previsto celebrar el 22 de julio de 2011. Esto es sumamente importante dado el papel crucial que sigue desempeñando la UNAMID, en particular en lo relativo a la protección de los civiles en Darfur, y la contribución cada vez mayor que se espera de la misión en los próximos meses, sobre todo con respecto a la aplicación del Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur y los esfuerzos por hacerlo más inclusivo, la puesta en marcha del proceso político de Darfur, gracias a los alentadores resultados del proceso de Doha, la recuperación temprana y otras tareas conexas. Es esencial que nuestras dos organizaciones sigan respaldando y apoyando a los habitantes de Darfur en sus esfuerzos por lograr la paz en su región, en particular asegurando la presencia continuada de la UNAMID.",
"Quisiera aprovechar esta oportunidad para solicitar su apoyo y el del Consejo de Seguridad con el fin de facilitar la puesta en marcha efectiva del proceso político de Darfur, que fue una de las recomendaciones fundamentales del Grupo de Alto Nivel de la Unión Africana sobre Darfur. El proceso político de Darfur, que recibió el apoyo de la Unión Africana al más alto nivel, más recientemente en el 17º período ordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea de Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno celebrado en Malabo, constituye, en nuestra opinión, la mejor oportunidad para consolidar los logros obtenidos hasta la fecha, asegurar la implicación de los sudaneses en la resolución de sus propios problemas y empoderar a los diferentes interesados, así como para llegar a un arreglo inclusivo y amplio que permita abordar las cuestiones interrelacionadas de la paz, la justicia y la reconciliación en Darfur. En su comunicado, siguiendo los pronunciamientos previos de la Unión Africana sobre el proceso político de Darfur, el Consejo de Paz y Seguridad exhortó encarecidamente al Consejo de Seguridad y sus miembros a que respaldaran esa iniciativa, que será llevada a la práctica sobre el terreno por el Grupo de Alto Nivel de la Unión Africana Encargado de la Aplicación y la UNAMID.",
"Debemos seguir instando a todos los interesados, incluido el Gobierno del Sudán, a que hagan todo lo que esté en su mano para crear un entorno que propicie el éxito de esta iniciativa; no obstante, es importante tener en cuenta también que resultaría contraproducente para nuestra labor conjunta supeditar la puesta en marcha del proceso político de Darfur al cumplimiento de determinadas condiciones previas. En efecto, la imposición de condiciones de ese tipo puede proporcionar a los saboteadores la ocasión de socavar el proceso de paz, invalidar el principio de la implicación de los interesados sudaneses e impedir que se aprovechen las oportunidades que vayan surgiendo para avanzar hacia la paz, la justicia y la reconciliación en Darfur.",
"Le agradecería que tuviera a bien hacer distribuir urgentemente el comunicado del Consejo de Paz y Seguridad entre los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad antes de su inminente sesión, a fin de que puedan tener en cuenta e incorporar la posición y las opiniones de la Unión Africana en sus deliberaciones sobre la renovación del mandato de la UNAMID.",
"Aprovecho la oportunidad para reiterarle una vez más el reconocimiento de la Unión Africana a las Naciones Unidas y a usted personalmente por su firme compromiso con la promoción de la paz duradera, la seguridad y la estabilidad en nuestro continente.",
"(Firmado) Jean Ping",
"Apéndice",
"Comunicado de la 286ª reunión del Consejo de Paz y Seguridad",
"El Consejo de Paz y Seguridad de la Unión Africana (UA) examinó la situación en Darfur y las actividades de la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur (UNAMID) en su 286ª reunión, celebrada el 19 de julio de 2011, y adoptó la siguiente decisión:",
"El Consejo,",
"1. Toma nota del informe del Presidente de la Comisión sobre la situación en Darfur [PSC/PR/2(CCLXXXVI)] y de las declaraciones formuladas por el Representante Especial Conjunto de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas para la UNAMID, Sr. Ibrahim Gambari, y el representante del Gobierno del Sudán;",
"2. Recuerda sus decisiones y comunicados anteriores sobre la situación en Darfur;",
"3. Observa con satisfacción los avances logrados en el despliegue de los componentes militar y policial de la UNAMID, que en la actualidad cuentan con 18.002 y 2.751 efectivos, es decir, el 92% y el 73% respectivamente de la dotación total autorizada, así como del componente civil, que consta de 4.466 efectivos, lo cual representa el 81% de la dotación autorizada. El Consejo toma nota también de las nuevas y firmes medidas adoptadas por la UNAMID en cumplimiento de su mandato y expresa su satisfacción por los resultados positivos obtenidos hasta la fecha;",
"4. Expresa su preocupación por la inseguridad existente en algunas partes de Darfur, que causa pérdidas de vidas humanas y desplazamientos de la población civil, con los efectos negativos que ello acarrea para la situación humanitaria. El Consejo hace un llamamiento urgente a todas las partes involucradas para que actúen con la máxima moderación y se abstengan de realizar cualquier acto que pueda agravar la situación de la seguridad sobre el terreno;",
"5. Condena enérgicamente los recientes ataques contra el personal de la UNAMID y los perpetrados contra los organismos humanitarios que operan en Darfur, incluido el intento de emboscada por parte de elementos desconocidos registrado el 30 de junio de 2011 en que perdió la vida un miembro etíope de las fuerzas de mantenimiento de la paz. El Consejo exhorta al Gobierno del Sudán a que no escatime esfuerzos para identificar a los responsables de estos actos criminales y llevarlos ante la justicia;",
"6. Encomia la labor del Representante Especial Conjunto de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas para la UNAMID, Sr. Ibrahim Gambari, que siempre ha ejercido su liderazgo con entrega y acierto, así como la del personal de la Misión por su dedicación y contribución a la promoción de la paz duradera, la seguridad y la reconciliación en Darfur, entre otras cosas, mediante la celebración de la primera conferencia internacional sobre abastecimiento de agua en Darfur y la puesta en marcha de la “Operación cesta de primavera”;",
"7. Destaca que la consecución de la paz en Darfur es un asunto urgente y reconoce que el pueblo de Darfur lleva esperando la paz demasiado tiempo. En este sentido, el Consejo observa con satisfacción la conclusión de las conversaciones políticas de Doha, en particular la firma del Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur por el Gobierno del Sudán y el Movimiento por la Liberación y la Justicia el 14 de julio de 2011, que constituye un avance positivo que contribuirá en gran medida a la promoción de la paz y la seguridad en Darfur. El Consejo encomia tanto al Gobierno del Sudán como al Movimiento por la Liberación y la Justicia por su compromiso y por anteponer los intereses del pueblo de Darfur a cualquier otra consideración. El Consejo encomia también al antiguo Mediador Principal Conjunto, Sr. Djibril Bassole, así como al Gobierno de Qatar, en particular al Sr. Ahmed Bin Abdullah Al-Mahmoud, Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores, por su incansable labor;",
"8. Hace un llamamiento a los demás movimientos armados para que se unan al proceso de paz y se adhieran al Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur. En este sentido, el Consejo alienta a la Unión Africana y a las Naciones Unidas a que prosigan sus esfuerzos encaminados a incorporar a los movimientos armados que todavía no se han unido al proceso de paz. El Consejo acoge con beneplácito el reciente nombramiento del Sr. Ibrahim Gambari como Mediador Principal Conjunto interino y espera con interés que su nombramiento se haga efectivo cuanto antes;",
"9. Reitera todas las decisiones y pronunciamientos previos de la Unión Africana, incluido el párrafo pertinente de la decisión relativa al informe del Consejo de Paz y Seguridad sobre sus actividades y el estado de la paz y la seguridad en África, adoptada en el 17º período ordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea de la Unión celebrado en Malabo del 30 de junio al 1 de julio de 2011, en que se hace referencia al proceso político de Darfur. El Consejo destaca una vez más la necesidad de poner en marcha plenamente este proceso, aprovechando los resultados positivos del proceso de Doha, como medio de consolidar los avances conseguidos hasta la fecha y asegurar que los habitantes de Darfur se impliquen verdaderamente en la consecución de la paz, la justicia y la reconciliación en su región;",
"10. Solicita al Grupo de Alto Nivel de la Unión Africana Encargado de la Aplicación de las recomendaciones para el Sudán y a la UNAMID que intensifiquen sus esfuerzos para la puesta en marcha del proceso político de Darfur, incluidos el trabajo preparatorio y las consultas con el Gobierno del Sudán y otros interesados, a fin de crear un entorno que permita a todos los integrantes participar libremente en él. El Consejo destaca la responsabilidad primordial del Gobierno del Sudán, acoge con beneplácito el compromiso que este ha manifestado de no escatimar esfuerzos en este sentido, incluido el levantamiento del estado de emergencia en Darfur en breve, y lo insta a que brinde toda la cooperación que sea necesaria al Grupo de Alto Nivel de la Unión Africana Encargado de la Aplicación y a la UNAMID;",
"11. Reitera el llamamiento realizado en el 17º período ordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea de Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno a los socios de la Unión Africana, en particular al Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas y sus miembros, para que apoyen plenamente el proceso político de Darfur, que ha recibido el respaldo de la Unión Africana al más alto nivel, y tomen las medidas que se espera de ellos para facilitar el trabajo del Grupo de Alto Nivel de la Unión Africana Encargado de la Aplicación y de la UNAMID a ese respecto. Reconociendo la necesidad de crear un entorno propicio para el éxito del proceso político de Darfur, el Consejo insta enérgicamente a todos los miembros de la comunidad internacional a que apoyen plenamente este proceso, sin supeditar su puesta en marcha al cumplimiento de condiciones previas, que pueden proporcionar a los saboteadores la ocasión de socavar el proceso de paz, invalidar el principio de la implicación de los interesados sudaneses e impedir que se aprovechen las oportunidades para avanzar en la consecución de la paz, la justicia y la reconciliación en Darfur. El Consejo destaca que la puesta en marcha del proceso político de Darfur conferirá más facultades a los interesados sudaneses y posibilitará la creación del entorno pacífico que tanto anhela el pueblo de Darfur;",
"12. Decide ampliar el mandato de la UNAMID por un período adicional de 12 meses, con arreglo a lo establecido en el comunicado PSC/PR/Comm (LXXIX) de la 79ª reunión del Consejo de Paz y Seguridad, celebrada el 22 de junio de 2007, y en la resolución 1769 (2007) del Consejo de Seguridad, de 31 de julio de 2007. El Consejo solicita al Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas que haga lo mismo, teniendo en cuenta el papel central que desempeña la UNAMID sobre el terreno, particularmente con respecto a la protección de los civiles, y la contribución cada vez mayor que se espera de la Misión en la labor para alcanzar una paz duradera en Darfur, incluido el apoyo a la aplicación del Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur, la puesta en marcha del proceso político de Darfur, la recuperación temprana y la facilitación del regreso y la reintegración de los desplazados internos y los refugiados, aprovechando la tendencia alentadora ya observada sobre el terreno;",
"13. Solicita a la Comisión que haga un seguimiento activo de la aplicación de esta decisión y movilice todo el apoyo necesario en este sentido. El Consejo solicita además a la Comisión y a la UNAMID que lo informen regularmente de los avances logrados, en particular de la aplicación del Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur, la puesta en marcha efectiva del proceso político de Darfur, los problemas que puedan presentarse en esa labor y el grado de apoyo recibido de los socios internacionales, así como del cumplimiento del mandato de la UNAMID durante los próximos 12 meses, a partir del 31 de julio de 2011;",
"14. Decide seguir ocupándose activamente de la cuestión."
] | [
"Letter dated 27 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council",
"I have the honour to transmit a letter, dated 20 July 2011, from the Chairperson of the African Union Commission, Mr. Jean Ping, requesting the transmission of the communiqué of the 286th meeting of the African Union Peace and Security Council, which took place on 19 July 2011 (see annex).",
"I would be grateful if you could bring the present letter and its annex to the attention of the members of the Security Council.",
"(Signed) BAN Ki-moon",
"Annex",
"Letter dated 20 July 2011 from the Chairperson of the African Union Commission addressed to the Secretary-General",
"I have the honour to forward, herewith, the communiqué adopted by the 286th meeting of the African Union (AU) Peace and Security Council (PSC), which took place on 19 July 2011, to review the situation in Darfur and the operations of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) (see enclosure).",
"As you will observe in the communiqué, the Peace and Security Council, in renewing the mandate of UNAMID for one year at the end of its current term, on 31 July, in line with the hybrid nature of the Operation, also urged the United Nations Security Council to take similar action at its forthcoming meeting on 22 July 2011. This is all the more important given the critical role that UNAMID continues to play, including regarding the protection of civilians in Darfur, and the increasing contribution expected from the mission in the coming months, particularly with respect to the implementation of the Doha document for peace in Darfur and efforts to make it more inclusive, the launching of the Darfur political process, building on the encouraging outcome of the Doha process, early recovery and other related tasks. As Darfurians continue to strive for the achievement of peace in their region, it is critical that our two organizations continue to stand by them and support their efforts, in particular through the continued presence of UNAMID.",
"I would like to seize this opportunity to seek your support and that of the Security Council, in order to facilitate the effective launching of the Darfur political process, which was one of the key recommendations of the African Union High‑level Panel on Darfur. The Darfur political process, which was endorsed at the highest level by the African Union, including at the 17th ordinary session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government held recently in Malabo, provides, in our view, the best opportunity to consolidate the gains made so far, ensure ownership by the Sudanese in resolving their own problems and empower the various stakeholders, as well as achieve an inclusive and comprehensive settlement addressing the interrelated issues of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur, in its communiqué, and as a follow-up to earlier pronouncements of the African Union on the Darfur political process, the Peace and Security Council strongly appealed to the Security Council and its members to rally behind this initiative, which will be implemented on the ground by the AU High-level Implementation Panel and UNAMID.",
"While we should continue to urge all stakeholders, including the Government of the Sudan, to do everything in their power to create a conducive environment for the success of this initiative, it is equally important to bear in mind that making the launching of the Doha political process contingent upon the fulfilment of certain preconditions will be counter-productive to our joint efforts. Indeed, such preconditions have the potential to provide room for spoilers to undermine the quest for peace, to defeat the principle of ownership by the Sudanese stakeholders and to make it impossible to grasp opportunities, as they arise, to advance peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur.",
"I would be most grateful if you could urgently circulate the Peace and Security Council communiqué to the members of the Security Council before their impending meeting so that they can take it into consideration and reflect the African Union’s position and views when considering the renewal of UNAMID’s mandate.",
"Let me seize this opportunity to, once again, reiterate the appreciation of the African Union to the United Nations and to you, personally, for your continued commitment to the promotion of lasting peace, security and stability on our continent.",
"(Signed) Jean Ping",
"Enclosure",
"Communiqué of the 286th meeting of the Peace and Security Council",
"The Peace and Security Council of the African Union (AU), at its 286th meeting, held on 19 July 2011, considered the situation in Darfur and the activities of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), and adopted the following decision:",
"The Council,",
"1. Takes note of the report of the Chairperson of the Commission on the situation in Darfur [PSC/PR/2(CCLXXXVI)], and the statements made by the Joint AU-UN Special Representative for UNAMID, Professor Ibrahim Gambari, and the representative of the Government of the Sudan;",
"2. Recalls its previous decisions and communiqués on the situation in Darfur;",
"3. Notes with satisfaction the progress made in the deployment of UNAMID military and police components, which have now reached 18,002 and 2,751, that is 92% and 73%, respectively, of the total authorized strength, as well as the civilian component, which has reached 4,466, representing 82% of the authorized strength. The Council also takes note of the new robust policy of UNAMID in implementing its mandate, and expresses satisfaction with the positive results thus far achieved;",
"4. Expresses concern at the prevailing insecurity in some parts of Darfur, leading to the loss of human lives and the displacement of civilian populations, with the attendant negative impact on the humanitarian situation. The Council appeals to all parties concerned to urgently exercise maximum restraint and refrain from any action likely to aggravate the security situation on the ground;",
"5. Strongly condemns the recent attacks on the personnel of UNAMID and that against humanitarian agencies operating in Darfur, including the attempted ambush by unknown elements, on 30 June 2011, which resulted in the death of an Ethiopian peacekeeper. The Council calls on the Government of the Sudan to spare no efforts to identify the perpetrators of these criminal acts and bring them to justice;",
"6. Commends the efforts of the AU-UN Joint Special Representative for UNAMID, Professor Ibrahim Gambari, and his continued focused and dedicated leadership, as well as those of the personnel of the Mission, for their dedication and contribution to the promotion of lasting peace, security and reconciliation in Darfur, including through the holding of the first-ever International Water Conference on Darfur and the launching of “Operation Spring Basket”;",
"7. Stresses that achieving peace in Darfur is a matter of urgency, recognizing that the people of Darfur have been waiting for peace for too long. In this respect, the Council notes with satisfaction the conclusion of the Doha political talks, in particular the signing of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD) by the Government of the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement, on 14 July 2011, as a positive development that will greatly contribute to the promotion of peace and security in Darfur. The Council commends both the Government of the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement for their commitment and for putting the interests of the Darfurian people above any other consideration. The Council also commends the former Joint Chief Mediator, Mr. Djibril Bassole, as well as the Government of Qatar, in particular Mr. Ahmed Bin Abdullah Al‑Mahmoud, State Minister for Foreign Affairs, for their tireless efforts;",
"8. Appeals to the other armed movements to join the peace process and adhere to the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur. In this respect, the Council encourages the African Union and the United Nations to pursue their efforts aimed at bringing on board the armed movements that have not yet joined the peace process. The Council welcomes the recent appointment of Professor Ibrahim Gambari as the Joint Chief Mediator ad interim, and looks forward to the early formalization of this appointment;",
"9. Reiterates all earlier African Union decisions and pronouncements, including the relevant paragraph of the decision on the Report of the Peace and Security Council on its Activities and the State of Peace and Security in Africa, adopted by the 17th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the Union, held in Malabo, from 30 June to 1 July 2011, relating to the Darfur Political Process (DPP). The Council, once again, stresses the need to fully launch the DPP, building on the positive outcome of the Doha process, as a way of sustaining the progress made so far and ensuring that the Darfuris truly own the quest for peace, justice and reconciliation in their region;",
"10. Requests the AU High-level Implementation Panel (AUHIP) on the Sudan and UNAMID to intensify their efforts for the launching of the DPP, including the preparatory work and the consultations with the Government of the Sudan and other stakeholders, to ensure the creation of an environment that will enable all constituents to freely participate in the process. The Council stresses the primary responsibility of the Government of the Sudan, welcomes its expressed commitment to spare no efforts in this regard, including the early lifting of the state of emergency in Darfur, and urges it to extend all necessary cooperation to the High-level Implementation Panel and UNAMID;",
"11. Reiterates the call made by the 17th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government to the AU partners, in particular the United Nations Security Council and its members, to fully support the DPP, which has been endorsed at the highest level by the AU, and to take the steps expected of them to facilitate the work of the High-level Implementation Panel and UNAMID in this respect. While recognizing the need to create a conducive environment for the success of the DPP, the Council strongly urges all members of the international community to fully support the DPP, without making its launching contingent upon the fulfilment of preconditions that have the potential to provide room for spoilers to undermine the quest for peace, defeat the principle of ownership by the Sudanese stakeholders, and make it impossible to grasp opportunities to advance the cause of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur. The Council stresses that the launching of the DPP will empower the Sudanese stakeholders and make it possible to create the peaceful environment the people of Darfur are yearning for;",
"12. Decides to extend, for a further period of 12 months, the mandate of UNAMID, as defined by communiqué PSC/PR/Comm(LXXIX) of the 79th meeting of the Peace and Security Council, held on 22 June 2007, and United Nations Security Council resolution 1769 (2007) of 31 July 2007. The Council requests the United Nations Security Council to do the same, bearing in mind the central role that UNAMID plays on the ground, particularly with respect to the protection of civilians, and the increasing contribution expected from the Mission to advance the search for lasting peace in Darfur, including support for the implementation of the DPDD, the launching of the DPP, early recovery and facilitation of the return and reintegration of internally displaced persons and refugees, building on the encouraging trend already observed on the ground;",
"13. Requests the Commission to actively follow up on the implementation of this decision and to mobilize all necessary support in this respect. The Council further requests the Commission and UNAMID to report to it regularly on progress made, including the implementation of the DDPD, the effective launching of the DPP, challenges that may be encountered in this respect and the extent of support received from international partners, as well as the implementation of UNAMID mandate for the next 12 months, starting from 31 July 2011;",
"14. Decides to remain actively seized of this matter."
] | S_2011_466 | [
"Letter dated 27 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council",
"I have the honour to transmit to you a letter dated 20 July 2011 from the Chairman of the African Union Commission, Mr. Jean Ping, requesting the distribution of the communiqué of the 286th meeting of the African Union Peace and Security Council on 19 July 2011 (see annex).",
"I should be grateful if you would bring to the attention of the members of the Security Council the present letter and its annex.",
"(Signed) BAN Ki-moon",
"Annex",
"Letter dated 20 July 2011 from the Chairman of the African Union Commission addressed to the Secretary-General",
"I have the honour to transmit herewith the communiqué adopted at the 286th meeting of the African Union Peace and Security Council held on 19 July 2011 to discuss the situation in Darfur and the activities of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) (see enclosure).",
"As you will see in the communiqué, the Peace and Security Council decided to renew for one year the current mandate of UNAMID ending 31 July and, taking into account the hybrid nature of the Operation, urged the United Nations Security Council to do the same at its scheduled meeting on 22 July 2011. This is extremely important given the continuing crucial role of UNAMID, in particular with regard to the protection of civilians in Darfur, and the growing contribution expected of the mission in the coming months, particularly with regard to the implementation of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur and efforts to make it more inclusive, the launching of the Darfur political process, thanks to the encouraging results of the Doha process, early recovery and other related tasks. It is essential that our two organizations continue to support and support the people of Darfur in their efforts to achieve peace in their region, in particular by ensuring the continued presence of UNAMID.",
"I would like to take this opportunity to request its support and that of the Security Council in order to facilitate the effective implementation of the Darfur political process, which was one of the key recommendations of the African Union High-level Panel on Darfur. The political process in Darfur, which received the support of the African Union at the highest level, most recently at the seventeenth regular session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government held in Malabo, is, in our view, the best opportunity to consolidate the achievements to date, to ensure the involvement of the Sudanese in solving their own problems and empowering the different stakeholders, as well as to reach an inclusive and comprehensive settlement that would allow for reconciliation, In its communiqué, following the previous statements of the African Union on the political process in Darfur, the Peace and Security Council strongly called upon the Security Council and its members to support that initiative, which will be implemented in the field by the African Union High-level Implementation Panel and UNAMID.",
"We must continue to urge all stakeholders, including the Government of the Sudan, to do everything in their power to create an environment conducive to the success of this initiative; however, it is also important to bear in mind that it would be counterproductive for our joint work to subordinate the launching of the Darfur political process to the implementation of certain preconditions. Indeed, the imposition of such conditions could provide sabotagers with the opportunity to undermine the peace process, invalidate the principle of the involvement of Sudanese stakeholders and prevent them from taking advantage of emerging opportunities to move towards peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur.",
"I should be grateful if you would have the communiqué of the Peace and Security Council circulated as a matter of urgency to the members of the Security Council before its imminent meeting so that they could take into account and incorporate the position and views of the African Union in their deliberations on the renewal of the mandate of UNAMID.",
"I take this opportunity to reiterate once again the recognition of the African Union to the United Nations and to you personally for its firm commitment to the promotion of durable peace, security and stability on our continent.",
"(Signed) Jean Ping",
"Appendix",
"Communiqué of the 286th meeting of the Peace and Security Council",
"The African Union Peace and Security Council (AU) considered the situation in Darfur and the activities of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) at its 286th meeting, on 19 July 2011, and adopted the following decision:",
"The Council,",
"1. Takes note of the report of the Chairman of the Commission on the situation in Darfur [PSC/PR/2(CCLXXXVI)] and of the statements made by the Joint Special Representative of the African Union and the United Nations for UNAMID, Mr. Ibrahim Gambari and the representative of the Government of the Sudan;",
"2. Recalls its previous decisions and communiqués on the situation in Darfur;",
"3. He noted with satisfaction the progress made in the deployment of the military and police components of UNAMID, which currently had 182 and 2,751 troops, or 92 per cent and 73 per cent respectively of the total authorized strength, as well as the civilian component, which consisted of 4,466 troops, representing 81 per cent of the authorized strength. " The Council also takes note of the new and firm actions taken by UNAMID in fulfilment of its mandate and expresses its satisfaction at the positive results achieved so far;",
"4. It expresses its concern at the insecurity in some parts of Darfur, which causes loss of human life and displacement of the civilian population, with the adverse effects of this on the humanitarian situation. " The Council calls upon all parties involved to exercise maximum restraint and to refrain from any act that may aggravate the security situation on the ground;",
"5. It strongly condemns recent attacks on UNAMID personnel and those perpetrated against humanitarian agencies operating in Darfur, including the attempted ambush by unknown elements recorded on 30 June 2011 in which an Ethiopian member of the peacekeeping forces lost his life. The Council calls upon the Government of the Sudan to spare no effort to identify those responsible for these criminal acts and bring them to justice;",
"6. Commends the work of the Joint Special Representative of the African Union and the United Nations for UNAMID, Mr. Ibrahim Gambari, who has always exercised his leadership with dedication and success, as well as that of the Mission ' s staff for their dedication and contribution to the promotion of durable peace, security and reconciliation in Darfur, including through the holding of the first international conference on water supply in Darfur and the launch of the “Operation Spring Basket”;",
"7. He stressed that the achievement of peace in Darfur was an urgent matter and recognized that the people of Darfur had been waiting for peace too long. In this regard, the Council notes with satisfaction the conclusion of the Doha political talks, in particular the signing of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur by the Government of the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement on 14 July 2011, which is a positive development that will contribute greatly to the promotion of peace and security in Darfur. The Council commends both the Government of the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement for their commitment and for putting the interests of the people of Darfur to any other consideration. The Council also commends the former Joint Chief Mediator, Mr. Djibril Bassole, as well as the Government of Qatar, in particular Mr. Ahmed Bin Abdullah Al-Mahmoud, Minister for Foreign Affairs, for his tireless work;",
"8. It appeals to the other armed movements to join the peace process and accede to the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur. In this regard, the Council encourages the African Union and the United Nations to continue their efforts to mainstream armed movements that have not yet joined the peace process. The Council welcomes the recent appointment of Mr. Ibrahim Gambari as Acting Chief Mediator and looks forward to his appointment as soon as possible;",
"9. It reiterates all previous decisions and pronouncements of the African Union, including the relevant paragraph of the decision on the report of the Peace and Security Council on its activities and the state of peace and security in Africa, adopted at the seventeenth regular session of the Union Assembly held in Malabo from 30 June to 1 July 2011, which refers to the political process in Darfur. " The Council once again stresses the need to fully implement this process, taking advantage of the positive results of the Doha process, as a means of consolidating progress to date and ensuring that the inhabitants of Darfur are truly involved in the achievement of peace, justice and reconciliation in their region;",
"10. He requested the African Union High-level Implementation Panel for the Sudan and UNAMID to intensify their efforts to implement the Darfur political process, including preparatory work and consultations with the Government of the Sudan and other stakeholders, in order to create an environment that would enable all members to participate freely in it. " The Council stresses the primary responsibility of the Government of the Sudan, welcomes its commitment to spare no effort in this regard, including the lifting of the state of emergency in Darfur shortly, and urges it to extend all necessary cooperation to the African Union High-level Implementation Panel and UNAMID;",
"11. It reiterates the call made at the seventeenth regular session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government to the partners of the African Union, in particular the United Nations Security Council and its members, to fully support the political process in Darfur, which has been endorsed by the African Union at the highest level, and to take the steps that are expected to facilitate the work of the African Union High-level Implementation Panel and UNAMID. Recognizing the need to create an enabling environment for the success of the Darfur political process, the Council strongly urges all members of the international community to fully support this process, without conditional on the implementation of preconditions, which can provide sabotagers with the opportunity to undermine the peace process, invalidate the principle of the involvement of Sudanese stakeholders and prevent opportunities to advance reconciliation, " The Council emphasizes that the launching of the Darfur political process will empower the Sudanese stakeholders and enable the creation of the peaceful environment that the people of Darfur long for;",
"12. Decides to extend the mandate of UNAMID for an additional period of 12 months, as set out in communiqué PSC/PR/Comm (LXXIX) of the 79th meeting of the Peace and Security Council, held on 22 June 2007, and Security Council resolution 1769 (2007) of 31 July 2007. " The Council requests the United Nations Security Council to do the same, taking into account the central role of UNAMID in the field, in particular with regard to the protection of civilians, and the Mission ' s increasing expected contribution to the work of achieving lasting peace in Darfur, including support for the implementation of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, the implementation of the Darfur political process, the early recovery and facilitation of the return and reintegration of refugees",
"13. He requested the Commission to actively follow up on the implementation of that decision and mobilize all necessary support in that regard. " The Council further requests the Commission and UNAMID to report regularly on the progress achieved, in particular the implementation of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, the effective implementation of the Darfur political process, the challenges that may arise in that work and the degree of support received from international partners, as well as the fulfilment of the mandate of UNAMID for the next 12 months, beginning on 31 July 2011;",
"14. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter."
] |
[
"Orden del día provisional de la 6595ª sesión del Consejo de Seguridad",
"Que se celebrará el jueves 28 de julio de 2011 a las 10.14 horas",
"1. Aprobación del orden del día.",
"2. La situación en Libia."
] | [
"Provisional agenda for the 6595th meeting of the Security Council",
"To be held on Thursday, 28 July 2011, at 10.14 a.m.",
"1. Adoption of the agenda.",
"2. The situation in Libya."
] | S_AGENDA_6595 | [
"Provisional agenda for the 6595th meeting of the Security Council",
"To be held on Thursday, 28 July 2011, at 10.14 a.m.",
"1. Adoption of the agenda.",
"2. The situation in Libya."
] |
[
"Período de sesiones sustantivo de 2011",
"Ginebra, 4 a 29 de julio de 2011",
"Tema 13 a) del programa",
"Cuestiones económicas y ambientales: desarrollo sostenible",
"Examen del apoyo que prestan las Naciones Unidas a los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo",
"Consecuencias para el presupuesto por programas del proyecto de resolución E/2011/L.52",
"Exposición presentada por el Secretario General de conformidad con el artículo 31 del reglamento del Consejo Económico y Social",
"I. Disposiciones del proyecto de resolución",
"1. Con arreglo a lo dispuesto en el párrafo 1 del proyecto de resolución, se solicitaría al Comité de Políticas de Desarrollo que presentase al Consejo Económico y Social, antes de su período de sesiones sustantivo de 2013, un informe con las opiniones y los puntos de vista independientes del Comité sobre la forma de impulsar la aplicación plena y efectiva del Programa de Acción de Barbados y la Estrategia de Mauricio, incluso:",
"a) Reorientando los esfuerzos para seguir un enfoque basado en los resultados;",
"b) Considerando qué medidas mejores y adicionales podrían adoptarse para afrontar con mayor eficacia la singular y particular vulnerabilidad de los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo y atender sus necesidades de desarrollo.",
"2. Además, con arreglo a lo dispuesto en el párrafo 2 del proyecto de resolución, el informe solicitado en el párrafo 1 puede ser considerado una contribución al proceso de examen en curso puesto en marcha en virtud de lo dispuesto en el párrafo 33 de la resolución 65/2 de la Asamblea General. Cabe señalar que el informe solicitado es independiente y complementario del informe del Secretario General, que se ha de presentar a la Asamblea General durante su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, de acuerdo con lo dispuesto en el párrafo 33 de la resolución 65/2 de la Asamblea.",
"II. Actividades que se llevarían a cabo para aplicar la decisión propuesta",
"3. El informe solicitado al Comité de Políticas de Desarrollo se prepararía antes del período de sesiones sustantivo de 2013, lo que exigirá recursos adicionales para pagar a consultores y gastos de viaje de los consultores, los miembros apropiados del Comité y un conjunto de expertos que participen en una reunión de un grupo de expertos. La reunión se celebrará en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas en enero de 2013.",
"4. Los consultores propuestos prepararían dos estudios de antecedentes para que los miembros del Comité pudiesen efectuar un examen y una evaluación bien fundados de las cuestiones, en consulta con interesados y expertos. El viaje de los consultores a la reunión del grupo de expertos que ha de celebrarse en Nueva York en enero de 2013, durante dos días, sería necesario para contar con unos conocimientos especializados de los que carece la Secretaría.",
"5. Además, la preparación del informe solicitado implicaría la celebración de la reunión del grupo de expertos mencionada más arriba para que se pudiesen formular recomendaciones normativas adecuadas, sobre la base de la información que figurase en los estudios de antecedentes preparados por los consultores. En la reunión del grupo de expertos habrían de participar los miembros apropiados del Comité y expertos adicionales.",
"6. El informe solicitado se incluirá dentro del informe del Comité de Políticas de Desarrollo sobre su 15º período de sesiones, que se presentará al Consejo Económico y Social, y no se publicará como documento independiente (lo que supondría gastos adicionales de edición, traducción e impresión).",
"III. Consecuencias financieras de la propuesta para el bienio 2012-2013",
"7. Los recursos adicionales necesarios que se derivan de la propuesta son los siguientes:",
"a) Consultores (20.000 dólares) para trabajar dos meses en la preparación de los dos estudios de antecedentes;",
"b) Viaje de dos consultores (6.200 dólares) para asistir a la reunión del grupo de expertos en Nueva York e impartir conocimientos especializados;",
"c) Viaje de miembros del Comité (seis) y expertos adicionales (tres) (53.800 dólares) para asistir a la reunión del grupo de expertos de dos días de duración en Nueva York y otro día más para los miembros del subgrupo del Comité (Europa: tres miembros; América del Norte y el Caribe, un miembro; Asia: dos miembros) a fin de que elaboren el informe solicitado, que posteriormente se presentará al Consejo como parte esencial del informe del Comité de Políticas de Desarrollo sobre su 15º período de sesiones.",
"8. Los recursos adicionales necesarios descritos más arriba son nuevos y no han sido incluidos en el proyecto de presupuesto por programas para el bienio 2012-2013.",
"9. En resumen, si el Consejo aprobase el proyecto de resolución, las necesidades adicionales para viajes, dietas, pequeños gastos de salida y llegada y gastos de consultoría se estiman en 80.000 dólares para el bienio 2012-2013, conforme a la enumeración que figura en el cuadro siguiente.",
"Necesidades adicionales",
"(En dólares de los Estados Unidos)",
"Necesidades no relacionadas con puestos Gastos totales para el bienio 2012-2013",
"Consultores 20 000",
"Viajes de consultores (pasaje por vía aérea, dietas y 6 200 pequeños gastos de salida y llegada)",
"Viajes de expertos (pasaje por vía aérea, dietas y pequeños gastos de salida y llegada)",
"Miembros del Comité de Políticas de Desarrollo 36 400",
"Expertos 17 400",
"Total 80 000",
"IV. Posibilidades de absorción de los gastos y necesidades estimadas para el bienio 2012-2013",
"10. Dado que la Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto está examinando actualmente las propuestas del Secretario General para el presupuesto por programas para el bienio 2012-2013, se señala a la atención del Consejo que los recursos necesarios netos estimados en 80.000 dólares que se derivarían de la aprobación del proyecto de resolución E/201l/L.52 afectarían al nivel de recursos que se necesitarían en el marco del proyecto de presupuesto por programas para el bienio 2012-2013.",
"11. Por consiguiente, si el Consejo aprobase el proyecto de resolución, tal vez se necesitase una consignación adicional por un importe total de 80.000 dólares por encima de los recursos propuestos en el marco del proyecto de presupuesto por programas para el bienio 2012-2013.",
"V. Fondo para imprevistos",
"12. Se recordará que, con arreglo a los procedimientos establecidos por la Asamblea General en sus resoluciones 41/213, de 19 de diciembre de 1986, y 42/211, de 21 de diciembre de 1987, en cada bienio se crea un fondo para imprevistos a fin de cubrir los gastos adicionales derivados de mandatos legislativos que no figuran en el presupuesto por programas. De conformidad con ese procedimiento, si se propone un gasto adicional que supere los recursos disponibles del fondo para imprevistos, esas actividades solo se ejecutan mediante la redistribución de recursos de esferas de baja prioridad o la modificación de las actividades existentes. De lo contrario, las actividades adicionales tienen que aplazarse a otro bienio.",
"VI. Conclusión",
"13. En caso de que el Consejo aprobase el proyecto de resolución E/2011/L.52, se necesitarían unos recursos totales conexos estimados en 80.000 dólares en la sección 9, Asuntos económicos y sociales, del proyecto de presupuesto por programas para el bienio 2012-2013. De acuerdo con los procedimientos establecidos, se informará a la Asamblea General si las necesidades se pueden satisfacer con los créditos previstos en el proyecto de presupuesto por programas para el bienio 2012-2013 en la presentación del informe anual del Secretario General sobre las estimaciones revisadas que se derivan de las resoluciones y decisiones aprobadas por el Consejo Económico y Social, que se comunicará a la Asamblea General en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones."
] | [
"Substantive session of 2011",
"Geneva, 4-29 July 2011",
"Agenda item 13 (a)",
"Economic and environmental questions: sustainable development",
"Review of United Nations support for small island developing States",
"Programme budget implications of draft resolution E/2011/L.52",
"Statement submitted by the Secretary-General in accordance with rule 31 of the rules of procedure of the Economic and Social Council",
"I. Terms of the draft resolution",
"1. Under the terms of operative paragraph 1 of the draft resolution, the Committee for Development Policy would be requested to submit to the Economic and Social Council, prior to its substantive session of 2013, a report providing the independent views and perspectives of the Committee on how to further the full and effective implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy of Implementation including through:",
"(a) Refocusing efforts towards a result-oriented approach;",
"(b) Considering what improved and additional measures might be needed to more effectively address the unique and particular vulnerabilities and development needs of Small Island Developing States.",
"2. Further, under the terms of operative paragraph 2 of the draft resolution, the report requested in operative paragraph 1 may be considered as a contribution to the ongoing review process initiated under paragraph 33 of General Assembly resolution 65/2. It should be noted that the requested report is separate from and in addition to the report of the Secretary-General which is to be submitted to the General Assembly during its sixty-sixth session pursuant to paragraph 33 of Assembly resolution 65/2.",
"II. Activities by which the proposed decision would be carried out",
"3. The requested report of the Committee for Development Policy would be prepared prior to the substantive session of 2013. This will require additional resources to provide for consultants and the travel costs of the consultants, relevant members of the Committee and a body of experts to attend an expert group meeting. The meeting will be held at United Nations Headquarters in January 2013.",
"4. The proposed consultants would undertake the preparation of two background study papers to allow a meaningful examination and assessment of issues by the Committee members, in consultation with stakeholders and experts. The travel of consultants to the expert group meeting to be held in New York in January 2013, for two days, would be necessary to secure specialized expertise not available in the Secretariat.",
"5. Further, the preparation of the requested report would entail the holding of the aforementioned expert group meeting to allow the formulation of proper policy recommendations, on the basis of the information contained in the background studies prepared by the consultants. The expert group meeting would involve the participation of the relevant members of the Committee and the additional experts.",
"6. The requested report will be incorporated in the report of the Committee for Development Policy on its fifteenth session, which will be submitted to the Economic and Social Council, as opposed to being issued as a separate document (which would incur additional costs for editing, translation and printing).",
"III. Financial implications of the proposal for the biennium 2012-2013",
"7. The additional resource requirements arising from the proposal comprise:",
"(a) Consultants ($20,000) — for 2 work months for the preparation of two background study papers;",
"(b) Travel of two consultants ($6,200) — to attend the expert group meeting in New York in order to provide specialized expertise;",
"(c) Travel of the Committee members (6) and additional experts (3) ($53,800) — to attend the two-day expert group meeting in New York, and one additional day for the Committee subgroup members (Europe: 3 members; North America/Caribbean: 1 member; Asia: 2 members) to produce the requested report, which will subsequently be submitted to the Council as an integral part of the report of the Committee for Development Policy on its fifteenth session, which will be submitted to the Council.",
"8. The additional resource requirements described above are new and have not been included in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.",
"9. In summary, should the Council adopt the draft resolution, the additional requirements for travel, daily subsistence allowance, terminal expenses and consultancy costs are estimated at $80,000 for the biennium 2012-2013, as enumerated in the table below.",
"Additional requirements",
"(United States dollars)",
"Non-post requirements Total cost for the biennium 2012-2013",
"Consultants 20 000",
"Travel of consultants (airfare, daily 6 200 subsistence allowance and terminal expenses)",
"Travel of experts (airfare, daily subsistence allowance and terminal expenses",
"Members of Committee for Development Policy 36 400",
"Experts 17 400",
"Total 80 000",
"IV. Potential for absorption and estimated requirements for the biennium 2012-2013",
"10. Given that the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions is currently reviewing the Secretary-General’s proposals for the programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the attention of the Council is called to the fact that the estimated net resource requirements of $80,000 that would arise from the adoption of draft resolution E/201l/L.52 may impact the level of resources that would be required under the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.",
"11. Consequently, should the Council adopt the draft resolution, an additional appropriation in the total amount of $80,000 may be required over and above the resources proposed under the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.",
"V. Contingency fund",
"12. It will be recalled that, under the procedures established by the General Assembly in its resolutions 41/213 of 19 December 1986 and 42/211 of 21 December 1987, a contingency fund is established for each biennium to accommodate additional expenditure derived from legislative mandates not provided for in the programme budget. Under this procedure, if additional expenditure is proposed that exceeds the resources available from the contingency fund, the activities concerned would be implemented only through the redeployment of resources from low-priority areas or the modification of existing activities. Otherwise, such additional activities would have to be deferred to a later biennium.",
"VI. Conclusion",
"13. Should the Council adopt draft resolution E/2011/L.52, related total resource requirements estimated at $80,000 would arise under section 9, Economic and social affairs, of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. the General Assembly will, in accordance with established procedures, be informed whether the requirements could be met from within the provisions of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, in the presentation of the Secretary-General’s annual report on the revised estimates resulting from resolutions and decisions adopted by the Economic and Social Council, to be reported to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session."
] | E_2011_L.56 | [
"Substantive session of 2011",
"Geneva, 4-29 July 2011",
"Agenda item 13 (a)",
"Economic and environmental questions: sustainable development",
"Review of United Nations support to small island developing States",
"Programme budget implications of draft resolution E/2011/L.52",
"Statement submitted by the Secretary-General in accordance with rule 31 of the rules of procedure of the Economic and Social Council",
"I. Arrangements for the draft resolution",
"1. Pursuant to paragraph 1 of the draft resolution, the Committee for Development Policy would be requested to submit to the Economic and Social Council, before its substantive session of 2013, a report containing the Committee ' s independent views and views on how to promote the full and effective implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy, including:",
"(a) Reorienting efforts to follow a results-based approach;",
"(b) Considering what better and additional measures could be taken to more effectively address the unique and particular vulnerability of small island developing States and address their development needs.",
"2. Furthermore, in accordance with paragraph 2 of the draft resolution, the report requested in paragraph 1 may be considered as a contribution to the ongoing review process under paragraph 33 of General Assembly resolution 65/2. It should be noted that the requested report is independent and complementary to the report of the Secretary-General, to be submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, in accordance with paragraph 33 of Assembly resolution 65/2.",
"II. Activities to be undertaken to implement the proposed decision",
"3. The report requested to the Committee for Development Policy would be prepared prior to the substantive session of 2013, which would require additional resources to pay consultants and travel costs for consultants, the appropriate members of the Committee and a group of experts participating in an expert group meeting. The meeting will be held at United Nations Headquarters in January 2013.",
"4. The proposed consultants would prepare two background studies to enable Committee members to conduct a well-founded review and appraisal of issues, in consultation with stakeholders and experts. The travel of consultants to the meeting of the expert group to be held in New York in January 2013, for two days, would be necessary to have some expertise of which the Secretariat lacks.",
"5. Furthermore, the preparation of the requested report would involve the holding of the above-mentioned expert group meeting so that appropriate policy recommendations could be made based on the information contained in the background studies prepared by the consultants. At the expert group meeting, appropriate members of the Committee and additional experts would have to participate.",
"6. The requested report will be included in the report of the Committee for Development Policy on its fifteenth session, to be submitted to the Economic and Social Council, and will not be issued as an independent document (which would entail additional editing, translation and printing costs).",
"III. Financial implications of the proposal for the biennium 2012-2013",
"7. The additional requirements resulting from the proposal are as follows:",
"(a) Consultants ($20,000) for two months in the preparation of the two background studies;",
"(b) Travel of two consultants ($6,200) to attend the expert group meeting in New York and provide expertise;",
"(c) Travel of members of the Committee (six) and additional experts (three) ($53,800) to attend the meeting of the two-day expert group in New York and another day for the members of the subgroup of the Committee (Europe: three members; North America and the Caribbean, one member; Asia: two members) to prepare the requested report, which will then be submitted to the Council as an essential part of the report of the Committee for Development Policy.",
"8. The additional requirements described above are new and have not been included in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.",
"9. In summary, if the Council approves the draft resolution, additional requirements for travel, subsistence allowance, small departure and arrival costs and consultancy costs are estimated at $80,000 for the biennium 2012-2013, as listed in the table below.",
"Additional requirements",
"(United States dollars)",
"Non-post requirements Total expenditures for the biennium 2012-2013",
"Consultants 20 000",
"Travel of consultants (air travel, subsistence allowance and 6 200 small departure and arrival costs)",
"Expert travel (air travel, subsistence allowance and small departure and arrival costs)",
"Members of the Committee for Development Policy 36 400",
"Experts 17 400",
"Total 80 000",
"IV. Cost absorption and estimated requirements for the biennium 2012-2013",
"10. Since the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions is currently considering the proposals of the Secretary-General for the programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the attention of the Council is drawn to the estimated net resource requirements of $80,000 resulting from the adoption of draft resolution E/201l/L.52 which would affect the level of resources that would be required under the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.",
"11. Accordingly, should the Council adopt the draft resolution, an additional appropriation of $80,000 over the resources proposed under the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 may be required.",
"V. Contingency fund",
"12. It will be recalled that, in accordance with the procedures established by the General Assembly in its resolutions 41/213 of 19 December 1986 and 42/211 of 21 December 1987, a contingency fund is established in each biennium to cover additional costs arising from legislative mandates not included in the programme budget. In accordance with this procedure, if an additional expenditure is proposed that exceeds the available resources of the contingency fund, such activities are implemented only through the redeployment of resources from low-priority areas or the modification of existing activities. Otherwise, additional activities have to be deferred to another biennium.",
"VI. Conclusion",
"13. Should the Council adopt draft resolution E/2011/L.52, an estimated total of $80,000 would be required under section 9, Economic and social affairs, of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. In accordance with established procedures, the General Assembly will be informed whether the requirements can be met from the provisions provided for in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 in the submission of the annual report of the Secretary-General on the revised estimates resulting from resolutions and decisions adopted by the Economic and Social Council, to be submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session."
] |
[
"4",
"Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones",
"* A/66/150.",
"Tema 22 b) del programa provisional*",
"Grupos de países en situaciones especiales: Medidas específicas relacionadas con las necesidades y los problemas particulares de los países en desarrollo sin litoral: resultados de la Conferencia Ministerial Internacional de Países en Desarrollo sin Litoral y de Tránsito y de Países Donantes y de las Instituciones Internacionales Financieras y de Desarrollo sobre la Cooperación en materia de Transporte de Tránsito",
"Ejecución del Programa de Acción de Almaty: Atención de las necesidades especiales de los países en desarrollo sin litoral dentro de un nuevo marco mundial para la cooperación en materia de transporte de tránsito para los países en desarrollo sin litoral y de tránsito",
"Informe del Secretario General",
"Resumen",
"Este informe se presenta de conformidad con la resolución 65/172 de la Asamblea General, en que se solicita al Secretario General que en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones le presentara un informe analítico sobre la ejecución del Programa de Acción de Almaty: Atención de las necesidades especiales de los países en desarrollo sin litoral dentro de un nuevo marco mundial para la cooperación en materia de transporte de tránsito para los países en desarrollo sin litoral y de tránsito y la aplicación de la Declaración de Almaty sobre el examen de mitad de período. El presente informe contiene datos actualizados sobre los progresos alcanzados en la ejecución del Programa de Acción de Almaty por los países en desarrollo sin litoral y sus asociados para el desarrollo, y describe las iniciativas adoptadas por el sistema de las Naciones Unidas y otras organizaciones internacionales. En el informe se establecen los principales problemas encontrados y se formulan recomendaciones para acelerar la ejecución del Programa.",
"I. Introducción",
"1. El Programa de Acción de Almaty: Atención de las necesidades especiales de los países en desarrollo sin litoral dentro de un nuevo marco mundial para la cooperación en materia de transporte de tránsito para los países en desarrollo sin litoral y de tránsito se aprobó en 2003 como la respuesta de las Naciones Unidas al reconocimiento cada vez mayor de la comunidad internacional de las necesidades y los problemas especiales en materia de desarrollo a los que se enfrentan los 31 países en desarrollo sin litoral. La falta de acceso territorial al mar y su lejanía y aislamiento de los mercados mundiales obstaculizan los esfuerzos de los países en desarrollo por generar y sostener el crecimiento económico y alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.",
"II. Sinopsis de las condiciones económicas y sociales de los países en desarrollo sin litoral",
"2. Los países en desarrollo sin litoral como grupo experimentaron una disminución del crecimiento económico del 5,8% en 2008 al 3,6% en 2009 (véase el anexo, cuadro 1) debido a la crisis financiera y económica mundial. Según el informe del Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales de la Secretaría Situación y perspectivas para la economía mundial 2011, se estima que el crecimiento económico del grupo en 2010 fue de aproximadamente un 5,8%, lo que indica que las economías de los países en desarrollo sin litoral están en vías de recuperarse.",
"3. Tras experimentar tasas de inflación elevadas en 2008, la inflación disminuyó en 2009 en la mayoría de los países en desarrollo sin litoral debido a una menor demanda interna y a la reducción de los precios de los productos básicos, especialmente de la energía y los alimentos. En 2010 las tasas de inflación se mantuvieron en niveles bajos o disminuyeron en la mayoría de los países en desarrollo sin litoral de África y Asia meridional.",
"4. En 2009 las exportaciones e importaciones mermaron en todos los países en desarrollo sin litoral debido a la crisis financiera y económica mundial. Los países en desarrollo sin litoral como grupo sufrieron una reducción de las corrientes de inversión extranjera directa en 2009. Las transferencias netas de las corrientes de asistencia oficial para el desarrollo de los donantes tradicionales a los países en desarrollo sin litoral se mantuvieron positivas, aumentando de 22.600 millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos. en 2008 a 24.800 millones de dólares en 2009. La deuda externa como porcentaje del ingreso nacional bruto aumentó del 43% en 2008 al 48% en 2009.",
"5. Las remesas disminuyeron en 2009. Las remesas son una fuente importante de capital en algunos países sin litoral, en particular Kirguistán, Lesotho, Nepal y Tayikistán, en que representan más del 20% del producto interno bruto (PIB).",
"6. Con anterioridad a la crisis financiera y económica, los países en desarrollo sin litoral habían hecho progresos en relación con algunos aspectos del desarrollo social, a saber: en la mitad de los 25 países en desarrollo sin litoral de los que se dispone de datos se había reducido el número de personas que vivían en la pobreza extrema en más del 20% en el período 2002-2008 (véase el anexo, cuadro 8). La crisis llevó a un aumento del número de personas que viven en la pobreza extrema pues se tradujo en la pérdida de empleo y de ingresos, especialmente en las principales industrias de exportación. El desempleo entre los jóvenes también es un grave problema en los países en desarrollo sin litoral. Es importante que estos adopten políticas para fomentar la generación de empleo y asignen recursos suficientes al establecimiento de sistemas de protección social eficaces.",
"7. El porcentaje de personas que pasan hambre en los países en desarrollo sin litoral sigue siendo relativamente alto: en la mitad de ellos más del 20% de la población padecía desnutrición durante el período 2005-2007. La geografía de los países en desarrollo sin litoral los hace más vulnerables al aumento de los precios de los alimentos debido a los costos de transporte elevados. Según la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), en marzo de 2011, de los 29 países que necesitaban asistencia externa debido a graves problemas relacionados con la inseguridad alimentaria, 12 eran países en desarrollo sin litoral.",
"8. La mitad de los países en desarrollo sin litoral experimentaron deforestación entre 2000 y 2010 y cinco de ellos sufrieron una reducción de la cubierta forestal de más del 15%. El cambio climático sigue siendo un serio problema y ha exacerbado la deforestación, la desertificación y la pérdida de diversidad biológica, y ha tenido efectos negativos sobre la infraestructura del transporte. Los países en desarrollo sin litoral también son vulnerables a los desastres naturales. Por ejemplo, la economía de Mongolia se vio afectada por el zud (invierno crudo) durante 2009-2010, lo que trajo aparejada la pérdida de más de 10 millones de animales domésticos; y en 2010 algunos países de la región del Sahel, entre ellos Malí, Burkina Faso, el Chad, el Níger y Etiopía, se vieron afectados por una sequía.",
"9. En general, ocho años después de la puesta en marcha del Programa de Acción de Almaty, los países en desarrollo sin litoral han hecho algunos progresos hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, especialmente en relación con la matriculación en la enseñanza primaria, la igualdad entre los sexos en la enseñanza primaria y la proporción de escaños ocupados por mujeres en los parlamentos nacionales; no obstante, el logro de la seguridad alimentaria, la erradicación de la pobreza y la reducción de la mortalidad materna e infantil siguen siendo problemas de desarrollo social importantes. También es necesario eliminar las diferencias causadas por la ubicación rural o urbana, los ingresos y el género. La crisis financiera y económica mundial produjo serios reveses. Es fundamental fortalecer el apoyo internacional a los países en desarrollo sin litoral por medio de la asistencia oficial para el desarrollo para facilitar el aumento de las iniciativas destinadas a alcanzar los Objetivos.",
"10. Los países en desarrollo sin litoral siguen enfrentándose con limitaciones para participar en el comercio internacional debido a la falta de acceso al mar y la lejanía de los principales mercados, servicios de tránsito insuficientes, procedimientos de aduanas y cruce de fronteras engorrosos, transacciones bancarias costosas y otros servicios y operaciones gravosos. Estas limitaciones se traducen en costos de transporte y de transacciones comerciales elevados.",
"11. A fin de determinar la medida en que los países en desarrollo sin litoral se ven afectados por los costos de transporte y de transacciones comerciales, la Oficina del Alto Representante para los Países Menos Adelantados, los Países en Desarrollo sin Litoral y los Pequeños Estados Insulares en Desarrollo intentó estimar esos costos sobre la base de información sobre la balanza de pagos del Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI). La Oficina calculó el total de los gastos de flete en la balanza de pagos (que comprende todos los gastos de flete de importaciones y exportaciones pagados a empresas en el extranjero o recibidos por empresas nacionales desde el extranjero) como un coeficiente entre el valor total de las importaciones y el de las exportaciones (véase el anexo, cuadro 4). Los datos muestran que los países en desarrollo sin litoral en realidad se enfrentan con costos elevados ya que el coeficiente entre los gastos de flete y el valor total de las exportaciones e importaciones en 2009 fue alto, especialmente para los países sin litoral de África, donde en un país llegó al 21,4%. Los países en desarrollo sin litoral como grupo tienen una proporción más elevada de gastos de flete respecto del valor total de las exportaciones e importaciones, un 45% más que el coeficiente de los países en desarrollo de tránsito como grupo. Esto demuestra claramente que los países en desarrollo sin litoral hacen frente a costos comerciales y de transporte más altos, y esos recursos podrían invertirse en fortalecer sus capacidades productivas.",
"12. Estos datos están respaldados por la información contenida en el informe Doing Business 2011 del Banco Mundial (en que se clasifica a los países por la facilidad para hacer negocios). En el informe se indica que, salvo los 10 países que ocupan un lugar por debajo del 100º en la clasificación (Armenia, Azerbaiyán, Botswana, ex República Yugoslava de Macedonia, Kazajstán, Kirguistán, Mongolia, República de Moldova, Rwanda y Zambia), 20 de los países en desarrollo sin litoral se sitúan entre los lugares 104º y 183º de los 183 países del mundo, en parte debido a los elevados costos de importación y exportación.",
"III. Prioridades",
"A. Cuestiones fundamentales relativas a las políticas de tránsito",
"13. Algunas convenciones y acuerdos internacionales[1] suministran los marcos para la armonización y simplificación de los trámites y procedimientos de tránsito, y su aplicación eficaz puede contribuir significativamente al acceso al mar de los países en desarrollo sin litoral. La ratificación de las convenciones ha sido lenta (véase el cuadro 1 infra). Desde el examen de mitad de período del Programa de Almaty, muy pocos países en desarrollo sin litoral (Kazajstán, Burkina Faso, la República de Moldova y la República Democrática Popular Lao) han ratificado acuerdos internacionales de transporte y se han adherido a ellos.",
"Cuadro 1",
"Situación de la adhesión de los países en desarrollo sin litoral a las convenciones de las Naciones Unidas sobre transporte^(a)",
"Convención\tNúmero depaíses endesarrollosin litoralque son unapartecontratanteen laconvención(de un totalde 31) \n Convención sobre la circulación vial de 1968 13 \n Convención sobre la señalización vial de 1968 8 \nConvenio Internacional Aduanero relativo alTransporte Internacional de Mercancías al Amparode los Cuadernos TIR de 1975\t11\nConvenio aduanero sobre importación temporal devehículos comerciales de transporte por carreterade 1956\t5\n Convención aduanera sobre contenedores de 1972 6 \nConvenio Internacional sobre la Armonización delos Controles de Mercancías en las Fronteras de1982\t10\nConvención relativa al contrato de transporteinternacional de mercancías por carretera de 1956\t10",
"Fuente: www.unece.org/trans/conventn/legalinst.html.",
"^(a) En su resolución 48/11 de 1992, la Comisión Económica y Social para Asia y el Pacífico recomendó que los países de la región se adhirieran a los siete convenios y convenciones indicados en el cuadro.",
"14. En los niveles regional y subregional, se han hecho progresos importantes en cuanto a la elaboración de acuerdos en virtud de los cuales los países en desarrollo sin litoral y sus países vecinos procuran armonizar las políticas, leyes, procedimientos y prácticas relativas al transporte y el tránsito con los países de tránsito. Asia ha hecho progresos considerables en lo que se refiere a la formulación y aplicación del Acuerdo Intergubernamental sobre la red de la Carretera Asiática y el Acuerdo Intergubernamental sobre la Red Ferroviaria Transasiática. En Asia se han celebrado varios acuerdos regionales, así como subregionales.",
"15. En África se han hecho progresos en relación con la elaboración de un marco para armonizar las normas y estándares sobre la red de la carretera transafricana a nivel regional. A nivel subregional, los Estados miembros de las comunidades económicas regionales han celebrado distintos acuerdos que fomentan las políticas solidarias de transporte, tránsito y comercio. Las comunidades también han avanzado en relación con la armonización de las normas y políticas mediante la adopción de disposiciones comunes. Así pues, el equipo de tareas tripartito establecido entre el Mercado Común para el África Oriental y Meridional (COMESA), la Comunidad de África Oriental (CAO) y la Comunidad de África Meridional para el Desarrollo (SADC) ha contribuido a la armonización de sus políticas y normas en materia de transporte, energía, tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones, y recursos hídricos, así como al desarrollo de la infraestructura física. En África occidental, la Comunidad Económica de los Estados de África Occidental (CEDEAO) y la Unión Económica y Monetaria del África Occidental (UEMAO) también están armonizando sus programas de facilitación del tránsito.",
"16. En América del Sur, los países en desarrollo sin litoral forman parte del Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR) y la Comunidad Andina, y de sus acuerdos conexos en materia de transporte de tránsito y comercio.",
"17. Aunque se han logrado ciertos avances en relación con el establecimiento de acuerdos regionales y subregionales que podrían servir de base para la simplificación y armonización de los trámites y procedimientos, muchos acuerdos no se están aplicando plenamente. Su aplicación eficaz es importante para los países en desarrollo sin litoral, que se beneficiarían de mejores medidas relativas al tránsito.",
"18. A nivel nacional, algunos países en desarrollo sin litoral han fortalecido sus políticas nacionales destinadas a promover la facilitación del comercio y el transporte, el desarrollo y mantenimiento de la infraestructura. También han adoptado iniciativas para fortalecer y establecer mecanismos institucionales para coordinar la labor en materia de facilitación del transporte de tránsito nacional. Por ejemplo, los países miembros de la Asociación de Naciones de Asia Sudoriental (ASEAN) y la subregión del Gran Mekong han establecido órganos nacionales de facilitación del comercio y el transporte como parte de las obligaciones asumidas en virtud de acuerdos regionales o en forma independiente. Estos órganos han fomentado la coordinación y cooperación eficaz entre todos los organismos pertinentes encargados del comercio internacional y la facilitación del transporte. Algunos problemas que impiden su funcionamiento eficaz son los recursos financieros escasos, el reconocimiento inadecuado de sus papeles y funciones, y la representación insuficiente de los principales interesados.",
"19. Se están logrando avances continuos en lo que atañe a la racionalización de los procedimientos administrativos y la simplificación de los trámites de control de fronteras. Se han establecido controles fronterizos de parada única en varios puestos fronterizos adyacentes a lo largo de los corredores de transporte en las subregiones del COMESA, la CAO y, más recientemente, de la CEDEAO. El primer puesto fronterizo de parada única establecido en la frontera entre Zambia y Zimbabwe en diciembre de 2009 contribuyó a simplificar los controles y procedimientos fronterizos y a reducir el tiempo en la frontera de los camiones comerciales, de 5 días a menos de 24 horas.",
"20. En América del Sur, los países del MERCOSUR que son parte en el Acuerdo de Recife sobre el control integrado convinieron en aplicar dicho control en 16 puestos fronterizos. El Paraguay ha establecido el control integrado en su frontera con el Brasil, en tanto que en el puesto fronterizo con el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia dicho control está en vías de establecerse.",
"21. En Asia sudoriental, el Acuerdo sobre los transportes transfronterizos en la cuenca del Mekong incluye la creación de puestos de inspección de ventanilla y parada únicas con miras a asegurar la mayor eficiencia posible en la frontera. Las iniciativas de tramitación conjunta también forman parte del programa de donantes múltiples de Cooperación Económica Regional para el Asia Central (CAREC) administrado por el Banco Asiático de Desarrollo (BASD). Los puestos fronterizos de una sola parada han traído aparejados beneficios a los países en desarrollo sin litoral y son una iniciativa eficaz que debería reproducirse.",
"22. En África, la subregión del COMESA ha establecido un régimen de tarjetas amarillas, que es un sistema de seguro automotriz válido en todos los países que lo integran y que también facilita el movimiento transfronterizo de vehículos entre los países miembros del COMESA. La tarjeta ha permitido reducir las demoras en la frontera ya que los transportistas y automovilistas no tienen que adquirir cobertura de seguro en cada puesto fronterizo.",
"B. Desarrollo y mantenimiento de la infraestructura",
"23. Las carreteras son la principal modalidad de transporte de la mayoría de los países en desarrollo sin litoral, especialmente en África, donde se utilizan para el 90% del comercio entre los países africanos. Sin embargo, el porcentaje de carreteras pavimentadas sigue siendo bajo, y solo 9 países en desarrollo sin litoral tienen un 50% de sus carreteras pavimentadas, en tanto que 8 países tienen entre el 20% y 49% (véase el anexo, cuadro 5). A nivel nacional, algunos países han establecido fuentes independientes de financiación para el mantenimiento de carreteras sobre la base del cobro de peaje a los usuarios de carreteras, impuestos a los combustibles o asignaciones presupuestarias. En total 27 países africanos han establecido fondos para carreteras. En algunos países en desarrollo sin litoral de otras regiones funcionan fondos para carreteras que permiten el mantenimiento de estas. Por ejemplo, la República de Moldova recientemente introdujo modificaciones en su Ley sobre el fondo para carreteras de febrero de 1996 con miras a incrementar la financiación para el mantenimiento o la recuperación de carreteras.",
"24. Algunos países han creado organismos de gestión vial, independientes de los ministerios competentes, cuya responsabilidad primordial es la contratación externa de las actividades de obras públicas. Según un estudio del Banco Mundial, los países que tenían un fondo para carreteras e impuestos a los combustibles más altos asignaban una proporción mayor de sus gastos al mantenimiento y habían reducido la inestabilidad de los gastos del sector en relación con las asignaciones presupuestarias tradicionales[2].",
"25. A nivel regional, en Asia se han logrado progresos mediante el mejoramiento de 22.263 kilómetros (el 15,8%) de la Red de Carreteras de Asia, entre otras cosas: a) la reconstrucción de los tramos Bakú -Alat-Kazak-Red Bridge (AH5) y Bakú-Guba-Samur y Alat-Astara (AH8), ambos en Azerbaiyán ; b) la construcción de las carreteras AH3, AH4 y AH32 y los trabajos de mejoramiento previstos en la carretera AH3 para que cumpla las normas de la categoría I en Mongolia; c) los progresos realizados en la construcción de dos puentes entre Chiang Kong y Houayxay en la carretera AH3 y entre Thakhek y Nakhon Phanon, en la carretera AH15, entre la República Democrática Popular Lao y Tailandia; d) la reconstrucción prevista del tramo Yereván-Ashtarak (AH 82) en Armenia; y e) la reconstrucción del tramo de la carretera AH 82 entre la República Islámica del Irán y la frontera con Armenia y Georgia. Según las estimaciones de la Comisión Económica y Social para Asia y el Pacífico (CESPAP) y los Estados miembros en 2006, una lista consolidada de 121 proyectos prioritarios de inversión en 25 Estados miembros indicaba que se estaban invirtiendo o se había comprometido una inversión de 25.000 millones de dólares para el mejoramiento de varios tramos de carreteras en Asia y que se había producido un déficit de 18.000 millones de dólares en los fondos necesarios para la modernización y el mejoramiento de unos 26.000 kilómetros de la Red de Carreteras de Asia.",
"26. La Iniciativa para la Integración de la Infraestructura Regional de América del Sur ha coordinado el desarrollo de la infraestructura de transporte, energía y telecomunicaciones en la región. La Iniciativa está en vías de ejecutar 524 proyectos que requieren inversiones totales de 54.610 millones de dólares[3]. A mediados de 2010, la Iniciativa había ejecutado el 44% de sus proyectos de infraestructura.",
"27. La Unión Africana puso en marcha el Programa de Desarrollo de la Infraestructura en África en 2010, cuyo objeto es consolidar varias iniciativas en materia de infraestructura regionales y continentales sobre el transporte ferroviario y por carretera, tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones y energía, y está dirigido por el Banco Africano de Desarrollo (BAFD). El principal objetivo del Programa es coordinar las iniciativas y el uso de los recursos para el desarrollo de infraestructura. La carretera transafricana, que desempeña un papel fundamental para mantener las economías de los países sin litoral de África, aún debe completar las conexiones que faltan y que requieren recursos considerables. Se están ejecutando importantes proyectos de mejoramiento de la red de carreteras en varios países y en diferentes comunidades económicas regionales de África.",
"28. Aunque se han hecho algunos progresos en materia de desarrollo y mantenimiento de la infraestructura vial, los problemas pendientes incluyen recursos insuficientes destinados a los fondos para carreteras, la sobrecarga de vehículos y el déficit de recursos para el desarrollo de la infraestructura vial.",
"29. Los ferrocarriles siguen siendo una forma de transporte insuficientemente utilizada por los países en desarrollo sin litoral, y solo 9 de estos países tienen más de 1.000 kilómetros de vías férreas para el servicio de carga. De los 114.000 kilómetros de la superficie total de la red transasiática de ferrocarriles, unos 8.000 kilómetros (el 7%) carecen de las conexiones necesarias. Se han hecho ciertos progresos en relación con la planificación y construcción de las conexiones necesarias en Azerbaiyán, Mongolia, la República Democrática Popular Lao y Uzbekistán.",
"30. En África, la red ferroviaria de 74.775 kilómetros de extensión tiene una densidad muy baja que se concentra principalmente en África septentrional y meridional. Según un estudio sobre el desarrollo de la infraestructura elaborado por la Nueva Alianza para el Desarrollo de África y la Unión Africana en 2006 faltaban 26.362 kilómetros de conexiones. No se han registrado muchos progresos en ese subsector, aunque es probable que se reactiven algunos proyectos ferroviarios en África occidental, central, oriental y meridional.",
"31. En América del Sur se ha avanzado en relación con la integración ferroviaria. En mayo de 2010, el Brasil y el Paraguay formalizaron un proyecto financiado por el Banco Nacional para el Desarrollo Económico y Social del Brasil, con el fin de vincular el sistema ferroviario del Paraguay con el ferrocarril que comunica a Paranagua en el Brasil con la ciudad de Antofagasta en Chile, lo que equivale a crear un corredor ferroviario interoceánico.",
"32. Los principales problemas relativos al desarrollo de la red ferroviaria son los recursos limitados para invertir en las conexiones que faltan y las diferencias de ancho de las vías férreas, que dan lugar a la frecuente carga y descarga de mercancías, lo que incrementa las demoras y los gastos de transporte.",
"33. Se han hecho progresos en la construcción de varios puertos secos. Estos cumplen funciones semejantes a las de los puertos marítimos y contribuyen al desarrollo de corredores de transporte intermodal. En Asia, por ejemplo, Mongolia tiene previsto construir cuatro puertos secos a lo largo de la red transasiática de ferrocarriles, Nepal tiene cuatro puertos secos y se tiene previsto construir puertos secos en otros países, entre ellos Kazajstán y Uzbekistán. En África se han establecido puertos secos en Burkina Faso, Etiopía, Níger y Uganda, y en América del Sur se construyó un puerto seco en el Paraguay.",
"34. Los países en desarrollo sin litoral han hecho progresos notables en cuanto a mejorar la infraestructura de telecomunicaciones, en particular en lo que se refiere a la telefonía celular y la conexión a Internet. Como grupo, registraron un aumento del 25% y el 37% en el uso de teléfonos celulares e Internet, respectivamente, de 2008 a 2009 (véase el anexo, cuadro 6). Esto ha sido posible gracias a la liberalización del sector de las telecomunicaciones y el consiguiente aumento de la inversión del sector privado.",
"35. La infraestructura energética es fundamental para reducir las demoras en el tiempo de tránsito de los envíos de los países en desarrollo sin litoral. Sin embargo, esta sigue siendo insuficiente y poco fiable, por ejemplo en los cinco países en desarrollo sin litoral que son importadores netos de energía. Las necesidades de financiación de la infraestructura energética en los niveles nacional y regional son relativamente elevadas y requieren los aportes de todas las fuentes de recursos, incluidos las nacionales, las bilaterales, las regionales y las multilaterales, así como un aumento de la asociación con el sector privado.",
"36. La investigación del Banco Mundial[4] indica que los problemas en relación con la infraestructura no se limitan únicamente al déficit físico de infraestructura, sino que también abarcan la falta de infraestructura de servicios; en particular, los mercados de servicios logísticos debían mejorar sus prestaciones en los corredores de transporte y de tránsito. Muchos países en desarrollo sin litoral han puesto en marcha iniciativas para establecer políticas que orienten y apoyen el desarrollo de la expedición de carga competitiva, así como el transporte multimodal y los servicios logísticos. No obstante, en muchos países los agentes expedidores y los proveedores de servicios logísticos son de pequeña envergadura y la industria está fragmentada.",
"37. La participación del sector privado varía enormemente en los distintos subsectores. Así pues, es mayor en el de la telefonía móvil, seguida del transporte, y la contratación del mantenimiento de carreteras y las concesiones de terminales de contenedores y ferrocarriles. En el sector de la energía, los servicios de propiedad estatal siguen siendo comunes, aunque hay interés en la privatización de la generación y distribución de la electricidad. Los países en desarrollo sin litoral deberían considerar la posibilidad de promover una cooperación activa y eficaz con el sector privado por medio del fomento de un entorno normativo propicio.",
"C. Comercio internacional y facilitación del comercio",
"38. Pese a ciertos progresos en lo que se refiere a una mayor integración de los países en desarrollo sin litoral en el sistema de comercio mundial, solo 22 de los 31 países en desarrollo sin litoral son miembros de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC). Todos los demás países, con excepción de uno, son observadores de la OMC y están en vías de negociar su adhesión. Además de la reforma institucional nacional, se requieren iniciativas en el plano multilateral que apoyen y faciliten condiciones favorables al desarrollo con miras a su adhesión.",
"39. Aunque el grupo de países en desarrollo sin litoral había experimentado mejores resultados de exportación y los valores de exportación de las mercancías crecieron en valores nominales de 33.000 millones de dólares en 2003 a 153.000 millones en 2008, sus exportaciones disminuyeron un 42% de 2008 a 2009 (véase el anexo, cuadro 4). La proporción de exportaciones de mercancías de países en desarrollo sin litoral respecto del total de exportaciones mundiales ha permanecido por debajo del 1%. Aunque su proporción de exportaciones mundiales aumentó de 0,45% en 2003, a 0,96% en 2008, disminuyó a 0,75% en 2009. En cambio, en el caso de los países en desarrollo de tránsito, esa proporción ha aumentado en forma sostenida, del 13% en 2003 al 18% en 2009.",
"40. En 2009 las importaciones de mercancías de los países en desarrollo sin litoral disminuyeron un 16,5% como resultado de la crisis financiera y económica mundial. Las estimaciones del FMI muestran que en 2010 las importaciones se habían recuperado en 21 de los países en desarrollo sin litoral. Estos han celebrado cada vez más acuerdos comerciales preferenciales regionales que se traducen en aranceles medios reducidos alcanzados por conducto de medidas unilaterales y la aplicación de protocolos de integración regional. Once países en desarrollo sin litoral de Asia son parte en más de 40 acuerdos comerciales en vigor y participan en la negociación de nuevos acuerdos a nivel regional. En África, 13 agrupaciones subregionales han celebrado acuerdos comerciales. Tres comisiones económicas regionales, el COMESA, la SADC y la CAO están avanzando hacia el logro de la condición de mercado común. Las negociaciones de acuerdos de asociación económica entre la Unión Europea y las comisiones económicas regionales están progresando lentamente. En América del Sur, la integración regional se ha visto aun más profundizada mediante el establecimiento de la Unión de Naciones Suramericanas, una unión intergubernamental que integra los acuerdos regionales de la región (el MERCOSUR y la Comunidad Andina).",
"41. No obstante, a pesar de los numerosos acuerdos comerciales preferenciales celebrados a nivel regional, el comercio intrarregional no está creciendo rápidamente. En 2009 las exportaciones dentro del MERCOSUR y de la Comunidad Andina representaron el 8% y el 15% de las exportaciones totales de la región, respectivamente. En África, dentro de la SADC, del COMESA, y de la CEDEAO el promedio de exportaciones entre 2000 y 2007 fue del 12%, el 9% y el 13%, respectivamente[5]. A fin de incrementar el comercio intrarregional, es esencial mejorar la infraestructura regional de transporte, energía y comunicaciones, aplicar efectivamente los acuerdos de comercio regional, aumentar la armonización del marco normativo regional a fin de impulsar la actividad del sector privado e incrementar la facilitación del comercio y el tránsito para reducir los gastos logísticos.",
"42. Los países en desarrollo sin litoral han seguido adoptando iniciativas de facilitación del comercio. No obstante, en comparación con los países ribereños, los países en desarrollo sin litoral tienen un Índice de Desempeño Logístico más bajo (véase el cuadro 2 infra). Un bajo Índice de Desempeño Logístico es una señal de que hay obstáculos importantes para incorporar las economías nacionales en los mercados mundiales debido a una mayor duración del despacho de aduanas, una infraestructura de comercio y transporte de baja calidad, servicios de logística ineficientes y poco competitivos, procedimientos de cruce de fronteras y trámites aduaneros engorrosos, dificultades para hacer el seguimiento y la localización de envíos, y plazos de entrega imprevisibles. Es importante seguir esforzándose por mejorar la facilitación del comercio.",
"Cuadro 2",
"Regiones en que los países en desarrollo sin litoral tienen un mal desempeño en función del Índice de Desempeño Logístico",
"Áfricasubsahariana Asiameridional \nAntecedentes\tPaísessinlitoral\tPaísesribereños\tPaísessinlitoral Paísesribereños \nÍndice de Desempeño Logísticototal\t2,22\t2,43\t1,84 2,64\nAlgunos componentes delÍndicede Desempeño Logístico \nCompetencia logística\t2,21\t2,45\t1,84 2,69\nInfraestructura\t1,97\t2,11\t1,61 2,41\nProcesos aduaneros ycomerciales\t2,10\t2,30\t1,69 2,34\nDatos en que se basa elÍndicede Desempeño Logístico \nDespacho de aduanas (días)\t3,2\t4,7\t2,6 2,2\nInspección física(porcentaje)(cuanto más alto, peor)\t62\t42\t56 27",
"Fuente: Jean-François Arvis y otros, The Cost of Being Landlocked (Washington, D.C., Banco Mundial, 2010).",
"43. Las negociaciones de la OMC sobre la facilitación del comercio tienen por objeto acelerar el movimiento, el despacho de aduana y la puesta en circulación de las mercancías, en particular de las mercancías en tránsito, mejorar la asistencia técnica y apoyar la creación de capacidad sobre la facilitación del comercio. Según el borrador de texto unificado de negociación de abril de 2011 del Grupo de Negociación sobre la Facilitación del Comercio[6] de la OMC, las negociaciones tienen por objeto mejorar los aspectos pertinentes del artículo V sobre la libertad de tránsito, el artículo VIII sobre derechos y formalidades en relación con la importación y exportación y el artículo X sobre publicación y administración de los reglamentos comerciales del Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio de 1994, y algunos aspectos relacionados con el trato especial y diferenciado.",
"D. Medidas internacionales de apoyo",
"44. Desde la aprobación del Programa de Almaty, las corrientes de asistencia oficial para el desarrollo de donantes tradicionales han aumentado de unos 12.000 millones de dólares en 2003 a 18.900 millones de dólares en 2007 y a 24.800 millones en 2009. Esto refleja un aumento de más del 10% anual desde 2003. No obstante, dos países dominan los ingresos percibidos, el Afganistán y Etiopía, a los que correspondió el 24% y el 15% de los ingresos totales percibidos en 2009, respectivamente. La asistencia oficial para el desarrollo sigue siendo la fuente principal de financiación externa, y representó el 10% o más del ingreso nacional bruto in 2009 en 9 países en desarrollo sin litoral (véase el anexo, cuadro 2).",
"45. La asistencia oficial para el desarrollo para el transporte, el almacenamiento y las comunicaciones aumentó de 775 millones a 1.800 millones de dólares en el período 2003-2009; la mayor parte (el 40%) de la asistencia se destinó al Afganistán y a otros tres países.",
"46. Los países en desarrollo sin litoral como grupo experimentaron una reducción combinada del 17% en las corrientes de inversión extranjera directa, que fueron de 21,9 millones de dólares en 2009 (véase el anexo, cuadro 7). Pese a esta contracción, su proporción de las corrientes totales de inversión extranjera directa aumentó al 2% en 2009, del 1,5% en 2008[7] . La distribución geográfica de la inversión extranjera directa sigue siendo desigual. La inversión se ha concentrado principalmente en unos pocos países ricos en recursos. En 2009 Kazajstán fue el principal receptor de las corrientes totales de inversión extranjera directa a los países en desarrollo sin litoral (58%), en tanto que 15 países en desarrollo sin litoral de África solo recibieron 4.000 millones de dólares.",
"47. Se prevé un mayor aumento de la inversión extranjera directa dirigida especialmente a los países ricos en recursos debido a la recuperación de los precios de los productos básicos y al mejoramiento de las condiciones económicas y financieras. Por ejemplo, las corrientes de inversión extranjera directa hacia Kazajstán en el primer trimestre de 2010 fueron un 16% mayores que las del mismo período en 2009. Las corrientes de inversión extranjera directa hacia Mongolia superaron los 1.000 millones de dólares en 2010, un 25% de aumento respecto de 2009[8], y las corrientes de inversión extranjera directa también superaron los 1.000 millones de dólares en Zambia en 2010. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los países en desarrollo sin litoral tienen un mal desempeño como destinatarias de la inversión extranjera directa, principalmente porque su desempeño económico sigue viéndose obstaculizado por desventajas geográficas inherentes agravadas por una infraestructura deficiente, sistemas logísticos inadecuados y capacidad institucional débil.",
"48. De 2003 a 2009 los países en desarrollo sin litoral como grupo mejoraron considerablemente el coeficiente entre su deuda y su ingreso nacional bruto, así como su coeficiente de servicio de la deuda (véase el gráfico 1, infra). Sin embargo, ambos coeficientes aumentaron en 2009. Cuando se los compara con países en desarrollo de tránsito, los países en desarrollo sin litoral siguen teniendo un coeficiente total más alto entre la deuda y el servicio de la deuda. El número de países en desarrollo sin litoral que solía tener un coeficiente total entre deuda e ingreso nacional bruto superior a 100 en 2003 se ha reducido de 6 a solo 1 en 2009, y el número de los que tenían un coeficiente de 74 a 100 en 2003 ha disminuido de 11 a 2 en 2009 (véase el anexo, cuadro 3). La mejora obedece en gran medida a la Iniciativa en favor de los países pobres muy endeudados y a la Iniciativa para el Alivio de la Deuda Multilateral, que han apoyado a 13 países en desarrollo sin litoral. Es importante proporcionar formas semejantes de alivio de la deuda a los demás países en desarrollo sin litoral que no se benefician de estas iniciativas.",
"Gráfico I",
"Deuda externa y servicio de la deuda de los países en desarrollo sin litoral y países en desarrollo de tránsito",
"[]",
"Fuente: Banco Mundial, World Development Indicators 2011 (Washington, D.C., 2011).",
"49. Los progresos alcanzados en la Ronda de Doha de negociaciones comerciales multilaterales de la OMC han sido lentos. Es importante que la comunidad internacional intensifique sus iniciativas para concluir las negociaciones comerciales mediante la adopción de disposiciones coherentes con las necesidades comerciales, financieras y de desarrollo de los países en desarrollo sin litoral.",
"50. Se han logrado algunos avances en relación con los esquemas de preferencias arancelarias que han beneficiado a los países en desarrollo sin litoral (véase el gráfico II infra). Las preferencias arancelarias ofrecen a los productos de los países en desarrollo sin litoral una ventaja de precios en los mercados de los países desarrollados, ventaja que necesitan con apremio. Sin embargo, el aprovechamiento de esas condiciones a menudo ha estado restringido debido a la falta de diversificación, la aplicación de normas de origen engorrosas y no armonizadas, costos de transporte elevados y otros condicionamientos de la oferta.",
"Gráfico II",
"[] Aranceles medios impuestos por los países desarrollados de economía de mercado a todas las categorías de productos de los países en desarrollo sin litoral",
"Fuente: Base de datos del Centro de Comercio Internacional.",
"51. Se ha registrado un aumento permanente de los desembolsos de ayuda para el comercio a los países en desarrollo sin litoral, de 4.700 millones de dólares en 2008 a 6.000 millones de dólares en 2009. En 2009 entre los 20 principales receptores de ayuda para el comercio había 5 países en desarrollo sin litoral (Afganistán, Uganda, Etiopía, Malí y Burkina Faso). A nivel global, la mayor parte de la ayuda para el comercio se destinó a consolidar la capacidad productiva[9], seguida de la inversión para el desarrollo de infraestructura[10] y la asistencia para la creación de capacidad en materia de estrategias y negociaciones comerciales, reglamentaciones y costos de ajuste relacionados con el comercio (véase el gráfico III).",
"Gráfico III",
"Uso de la ayuda para el comercio por categoría",
"Fuente: Base de datos del Comité de Asistencia para el Desarrollo de la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos.[]",
"52. Un número considerable de otros países en desarrollo se están convirtiendo en una fuente importante de apoyo financiero externo para los países en desarrollo sin litoral, en particular para la rehabilitación y el desarrollo de infraestructura crítica, como carreteras y electricidad. Las empresas transnacionales de países en desarrollo, en particular China, la India y Sudáfrica, fueron las principales fuentes de inversión extranjera directa en los países en desarrollo sin litoral en 2009.",
"E. Ejecución y examen",
"53. Se encomendó a la Oficina del Alto Representante de las Naciones Unidas para los Países Menos Adelantados, los Países en Desarrollo sin Litoral y los Pequeños Estados Insulares en Desarrollo que intensificara su cooperación y coordinación con el sistema de las Naciones Unidas y otros interesados para garantizar la ejecución eficaz del Programa de Acción. Se ha emprendido la ejecución del Programa a nivel nacional, subregional, regional y mundial (véase también la sección IV infra).",
"54. En lo que se refiere a la supervisión y el examen, los Estados Miembros han preparado informes sobre la ejecución del Programa de Acción de Almaty como contribución al examen de mitad de período y aporte para la elaboración de los informes anuales del Secretario General sobre la cuestión. A nivel mundial, los representantes de los países en desarrollo sin litoral se reúnen anualmente en una Conferencia Ministerial que se celebra paralelamente a los períodos de sesiones de la Asamblea General.",
"55. A nivel regional, las comisiones regionales han coordinado exámenes regionales. La CESPAP, en colaboración con el Gobierno de Mongolia, organizó un Diálogo normativo de alto nivel de Asia y el Pacífico sobre la ejecución del Programa de Acción de Almaty y otras disparidades de desarrollo que afrontan los países en desarrollo sin litoral, que se celebró en abril de 2011 en Ulaanbaatar. El Comité de Comercio y de Cooperación e Integración Regionales de la Comisión Económica para África (CEPA), celebró su séptimo período de sesiones en junio de 2011, en el que examinó los progresos que se habían hecho en la región para aplicar los resultados del examen de mitad de período del Programa de Acción de Almaty.",
"56. En el párrafo 32 de su resolución 63/2 sobre el examen de mitad de período del Programa de Acción de Almaty, se invita a la Asamblea General a que, en el momento oportuno, estudie la posibilidad de llevar a cabo el examen final de la aplicación del Programa de Acción de Almaty. En vista de que en 2013 se cumplirán los primeros 10 años desde la aprobación del Programa de Acción, la labor preparatoria del examen debe iniciarse.",
"57. Es necesario seguir elaborando indicadores que puedan usarse para medir los progresos alcanzados en la ejecución del Programa de Acción mediante la reducción de los gastos de transporte y otros gastos del comercio. Actualmente diferentes organizaciones internacionales están elaborando distintos enfoques para medir los indicadores de supervisión de los corredores, por ejemplo, el modelo que tiene en cuenta el tiempo, el costo y la distancia, la metodología de los costos logísticos y la fiabilidad, y la metodología del tiempo y el costo en los corredores. La armonización de esos indicadores permitiría seguir de cerca el funcionamiento de los corredores comerciales a través de los distintos países y regiones.",
"58. La reciente crisis financiera y económica mundial, los cambios en los precios de los alimentos y la energía, y los efectos del cambio climático han revelado la vulnerabilidad social, económica y ambiental de los países en desarrollo sin litoral. Por consiguiente, es importante llevar a cabo estudios de la vulnerabilidad de los países en desarrollo sin litoral a las perturbaciones externas mediante la elaboración de un conjunto de indicadores de vulnerabilidad que puedan utilizar los países en desarrollo sin litoral para fines de alerta temprana.",
"IV. Medidas adoptadas por el sistema de las Naciones Unidas y otras organizaciones internacionales y regionales para ejecutar el Programa de Acción de Almaty",
"59. La Oficina del Alto Representante para los Países Menos Adelantados, los Países en Desarrollo sin Litoral y los Pequeños Estados Insulares en Desarrollo siguió prestando asistencia a los países en desarrollo sin litoral por medio de la movilización de apoyo y concienciación internacional y de todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas. Con miras a fortalecer la capacidad analítica y de negociación de los países en desarrollo sin litoral, la Oficina apoyó la creación de un centro de estudio de los países en desarrollo sin litoral en Ulaanbaatar y redactó, en cooperación con la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos, un acuerdo multilateral sobre la creación de un centro de estudio de los países en desarrollo sin litoral, que fue aprobado en la Reunión Ministerial Anual de los países en desarrollo sin litoral, celebrada en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas en Nueva York en septiembre de 2010. El acuerdo está ahora abierto a la firma por los países en desarrollo sin litoral en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas. La Oficina sigue recopilando estadísticas anuales con los últimos datos disponibles sobre indicadores económicos, sociales y de infraestructura de transporte de los países en desarrollo sin litoral. En cooperación con el Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales, la Oficina publicó el documento Statistics Pocketbook 2010: Landlocked Developing Countries.",
"60. La CEPA, la Comisión de la Unión Africana, el BAFD y la Oficina del Alto Representante para los Países Menos Adelantados, los Países en Desarrollo sin Litoral y los Pequeños Estados Insulares en Desarrollo siguieron cooperando con miras a la celebración de un acuerdo intergubernamental en respaldo de la red de la carretera transafricana por medio de estudios que contribuyan a establecer el marco jurídico correspondiente.",
"61. Las comisiones regionales ayudaron a los Estados Miembros a ejecutar el Programa de Acción de Almaty, entre otras cosas mediante programas de creación de la capacidad, servicios de asesoramiento, apoyo para el desarrollo de la infraestructura de transporte y la promoción de instrumentos jurídicos relacionados con la facilitación del comercio y el transporte. Las contribuciones importantes incluyen la publicación de 2010 de la CEPA Assessing Regional Integration in Africa IV: Enhancing Intra-African Trade (Evaluación de la integración regional en la Conferencia Internacional de Tokio sobre el Desarrollo de África IV: Aumento del comercio entre los países de África) en la que se dedica un capítulo al desarrollo de corredores de tránsito en los países en desarrollo sin litoral de África. La Comisión Económica para Europa (CEPE) y la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa (OSCE), presentarán la publicación Handbook of Best Practices at Borders (Manual de mejores prácticas en la frontera) en 2011, y la CEPA, el Banco Mundial y la Comisión de la Unión Africana publicarán un compendio de todos los instrumentos jurídicos relativos a la facilitación del transporte y el comercio.",
"62. La CEPA organizó algunos cursillos sobre la facilitación del comercio y viajes de estudio a puertos de tránsito importantes para los países en desarrollo sin litoral y apoyó el establecimiento de la Alianza panafricana sobre comercio electrónico, un marco para el intercambio de información y experiencia sobre la facilitación del comercio, y auspició su primer cursillo técnico y su segunda Asamblea General. Por otra parte, la Red de las Naciones Unidas de Expertos en el comercio sin papel en Asia y el Pacífico, establecida por la CESPAP y la CEPE como una comunidad de conocimientos y prácticas para expertos de países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición de Asia y el Pacífico, apoyó las iniciativas nacionales, subregionales y transcontinentales de ventanilla única y comercio electrónico.",
"63. La CEPE apoyó el desarrollo de infraestructura en el contexto de los proyectos de la Autorruta Transeuropea y el Ferrocarril Transeuropeo y, junto con la CESPAP, promovió la armonización de las inversiones en el sector de transporte en el contexto del Proyecto de enlaces de transporte euroasiáticos. Además, la CESPAP siguió trabajando para fomentar las sinergias entre los Estados miembros, las instituciones financieras internacionales y otros interesados a fin de examinar las oportunidades de financiación de proyectos de infraestructura prioritarios a lo largo de la Autorruta Transeuropea y el Ferrocarril Transeuropeo. En octubre de 2010, la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) organizó el Seminario Internacional de Políticas de Transporte Sostenible en Iberoamérica. Actualmente la CEPAL está analizando los costos de logística y sus efectos en el desarrollo económico del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. La CEPE administra 57 acuerdos y convenciones internacionales en el ámbito del transporte, proporcionando el marco jurídico y técnico para el desarrollo del transporte internacional por carretera, ferrocarril y cursos de agua interiores y el transporte intermodal.",
"64. En lo que se refiere a la iniciativa de ayuda para el comercio, la CEPA, junto con el BAFD, la OMC y la CEDEAO, organizó un examen de la iniciativa de ayuda para el comercio para los Estados de África occidental. La CEPA también colaboró con las comisiones económicas regionales de África central para organizar un cursillo de preparación para dicho examen, que dio lugar a la elaboración de una guía para orientar la labor de los Estados miembros de África central y las organizaciones regionales en una mesa redonda de donantes con el objeto de movilizar recursos para programas prioritarios de infraestructura transfronteriza.",
"65. El Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) finalizó las evaluaciones de necesidades de la iniciativa de ayuda para el comercio en Kazajstán, Kirguistán y Uzbekistán y emprendió evaluaciones en Azerbaiyán y Turkmenistán. En marzo de 2011, el PNUD publicó una guía titulada How to Conduct Aid for Trade Needs Assessments in Transition Countries (Cómo llevar a cabo evaluaciones de la iniciativa de ayuda para el comercio en países de economía en transición). El PNUD también suministró apoyo permanente al Gobierno de Mongolia en relación con el comienzo de las actividades del centro de estudio de los países en desarrollo sin litoral.",
"66. La Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD) dedicó una sección de su publicación UNCTAD World Investment Report 2010 (Informe de la UNCTAD sobre las inversiones en el mundo 2010) al análisis de las tendencias recientes de inversión extranjera directa en los países en desarrollo sin litoral y prestó asistencia técnica y para la creación de capacidad en materia de facilitación del comercio y el transporte.",
"67. La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial (ONUDI), en colaboración con la CEPA, la FAO, el FIDA, el BAFD y la Comisión de la Unión Africana, establecieron la iniciativa sobre la promoción de la agricultura, la agroindustria y las empresas agrícolas, que se centra en el desarrollo de la infraestructura rural, la tecnología, la ordenación de tierras y los sistemas de tecnología hídrica, y destaca la importancia del aumento de las inversiones y asociaciones de los sectores privado y público entre los agricultores y la agroindustria mediante un enfoque basado en el valor añadido. La ONUDI también ha emprendido actividades de creación de capacidad comercial, tanto a nivel regional como subregional.",
"68. El Banco Mundial contribuye a la ejecución del Programa de Acción de Almaty por medio de la prestación de asistencia técnica y productos del conocimiento por conducto del Banco Internacional de Reconstrucción y Fomento y la Asociación Internacional de Fomento. En 2010 se suministraron préstamos por una cuantía de 988 millones de dólares para la financiación de proyectos en países en desarrollo sin litoral o de tránsito en el ámbito de la reforma aduanera, proyectos de corredores viales o ferroviarios y aviación, o proyectos que abordaban otras limitaciones de capacidad concretas relacionadas con la falta de litoral. Se ha designado el Servicio de facilitación del comercio, un fondo fiduciario de donantes múltiples de 40 millones de dólares establecido en 2009, para la creación de capacidad a fin de acelerar la ejecución de proyectos de facilitación del comercio y el transporte y reformas en países de bajos ingresos, teniendo especialmente en cuenta las necesidades de países en desarrollo sin litoral. Los proyectos en curso incluyen el apoyo a los países que atraviesan corredores en África y Asia. El Banco Mundial también ha aplicado un conjunto de productos del conocimiento, entre ellos el documento de trabajo “The Cost of Being Landlocked: Supply Chain Reliability and Logistics Costs” (El costo de ser un país sin litoral: Fiabilidad de la cadena de producción y distribución y costos de logística) y la publicación Connecting Landlocked Countries to Markets: Trade Corridors in the 21st Century (Conectar a los países sin litoral con los mercados: Los corredores comerciales en el siglo XXI).",
"69. La secretaría de la OMC, en cooperación con otras organizaciones internacionales, presta asistencia a los miembros y observadores de la OMC, a petición de estos, para evaluar sus necesidades y prioridades de facilitación del comercio. A octubre de 2010, 19 países en desarrollo sin litoral habían realizado dichas evaluaciones.",
"70. La Organización Mundial de Aduanas (OMA) prosiguió sus actividades de creación de capacidad, en particular por conducto del Programa Colón, dirigido a lograr la plena aplicación del Marco Normativo para asegurar y facilitar el comercio mundial, así como otras mejores prácticas internacionales relacionadas con la administración de aduanas. La OMA organizó varios cursillos y misiones regionales y nacionales en 2010, que beneficiaron a países en desarrollo sin litoral de África, Asia y Europa.",
"71. El Centro de Comercio Internacional formuló y ejecutó algunos proyectos de promoción del comercio y creación de capacidad como el de creación de capacidad nacional para la aplicación del marco integrado en el Chad, o el programa de la cadena de suministro y logística de la SADC en Malawi. Se ejecutaron varios programas multinacionales centrados en una o más disciplinas relacionadas con el comercio, por ejemplo el programa ACCESS dirigido a mujeres de negocios africanas en el comercio internacional, que aborda las limitaciones concretas de esas mujeres fomentando su acceso a un conjunto de servicios de apoyo al comercio. Se puso a disposición de todos los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones sobre la competitividad comercial y de las exportaciones.",
"72. En 2010, la OSCE organizó el 18º Foro Económico y Medioambiental de la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa, dedicado a promover prácticas de buena gestión en los pasos fronterizos, mejorar la seguridad del transporte terrestre y facilitar el transporte internacional por carretera y ferroviario en la región de la OSCE. Como una forma de seguimiento directo y con el objeto de aumentar la conciencia respecto de los mecanismos vigentes de lucha contra la corrupción en los pasos fronterizos y facilitar el establecimiento de actividades nacionales concretas de seguimiento, la OSCE, con la cooperación de la OMA y el centro de la OSCE en Astana, organizó un seminario regional sobre la promoción de la integridad de los servicios de aduanas y fronteras. Además, la Escuela Superior del Personal de Gestión Fronteriza de la OSCE en Dushanbe siguió organizando actividades de capacitación sobre una amplia variedad de cuestiones relacionadas con la gestión de las fronteras.",
"73. El proyecto de tránsito en el Afganistán de la Unión Internacional de Transportes por Carretera, emprendido en el marco de la nueva iniciativa euroasiática de transporte terrestre, tiene por objeto impulsar el transporte terrestre de Europa y China al Afganistán mediante inversiones en infraestructura secundaria y la aplicación de procedimientos aduaneros armonizados. La CEPE y la Unión cooperaron para elaborar las mejores prácticas para la aplicación del Convenio Internacional Aduanero relativo al Transporte Internacional de Mercancías al Amparo de los Cuadernos TIR (Convenio TIR) en la región de Asia central y las incorporaron en una versión actualizada del Manual del TIR. La Unión y la UNCTAD firmaron un memorando de entendimiento en abril de 2010 en virtud del cual perfeccionaron el Sistema Automatizado de Datos Aduaneros (SIDUNEA Mundo) mediante los instrumentos de gestión de riesgos de tecnología de la información del TIR más actualizados, y ahora el módulo de tránsito del sistema SINUDEA Mundo contiene los instrumentos más modernos para facilitar y garantizar la aplicación del Convenio.",
"74. La Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones aprobó un programa centrado concretamente en las prioridades de los países en desarrollo sin litoral que consistía en prestar asistencia a los países, entre otras cosas mediante la migración de la red pública de telefonía conmutada al Protocolo Internet, el establecimiento de telecentros que ofrecen múltiples servicios y la introducción de tecnología de banda ancha. Otros proyectos se centraron en la promoción del acceso universal a las aplicaciones y los servicios electrónicos, así como a la aplicación del comercio electrónico y los proyectos de gobierno electrónico en muchos países en desarrollo sin litoral para permitirles usar la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones como un catalizador del comercio.",
"75. Los bancos regionales y las comunidades económicas regionales de Asia, América de Sur y África han asumido papeles de liderazgo en lo que se refiere a reunir y apoyar la ejecución de programas de infraestructura regionales. El BASD ejecutó distintos proyectos de asistencia técnica e inversión; así pues, en virtud del Programa de Cooperación Económica Regional para el Asia Central, hasta ahora el BASD ha invertido unos 4.000 millones de dólares en los sectores del transporte y la facilitación del comercio y unos 1.000 millones de dólares en el sector de la energía. En África, el BAFD está a la vanguardia de la movilización de recursos y apoyo para el Programa de Desarrollo de la Infraestructura en África. En América del Sur, el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, el Banco Mundial y el Banco Centroamericano de Integración Económica prestan apoyo a la Iniciativa para la Integración de la Infraestructura Regional de América del Sur.",
"76. El COMESA puso en marcha estudios, programas y acuerdos de integración regional para ayudar a los países sin litoral que lo integran a promover las comunicaciones y el comercio regional. Por ejemplo, se emprendió un estudio de diagnóstico del corredor de África oriental para los corredores septentrional y central a fin de evaluar el desempeño de los corredores y preparar un plan de acción para la eliminación de los impedimentos detectados en la logística del transporte. El módulo de transferencia de datos de tránsito, un instrumento desarrollado para facilitar el intercambio de declaraciones de tránsito e información sobre garantía de tránsito entre distintas administraciones de aduanas, se ha puesto a prueba en el puesto fronterizo de Chirundu (Zambia) y en el puesto fronterizo de Kasumalesa (República Democrática del Congo). El sistema regional de garantía del tránsito aduanero, un instrumento elaborado con los auspicios del protocolo sobre el tránsito de mercancías y los correspondientes mecanismos, ha resultado útil para impulsar la integración regional del COMESA. En 2008 se llevó a cabo una prueba piloto de este esquema en los países del corredor septentrional y los resultados positivos llevaron a la puesta en marcha de la iniciativa en 2010 y 2011.",
"V. Conclusiones y recomendaciones",
"77. Los países sin litoral se enfrentan con un serio obstáculo al crecimiento económico y al logro de los objetivos de desarrollo. Las economías de los países en desarrollo sin litoral siguen siendo frágiles a causa de su vulnerabilidad a las perturbaciones externas debido a la diversificación limitada de las exportaciones, la capacidad productiva reducida, la falta de competitividad en materia de exportación y los costos de transporte y de tránsito elevados.",
"78. La comunidad internacional debería prestar apoyo a los países en desarrollo sin litoral por medio de una mayor ayuda financiera oportuna y sostenible que les permita acelerar el progreso hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y fortalecer su capacidad para la mitigación del cambio climático y la adaptación a sus efectos.",
"79. Los países en desarrollo sin litoral y los países en desarrollo de tránsito deberían fortalecer la cooperación eficaz formulando y armonizando las políticas pertinentes y dando prioridad a la asignación de recursos para el mantenimiento y la rehabilitación de la infraestructura del transporte de tránsito. Deberían reproducirse y financiarse plenamente las iniciativas que han tenido éxito, como los controles fronterizos de parada única, los puertos secos, el régimen de tarjetas amarillas y el uso de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones para el despacho de aduanas.",
"80. Se invita a los países en desarrollo sin litoral y de tránsito a que ratifiquen y pongan efectivamente en práctica las convenciones y los acuerdos internacionales, así como los acuerdos regionales y subregionales sobre la facilitación del transporte y el comercio.",
"81. La comunidad internacional debería incrementar el apoyo financiero para la infraestructura del transporte de tránsito, la energía y los proyectos de infraestructura de la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones y facilitación del comercio en los países en desarrollo sin litoral y de tránsito a fin de aumentar la interconexión intrarregional, completar las conexiones que faltan y velar por el funcionamiento apropiado de los corredores marítimos estratégicos.",
"82. Es necesario elaborar un mecanismo de establecimiento de redes con miras a promover el intercambio de experiencias y la divulgación de información entre todos los interesados pertinentes.",
"83. La comunidad internacional debería seguir prestando apoyo a los países en desarrollo sin litoral para que fortalecieran su capacidad de análisis para formular y aplicar políticas de transporte coherentes y amplias en apoyo de los corredores de tránsito necesarios para facilitar el comercio, y aguzaran su capacidad de negociación a fin de participar con eficacia en el comercio internacional.",
"84. La Comisión Económica para África, la Comisión de la Unión Africana, el Banco Mundial, el Banco Africano de Desarrollo y la Oficina del Alto Representante de las Naciones Unidas para los Países Menos Adelantados, los Países en Desarrollo sin Litoral y los Pequeños Estados Insulares en Desarrollo deberían intensificar su apoyo a los esfuerzos encaminados a elaborar y concertar un acuerdo intergubernamental sobre la Carretera Transafricana.",
"85. Las organizaciones internacionales y otras instituciones de investigación deberían llevar a cabo estudios sobre la vulnerabilidad de los países en desarrollo sin litoral a las perturbaciones externas y elaborar un conjunto de indicadores de vulnerabilidad que pudieran utilizarse para fines de alerta temprana.",
"86. Las negociaciones de la Organización Mundial del Comercio son muy importantes para los países en desarrollo sin litoral en relación con el comercio internacional. La comunidad internacional debería suministrar apoyo para fortalecer la capacidad de negociación de los países en desarrollo sin litoral sobre la facilitación del comercio.",
"87. Se invita a los países desarrollados a que estudien la posibilidad de suministrar mayor acceso a los mercados a los bienes provenientes de países en desarrollo sin litoral y de mejorar la transferencia de tecnologías para contribuir a mitigar los altos costos de transacción derivados de sus desventajas geográficas.",
"88. La comunidad internacional debería intensificar su apoyo a la iniciativa de ayuda para el comercio pues esta presta apoyo fundamental a los países en desarrollo sin litoral para que apliquen los acuerdos internacionales, fortalezcan estratégicamente sus capacidades productivas, desarrollen su infraestructura y aumenten su competitividad en los mercados mundiales.",
"89. Se alienta a los países exportadores de capital a que adopten políticas e incentivos para alentar las corrientes de inversión extranjera directa a los países en desarrollo sin litoral. A su vez, estos países deberían crear un entorno propicio para la inversión extranjera directa y la participación del sector privado.",
"90. Se invita a los países donantes y a las instituciones internacionales financieras y de desarrollo a que hagan contribuciones voluntarias al fondo fiduciario establecido para facilitar la aplicación de los resultados y las actividades de seguimiento de la Conferencia Ministerial Internacional de Países en Desarrollo sin Litoral y de Tránsito y de Países Donantes y de las Instituciones Internacionales Financieras y de Desarrollo sobre la Cooperación en materia de Transporte de Tránsito, celebrada en Almaty.",
"91. De conformidad con lo dispuesto en la resolución 63/2 de la Asamblea General, esta debería estudiar la posibilidad de llevar a cabo un examen decenal global de la aplicación del Programa de Acción de Almaty.",
"Anexo*",
"Cuadro 1",
"Producto interno bruto (PIB), 2000-2009",
"Producto interno bruto\n Países en desarrollo Estimaciones a Per cápita Crecimiento sin litoral precios (en dólares medio anual constantes de EE.UU. (porcentaje) 2005 corrientes) (en millones de dólares EE.UU.)",
"2000 2008 2009 2009 2000-2003 2008 2009",
"Afganistán 2 733 9 037 11 075 457 25,9 2,3 22,5",
"Armenia 2 764 6 748 5 793 2 770 12,3 6,9 -14,2",
"Azerbaiyán 7 040 24 664 26 949 4 871 10,5 10,8 9,3",
"Bhután 559 1 076 1 144 1 783 7,6 5,0 6,3",
"Bolivia (Estado 8 201 11 107 11 480 1 758 2,3 6,1 3,4 Plurinacional de)",
"Botswana 7 945 11 651 11 226 5 959 6,2 3,1 -3,7",
"Burkina Faso 3 999 6 199 6 398 517 6,6 4,5 3,2",
"Burundi 967 1 218 1 260 151 1,8 4,3 3,5",
"Chad 2 944 5 912 5 818 610 11,4 0,3 -1,6",
"Etiopía 8 994 16 844 18 512 345 2,5 11,3 9,9",
"ex República 5 421 6 735 6 685 4 662 -0,3 5,0 -0,7 Yugoslava de Macedonia",
"Kazajstán 34 877 70 914 71 770 6 981 10,9 3,3 1,2",
"Kirguistán 2 043 2 985 3 055 835 4,1 8,4 2,3",
"Lesotho 1 162 1 505 1 527 780 3,2 4,4 1,4",
"Malawi 2 359 3 513 3 778 318 1,1 9,0 7,5",
"Malí 4 026 6 322 6 603 679 7,9 5,0 4,4",
"Mongolia 1 685 3 006 2 957 1 577 4,9 8,9 -1,6",
"Nepal 6 960 9 255 9 856 436 3,2 4,7 6,5",
"Níger 2 677 3 899 3 863 343 5,4 5,9 -0,9",
"Paraguay 6 587 8 811 8 410 2 314 1,9 5,8 -4,5",
"República 1 233 1 669 1 697 448 0,8 5,5 1,7 Centroafricana",
"República Democrática 2 016 3 781 4 065 884 5,8 7,8 7,5 Popular Lao",
"República de Moldova 2 122 3 478 3 252 1 500 6,9 7,8 -6,5",
"Rwanda 1 783 3 383 3 585 527 7,2 11,6 6,0",
"Swazilandia 2 295 2 790 2 824 2 668 2,3 0,5 1,2",
"Tayikistán 1 457 2 864 2 962 716 10,5 7,9 3,4",
"Turkmenistán 6 768 11 922 12 414 3 397 2,6 10,5 4,1",
"Uganda 7 296 12 680 13 576 523 5,7 9,2 7,1",
"Uzbekistán 10 490 17 638 18 873 1 199 4,4 9,0 7,0",
"Zambia 5 758 8 703 8 998 985 4,2 6,0 3,4",
"Zimbabwe 5 804 3 562 3 705 324 -5,8 -14,5 4,0",
"Países en desarrollo 160 963 283 294 1 061 6,3 5,8 3,6 sin litoral 875 112",
"Países en desarrollo 4 937 668 8 433 8 793 2 808 5,0 6,1 4,3 de tránsito 400 363",
"* Para la lista de países en desarrollo de tránsito y la composición de las regiones desarrolladas y en desarrollo como se usan en los cuadros, véase www.ohrlls.org/en/orphan/349/.",
"Fuente: División de Estadística de las Naciones Unidas; véase http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/Introduction.asp. Consultado el 24 de marzo de 2011.",
"Cuadro 2",
"Sumas recibidas en concepto de asistencia oficial para el desarrollo y asistencia de los donantes para el transporte, el almacenamiento y las comunicaciones",
"Sumas netas Asistencia Asistencia de los Desembolsos de recibidas en oficial donantes para ayuda para concepto para el el transporte, el el comercio (en de asistencia desarrollo/ almacenamiento millones oficial para el Ingreso y las de dólares EE.UU. desarrollo nacional bruto comunicaciones corrientes)^(c) (en millones de (porcentaje) (en millones dólares EE.UU. de dólares EE.UU. corrientes)^(a) corrientes)^(b)\n Países en 2005 2008 2009 2009 2003 2009 2007 2009 desarrollo sin litoral",
"Afganistán 2 818 4 865 6 070 .. 94 764 984 1 711",
"Armenia 170 303 528 5,9 14 27 85 234",
"Azerbaiyán 217 235 232 0,6 3 21 87 118",
"Bhután 90 87 125 9,5 11 16 29 40",
"Bolivia (Estado 643 628 726 4,4 27 75 136 221 Plurinacional de)",
"Botswana 48 720 280 2,4 0 13 15 22",
"Burkina Faso 693 1 001 1 084 13,5 46 57 283 226",
"Burundi 364 509 549 41,2 3 48 102 88",
"Chad 380 419 561 9,2 29 45 32 77",
"Etiopía 1 927 3 328 3 820 13,4 125 256 502 1 117",
"ex República 227 205 193 2,2 0 1 46 75 Yugoslava de Macedonia",
"Kazajstán 228 333 298 0,3 59 5 108 88",
"Kirguistán 268 360 315 7,1 9 7 54 58",
"Lesotho 67 144 123 5,8 18 6 18 10",
"Malawi 573 924 772 17,5 32 24 43 28",
"Malí 704 964 985 11,0 50 45 117 120",
"Mongolia 215 246 372 9,4 33 35 317 262",
"Nepal 424 697 855 6,7 40 51 44 53",
"Níger 520 607 470 8,9 22 39 65 123",
"Paraguay 51 134 148 1,0 2 24 117 174",
"República 89 256 237 11,9 3 15 30 26 Centroafricana",
"República 302 496 420 7,2 55 27 138 106 Democrática Popular Lao",
"República de 169 298 245 4,2 1 22 101 86 Moldova",
"Rwanda 577 933 934 18,7 9 29 26 83",
"Swazilandia 47 70 58 2,1 2 0 93 158",
"Tayikistán 251 291 409 8,3 0 21 10 12",
"Turkmenistán 30 18 40 0,2 0 1 1 3",
"Uganda 1 192 1 641 1 786 11,6 31 108 426 457",
"Uzbekistán 170 187 190 0,6 1 43 26 71",
"Zambia 1 172 1 116 1 269 11,1 55 36 108 129",
"Zimbabwe 373 612 737 .. 1 0 19 50",
"Países en 14 999 22 624 24 831 .. 775 1 862 4 159 6 021 desarrollo sin litoral",
"Fuente: Dirección de la Cooperación para el Desarrollo de la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos, Development Cooperation Report 2011. OCDE, “Aid for trade at a glance: Showing results” (COM/DCD/TAD(2011)3/ANN, junio de 2011).",
"^(a) Comprende las corrientes netas de asistencia oficial para el desarrollo de los países del Comité de Asistencia para el Desarrollo, las organizaciones multilaterales y los países no pertenecientes al Comité de Asistencia para el Desarrollo.",
"^(b) Comité de Asistencia para el Desarrollo de la OCDE y organizaciones multilaterales donantes.",
"^(c) Excluye los programas y actividades para varios países.",
"Cuadro 3",
"Deuda externa, servicio de la deuda y alivio de la deuda concedido en el marco de la Iniciativa en favor de los países pobres muy endeudados (PPME) y de la Iniciativa para el Alivio de la Deuda Multilateral (IADM)",
"Países en Deuda externa Total del Alivio total desarrollo sin total servicio de de la deuda litoral (porcentaje la deuda (porcentaje del ingreso (como en millones nacional porcentaje de dólares bruto) de bienes y EE.UU.) servicios e ingresos en el extranjero)\n 2003 2008 2009 2003 2008 2009 2007 2009",
"Afganistán .. 20 .. .. 0,2 0,4 654 20",
"Armenia 64 28 55 10,8 13,3 20,9 .. ..",
"Azerbaiyán 25 12 12 6,7 0,9 1,7 .. ..",
"Bhután 82 57 58 5,1 21,3 11,4 .. ..",
"Bolivia (Estado 75 34 35 21,3 13,0 14,4 1 967 1 953 Plurinacional de)",
"Botswana 7 3 14 1,2 1,1 1,2 .. ..",
"Burkina Faso 41 21 23 .. .. .. 812 764",
"Burundi 230 24 39 63,5 13,3 .. 1 009 58",
"Chad 67 26 29 6,0 3,2 2,8 241 ..",
"Etiopía 86 11 18 7,2 3,1 3,1 2 735 1 862",
"ex República 41 50 62 13,5 9,1 14,8 .. .. Yugoslava de Macedonia",
"Kazajstán 78 94 113 34,9 42,0 80,2 .. ..",
"Kirguistán 109 49 66 21,6 11,8 14,0 .. ..",
"Lesotho 56 34 33 8,1 2,5 3,0 .. ..",
"Malawi 130 59 60 .. .. .. 1 379 898",
"Malí 74 24 30 6,5 2,6 .. 792 1 308",
"Mongolia 103 36 56 33,9 2,7 4,8 .. 651",
"Nepal 50 29 29 10,1 8,3 10,4 .. ..",
"Níger 78 17 19 8,6 2,5 4,5 947 283",
"Paraguay 58 25 30 12,3 5,0 6,1 .. ..",
"República 92 49 20 .. .. .. 675 435 Centroafricana",
"República 114 94 96 21,8 .. .. .. .. Democrática Popular Lao",
"República de 88 52 60 11,4 14,8 14,9 .. .. Moldova",
"Rwanda 88 15 15 15,1 3,6 4,7 956 234",
"Swazilandia 21 13 15 1,3 .. 2,1 .. ..",
"Tayikistán 79 46 51 8,3 7,1 38,4 .. ..",
"Turkmenistán 30 4 3 .. .. .. .. ..",
"Uganda 79 16 16 9,8 2,1 2,0 1 509 2 245",
"Uzbekistán 49 14 12 .. .. .. ..",
"Zambia 161 22 27 43,5 3,1 3,8 3 697 1 962",
"Zimbabwe 62 .. .. .. .. .. ..",
"Países en 66 43 48 22,8 21,9 37,1 11 709 12 673 desarrollo sin litoral",
"Fuente: Banco Mundial, World Development Indicators 2011.",
"Cuadro 4",
"Comercio internacional de mercancías, exportaciones e importaciones, y costo de los fletes internacionales",
"Países en Mercancías Gastos de Equipo de desarrollo sin (en millones de flete en transporte litoral dólares EE.UU). la balanza de pagos como porcentaje del comercio^(a)\n Exportaciones Importaciones Porcentaje de totales totales las importaciones totales",
"2003 2008 2009 2003 2008 2009 2009 2003 2008 2009",
"Afganistán .. 540 403 .. 3020 3336 .. .. 16 16",
"Armenia 670 1055 684 1237 4101 3175 9,5 4 7 4",
"Azerbaiyán 2 592 47756 14689 2626 7162 6119 3,2 13 17 13",
"Bhután .. 521 496 .. 543 529 .. .. 9 10",
"Bolivia (Estado 1 651 6899 5297 1684 5006 4409 2,7 10 14 13 Plurinacional de)",
"Botswana 3 802 4951 3456 3964 5211 4728 5,5 13 11 13",
"Burkina Faso 314 .. 796 786 .. 1870 9,7 11 .. 8",
"Burundi 66 142 113 145 315 345 18,5 15 12 11",
"Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
"Etiopía 513 1602 1618 2686 8680 7974 9,5 10 6 7",
"ex República 1 367 .. 2692 2306 6852 5043 4,9 5 7 7 Yugoslava de Macedonia",
"Kazajstán 12 916 71172 43196 8402 37815 28409 4,4 15 12 10",
"Kirguistán 582 1618 1178 717 4072 2974 3,6 7 15 9",
"Lesotho 479 .. .. 1115 .. .. 2,7 5 .. ..",
"Malawi 502 879 1188 785 2204 2022 .. 12 16 10",
"Malí 1 007 1918 .. 1271 3339 .. 11,9 11 7 ..",
"Mongolia 616 .. .. 801 .. .. 5,3 11 .. ..",
"Nepal 653 .. 886 1802 .. 3754 .. 6 .. 8",
"Níger 259 503 .. 566 1247 .. 16,5 7 6 ..",
"Paraguay 1 306 4463 3167 1921 9033 6940 2,4 6 11 9",
"República 66 114 81 100 185 212 .. 9 9 7 Centroafricana",
"República de 790 1591 1288 1402 4899 3278 7,1 5 8 5 Moldova",
"Rwanda 51 250 261 262 1036 1112 21,4 12 7 6",
"Swazilandia 1 655 .. .. 1457 .. .. 0,6 8 .. ..",
"Tayikistán .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,8 .. .. ..",
"Uganda 532 1724 1568 1375 4526 4247 11,6 9 8 9",
"Uzbekistán .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
"Zambia 980 5099 4312 1574 5060 3793 5,5 8 10 8",
"Zimbabwe .. 1694 2269 .. 2832 3527 .. .. 16 15",
"Países en 33 368 154492 89635 38984 117139 97796 5,2 10 11 10 desarrollo sin litoral",
"Países en 933 854 2 647 2 173 883 065 2 495 852 2 057 3,6 6 6 6 desarrollo de 218 467 021 tránsito",
"Fuente: http://comtrade.un.org; www.infstatistics.org/bop.",
"^(a) El costo de los fletes en la balanza de pagos comprende todos los costos de flete de las importaciones y exportaciones pagados a empresas en el extranjero o recibidas por empresas nacionales desde el extranjero, divididos por el valor total de las importaciones y las exportaciones, multiplicados por 100. No se incluyen los pagos de fletes entre empresas nacionales.",
"Cuadro 5",
"Algunos indicadores del transporte",
"Países en Carreteras Ferrocarriles Hidrovías Oleoductos Transporte desarrollo sin aéreo litoral\n Kilómetros Pavimentadas Kilómetros Kilómetros Kilómetros Salidas (porcentaje) (miles)",
"2000/2008 2000/2008 2000/2009 2007/2011 2006 2000 2009",
"Afganistán 42 150 29 .. 1 200 466 3,4 ..",
"Armenia 7 515 90 845 .. 2 233 4 7,6",
"Azerbaiyán 59 141 49 2 099 .. 4 785 4,4 10,3",
"Bhután 8 050 62 .. .. .. 1,1 2,7",
"Bolivia (Estado 62 479 7 2 866 10 000 8 994 21,6 19 Plurinacional de)",
"Botswana 25 798 33 888 .. .. 6,7 6,1",
"Burkina Faso 92 495 4 622 .. .. 3,4 1,4",
"Burundi 12 322 10 .. Lago .. .. .. Tanganyika",
"Chad 40 000 1 .. estacional 250 1,5 ..",
"Etiopía 42 429 13 .. .. .. 26,6 44,2",
"ex República 13 840 .. 699 .. 388 8,0 1,4 Yugoslava de Macedonia",
"Kazajstán 93 123 90 14 205 4 000 24 8,0 18,8 740",
"Kirguistán 34 000 91 417 600 270 6,1 5,5",
"Lesotho 5 940 18 .. .. .. .. ..",
"Malawi 15 451 45 797 700 .. 4,8 4,4",
"Malí 18 709 18 734 1 800 .. 1,5 ..",
"Mongolia 49 250 4 1 810 580 .. 6,2 4,8 (estacional)",
"Nepal 17 280 57 59 .. .. 12,1 6,8",
"Níger 18 951 21 .. 300 .. 1,5 .. (estacional)",
"Paraguay 29 500 51 36^(a) 3 100 .. 7,6 9,8",
"República 24 307 .. .. 2 800 .. 1,5 .. Centroafricana",
"República 29 811 13 .. 4 600 540 6,4 9,8 Democrática Popular Lao",
"República de 12 755 86 1 156 424 1 906 3,7 5 Moldova",
"Rwanda 14 008 19 .. Lago Kivu .. .. .. (poco profundo)",
"Swazilandia 3 594 30 300 .. .. 2,6 ..",
"Tayikistán 27 767 .. 616 200 587 4,0 9,8",
"Turkmenistán 24 000 81 3 181 1 300 7 864 21,9 15,3",
"Uganda 70 746 23 261 lagos .. 0,3 0,4",
"Uzbekistán 81 600 87 4 230 1 100 10 30,1 23,2 574",
"Zambia 66 781 22 1 273 2 250 771 6,1 ..",
"Zimbabwe 97 267 19 2 583 Lago Kariba 270 13,6 5,9",
"Países en 1 141 059 36 34 192 63 221,6 212,2 desarrollo sin 002 litoral",
"Fuente: World Development Indicators 2011, Banco Mundial y Agencia Central de Inteligencia de los Estados Unidos, The World Factbook.",
"Cuadro 6",
"Algunos indicadores de telecomunicaciones",
"Países en desarrollo Suscriptores Usuarios de sin litoral de línea Internet por telefónica y cada 100 de telefonía habitantes móvil por cada 100 habitantes\n Líneas Celulares principales",
"2000 2009 2000 2009 2009",
"Afganistán 0,1 0,5 0,0 42,6 3,6",
"Armenia 17,3 20,4 0,6 85,0 6,8",
"Azerbaiyán 9,9 15,9 5,2 87,8 27,4",
"Bhután 2,5 3,8 0,0 48,6 7,2",
"Bolivia (Estado 6,1 8,2 7,0 72,5 11,2 Plurinacional de)",
"Botswana 7,9 7,0 12,9 96,1 6,2",
"Burkina Faso 0,5 1,0 0,2 24,3 1,1",
"Burundi 0,3 0,4 0,3 10,1 1,9",
"Chad 0,1 0,5 0,1 20,4 1,5",
"Etiopía 0,4 1,1 0,0 4,9 0,5",
"ex República Yugoslava 25,2 21,4 5,8 95,1 51,8 de Macedonia",
"Kazajstán 12,3 24,7 1,3 109,1 18,2",
"Kirguistán 7,6 9,1 0,2 81,8 40,0",
"Lesotho 1,2 1,9 1,1 32,0 3,7",
"Malawi 0,4 1,1 0,4 15,7 4,7",
"Malí 0,4 0,7 0,1 34,2 1,9",
"Mongolia 4,9 7,1 6,5 84,2 3,6",
"Nepal 1,1 2,8 0,0 19,1 2,0",
"Níger 0,2 0,4 0,0 17,0 0,8",
"Paraguay 5,3 6,1 15,3 88,5 17,4",
"República 0,3 0,3 0,1 13,6 0,5 Centroafricana",
"República Democrática 0,8 1,6 0,2 51,2 6,0 Popular Lao",
"República de Moldova 14,2 31,6 3,4 77,3 37,0",
"Rwanda 0,2 0,3 0,5 24,3 4,5",
"Swazilandia 3,0 3,7 3,1 55,4 7,6",
"Tayikistán 3,5 4,2 0,0 70,5 10,1",
"Turkmenistán 8,1 9,4 0,2 29,4 1,6",
"Uganda 0,3 0,7 0,5 28,7 9,8",
"Uzbekistán 6,7 6,8 0,2 59,7 17,1",
"Zambia 0,8 0,7 0,9 34,1 6,3",
"Zimbabwe 2,0 3,1 2,1 23,9 11,4",
"Países en desarrollo 2,8 3,9 1,1 34,7 7,1 sin litoral",
"Regiones en desarrollo 8,0 12,2 5,5 58,3 18,1",
"Fuente: Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones; véase www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/.",
"Cuadro 7",
"Inversión extranjera directa, corrientes netas",
"(En millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos)",
"Países en desarrollo sin Inversión litoral extranjera directa, corrientes netas\n 2000 2008 2009",
"Afganistán 0 300 185",
"Armenia 104 1 132 838",
"Azerbaiyán 130 14 473",
"Bhután 0 30 36",
"Bolivia (Estado 736 513 423 Plurinacional de)",
"Botswana 57 521 234",
"Burkina Faso 23 137 171",
"Burundi 12 14 10",
"Chad 115 234 462",
"Etiopía 135 109 94",
"ex República Yugoslava de 215 587 248 Macedonia",
"Kazajstán 1 284 15 775 12 649",
"Kirguistán (2) 265 60",
"Lesotho 32 56 48",
"Malawi 40 170 60",
"Malí 82 180 109",
"Mongolia 54 683 437",
"Nepal (0) 1 39",
"Níger 8 566 739",
"Paraguay 100 109 184",
"República Centroafricana 1 117 42",
"República Democrática 34 228 157 Popular Lao",
"República de Moldova 128 708 86",
"Rwanda 8 103 119",
"Swazilandia 106 106 66",
"Tayikistán 24 376 8",
"Turkmenistán 131 820 1 355",
"Uganda 181 787 799",
"Uzbekistán 75 711 750",
"Zambia 122 939 959",
"Zimbabwe 23 52 60",
"Países en desarrollo sin 3 956 26 340 21 900 litoral",
"Fuente: Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo, véase unctadstat.unctad.org.",
"Cuadro 8",
"Algunos indicadores relativos a los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio",
"Países en Pobreza Población Tasa neta de Índice de Tasa de Cubierta desarrollo sin extrema: desnutrida matriculación paridad mortalidad forestal litoral Personas (porcentaje) en la enseñanza entre los materna (por (porcentaje con ingresos primaria sexos 100.000 de la inferiores a nacidos superficie de 1,25 dólares vivos) tierras) por día (porcentaje)\n 2003/2008 2005/2007 2009^(a) 2009 2008 2000 2010",
"Afganistán .. .. .. 0,67 1 400 2 2",
"Armenia 1,3 22 93 1,03 29 11 9",
"Azerbaiyán 0 11 86 0,99 38 11 11",
"Bhután 26,2 .. 88 1,01 200 67 69",
"Bolivia (Estado 14 27 95 0,99 180 55 53 Plurinacional de)",
"Botswana .. 25 87 0,97 190 22 20",
"Burkina Faso 56,5 9 64 0,89 560 30 21",
"Burundi 81,3 62 99 0,97 970 8 7",
"Chad 61,9 37 .. 0,70 1 200 10 9",
"Etiopía 39 41 84 0,91 470 13 11",
"ex República 0,3 .. 93 1,01 9 36 39 Yugoslava de Macedonia",
"Kazajstán 0,2 8 100 1,00 45 1 1",
"Kirguistán 1,9 10 91 1,00 81 5 5",
"Lesotho 43,4 14 73 1,00 530 0,2 1",
"Malawi 73,9 28 91 1,03 510 38 34",
"Malí 51,4 12 80 0,84 830 11 10",
"Mongolia 22,4 26 100 0,99 65 7 7",
"Nepal 55,1 16 .. .. 380 27 25",
"Níger 65,9 20 59 0,80 820 1 1",
"Paraguay 5,1 11 86 0,97 95 49 44",
"República 62,8 40 69 0,71 850 37 36 Centroafricana",
"República 33,9 23 82 0,91 580 72 68 Democrática Popular Lao",
"República de 1,9 .. 90 0,98 32 10 12 Moldova",
"Rwanda 76,8 34 96 1,01 540 14 18",
"Swazilandia .. 18 83 0,93 420 30 33",
"Tayikistán 21,5 30 98 .. 64 3 3",
"Turkmenistán .. 6 .. .. 77 9 9",
"Uganda 28,7 21 92 1,01 430 21 15",
"Uzbekistán 46,3 11 90 0,98 30 8 8",
"Zambia 64,3 43 92 0,99 470 60 67",
"Zimbabwe .. 30 .. .. 790 49 40",
"Países en 81 0,92 … 18 17 desarrollo sin litoral",
"Fuentes: Banco Mundial, World Development Indicators 2011; Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), El estado de la inseguridad alimentaria en el mundo; Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura, véase http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/ReportFolders/ReportFolders.aspx; Naciones Unidas, Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, Informe 2010; y FAO, Situación de los Bosques del Mundo 2011.",
"^(a) En algunos casos en que no se dispone de las estimaciones para 2009, los datos corresponden a 2007 o 2008.",
"[1] Con los auspicios de la Comisión Económica para Europa se han aprobado 57 convenciones, acuerdos y protocolos internacionales que suministran marcos para la armonización y simplificación de los trámites y procedimientos del transporte y el tránsito internacionales.",
"[2] Ken Gwilliam y otros, The Burden of Maintenance: Roads in Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, D.C., Banco Mundial, 2008).",
"[3] Sistema Económico Latinoamericano y del Caribe, Infraestructura Física para la Integración en América Latina y el Caribe (2011).",
"[4] Jean-François Arvis y otros, Connecting Landlocked Developing Countries to Markets: Trade Corridors in the 21st Century (Banco Mundial, 2011).",
"[5] Comisión Económica para África, Progress in Intra-African Trade (Addis Abeba, 2011).",
"[6] Véase http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/chair_texts11_e/chair_texts11_e.htm.",
"[7] World Investment Report 2010: Investing in a Low-Carbon Economy (publicación de las Naciones Unidas, número de venta: E.10.II.D.2).",
"[8] Información aportada por el Gobierno de Mongolia.",
"[9] Por ejemplo, desarrollo empresarial, asistencia a servicios bancarios y financieros, agricultura, silvicultura, pesca, industria, recursos minerales y minería, y turismo.",
"[10] La construcción de infraestructura física como carreteras, ferrocarriles, puertos y telecomunicaciones."
] | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"* A/66/150.",
"Item 22 (b) of the provisional agenda*",
"Groups of countries in special situations: specific actions related to the particular needs and problems of landlocked developing countries: outcome of the International Ministerial Conference of Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries and Donor Countries and International Financial and Development Institutions on Transit Transport Cooperation",
"Implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action: Addressing the Special Needs of Landlocked Developing Countries within a New Global Framework for Transit Transport Cooperation for Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries",
"Report of the Secretary-General",
"Summary",
"The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/172, in which the Secretary-General was requested to submit to the sixty-sixth session an analytical report on the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action: Addressing the Special Needs of Landlocked Developing Countries within a New Global Framework for Transit Transport Cooperation for Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries and the Almaty Declaration on the midterm review. The report provides an update on the progress made in the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action by the landlocked countries and their development partners and showcases the efforts being made by the United Nations system and other international organizations. The report identifies the major challenges encountered and suggests recommendations to accelerate implementation of the Programme.",
"I. Introduction",
"1. The Almaty Programme of Action: Addressing the Special Needs of Landlocked Developing Countries within a New Global Framework for Transit Transport Cooperation for Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries was adopted in 2003 as the United Nations response to the growing recognition by the international community of the special development needs and challenges faced by the 31 landlocked developing countries. Lack of territorial access to the sea and their remoteness and isolation from world markets hinders the efforts of landlocked developing countries to generate and sustain economic growth and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.",
"II. Overview of economic and social conditions in the landlocked developing countries",
"2. The landlocked developing countries as a group experienced a decrease in economic growth from 5.8 per cent in 2008 to 3.6 per cent in 2009 (see annex, table 1) owing to the global financial and economic crisis. According to the World Economic Situation and Prospects, 2011, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat estimates that economic growth for the group was around 5.8 in 2010, indicating that the economies of the landlocked developing countries are on their way to recovery.",
"3. After experiencing high inflation rates in 2008, inflation decelerated in 2009 across most of the landlocked developing countries owing to weakened domestic demand and reduced commodity prices especially for energy and food. Inflation rates stayed at low levels or decelerated in 2010 in most of the African and South Asian landlocked developing countries.",
"4. In 2009, exports and imports decreased in all the landlocked developing countries owing to the global financial and economic crisis. Landlocked developing countries as a group experienced a decrease in inflows of foreign direct investment in 2009. Net transfers of official development assistance flows from traditional donors to landlocked developing countries remained positive, increasing from $22.6 billion in 2008 to $24.8 billion in 2009. External debt as a percentage of the gross national income rose from 43 per cent in 2008, to 48 per cent in 2009.",
"5. Remittances fell in 2009. Remittances are a major source of capital in some landlocked developing countries, notably, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Nepal and Tajikistan, where they account for over 20 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP).",
"6. Prior to the financial and economic crisis, landlocked developing countries had made progress on some aspects of social development: half of the 25 landlocked developing countries for which data exists had reduced the population living in extreme poverty by more than 20 per cent over the period 2002-2008 (see annex, table 8). The crisis increased the number of people in extreme poverty since it led to job and income losses, especially in key export industries. Joblessness among youth is also a major challenge in landlocked developing countries. It is important that they adopt policies to foster employment generation and allocate adequate resources for building effective social protection systems.",
"7. The percentage of the population that lives in hunger in landlocked developing countries is still relatively high: in half of them more than 20 per cent of the population was undernourished during the period 2005-2007. The geography of landlocked developing countries makes them more vulnerable to rising food prices because of high transport charges. According to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in March 2011, of the 29 countries requiring external assistance owing to critical problems related to food insecurity, 12 were landlocked developing countries.",
"8. Half of the landlocked developing countries experienced deforestation between 2000 and 2010, with five countries experiencing a decrease in their forest coverage of more than 15 per cent. Climate change continues to be a major challenge and has exacerbated deforestation, desertification and loss of biodiversity and has had a negative impact on the transport infrastructure. Landlocked developing countries are also vulnerable to natural disasters. For example, the Mongolian economy was affected by zud (severe winter) during 2009-2010, resulting in the loss of over 10 million heads of domestic animals. In 2010, the Sahel region, including Mali, Burkina Faso, Chad, Niger and Ethiopia, was affected by a drought.",
"9. Overall, after eight years of implementing the Almaty Programme of Action, landlocked developing countries have made some progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals, especially primary school enrolment, gender parity in primary education and women’s representation in national parliaments; however, achieving food security, eradicating poverty and reducing child and maternal mortality remain major social development challenges. There is also a need to address the disparities caused by rural and urban location, income and gender. The global financial and economic crisis caused serious setbacks. Strengthened international support to landlocked developing countries through official development assistance is critical for enabling stepped-up efforts to achieve the Goals.",
"10. Landlocked developing countries continue to face constraints in participating in international trade owing to lack of access to the sea and remoteness from major markets, inadequate transit facilities, cumbersome customs and border crossing procedures, costly bank transactions and other costly services and operations. Such constraints result in high transport and trade transaction costs.",
"11. In order to determine the extent to which landlocked developing countries are affected by transport and trade transaction costs, the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States made an attempt to estimate those costs based on the balance of payments data of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The Office calculated the total freight charges in the balance of payments (which comprise all import and export freight charges paid to enterprises abroad or received by national enterprises from abroad) as a ratio of the total value of imports and exports (see annex, table 4). The data shows that landlocked developing countries in fact face high costs since the rate of freight charges to total value of exports and imports in 2009 was high, in particular for landlocked Africa where it was as high as 21.4 in one country. Landlocked developing countries as a group have a higher proportion of freight charges to total value of exports and imports: 45 per cent more than the group rate for transit developing countries. This clearly shows that landlocked developing countries are paying higher transport and trade costs — resources that could be invested in building their productive capacities.",
"12. The data is further supported by information contained in the World Bank report Doing Business 2011, which indicates that apart from 10 countries ranking below 100 (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Botswana, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Republic of Moldova, Rwanda, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Zambia), 20 of the landlocked developing countries for which there is data rank 104 and 183, out of a total of 183 countries in the world, partly because of the high costs related to importing and exporting.",
"III. Priorities",
"A. Fundamental transit policy issues",
"13. International conventions and agreements[1] provide frameworks for harmonization and simplification of transit formalities and procedures, and their effective implementation can significantly support access by landlocked developing countries to the sea. Ratification of the conventions has been slow (see table 1 below). Since the midterm review of the Almaty Programme of Action, very few landlocked developing countries, namely, Kazakhstan, Burkina Faso, Republic of Moldova and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, have ratified and acceded to international transport agreements.",
"Table 1 Status of accession by landlocked developing countries to the United Nations conventions on transport^(a)",
"Convention Number of landlocked developing countries that are a contracting party to the convention (out of a total of 31)",
"Convention on Road Traffic (1968) 13",
"Convention on Road Signs and 8 Signals (1968)",
"Customs Convention on the 11 International Transport of Goods Under Cover of TIR Carnets (1975)",
"Customs Convention on the Temporary 5 Importation of Commercial Road Vehicles (1956)",
"Customs Convention on Containers 6 (1972)",
"International Convention on the 10 Harmonization of Frontier Controls of Goods (1982)",
"Convention on the Contract for the 10 International Carriage of Goods by Road (1956)",
"Source: www.unece.org/trans/conventn/legalinst.html.",
"^(a) In its resolution 48/11 of 1992, the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific recommended that countries in the region consider acceding to the seven conventions included in the table.",
"14. At the regional and subregional levels, substantial progress has been made in developing agreements where landlocked developing countries and their neighbouring countries are pursuing harmonization of transport and transit policies, laws, procedures and practices with transit countries. Asia has made substantial progress in developing and implementing the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network and the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Trans-Asian Railway Network. A number of regional as well as subregional agreements have been reached in Asia.",
"15. In Africa, progress is being made towards developing a framework for harmonizing the norms and standards of the trans-African highway network at the regional level. At the subregional level, member States of the regional economic communities have entered into various agreements that promote supportive transport, transit and trade policies. The communities have also made progress in harmonizing standards and policies by entering into common arrangements. For example, the tripartite taskforce established between the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the East African Community (EAC) and the South African Development Community (SADC) has led to the harmonization of their transport, energy, information and communications technology, and water policies and regulation, as well as physical infrastructure development. In West Africa, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) are also harmonizing their transit facilitation programmes.",
"16. In South America, the landlocked developing countries are part of the Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR) and the Andean Community and their related agreements on transit transport and trade.",
"17. While there is some progress in the establishment of regional and subregional agreements that could provide a basis for simplification and harmonization of formalities and procedures, many agreements are not being fully implemented. Their effective implementation is important for landlocked developing countries, which would benefit from improved transit measures.",
"18. At the national level, some landlocked developing countries have strengthened their national policies to promote trade and transport facilitation, infrastructure development and maintenance. They have also undertaken initiatives to strengthen and establish institutional mechanisms for coordinating work on national transit transport facilitation. For example, the member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Greater Mekong subregion have established national trade and transport facilitation bodies as part of the obligations under regional agreements or independently on their own. These bodies have promoted effective coordination and cooperation among all the relevant agencies responsible for international trade and transport facilitation. Challenges to their effective functioning include insufficient financial resources, inadequate recognition of their roles and functions, and incomplete representation of key stakeholders.",
"19. Continued progress is being made in streamlining administrative procedures and simplifying border control procedures. One-stop border controls have been established on several adjacent border posts along the transport corridors in the COMESA, EAC and, most recently, ECOWAS subregions. The first one-stop border post established on the Zambia-Zimbabwe border in December 2009 helped to simplify border control and procedures and to reduce the time at the border for commercial trucks, from 5 days to less than 24 hours.",
"20. In South America, the MERCOSUR countries in the Recife Agreement on integrated controls agreed to apply integrated controls on 16 border points. Paraguay has established an integrated control at its border with Brazil, while work on the border post with the Plurinational State of Bolivia is now at an advanced stage.",
"21. In South-East Asia, the Greater Mekong Subregional Cross-Border Transport Agreement includes implementation of single-stop inspection and single-window inspection points that aim to produce maximum efficiencies at the border. Joint processing initiatives also form part of the multi-donor Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) programme managed by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). One-stop border posts have brought benefits to landlocked developing countries and are an effective initiative that should be replicated.",
"22. In Africa, the COMESA subregion has established a yellow card system, which is a motor vehicle insurance scheme that is valid in all participating countries and also facilitates the cross-border movement of vehicles between COMESA member countries. The card has helped to reduce delays at the border since transporters and motorists do not have to buy insurance coverage at each border post.",
"B. Infrastructure development and maintenance",
"23. Roads are the leading mode of transport for most landlocked developing countries, especially in Africa, where they account for about 90 per cent of intra‑African trade. However, the percentage of paved roads remains low, with only nine landlocked developing countries having over 50 per cent of their roads paved and eight countries having between 20 and 49 per cent (see annex, table 5). At the national level, some countries have set up independent sources of funding for road maintenance, based on road-user charges, fuel levies or budget allocations. A total of 27 African countries have established road funds. Some landlocked developing countries in other regions have functional road funds supporting road maintenance. For example, the Republic of Moldova recently made amendments to its Road Fund Law of February 1996 in order to increase funding for the maintenance and restoration of roads.",
"24. Some countries have created road agencies, independent from line ministries, with the prime responsibility for assigning outside contracts for public works activities. A World Bank study found that countries with a road fund and higher fuel levies devoted a greater share of their spending to maintenance and had experienced reduced volatility of sector spending relative to traditional budget allocations.[2]",
"25. At the regional level, progress in Asia has been made in upgrading 22,263 km (15.8 per cent) of the Asian highway road network, including: (a) reconstruction of AH5 (Baku-Alat-Kazak-Red Bridge), and AH8 (Baku-Guba-Samur and Alat-Astara) in Azerbaijan; (b) construction of AH3, AH4 and AH32 and a further plan to upgrade AH3 to class I standards in Mongolia; (c) progress in the construction of two bridges along the AH3 in Chiang Kong-Houayxay, and along the AH15 in Thakhek-Nakhon Phanom, between the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Thailand; (d) planned reconstruction of AH82 (Yerevan-Ashtarak section) in Armenia; and (e) reconstruction of AH82 from the Islamic Republic of Iran to the Armenian and Georgian border. According to estimates done by the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) and Asian member States in 2006, a consolidated list of 121 priority investment projects in 25 member States indicated that about $25 billion was being invested or committed for the development of various sections of Asian highway routes and that there had been a shortfall of $18 billion in the funds required to upgrade and improve about 26,000 kms of the Asian highway network.",
"26. The Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America has coordinated the development of transport, energy and telecommunications infrastructure in the region. The Initiative has been in the process of implementing a total of 524 projects requiring a total investment of $54.61 billion.[3] By mid-2010, the Initiative had implemented 44 per cent of its infrastructure projects.",
"27. The African Union launched the Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa in 2010, which aims to bring together various regional and continental infrastructure initiatives on road and railway transport, information and communications technology and energy and which is led by the African Development Bank (AfDB). The main objective of the programme is to coordinate the efforts and use of resources for infrastructure development. The trans-African highway that plays a crucial role in maintaining the economies of the landlocked countries of Africa still has missing links that require substantial resources for their completion. Major projects to improve the road network are ongoing in a number of countries and different regional economic communities in Africa.",
"28. Although some progress is being made in developing and maintaining road infrastructure, outstanding challenges include inadequate resources for road funds, overloading of vehicles and resource gaps for road infrastructure development.",
"29. Railways remain underutilized forms of transport for landlocked developing countries, with only nine landlocked developing countries having 1,000 or more kms of railways for freight service. The total length of the trans-Asian railway network of 114,000 kms has about 8,000 kms of missing links (7 per cent). Some progress has been made in the planning and construction of missing links in Azerbaijan, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia and Uzbekistan.",
"30. In Africa, the railway network of 74,775 kms has very low density and is mostly in northern Africa and southern Africa. An infrastructure development study undertaken by the New Partnership for Africa’s Development and the African Union in 2006 estimated 26,362 kms of missing links. Not much progress has been recorded in that subsector but some rail projects are likely to be revitalized in western, central, eastern and southern Africa.",
"31. Progress has been made in respect of railway integration in South America. In May 2010, Brazil and Paraguay formalized a project funded by the Brazilian Development Bank to link Paraguay’s railway system with the railroad linking Paranagua, Brazil, and the Antofagasta, Chile, in effect creating an inter-oceanic railway corridor.",
"32. The major challenges facing development of the railway networks include limited resources to invest in the missing links and differences in railway gauges, resulting in frequent loading and off-loading of goods and increased delays and transport costs.",
"33. There has been progress in the establishment of dry ports. Dry ports provide similar functions to those of sea ports and support the development of intermodal corridors. In Asia, for example, Mongolia plans to develop four dry ports along the trans-Asian railway, Nepal has four dry ports, and there are plans to develop dry ports in other countries, including Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. In Africa, dry ports have been established in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Niger and Uganda, and in South America, a dry port was established in Paraguay.",
"34. Landlocked developing countries have made remarkable progress in improving telecommunication infrastructure, particularly cellular phones and Internet connectivity. As a group, they recorded an increase of 25 and 37 per cent in cellular phones and Internet usage, respectively, from 2008 to 2009 (see annex, table 6). This has been made possible through liberalization of the telecommunication sector and the resulting increased private sector investment.",
"35. Energy infrastructure is vital for reducing delays in transit time for landlocked developing country consignments. However, it is still insufficient and unreliable, for example, in the five landlocked developing countries that are net importers of energy. Energy infrastructure financing needs at the national and regional levels are relatively high, requiring the input of all sources of resources, including domestic, bilateral, regional and multilateral, and increased partnership with the private sector.",
"36. Research by the World Bank[4] indicates that challenges with regard to transport infrastructure are not only limited to physical deficits in infrastructure but also to a lack of adequate soft infrastructure, mainly the logistics services markets needed to improve services along transport and transit corridors. Many landlocked developing countries have undertaken initiatives to put in place policies to guide and support the development of competitive freight forwarding and multimodal transport and logistics services. However, in many countries, freight forwarders and logistics services providers are small in size and the industry is fragmented.",
"37. Participation of the private sector varies enormously across the subsectors: it is highest in mobile telephony, followed by transport, with the contracting of road maintenance and concessions in container terminals and railroads. In the energy sector, State-owned utilities are still prevalent although there is interest in privatization of power generation and distribution. Landlocked developing countries should consider promoting active and effective cooperation with the private sector through fostering an enabling policy environment.",
"C. International trade and trade facilitation",
"38. Despite some progress made in enhanced integration of landlocked developing countries into the global trading system, only 22 of the 31 landlocked developing countries are members of the World Trade Organization (WTO). All other countries, except one, are WTO observers and are in the process of accession negotiation. Along with domestic institutional reform, efforts are needed at the multilateral level to support and facilitate development-friendly conditions for their accession.",
"39. Although the group of landlocked developing countries had experienced enhanced export performance, with the value of merchandise exports growing in nominal terms from $33 billion in 2003 to $153 billion in 2008, their exports fell by 42 per cent from 2008 to 2009 (see annex, table 4). The proportion of merchandise exports of landlocked developing countries to the total world exports has remained below 1 per cent. Although their share of world exports increased from 0.45 per cent in 2003 to 0.96 per cent in 2008, it fell to 0.75 in 2009. On the contrary, the share of transit developing countries has increased consistently, from 13 per cent in 2003 to 18 per cent in 2009.",
"40. In 2009, the merchandise imports of landlocked developing countries decreased by 16.5 per cent as a result of the global financial and economic crisis. IMF estimates show that in 2010 imports had recovered in 21 of the landlocked developing countries. Landlocked developing countries have increasingly been entering into regional preferential trade agreements resulting in reduced average tariffs achieved through unilateral measures and implementation of regional integration protocols. Eleven Asian landlocked developing countries are party to more than 40 trade arrangements in force and are engaged in negotiating further agreements at the regional level. In Africa, trade agreements exist for 13 subregional groupings. Three regional economic communities, COMESA, SADC and EAC are moving towards achieving a common-market status. Economic partnership agreements negotiations between the European Union and the African regional economic communities are progressing slowly. In South America, regional integration has been further deepened through the establishment of the Union of South American Nations, an intergovernmental union integrating the regional agreements in the region (MERCOSUR and the Andean Community of Nations).",
"41. However, despite numerous preferential trade agreements at the regional level, intraregional trade is not growing fast. In 2009, intra-MERCOSUR and intra‑Andean Community of Nations exports were 8 per cent and 15 per cent of the total exports for the region, respectively. In Africa, intra-SADC, intra-COMESA, and intra-ECOWAS average exports between 2000 and 2007 were 12 per cent, 9 per cent and 13 per cent respectively.[5] In order to increase intraregional trade, it is essential to improve the regional infrastructure — transport, power and communication; effectively implement regional trade agreements; enhance harmonization of the regional regulatory framework in order to boost private sector activity; and improve trade and transit facilitation in order to reduce logistics costs.",
"42. Landlocked developing countries have continued to undertake trade facilitation initiatives. However, when compared to coastal countries, landlocked developing countries have a lower Logistics Performance Index (see table 2 below). Low Logistics Performance Index indicates significant hindrances to connecting their domestic economies into global markets due to longer time for customs clearance, low-quality trade- and transport-related infrastructure, inefficient and uncompetitive logistics services, cumbersome border crossing and customs procedures, difficulty in tracking and tracing consignment and unpredictable delivery time. It is important that continued work be done to improve trade facilitation.",
"Table 2 Regions with poorly performing landlocked developing countries based on Logistics Performance Index",
"Sub-Saharan South Asia Africa\n Background data Landlocked Coastal Landlocked Coastal",
"Overall Logistics Performance 2.22 2.43 1.84 2.64 Index",
"Selected Logistics Performance Index components",
"Logistics competence 2.21 2.45 1.84 2.69",
"Infrastructure 1.97 2.11 1.61 2.41",
"Customs and trade processes 2.10 2.30 1.69 2.34",
"Logistics Performance Index input data",
"Customs clearance (days) 3.2 4.7 2.6 2.2",
"Physical inspection (per cent) 62 42 56 27 (higher is worse)",
"Source: Jean-François Arvis and others, The Cost of Being Landlocked (Washington, D.C., The World Bank, 2010).",
"43. The WTO negotiations on trade facilitation aim to expedite the movement, release and clearance of goods, including goods in transit, enhance technical assistance and support for capacity-building on trade facilitation. According to the April 2011 draft consolidated negotiating text of the WTO Negotiating Group on Trade Facilitation,[6] the negotiations seek to improve relevant aspects of article V on freedom of transit, article VIII on fees and formalities connected with importation and exportation, and article X on publication and administration of trade regulations of the GATT 1994 and aspects related to Special and Differential Treatment.",
"D. International support measures",
"44. Since the adoption of the Almaty Programme, flows of official development assistance from traditional donors have increased from about $12 billion in 2003 to $18.9 billion in 2007 and to $24.8 billion in 2009. This reflects an increase of more than 10 per cent annually since 2003. However, two countries dominate the receipts: Afghanistan and Ethiopia, which accounted for 24 per cent and 15 per cent of total receipts in 2009, respectively. Official development assistance remains the main source of external finance, accounting for 10 per cent or more of gross national income in 2009 in nine landlocked developing countries (see annex, table 2).",
"45. Official development assistance for transport, storage and communications increased from $775 million to $1.8 billion in the period 2003-2009, with the bulk (40 per cent) of aid going to Afghanistan, and three other countries.",
"46. Landlocked developing countries as a group experienced an aggregate decrease of 17 per cent in foreign direct investment inflows to $21.9 million in 2009 (see annex, table 7). Despite this contraction, their share of global foreign direct investment inflows increased to 2 per cent in 2009, from 1.5 per cent in 2008.[7] The geographic distribution of foreign direct investment remains uneven. Investment has been heavily concentrated in a few resource-rich countries. Kazakhstan alone accounted for 58 per cent of the total foreign direct investment flows to landlocked developing countries in 2009, while 15 African landlocked developing countries only received $4 billion.",
"47. Inward foreign direct investment is expected to further increase especially in resource-rich countries due to the rebound in commodity prices and improving economic and financial conditions. For example, foreign direct investment inflows to Kazakhstan in the first quarter of 2010 were 16 per cent higher than during the same period in 2009. Foreign direct investment inflows for Mongolia surpassed $1 billion in 2010, a 25 per cent increase as compared with 2009,[8] and foreign direct investment inflows also surpassed $1 billion in Zambia in 2010. Nevertheless, most landlocked developing countries perform poorly as foreign direct investment destinations, mainly because their economic performance continues to be hampered by inherent geographical disadvantages that are compounded by poor infrastructure, inefficient logistics systems and weak institutional capacities.",
"48. Landlocked developing countries as a group greatly improved their debt to the gross national income ratio and debt servicing ratio from 2003 to 2009 (see figure I below). However, both ratios increased in 2009. When compared with transit developing countries, landlocked developing countries still have a higher total debt and debt servicing ratio. The number of landlocked developing countries that used to have a total debt to the gross national income ratio of more than 100 in 2003 have been reduced from 6 to only 1 in 2009, and those that had a ratio of 74 to 100 in 2003 have been reduced from 11 to 2 in 2009 (see annex, table 3). The progress is partly due to the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative, which have supported 13 landlocked developing countries. It is important that similar forms of debt relief support are extended to the other landlocked developing countries that do not benefit from the initiatives.",
"Figure I",
"Landlocked developing countries and transit developing countries external debt and debt service",
"[]",
"Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2011 (Washington, D.C., 2011).",
"49. Slow progress has been made in the negotiations of the WTO Doha round of multilateral trading system. It is important for the international community to intensify efforts to conclude the trade negotiations with provisions that are consistent with the trade, development and financial needs of landlocked developing countries.",
"50. There has been some progress on preferential tariff schemes from developed economies that has benefited landlocked developing countries (see figure II below). Preferential tariffs provide a much-needed price advantage for the products of landlocked developing countries in the markets of developed countries. However, their utilization has often remained limited owing to lack of diversification, the application of burdensome and non-harmonized rules of origin, high transport costs and other supply side constraints.",
"Figure II",
"Average tariffs imposed by developed market economies on all product categories from landlocked developing countries",
"[]",
"Source: International Trade Centre database.",
"51. There has been a continued increase in aid for trade disbursements to landlocked developing countries, which increased from $4.7 billion in 2008 to $6 billion in 2009. Five landlocked developing countries (Afghanistan, Uganda, Ethiopia, Mali and Burkina Faso) are among the top 20 recipients of aid for trade in 2009. Globally, the bulk of the total aid for trade went into building productive capacity,[9] followed by investment into infrastructure development[10] and assistance towards capacity-building in developing trade strategies and negotiations, policy regulations and trade-related adjustment costs (see figure III).",
"Figure III",
"Use of total global aid for trade by category",
"[]",
"Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development-Development Assistance Committee database.",
"52. A number of other developing countries are becoming increasingly important sources of external financial support for the landlocked developing countries, particularly for the rehabilitation and development of critical infrastructure, such as roads and power. Transnational corporations from developing countries, in particular China, India and South Africa, were the main sources of foreign direct investment in the landlocked developing countries in 2009.",
"E. Implementation and review",
"53. The Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States was mandated to enhance its cooperation and coordination with the United Nations system and other stakeholders in order to ensure effective implementation of the Programme of Action. Implementation of the Programme has been undertaken at national, subregional, regional and global levels (see also sect. IV below).",
"54. On monitoring and review, Member States have prepared reports on the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action as contributions to the midterm review and as input for the preparation of the annual reports of the Secretary-General on the issue. At the global level, the landlocked developing countries meet annually for a ministerial conference in the margins of the sessions of the General Assembly.",
"55. At the regional level, the regional commissions have coordinated regional reviews. ESCAP, in collaboration with the Government of Mongolia, organized a high-level Asia-Pacific policy dialogue on the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action and other development gaps faced by the landlocked developing countries, which was held in April 2011 in Ulaanbaatar. The Committee on Trade, Regional Cooperation and Integration of the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), held its seventh session in June 2011, where it reviewed the progress that the region had made in implementing the outcomes of the midterm review meeting on the Almaty Programme of Action.",
"56. In paragraph 32 of its resolution 63/2, on the midterm review of the Programme of Action, the General Assembly is invited to consider, at the appropriate time, conducting a comprehensive review of the implementation of the Programme of Action. Since the end of the first 10 years of the Programme of Action is in 2013, preparatory work for the review needs to commence.",
"57. Further work is required to develop indicators that can be used to measure the progress achieved in implementing the Programme of Action through reduction of transport and other trade costs. There are currently different approaches being developed by different international organizations in measuring corridor monitoring indicators, for example the time-cost-distance model, the logistical costs and reliability methodology and time-cost methodology in the corridors. Harmonization of such indicators would allow for cross-country and cross-regional monitoring of trade corridors.",
"58. The recent global financial and economic crisis, changes in food and energy prices and the impact of climate change have revealed the social, economic and environmental vulnerability of landlocked developing countries. It is important therefore to undertake research on the vulnerability of landlocked developing countries to external shocks, through the development of a set of vulnerability indicators that can be used by the landlocked developing countries for early warning purposes.",
"IV. The actions taken by the United Nations system and other international and regional organizations in implementing the Almaty Programme of Action",
"59. The Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States continued to assist the landlocked developing countries through mobilization of international and United Nations system-wide support and awareness-raising. In order to strengthen the analytical and negotiation capabilities of landlocked developing countries, the Office supported an international think tank for landlocked developing countries in Ulaanbaatar and drafted, in cooperation with the Office of Legal Affairs, a multilateral agreement on the establishment of the think tank, which was endorsed at the Ministerial Meeting of Landlocked Developing Countries, held in New York in September 2010. The agreement is now open for signature by the landlocked developing countries at the United Nations. The Office continues to compile annual statistics with the latest available data on key economic, social and transport infrastructure indicators for landlocked developing countries. In cooperation with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the Office issued the World Statistics Pocketbook 2010: Landlocked Developing Countries.",
"60. ECA, the African Union Commission, the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States continued to cooperate towards the creation of an intergovernmental agreement to underpin the trans-African highway network by undertaking studies to help to develop the legal framework.",
"61. The regional commissions assisted Member States in the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action, through, inter alia, capacity-building programmes, advisory services, support towards transport infrastructure development and the promotion of legal instruments related to trade and transport facilitation. Substantive contributions include the ECA 2010 publication Assessing Regional Integration in Africa IV: Enhancing Intra-African Trade, which devoted a chapter to the development of trade transit corridors in Africa’s landlocked countries. The Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) will launch the Handbook of Best Practices at Borders in 2011, and ECA, the World Bank and the African Union Commission will publish a compendium of all legal instruments pertaining to transport and trade facilitation.",
"62. ECA organized workshops on trade facilitation and study tours in key transit ports for landlocked countries and supported the creation of the African Alliance for E-commerce, a framework for the exchange of trade facilitation information and experiences, sponsoring its first technical workshop and second General Assembly. Similarly, the United Nations network for experts for paperless trade in Asia and the Pacific, established by ESCAP and ECE as a community of knowledge and practice for experts from developing countries and transition economies from Asia and the Pacific, supported national, subregional and transcontinental single window and paperless trade initiatives.",
"63. ECE supported the development of transport infrastructure in the context of trans-European motorway and trans-European railway projects and together with ESCAP promoted harmonization of transport investments in the context of the Euro‑Asian transport linkages project. ESCAP also continued to work on fostering synergies among member States, international financing institutions and other stakeholders to explore financing opportunities in priority infrastructure projects along the Asian highway and trans-Asian railway. In October 2010, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) organized an international seminar on sustainable transport policies for countries in Latin America. ECLAC is currently analysing logistics costs and their impact on economic development in the Plurinational State of Bolivia. ECE administers 57 international agreements and conventions in the area of transport, providing the legal and technical framework for developing international road, rail, inland waterway and combined transport.",
"64. In the area of aid for trade, ECA, together with AfDB, WTO and ECOWAS, organized an aid for trade review for West African States. ECA also collaborated with Central African regional economic communities to organize a preparatory review workshop on aid for trade, which resulted in a road map to guide Central African member States and regional organizations in a donor round table geared towards mobilizing resources for priority transboundary infrastructure programmes.",
"65. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) completed aid for trade needs assessments in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan and initiated assessments in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. In March 2011, UNDP published the guide entitled How to Conduct Aid for Trade Needs Assessments in Transition Countries. UNDP also provided ongoing support to the Government of Mongolia in relation to start-up activities for the landlocked developing countries think tank.",
"66. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) dedicated a section to the analysis of recent trends in foreign direct investment in landlocked developing countries in its UNCTAD World Investment Report 2010 and provided capacity-building and technical assistance on trade and transport facilitation.",
"67. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), in cooperation with ECA, FAO, IFAD, AfDB and the African Union Commission, developed an agriculture, agribusiness and agro-industries development initiative, which focuses on the development of rural infrastructure, technology, land management and water technology systems and emphasizes the importance of increased private public sector investments and partnerships among farmers and agribusiness in a value-chain approach. UNIDO is also undertaking trade capacity-building at the regional and subregional levels.",
"68. The World Bank contributes to the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action through the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development-International Development Association, lending technical assistance and knowledge products. In 2010, loans in the amount of $988 million were extended to finance projects in landlocked developing or transit countries in the area of customs reforms, road or rail corridor and aviation projects, or projects addressing other specific capacity constraints related to landlocked situations. The Trade Facilitation Facility — a $40 million multi-donor trust fund created in 2009 — has been designed to build capacities to speed up the implementation of trade and transport facilitation projects and reforms in low-income countries, especially targeting the needs of landlocked developing countries. Ongoing projects include support for corridor countries in Africa and Asia. The World Bank has also implemented a series of knowledge products, including “The cost of being landlocked: supply chain reliability and logistics costs” and Connecting Landlocked Countries to Markets: Trade Corridors in the 21st Century.",
"69. The WTO secretariat, in cooperation with other international organizations, provides technical assistance to WTO members and observers, upon request, to assess their trade facilitation needs and priorities. As of October 2010, 19 landlocked developing countries had conducted such assessments.",
"70. The World Customs Organization continued its customs capacity-building activities, in particular through the organization’s Columbus programme, which aims at the full implementation of the Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade as well as other international best practices in the area of customs administration. World Customs Organization organized regional workshops and national workshops and missions in 2010, benefiting landlocked developing countries in Africa, Asia and Europe.",
"71. The International Trade Center developed and implemented trade promotion and capacity-building projects, such as national capacity-building in the implementation of the integrated framework in Chad, or the SADC supply chain and logistics programme in Malawi. Several multi-country programmes with a focus on one or more trade-related disciplines were implemented, for instance the programme “ACCESS for African Businesswomen in International Trade”, which addressed the particular constraints of African businesswomen by means of enhancing their access to a package of trade support services. Information and communications technology information on trade and export competitiveness was made available to all States Members of the United Nations.",
"72. In 2010, OSCE organized the eighteenth OSCE Economic and Environmental Forum on the theme “Promoting good governance at border crossings, improving the security of land transportation and facilitating international transport by road and rail in the OSCE region”. As a direct follow-up, and in order to raise awareness on the existing tools to fight corruption at border crossings and to offer the opportunity to identify concrete national follow-up activities, OSCE, in cooperation with the World Customs Organization and the OSCE Center in Astana, organized a regional seminar on promoting integrity in customs and border services. Additionally, the OSCE Border Management Staff College in Dushanbe continued to organize training events covering a wide range of issues related to border management.",
"73. The Afghan-transit project of the International Road Union, undertaken in the framework of the new Euro-Asian road transport initiative, aims at developing road transport haulage from Europe and China to Afghanistan by attracting international investments into ancillary infrastructures and through implementation of harmonized customs procedures. ECE and the Union cooperated to develop best practices applicable for the implementation of the Customs Convention on the International Transport of Goods Under Cover of TIR Carnets (TIR Convention) in the Central-Asian region and introduced them into an updated TIR handbook. The Union and UNCTAD signed a memorandum of understanding in April 2010 to upgrade the Automated System for Customs Data (ASYCUDA) World with the most updated information technology/TIR risk management tools, further to which the transit module of ASYCUDA World now incorporates the latest tools to facilitate and secure the implementation of the Convention.",
"74. The International Telecommunications Union adopted a programme focusing specifically on the priorities of landlocked developing countries, which entailed assisting countries, inter alia, in migrating from public switched telephone networks to Internet Protocol-based networks, in establishing multi-telecentres, and in introducing broadband technology. Other projects focused on promoting universal access to e-applications and services as well as implementation of e-commerce and e-government projects in many landlocked developing countries in order to enable them to use information and communications technology as a catalyst in trade.",
"75. The regional banks and regional economic communities in Asia, South America and Africa have taken leading roles in marshalling and supporting implementation of regional infrastructure programmes. ADB implemented various technical assistance and investment projects: under the CAREC programme, ADB has invested around $4 billion so far in the transport and trade facilitation sectors and about $1 billion in the energy sector. In Africa, the African Development Bank is leading resource mobilization and support to the Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa. In South America, the Inter American Development Bank, the World Bank and the Central American Bank for Economic Integration are supporting the Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America.",
"76. COMESA undertook studies, programmes and regional integration arrangements to assist its landlocked members in promoting regional communications and trade. For instance, an East Africa corridor diagnostic study for northern and central corridors was undertaken to assess the performance of the corridors in order to prepare an action plan for removal of identified transport logistics impediments. The transit data transfer module — a tool developed to facilitate the exchange of transit declarations and transit guarantee information between/among customs administrations — is being piloted at the Chirundu, Zambia, border post and at the Kasumalesa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, border post. The Regional Customs Transit Guarantee — an instrument that has been developed under the auspices of the Protocol on Transit Trade and Transit Facilities has been useful in furthering COMESA regional integration. A pilot test of the scheme was conducted in 2008 in northern corridor countries, and the positive results lead to the roll-out of the initiative in 2010 and 2011.",
"V. Conclusions and recommendations",
"77. Being landlocked imposes a major constraint to economic growth and the attainment of development objectives. The economies of landlocked developing countries remain fragile because of their vulnerability to external shocks, owing to limited export diversification, limited productive capacities, lack of export competitiveness and high transport and transit costs.",
"78. The international community should support the landlocked developing countries through increased, timely and sustainable financial support in order to help them to accelerate progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and strengthen their capacity for climate change mitigation and adaptation.",
"79. Landlocked developing countries and transit developing countries should strengthen effective cooperation through developing and harmonizing relevant policies and prioritizing resource allocations for the maintenance and rehabilitation of transit transport infrastructure. Initiatives that have proved successful, such as the one-stop border post, dry ports, the yellow card and use of information and communications technologies for customs clearance, should be replicated and fully funded.",
"80. Landlocked and transit developing countries are invited to ratify and effectively implement international conventions and agreements, and regional and subregional agreements on transport and trade facilitation.",
"81. The international community should increase financial support to transit transport infrastructure, energy and information and communications technology infrastructure and trade facilitation projects in landlocked and transit developing countries so as to enhance intraregional connectivity, complete missing links and ensure the proper functioning of strategic sea corridors.",
"82. There is a need to develop a networking mechanism aimed at promoting the exchange of experiences and dissemination of information to all relevant stakeholders.",
"83. The international community should further support landlocked developing countries in strengthening their analytical capacities to develop and implement coherent and comprehensive transport policies that support the transit corridors needed to facilitate trade and in sharpening their negotiation skills for effective participation in international trade.",
"84. The Economic Commission for Africa, the African Union Commission, the World Bank, the African Development Bank and the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States are encouraged to further their support efforts to elaborate and conclude an intergovernmental agreement on the trans-African highway.",
"85. International organizations and other research institutions should undertake research on the vulnerability of landlocked developing countries to external shocks and develop a set of vulnerability indicators that can be used for early warning purposes.",
"86. The World Trade Organization negotiations on trade facilitation are very important for landlocked developing countries in international trade. The international community should provide support to strengthen the negotiation capabilities of landlocked developing countries on trade facilitation.",
"87. Developed countries are invited to consider providing greater market access for goods originating from landlocked developing countries and improve the transfer of technologies to help to mitigate the high transaction costs stemming from their geographical disadvantages.",
"88. The international community should increase their support towards the Aid for Trade Initiative since it is providing crucial support to help landlocked developing countries in implementing international agreements, strategically strengthening their productive capacities, developing their infrastructure and enhancing competitiveness in the global markets.",
"89. The capital exporting countries are encouraged to adopt policies and incentives that encourage foreign direct investment flows to landlocked developing countries. Landlocked developing countries should promote an enabling environment to attract foreign direct investment and private sector involvement.",
"90. Donor countries and the international financial and development institutions are invited to make voluntary contributions to the trust fund established to facilitate the implementation of and follow-up to the International Ministerial Conference of Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries and Donor Countries and International Financial and Development Institutions on Transit Transport Cooperation, held in Almaty.",
"91. As called for by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/2, the Assembly should consider convening a comprehensive 10-year review of the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action.",
"Annex*",
"Table 1 Gross domestic product, 2000-2009",
"Gross domestic product\n Estimates at Per capita Average annual constant 2005 (current rate of growth prices United (percentage) (millions of States United States dollars) dollars)",
"Landlocked 2000 2008 2009 2009 2000-2003 2008 2009 developing countries",
"Afghanistan 2 733 9 037 11 075 457 25.9 2.3 22.5",
"Armenia 2 764 6 748 5 793 2 770 12.3 6.9 -14.2",
"Azerbaijan 7 040 24 664 26 949 4 871 10.5 10.8 9.3",
"Bhutan 559 1 076 1 144 1 783 7.6 5.0 6.3",
"Bolivia 8 201 11 107 11 480 1 758 2.3 6.1 3.4 (Plurinational State of)",
"Botswana 7 945 11 651 11 226 5 959 6.2 3.1 -3.7",
"Burkina Faso 3 999 6 199 6 398 517 6.6 4.5 3.2",
"Burundi 967 1 218 1 260 151 1.8 4.3 3.5",
"Central African 1 233 1 669 1 697 448 0.8 5.5 1.7 Republic",
"Chad 2 944 5 912 5 818 610 11.4 0.3 -1.6",
"Ethiopia 8 994 16 844 18 512 345 2.5 11.3 9.9",
"Kazakhstan 34 877 70 914 71 770 6 981 10.9 3.3 1.2",
"Kyrgyzstan 2 043 2 985 3 055 835 4.1 8.4 2.3",
"Lao People’s 2 016 3 781 4 065 884 5.8 7.8 7.5 Democratic Republic",
"Lesotho 1 162 1 505 1 527 780 3.2 4.4 1.4",
"Malawi 2 359 3 513 3 778 318 1.1 9.0 7.5",
"Mali 4 026 6 322 6 603 679 7.9 5.0 4.4",
"Mongolia 1 685 3 006 2 957 1 577 4.9 8.9 -1.6",
"Nepal 6 960 9 255 9 856 436 3.2 4.7 6.5",
"Niger 2 677 3 899 3 863 343 5.4 5.9 -0.9",
"Paraguay 6 587 8 811 8 410 2 314 1.9 5.8 -4.5",
"Republic of Moldova 2 122 3 478 3 252 1 500 6.9 7.8 -6.5",
"Rwanda 1 783 3 383 3 585 527 7.2 11.6 6.0",
"Swaziland 2 295 2 790 2 824 2 668 2.3 0.5 1.2",
"Tajikistan 1 457 2 864 2 962 716 10.5 7.9 3.4",
"The former Yugoslav 5 421 6 735 6 685 4 662 -0.3 5.0 -0.7 Republic of Macedonia",
"Turkmenistan 6 768 11 922 12 414 3 397 2.6 10.5 4.1",
"Uganda 7 296 12 680 13 576 523 5.7 9.2 7.1",
"Uzbekistan 10 490 17 638 18 873 1 199 4.4 9.0 7.0",
"Zambia 5 758 8 703 8 998 985 4.2 6.0 3.4",
"Zimbabwe 5 804 3 562 3 705 324 -5.8 -14.5 4.0",
"Landlocked 160 963 283 875 294 112 1 061 6.3 5.8 3.6 developing countries",
"Transit developing 4 937 668 8 433 8 793 2 808 5.0 6.1 4.3 countries 400 363",
"Source: United Nations Statistics Division; see http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/Introduction.asp. Accessed 24 March 2011.",
"* For the list of transit developing countries and the composition of developed and developing regions as used in the tables, see www.ohrlls.org/en/orphan/349/.",
"Table 2 Official development assistance receipts and donor assistance for transport, storage and communications",
"Official Donor assistance Aid for trade development for transport, disbursements assistance/ storage and (millions of gross national communications United States income (millions of dollars, (percentage) United States constant dollars, current prices)^(c) prices)^(b)",
"Net official development assistance receipts (millions of United States dollars, current prices)^(a)",
"Landlocked developing 2005 2008 2009 2009 2003 2009 2007 2009 countries",
"Afghanistan 2 818 4 865 6 070 .. 94 764 984 1 711",
"Armenia 170 303 528 5.9 14 27 85 234",
"Azerbaijan 217 235 232 0.6 3 21 87 118",
"Bhutan 90 87 125 9.5 11 16 29 40",
"Bolivia (Plurinational State 643 628 726 4.4 27 75 136 221 of)",
"Botswana 48 720 280 2.4 0 13 15 22",
"Burkina Faso 693 1 001 1 084 13.5 46 57 283 226",
"Burundi 364 509 549 41.2 3 48 102 88",
"Central African Republic 89 256 237 11.9 3 15 30 26",
"Chad 380 419 561 9.2 29 45 32 77",
"Ethiopia 1 927 3 328 3 820 13.4 125 256 502 1 117",
"Kazakhstan 228 333 298 0.3 59 5 108 88",
"Kyrgyzstan 268 360 315 7.1 9 7 54 58",
"Lao People’s Democratic 302 496 420 7.2 55 27 138 106 Republic",
"Lesotho 67 144 123 5.8 18 6 18 10",
"Malawi 573 924 772 17.5 32 24 43 28",
"Mali 704 964 985 11.0 50 45 117 120",
"Mongolia 215 246 372 9.4 33 35 317 262",
"Nepal 424 697 855 6.7 40 51 44 53",
"Niger 520 607 470 8.9 22 39 65 123",
"Paraguay 51 134 148 1.0 2 24 117 174",
"Republic of Moldova 169 298 245 4.2 1 22 101 86",
"Rwanda 577 933 934 18.7 9 29 26 83",
"Swaziland 47 70 58 2.1 2 0 93 158",
"Tajikistan 251 291 409 8.3 0 21 10 12",
"The former Yugoslav Republic 227 205 193 2.2 0 1 46 75 of Macedonia",
"Turkmenistan 30 18 40 0.2 0 1 1 3",
"Uganda 1 192 1 641 1 786 11.6 31 108 426 457",
"Uzbekistan 170 187 190 0.6 1 43 26 71",
"Zambia 1 172 1 116 1 269 11.1 55 36 108 129",
"Zimbabwe 373 612 737 .. 1 0 19 50",
"Landlocked developing 14 999 22 624 24 831 .. 775 1 862 4 159 6 021 countries",
"Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Development Cooperation Directorate, Development Cooperation Report 2011. OECD “Aid for trade at a glance: Showing results” (COM/DCD/TAD(2011)3/ANN, June 2011).",
"^(a) Comprises net official development assistance flows from Development Assistance Committee countries, multilateral organizations and non-Development Assistance Committee countries.",
"^(b) OECD Development Assistance Committee and multilateral organization donors.",
"^(c) Excludes multi-country programmes and activities.",
"Table 3 External debt, debt service and debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative",
"Total Total debt Total debt external debt service, relief (percentage percentage (millions of of goods and of gross services and United national income States income) abroad dollars)",
"Landlocked developing 2003 2008 2009 2003 2008 2009 Heavily Multilateral countries Indebted Debt Relief Poor Initiative Countries",
"Afghanistan .. 20 .. .. 0.2 0.4 654 20",
"Armenia 64 28 55 10.8 13.3 20.9 .. ..",
"Azerbaijan 25 12 12 6.7 0.9 1.7 .. ..",
"Bhutan 82 57 58 5.1 21.3 11.4 .. ..",
"Bolivia (Plurinational 75 34 35 21.3 13.0 14.4 1 967 1 953 State of)",
"Botswana 7 3 14 1.2 1.1 1.2 .. ..",
"Burkina Faso 41 21 23 .. .. .. 812 764",
"Burundi 230 24 39 63.5 13.3 .. 1 009 58",
"Central African 92 49 20 .. .. .. 675 435 Republic",
"Chad 67 26 29 6.0 3.2 2.8 241 ..",
"Ethiopia 86 11 18 7.2 3.1 3.1 2735 1 862",
"Kazakhstan 78 94 113 34.9 42.0 80.2 .. ..",
"Kyrgyzstan 109 49 66 21.6 11.8 14.0 .. ..",
"Lao People’s 114 94 96 21.8 .. .. .. .. Democratic Republic",
"Lesotho 56 34 33 8.1 2.5 3.0 .. ..",
"Malawi 130 59 60 .. .. .. 1 379 898",
"Mali 74 24 30 6.5 2.6 .. 792 1 308",
"Mongolia 103 36 56 33.9 2.7 4.8 .. 651",
"Nepal 50 29 29 10.1 8.3 10.4 .. ..",
"Niger 78 17 19 8.6 2.5 4.5 947 283",
"Paraguay 58 25 30 12.3 5.0 6.1 .. ..",
"Republic of Moldova 88 52 60 11.4 14.8 14.9 .. ..",
"Rwanda 88 15 15 15.1 3.6 4.7 956 234",
"Swaziland 21 13 15 1.3 .. 2.1 .. ..",
"Tajikistan 79 46 51 8.3 7.1 38.4 .. ..",
"The former Yugoslav 41 50 62 13.5 9.1 14.8 .. .. Republic of Macedonia",
"Turkmenistan 30 4 3 .. .. .. .. ..",
"Uganda 79 16 16 9.8 2.1 2.0 1 509 2245",
"Uzbekistan 49 14 12 .. .. .. .. ..",
"Zambia 161 22 27 43.5 3.1 3.8 3 697 1962",
"Zimbabwe 62 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
"Landlocked developing 66 43 48 22.8 21.9 37.1 11 709 12 673 countries",
"Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2011.",
"Table 4 International merchandise trade, exports and imports, and international freight charges",
"Merchandise Balance of Transport (millions of payments equipment United States freight as dollars)\n Total exports Total percentage Percentage imports of trade^(a) of total imports",
"Landlocked 2003 2008 2009 2003 2008 2009 2009 2003 2008 2009 developing countries",
"Afghanistan .. 540 403 .. 3 020 3 336 .. .. 16 16",
"Armenia 670 1 055 684 1 237 4 101 3 175 9.5 4 7 4",
"Azerbaijan 2 592 47 756 14 689 2 626 7 162 6 119 3.2 13 17 13",
"Bhutan .. 521 496 .. 543 529 .. .. 9 10",
"Bolivia 1 651 6 899 5 297 1 684 5 006 4 409 2.7 10 14 13 (Plurinational State of)",
"Botswana 3 802 4 951 3 456 3 964 5 211 4 728 5.5 13 11 13",
"Burkina Faso 314 .. 796 786 .. 1 870 9.7 11 .. 8",
"Burundi 66 142 113 145 315 345 18.5 15 12 11",
"Central African 66 114 81 100 185 212 .. 9 9 7 Republic",
"Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
"Ethiopia 513 1 602 1 618 2 686 8 680 7 974 9.5 10 6 7",
"Kazakhstan 12 916 71 172 43 196 8 402 37 815 28 409 4.4 15 12 10",
"Kyrgyzstan 582 1 618 1 178 717 4 072 2 974 3.6 7 15 9",
"Lesotho 479 .. .. 1 115 .. .. 2.7 5 .. ..",
"Malawi 502 879 1 188 785 2 204 2 022 .. 12 16 10",
"Mali 1 007 1 918 .. 1 271 3 339 .. 11.9 11 7 ..",
"Mongolia 616 .. .. 801 .. .. 5.3 11 .. ..",
"Nepal 653 .. 886 1 802 .. 3 754 .. 6 .. 8",
"Niger 259 503 .. 566 1 247 .. 16.5 7 6 ..",
"Paraguay 1 306 4 463 3 167 1 921 9 033 6 940 2.4 6 11 9",
"Republic of 790 1 591 1 288 1 402 4 899 3 278 7.1 5 8 5 Moldova",
"Rwanda 51 250 261 262 1 036 1 112 21.4 12 7 6",
"Swaziland 1 655 .. .. 1 457 .. .. 0.6 8 .. ..",
"Tajikistan .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.8 .. .. ..",
"The former 1 367 .. 2 692 2 306 6 852 5 043 4.9 5 7 7 Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia",
"Uganda 532 1 724 1 568 1 375 4 526 4 247 11.6 9 8 9",
"Uzbekistan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..",
"Zambia 980 5 099 4 312 1 574 5 060 3 793 5.5 8 10 8",
"Zimbabwe .. 1 694 2 269 .. 2 832 3 527 .. .. 16 15",
"Landlocked 33 368 154 89 635 38 984 117 97 796 5.2 10 11 10 developing 492 139 countries",
"Transit 933 854 2 647 2 173 883 065 2 495 2 057 3.6 6 6 6 developing 218 467 852 021 countries",
"Source: http://comtrade.un.org; www.infstatistics.org/bop.",
"^(a) Freight charges in the balance of payments comprise all import and export freight charges paid to enterprises abroad or received by national enterprises from abroad divided by the total value of imports and exports multiplied by 100. Payments between domestic enterprises for freight are not included.",
"Table 5 Selected transport indicators",
"Roads Railways Waterways Pipelines Air transport departures (thousands)",
"Kilometres Percentage Kilometres Kilometres Kilometres paved",
"Landlocked developing 2000/2008 2000/2008 2000/2009 2007/2011 2006 2000 2009 countries",
"Afghanistan 42 150 29 .. 1 200 466 3.4 ..",
"Armenia 7 515 90 845 .. 2 233 4 7.6",
"Azerbaijan 59 141 49 2 099 .. 4 785 4.4 10.3",
"Bhutan 8 050 62 .. .. .. 1.1 2.7",
"Bolivia 62 479 7 2 866 10 000 8 994 21.6 19",
"Botswana 25 798 33 888 .. .. 6.7 6.1",
"Burkina Faso 92 495 4 622 .. .. 3.4 1.4",
"Burundi 12 322 10 .. Lake .. .. .. Tanganyika",
"Central African 24 307 .. .. 2 800 .. 1.5 .. Republic",
"Chad 40 000 1 .. seasonal 250 1.5 ..",
"Ethiopia 42 429 13 .. .. .. 26.6 44.2",
"Kazakhstan 93 123 90 14 205 4 000 24 740 8.0 18.8",
"Kyrgyzstan 34 000 91 417 600 270 6.1 5.5",
"Lao People’s 29 811 13 .. 4 600 540 6.4 9.8 Democratic Republic",
"Lesotho 5 940 18 .. .. .. .. ..",
"Malawi 15 451 45 797 700 .. 4.8 4.4",
"Mali 18 709 18 734 1 800 .. 1.5 ..",
"Mongolia 49 250 4 1 810 580 .. 6.2 4.8 (seasonal)",
"Nepal 17 280 57 59 .. .. 12.1 6.8",
"Niger 18 951 21 .. 300 .. 1.5 .. (seasonal)",
"Paraguay 29 500 51 36^(a) 3 100 .. 7.6 9.8",
"Republic of Moldova 12 755 86 1 156 424 1 906 3.7 5",
"Rwanda 14 008 19 .. Lac Kivu .. .. .. (shallow)",
"Swaziland 3 594 30 300 .. .. 2.6 ..",
"Tajikistan 27 767 .. 616 200 587 4.0 9.8",
"The former Yugoslav 13 840 .. 699 .. 388 8.0 1.4 Republic of Macedonia",
"Turkmenistan 24 000 81 3 181 1 300 7 864 21.9 15.3",
"Uganda 70 746 23 261 lakes .. 0.3 0.4",
"Uzbekistan 81 600 87 4 230 1 100 10 574 30.1 23.2",
"Zambia 66 781 22 1 273 2 250 771 6.1 ..",
"Zimbabwe 97 267 19 2 583 Lake Kariba 270 13.6 5.9",
"Landlocked developing 1 141 059 36 34 192 63 002 221.6 212.2 countries",
"Source: World Development Indicators 2011 World Bank and United States Central Intelligence Agency The World Factbook.",
"Table 6 Selected telecommunication indicators",
"Telephone Internet lines and users per cellular 100 subscribers population per 100 population",
"Main Cellular lines",
"Landlocked developing 2000 2009 2000 2009 2009 countries",
"Afghanistan 0.1 0.5 0.0 42.6 3.6",
"Armenia 17.3 20.4 0.6 85.0 6.8",
"Azerbaijan 9.9 15.9 5.2 87.8 27.4",
"Bhutan 2.5 3.8 0.0 48.6 7.2",
"Bolivia (Plurinational 6.1 8.2 7.0 72.5 11.2 State of)",
"Botswana 7.9 7.0 12.9 96.1 6.2",
"Burkina Faso 0.5 1.0 0.2 24.3 1.1",
"Burundi 0.3 0.4 0.3 10.1 1.9",
"Central African 0.3 0.3 0.1 13.6 0.5 Republic",
"Chad 0.1 0.5 0.1 20.4 1.5",
"Ethiopia 0.4 1.1 0.0 4.9 0.5",
"Kazakhstan 12.3 24.7 1.3 109.1 18.2",
"Kyrgyzstan 7.6 9.1 0.2 81.8 40.0",
"Lao People’s Democratic 0.8 1.6 0.2 51.2 6.0 Republic",
"Lesotho 1.2 1.9 1.1 32.0 3.7",
"Malawi 0.4 1.1 0.4 15.7 4.7",
"Mali 0.4 0.7 0.1 34.2 1.9",
"Mongolia 4.9 7.1 6.5 84.2 3.6",
"Nepal 1.1 2.8 0.0 19.1 2.0",
"Niger 0.2 0.4 0.0 17.0 0.8",
"Paraguay 5.3 6.1 15.3 88.5 17.4",
"Republic of Moldova 14.2 31.6 3.4 77.3 37.0",
"Rwanda 0.2 0.3 0.5 24.3 4.5",
"Swaziland 3.0 3.7 3.1 55.4 7.6",
"Tajikistan 3.5 4.2 0.0 70.5 10.1",
"The former Yugoslav 25.2 21.4 5.8 95.1 51.8 Republic of Macedonia",
"Turkmenistan 8.1 9.4 0.2 29.4 1.6",
"Uganda 0.3 0.7 0.5 28.7 9.8",
"Uzbekistan 6.7 6.8 0.2 59.7 17.1",
"Zambia 0.8 0.7 0.9 34.1 6.3",
"Zimbabwe 2.0 3.1 2.1 23.9 11.4",
"Landlocked developing 2.8 3.9 1.1 34.7 7.1 countries",
"Developing regions 8.0 12.2 5.5 58.3 18.1",
"Source: International Telecommunication Union; see www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/.",
"Table 7 Foreign direct investment net inflows",
"(millions of United States dollars)",
"Foreign direct investment net inflows",
"Landlocked developing countries 2000 2008 2009",
"Afghanistan 0 300 185",
"Armenia 104 1 132 838",
"Azerbaijan 130 14 473",
"Bhutan 0 30 36",
"Bolivia (Plurinational State 736 513 423 of)",
"Botswana 57 521 234",
"Burkina Faso 23 137 171",
"Burundi 12 14 10",
"Central African Republic 1 117 42",
"Chad 115 234 462",
"Ethiopia 135 109 94",
"Kazakhstan 1 284 15 775 12 649",
"Kyrgyzstan (2) 265 60",
"Lao People’s Democratic 34 228 157 Republic",
"Lesotho 32 56 48",
"Malawi 40 170 60",
"Mali 82 180 109",
"Mongolia 54 683 437",
"Nepal (0) 1 39",
"Niger 8 566 739",
"Paraguay 100 109 184",
"Republic of Moldova 128 708 86",
"Rwanda 8 103 119",
"Swaziland 106 106 66",
"Tajikistan 24 376 8",
"The former Yugoslav Republic of 215 587 248 Macedonia",
"Turkmenistan 131 820 1 355",
"Uganda 181 787 799",
"Uzbekistan 75 711 750",
"Zambia 122 939 959",
"Zimbabwe 23 52 60",
"Landlocked developing countries 3 956 26 340 21 900",
"Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development see unctadstat.unctad.org.",
"Table 8 Selected Millennium Development Goals indicators",
"Extreme Population Primary net Gender Maternal Forest cover poverty: undernourished enrolment parity mortality (percentage population (percentage) ratio index ratio (per of land area) under $1.25 100 000 per person/day live (percentage) births)\n Landlocked 2003/2008 2005/2007 2009^(a) 2009 2008 2000 2010 developing countries",
"Afghanistan .. .. .. 0.67 1400 2 2",
"Armenia 1.3 22 93 1.03 29 11 9",
"Azerbaijan 0 11 86 0.99 38 11 11",
"Bhutan 26.2 .. 88 1.01 200 67 69",
"Bolivia 14 27 95 0.99 180 55 53 (Plurinational State of)",
"Botswana .. 25 87 0.97 190 22 20",
"Burkina Faso 56.5 9 64 0.89 560 30 21",
"Burundi 81.3 62 99 0.97 970 8 7",
"Central African 62.8 40 69 0.71 850 37 36 Republic",
"Chad 61.9 37 .. 0.70 1200 10 9",
"Ethiopia 39 41 84 0.91 470 13 11",
"Kazakhstan 0.2 8 100 1.00 45 1 1",
"Kyrgyzstan 1.9 10 91 1.00 81 5 5",
"Lao People’s 33.9 23 82 0.91 580 72 68 Democratic Republic",
"Lesotho 43.4 14 73 1.00 530 0.2 1",
"Malawi 73.9 28 91 1.03 510 38 34",
"Mali 51.4 12 80 0.84 830 11 10",
"Mongolia 22.4 26 100 0.99 65 7 7",
"Nepal 55.1 16 .. .. 380 27 25",
"Niger 65.9 20 59 0.80 820 1 1",
"Paraguay 5.1 11 86 0.97 95 49 44",
"Republic of Moldova 1.9 .. 90 0.98 32 10 12",
"Rwanda 76.8 34 96 1.01 540 14 18",
"Swaziland .. 18 83 0.93 420 30 33",
"Tajikistan 21.5 30 98 .. 64 3 3",
"The former Yugoslav 0.3 .. 93 1.01 9 36 39 Republic of Macedonia",
"Turkmenistan .. 6 .. .. 77 9 9",
"Uganda 28.7 21 92 1.01 430 21 15",
"Uzbekistan 46.3 11 90 0.98 30 8 8",
"Zambia 64.3 43 92 0.99 470 60 67",
"Zimbabwe .. 30 .. .. 790 49 40",
"Landlocked 81 0.92 … 18 17 developing countries",
"Sources: World Bank World Development Indicators 2011; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations The State of Food Insecurity in the World; United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization see http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/ReportFolders/ReportFolders.aspx; United Nations The Millennium Development Goal Report 2010 and FAO State of the World’s Forests 2011.",
"^(a) In some cases data from 2007 or 2008 may be shown where 2009 estimates are not available.",
"[1] Under the auspices of the Economic Commission for Europe, there are 57 international conventions, agreements and protocols that provide frameworks for harmonization and simplification of the formalities and procedures of international transport and transit.",
"[2] Ken Gwilliam and others, The Burden of Maintenance: Roads in Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, D.C., The World Bank, 2008).",
"[3] Latin American and Caribbean Economic System, Physical Infrastructure for Integration in Latin America and the Caribbean (2011).",
"[4] Jean-François Arvis and others, Connecting Landlocked Developing Countries to Markets: Trade Corridors in the 21st Century (World Bank, 2011).",
"[5] ECA, “Progress in intra-African trade” (Addis Ababa, 2011).",
"[6] See http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/chair_texts11_e/chair_texts11_e.htm.",
"[7] World Investment Report 2010: Investing in a Low-Carbon Economy (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.II.D.2).",
"[8] Input provided by the Government of Mongolia.",
"[9] For example, business development, assistance to banking and financial services, agriculture, forestry, fishing, industry, mineral resources and mining and tourism.",
"[10] Building of physical infrastructure such as roads, railways, ports and telecommunication."
] | A_66_205 | [
"4",
"Sixty-sixth session",
"* A/66/150.",
"Item 22 (b) of the provisional agenda*",
"Groups of countries in special situations: Specific actions related to the particular needs and problems of landlocked developing countries: outcome of the International Ministerial Conference of Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries and Donor Countries and International Financial and Development Institutions on Transit Transport Cooperation",
"Implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action: Addressing the Special Needs of Landlocked Developing Countries within a New Global Framework for Transit Transport Cooperation for Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries",
"Report of the Secretary-General",
"Summary",
"The present report is submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/172, which requests the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session an analytical report on the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action: Addressing the Special Needs of Landlocked Developing Countries within a new global framework for transit transport cooperation for landlocked and transit developing countries and the implementation of the Almaty Declaration on the Mid-term Review. The present report contains up-to-date data on progress made in the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action by landlocked developing countries and their development partners, and describes initiatives taken by the United Nations system and other international organizations. The report sets out the main problems encountered and makes recommendations for accelerating the implementation of the Programme.",
"I. Introduction",
"1. The Almaty Programme of Action: Addressing the Special Needs of Landlocked Developing Countries within a New Global Framework for Transit Transport Cooperation for Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries was adopted in 2003 as the United Nations response to the growing recognition by the international community of the special development needs and challenges facing the 31 landlocked developing countries. The lack of territorial access to the sea and its remoteness and isolation from world markets hamper the efforts of developing countries to generate and sustain economic growth and achieve the Millennium Development Goals.",
"II. Overview of the economic and social conditions of landlocked developing countries",
"2. Landlocked developing countries as a group experienced a decline in economic growth from 5.8 per cent in 2008 to 3.6 per cent in 2009 (see annex, table 1) owing to the global financial and economic crisis. According to the report of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat Situation and Perspectives for the Global Economy 2011, the group ' s economic growth in 2010 was estimated to be approximately 5.8 per cent, indicating that the economies of landlocked developing countries are on track to recover.",
"3. Having experienced high inflation rates in 2008, inflation declined in 2009 in most landlocked developing countries owing to lower domestic demand and lower commodity prices, especially energy and food. In 2010, inflation rates remained at low levels or decreased in most landlocked developing countries in Africa and South Asia.",
"4. In 2009, exports and imports fell in all landlocked developing countries due to the global financial and economic crisis. Landlocked developing countries as a group suffered a reduction in foreign direct investment flows in 2009. Net transfers of official development assistance flows from traditional donors to landlocked developing countries remained positive, increasing from US$ 22.6 billion. in 2008 to $24.8 billion in 2009. External debt as a percentage of gross national income increased from 43 per cent in 2008 to 48 per cent in 2009.",
"5. Remittances decreased in 2009. Remittances are an important source of capital in some landlocked countries, in particular Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Nepal and Tajikistan, accounting for more than 20 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP).",
"6. Prior to the financial and economic crisis, landlocked developing countries had made progress on some aspects of social development: half of the 25 landlocked developing countries with data had reduced the number of people living in extreme poverty by more than 20 per cent in the period 2002-2008 (see annex, table 8). The crisis led to an increase in the number of people living in extreme poverty as it resulted in the loss of employment and income, especially in major export industries. Youth unemployment is also a serious problem in landlocked developing countries. It is important that these adopt policies to promote employment generation and allocate sufficient resources to the establishment of effective social protection systems.",
"7. The percentage of people starving in landlocked developing countries remains relatively high: in half of them more than 20 per cent of the population suffered from malnutrition during the period 2005-2007. The geography of landlocked developing countries makes them more vulnerable to rising food prices due to high transport costs. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in March 2011, of the 29 countries in need of external assistance due to serious problems related to food insecurity, 12 were landlocked developing countries.",
"8. Half of the landlocked developing countries experienced deforestation between 2000 and 2010 and five of them suffered a reduction in forest cover of more than 15 per cent. Climate change remains a serious challenge and has exacerbated deforestation, desertification and biodiversity loss, and has had a negative impact on transport infrastructure. Landlocked developing countries are also vulnerable to natural disasters. For example, Mongolia ' s economy was affected by zud (raw winter) during 2009-2010, resulting in the loss of more than 10 million domestic animals; and in 2010 some countries in the Sahel region, including Mali, Burkina Faso, Chad, Niger and Ethiopia, were affected by drought.",
"9. In general, eight years after the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action, landlocked developing countries have made some progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals, especially with regard to enrolment in primary education, gender equality in primary education and the proportion of seats occupied by women in national parliaments; however, the achievement of food security, poverty eradication and the reduction of maternal and social mortality remain significant. Differences from rural or urban location, income and gender also need to be eliminated. The global financial and economic crisis produced serious setbacks. It is essential to strengthen international support for landlocked developing countries through official development assistance to facilitate increased efforts to achieve the Goals.",
"10. Landlocked developing countries continue to face constraints on international trade owing to lack of access to the sea and remoteness of major markets, insufficient transit services, customs procedures and cross-border cumbersomes, costly banking transactions and other services and fatty operations. These limitations result in transportation costs and high commercial transactions.",
"11. In order to determine the extent to which landlocked developing countries are affected by transport and trade transaction costs, the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States attempted to estimate these costs on the basis of information on the balance of payments of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The Office calculated the total cost of freight in the balance of payments (including all freight costs of imports and exports paid to foreign companies or received by national companies from abroad) as a coefficient between the total value of imports and exports (see annex, table 4). The data show that landlocked developing countries are actually facing high costs as the ratio between freight costs and the total value of exports and imports in 2009 was high, especially for the landlocked countries in Africa, where in one country it reached 21.4%. Landlocked developing countries as a group have a higher share of freight costs compared to the total value of exports and imports, 45 per cent more than the ratio of transit developing countries as a group. This clearly shows that landlocked developing countries face higher trade and transport costs, and these resources could be invested in strengthening their productive capacities.",
"12. These data are supported by the information contained in the World Bank's Doing Business 2011 report (which classifies countries for ease of business). The report indicates that, with the exception of the 10 countries that occupy a place below 100th in the classification (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Botswana, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Republic of Moldova, Rwanda and Zambia), 20 of the landlocked developing countries are among the 104th and 183th locations in the world ' s 183 countries, in part due to high import and export costs.",
"III. Priorities",
"A. Key transit policy issues",
"13. Some international conventions and agreements[1] provide the frameworks for the harmonization and simplification of transit procedures and procedures, and their effective implementation can significantly contribute to sea access for landlocked developing countries. Ratification of conventions has been slow (see table 1 below). Since the midterm review of the Almaty Programme, very few landlocked developing countries (Kazakhstan, Burkina Faso, the Republic of Moldova and the Lao People ' s Democratic Republic) have ratified and acceded to international transport agreements.",
"Table 1",
"Status of accession by landlocked developing countries to United Nations transport conventions^(a)",
"Convention Number of land-based developing countries that are a party to contravention (of a total of 31) Convention on the Road Traffic of 1968 13 Convention on Road Signaling of 1968 8 International Customs Convention on the International Transport of Goods to Amparode TIR Notebooks of 1975 11 Customs Convention on the Temporary Import of Commercial Road Transport Vehicles of 1956 5 Customs Convention on Containers of 1972 6 International Convention on the Harmonization of Goods Controls in the Borders of 1982",
"Source: www.unece.org/trans/conventn/legalinst.html.",
"^(a) In its resolution 48/11 of 1992, the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific recommended that the countries of the region accede to the seven conventions set out in the table.",
"14. At the regional and subregional levels, significant progress has been made in developing agreements whereby landlocked developing countries and their neighbouring countries seek to harmonize transport and transit policies, laws, procedures and practices with transit countries. Asia has made considerable progress in formulating and implementing the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Road Network and the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Trans-Asian Railway Network. A number of regional and subregional agreements have been concluded in Asia.",
"15. In Africa, progress has been made in developing a framework for harmonizing norms and standards on the trans-African road network at the regional level. At the subregional level, member States of the regional economic communities have entered into various agreements that encourage solidarity policies for transport, transit and trade. Communities have also made progress in harmonizing standards and policies through the adoption of common provisions. Thus, the tripartite task force established between the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the East African Community (CAO) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) has contributed to the harmonization of its transport, energy, information and communications technology and water policies and standards and the development of physical infrastructure. In West Africa, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the West African Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) are also harmonizing their transit facilitation programmes.",
"16. In South America, landlocked developing countries are part of the Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR) and the Andean Community, and of their related transit and trade transport agreements.",
"17. While some progress has been made in establishing regional and subregional agreements that could serve as a basis for simplification and harmonization of procedures and procedures, many agreements are not fully implemented. Its effective implementation is important for landlocked developing countries, which would benefit from better transit measures.",
"18. At the national level, some landlocked developing countries have strengthened their national policies to promote trade and transport facilitation, development and maintenance of infrastructure. They have also taken initiatives to strengthen and establish institutional mechanisms to coordinate work on facilitation of national transit transport. For example, member countries of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Greater Mekong subregion have established national trade and transport facilitation bodies as part of their obligations under regional arrangements or independently. These bodies have encouraged effective coordination and cooperation among all relevant international trade and transport facilitation agencies. Some challenges to their effective functioning are scarce financial resources, inadequate recognition of their roles and functions, and inadequate representation of key stakeholders.",
"19. Continuing progress is being made in rationalizing administrative procedures and simplifying border control procedures. Single-stop border controls have been established at several border posts adjacent to the transport corridors in the COMESA, CAO and more recently ECOWAS subregions. The first single-stop border post on the Zambia- Zimbabwe border in December 2009 helped simplify border controls and procedures and reduce time on the commercial truck frontier from 5 days to less than 24 hours.",
"20. In South America, MERCOSUR countries that are party to the Recife Agreement on Integrated Control agreed to apply such control at 16 border posts. Paraguay has established integrated control at its border with Brazil, while at the border post with the Plurinational State of Bolivia such control is in the process of being established.",
"21. In South-East Asia, the Agreement on Transboundary Transports in the Mekong Basin includes the creation of single window and stop inspection posts with a view to ensuring the greatest possible efficiency on the border. Joint processing initiatives are also part of the multi-donor programme for Regional Economic Cooperation for Central Asia (CAREC) administered by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Single-stop border posts have brought benefits to landlocked developing countries and are an effective initiative that should be replicated.",
"22. In Africa, the COMESA subregion has established a yellow card regime, which is a valid automotive insurance system in all member countries and which also facilitates the cross-border movement of vehicles among COMESA member countries. The card has made it possible to reduce the delays on the border since transporters and motorists do not have to purchase insurance coverage at each border post.",
"B. Infrastructure development and maintenance",
"23. Roads are the main mode of transport for most landlocked developing countries, especially in Africa, where they are used for 90 per cent of trade among African countries. However, the percentage of paved roads remains low, with only 9 landlocked developing countries having 50 per cent of their paved roads, while 8 countries have between 20 and 49 per cent (see annex, table 5). At the national level, some countries have established independent sources of road maintenance financing based on toll charges for road users, fuel taxes or budget allocations. A total of 27 African countries have established road funds. In some landlocked developing countries in other regions there are road funds that enable the maintenance of these. For example, the Republic of Moldova recently introduced amendments to its Roads Fund Act of February 1996 with a view to increasing financing for the maintenance or recovery of roads.",
"24. Some countries have established road management agencies, independent of the relevant ministries, whose primary responsibility is the outsourcing of public works. According to a World Bank study, countries with a road and higher fuel tax fund allocated a higher proportion of their costs to maintenance and had reduced the volatility of sector expenditure in relation to traditional budget allocations[2].",
"25. At the regional level, progress has been made in Asia through the improvement of 22,263 kilometres (15.8 per cent) of the Asia Road Network, including: (a) the reconstruction of the Baku-Alat-Kazak-Red Bridge (AH5) and Baku-Guba-Samur and Alat-Astara (AH8), both in Azerbaijan; (b) the construction of the AHván According to the estimates of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) and the member States in 2006, a consolidated list of 121 priority investment projects in 25 member States indicated that an investment of $25 billion was being invested or committed for the improvement of several roads in Asia and that there had been a deficit of $18 billion in the funds needed for the modernization and improvement of approximately 26,000 kilometres of roads in Asia.",
"26. The Regional Infrastructure Integration Initiative of South America has coordinated the development of transport, energy and telecommunications infrastructure in the region. The Initiative is in the process of implementing 524 projects requiring total investments of $54,610 million.[3] By mid-2010, the Initiative had implemented 44 per cent of its infrastructure projects.",
"27. The African Union launched the Infrastructure Development Programme in Africa in 2010, which aims to consolidate several regional and continental infrastructure initiatives on rail and road transport, information and communications technology and energy, and is led by the African Development Bank (ADB). The main objective of the Programme is to coordinate initiatives and the use of resources for infrastructure development. The trans-African road, which plays a key role in sustaining the economies of the landlocked countries in Africa, should still complete the missing connections and requiring considerable resources. Major road network improvement projects are being implemented in several countries and in different regional economic communities in Africa.",
"28. While some progress has been made in the development and maintenance of road infrastructure, the remaining challenges include insufficient resources for road funds, overloading of vehicles and resource deficits for road infrastructure development.",
"29. Railroads continue to be a form of underutilization by landlocked developing countries, and only 9 of these countries have more than 1,000 kilometres of railroads for cargo service. Of the 114,000 kilometres of the total area of the trans-Asian railway network, about 8,000 kilometres (7 per cent) lack the necessary connections. Some progress has been made in planning and building the necessary connections in Azerbaijan, Mongolia, the Lao People ' s Democratic Republic and Uzbekistan.",
"30. In Africa, the 74,775-kilometre rail network has a very low density that is concentrated mainly in North and Southern Africa. According to a study on infrastructure development developed by the New Partnership for Africa ' s Development and the African Union in 2006 there were 26,362 kilometres of connections. Not much progress has been made in this subsector, although some railway projects are likely to be reactive in West, Central, Eastern and Southern Africa.",
"31. In South America, progress has been made towards ferroviary integration. In May 2010, Brazil and Paraguay formalized a project funded by the National Bank for Economic and Social Development of Brazil, in order to link the railway system of Paraguay to the railway that communicates to Paranagua in Brazil with the city of Antofagasta in Chile, which is tantamount to creating an interocean railway corridor.",
"32. The main problems related to the development of the railway network are limited resources to invest in missing connections and the wide differences in the railroads, which result in the frequent loading and unloading of goods, increasing delays and transportation costs.",
"33. Progress has been made in the construction of several dry ports. These perform functions similar to those of the marine ports and contribute to the development of intermodal transport corridors. In Asia, for example, Mongolia plans to build four dry ports along the trans-Asian railway network, Nepal has four dry ports and plans to build dry ports in other countries, including Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. In Africa dry ports have been established in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Niger and Uganda, and in South America a dry port was built in Paraguay.",
"34. Land-locked developing countries have made significant progress in improving telecommunications infrastructure, particularly with regard to cellular telephony and Internet connection. As a group, there was an increase of 25 per cent and 37 per cent in the use of mobile phones and the Internet, respectively, from 2008 to 2009 (see annex, table 6). This has been possible through the liberalization of the telecommunications sector and the consequent increase in private sector investment.",
"35. Energy infrastructure is critical to reducing transit time delays in shipments from landlocked developing countries. However, this remains insufficient and unreliable, for example in the five landlocked developing countries that are net energy importers. Energy infrastructure funding needs at the national and regional levels are relatively high and require input from all sources of resources, including national, bilateral, regional and multilateral, as well as increased partnership with the private sector.",
"36. The World Bank ' s research[4] indicates that infrastructure problems are not limited only to the physical infrastructure deficit, but also cover the lack of services infrastructure; in particular, logistics services markets should improve their performance in transport and transit corridors. Many landlocked developing countries have launched initiatives to establish policies that guide and support the development of competitive cargo shipments, as well as multimodal transport and logistical services. In many countries, however, brokers and logistics service providers are small and the industry is fragmented.",
"37. Private sector participation varies greatly in the different subsectors. Thus, it is greater in the mobile phone, followed by transport, and the hiring of the maintenance of roads and the concessions of container terminals and railways. In the energy sector, State-owned services remain common, although there is interest in the privatization of electricity generation and distribution. Landlocked developing countries should consider promoting active and effective cooperation with the private sector through the promotion of an enabling policy environment.",
"C. International trade and trade facilitation",
"38. Despite some progress in integrating landlocked developing countries into the global trading system, only 22 of the 31 landlocked developing countries are members of the World Trade Organization (WTO). All other countries, except one, are WTO observers and are in the process of negotiating their accession. In addition to national institutional reform, multilateral initiatives are required to support and facilitate development-friendly conditions for accession.",
"39. Although the group of landlocked developing countries had experienced improved export performance and the export values of goods increased in nominal terms from $33 billion in 2003 to $153 billion in 2008, their exports decreased by 42 per cent from 2008 to 2009 (see annex, table 4). The share of merchandise exports from landlocked developing countries over total world exports has remained below 1 per cent. Although its share of global exports increased from 0.45% in 2003, to 0.96% in 2008, it declined to 0.75% in 2009. However, in the case of transit developing countries, this proportion has increased steadily, from 13 per cent in 2003 to 18 per cent in 2009.",
"40. In 2009, imports of goods from landlocked developing countries decreased by 16.5 per cent as a result of the global financial and economic crisis. The IMF estimates show that imports had been recovered in 21 of the landlocked developing countries in 2010. They have increasingly concluded regional preferential trade agreements that result in reduced average tariffs achieved through unilateral measures and the implementation of regional integration protocols. Eleven landlocked developing countries in Asia are parties to more than 40 existing trade agreements and participate in the negotiation of new regional agreements. In Africa, 13 subregional groupings have concluded trade agreements. Three regional economic commissions, COMESA, SADC and CAO are moving towards achieving common market status. Negotiations of economic partnership agreements between the European Union and the regional economic commissions are progressing slowly. In South America, regional integration has been further deepened through the establishment of the Union of South American Nations, an intergovernmental union that integrates regional agreements in the region (MeRCOSUR and the Andean Community).",
"41. However, despite numerous preferential trade agreements at the regional level, intraregional trade is not growing rapidly. In 2009, exports within MERCOSUR and the Andean Community accounted for 8% and 15% of total exports in the region, respectively. In Africa, within SADC, COMESA, and ECOWAS, the average exports between 2000 and 2007 was 12 per cent, 9 per cent and 13 per cent respectively.[5] In order to increase intraregional trade, it is essential to improve regional transport, energy and communications infrastructure, effectively implement regional trade agreements, increase the harmonization of the regional policy framework to boost private sector activity and increase trade and transit facilitation to reduce logistical costs.",
"42. Landlocked developing countries have continued to take trade facilitation initiatives. However, compared to coastal countries, landlocked developing countries have a lower Logistic Performance Index (see table 2 below). A low Logistic Performance Index is a sign that there are significant obstacles to incorporating national economies in global markets due to increased customs clearance, low-quality trade and transport infrastructure, inefficient and uncompetitive logistics services, border crossing procedures and cumbersome customs procedures, difficulties in tracking and tracing shipments, and unforeseen delivery times. It is important to continue efforts to improve trade facilitation.",
"Table 2",
"Regions in which landlocked developing countries have poor performance according to the Logistic Performance Index",
"Sub-Saharan Africa Asiameritional Background CountriesSymptoreal CountriesSymptoreal CountriesYears Logistic Performance Index 2.22 2.43 1.84 2.64 Some components of the Indicede Logistic Performance 221 2.45 1.84 2.69 Infrastructure 1.97 2.11 1.61 2.41 Customs and Commercial Processes 2,10 2.30 1.69",
"Source: Jean-François Arvis et al., The Cost of Being Landlocked (Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2010).",
"43. WTO negotiations on trade facilitation are aimed at accelerating movement, customs clearance and the movement of goods, in particular goods in transit, improving technical assistance and supporting capacity-building on trade facilitation. According to the unified draft negotiating text of April 2011 of the WTO Trade Facilitation Negotiation Group[6], negotiations are aimed at improving the relevant aspects of Article V on freedom of transit, Article VIII on import and export rights and formalities and Article X on the publication and administration of trade regulations of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994, and some aspects related to special treatment and differential treatment.",
"D. International support measures",
"44. Since the adoption of the Almaty Programme, official development assistance flows from traditional donors have increased from about $12 billion in 2003 to $18.9 billion in 2007 and $24.8 billion in 2009. This reflects an increase of more than 10% per year since 2003. However, two countries dominate the income received, Afghanistan and Ethiopia, which accounted for 24 per cent and 15 per cent of the total income received in 2009, respectively. Official development assistance remains the main source of external funding, accounting for 10 per cent or more of gross national income in 2009 in 9 landlocked developing countries (see annex, table 2).",
"45. Official development assistance for transport, storage and communications increased from $775 million to $1.8 billion in the period 2003-2009; most (40 per cent) of assistance was allocated to Afghanistan and three other countries.",
"46. Landlocked developing countries as a group experienced a combined 17 per cent reduction in foreign direct investment flows of $21.9 million in 2009 (see annex, table 7). Despite this contraction, its share of total foreign direct investment flows increased to 2 per cent in 2009, from 1.5 per cent in 2008.[7] The geographical distribution of foreign direct investment remains uneven. Investment has focused mainly on a few resource-rich countries. In 2009, Kazakhstan was the main recipient of total FDI flows to landlocked developing countries (58 per cent), while 15 landlocked developing countries in Africa received only $4 billion.",
"47. Increased foreign direct investment targeting resource-rich countries is expected due to commodity price recovery and improved economic and financial conditions. For example, FDI flows to Kazakhstan in the first quarter of 2010 were 16 per cent higher than in 2009. Foreign direct investment flows to Mongolia exceeded $1 billion in 2010, 25 per cent increase over 2009[8], and foreign direct investment flows also exceeded $1 billion in Zambia in 2010. However, most landlocked developing countries have poor performance as a target of foreign direct investment, mainly because their economic performance continues to be hampered by inherent geographical disadvantages aggravated by poor infrastructure, inadequate logistical systems and weak institutional capacity.",
"48. From 2003 to 2009, landlocked developing countries as a group significantly improved the coefficient between their debt and gross national income and their debt-servicing coefficient (see figure 1, below). However, both coefficients increased in 2009. When compared to transit developing countries, landlocked developing countries continue to have a higher overall debt-servicing ratio. The number of landlocked developing countries that used to have a total coefficient between debt and gross national income over 100 in 2003 has been reduced from 6 to only 1 in 2009, and the number of those with a coefficient of 74 to 100 in 2003 has decreased from 11 to 2 in 2009 (see annex, table 3). The improvement is largely due to the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative, which have supported 13 landlocked developing countries. It is important to provide similar forms of debt relief to other landlocked developing countries that do not benefit from these initiatives.",
"Figure I",
"External debt and debt servicing of landlocked developing countries and transit developing countries",
"[]",
"Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2011 (Washington, D.C., 2011).",
"49. Progress in the Doha Round of WTO multilateral trade negotiations has been slow. It is important for the international community to intensify its efforts to conclude trade negotiations through the adoption of provisions consistent with the commercial, financial and development needs of landlocked developing countries.",
"50. Some progress has been made in relation to tariff preference schemes that have benefited landlocked developing countries (see figure II below). Tariff preferences offer landlocked developing countries ' products a price advantage in developed countries ' markets, an advantage they need with caution. However, the use of these conditions has often been restricted due to lack of diversification, the application of cumbersome and unharmonized rules of origin, high transport costs and other supply conditions.",
"Figure II",
"[] Average tariffs imposed by developed market economy countries on all categories of products in landlocked developing countries",
"Source: International Trade Centre Database.",
"51. There has been a steady increase in trade aid disbursements to landlocked developing countries, from $4.7 billion in 2008 to $6 billion in 2009. In 2009, among the top 20 recipients of trade assistance were 5 landlocked developing countries (Afghanistan, Uganda, Ethiopia, Mali and Burkina Faso). At the global level, most trade aid was intended to build productive capacity[9], followed by investment in infrastructure development[10] and capacity-building assistance in trade-related strategies and negotiations, regulations and adjustment costs (see figure III).",
"Figure III",
"Use of Aid for Trade by Category",
"Source: Database of the Development Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. []",
"52. A significant number of other developing countries are becoming an important source of external financial support for landlocked developing countries, particularly for the rehabilitation and development of critical infrastructure, such as roads and electricity. Transnational corporations from developing countries, in particular China, India and South Africa, were the main sources of foreign direct investment in landlocked developing countries in 2009.",
"E. Implementation and review",
"53. The Office of the United Nations High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States was mandated to enhance its cooperation and coordination with the United Nations system and other stakeholders to ensure the effective implementation of the Programme of Action. Implementation of the Programme has been undertaken at the national, subregional, regional and global levels (see also section IV below).",
"54. With regard to monitoring and review, Member States have prepared reports on the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action as a contribution to the midterm review and input for the preparation of the annual reports of the Secretary-General on the issue. At the global level, representatives of landlocked developing countries meet annually at a Ministerial Conference held in parallel to the sessions of the General Assembly.",
"55. At the regional level, regional commissions have coordinated regional reviews. ESCAP, in collaboration with the Government of Mongolia, organized a high-level policy dialogue in Asia and the Pacific on the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action and other development disparities facing landlocked developing countries, held in April 2011 in Ulaanbaatar. The Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) Committee on Trade and Regional Cooperation and Integration held its seventh session in June 2011, in which it reviewed the progress made in the region in implementing the outcome of the mid-term review of the Almaty Programme of Action.",
"56. In paragraph 32 of its resolution 63/2 on the midterm review of the Almaty Programme of Action, the General Assembly is invited to consider, at the appropriate time, the possibility of conducting the final review of the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action. In view of the first 10 years of the adoption of the Programme of Action in 2013, the preparatory work for the review should begin.",
"57. There is a need to further develop indicators that can be used to measure progress in the implementation of the Programme of Action by reducing transport costs and other trade costs. Currently, different international organizations are developing different approaches to measuring broker monitoring indicators, such as the time, cost and distance model, logistics cost methodology and reliability, and time and cost methodology in corridors. Harmonization of these indicators would allow close monitoring of trade corridors across countries and regions.",
"58. The recent global financial and economic crisis, changes in food and energy prices, and the effects of climate change have revealed the social, economic and environmental vulnerability of landlocked developing countries. It is therefore important to undertake studies of the vulnerability of landlocked developing countries to external shocks through the development of a set of vulnerability indicators that can be used by landlocked developing countries for early warning purposes.",
"IV. Action taken by the United Nations system and other international and regional organizations to implement the Almaty Programme of Action",
"59. The Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States continued to assist landlocked developing countries through the mobilization of international and United Nations system-wide support and awareness. With a view to strengthening the analytical and negotiating capacity of landlocked developing countries, the Office supported the establishment of a Landlocked Developing Countries Study Centre in Ulaanbaatar and, in cooperation with the Office of Legal Affairs, drafted a multilateral agreement on the establishment of a Landlocked Developing Countries Study Centre, which was adopted at the 2010 Annual Ministerial Meeting of Landlocked Developing Countries at United Nations Headquarters in New York. The agreement is now open for signature by landlocked developing countries at United Nations Headquarters. The Office continues to collect annual statistics with the latest available data on economic, social and transport infrastructure indicators of landlocked developing countries. In cooperation with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the Office published document Statistics Pocketbook 2010: Landlocked Developing Countries.",
"60. ECA, the African Union Commission, AfDB and the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States continued to cooperate with a view to an intergovernmental agreement in support of the Trans-African Road Network through studies that contribute to the establishment of the relevant legal framework.",
"61. The regional commissions helped Member States to implement the Almaty Programme of Action, including through capacity-building programmes, advisory services, support for the development of transport infrastructure and the promotion of legal instruments related to trade and transport facilitation. Important contributions include the 2010 publication of ECA Assessing Regional Integration in Africa IV: Enhancing Intra-African Trade (Assessment of regional integration at the Tokyo International Conference on Africa ' s Development IV: Enhancing Trade among African Countries) in which a chapter is devoted to the development of transit corridors in African landlocked developing countries. The Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) will present the Handbook of Best Practices at Borders (Border Best Practices Manual) in 2011, and ECA, the World Bank and the African Union Commission will publish a compendium of all legal instruments on transport and trade facilitation.",
"62. ECA organized some workshops on trade facilitation and study trips to major transit ports for landlocked developing countries and supported the establishment of the Pan-African Alliance on e-commerce, a framework for the exchange of information and experience on trade facilitation, and hosted its first technical workshop and its second General Assembly. Moreover, the United Nations Network of Experts on Paperless Trade in Asia and the Pacific, established by ESCAP and ECE as a knowledge and practice community for experts from developing countries and countries with economies in transition in Asia and the Pacific, supported national, subregional and transcontinental initiatives for single window and e-commerce.",
"63. ECE supported infrastructure development in the context of Trans-European Author and Trans-European Railway projects and, together with ESCAP, promoted the harmonization of investments in the transport sector in the context of the Euro-Asian Transport Link Project. In addition, ESCAP continued to work to promote synergies among member States, international financial institutions and other stakeholders to review funding opportunities for priority infrastructure projects along the Trans-European Author and the Trans-European Railway. In October 2010, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) organized the International Seminar on Sustainable Transport Policy in Ibero-America. ECLAC is currently analysing the logistics costs and their impact on the economic development of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. ECE administers 57 international agreements and conventions in the field of transport, providing the legal and technical framework for the development of international road transport, rail and inland watercourses and intermodal transport.",
"64. With regard to the Aid for Trade initiative, ECA, together with AfDB, WTO and ECOWAS, organized a review of the Aid for Trade initiative for West African States. ECA also worked with the Central African regional economic commissions to organize a preparatory workshop for the review, which led to the development of a guide to guide the work of Central African member States and regional organizations at a donor round table to mobilize resources for priority cross-border infrastructure programmes.",
"65. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) completed the needs assessments of the Aid for Trade initiative in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan and undertook assessments in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. In March 2011, UNDP published a guide entitled How to Conduct Aid for Trade Needs Assessments in Transition Countries (How to Conduct Aid for Trade Needs Assessments in Transition Countries). UNDP also provided ongoing support to the Government of Mongolia regarding the commencement of the activities of the LLDC Study Centre.",
"66. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) devoted a section of its publication UNCTAD World Investment Report 2010 (UNCTAD World Investment Report 2010) to the analysis of recent FDI trends in landlocked developing countries and provided technical assistance and capacity-building in trade and transport facilitation.",
"67. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), in collaboration with ECA, FAO, IFAD, BAFD and the African Union Commission, established the initiative on the promotion of agriculture, agro-industry and agricultural enterprises, which focuses on the development of rural infrastructure, technology, land management and water technology systems, based on the importance of increased investment and public partnerships among farmers. UNIDO has also undertaken business capacity-building activities at both the regional and subregional levels.",
"68. The World Bank contributes to the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action through the provision of technical assistance and knowledge products through the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association. In 2010, loans amounting to $988 million were provided for the financing of projects in landlocked or transit developing countries in the area of customs reform, road or rail and aviation corridor projects, or projects addressing other specific capacity constraints related to the lack of coastline. The Trade Facilitation Service, a multi-donor trust fund of $40 million established in 2009, has been designated for capacity-building to accelerate the implementation of trade and transport facilitation projects and reforms in low-income countries, with particular regard to the needs of landlocked developing countries. The ongoing projects include support to countries across corridors in Africa and Asia. The World Bank has also implemented a set of knowledge products, including the working paper “The Cost of Being Landlocked: Supply Chain Reliability and Logistics Costs” (The cost of being a landlocked country: Reliability of the production and distribution chain and logistics costs) and the publication Connecting Landlocked Countries to Markets: Trade Corridors in the 21st Century (Connecting Landlocked Countries in the 21st Century).",
"69. The WTO secretariat, in cooperation with other international organizations, assists WTO members and observers, at their request, in assessing their trade facilitation needs and priorities. As of October 2010, 19 landlocked developing countries had conducted such assessments.",
"70. The World Customs Organization (WCO) continued its capacity-building activities, including through the Colon Programme, aimed at achieving the full implementation of the Policy Framework to ensure and facilitate global trade, as well as other international best practices related to customs administration. WCO organized several regional and national workshops and missions in 2010, which benefited landlocked developing countries in Africa, Asia and Europe.",
"71. The International Trade Centre developed and implemented some trade promotion and capacity-building projects such as national capacity-building for the implementation of the integrated framework in Chad, or the SADC supply and logistics chain programme in Malawi. A number of multi-national programmes focused on one or more trade-related disciplines were implemented, for example the ACCESS programme for African business women in international trade, which addresses the specific constraints of such women by fostering their access to a range of trade support services. Information and communication technology on trade and export competitiveness was made available to all States Members of the United Nations.",
"72. In 2010, OSCE organized the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ' s 18th Economic and Environmental Forum to promote good management practices at border crossings, improve land transport security and facilitate international road and rail transport in the OSCE region. As a direct follow-up and with the aim of raising awareness of existing anti-corruption mechanisms at the border crossings and facilitating the establishment of specific national follow-up activities, OSCE, with the cooperation of the OMA and the OSCE centre in Astana, organized a regional seminar on promoting the integrity of customs and border services. In addition, the OSCE Senior Staff College in Dushanbe continued to organize training on a wide range of border management issues.",
"73. The transit project in Afghanistan of the International Road Transport Union, undertaken in the framework of the new Eurasian Land Transport Initiative, is aimed at driving land transport from Europe and China to Afghanistan through investments in secondary infrastructure and the implementation of harmonized customs procedures. ECE and the Union cooperated to develop best practices for the implementation of the International Customs Convention on the International Transport of Goods to the Amparo of TIR (TIR Convention) in the Central Asian region and incorporated them in an updated version of the TIR Manual. The Union and UNCTAD signed a Memorandum of Understanding in April 2010 by which they refined the Automated System of Customs Data (SYCUDA World) through the most up-to-date IT risk management tools of the IRT, and now the transit module of the SINUDEA World system contains the most modern tools to facilitate and ensure the implementation of the Convention.",
"74. The International Telecommunication Union adopted a programme specifically focused on the priorities of landlocked developing countries that consisted of assisting countries, including through the migration of the public network of telephony switched to the Internet Protocol, the establishment of telecentres that offer multiple services and the introduction of broadband technology. Other projects focused on promoting universal access to electronic applications and services, as well as the application of electronic commerce and e-government projects in many landlocked developing countries to enable them to use information and communications technology as a catalyst for trade.",
"75. Regional banks and regional economic communities in Asia, South America and Africa have assumed leadership roles in bringing together and supporting the implementation of regional infrastructure programmes. The BASD implemented various technical assistance and investment projects; thus, under the Regional Economic Cooperation Programme for Central Asia, BASD has so far invested some $4 billion in the transport and trade facilitation sectors and some $1 billion in the energy sector. In Africa, BAFD is at the forefront of resource mobilization and support for the Africa Infrastructure Development Programme. In South America, the Inter-American Development Bank, the World Bank and the Central American Bank for Economic Integration support the South American Regional Infrastructure Integration Initiative.",
"76. COMESA launched regional integration studies, programmes and agreements to assist landlocked countries in promoting communications and regional trade. For example, a diagnostic study of the East African corridor for the northern and central corridors was undertaken to assess the performance of the corridors and to prepare an action plan for the elimination of impediments identified in transport logistics. The transit data transfer module, an instrument developed to facilitate the exchange of transit declarations and transit security information between different customs administrations, has been tested at the Chirundu (Zambia) border post and at the Kasumalesa border post (Democratic Republic of the Congo). The regional customs transit guarantee system, an instrument developed under the auspices of the protocol on the transit of goods and the corresponding mechanisms, has proved useful in promoting the regional integration of COMESA. In 2008, a pilot test of this scheme was carried out in the countries of the northern corridor and the positive results led to the launch of the initiative in 2010 and 2011.",
"V. Conclusions and recommendations",
"77. Landlocked countries face a serious obstacle to economic growth and the achievement of development goals. The economies of landlocked developing countries remain fragile because of their vulnerability to external shocks due to limited export diversification, reduced productive capacity, lack of export competitiveness and high transport and transit costs.",
"78. The international community should provide support to landlocked developing countries through increased timely and sustainable financial aid to accelerate progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and strengthen their capacity for climate change mitigation and adaptation to their impact.",
"79. Landlocked developing countries and transit developing countries should strengthen effective cooperation by formulating and harmonizing relevant policies and giving priority to the allocation of resources for the maintenance and rehabilitation of transit transport infrastructure. Successful initiatives such as single-stop border controls, dry ports, yellow card regime and the use of information and communications technologies for customs clearance should be fully replicated and funded.",
"80. Landlocked and transit developing countries are invited to ratify and effectively implement international conventions and agreements, as well as regional and subregional agreements on transport and trade facilitation.",
"81. The international community should increase financial support for transit transport infrastructure, energy and infrastructure projects for information and communications technology and trade facilitation in landlocked and transit developing countries to increase intraregional interconnection, complete missing connections and ensure the proper functioning of strategic maritime corridors.",
"82. A networking mechanism should be developed with a view to promoting the sharing of experiences and the dissemination of information among all relevant stakeholders.",
"83. The international community should continue to support landlocked developing countries to strengthen their analytical capacity to formulate and implement coherent and comprehensive transport policies in support of transit corridors needed to facilitate trade, and to enhance their negotiating capacity to participate effectively in international trade.",
"84. The Economic Commission for Africa, the African Union Commission, the World Bank, the African Development Bank and the Office of the United Nations High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States should intensify their support for efforts to develop and conclude an intergovernmental agreement on the Trans-African Road.",
"85. International organizations and other research institutions should undertake studies on the vulnerability of landlocked developing countries to external shocks and develop a set of vulnerability indicators that could be used for early warning purposes.",
"86. The World Trade Organization negotiations are very important for landlocked developing countries in relation to international trade. The international community should provide support to strengthen the negotiating capacity of landlocked developing countries on trade facilitation.",
"87. Developed countries are invited to consider providing greater market access to goods from landlocked developing countries and improving the transfer of technologies to help mitigate high transaction costs resulting from their geographical disadvantages.",
"88. The international community should intensify its support for the Aid for Trade initiative as it provides key support to landlocked developing countries to implement international agreements, strategically strengthen their productive capacities, develop their infrastructure and enhance their competitiveness in global markets.",
"89. Capital-exporting countries are encouraged to adopt policies and incentives to encourage FDI flows to landlocked developing countries. In turn, these countries should create an enabling environment for foreign direct investment and private sector participation.",
"90. Donor countries and international financial and development institutions are invited to make voluntary contributions to the trust fund established to facilitate the implementation of the outcomes and follow-up activities of the International Ministerial Conference of Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries and Donor Countries and International Financial and Development Institutions on Transit Transport Cooperation, held in Almaty.",
"91. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 63/2, the Assembly should consider undertaking a comprehensive 10-year review of the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action.",
"Annex*",
"Table 1",
"Gross domestic product (GDP), 2000-2009",
"Gross domestic product Developing countries Per capita estimates Landlocked growth prices (in average annual United States dollars (percentage) 2005 currents) (in millions of United States dollars)",
"2000 2008 2009 2000-2003 2008 2009",
"Afghanistan 2 733 9 037 11 075 457 25.9 2.3 22.5",
"Armenia 2 764 6 748 5 793 2 770 12.3 6.9 -14.2",
"Azerbaijan 7 040 24 664 26 949 4 871 10.5 10.8 9.3",
"Bhutan 559 1 076 1 144 1 783 7.6 5.0 6.3",
"Bolivia (State 8 201 11 107 11 480 1 758 2,3 6,1 3,4 Plurinational de)",
"Botswana 7 945 11 651 11 226 5 959 6.2 3.1 -3.7",
"Burkina Faso 3 999 6 199 6 398 517 6.6 4.5 3.2",
"Burundi 967 1 218 1 260 151 1.8 4.3 3.5",
"Chad 2 944 5 912 5 818 610 11.4 0.3 -1.6",
"Ethiopia 8 994 16 844 18 512 345 2.5 11.3 9.9",
"The former Yugoslav Republic 5 421 6 735 6 685 4 662 -0.3 5.0 -0.7",
"Kazakhstan 34 877 70 914 71 770 6 981 10.9 3.3 1.2",
"Kyrgyzstan 2 043 2 985 3 055 835 4.1 8.4 2.3",
"Lesotho 1 162 1 505 1 527 780 3.2 4.4 1.4",
"Malawi 2 359 3 513 3 778 318 1.1 9.0 7.5",
"Mali 4 026 6 322 6 603 679 7.9 5.4",
"Mongolia 1 685 3 006 2 957 1 577 4.9 8.9 -1.6",
"Nepal 6 960 9 255 9 856 436 3.2 4.7 6.5",
"Niger 2 677 3 899 3 863 343 5.4 5.9 -0.9",
"Paraguay 6 587 8 811 8 410 2 314 1.9 5.8 - 4.5",
"Republic 1 233 1 669 1 697 448 0.8 5.5 1.7 Central African",
"Democratic Republic 2 016 3 781 4 065 884 5.8 7.8 7.5 Lao People ' s Republic",
"Republic of Moldova 2 122 3 478 3 252 1 500 6.9 7.8 -6.5",
"Rwanda 1 783 3 3 3 585 527 7.2 11.6 6.0",
"Swaziland 2 295 2 790 2 824 2 668 2.3 0.5 1.2",
"Tajikistan 1 457 2 864 2 962 716 10.5 7.9 3.4",
"Turkmenistan 6 768 11 922 12 414 3 397 2.6 10.5 4.1",
"Uganda 7 296 12 680 13 576 523 5.7 9.2 7.1",
"Uzbekistan 10 490 17 638 18 873 1 199 4.0 9.0 7.0",
"Zambia 5 758 8 703 8 998 985 4.2 6.0 3.4",
"Zimbabwe 5 804 3 562 3 705 324 -5,8 -14,5 4.0",
"Developing countries 160 963 283 294 1 061 6.3 5.8 3.6 landlocked 875 112",
"Developing countries 4 937 668 8 433 8 793 2 808 5.1 4.3 transit 400 363",
"♪ For the list of transit developing countries and the composition of developed and developing regions as used in the tables, see www.ohrlls.org/en/orphan/349/.",
"Source: United Nations Statistics Division; see http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/Introduction.asp. Consultation on 24 March 2011.",
"Table 2",
"Amounts received under official development assistance and donor assistance for transport, storage and communications",
"Net amount Assistance Assistance to Disbursements received in official donors for aid for transport, trade (in development assistance/storage millions official for Income and those of United States dollars gross national development current communications)^(c) (in millions (percentage) (in millions United States dollars currents)^(a)^(b) Countries in 2005 2008 2009 2009 2003 2009 2007 2009",
"Afghanistan 2 818 4 865 6 070. 94 764 984 1 711",
"Armenia 170 303 528 5.9 14 27 85 234",
"Azerbaijan 217 235 232 0.6 3 21 87 118",
"Bhutan 90 87 125 9.5 11 16 29 40",
"Bolivia (State 643 628 726 4.4 27 75 136 221 Plurinational de)",
"Botswana 48 720 280 2.4 0 13 15 22",
"Burkina Faso 693 1 001 1 084 13.5 46 57 283 226",
"Burundi 364 509 549 41.2 3 48 102 88",
"Chad 380 419 561 9.2 29 45 32 77",
"Ethiopia 1 927 328 3 820 13.4 125 256 502 1 117",
"The former Yugoslav Republic 227 205 193 2.2 0 1 46 75",
"Kazakhstan 228 333 298 0.3 59 5 108 88",
"Kyrgyzstan 268 360 315 7,1 9 7 54 58",
"Lesotho 67 144 123 5.8 18 6 18 10",
"Malawi 573 924 772 17.5 32 24 43 28",
"Mali 704 964 985 11.0 50 45 117 120",
"Mongolia 215 246 372 9.4 33 35 317 262",
"Nepal 424 697 855 6.7 40 51 44 53",
"Niger 520 607 470 8.9 22 39 65 123",
"Paraguay 51 134 148 1.0 2 24 117",
"Republic 89 256 237 11.9 3 15 30 26 Central African Republic",
"Republic 302 496 420 7.2 55 27 138 106 Lao People ' s Democratic Republic",
"Republic of 169 298 245 4.2 1 22 101 86 Moldova",
"Rwanda 577 933 934 18.7 9 29 26 83",
"Swaziland 47 70 58 2.1 2 0 93 158",
"Tajikistan 251 291 409 8.3 0 21 10 12",
"Turkmenistan 30 18 40 0.2 0 1 3",
"Uganda 1 192 1 641 1 786 11,6 31 108 426 457",
"Uzbekistan 170 187 190 0.6 1 43 26 71",
"Zambia 1 172 1 116 1 269 11.1 55 36 108 129",
"Zimbabwe 373 612 737. 1 0 19 50",
"Countries in 14 999 22 624 24 831. 775 1 862 4 159 6 021 landlocked development",
"Source: Directorate of Development Cooperation of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Development Cooperation Report 2011. OECD, “Aid for trade at a: Showing results” (COM/DCD/TAD(2011)3/ANN, June 2011).",
"^(a) It includes the net flows of official development assistance from the countries of the Development Assistance Committee, multilateral organizations and non-Development Assistance Committee countries.",
"^(b) OECD Development Assistance Committee and multilateral donor organizations.",
"^(c) Excludes programmes and activities for several countries.",
"Table 3",
"External debt, debt servicing and debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDI)",
"Countries in External Debt Total total development without full service of coastal debt (percentage of debt (percentage of income (such as national million gross dollars) of goods and the United States) services and income abroad) 2003 2008 2009 2003 2008 2009 2009 2007 2009",
"Afghanistan.. 20.. 0.2 0.4 654 20",
"Armenia 64 28 55 10.8 13.3 20.9. ..",
"Azerbaijan 25 12 12 6.7 0.9 1.7.. ..",
"Bhutan 82 57 58 5.1 21.3 11.4..",
"Bolivia (State 75 34 35 21,3 13,0 14,4 1 967 1 953 Plurinational de)",
"Botswana 7 3 14 1.2 1.1 1.2.. ..",
"Burkina Faso 41 21 23 .. .. 812 764",
"Burundi 230 24 39 63.5 13,3 .. 1 009 58",
"Chad 67 26 29 6.0 3.2 2.8 241.",
"Ethiopia 86 11 18 7.2 3.1 2 735 1 862",
"ex República 41 50 62 13,5 9,1 14,8.. Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia",
"Kazakhstan 78 94 113 34.9 42.0 80.2.. ..",
"Kyrgyzstan 109 49 66 21,6 11,8 14,0 .. ..",
"Lesotho 56 34 33 8.1 2.5 3.0..",
"Malawi 130 59 60.. .. 1 379 898",
"Mali 74 24 30 6.5 2.6. 792 1 308",
"Mongolia 103 36 56 33.9 2.7,8. 651",
"Nepal 50 29 29 10.1 8.3 10.4.. ..",
"Niger 78 17 19 8.6 2.5 4.5 947 283",
"Paraguay 58 25 30 12.3 5.0 6.1. ..",
"Republic 92 49 20... 675 435 Central African",
"Republic 114 94 96 21,8.... Lao People ' s Democratic",
"Republic of 88 52 60 11,4 14,8 14,9 ... Moldova",
"Rwanda 88 15 15.1 3.6 4.7 956 234",
"Swaziland 21 13 15 1.3. 2.1. ..",
"Tajikistan 79 46 51 8.3 7.1 38.4. ..",
"Turkmenistan 30 4 3 .. .. .....",
"Uganda 79 16 16 9.8 2.1 2.0 1 509 2 245",
"Uzbekistan 49 14 12... ..",
"Zambia 161 22 27 43.5 3.1.8 3 697 1 962",
"Zimbabwe 62.... ..",
"Countries in 66 43 48 22.8 21.9 37.1 11 709 12 673 landlocked development",
"Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2011.",
"Table 4",
"International trade in goods, exports and imports, and cost of international freight",
"Countries in Goods Development Equipment Expenses (in millions of freight in United States dollars) balance of payments as percentage of trade^(a) Exports Imports Percentage of total total imports",
"2003 2008 2009 2003 2008 2009 2009 2003 2008 2009",
"Afghanistan. 540 403. 3020 3336.. .. 16 16",
"Armenia 670 1055 684 1237 4101 3175 9.5 4 7 4",
"Azerbaijan 2 592 47756 14689 2626 7162 6119 3.2 13 17 13",
"Bhutan. 521 496. 543 529.. 9 10",
"Bolivia (Statement 1 651 6899 5297 1684 5006 4409 2.7 10 14 13 Plurinational de)",
"Botswana 3 802 4951 3456 3964 5211 4728 5.5 13 11 13",
"Burkina Faso 314 .. 796 786.. 1870 9,7 11 .. 8",
"Burundi 66 142 113 145 315 345 18.5 15 12 11",
"Chad........",
"Ethiopia 513 1602 1618 2686 8680 7974 9.5 10 6 7",
"The former Yugoslav Republic 1 367 .. 2692 2306 6852 5043 4.9 5 7 7",
"Kazakhstan 12 916 71172 43196 8402 37815 28409 4.4 15 12 10",
"Kyrgyzstan 582 1618 1178 717 4072 2974 3.6 7 15 9",
"Lesotho 479.. 1115.. 2.7 5..",
"Malawi 502 879 1188 785 2204 2022. 12 16 10",
"Mali 1 007 1918. 1271 3339 .. 11,9 11 7 ..",
"Mongolia 616... 801.. 5.3 11...",
"Nepal 653. 886 1802. 3754.. 6 .. 8 ..",
"Niger 259 503. 566 1247 .. 16.5 7 6 ..",
"Paraguay 1 306 4463 3167 1921 9033 6940 2.4 6 11 9",
"Republic 66 114 81 100 185 212 .. 9 7 Central African Republic",
"Republic of 790 1591 1288 1402 4899 3278 7,1 5 8 5 Moldova",
"Rwanda 51 250 261 262 1036 1112 21.4 12 7 6",
"Swaziland 1 655.. 1457.. 0.6 8...",
"Tajikistan......... ..",
"Uganda 532 1724 1568 1375 4526 4247 11,6 9 8 9",
"Uzbekistan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ..",
"Zambia 980 5099 4312 1574 5060 3793 5.5 8 10 8",
"Zimbabwe.. 1694 2269. 2832 3527.. 16 15",
"Countries in 33 368 154492 89635 38984 117139 97796 5.2 10 11 10 landlocked development",
"Countries in 933 854 2 647 2 173 883 065 2 495 852 2 057 3.6 6 6 6 development of 218 467 021 transit",
"Source: http://comtrade.un.org; www.infstatistics.org/bop.",
"^(a) The cost of freight in the balance of payments includes all costs of freight of imports and exports paid to companies abroad or received by national companies from abroad, divided by the total value of imports and exports, multiplied by 100. Freight payments between national enterprises are not included.",
"Table 5",
"Some transport indicators",
"Countries in Roads Railroads Dryroads Oleoducts Transport air-free development coastal kilometers Paved kilometers Kilómetros Kilómetros Kilómetros Departures (percentage) (thousands)",
"2000/2008 2000/2008 2000/09 2007/2011 2006 2000 2009",
"Afghanistan 42 150 29 .. 1 200 466 3.4..",
"Armenia 7 515 90 845. 2 233 4 7,6",
"Azerbaijan 59 141 49 2 099 .. 4 785 4.4 10.3",
"Bhutan 8 050 62... 1.1.2.7",
"Bolivia (State 62 479 7 2 866 10 000 8 994 21,6 19 Plurinational de)",
"Botswana 25 798 33 888... 6.7 6.1",
"Burkina Faso 92 495 4 622 .... 3.4 1.4 1.4",
"Burundi 12 322 10 .. Lake .... Tanganyika",
"Chad 40 000 1 .. seasonal 250 1.5..",
"Ethiopia 42 429 13... 26.6 44.2",
"Former Republic 13 840. 699.. 388 8.0 1.4 Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia",
"Kazakhstan 93 123 90 14 205 4 000 24 80.0 18.8 740",
"Kyrgyzstan 34 000 91 417 600 270 6.1 5.5",
"Lesotho 5 940 18.....",
"Malawi 15 451 45 797 700.. 4.8 4.4",
"Mali 18 709 18 734 1 800.. 1.5.",
"Mongolia 49 250 4 1 810 580 .. 6,2 4.8 (seasonal)",
"Nepal 17 280 57 59... 12.1 6.8",
"Niger 18 951 21 .. 300 .. 1.5 .. (seasonal)",
"Paraguay 29 500 51 36^(a) 3 100.. 7.6 9.8",
"Republic 24 307.. 2 800. 1.5.. Central African",
"Republic 29 811 13 .. 4 600 540 6.4 9.8 Lao People ' s Democratic Republic",
"Republic of 12 755 86 1 156 424 1 906 3.7 5 Moldova",
"Rwanda 14 008 19 .. Lake Kivu .. .. .. (poo deep)",
"Swaziland 3 594 30 300 .... 2,6..",
"Tajikistan 27 767. 616 200 587 4.0 9.8",
"Turkmenistan 24 000 81 3 181 1 300 7 864 21.9 15.3",
"Uganda 70 746 23 261 lakes.. 0.3 0.4",
"Uzbekistan 81 600 87 4 230 1 100 10 30.1 23.2 574",
"Zambia 66 781 22 1 273 2 250 771 6.1 ..",
"Zimbabwe 97 267 19 2 583 Lake Kariba 270 13,6 5,9",
"Countries in 1 141 059 36 34 192 63 221,6 212,2 landlocked development",
"Source: World Development Indicators 2011, United States World Bank and Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook.",
"Table 6",
"Some telecommunications indicators",
"Developing countries Subscribers Landlined Internet users per phone and every 100 mobile phones per 100 inhabitants Main cellular lines",
"2000 2009",
"Afghanistan 0.1 0.50.0 42.6 3.6.6",
"Armenia 17,3 20.4 0.6 85.8 6.8",
"Azerbaijan 9.9 15.9 5.2 87.8 27.4",
"Bhutan 2.5.8 0.0 48.6 7.2",
"Bolivia (State 6,1 8,2 7,0 72,5 11,2 Plurinational de)",
"Botswana 7.9 7.0 12.9 96.1 6.2",
"Burkina Faso 0.5 1.0 0.2 24.3 1.1",
"Burundi 0.3 0.4 0.3 10.1 1.9",
"Chad 0.1 0.5 0.1 20.4 1.5",
"Ethiopia 0.4 1.1 0.04.9 0.5",
"The former Yugoslav Republic 25.2 21.4 5.8 95.1 51.8",
"Kazakhstan 12.3 24.7 1.3 109.1 18.2",
"Kyrgyzstan 7.6 9.1 0.2 81.8 400.0",
"Lesotho 1.2.9 1.1 320.0 3.7",
"Malawi 0.4 1.1 0.4 15.7 4.7",
"Mali 0.4 0.7 0.1 34.2 1.9",
"Mongolia 4.9 7.1 6.5 84.2 3.6",
"Nepal 1.1.2.8 0.019.1 2.0",
"Niger 0.2 0.4 0.0 17.0 0.8",
"Paraguay 5.3 6.1 15.3 88.5 17.4",
"Republic 0.3 0.3 0.1 13.6 0.5 Central African Republic",
"Democratic Republic 0.8 1.6 0.2 51.2 6.0 Lao People ' s Republic",
"Republic of Moldova 14,2 31.6 3.4 77.3 37,0",
"Rwanda 0.2 0.3 0.5 24.3 4.5",
"Swaziland 3.7 3.1 55.4 7.6",
"Tajikistan 3.5 4.2 0.070.5 10.1",
"Turkmenistan 8.1 9.4 0.2 29.4 1.6",
"Uganda 0.3 0.7 0.5 28.7 9.8",
"Uzbekistan 6.7 6.8 0.2 59.7 17.1",
"Zambia 0.8 0.7 0.9 34.1 6.3",
"Zimbabwe 2.0 3.1 2.1 23.9 11.4",
"Landlocked developing countries 2,8 3.9 1.1 34.7 7.1",
"Developing regions 8.0 12.2 5.5 58.3 18.1",
"Source: International Telecommunication Union; see www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/.",
"Table 7",
"Foreign direct investment, net flows",
"(Millions of United States dollars)",
"Developing countries without FDI, net flows 2000 2008 2009",
"Afghanistan 0 300 185",
"Armenia 104 1 132 838",
"Azerbaijan 130 14 473",
"Bhutan 0 30 36",
"Bolivia (State 736 513 423 Plurinational de)",
"Botswana 57 521 234",
"Burkina Faso 23 137 171",
"Burundi 12 14 10",
"Chad 115 234 462",
"Ethiopia 135 109 94",
"Former Yugoslav Republic of 215 587 248",
"Kazakhstan 1 284 15 775 12 649",
"Kyrgyzstan (2) 265 60",
"Lesotho 32 56 48",
"Malawi 40 170 60",
"Mali 82 180 109",
"Mongolia 54 683 437",
"Nepal (0) 1 39",
"Niger 8 566 739",
"Paraguay 100 109 184",
"Central African Republic 1 117 42",
"Lao People ' s Republic 34 228 157",
"Republic of Moldova 128 708 86",
"Rwanda 8 103 119",
"Swaziland 106 66",
"Tajikistan 24 376 8",
"Turkmenistan 131 820 1 355",
"Uganda 181 787 799",
"Uzbekistan 75 711 750",
"Zambia 122 939 959",
"Zimbabwe 23 52 60",
"Landlocked developing countries 3 956 26 340 21 900",
"Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, see unctadstat.unctad.org.",
"Table 8",
"Some indicators on the Millennium Development Goals",
"Countries in Poverty Population Net rate of Coverage Rate Extreme Development: undernourished enrolment in forest mortality parity littoral persons (percentage) in maternal education (percentage with primary income genders 100,000 of the below-born land of $1.25 per day (percentage) 2003/2008 2005/2007 2009^(a) 2009 2000 2010",
"Afghanistan.... 0.67 1 400 2 2",
"Armenia 1.3 22 93 1.03 29 11 9",
"Azerbaijan 0 11 86 0.99 38 11",
"Bhutan 26.2.. 88 1.01 200 67 69",
"Bolivia (State 14 27 95 0.99 180 55 53 Plurinational de)",
"Botswana.. 25 87 0.97 190 22 20",
"Burkina Faso 56.5 9 64 0.98 560 30 21",
"Burundi 81.3 62 99 0.97 970 8 7",
"Chad 61.9 37 .. 0.70 1 200 10 9",
"Ethiopia 39 41 84 0.91 470 13 11",
"The former Yugoslav Republic 0.3 .. 93 1.01 9 36 39",
"Kazakhstan 0.2 8 100 1.00 45 1 1",
"Kyrgyzstan 1.9 10 91 1.00 81 5 5",
"Lesotho 43.4 14 73 1.00 530 0.2 1",
"Malawi 73.9 28 91 1.03 510 38 34",
"Mali 51.4 12 80 0.84 830 11 10",
"Mongolia 22.4 26 100 0.95 65 7 7",
"Nepal 55.1 16... 380 27 25",
"Niger 65.9 20 59 0.8 820 1 1",
"Paraguay 5.1 11 86 0.97 95 49 44",
"Republic 62.8 40 69 0.71 850 37 36 Central African",
"Republic 33.9 23 82 0.91 580 72 68 Lao People ' s Democratic",
"Republic of 1.9. 90 0.98 32 10 12 Moldova",
"Rwanda 76.8 34 96 1.01 540 14 18",
"Swaziland.. 18 83 0.93 420 30 33",
"Tajikistan 21.5 30 98. 64 3 3",
"Turkmenistan .. 6 .... 77 9 9",
"Uganda 28.7 21 92 1.01 430 21 15",
"Uzbekistan 46.3 11 90 0.98 30 8",
"Zambia 64.3 43 92 0.99 470 60 67",
"Zimbabwe.. 30.. 790 49 40",
"Countries in 81 0.92 ... 18 17 landlocked development",
"Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2011; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), World Food Insecurity; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, see http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/ReportFolders/ReportFolders.aspx; United Nations, Millennium Development Goals, Report 2010; and",
"^(a) In some cases where the estimates are not available for 2009, the data is for 2007 or 2008.",
"[1] Under the auspices of the Economic Commission for Europe, 57 international conventions, agreements and protocols have been adopted providing frameworks for the harmonization and simplification of international transport and transit procedures and procedures.",
"[2] Ken Gwilliam et al., The Burden of Maintenance: Roads in Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2008).",
"[3] Latin American and Caribbean Economic System, Physical Infrastructure for Integration in Latin America and the Caribbean (2011).",
"[4] Jean-François Arvis et al., Connecting Landlocked Developing Countries to Markets: Trade Corridors in the 21st Century (World Bank, 2011).",
"[5] Economic Commission for Africa, Progress in Intra-African Trade (Addis Abeba, 2011).",
"[6] See http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/chair_texts11_e/chair_texts11_e.htm.",
"[7] World Investment Report 2010: Investing in a Low-Carbon Economy (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.II.D.2).",
"[8] Information provided by the Government of Mongolia.",
"[9] For example, business development, assistance to banking and financial services, agriculture, forestry, fishing, industry, mineral resources and mining, and tourism.",
"[10] Construction of physical infrastructure such as roads, railways, ports and telecommunications."
] |
[
"Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones",
"Tema 23 c) del programa provisional*",
"Erradicación de la pobreza y otras cuestiones de desarrollo",
"* A/66/150.",
"Desarrollo de los recursos humanos",
"Informe del Secretario General",
"Resumen",
"Este informe, presentado de conformidad con la resolución 64/218 de la Asamblea General relativa al desarrollo de los recursos humanos, ofrece una visión general del efecto de la crisis financiera y económica mundial sobre los recursos humanos, así como las enseñanzas extraídas de las actividades nacionales para prevenir y superar los efectos negativos de las crisis. También se tratan los problemas y las oportunidades que están surgiendo en relación con el desarrollo de los recursos humanos nacionales, y se ofrecen ejemplos escogidos de estrategias innovadoras encaminadas a mantener y desarrollar los recursos humanos en el ámbito nacional. En el informe se destaca el papel de la comunidad internacional, incluidos el sistema de las Naciones Unidas, los gobiernos nacionales y otras partes interesadas, entre ellas, el sector privado, para promover el desarrollo de los recursos humanos, y se hacen recomendaciones sobre las próximas medidas que se podrían tomar. El informe concluye con recomendaciones basadas en actuaciones eficaces en el ámbito nacional.",
"I. Introducción",
"1. En su resolución 64/218, la Asamblea General examinó la experiencia de los países en la aplicación de las estrategias de desarrollo de los recursos humanos, estudiando los avances y las dificultades hasta la fecha, así como las perspectivas para el futuro. La Asamblea solicitó al Secretario General que le presentara un informe en el que se examinaran las enseñanzas extraídas de la crisis financiera y económica mundial y se evaluaran las necesidades de desarrollo de los recursos humanos para ayudar a los países a prevenir y superar los efectos negativos de las crisis y progresar hacia una modalidad de desarrollo más sostenible.",
"2. En la misma resolución, la Asamblea General reconoció la importancia del desarrollo de los recursos humanos para lograr los objetivos de desarrollo convenidos internacionalmente, incluidos los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, y para ampliar las oportunidades que se ofrecen a todos, especialmente a los grupos y a las personas más vulnerables de la sociedad. También reconoció la necesidad de criterios y mecanismos más amplios, coherentes e intersectoriales para el desarrollo de los recursos humanos, basados en los objetivos nacionales de desarrollo.",
"3. A pesar de los considerables esfuerzos realizados, muchos países, en especial los países en desarrollo, siguen teniendo dificultades para crear una base de recursos humanos que les permita satisfacer sus necesidades de desarrollo. Además, debido a la falta de recursos y de capacidades, los países en desarrollo se enfrentan a menudo a dificultades en la formulación y aplicación de estrategias eficaces de recursos humanos.",
"4. La reciente crisis financiera y económica mundial debilitó aún más la capacidad de los países para hacer frente a los problemas en materia de desarrollo de los recursos humanos en el preciso instante en que se necesitaba una mayor inversión en esta esfera para superar los efectos negativos de la crisis. La recuperación lenta e irregular y el crecimiento del desempleo, junto con unos precios elevados e inestables de la energía y los alimentos, han agravado recientemente está difícil situación.",
"5. En el presente informe se ofrece una descripción de las principales características de la crisis financiera y económica mundial y su relación con el desarrollo de los recursos humanos. Se analizan las repercusiones de la globalización y de los elevados e inestables precios de los alimentos y la energía en las medidas nacionales en materia de desarrollo de los recursos humanos, y se señalan estrategias prácticas para un desarrollo sostenible de los recursos humanos en un gran número de esferas. El informe se preparó en consulta con las siguientes organizaciones, si bien no todas sus contribuciones se han incorporado plenamente debido a problemas de espacio y otras consideraciones: las comisiones regionales de las Naciones Unidas, en especial la Comisión Económica para Europa (CEPE), la Comisión Económica y Social para Asia y el Pacífico (CESPAP) y la Comisión Económica y Social para Asia Occidental (CESPAO), la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), el Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica (OIEA), el Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo Agrícola (FIDA), la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT), la Organización Marítima Internacional (OMI), la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (UIT), el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO), el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF), la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual (OMPI) y el Banco Mundial. El informe concluye con recomendaciones concretas de medidas futuras.",
"II. Repercusiones de la crisis financiera y económica mundial sobre el desarrollo de los recursos humanos nacionales",
"A. Principales características de la crisis financiera y económica",
"6. Aunque su fase más aguda parece haber pasado, los efectos de la crisis financiera y económica continúan dejándose sentir en los países de todas las regiones. Además, tras casi dos años de recuperación frágil y desigual, el crecimiento económico mundial comenzó a desacelerarse y se prevé que la ralentización continuará en la segunda mitad de 2011 y en 2012, lo que despierta preocupación por el riesgo de que la situación se siga deteriorando[1].",
"7. Los elevados índices de desempleo en las economías avanzadas, especialmente entre los jóvenes, continúan planteando riesgos para la estabilidad del mundo. Los países en desarrollo, en especial las economías emergentes, siguen recuperándose, aunque el ritmo varía entre los países.",
"8. Además, las medidas anticíclicas que muchos gobiernos habían adoptado para combatir la coyuntura en la primera fase de la crisis mundial se han abandonado para seguir criterios de austeridad fiscal. Ante la perspectiva de un déficit fiscal más abultado y del crecimiento de la deuda pública, muchos gobiernos han ido suspendiendo progresivamente las medidas de estímulo en aras del equilibrio fiscal, lo que en muchos países está amenazando la recuperación impulsada por el sector público, aumentando el riesgo de desempleo a largo plazo y frenando aún más la recuperación mundial. Muchos gobiernos están recortando los gastos sociales necesarios, en particular en educación y salud, con las consiguientes repercusiones negativas para el desarrollo de los recursos humanos a largo plazo.",
"9. El crecimiento de los salarios medios mensuales también se ha frenado, del 2,8% en 2007 a un 1,5% en 2008 y un 1,6% en 2009[2]. El crecimiento de los salarios se ha moderado y la desigualdad ha ido en aumento, incluso antes de la crisis. La reducción del salario real ha mermado el poder adquisitivo y el bienestar de los trabajadores y sus familias, especialmente de los que desempeñan trabajos de baja remuneración. Sin embargo, esta tendencia varía según la región. En Asia el efecto negativo de la crisis mundial sobre el crecimiento del salario real ha sido escaso durante 2008 (un 7,8%) y 2009 (un 8,0%). En América Latina y el Caribe se produjo un crecimiento continuado del salario real en el período 2010/11, debido a una mayor demanda de mano de obra, al crecimiento del empleo, a la escasez temporaria de trabajadores calificados y al aumento de la productividad laboral.",
"10. Por otra parte, se prevé que los países en desarrollo de ingresos bajos y los pequeños países de ingresos medianos seguirán sufriendo las repercusiones negativas de la crisis mundial. Esta situación se debe principalmente a que las corrientes de asistencia oficial para el desarrollo (AOD), que seguían siendo positivas en 2010, probablemente se reduzcan en un futuro próximo, dada la lenta recuperación de las economías avanzadas. Además, la deuda externa de los países en desarrollo y de los países con economías en transición se ha incrementado. Asimismo, muchos países en desarrollo se enfrentan actualmente a la inestabilidad de los precios de los productos básicos, en especial del petróleo y los alimentos, que se dispararon durante la primera mitad de 2011.",
"11. Muchos países también están experimentando el nuevo fenómeno de la recuperación sin creación de empleo, en la que las tasas de desempleo y subempleo siguen siendo elevadas. Según la OIT, el número de personas sin empleo era de 205 millones en 2010, lo que representa 27,6 millones más que antes de la crisis. La tasa mundial de desempleo fue del 6,2% en 2010, frente al 5,6% registrado en 2007[3]. Entre 2007 y finales de 2009 se perdieron en todo el mundo casi 30 millones de puestos de trabajo, y es necesario que se creen como mínimo 22 millones de puestos nuevos para recuperar los niveles de empleo mundial previos a la crisis.",
"12. La recuperación del empleo por lo general va varios pasos por detrás de la recuperación económica. Se calcula que tardó tres años en producirse tras la crisis financiera asiática de 1997/98, y los datos muestran que el tiempo de recuperación para alcanzar los niveles de empleo anteriores a la recesión se ha vuelto progresivamente más largo. Dado que la reciente crisis mundial ocasionó una subida más rápida y acusada de los índices de desempleo, se prevé que se necesitará aún más tiempo para que el mercado laboral se recupere. Además, existe el riesgo de que la pérdida de puestos de trabajo que se produjo durante la crisis se haga permanente, y de que los trabajadores sin empleo tengan que adquirir competencias distintas en nuevos sectores en expansión para conseguir trabajo.",
"13. Aunque para finales de 2010 el crecimiento del empleo había repuntado y las tasas de desempleo habían descendido a los niveles previos a la crisis no existen garantías de que se produzca una recuperación rápida del empleo en los países en desarrollo, al menos por dos razones. En primer lugar, la mayoría de los 47 millones de trabajadores de todo el mundo que cada año acceden por primera vez al mercado laboral están buscando trabajo en los países en desarrollo. En segundo lugar, la recuperación económica debe estar impulsada por los sectores productivos para que se mantenga el crecimiento económico. Sin embargo, gran parte de la destrucción de empleo se ha producido en los sectores de la exportación, de gran dinamismo, lo que apunta a la necesidad de cambios estructurales amplios[4].",
"14. Además, sigue habiendo una grave preocupación sobre la calidad del trabajo y la vulnerabilidad de los trabajadores. Como respuesta al ascenso de los índices de desempleo, muchos países han aumentado la flexibilidad del mercado laboral. Sin embargo, ante la falta de instituciones laborales fuertes, la desregulación del mercado laboral ha acarreado a menudo una reducción de los salarios y un empeoramiento de las condiciones laborales. Este hincapié en la flexibilidad del mercado laboral también entraña el riesgo de que se malogren las posibilidades de crecimiento a largo plazo, y de que los trabajadores se vean atrapados en un círculo vicioso de baja remuneración y baja productividad. La elevada tasa de rotación del personal, resultado de la mayor flexibilidad del mercado laboral, disuade a los trabajadores de recibir la formación que incrementaría su productividad laboral.",
"B. Efecto de la crisis mundial en el desarrollo de los recursos humanos nacionales",
"15. La crisis financiera y económica mundial sigue teniendo graves repercusiones para el desarrollo de los recursos humanos en casi todos los países. En las economías avanzadas el efecto se ha manifestado principalmente por dos canales: el aumento del desempleo y el descenso de las partidas presupuestarias destinadas a los programas estatales de educación y capacitación.",
"16. Muchos países en desarrollo, en especial los países de ingresos medianos, parecen haber capeado bien la crisis financiera mundial. Sin embargo, se prevé que los problemas socioeconómicos preexistentes influirán desfavorablemente en el desarrollo de los recursos humanos a largo plazo, dada la escasa creación de empleo que conlleva la recuperación, el elevado desempleo juvenil y la inestabilidad de los precios de los alimentos y la energía, entre otros factores.",
"Reducción de la inversión fiscal en el desarrollo de los recursos humanos",
"17. La situación fiscal de las economías avanzadas se ha deteriorado considerablemente como resultado de la crisis. La deuda soberana de las economías avanzadas aumentará probablemente de manera drástica durante los próximos años, principalmente como resultado del descenso de los ingresos y del gran volumen de obligaciones sin financiación prevista. Para gestionar la deuda, muchos gobiernos de países desarrollados se enfrentan a presiones crecientes para que reduzcan los gastos sociales a mediano plazo. En algunos países, los recortes en la financiación derivados de las medidas de austeridad ya han surtido efecto y han repercutido negativamente en muchos programas sociales que apoyan el desarrollo de los recursos humanos.",
"18. Por ejemplo, en Letonia se han llevado a cabo recortes importantes en la esfera de la salud y se ha reducido a la mitad la financiación pública de la educación respecto a las cifras de 2008. En Irlanda se han aumentado los pagos por los medicamentos recetados, los servicios hospitalarios y los asilos de ancianos, y ha disminuido el apoyo a los programas de capacitación laboral. En Dinamarca se ha propuesto una reducción considerable de las becas de estudios. En los Estados Unidos de América, la mayor parte de los distritos escolares han introducido recortes en los programas educativos, lo que ha conllevado una disminución del número de profesores y de sus sueldos. En el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte se ha propuesto aumentar casi al doble las tasas universitarias tras un recorte del 14% de los presupuestos universitarios en 2010. En Grecia e Italia se ha congelado la paga de los trabajadores del sector público, incluidos los del sector de la educación y la salud. En Francia se ha anunciado la eliminación de 100.000 puestos de trabajo en el sector público, muchos de ellos en la educación y la atención sanitaria, una medida que se llevará a cabo reemplazando tan solo a la mitad de las personas que se jubilan y reduciendo los sueldos del sector público.",
"19. Mientras que la mayoría de los países en desarrollo ha logrado mantener el presupuesto para servicios sociales, la aplicación de una política fiscal más estricta ha acarreado en algunos países la congelación o el recorte de los gastos en educación, salud y otras esferas ligadas al desarrollo de los recursos humanos[5]. La merma de los recursos financieros destinados a la educación está obligando a ciertos países a retrasar o diferir los fondos asignados a la educación (por ejemplo, los programas de educación en la primera infancia y alfabetización), o a no aumentar los gastos en educación pese al crecimiento de la matriculación, así como a introducir recortes en los gastos de la educación superior.",
"20. El descenso de las corrientes de AOD también puede afectar al fomento de sus recursos humanos en los países en desarrollo. Existen indicios claros de que los presupuestos de salud se han ajustado en los países africanos, entre otras razones, debido a la reducción de la financiación por parte de los donantes[6]. Este hecho tendrá graves consecuencias, dado que muchos países africanos dependen de la financiación externa para hacer frente a una parte importante de sus gastos de salud. En 2008, 23 países recibieron entre el 20,3% y el 63,5% de su financiación global de la esfera de la salud de fuentes externas. Además, el porcentaje de la asistencia externa destinado a la educación básica ha estado estancado desde 2002, y descendió un 6% entre 2007 y 2008 en el África Subsahariana[7].",
"21. El agotamiento de los recursos no solo tiene consecuencias a largo plazo para el desarrollo de los recursos humanos, sino también efectos a corto plazo sobre las actividades de formación y adquisición de competencias. La mayoría de los mercados laborales ya arrastra un exceso de desempleo y subempleo juvenil, debido en parte al desajuste entre la demanda de competencias y las competencias adquiridas. Dadas las circunstancias, se ha hecho necesario reorientar e impartir cursos de formación y actualización a las personas sin empleo y en situaciones de subempleo. Las iniciativas encaminadas a actualizar los conocimientos mediante la mejora del rendimiento educativo, la formación profesional y la formación en el trabajo, y el aprendizaje de las nuevas tecnologías están cobrando una importancia cada vez más vital, complementando las medidas para reforzar las políticas de empleo y las instituciones del mercado laboral.",
"Precios elevados e inestables de los alimentos y la energía",
"22. Los elevados precios de la alimentación y la energía registrados recientemente han coartado el fomento de los recursos humanos en muchos países en desarrollo. Los países de bajos ingresos que padecen un déficit alimentario han sido los más afectados por esta situación. Aunque los precios elevados de la alimentación pueden beneficiar a los países productores, también perjudican a los compradores netos de alimentos (aquellos países que no producen los alimentos suficientes para satisfacer sus necesidades). El aumento de los precios en los mercados internacionales no ha propiciado reacciones positivas en el plano de la oferta entre los granjeros de los países en desarrollo.",
"23. La carestía de los alimentos y de la energía a menudo ha dado lugar a cambios en las pautas de consumo de las comunidades y los hogares. Las dificultades crecientes para acceder a los alimentos pueden redundar en estrategias arriesgadas para salir del paso, como la liquidación urgente de activos, que los niños dejen de asistir a la escuela, la restricción del gasto en atención a la salud, y el deterioro de la dieta y la ingesta alimentaria. Las deficiencias nutricionales y el hambre crónica son las consecuencias más inmediatas que están afectando a la capacidad intelectual y física de las personas para trabajar, lo que a su vez ocasiona pérdidas de productividad e ingresos. El elevado costo de la energía agrava las condiciones de vida en los hogares pobres, en especial de los que ya tienen un acceso limitado a la electricidad, por lo que aumenta su dependencia de la biomasa para cocinar. La subida del precio del petróleo aumenta los costos de producción, procesamiento y distribución de los productos agrícolas, lo que eleva aún más el precio de los alimentos.",
"Reducción de la empleabilidad",
"24. La crisis mundial ha reducido las posibilidades a largo plazo de muchos trabajadores que se incorporan al mercado laboral de conseguir empleo. En la actualidad, la probabilidad de que los jóvenes no tengan empleo casi se ha triplicado, y en la mayoría de las regiones[8] es más probable que ocupen empleos precarios. Tanto en los países desarrollados como en los países en desarrollo las tasas de desempleo y subempleo juvenil han alcanzado proporciones alarmantes. Se calcula que a finales de 2010 había 77,7 millones de jóvenes sin empleo[9], una cifra levemente inferior a los 79,6 millones de 2009, pero muy superior así y todo a los 73,5 millones de 2007. La tasa mundial de desempleo juvenil ascendió al 12,6% en 2010³.",
"25. Incluso antes de la crisis, los recursos humanos existentes no se utilizaban por completo, debido a un crecimiento económico inferior al potencial, al mal funcionamiento de las instituciones del mercado laboral y al desfase entre las competencias existentes de la fuerza de trabajo y la demanda del mercado laboral. Sin embargo, una nueva subida acusada del índice de desempleo, especialmente entre los jóvenes, tendrá repercusiones a largo plazo sobre el desarrollo de los recursos humanos nacionales, no solo porque no se utilizan sus aportaciones de manera eficiente, sino también porque su productividad se verá coartada en el futuro.",
"26. Además, la desigualdad entre los géneros también se intensifica debido a la crisis mundial, lo que agudiza el riesgo, especialmente para las mujeres jóvenes. Cuando la crisis y otros factores debilitan la capacidad de las jóvenes y amenazan su progreso social y económico, se agrava la pobreza crónica, ya que, entre otras cosas, aumenta la posibilidad de que se transmita a la próxima generación.",
"27. La capacidad económica de quienes no pueden conseguir trabajo disminuye con el tiempo, dado que es más probable que les falte preparación cuando se recupere la economía. Un desempleo más elevado también reduce las fuentes de ingresos destinados normalmente a la alimentación, la atención a la salud y la educación, por lo que se reducen la capacidad y el bienestar generales de la fuerza de trabajo. Esta circunstancia tiene repercusiones especialmente graves para los jóvenes, ya que están en una edad en la que la adquisición de conocimientos es elevada por lo general. No obstante, algunos jóvenes tal vez sigan estudiando debido a la falta de oportunidades de trabajo. Por ejemplo, en varios países de América Latina se ha podido observar un descenso de la oferta de mano de obra entre los jóvenes, que permanecieron en el sistema educativo más tiempo tras producirse la crisis.",
"28. La formación práctica también puede contribuir a retrasar el ingreso al mercado laboral. Sin embargo, este tipo de capacitación debe orientarse al empleo y a la generación de ingresos, mediante una combinación de formación en el empleo, asistencia en la búsqueda de empleo y servicios de orientación y asesoramiento profesional. Los sistemas de educación y capacitación técnica y profesional no solo crean una vía de acceso de la escuela a un trabajo especializado, sino que también reorientan a los trabajadores para mejorar su empleabilidad. Reconociendo su potencial para cubrir las necesidades tanto de los jóvenes como de las empresas, un número cada vez mayor de países se está centrando en estos sistemas como un importante elemento de sus políticas en la materia[10]. Algunos gobiernos han elaborado estrategias de reorientación para la juventud, en colaboración con la comunidad empresarial, los órganos legislativos y el mundo académico, con el objetivo de determinar las competencias en las que puede haber deficiencias o escasez en un futuro próximo.",
"III. Problemas y oportunidades para el desarrollo de los recursos humanos",
"29. La globalización ha creado oportunidades y problemas para el desarrollo de los recursos humanos. Las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, así como otras de carácter innovador, han reducido las barreras funcionales, jerárquicas y geográficas y han transformado radicalmente el funcionamiento de los mercados laborales. Las instituciones privadas y públicas son capaces ahora de captar a los trabajadores más competentes de manera económica, lo que brinda oportunidades a las personas de talento y a los países con una fuerza de trabajo calificada. Por otra parte, esta situación también puede ocasionar la fuga de cerebros de los países en desarrollo, mientras que los trabajadores no especializados de los países desarrollados se pueden ver afectados por una mayor inseguridad laboral, debido a la incorporación de los trabajadores migrantes al mercado laboral o a la transferencia de puestos de trabajo a otros países.",
"30. La inversión permanente en el desarrollo de los recursos humanos resulta, por tanto, vital para mantener una fuerza de trabajo calificada que responda a las demandas de unos mercados mundiales cada vez más competitivos. Contar con una base de personal competente favorece la productividad y el crecimiento económico en todos los sectores. Sin embargo, la mera mejora de las competencias, el conocimiento y las capacidades de las personas tal vez no sea suficiente, ya que la competitividad económica de los países no solo se mide por la suma de los conocimientos especializados de la fuerza de trabajo nacional, sino también por su flexibilidad y su capacidad para ajustarse a la evolución de las necesidades con rapidez y eficacia.",
"31. Los distintos niveles de desarrollo exigen competencias distintas. Por ejemplo, alcanzar niveles superiores de productividad laboral exige competencias analíticas y cognitivas de un carácter cada vez más interactivo y adaptable. A medida que los trabajadores pasan de un tipo de competencia a otro en un mercado laboral fluido, surge la necesidad de fomentar dotes versátiles, como la capacidad de adaptación y la flexibilidad, que van más allá de los conocimientos necesarios para desempeñar un oficio. Incluso en el sector público se necesitan nuevos tipos de competencias y capacidades en esferas como la comunicación eficaz, la gestión y la asimilación de los conocimientos, la planificación estratégica y la habilidad para coordinar una amplia gama de partes interesadas en las instituciones públicas, privadas y de la sociedad civil. La transición a una economía ecológica también exige que se concilie la necesidad de crear puestos de trabajo que no dañen el medio ambiente con los ajustes necesarios en otros sectores económicos.",
"32. Existe un reconocimiento creciente de que muchos sistemas educativos y de capacitación no están preparando al personal de manera adecuada a la evolución de las necesidades, por lo que se crea un desajuste entre la oferta y la demanda. A pesar de reconocer el problema, muchos países en desarrollo aún no han podido incorporar las nuevas competencias que se necesitan a los programas escolares, la formación académica o los programas de formación.",
"A. El desarrollo de los recursos humanos y los subgrupos infrautilizados",
"33. Las tendencias demográficas, entre ellas la proliferación de jóvenes que buscan su primer trabajo en África y el Oriente Medio, así como la contracción de la población activa en Europa y Asia Central y Oriental debido a los bajos índices de fecundidad y al envejecimiento de la población, suscitan otra serie de problemas que van más allá de la creación de empleo.",
"34. La integración en los mercados laborales de los grupos desfavorecidos, por ejemplo, las mujeres, los jóvenes, las minorías, las personas con discapacidad o los pueblos indígenas, sigue planteando un desafío. La baja utilización de los recursos humanos implica la pérdida de oportunidades en cuanto a producción, seguridad social, contribución al impuesto sobre la renta y ahorro derivado del menor gasto en prestaciones sociales. Un mejor desempeño de los grupos marginados en materia de educación y en el mercado laboral no solo fomentará la capacidad nacional de recursos humanos en su conjunto, sino que también contribuirá favorablemente a la economía nacional.",
"35. Sacar el máximo partido de los recursos laborales exige medidas que reduzcan las barreras por motivo de género para acceder a la educación, la formación y el empleo. En todas las regiones, las mujeres tienden a tener tasas de actividad económica inferiores a las de los hombres, y a estar concentradas en un número menor de ocupaciones, a menudo mal remuneradas, del sector no estructurado. Las mujeres trabajan menos horas en actividades laborales remuneradas (debido a la mayor frecuencia del trabajo a tiempo parcial) y su trayectoria profesional sufre más interrupciones debido a las obligaciones familiares. Esta segregación por motivos de género en el lugar de trabajo refleja estereotipos asociados a la educación y a las funciones predominantes conforme al género existentes en la sociedad[11]. Se puede fomentar un uso eficaz de la mano de obra femenina incrementando la participación de la mujer en una gran variedad de ocupaciones del sector laboral estructurado.",
"36. En general, el sector agrícola padece problemas como la baja capacidad de los recursos humanos, las desigualdades entre los géneros y la falta de inversión en nuevas tecnologías e infraestructura. En muchos países en desarrollo donde las mujeres desempeñan un papel clave en la agricultura[12], mejorar su productividad redundará en un aumento de los alimentos disponibles y de la productividad agrícola. Según los cálculos recientes de la FAO, si las mujeres tuvieran el mismo acceso a los recursos productivos que los hombres, podrían aumentar el rendimiento de sus granjas entre un 20% y un 30%, lo que elevaría la producción agrícola de los países en desarrollo entre el 2,5% y el 4%, y reduciría a su vez el número de personas que padecen hambre en el mundo entre un 12% y un 17%.",
"37. El trabajo infantil, común en muchas regiones, priva a los niños y a los adolescentes de la oportunidad de adquirir conocimientos y educación, y afecta sus perspectivas para el futuro, a menudo de modo permanente. Menos educación implica una fuerza de trabajo poco preparada, expuesta a bajas remuneraciones y al empleo precario. Prevenir y erradicar el trabajo infantil, permitiendo que los niños disfruten de la educación y de la formación, fomentará sus posibilidades de que consigan trabajos productivos y mejores ingresos en la juventud y en la edad adulta.",
"B. Migración y desarrollo de los recursos humanos",
"38. A raíz del aumento del desempleo, muchos países de acogida han reforzado los controles de inmigración y han establecido requisitos más estrictos para los trabajadores migratorios. Además, los trabajadores migratorios suelen perder sus puestos de trabajo más rápidamente que otros, a consecuencia de las presiones públicas o las políticas nacionales aplicadas durante los períodos de desaceleración económica, en que frecuentemente se culpa a los inmigrantes de hacer más difícil la situación. La migración tiene importantes consecuencias para el desarrollo de los recursos humanos a través de una serie de mecanismos de transmisión. Las remesas de fondos de los trabajadores migratorios aumentan el ingreso de los hogares y mejoran los resultados de los sectores de la educación y la salud en los países de origen. La información, los conocimientos y las habilidades que los trabajadores migratorios llevan consigo al volver a sus países contribuyen a la innovación y fomentan la capacidad empresarial. Al mismo tiempo, la migración de trabajadores calificados puede provocar una escasez de personal calificado en los países de origen, mientras que las altas tasas de desempleo llevan a los trabajadores calificados a emigrar. La complejidad de las cuestiones relacionadas con la migración y sus consecuencias para el desarrollo de los recursos humanos deben examinarse más a fondo desde diversos puntos de vista.",
"39. Se estima que el número de trabajadores que migraron a otros países en 2010 fue de 214 millones, de los cuales el 49% eran mujeres. Esta cifra representa un aumento en relación con los 195 millones registrados en 2005, y pese a una desaceleración ocasionada por la crisis económica, el número continúa creciendo[13]. Actualmente, seis de cada diez migrantes internacionales (128 millones) viven en países desarrollados, y la mayoría (74 millones) proceden de países en desarrollo (véase A/65/203).",
"40. En países en que la mayoría vive en condiciones socioeconómicas deficientes, la globalización actúa como un factor de atracción, ya que ofrece la promesa de mejores trabajos y salarios más altos. Al mismo tiempo, los salarios bajos, sumados a condiciones de trabajo insatisfactorias y a menudo peligrosas, son factores que motivan a las personas a emigrar. En consecuencia, algunos países en desarrollo se enfrentan al problema del éxodo intelectual y pierden recursos humanos altamente calificados cuya formación ha llevado muchos años.",
"41. La emigración de trabajadores calificados provocada por una alta tasa de desempleo o por una oferta de trabajo insuficiente puede considerarse un éxodo intelectual. En muchos países con una elevada emigración, el desempleo es un problema crónico. No obstante, fomentar la migración como una estrategia para resolver el desempleo podría dar lugar a la pérdida de mano de obra calificada que se necesita a nivel local, especialmente cuando las oportunidades de emigración se concentran en determinadas profesiones. Por ejemplo, en la región del Pacífico la migración se produce sobre todo entre la mano de obra calificada, en parte debido a las políticas de los principales países de destino, que favorecen a los trabajadores calificados de determinadas profesiones. Las altas tasas de migración pueden terminar provocando el éxodo de grandes números de trabajadores calificados, especialmente en las esferas de la salud y la educación.",
"42. Según el Informe sobre la Salud en el Mundo 2006, todos los años un número considerable de trabajadores del sector de la salud abandonan su país de origen, ya sea temporal o permanentemente⁶. La Asamblea Mundial de la Salud, reconociendo la complejidad de las cuestiones relacionadas con la movilidad de los trabajadores del sector de la salud, aprobó el Código de prácticas mundial sobre contratación internacional de personal de salud en mayo de 2010[14].",
"43. Otros trabajadores migratorios adquieren conocimientos y competencias en los países a los que migran. Estas competencias, a la larga, pueden mejorar la calidad de la mano de obra en sus países de origen. Ante esta situación, varios países han puesto en marcha programas nacionales de creación de puestos de trabajo, ofreciendo al mismo tiempo incentivos para ayudar a los migrantes que regresan a reintegrarse en sus comunidades. Sin embargo, los trabajadores poco calificados generalmente realizan actividades que requieren pocas cualificaciones en los países de destino, lo que no les da mucha oportunidad de adquirir o mejorar sus conocimientos. La planificación estratégica del desarrollo de los recursos humanos en relación con los trabajadores poco calificados que emigran o regresan contribuirá a maximizar las ventajas en materia de desarrollo adquiridas por los trabajadores migratorios.",
"C. Remesas de fondos",
"44. Las corrientes de remesas destinadas a países de bajos y medianos ingresos ascendieron a 316.000 millones de dólares en 2009, una disminución respecto de 2008, en que la cifra fue de 336.000 millones de dólares (véase A/65/203). La reducción se debió a una drástica caída de las remesas procedentes de los países que registran los mayores envíos de remesas, es decir, los Estados Unidos de América, la Federación de Rusia y determinados países de Europa. Muchos países de Europa Oriental y Asia Central que dependen en gran medida de las remesas de fondos registraron disminuciones de hasta un 21% en las remesas recibidas. África del Norte también se ha visto gravemente afectada por las altas tasas de desempleo de los países ricos en petróleo. No obstante, en términos generales las remesas han resistido a la crisis económica y han tenido un repunte considerable, aunque sin alcanzar los niveles registrados antes de la crisis.",
"45. Las remesas de fondos desempeñan un papel cada vez más importante para el desarrollo de los recursos humanos en los países de origen, puesto que una gran proporción de esos ingresos se utiliza para financiar gastos de educación y salud. Un análisis de las encuestas de hogares revela que, una vez satisfechas las necesidades básicas de consumo, las remesas se emplean cada vez más para invertir en empresas y en educación. Los datos del Pakistán, Filipinas y los países insulares del Pacífico indican que las familias que reciben remesas pueden mantener a sus hijos en la escuela por más tiempo y costearles una enseñanza privada, que generalmente se considera de mejor calidad que la enseñanza pública.",
"IV. Estrategias prácticas para un desarrollo sostenible de los recursos humanos: enseñanzas extraídas de las experiencias nacionales",
"46. En respuesta a los efectos de la crisis financiera y económica mundial, muchos países han aplicado diversas medidas temporales, de mediano y largo plazo, para retener, apoyar y readiestrar sus recursos humanos. También se han abordado las necesidades de recursos humanos a largo plazo en esferas tales como la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones, la economía ecológica, la propiedad intelectual, la formulación de programas eficaces de protección social, la reducción de disparidades entre los servicios educativos y sociales de las zonas rurales y urbanas, y la agricultura productiva y el desarrollo rural.",
"Medidas adoptadas para responder a la crisis financiera y económica mundial",
"47. En el contexto de una recuperación con escasa creación de empleo, algunos países avanzados han optado por reducir las fuerzas de trabajo o congelar el empleo, mientras que otros han negociado con los sindicatos para reducir el horario de trabajo o los salarios a fin de evitar la pérdida de más puestos de trabajo. Otros países han puesto en marcha políticas laborales dinámicas destinadas a integrar a los desempleados en la fuerza laboral o a incentivar a los empleadores a retener a los recursos humanos durante la crisis. Ejemplos de esas medidas son los subsidios para la retención de empleos y los incentivos a la contratación de personal, los subsidios a los programas de trabajo compartido, las reducciones de costos laborales no salariales para la contratación de personas desempleadas, la asistencia para la búsqueda de empleo y la colocación, los incentivos a la puesta en marcha de nuevas empresas, los programas de prácticas profesionales, los programas de formación y la inversión en tecnología de la información para la gestión de información y procesos relativos a los recursos humanos.",
"48. También se han adoptado medidas para que el desarrollo de recursos humanos sea más eficaz en función de los costos, mejorando la capacitación de instructores, los planes de estudio y la formación profesional. Mediante la adopción de buenas prácticas se podrían ahorrar recursos considerables.",
"49. En 2007, la Unión Europea creó un Fondo Europeo de Adaptación a la Globalización, que destina 500 millones de euros para ayudar a los trabajadores desempleados a adquirir nuevas competencias o a poner en marcha sus propias empresas. El programa se modificó en 2008 para ayudar a los trabajadores afectados por la crisis financiera. Además, en 2008 se puso en marcha la iniciativa “Nuevas cualificaciones para nuevos empleos” con el fin de elevar el nivel de las cualificaciones, mejorar la previsión de las necesidades laborales e incrementar el diálogo entre la comunidad empresarial y los proveedores de servicios educativos.",
"Inversión en recursos humanos mediante programas de protección social",
"50. Aun antes de la crisis mundial, un número cada vez mayor de países habían formulado estrategias integrales para mejorar el desarrollo de los recursos humanos y aumentar los ingresos de los hogares pobres. Esos programas integrales de protección social, que a menudo van acompañados de estrategias de reducción de la pobreza o de inclusión social, han demostrado su eficacia tanto para mitigar las conmociones económicas inmediatas como para contribuir al desarrollo de los recursos humanos.",
"51. Los programas de protección social eficaces, tales como las transferencias monetarias condicionadas y no condicionadas, las pensiones sociales y los planes de garantía del empleo, están bien documentados (véase E/CN.5/2011/2). Por lo general, los programas de transferencias monetarias condicionales están dirigidos a las familias pobres con hijos y consisten en pequeñas subvenciones en efectivo y transferencias en especie que se les entregan a condición de que los niños asistan a la escuela y se sometan a reconocimientos médicos periódicos. Al cubrir los gastos de educación y atención médica, estos programas buscan aumentar la asistencia y retención escolar, prevenir enfermedades y evitar la malnutrición, contribuyendo así a una fuerza de trabajo con un mejor nivel educativo y más saludable. Además, protegen a las familias de diversos riesgos ocasionados por el desempleo, la enfermedad, la discapacidad, la vejez y los desastres naturales.",
"52. En el Brasil se aplica el programa Bolsa Familia, el programa de transferencias monetarias condicionadas más grande del mundo, que proporciona subvenciones mensuales a más de 12 millones de familias pobres a condición de que los niños asistan a la escuela y las madres reciban atención prenatal y postnatal. En México, el programa Oportunidades, ha sustituido las transferencias aisladas de ingresos, como la prestación de servicios en especie (un conjunto de beneficios de salud, nutrición y educación) y precios con descuento, por transferencias de ingresos con destinatarios específicos y bajo ciertas condiciones. El programa abarca a 5 millones de familias, lo que equivale al 25% de la población, y su presupuesto ascendió a 3.300 millones de dólares en 2007. Otros programas, como el Plan Jefas y Jefes de Hogar Desocupados, de la Argentina, que está condicionado a la asistencia escolar y la vacunación de los niños, también ofrecen capacitación para que los participantes puedan adquirir nuevas competencias profesionales.",
"53. En Asia está surgiendo una variedad de iniciativas de protección social. Los planes de garantía de un nivel de vida mínimo en China proporcionan apoyo periódico en efectivo o en especie a las familias pobres, abarcando a 66 millones de personas, es decir, casi el 5% de la población del país en 2008. En el Pakistán, el programa Benazir de apoyo a los ingresos tiene el propósito de aumentar el poder adquisitivo de las familias económicamente vulnerables. En Filipinas, el programa Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino consiste en una estrategia nacional integral de reducción de la pobreza y de desarrollo social que cubre los gastos de atención médica y educación de las familias pobres, permitiéndoles invertir en recursos humanos[15].",
"54. En África Subsahariana, los programas de protección social están dirigidos principalmente a los más vulnerables y a menudo combinan las transferencias en efectivo y la prestación de servicios. Para fines de 2008, el programa de redes de seguridad productivas de Etiopía había pasado de distribuir ayuda alimentaria de emergencia a proporcionar transferencias a 8 millones de hogares que padecían inseguridad alimentaria. El programa ofrece transferencias en efectivo o en alimentos a cambio de trabajo y presta apoyo directo a las familias que carecen de empleo u otros medios de subsistencia. En Kenya, el programa de transferencias monetarias para huérfanos y niños vulnerables, que abarca a 100.000 familias y 230.000 huérfanos y niños vulnerables, proporciona transferencias a familias en situación de pobreza extrema siempre que estas cumplan las condiciones de escolarización y atención médica.",
"55. Se están llevando a cabo diversas iniciativas innovadoras encaminadas a mejorar la empleabilidad y generar oportunidades de empleo a corto y largo plazo para las comunidades vulnerables. Entre estas actividades cabe mencionar las obras públicas de pequeña escala que requieren mucha mano de obra, los planes específicamente dirigidos a apoyar el empleo de las personas pertenecientes a grupos marginados y los planes de subsidios salariales para alentar a las pequeñas y medianas empresas a que contraten a jóvenes que buscan empleo. Los programas de protección social fomentan la participación en el mercado de trabajo en los países de ingresos bajos y medianos mediante oportunidades de trabajo garantizado en el sector público[16].",
"56. El Plan Nacional de Garantía de Empleo Rural de la India, que es el plan más grande de este tipo en todo el mundo, se basa en el derecho, establecido por ley, a trabajar 100 días por año cobrando el salario mínimo. En el período 2007-2008 el plan proporcionó empleo a cerca de 34 millones de familias rurales a un costo del 0,3% del producto interno bruto. Más de la mitad de los beneficiarios eran trabajadores agrícolas u obreros no calificados. Este plan permite que las familias adquieran activos, como por ejemplo ganado, y aumenten su gasto en alimentos y artículos no alimentarios. El Programa ampliado de obras públicas de Sudáfrica (cuya segunda etapa se inició en 2009) genera empleo a corto y mediano plazo proporcionando oportunidades de trabajo adicionales (de 100 días a 24 meses), además de ofrecer capacitación en materia de escritura, lectura y aritmética y formación profesional y empresarial.",
"57. Si bien es posible que pasen años antes de que las intervenciones encaminadas a desarrollar una fuerza de trabajo saludable produzcan resultados, los rendimientos de dichas inversiones pueden llegar a ser considerables. En los últimos 20 años, el Brasil ha formado y contratado a más de 25.000 equipos de salud familiar en zonas rurales y remotas, que cubren cerca del 60% de la población. Etiopía ha capacitado a 32.000 agentes de divulgación sanitaria desde 2005, que se destinan a puestos sanitarios remotos. Tailandia ha puesto en práctica un enfoque integrado denominado “formación local y colocación en el pueblo natal”, que selecciona a estudiantes de zonas rurales y los capacita en enfermería y medicina para que trabajen en comunidades cercanas. Estas iniciativas han reducido las disparidades entre las zonas urbanas y rurales y han mejorado los resultados en materia de salud.",
"Desarrollo de los recursos humanos en esferas nuevas",
"58. El “crecimiento ecológico” ha sido adoptado como una de las estrategias regionales para lograr el desarrollo sostenible en Asia y el Pacífico. Se ha llevado a cabo una serie de seminarios y talleres nacionales, sesiones de capacitación de instructores y diálogos regionales sobre políticas para un crecimiento ecológico, dirigidos a funcionarios, responsables de formular políticas y especialistas con el fin de fortalecer su capacidad de elaborar y aplicar políticas, estrategias y hojas de ruta para un crecimiento ecológico.",
"59. Por ejemplo, Camboya ha establecido una secretaría nacional de crecimiento ecológico, y su grupo de trabajo interministerial sobre crecimiento ecológico ha elaborado una hoja de ruta nacional en la materia. Kazajstán ha llevado a cabo un estudio nacional sobre la aplicación de instrumentos de política de crecimiento ecológico en la planificación y la gestión estratégicas. La iniciativa de Astana “Puente Verde” relativa a la Alianza de Europa, Asia y el Pacífico para un crecimiento ecológico fue aprobada en la Sexta Conferencia Ministerial sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo en Asia y el Pacífico celebrada en 2010. En Samoa se ha puesto en marcha una iniciativa empresarial ecológica en favor de los pobres basada en el suministro de energía renovable (biogás), agua potable e instalaciones sanitarias, que ha sido reproducida por otras comunidades en Fiji, Vanuatu y otros pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo.",
"60. La necesidad de contar con una capacidad adecuada en materia de tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones (TIC) ha aumentado a medida que esta tecnología se ha ido volviendo esencial para el desarrollo socioeconómico de casi todos los países. El uso de servicios de tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones ha continuado creciendo pese a la reciente crisis económica. A fines de 2009, el número estimado de abonados a servicios de telefonía móvil en el mundo ascendía a 4.600 millones. Más de la mitad de la población total de los países en desarrollo tenía acceso a servicios de telefonía móvil y aproximadamente el 26% de la población mundial tenía acceso a Internet (el 64% en los países desarrollados y el 18% en los países en desarrollo (o el 14% si se excluye a China))[17]. Según el Banco Mundial, el acceso a los servicios telefónicos, especialmente los teléfonos móviles, aumentó en África de 2 millones de usuarios en 1998 a más de 400 millones en 2010. El notable crecimiento registrado en África durante la última década, que atrajo más de 56.000 millones de dólares en inversiones del sector privado entre 1998 y 2008, se debe en gran parte a la aparición de las tecnologías móviles.",
"61. Sin embargo, para aumentar el acceso a Internet es necesario abordar el problema del acceso universal a las redes de banda ancha. Actualmente se considera que la banda ancha es un elemento esencial de la infraestructura nacional, como las redes de transporte, agua y energía. La disponibilidad y el uso de la infraestructura de banda ancha permite a los gobiernos transformar la prestación de servicios y fomentar la actividad empresarial, la innovación y la competitividad. No obstante, para aprovechar al máximo los posibles beneficios de una economía con banda ancha es necesario que en los diferentes niveles de la sociedad se adquiera una gran variedad de nuevos conocimientos y técnicas, en particular en lo relativo a la formulación y aplicación de políticas de la TIC[18].",
"62. La UIT y la UNESCO establecieron la Comisión sobre la Banda Ancha con el objetivo de promover la adopción de prácticas y políticas favorables a la banda ancha, para que todo el mundo tuviera la posibilidad de aprovechar sus beneficios. La función que desempeña la banda ancha en el desarrollo de los recursos humanos y la educación es un tema fundamental para la Comisión, por lo que se ha establecido un grupo de trabajo encargado de dicha cuestión.",
"63. Algunos países han invertido en educación considerables recursos de TIC. En Singapur, el tercer plan maestro para la TIC en la educación (2009-2014) apunta a fortalecer las competencias para un aprendizaje más profundo y a estimular la creación de conocimientos a través del uso de estas tecnologías. Jordania, reconocida como un centro regional de tecnología, ha venido construyendo su infraestructura de TIC y promoviéndola como un instrumento para mejorar los recursos humanos y fomentar el desarrollo económico. Desde 2003, el Gobierno ha prestado especial atención a la aplicación de la TIC y ha invertido considerables recursos presupuestarios mediante sus estrategias nacionales de educación para aumentar la penetración de Internet a un 50% con el objeto de incrementar los ingresos y el empleo en este campo.",
"64. La rápida evolución de las tecnologías y la complejidad de los protocolos de Internet plantean desafíos a las instituciones nacionales. El sector privado, el Estado y las instituciones de investigación necesitan cada vez más tener acceso a conocimientos protegidos por derechos de propiedad intelectual. En consecuencia, la necesidad de mejorar las competencias de evaluación y gestión de las políticas de propiedad intelectual se ha vuelto imperiosa, especialmente en los países en desarrollo.",
"V. Función de la comunidad internacional en la formulación y aplicación de estrategias nacionales de desarrollo de los recursos humanos",
"A. Función de la comunidad internacional",
"65. Se prevé que las corrientes de AOD disminuirán a medida que los países desarrollados continúen adoptando medidas de austeridad fiscal debido al aumento de la deuda soberana provocado por la crisis financiera y económica mundial. La comunidad internacional puede mantener cierto nivel de participación y ayudar a los países en desarrollo a fortalecer sus recursos humanos mediante enfoques más específicos y económicos. Se debería además prestar una mayor atención a los países menos adelantados y a los países con economías pequeñas en los que las necesidades de desarrollo de recursos humanos son mayores.",
"66. Las organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas han apoyado el desarrollo de recursos humanos en las nuevas esferas, como la economía ecológica, la TIC, la propiedad intelectual, las reglas y normas marítimas internacionales y la utilización de la ciencia y la tecnología nucleares con fines pacíficos. Además, los programas de protección social se están encarando con criterios más amplios e integrados, con miras a crear empleo en el ámbito agrícola y rural y hacer frente a las disparidades de salud y educación entre las zonas rurales y urbanas.",
"67. La UNESCO ha hecho un seguimiento de las repercusiones de la crisis en el sector de la educación de sus Estados miembros mediante un estudio exploratorio inicial por el que se examinaron los presupuestos de educación de 50 países en desarrollo⁵, se analizó en mayor detalle el crecimiento económico, los ingresos y los presupuestos de educación de 12 países[19] y se llevaron a cabo otros estudios para evaluar la magnitud y la naturaleza del efecto de la crisis en las actividades escolares cotidianas.",
"68. Recientemente, la FAO adoptó una estrategia institucional sobre desarrollo de la capacidad, dejando claramente de lado su enfoque tradicional de brindar capacitación a las personas para pasar a aumentar la capacidad nacional de gestionar los cambios a largo plazo en la agricultura y el desarrollo rural. En 2010, la OMS formuló recomendaciones mundiales sobre políticas para abordar el problema de la inadecuada distribución de trabajadores de la salud entre las zonas rurales y urbanas. La OMS está colaborando con una serie de asociados para apoyar los esfuerzos nacionales dirigidos a poner en práctica esas directrices.",
"69. El Banco Mundial ha venido prestando asistencia a los países en desarrollo para que inviertan en la infraestructura de TIC necesaria para crear empleo e intensificar las actividades de producción, servicios y comercio. Una de estas iniciativas es el Programa Regional de Infraestructura de las Comunicaciones de África Oriental. La UIT llevó a cabo una serie de iniciativas de fomento de la capacidad para formar a especialistas en Internet y en la “nueva economía de banda ancha” mediante sus actividades académicas y de aprendizaje.",
"70. La Red de las Naciones Unidas sobre Administración y Finanzas Públicas[20] ofrece diversos instrumentos gratuitos de capacitación en línea y recursos didácticos sobre prácticas innovadoras en materia de gobernanza y administración pública. Sus estudios sobre la administración pública de los países[21] facilitan el aprendizaje mutuo entre los gobiernos y entre las instituciones internacionales, regionales y nacionales dedicadas al fomento de la capacidad en el sector público.",
"71. La OMPI brinda a los países en desarrollo amplias oportunidades de fomento de la capacidad, entre otras cosas, mediante la Academia Mundial, el aprendizaje electrónico, la capacitación en el servicio PATENTSCOPE de investigación e información sobre patentes, los centros de apoyo a la tecnología y la innovación y WIPO Lex[22], una base de datos que proporciona acceso gratuito a la legislación relativa a la propiedad intelectual.",
"72. En respuesta a la escasez de recursos humanos calificados y con experiencia en los países en desarrollo, el Programa integrado de cooperación técnica de la OMI procura aumentar las capacidades institucionales y de recursos humanos para aplicar sus normas y reglamentos. El Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica apoya el fomento de la capacidad en la utilización y aplicación de la energía nuclear con fines pacíficos, ofreciendo, a nivel interregional, regional y nacional, capacitación relativa al derecho nuclear, el análisis y la planificación de sistemas energéticos, la seguridad nuclear y la aplicación de la ciencia y la tecnología nucleares en esferas fundamentales tales como la alimentación y la agricultura, la salud, la gestión de recursos hídricos y la vigilancia y protección del entorno marino y terrestre.",
"73. Entre las iniciativas de creación de la capacidad que cuentan con el apoyo de la CESPAP cabe mencionar el programa de capacitación “Academia de fundamentos de TIC para dirigentes gubernamentales”, los programas de formación en línea sobre crecimiento ecológico para instructores, el portal de crecimiento ecológico de la red regional de encargados de formular políticas, la Red de investigaciones y capacitación sobre comercio de Asia y el Pacífico y la Red de Expertos de las Naciones Unidas sobre comercio electrónico.",
"B. Función del sector privado",
"74. El sector privado desempeña una función crítica en el crecimiento económico de los países en desarrollo. Las asociaciones público-privadas han surgido como una opción importante para crear y mantener infraestructuras públicas de gran escala, incluidas las de banda ancha, o para aumentar la eficiencia de la prestación de los servicios básicos. Si bien deben planificarse cuidadosamente, las asociaciones público-privadas podrían ofrecer opciones viables para mejorar aún más el desarrollo de los recursos humanos, especialmente cuando los principales países donantes están adoptando medidas de austeridad.",
"75. El programa del PNUD[23] de Asociaciones entre los sectores público y privado para la prestación de servicios busca dar a los pobres un mayor acceso a servicios básicos tales como el agua, la eliminación de residuos, la energía, la educación y la salud, fomentando asociaciones inclusivas entre los gobiernos, las empresas y las comunidades locales. Otros ejemplos de asociaciones público-privadas que han logrado buenos resultados en el sector de la salud son la Alianza Mundial para el Fomento de la Vacunación y la Inmunización (GAVI) y el Fondo Mundial de Lucha contra el SIDA, la Tuberculosis y la Malaria.",
"76. Además, la inclusión del sector privado en la formulación de estrategias de desarrollo de los recursos humanos puede ayudar a determinar los sectores con perspectivas de crecimiento y las nuevas competencias necesarias. También pueden establecerse colaboraciones con el sector privado para el desarrollo de competencias, la capacitación en el empleo y la contratación y retención de trabajadores jóvenes.",
"C. Función de los gobiernos nacionales y los asociados para el desarrollo",
"77. La responsabilidad primordial del desarrollo de los recursos humanos corresponde a los gobiernos nacionales, cuya visión y voluntad política tendrán una gran influencia en ese sentido. La reciente crisis financiera y económica ha presentado desafíos a los gobiernos, pero también ha creado oportunidades. La existencia de una estrategia integral y coherente permite a los gobiernos preparar sus recursos humanos de manera estratégica, asegurando que se ajusten a las necesidades futuras del mercado de trabajo, y que estén dispuestos a aprovechar las oportunidades generadas por las nuevas tecnologías y la innovación. Además, es indispensable que los gobiernos hagan inversiones sostenibles a largo plazo en el desarrollo de los recursos humanos.",
"78. Además de elaborar estrategias integrales de desarrollo de los recursos humanos, es necesario incorporar las cuestiones relativas a los recursos humanos en las políticas y estrategias sectoriales. Los países donantes pueden volver a examinar sus políticas de asistencia para el desarrollo y considerar la posibilidad de asignar AOD para fortalecer el desarrollo de los recursos humanos en los países en desarrollo, en especial en los países menos adelantados. También puede resultar útil estudiar la AOD para examinar en qué medida el desarrollo de los recursos humanos recibe apoyo a través de corrientes sectoriales de AOD.",
"VI. Conclusiones y recomendaciones",
"Conclusiones",
"79. El desarrollo de los recursos humanos es un elemento central del desarrollo económico, social y ambiental. Una fuerza de trabajo calificada, educada, saludable, capaz, productiva y flexible, con conocimientos actualizados, es fundamental para que los países alcancen un crecimiento económico y un progreso social sostenibles. Por eso, todos los países, independientemente de su situación económica, deben armonizar el desarrollo de los recursos humanos con las estrategias nacionales de desarrollo.",
"80. Muchos países en desarrollo continúan teniendo dificultades para obtener los recursos humanos suficientes para satisfacer las necesidades económicas y sociales nacionales. Además, por falta de recursos y capacidad, muchas veces los países en desarrollo van a la zaga en la formulación y aplicación de estrategias eficaces en materia de desarrollo de los recursos humanos.",
"81. Los recursos humanos insuficientemente aprovechados deben integrarse plenamente en los mercados de trabajo. El uso efectivo de la TIC también es esencial para lograr un buen desarrollo de los recursos humanos. Puesto que los costos elevados y volátiles de los alimentos y la energía siguen constituyendo una amenaza para la seguridad alimentaria y energética, especialmente en las zonas rurales, es necesario reforzar la capacidad de satisfacer las necesidades de alimentos y energía. Por último, un factor esencial del éxito de las estrategias de desarrollo de los recursos humanos es el hecho de contar con programas integrales de protección social.",
"Recomendaciones",
"82. Se deberían tener en cuenta las siguientes recomendaciones:",
"En el plano nacional",
"a) Los gobiernos deberían asignar al desarrollo de los recursos, humanos un papel central en el desarrollo económico y social e intervenir eficazmente para mejorar el desarrollo de dichos recursos y reducir rápida y considerablemente la proporción de la población en empleos de baja productividad;",
"b) Es necesario actualizar las competencias de los recursos humanos, ya que la mayoría de los nuevos empleos probablemente surgirá en los sectores nuevos e innovadores, incluido el de la “economía ecológica”;",
"c) Los países con economías avanzadas deberían mantener o intensificar las medidas encaminadas a impulsar una recuperación acompañada de una elevada creación de empleo, como políticas e incentivos para mejorar la productividad laboral y estimular la inversión privada, además de los esfuerzos de reducción de los déficits presupuestarios a largo plazo;",
"d) Los gobiernos deberían fortalecer los sistemas de protección social para mejorar el desarrollo de los recursos humanos;",
"e) Los gobiernos deberían armonizar mejor los sistemas de educación y formación y las necesidades del mercado de trabajo. Los planes de estudio escolares y los programas de formación profesional deberían actualizarse periódicamente en estrecha consulta con los empleadores;",
"f) Los gobiernos deberían fortalecer las instituciones y los reglamentos laborales para poder responder de manera oportuna a las crisis económicas, preservando los puestos de trabajo y protegiendo a los trabajadores con empleos vulnerables;",
"g) Las estrategias destinadas a fortalecer el desarrollo de los recursos humanos deberían incorporar iniciativas de inversión en los sectores nuevos, especialmente los de la TIC y el mejoramiento ambiental;",
"h) Deberían idearse medidas para reducir el desempleo y el subempleo de los jóvenes, que se han visto afectados de manera desproporcionada por la situación de recuperación sin creación de empleo. Por ejemplo, podrían ofrecerse incentivos a la contratación, retención y actualización de personal, se podría brindar asistencia en la búsqueda de empleo y en la determinación de las competencias idóneas para cada empleo, o se podrían poner en marcha programas de capacitación técnica, profesional y en el empleo y de fomento de las iniciativas empresariales de los jóvenes;",
"i) Se deberían procurar reducir los obstáculos al empleo, en especial los relacionados con el género;",
"j) Se deberían adoptar medidas innovadoras para maximizar los beneficios de la migración, minimizando al mismo tiempo sus efectos negativos. Se deberían llevar a cabo análisis más integrados de las pautas migratorias y de las consecuencias de la migración desde las perspectivas macroeconómica y del mercado de trabajo, con miras al desarrollo de los recursos humanos nacionales;",
"k) Se deberían comprender mejor y abordar de una manera más efectiva los vínculos entre el desarrollo de los recursos humanos, la energía, la seguridad alimentaria, la agricultura y el desarrollo rural;",
"En el plano internacional",
"l) A fin de ajustarse a las estrategias nacionales, los donantes bilaterales y multilaterales deberían ayudar a los países en desarrollo a mejorar el desarrollo de sus recursos humanos nacionales. La cooperación Norte-Sur, Sur-Sur y triangular debería contribuir al desarrollo de los recursos humanos en los países en desarrollo;",
"m) Las entidades pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas y los agentes de la sociedad civil, incluido el sector privado, deberían cambiar su enfoque, dejando de centrarse en la capacitación de personas y pasando a fomentar la capacidad institucional para hacer frente a las necesidades de desarrollo de recursos humanos nacionales a largo plazo;",
"n) Los donantes deberían considerar la posibilidad de destinar más AOD al desarrollo de los recursos humanos y estudiar de qué manera la ayuda sectorial podría apoyar mejor dicho desarrollo;",
"o) Debería examinarse la viabilidad de ampliar las asociaciones público-privadas en los países en desarrollo, especialmente para la creación de puestos de trabajo y el empleo de los jóvenes;",
"p) Es necesario emprender medidas para reducir los costos de las remesas a fin de maximizar los beneficios de la migración para el desarrollo de los recursos humanos;",
"q) Los gobiernos, los donantes y las organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas deberían apoyar la Iniciativa sobre un nivel mínimo de protección social[24].",
"[1] World Economic Situation and Prospects 2011 (publicación de las Naciones Unidas, número de venta: E.11.II.C.2).",
"[2] Organización Internacional del Trabajo, Informe mundial sobre salarios 2010/11: Políticas salariales en tiempos de crisis (Ginebra, 2010).",
"[3] Organización Internacional del Trabajo, Tendencias mundiales del empleo de 2011: El desafío de la recuperación del empleo (Ginebra, 2011).",
"[4] Report on the World Social Situation 2011: The Gobal Social Crisis (Publicación de las Naciones Unidas, número de venta: E.10.IV.12).",
"[5] UNESCO, “The impact of the crisis on public expenditure on education: findings from the UNESCO quick survey”, Impact of the Global Financial and Economic Crisis on the Education Sector, núm. 1 (París, 2009).",
"[6] OMS, Informe sobre la salud en el mundo 2006: Colaboremos por la salud (Ginebra, 2006).",
"[7] UNESCO, Informe de seguimiento de la EPT en el mundo 2011: Una crisis encubierta: Conflictos armados y educación (París, 2011).",
"[8] Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe y OIT, Coyuntura laboral en América Latina y el Caribe, Boletín núm. 5, junio de 2011.",
"[9] Definidos como la población de edad comprendida entre los 15 y los 24 años.",
"[10] OIT, Increasing the Employability of Disadvantaged Youth: Responding to the Impact of the Financial and Economic Crisis, Guidance Note (Ginebra, 2010).",
"[11] En la región de la Comisión Económica para Europa, la mujeres representan la amplia mayoría (las tres cuartas partes) de los estudiantes de tercer ciclo en disciplinas relativas a la salud y a los servicios sociales, pero son minoritarias (la cuarta parte) en la ingeniería, la actividad manufacturera y la construcción.",
"[12] FAO, El estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación 2010-11: Las mujeres en la agricultura: Cerrar la brecha de género en aras del desarrollo (Roma, 2011).",
"[13] Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales, División de Población, Trends in international migrant stock: the 2008 revision (Base de datos de las Naciones Unidas, POP/DB/MIG/Rev.2008).",
"[14] OMS, Sexagésimo tercera Asamblea Mundial de la Salud, Ginebra, 17 a 21 de mayo de 2010, Resoluciones y decisiones, Anexos (WHA63/2010/REC/1).",
"[15] CESPAP, The Promise of Protection: Social Protection and Development in Asia and the Pacific (Bangkok, 2011).",
"[16] UNICEF, Social Protection: Accelerating the MDGs with Equity, Social and Economic Policy Brief (Nueva York, 2010).",
"[17] UIT, Measuring the Information Society (Ginebra, 2010).",
"[18] UIT, The Role of ICT in Advancing Growth in Least Developed Countries: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities 2011 (Ginebra, 2011).",
"[19] Véase UNESCO, documento 184 EX/10.",
"[20] Véase www.unpan.org.",
"[21] Véase www.unpan.org/unpacs.",
"[22] Véase www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/.",
"[23] Véase www.undp.org/pppsd.",
"[24] Véase www.icsw.org/doc/SPF/SPFI_Brochure_Jun10_Eng.pdf."
] | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"* A/66/150.",
"Item 23 (c) of the provisional agenda*",
"Eradication of poverty and other development issues",
"Human resources development",
"Report of the Secretary-General",
"Summary",
"The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/218 on human resources development. It provides an overview of the impact of the global financial and economic crisis on human resources development and lessons learned from national experiences to prevent and overcome negative effects of the crisis. It also addresses emerging national challenges and opportunities in human resources development. Selected examples of innovative strategies for sustaining and developing human resources at the national level are provided. The report highlights the role of the international community, including the United Nations system and national Governments, and others, such as the private sector, in promoting human resources development, and includes recommendations for future steps. The report concludes with recommendations building on successful national interventions.",
"I. Introduction",
"1. The General Assembly, in its resolution 64/218, reviewed the experience of countries in implementing human resources development strategies, examining progress and challenges to date and prospects for the future. The Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report reviewing lessons learned from the global financial and economic crisis on the requirements for human resources development to help countries prevent and overcome the negative effects of crises and to progress towards a more sustainable path of development.",
"2. In the same resolution, the General Assembly acknowledged the importance of human resources development for achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and for expanding opportunities for all people, particularly the most vulnerable groups and individuals in society. It also recognized the need for more comprehensive, coherent and cross-sectoral approaches and mechanisms for human resources development premised on national development objectives.",
"3. While considerable effort has been made, many countries, particularly developing countries, continue to face challenges in developing sufficient human resources capable of meeting national development needs. In addition, because of a lack of resources and capacity, developing countries often face difficulties in the formulation and implementation of effective human resources development strategies.",
"4. The recent global financial and economic crisis further weakened countries’ capacity to address challenges in the area of human resources development at the very moment that increased investment in human resources was required to overcome the negative effects of the crisis. This difficulty has been compounded more recently by slow and uneven recovery, the growth in unemployment and high and volatile energy and food prices.",
"5. The present report provides an overview of the main characteristics of the global financial and economic crisis and their interrelationship with human resources development. The implications of globalization, as well as high and volatile food and energy prices, for national human resources development efforts are analysed, and practical strategies for sustainable human resources development in a wide range of areas are identified. The report was prepared in consultation with the following organizations, although not all of their contributions have been fully incorporated owing to space and other considerations: the regional commissions, particularly the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) and the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Atomic Energy Agency, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Children’s Fund, the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the World Bank. The report concludes with specific recommendations for future action.",
"II. Implications of the global financial and economic crisis for national human resources development",
"A. Major characteristics of the financial and economic crisis",
"6. Although its most acute phase appears to have passed, the effects of the global financial and economic crisis continue to be felt by countries in all regions. Moreover, after almost two years of fragile and uneven recovery, global economic recovery has started to decelerate and is expected to continue slowing down in the latter half of 2011 and in 2012, raising concerns of further downside risks.[1]",
"7. High unemployment levels in advanced economies, especially for youth, continue to pose risks for world stability. Developing countries, especially in emerging economies, continue to recover, even though the pace varies across countries.",
"8. Furthermore, the countercyclical measures taken by many Governments in the early stage of the global crisis have been abandoned in favour of fiscal austerity. Faced with widening fiscal deficits and rising public debt, many Governments have been phasing out stimulus measures, ostensibly for fiscal consolidation. This is jeopardizing Government-led recovery in many countries, increasing the risk of longer-term unemployment and further decelerating global recovery. Many Governments are cutting needed social expenditures, particularly in the areas of education and health, thus adversely affecting long-term human resources development.",
"9. The growth of average monthly wages has slowed, from 2.8 per cent in 2007 to 1.5 per cent in 2008 and 1.6 per cent in 2009.[2] Wage growth has moderated and there was growing inequality, even prior to the crisis. Real wage declines have adversely affected the purchasing power and well-being of workers and their families, especially those in low-paid jobs. This trend, however, varies across regions. Asia has seen little adverse impact of the global crisis on real wage growth in 2008 (7.8 per cent) and 2009 (8.0 per cent). Latin America and the Caribbean observed continued growth in real wages in 2010/11 as a result of higher labour demand, increasing employment, the temporary shortage of skilled workers and increased labour productivity.",
"10. Low-income developing countries and small middle-income countries, on the other hand, are expected to continue to experience negative effects of the global crisis. This is mainly because the flows of official development assistance (ODA), while still positive in 2010, are most likely to slow down in the near future owing to slow economic recovery in advanced economies. In addition, the external debt of developing countries and countries with economies in transition has increased. Furthermore, many developing countries now face volatile primary commodity prices, particularly for oil and food, which soared during the first half of 2011.",
"11. Many countries are also facing the emerging challenge of a “job-poor” recovery, with unemployment and underemployment remaining high. According to ILO, the number of unemployed was 205 million in 2010, 27.6 million higher than the pre-crisis level. The global unemployment rate stood at 6.2 per cent in 2010, up from 5.6 per cent in 2007.[3] Nearly 30 million jobs were lost worldwide between 2007 and the end of 2009, and at least 22 million new jobs need to be created to return to the pre-crisis level of global employment.",
"12. Employment recovery generally lags behind economic recovery. Employment recovery is estimated to have taken three years following the 1997/98 Asian financial crisis, and the evidence shows that the recovery time to pre-recession employment levels has become successively longer. Since the recent global crisis caused a faster and steeper rise in unemployment, it is expected to take even longer for employment to recover. Furthermore, the job losses during the crisis risk becoming permanent, with unemployed workers needing to acquire different skills in new and growing sectors to secure jobs.",
"13. Although job growth had rebounded and unemployment rates had fallen to pre‑crisis levels by the end of 2010, quick employment recovery is not guaranteed in developing countries for at least two reasons. First, most of the 47 million new workers worldwide entering labour markets each year are searching for jobs in developing countries. Second, economic recovery has to be driven by the productive sectors in order to sustain economic growth. However, many job losses have occurred in the dynamic export sectors, suggesting the need for widespread structural change.[4]",
"14. In addition, there remain acute concerns about job quality and worker vulnerability. In response to rising unemployment levels, many countries have enhanced labour market flexibility. However, in the absence of strong labour institutions, labour market deregulation has often lowered wages and employment conditions. This focus on labour market flexibility also risks impairing long-term growth potential, with workers stuck in a low pay/low productivity trap. A high turnover of workers, owing to greater labour market flexibility, discourages workers from acquiring training that would enhance labour productivity.",
"B. Impact of global crises on national human resources development",
"15. The global financial and economic crisis continues to have significant negative implications for human resources development in almost all countries. In advanced economies, the impact has been mainly through two channels: the increase in unemployment and a decrease in budgetary resources devoted to government education and training programmes.",
"16. Many developing countries, particularly middle-income countries, appear to have weathered the global financial crisis well. However, pre-existing socio-economic challenges are expected to adversely affect long-term human resources development in view of, inter alia, the job-poor economic recovery, high youth unemployment and volatile food and energy prices.",
"Reduced fiscal investment in human resources development",
"17. The fiscal positions of the advanced economies have deteriorated substantially as a result of the crisis. The sovereign debt of advanced economies is likely to increase drastically over the next few years, owing mainly to reduced revenues and large unfunded liabilities. To manage debt, many governments in developed countries are facing increasing pressures to reduce social expenditure in the medium term. In some countries, austerity-induced funding cuts have already taken effect, adversely affecting numerous social programmes supporting human resources development.",
"18. For example, Latvia has made significant cuts in health and reduced public funding in education by half from the 2008 level. Ireland has raised prescription, hospital and nursing home payments, made numerous cuts in education and reduced support for job training programmes. Denmark has proposed to significantly reduce student grants. In the United States of America, most school districts have implemented cuts in education programmes, reducing the number of teachers and their salaries. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has proposed nearly doubling university fees after a 14 per cent cut in university budgets in 2010. Greece and Italy have implemented pay freezes on public sector workers, including those in education and health care. France has announced the elimination of 100,000 public sector jobs, many in education and health care, by replacing only half of those retiring and reducing public sector pay.",
"19. While the majority of developing countries have managed to sustain social sector budgets, tightening fiscal policies have resulted in spending freezes or cuts in education, health and other human resources development expenditures in some countries.[5] The shrinking pool of financial resources for education is forcing some countries to delay or defer funds for education (e.g. early childhood education and literacy programmes) or withhold increases in education expenditure despite increasing enrolment, as well as cut spending for higher education.",
"20. The decline in ODA flows may also adversely affect human resources development in developing countries. There are clear indications that health budgets have tightened in African countries as a result of reduced funding by donors, among other reasons.[6] This will have serious consequences, as many African countries rely on external funding for a substantial proportion of their health expenditure. In 2008, 23 countries received between 20.3 and 63.5 per cent of their total health funding from external sources. Also, the share of external assistance to basic education has been static since 2002, and decreased by 6 per cent between 2007 and 2008 in sub‑Saharan Africa.[7]",
"21. In addition to having long-term consequences on human resources development, the depletion of resources also has a short-term effect on training and skills development. Most labour markets are already burdened by a surplus of unemployed and underemployed youth, due in part to mismatches between skills in demand and skills acquired. As such, it has become necessary to “retool”, retrain and to upgrade the skills of the unemployed and underemployed. In addition to strengthening employment policies and labour market institutions, upgrading skills through improved educational outcomes, vocational and on-the-job training and the acquisition of new technologies has become increasingly critical.",
"High and volatile food and energy prices",
"22. Recent high food and energy prices have put pressure on human resources development in many developing countries. Low-income food-deficit countries have been hit the hardest. While high food prices can potentially benefit producers, they harm net food buyers (those who do not produce enough to cover their food needs). Higher prices in international markets have not triggered positive supply responses by farmers in developing countries.",
"23. At the community and household levels, high food and energy prices often lead to changes in consumption patterns. Growing difficulties in access to food may lead to risky coping strategies, including distress asset sales, the withdrawal of children from school, cutbacks of health-care expenses and worsening of diets and food intake. Nutritional deficiencies and chronic hunger are the most immediate consequences affecting people’s mental and physical abilities to work, which in turn lead to losses in productivity and income. The high cost of energy exacerbates the living conditions of poor households, especially those with already limited access to electricity, increasing their reliance on biomass for cooking. Higher oil prices increase farmers’ production costs and the processing and distribution of agricultural commodities, thus further increasing food prices.",
"Reducing employability",
"24. The global crisis has diminished the long-term employability of many entry-level workers. Young people are currently nearly three times more likely to be unemployed and are more likely to be in vulnerable jobs in most regions.[8] In both developed and developing countries, youth unemployment and underemployment rates have reached alarming levels. At the end of 2010, there were an estimated 77.7 million unemployed young people,[9] marginally down from 79.6 million in 2009, but still far more than the 73.5 million total in 2007. The rate of global youth unemployment stood at 12.6 per cent in 2010.³",
"25. Even before the crisis, existing human resources were not fully utilized as a result of below-potential economic growth, poorly functioning labour market institutions and/or the mismatch between the skills of workforces and labour market demand. However, a new surge in the unemployed, especially among young people, will have long-term implications for national human resources development, not only because their inputs are not efficiently utilized, but also because their future productivity will be constrained.",
"26. In addition, gender inequality is exacerbated by the global crisis, increasing risks, particularly for young women. When crises and other factors weaken young women’s capacity and undermine their social and economic advancement, it exacerbates chronic poverty, including by increasing the likelihood of transmitting poverty to the next generation.",
"27. The economic capacity of those who are unable to get jobs declines over time, as they are more likely to be ill-equipped when the economy recovers. Higher unemployment also reduces the sources of income normally spent on food, health care and education, and thus reduces the overall capacity and well-being of the workforce. This has an especially negative impact on young people, as they are at the age when skills formation is normally high. Some youth, however, may pursue additional education because of the lack of available jobs. For example, several Latin American countries observed a fall in the labour supply among young people because they remained in the educational system longer after the crisis hit.",
"28. Skills training can also help to delay entry into the labour market. Such training should, however, be designed to lead to employment and income-generating opportunities, through combination with on-the-job training, job search assistance, career guidance and counselling. Technical vocational education and training systems not only create an entry-level pathway from school to a skilled job, but also retool workers to improve their employability. Recognizing their potential to meet the needs of both youth and employers, an increasing number of countries are focusing on such systems as an important policy agenda.[10] Some Governments, in collaboration with the business community, legislatures and academia, have developed “retooling strategies” for youth that aim to identify likely skill gaps and shortages in the near future.",
"III. Challenges and opportunities in national human resources development",
"29. Globalization has created opportunities and challenges for human resources development. Information and communications technologies and other innovative technologies have lowered functional, hierarchical and geographical barriers and drastically changed how labour markets operate. Private and public institutions are now able to reach out to the most talented workers in a cost-effective manner, which has created opportunities for talented individuals and countries with skilled workforces. On the other hand, this may also lead to brain drains for developing countries, while unskilled workers in developed countries may face greater job insecurity as migrant workers enter labour markets or jobs are outsourced to other countries.",
"30. Continuous investment in human resources development for sustaining skilled workforces attuned to the demands of increasingly competitive global markets is therefore critical. A competent human resources base enhances productivity and economic growth in all sectors. However, simply enhancing the skills, knowledge and abilities of individuals may not be sufficient, as national economic competitiveness is measured not only by the aggregate skills of a country’s workforce, but also by the flexibility and capacity of the workforce to adjust to changing needs with speed and efficiency.",
"31. Different types of skills are required at different levels of development. For example, increasingly interactive, adaptable, analytical and cognitive skills are necessary to achieve higher levels of labour productivity. As workers shift from one type of skill to another in a fluid labour market, there is a need to build “soft skills”, involving adaptability and flexibility, beyond occupational skills. Even for the public sector, new types of skills and capacity are required in such areas as effective communication, knowledge assimilation and management, strategic planning and the ability to coordinate a wide range of stakeholders in public, private and civil society institutions. A shift towards a green economy also requires reconciling the need for creating green jobs with adjustments needed in other economic sectors.",
"32. There is a growing recognition that many educational and training systems are not adequately preparing human resources for changing needs, thus creating a mismatch between demand and supply. Although recognizing the problem, many developing countries have not yet been able to integrate emerging skill needs into the school curricula, formal education or training programmes.",
"A. Human resources development and underutilized subgroups",
"33. Demographic trends, including the “youth bulge” of new job seekers in Africa and the Middle East and the shrinking labour forces in Europe and in Central and East Asia owing to low fertility rates and ageing populations, pose another set of challenges beyond creating new jobs.",
"34. Integrating disadvantaged groups, such as women, youth, minorities, persons with disabilities, or indigenous peoples, into the labour market remains a challenge. The low utilization of human resources means lost opportunities in terms of productive output, social security, income tax contribution and savings through lower welfare payments. Improving the educational achievement and labour market performance of marginalized groups will not only enhance overall national human resources capacity, but also positively contribute to the national economy.",
"35. Maximizing the use of labour resources requires policies that reduce gender-based barriers to education, training and employment. Across regions, women tend to have lower economic activity rates than men. They are concentrated in fewer, often low-paid occupations in the informal sector. Women work fewer hours in paid employment (owing to the higher prevalence of part-time work) and have more career interruptions due to family responsibilities. This gender segregation in the labour market reflects stereotypes in education and the gender roles prevailing in society.[11] The efficient use of the female labour force can be promoted by increasing women’s participation in a wide range of occupations in formal employment.",
"36. In general, the agriculture sector suffers from low human resources capacity, gender inequality and a lack of investment in new technologies and infrastructure. In many developing countries, where women play a key role in agriculture,[12] improving women’s productivity will result in increased food availability and agricultural productivity. According to recent estimates of FAO, if women had the same access to productive resources as men, they could increase yields on their farms by 20-30 per cent. This could raise total agricultural output in developing countries by 2.5-4.0 per cent, which would in turn reduce the number of hungry people in the world by 12-17 per cent.",
"37. Child labour, common in many regions, deprives children and adolescents of the chance to acquire skills and education, often permanently compromising their prospects. Decreased education leads to low-skilled workforces with exposure to low wages and vulnerable jobs. The prevention and elimination of child labour, allowing all children to benefit from education and training, would increase the likelihood of their obtaining gainful jobs and better incomes as youth and adults.",
"B. Migration and human resources development",
"38. With rising unemployment, many host countries have tightened immigration controls and introduced tougher requirements for migrant workers. Also, migrant workers tend to lose their jobs more quickly than other workers as a consequence of national policies or public pressures, during periods of economic slowdown when immigrants are often targeted for ostensibly making the situation more difficult. Migration has a significant impact on human resources development through a number of transmission mechanisms. The remittances of migrant workers increase household incomes and improve education and health outcomes in the countries of origin. Information, knowledge and skills brought back by migrant workers help innovation and entrepreneurship in their home countries. At the same time, the migration of skilled workers can lead to shortages of skills in the countries of origin, while high unemployment rates create outmigration pressure for skilled workers. The complexity of issues related to migration and their implications for human resources development need to be further examined from multiple points of view.",
"39. In 2010, an estimated 214 million workers migrated to other countries, of whom 49 per cent were female, up from 195 million in 2005; despite a slowdown because of the economic crisis, the number continues to increase.[13] Six out of every ten international migrants (128 million) reside in developed countries today, while the majority of international migrants (74 million) originated in developing countries (see A/65/203).",
"40. In countries where the majority live in poor socio-economic conditions, globalization acts as a “pull” factor, with the promise of better jobs and higher pay. At the same time, low wages, combined with unsatisfactory and often hazardous working conditions, act as “push” factors for outmigration. As a result, some developing countries face the problem of brain drain, losing their highly skilled human resources developed over many years.",
"41. The outmigration of skilled workers, owing to high unemployment or an inadequate job supply, can be regarded as a brain drain. In many countries with high outmigration, unemployment is a chronic problem. Promoting migration as a strategy for solving unemployment, however, could lead to a loss of skilled labour needed locally, especially when opportunities to migrate abroad are concentrated in certain professions. For example, migration in the Pacific region is more skewed towards the skilled, partly because of the policies of the main destination countries, which favour skilled workers in certain professions. High migration rates can eventually lead to high outflows of skilled workers, especially in health and education.",
"42. According to the World Health Report 2006, a substantial number of health workers leave their home countries each year, either temporarily or permanently.⁶ The World Health Assembly, acknowledging the complex issues surrounding the mobility of health workers, adopted the Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel in May 2010.[14]",
"43. Other migrant workers acquire knowledge and skills in the countries to which they migrate. These skills can ultimately improve the quality of the workforce in their home countries. As a result, several countries have reacted with domestic job creation programmes combined with incentives to assist returning migrants to reintegrate into communities. However, low-skilled workers usually engage in low-skill activities in destination countries, which provide little chance for acquiring or upgrading skills. Strategic human resources development planning for outgoing and returning low-skill migrant workers will help to maximize the development benefits gained by migrant workers.",
"C. Remittances",
"44. Remittance flows to low- and middle-income countries amounted to $316 billion in 2009, down from $336 billion in 2008 (see A/65/203). The decline in overall flows was due to a steep decline in remittances from the top remitting countries in Europe, the United States and the Russian Federation. Many countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, which rely heavily on remittances, experienced as much as a 21 per cent fall in remittances. North Africa has also been severely affected by high unemployment in oil-rich countries. However, remittances overall remained resilient against the economic downturn and have rebounded significantly, although not back to pre-crisis levels.",
"45. Remittances are increasingly playing a key role in enhancing human resources development in countries of origin, as a substantial amount of this income is used to finance education and health expenditures. Reviews of household surveys show that once basic consumption needs are met, remittances are increasingly spent for investing in businesses as well as for education. Evidence from Pakistan, the Philippines and the Pacific island countries shows that remittance-receiving households can afford to keep their children in school longer and can afford private education, usually perceived as being of higher quality.",
"IV. Practical strategies for sustainable human resources development: lessons learned from national experiences",
"46. In response to the effects of the global financial and economic crisis, many countries have implemented various temporary, medium- and long-term measures to retain, support and retool their human resources. Longer-term human resources needs in such areas as information and communications technology, green economy, intellectual property, the design of effective social protection programmes, the reduction of urban/rural gaps in education and health services and productive agriculture and rural development have also been addressed.",
"Measures taken to respond to the global financial and economic crisis",
"47. In a job-poor recovery, some advanced countries have opted to reduce workforces or freeze employment, while others have chosen to negotiate with labour unions to reduce working hours and/or wages to contain job losses. Other countries have implemented active labour market policies to integrate the unemployed into the workforce or to encourage employers to retain human resources during the crisis. Examples of such measures include job-retention subsidies and recruitment incentives, subsidies for job-sharing programmes, reductions in non-wage labour costs for hiring the unemployed, job search assistance and matching, business start-up incentives, work experience programmes, training programmes and investment in information technology for managing human resources information and processes.",
"48. Measures have also been taken to make human resources development more cost-effective by improving teacher training, curricula and vocational training. Adoption of good practices could save considerable resources.",
"49. The European Union created a European Globalization Adjustment Fund in 2007 providing €500 million annually to help unemployed workers obtain new skills or start up their own businesses. The programme was amended in 2008 to help workers affected by the financial crisis. In addition, a “New skills for new jobs” initiative was launched in 2008 to upgrade skill levels, improve forecasts of future job needs and increase dialogue between the business community and education providers.",
"Investing in human resources through social protection programmes",
"50. Even before the global crisis, a growing number of countries had devised comprehensive strategies to enhance the human resources development and income of poor households. Often combined with poverty reduction and social inclusion strategies, such comprehensive social protection programmes have proven effective in both mitigating immediate economic shocks and contributing to human resources development.",
"51. Successful social protection programmes, including conditional and non‑conditional cash transfers, social pensions and employment guarantee schemes, are well documented (see E/CN.5/2011/2). Typical conditional cash transfer programmes target poor families with children, and consist of small cash grants and transfers in kind conditional on children’s school attendance and regular health check-ups. By offsetting the costs of education and health care, such programmes are designed to increase school attendance and retention and prevent disease and malnutrition, thus contributing to a better-educated and healthier workforce. They also safeguard families from various risks caused by unemployment, sickness, disability, old age and natural disasters.",
"52. The Bolsa Familia programme of Brazil, the largest conditional cash transfer programme, provides monthly subsidies to more than 12 million poor families, conditional on school attendance and antenatal and post-natal care. The Oportunidades programme of Mexico substitutes isolated income transfers, such as in kind services (a package of health, nutritional and educational benefits) and price discounts, with targeted income transfers under certain conditions. The programme covers 5 million families, or 25 per cent of the population, with a budget of $3.3 billion in 2007. Other programmes, such as Argentina’s Plan Jefes y Jefas de Hogar Desocupados, conditional on school attendance and immunization, also offer training for participants to develop new vocational skills.",
"53. A variety of social protection initiatives are emerging in Asia. China’s minimum living standards guarantee schemes provides regular cash and/or in kind support to poor households, covering 66 million, or nearly 5 per cent, of the population in 2008. The Benazir Income Support programme in Pakistan aims to increase the purchasing power of economically vulnerable families. The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino programme of the Philippines is a comprehensive national poverty reduction and social development strategy, enabling poor families to invest in human resources by offsetting the costs of both health care and education.[15]",
"54. In sub-Saharan Africa, social protection programmes target mainly the most vulnerable and often integrate cash transfers with service provisions. The Productive Safety Net programme of Ethiopia was shifting away from emergency food aid distribution, providing transfers to 8 million food-insecure households by the end of 2008. The programme provides transfers in cash and/or food in return for work and direct support to households with no labour or other means of support. In Kenya, a cash transfer programme for orphans and vulnerable children, covering 100,000 households and 230,000 orphans and vulnerable children, combines transfers to households in extreme poverty with conditionality on health care and school attendance.",
"55. Various innovative initiatives are being implemented to improve employability and generate short- and long-term employment opportunities for vulnerable communities. Activities include small-scale labour-intensive public works, targeted schemes to support the employment of individuals belonging to marginalized groups and wage subsidy schemes for encouraging small- and medium-sized enterprises to hire job-seeking youth. Social protection programmes encourage labour market participation in low- and middle-income countries through guaranteed public work opportunities.[16]",
"56. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme of India, the largest of its kind in the world, is based on a statutory right to 100 days of work annually at the minimum wage. In 2007-2008, it provided jobs for almost 34 million rural households at a cost of 0.3 per cent of gross domestic product. More than half the beneficiaries were agricultural and unskilled workers. The scheme enables families to acquire assets, such as livestock, and to increase spending on food and non-food items. The Expanded Public Works programme of South Africa (the second phase of which was launched in 2009) generates short- and medium-term employment by providing additional work opportunities (between 100 days and 24 months), combined with training in literacy, numeracy and vocational and business skills.",
"57. Interventions to develop a healthy workforce may take years before results are observed; however, returns from such investments can be significant. Over the past 20 years, Brazil has trained and recruited more than 25,000 family health teams in remote and rural areas, covering approximately 60 per cent of the population. Ethiopia has trained 32,000 health extension workers since 2005 for deployment in remote health posts. Thailand introduced an integrated approach, called “local training and hometown placement”, which recruits students with a rural background to be trained as nurses and doctors in nearby communities. These efforts have reduced urban/rural gaps and improved health outcomes.",
"Human resources development in emerging areas",
"58. “Green growth” has been adopted as one of the regional strategies for achieving sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific. A series of regional green growth policy dialogues, training-of-trainers sessions, seminars and national workshops have been conducted for government officials, policymakers and practitioners to strengthen their capacity to develop and implement green growth policies, strategies and road maps.",
"59. For example, Cambodia has established a national green growth secretariat, and its interministerial green growth working group has developed a national green growth road map. Kazakhstan has conducted a national study on the application of green growth policy tools in strategic management and planning. The Astana Green Bridge Initiative for the Europe-Asia-Pacific Partnership for Green Growth was endorsed at the sixth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Development in Asia and the Pacific in 2010. A pro-poor green business initiative based on the provision of renewable (biogas) energy, clean water and sanitation facilities has been developed in Samoa and replicated by other communities in Fiji, Vanuatu and other Pacific small island developing States.",
"60. The need for information and communications technology (ICT) system capacity has increased, as ICT has become vital for socio-economic development in almost all countries. The use of ICT services has continued to grow despite the recent economic downturn. At the end of 2009, there were an estimated 4.6 billion mobile cellular subscribers globally. More than half of the total population in developing countries had access to mobile cellular services, and approximately 26 per cent of the world’s population had access to the Internet (64 per cent in developed countries and 18 per cent in developing countries or 14 per cent excluding China).[17] According to the World Bank, in Africa, access to telephone services, particularly mobile phones, escalated from 2 million users in 1998 to more than 400 million in 2010. The remarkable growth in Africa in the past decade, which attracted over $56 billion in private sector investment between 1998 and 2008, is due largely to the influx of mobile technologies.",
"61. However, increasing Internet access requires addressing the challenge of providing universal access to broadband networks. Broadband is now seen as an essential element of national infrastructure, like transport, water and energy networks. The availability and use of broadband infrastructure enables Governments to transform service delivery and promote business, innovation and competitiveness. However, fully exploiting the potential benefits of a broadband economy requires the development of a broad range of new expertise and skills at different levels across societies, including formulating and implementing ICT policies.[18]",
"62. To promote the adoption of broadband-friendly practices and policies, the Broadband Commission was established by ITU and UNESCO so that all people could take advantage of its benefits. The role of broadband for human resources development and education is a key topic for the Commission, and a working group on the issue has been established.",
"63. Some countries have invested significant ICT resources in education. In Singapore, the third master plan for ICT in education (2009-2014) aims to strengthen competencies for deeper learning and to encourage knowledge creation through ICT use. Jordan, recognized as a regional technology hub, has been building its ICT infrastructure and promoting ICT as a tool to improve human resources and foster economic development. Since 2003, the Government has put strong emphasis on the application of ICT and invested significant budgetary resources through its national education strategies to improve Internet penetration to 50 per cent to increase ICT revenues and employment.",
"64. Rapidly changing technologies and the complexity of Internet protocol systems pose challenges for national institutions. Access to protected intellectual property is increasingly necessary for the private sector, Governments and research institutions. As a result, the need to enhance skills for intellectual property policy evaluation and management has become acute, particularly in developing countries.",
"V. Role of the international community in formulating and implementing national human resources development strategies",
"A. Role of the international community",
"65. ODA flows are expected to decline with continued fiscal austerity in developed countries owing to greater sovereign debt following the global financial and economic crisis. The international community can sustain a level of engagement and support developing countries in strengthening their human resources through more targeted and cost-effective approaches. Renewed focus should also be placed on the least developed countries and countries with small economies where human resources development needs are the greatest.",
"66. United Nations organizations have supported human resources development in emerging areas, such as the green economy, ICT, intellectual property, international maritime rules and standards and the peaceful application of nuclear science and technology. In addition, more comprehensive and integrated approaches have emerged in social protection programmes, creating agricultural and rural employment and addressing urban/rural gaps in health and education.",
"67. UNESCO has monitored the impact of the crisis on the education sector in its member States through an initial exploratory survey examining education budgets in 50 developing countries,⁵ a more detailed examination of economic growth, revenues and education budgets in 12 countries,[19] and other studies to assess the magnitude and nature of the impact of the crisis on day-to-day school activities.",
"68. FAO has recently adopted a corporate strategy on capacity development, clearly shifting from its traditional approach of providing training for individuals to enhancing national capacity for managing long-term change in agriculture and rural development. In 2010, WHO issued global policy recommendations to address the rural/urban maldistribution of health workers. WHO is working with partners to support national efforts in implementing those guidelines.",
"69. The World Bank has been assisting developing countries in investing in the ICT infrastructure necessary for creating jobs and expanding production, services and trade. The Regional Communications Infrastructure programme in East Africa is one such initiative. ITU extended a series of capacity-building activities to develop skilled Internet and “new broadband economy” professionals through its academic and learning events.",
"70. The United Nations Public Administration Network[20] offers various free online training tools and learning resources on innovative practices in governance and public administration. Its country studies[21] facilitate mutual learning among Governments and international, regional and national institutions for capacity development in the public sector.",
"71. WIPO provides comprehensive capacity-development opportunities for developing countries, including through its worldwide Academy, e-learning, training on PATENTSCOPE research and patent information, technology and innovation support centres and WIPO Lex,[22] a database that provides free access to intellectual property legislation.",
"72. To respond to the shortage of qualified and experienced human resources in developing countries, the Integrated Technical Cooperation Programme of IMO aims to enhance human and institutional capacities in implementing IMO rules and standards. The International Atomic Energy Agency supported capacity-building in the peaceful use and application of nuclear energy. It provides training, at the interregional, regional and national levels, on nuclear law, energy system analysis and planning, nuclear safety and security and the application of nuclear science and technology in key areas such as food and agriculture, health, water resources management and monitoring and protection of marine and terrestrial environments.",
"73. Examples of capacity-building initiatives supported by ESCAP include the “Academy of ICT Essentials for Government Leaders” training programme, online green growth training-of-trainers programmes, the green growth portal of the regional network of policymakers, the Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade and the United Nations Network of Experts for Paperless Trade.",
"B. Role of the private sector",
"74. The private sector has a critical role in driving economic growth in developing countries. Public-private partnerships have emerged as a major option for developing and maintaining large-scale public infrastructure, including broadband, or in making basic service delivery more efficient. While careful design is needed, public-private partnerships could offer viable options for further enhancing human resources development, particularly when austerity measures are being undertaken by major donor countries.",
"75. The UNDP Public-Private Partnerships for Service Delivery programme[23] seeks to increase access by the poor to basic services such as water, waste removal, energy, education and health by promoting inclusive partnerships among local governments, businesses and communities. Other successful public-private partnerships in the health sector include the GAVI Alliance and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.",
"76. In addition, inclusion of the private sector in the formulation of human resources development strategies can be beneficial in identifying future growth sectors and the new skills required. Collaboration with the private sector can be also sought in skills development, on-the-job training and the recruitment and retention of young workers.",
"C. Role of national Governments and development partners",
"77. National Governments have primary responsibility for human resources development. Their vision and political will make a great difference. The recent financial and economic crisis has posed challenges to Governments, but has also brought opportunities. The existence of a comprehensive and coherent strategy enables Governments to strategically prepare their human resources, ensuring that they are attuned to future labour market needs and ready to take advantage of opportunities brought about by new technologies and innovation. Furthermore, sustainable long-term investment by Governments in human resources development is indispensable.",
"78. In addition to comprehensive human resources development strategies, sectoral polices and strategies need to incorporate human resources dimensions. Donor countries may revisit their development aid policies and consider allocating ODA to strengthen human resources development in developing countries, particularly the least developed countries. A review of ODA to examine the extent to which human resources development is supported through sectoral flows of ODA may also be helpful.",
"VI. Conclusions and recommendations",
"Conclusions",
"79. Human resources development lies at the heart of economic, social and environmental development. A skilled, educated, healthy, capable, productive and flexible workforce, equipped with knowledge of newly emerging areas, is the foundation for countries to achieve sustainable economic growth and social progress. As such, every country, regardless of economic status, needs to align human resources development with national development strategies.",
"80. Many developing countries continue to face challenges in developing human resources sufficient to meet national economic and social needs. In addition, because of a lack of resources and capacity, developing countries often lag behind in formulating and implementing effective human resources development strategies.",
"81. Underutilized human resources need to be fully integrated into labour markets. Effective use of ICT is also key to successful human resources development. As high and volatile food and energy costs continue to threaten food and energy security, particularly in rural areas, capacity to meet food and energy needs must be strengthened. Finally, comprehensive social protection programmes are integral to successful human resources development strategies.",
"Recommendations",
"82. The following recommendations should be considered:",
"National level",
"(a) Governments should place human resources development at the core of economic and social development and intervene effectively to enhance such development and to quickly and greatly reduce the share of the population in low-productivity jobs;",
"(b) Upgrading human skills is necessary, as most jobs to be created are likely to be in new and innovative sectors, including in the “green economy”;",
"(c) Countries with advanced economies should maintain or enhance measures to boost job-rich recovery, such as policies and incentives to enhance labour productivity and stimulate private investment, besides efforts to reduce budget deficits in the long term;",
"(d) Governments should strengthen social protection systems to enhance human resources development;",
"(e) Governments should better align education and training systems and labour market needs. School curricula and skills training programmes must be updated regularly in close consultation with employers;",
"(f) Governments should strengthen labour institutions and regulations to respond in a timely manner to economic downturns by preserving jobs and protecting workers in vulnerable jobs;",
"(g) Strategies to strengthen human resources development should incorporate efforts to invest in emerging sectors, particularly ICT and environmental enhancement;",
"(h) Measures should be devised to reduce unemployment and underemployment among young men and women, who have been disproportionately affected by the job-poor recovery, including by providing incentives for recruiting, retaining and retooling, assistance in searching for jobs and matching jobs to skills, technical, vocational and on-the-job training and promoting youth entrepreneurship;",
"(i) Efforts should be made to reduce barriers to employment, particularly gender barriers;",
"(j) Innovative measures should be taken to maximize the benefits of migration while minimizing the negative effects. More integrated analysis should be carried out on migration patterns and the impact of migration from macroeconomic and labour market perspectives with a view to national human resources development;",
"(k) Interlinkages among human resources development, energy, food security, agriculture and rural development should be better understood and addressed;",
"International level",
"(l) To align with national strategies, bilateral and multilateral donors should support developing countries in enhancing national human resources development. North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation should contribute to human resources development in developing countries;",
"(m) Relevant United Nations entities and civil society actors, including the private sector, should shift their approach from training individuals to building institutional capacity to address long-term national human resources development needs;",
"(n) Donors should consider dedicating more ODA to human resources development and study how sectoral aid could better support such development;",
"(o) The feasibility of expanding public-private partnerships in developing countries should be examined, particularly for job creation and youth employment;",
"(p) Efforts should be undertaken to lower remittance costs to maximize the benefits of migration for human resources development;",
"(q) Governments, donors and United Nations organizations should support the Social Protection Floor initiative.[24]",
"[1] World Economic Situation and Prospects 2011 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.C.2).",
"[2] International Labour Organization, Global Wage Report 2010/11: Wage Policies in Times of Crisis (Geneva, 2010).",
"[3] ILO, Global Employment Trends 2011: The Challenge of a Jobs Recovery (Geneva, 2011).",
"[4] Report on the World Social Situation 2011: The Global Social Crisis (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.IV.12).",
"[5] UNESCO, “The impact of the crisis on public expenditure on education: findings from the UNESCO quick survey”, Impact of the Global Financial and Economic Crisis on the Education Sector, No. 1 (Paris, 2009).",
"[6] WHO, World Health Report 2006: Working Together for Health (Geneva, 2006).",
"[7] UNESCO, Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011: The Hidden Crisis: Armed Conflict and Education (Paris, 2011).",
"[8] Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean/ILO, The Employment Situation in Latin America and the Caribbean, Bulletin No. 5, June 2011.",
"[9] Defined as those 15-24 years of age.",
"[10] ILO, Increasing the Employability of Disadvantaged Youth: Responding to the Impact of the Financial and Economic Crisis, Guidance Note (Geneva, 2010).",
"[11] In the ECE region, women represent the large majority (three quarters) of tertiary students in health- and welfare-related subjects, but are a minority (one quarter) in engineering, manufacturing and construction.",
"[12] FAO, The State of Food and Agriculture 2010-11: Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap for Development (Rome, 2011).",
"[13] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Trends in international migrant stock: the 2008 revision (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Rev.2008).",
"[14] WHO, Sixty-third World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17-21 May 2010, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA63/2010/REC/1).",
"[15] ESCAP, The Promise of Protection: Social Protection and Development in Asia and the Pacific (Bangkok, 2011).",
"[16] UNICEF, Social Protection: Accelerating the MDGs with Equity, Social and Economic Policy Working Brief (New York, 2010).",
"[17] ITU, Measuring the Information Society (Geneva, 2010).",
"[18] ITU, The Role of ICT in Advancing Growth in Least Developed Countries: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities 2011 (Geneva, 2011).",
"[19] See UNESCO, document 184 EX/10.",
"[20] See www.unpan.org.",
"[21] See www.unpan.org/unpacs.",
"[22] See www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/.",
"[23] See www.undp.org/pppsd.",
"[24] See www.icsw.org/doc/SPF/SPFI_Brochure_Jun10_Eng.pdf."
] | A_66_206 | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"Item 23 (c) of the provisional agenda*",
"Eradication of poverty and other development issues",
"* A/66/150.",
"Human resources development",
"Report of the Secretary-General",
"Summary",
"This report, submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/218 on human resources development, provides an overview of the impact of the global financial and economic crisis on human resources, as well as lessons learned from national efforts to prevent and overcome the adverse effects of crises. The emerging challenges and opportunities related to the development of national human resources are also addressed, and selected examples of innovative strategies are offered to maintain and develop human resources at the national level. The report highlights the role of the international community, including the United Nations system, national Governments and other stakeholders, including the private sector, in promoting human resources development, and makes recommendations on the next steps that could be taken. The report concludes with recommendations based on effective actions at the national level.",
"I. Introduction",
"1. In its resolution 64/218, the General Assembly considered the experience of countries in implementing human resources development strategies, exploring progress and challenges to date, as well as prospects for the future. The Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it a report reviewing lessons learned from the global financial and economic crisis and assessing human resources development needs to assist countries in preventing and overcoming the negative impact of crises and progressing towards a more sustainable development modality.",
"2. In the same resolution, the General Assembly recognized the importance of human resources development in achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and in expanding the opportunities offered to all, especially to the groups and the most vulnerable people in society. It also recognized the need for broader, coherent and intersectoral approaches and mechanisms for human resources development, based on national development goals.",
"3. Despite considerable efforts, many countries, particularly developing countries, continue to face difficulties in creating a human resource base that would enable them to meet their development needs. Moreover, owing to the lack of resources and capacities, developing countries often face difficulties in the formulation and implementation of effective human resources strategies.",
"4. The recent global financial and economic crisis further weakened countries ' capacity to address human resources development challenges at a time when increased investment in this area was needed to overcome the negative impact of the crisis. Slow and irregular recovery and unemployment growth, together with high and volatile prices of energy and food, have recently aggravated the situation.",
"5. The present report provides a description of the main features of the global financial and economic crisis and its relation to human resources development. The impact of globalization and the high and volatile food and energy prices on national human resources development measures is discussed, and practical strategies for sustainable human resources development are identified in a large number of areas. The report was prepared in consultation with the following organizations, although not all their contributions have been fully incorporated due to space and other considerations: the United Nations regional commissions, in particular the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) and the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Atomic Energy Agency The report concludes with concrete recommendations for future action.",
"II. Impact of the global financial and economic crisis on national human resources development",
"A. Main features of the financial and economic crisis",
"6. Although its most acute phase seems to have happened, the effects of the financial and economic crisis continue to be felt in the countries of all regions. In addition, after nearly two years of fragile and unequal recovery, global economic growth began to slow down and it is expected that slowing will continue in the second half of 2011 and 2012, which is concerned about the risk of further deterioration[1].",
"7. High unemployment rates in advanced economies, especially among young people, continue to pose risks to the stability of the world. Developing countries, especially emerging economies, continue to recover, although the pace varies among countries.",
"8. Moreover, anti-cyclical measures that many Governments had taken to combat the situation in the first phase of the global crisis have been abandoned to follow criteria of fiscal austerity. Faced with the prospect of a more lulled fiscal deficit and public debt growth, many Governments have been progressively suspending stimulus measures for the sake of fiscal balance, which in many countries is threatening public sector-driven recovery, increasing the risk of long-term unemployment and further slowing global recovery. Many Governments are cutting the necessary social costs, particularly in education and health, with the consequent negative impact on the development of long-term human resources.",
"9. The growth of average monthly wages has also slowed, from 2.8% in 2007 to 1.5% in 2008 and 1.6% in 2009[2]. The growth of wages has been moderated and inequality has increased, even before the crisis. The reduction in real wages has undermined the purchasing power and well-being of workers and their families, especially those performing low-paid jobs. However, this trend varies according to the region. In Asia, the negative impact of the global crisis on the growth of real wages has been low during 2008 (7.8 per cent) and 2009 (8 per cent). In Latin America and the Caribbean, there was continued growth in real wages in the 2010/11 period, owing to increased demand for labour, employment growth, temporary shortages of skilled workers and increased labour productivity.",
"10. Moreover, low-income developing countries and small middle-income countries are expected to continue to suffer from the negative impact of the global crisis. This is mainly because official development assistance (ODA) flows, which remained positive in 2010, are likely to be reduced in the near future, given the slow recovery of advanced economies. Moreover, the external debt of developing countries and countries with economies in transition has increased. In addition, many developing countries are currently facing volatility in commodity prices, especially oil and food, which were fired during the first half of 2011.",
"11. Many countries are also experiencing the new phenomenon of job-free recovery, where unemployment and underemployment rates remain high. According to ILO, the number of unemployed persons was 205 million in 2010, which represents 27.6 million more than before the crisis. The global unemployment rate was 6.2% in 2010, compared with 5.6% in 2007.[3] Nearly 30 million jobs were lost worldwide between 2007 and the end of 2009, and at least 22 million new jobs are needed to recover pre-crisis global employment levels.",
"12. Job recovery usually goes several steps behind economic recovery. It is estimated that it took three years after the Asian financial crisis of 1997/98, and data show that the recovery time to reach pre-recession employment levels has become progressively longer. Since the recent global crisis led to a faster and more marked rise in unemployment rates, it is expected that more time will be needed for the labour market to recover. In addition, there is a risk that the loss of jobs that occurred during the crisis will become permanent, and that jobless workers will have to acquire different competencies in new expanding sectors to achieve work.",
"13. Although by the end of 2010, employment growth had rebounded and unemployment rates had dropped to pre-crisis levels, there was no assurance that there would be a rapid recovery in employment in developing countries, at least for two reasons. First of all, most of the 47 million workers from around the world who have first access to the labour market each year are looking for work in developing countries. Second, economic recovery must be driven by the productive sectors to sustain economic growth. However, much of the destruction of employment has occurred in the export sectors, of great dynamism, which points to the need for broad structural changes[4].",
"14. In addition, there remains serious concern about the quality of work and vulnerability of workers. In response to rising unemployment rates, many countries have increased labour market flexibility. However, in the absence of strong labour institutions, labour market deregulation has often led to a reduction in wages and a deterioration in working conditions. This emphasis on labour market flexibility also entails the risk of adverse long-term growth opportunities, and of workers being trapped in a vicious circle of low pay and low productivity. The high turnover rate of staff, resulting from increased labour market flexibility, discourages workers from receiving training that would increase their labour productivity.",
"B. Effect of the global crisis on the development of national human resources",
"15. The global financial and economic crisis continues to have serious implications for human resources development in almost all countries. In the advanced economies, the effect has been manifested mainly by two channels: the increase in unemployment and the decline in budgetary allocations for State education and training programmes.",
"16. Many developing countries, in particular middle-income countries, seem to have well addressed the global financial crisis. However, pre-existing socio-economic problems are expected to adversely affect the development of long-term human resources, given the low employment creation of recovery, high youth unemployment and volatility in food and energy prices, among other factors.",
"Reduction of fiscal investment in human resources development",
"17. The fiscal situation of advanced economies has deteriorated considerably as a result of the crisis. The sovereign debt of advanced economies will probably increase drastically over the next few years, mainly as a result of declining income and the large volume of unfunded obligations. To manage debt, many Governments in developed countries face growing pressures to reduce social spending in the medium term. In some countries, cuts in funding from austerity measures have already been effective and have had a negative impact on many social programmes that support human resource development.",
"18. For example, significant cuts in the area of health have been made in Latvia and public education funding has been reduced by half over the 2008 figures. In Ireland, payments for prescription drugs, hospital services and nursing homes have increased, and support for job training programmes has decreased. A significant reduction in scholarships has been proposed in Denmark. In the United States of America, most school districts have introduced cuts in educational programmes, resulting in a decrease in the number of teachers and their salaries. In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland it has been proposed to increase almost double university rates after a 14 per cent reduction in university budgets in 2010. In Greece and Italy, public sector workers, including those in the education and health sector, have been frozen. In France, the elimination of 100,000 jobs in the public sector has been announced, many of them in education and health care, a measure that will be carried out by replacing only half of those who retire and by reducing public sector salaries.",
"19. While most developing countries have managed to maintain the budget for social services, the implementation of a tighter fiscal policy has led to the freezing or reduction of expenditures in education, health and other areas related to human resource development.[5] The decline in financial resources for education is forcing certain countries to delay or defer funds allocated to education (e.g. early childhood education and literacy programmes), or not to increase education costs despite growth in enrolment, as well as to introduce cuts in higher education costs.",
"20. The decline in ODA flows can also affect the promotion of their human resources in developing countries. There are clear indications that health budgets have been adjusted in African countries, among other reasons, because of the reduction in donor funding.[6] This will have serious consequences, as many African countries rely on external funding to address a significant portion of their health costs. In 2008, 23 countries received between 20.3 per cent and 63.5 per cent of their overall funding from external sources. In addition, the percentage of external assistance for basic education has been stagnated since 2002, and decreased by 6 per cent between 2007 and 2008 in sub-Saharan Africa.[7]",
"21. Depletion of resources not only has long-term implications for human resource development, but also short-term effects on training and skills acquisition activities. Most of the labour markets have already led to excessive unemployment and underemployment of youth, owing in part to the mismatch between the demand for competencies and acquired skills. Given the circumstances, it has become necessary to reorient and impart training and updating to people without employment and in situations of underemployment. Efforts to update knowledge through improved educational performance, vocational training and training at work, and learning new technologies are becoming increasingly vital, complementing measures to strengthen employment policies and labour market institutions.",
"High and unstable prices of food and energy",
"22. Recent high food and energy prices have coerced human resources development in many developing countries. Low-income countries with a food deficit have been the most affected by this situation. Although high food prices can benefit producing countries, they also harm net food buyers (those countries that do not produce enough food to meet their needs). Increased prices in international markets have not led to positive reactions at the supply level among farmers in developing countries.",
"23. Food and energy care has often led to changes in the consumption patterns of communities and households. Growing difficulties in accessing food may result in risky strategies to step out, such as the urgent liquidation of assets, to stop children from attending school, restricting spending on health care, and deteriorating diet and food intake. Nutritional deficiencies and chronic hunger are the most immediate consequences affecting the intellectual and physical ability of people to work, which in turn causes loss of productivity and income. The high cost of energy aggravates living conditions in poor households, especially those already having limited access to electricity, thus increasing their dependence on cooking biomass. The rise in the price of oil increases the costs of production, processing and distribution of agricultural products, which further raises the price of food.",
"Reduction of employability",
"24. The global crisis has reduced the long-term potential of many workers entering the labour market for employment. At present, the likelihood that young people do not have employment has almost tripled, and in most regions[8] they are more likely to engage in precarious employment. In both developed and developing countries, youth unemployment and underemployment rates have reached alarming proportions. It is estimated that at the end of 2010 there were 77.7 million unemployed youth[9], a figure slightly lower than 79.6 million 2009, but much higher so and all at 73.5 million 2007. The global youth unemployment rate was 12.6 per cent in 2010.3",
"25. Even before the crisis, existing human resources were not used entirely, owing to economic growth lower than potential, the malfunctioning of labour market institutions and the gap between existing labour force competencies and labour market demand. However, a new rise in the unemployment rate, especially among young people, will have long-term impact on the development of national human resources, not only because their contributions are not used efficiently, but also because their productivity will be alibi in the future.",
"26. Furthermore, gender inequality is also heightened by the global crisis, which heightens the risk, especially for young women. When the crisis and other factors weaken the capacity of young women and threaten their social and economic progress, chronic poverty is compounded, as, inter alia, it increases the possibility of being transmitted to the next generation.",
"27. The economic capacity of those who cannot get work diminishes over time, since they are more likely to lack preparation when the economy recovers. Higher unemployment also reduces income sources normally for food, health care and education, thereby reducing the overall capacity and well-being of the workforce. This has a particularly serious impact on young people, as they are at an age at which knowledge acquisition is generally high. However, some young people may continue to study because of the lack of work opportunities. For example, in several Latin American countries, there has been a decline in labour supply among young people, who remained in the education system longer after the crisis.",
"28. Practical training can also help delay entry to the labour market. However, this type of training should be geared to employment and income generation through a combination of job training, job-seeking assistance and vocational guidance and counselling services. Technical and vocational education and training systems not only create a pathway for school access to specialized work, but also reorient workers to improve their employability. Recognizing their potential to meet the needs of both young people and businesses, an increasing number of countries are focusing on these systems as an important element of their policies in this regard.[10] Some Governments have developed youth reorientation strategies, in collaboration with the business community, legislative bodies and academia, with the objective of identifying competencies where there may be gaps or shortages in the near future.",
"III. Problems and opportunities for human resources development",
"29. Globalization has created opportunities and challenges for the development of human resources. Information and communication technologies, as well as other innovative technologies, have reduced functional, hierarchical and geographical barriers and have radically transformed the functioning of labour markets. Private and public institutions are now able to capture the most economically competent workers, providing opportunities to talented people and countries with a skilled workforce. On the other hand, this situation can also cause brain drain from developing countries, while unskilled workers in developed countries can be affected by increased labour insecurity, due to the incorporation of migrant workers into the labour market or the transfer of jobs to other countries.",
"30. Permanent investment in human resource development is therefore vital to maintaining a qualified workforce that responds to the demands of increasingly competitive global markets. Having a competent staff base promotes productivity and economic growth in all sectors. However, the mere improvement of the competencies, knowledge and capacities of individuals may not be sufficient, since the economic competitiveness of countries is not only measured by the sum of the expertise of the national workforce, but also by its flexibility and ability to adjust to evolving needs rapidly and effectively.",
"31. Different levels of development require different competencies. For example, achieving higher levels of labour productivity requires analytical and cognitive competencies of an increasingly interactive and adaptable character. As workers move from one type of competition to another in a fluid labour market, there is a need to develop versatile skills, such as adaptive capacity and flexibility, which go beyond the knowledge necessary to carry out a trade. Even in the public sector, new types of skills and capacities are needed in areas such as effective communication, knowledge management and assimilation, strategic planning and the ability to coordinate a wide range of stakeholders in public, private and civil society institutions. The transition to a green economy also requires reconciliation of the need to create jobs that do not harm the environment with the necessary adjustments in other economic sectors.",
"32. There is growing recognition that many educational and training systems are not preparing staff in a manner that is appropriate to evolving needs, thus creating a gap between supply and demand. Despite the recognition of the problem, many developing countries have not yet been able to incorporate the new skills needed for school programmes, academic training or training programmes.",
"A. Human resources development and underutilized subgroups",
"33. Demographic trends, including the proliferation of young people seeking their first work in Africa and the Middle East, as well as the contraction of the active population in Europe and Central and East Asia due to low fertility rates and population ageing, raise another number of problems that go beyond job creation.",
"34. The integration of disadvantaged groups into labour markets, such as women, youth, minorities, persons with disabilities or indigenous peoples, continues to pose a challenge. The low utilization of human resources implies loss of opportunities in terms of production, social security, contribution to income tax and savings resulting from lower expenditure on social benefits. Better performance of marginalized groups in education and the labour market will not only enhance national human resources capacity as a whole, but also contribute favourably to the national economy.",
"35. Making the most of the labour resources requires measures to reduce gender barriers to access to education, training and employment. In all regions, women tend to have lower rates of economic activity than men, and to be concentrated in fewer, often poorly paid occupations in the informal sector. Women work less hours in paid work (due to the increased frequency of part-time work) and their careers are more disrupted due to family obligations. This gender segregation in the workplace reflects stereotypes associated with education and the prevailing gender roles in society.[11] Effective use of women ' s labour can be encouraged by increasing women ' s participation in a wide range of jobs in the formal labour sector.",
"36. In general, the agricultural sector suffers from problems such as low human resources capacity, gender inequalities and lack of investment in new technologies and infrastructure. In many developing countries where women play a key role in agriculture[12], improving their productivity will result in an increase in available food and agricultural productivity. According to recent FAO estimates, if women had equal access to productive resources as men, they could increase the yield of their farms by 20 to 30 per cent, which would increase agricultural production in developing countries by 2.5 to 4 per cent, while reducing the number of people suffering from hunger in the world by 12 to 17 per cent.",
"37. Child labour, common in many regions, deprives children and adolescents of the opportunity to acquire knowledge and education, and affects their prospects for the future, often permanently. Less education implies an unprepared workforce, exposed to low pay and precarious employment. Preventing and eradicating child labour, enabling children to enjoy education and training, will foster their potential for productive work and better income in youth and adulthood.",
"B. Migration and human resources development",
"38. As a result of rising unemployment, many host countries have strengthened immigration controls and established stricter requirements for migrant workers. In addition, migrant workers tend to lose their jobs faster than others, as a result of public pressures or national policies applied during periods of economic slowdown, where immigrants are often blamed for making the situation more difficult. Migration has significant implications for human resources development through a range of transmission mechanisms. Remittances from migrant workers increase household income and improve the outcomes of education and health sectors in countries of origin. The information, knowledge and skills that migrant workers carry with them when returning to their countries contribute to innovation and build entrepreneurial capacity. At the same time, the migration of skilled workers can lead to a shortage of skilled personnel in countries of origin, while high unemployment rates lead skilled workers to emigrate. The complexity of migration issues and their implications for human resource development should be further discussed from a variety of perspectives.",
"39. The number of workers migrating to other countries in 2010 is estimated to be 214 million, of which 49 per cent are women. This figure represents an increase over the 195 million recorded in 2005, and despite a slowdown caused by the economic crisis, the number continues to grow.[13] Currently, six out of ten international migrants (128 million) live in developed countries, and the majority (74 million) come from developing countries (see A/65/203).",
"40. In countries where the majority live in poor socio-economic conditions, globalization acts as an attraction factor, as it offers the promise of better jobs and higher wages. At the same time, low wages, coupled with unsatisfactory and often dangerous working conditions, are factors that motivate people to emigrate. Consequently, some developing countries face the problem of intellectual exodus and lose highly qualified human resources whose training has taken many years.",
"41. Emigration of skilled workers caused by high unemployment or insufficient labour supply can be regarded as an intellectual exodus. In many countries with high emigration, unemployment is a chronic problem. However, promoting migration as a strategy to resolve unemployment could lead to the loss of skilled labour required at the local level, especially when opportunities for emigration are concentrated in certain professions. For example, in the Pacific region, migration occurs mainly among skilled labour, partly because of the policies of the major destination countries, which favour skilled workers of certain professions. High migration rates can end up leading to the exodus of large numbers of skilled workers, especially in the areas of health and education.",
"42. According to the World Health Report 2006, a significant number of health workers leave their country of origin every year, whether temporarily or permanently.6 The World Health Assembly, recognizing the complexity of issues related to the mobility of health-sector workers, adopted the Global Code of Practice on International Recruitment of Health Personnel in May 2010[14].",
"43. Other migrant workers acquire knowledge and skills in the countries to which they migrate. These competencies, in the long run, can improve the quality of labour in their countries of origin. In the face of this situation, several countries have launched national job creation programmes, while providing incentives to assist migrants returning to their communities. However, under-qualified workers generally carry out activities that require little qualifications in destination countries, which does not give them much opportunity to acquire or improve their knowledge. Strategic planning for human resources development in relation to unskilled workers who emigrate or return will contribute to maximizing development gains acquired by migrant workers.",
"C. Remittances",
"44. Remittances for low- and middle-income countries amounted to $316 billion in 2009, a decline from 2008, which was $336 billion (see A/65/203). The reduction was due to a drastic drop in remittances from countries that record the largest shipments of remittances, that is, the United States of America, the Russian Federation and certain countries in Europe. Many countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia that rely heavily on remittances recorded decreases of up to 21 per cent in remittances received. North Africa has also been severely affected by high unemployment rates in oil-rich countries. In general terms, however, remittances have resisted the economic crisis and have had a significant upturn, although they have not reached the levels recorded before the crisis.",
"45. Remittances play an increasingly important role in the development of human resources in countries of origin, as a large proportion of such income is used to finance education and health costs. An analysis of household surveys reveals that, once basic consumption needs are met, remittances are increasingly used to invest in businesses and in education. Data from Pakistan, the Philippines and Pacific island countries indicate that families receiving remittances can keep their children in school for longer and provide them with private education, which is generally considered to be of better quality than public education.",
"IV. Practical strategies for sustainable human resources development: lessons learned from national experiences",
"46. In response to the effects of the global financial and economic crisis, many countries have implemented a number of temporary, medium- and long-term measures to retain, support and retrain their human resources. Long-term human resources needs have also been addressed in areas such as information and communication technology, the green economy, intellectual property, the development of effective social protection programmes, the reduction of disparities between educational and social services in rural and urban areas, and productive agriculture and rural development.",
"Measures taken to respond to the global financial and economic crisis",
"47. In the context of a recovery with low job creation, some advanced countries have opted to reduce labour forces or freeze employment, while others have negotiated with trade unions to reduce working hours or wages in order to avoid the loss of more jobs. Other countries have launched dynamic labour policies aimed at integrating the unemployed into the labour force or encouraging employers to retain human resources during the crisis. Examples of such measures include employment retention subsidies and staff recruitment incentives, shared programme subsidies, non-paying labour cost reductions for the recruitment of unemployed persons, job search and placement assistance, incentives for the start-up of new enterprises, professional practices programmes, training programmes and investment in information technology for information management and processes.",
"48. Measures have also been taken to make human resources development more cost-effective, improving training of trainers, curricula and vocational training. The adoption of good practices could save considerable resources.",
"49. In 2007, the European Union established a European Globalization Adaptation Fund, which allocates 500 million euros to help unemployed workers acquire new skills or to start their own businesses. The programme was amended in 2008 to assist workers affected by the financial crisis. In addition, the new qualifications for new jobs initiative was launched in 2008 with the aim of raising the level of qualifications, improving the forecasting of labour needs and increasing dialogue between the business community and educational service providers.",
"Investment in human resources through social protection programmes",
"50. Even before the global crisis, an increasing number of countries had developed comprehensive strategies to improve human resource development and increase income from poor households. These comprehensive social protection programmes, often accompanied by poverty reduction or social inclusion strategies, have demonstrated their effectiveness both in mitigating immediate economic shocks and in contributing to the development of human resources.",
"51. Effective social protection programmes, such as conditional and unconditional monetary transfers, social pensions and employment guarantee schemes, are well documented (see E/CN.5/2011/2). In general, conditional cash transfer programmes are aimed at poor families with children and consist of small cash grants and in-kind transfers provided that children attend school and undergo regular medical examinations. By covering the costs of education and medical care, these programmes seek to increase school attendance and retention, prevent disease and prevent malnutrition, thus contributing to a workforce with a better educational and healthier level. They also protect families from various risks caused by unemployment, disease, disability, old age and natural disasters.",
"52. In Brazil, the Bolsa Familia programme, the largest conditioned cash transfer programme in the world, provides monthly grants to more than 12 million poor families on the condition that children attend school and mothers receive prenatal and postnatal care. In Mexico, the Opportunities program has replaced isolated income transfers, such as the provision of in-kind services (a set of health, nutrition and education benefits) and discounted prices, by transfers of income with specific recipients and under certain conditions. The programme covers 5 million families, or 25 per cent of the population, and its budget was $3.3 billion in 2007. Other programmes, such as the Unemployed Heads and Heads of Home, Argentina, which is conditioned on school attendance and the vaccination of children, also provide training to enable participants to acquire new professional skills.",
"53. A variety of social protection initiatives are emerging in Asia. The minimum standard of living guarantee schemes in China provide regular cash or in-kind support to poor families, covering 66 million people, or nearly 5 per cent of the country ' s population in 2008. In Pakistan, the Benazir income support programme aims to increase the purchasing power of economically vulnerable families. In the Philippines, the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino programme consists of a comprehensive national poverty reduction and social development strategy that covers the costs of health care and education for poor families, enabling them to invest in human resources.[15]",
"54. In sub-Saharan Africa, social protection programmes are targeted primarily at the most vulnerable and often combine cash transfers and service delivery. By the end of 2008, Ethiopia ' s productive safety net programme had moved from distributing emergency food aid to providing transfers to 8 million households suffering food insecurity. The programme provides cash or food transfers for work and provides direct support to families without employment or other means of subsistence. In Kenya, the cash transfer programme for orphans and vulnerable children, covering 100,000 families and 230,000 orphans and vulnerable children, provides transfers to families in situations of extreme poverty provided that they meet the conditions of schooling and medical care.",
"55. Various innovative initiatives are under way to improve employability and generate short- and long-term employment opportunities for vulnerable communities. These activities include small-scale public works that require a lot of labour, plans specifically aimed at supporting the employment of persons belonging to marginalized groups and wage subsidies schemes to encourage small and medium-sized enterprises to hire young people seeking employment. Social protection programmes foster labour market participation in low- and middle-income countries through guaranteed employment opportunities in the public sector.[16]",
"56. India ' s National Rural Employment Guarantee Plan, which is the largest scheme of this kind worldwide, is based on the right, established by law, to work 100 days per year on the minimum wage. In the period 2007-2008, the plan provided employment to nearly 34 million rural families at a cost of 0.3 per cent of gross domestic product. More than half of the beneficiaries were agricultural workers or unqualified workers. This plan allows families to acquire assets, such as livestock, and increase their spending on food and non-food items. South Africa ' s Expanded Programme of Public Works (the second phase of which began in 2009) generates short- and medium-term employment by providing additional work opportunities (from 100 days to 24 months), in addition to providing training in writing, reading and arithmetic and vocational and business training.",
"57. While it is possible to spend years before interventions aimed at developing a healthy workforce produce results, the returns of such investments may become significant. Over the past 20 years, Brazil has trained and recruited more than 25,000 family health teams in rural and remote areas, covering about 60 per cent of the population. Ethiopia has trained 32,000 health outreach agents since 2005, for remote health posts. Thailand has implemented an integrated approach called “local training and placement in the hometown”, which selects rural students and trains them in nursing and medicine to work in nearby communities. These initiatives have reduced urban and rural disparities and improved health outcomes.",
"Human resources development in new areas",
"58. The “ecological growth” has been adopted as one of the regional strategies for achieving sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific. A series of national seminars and workshops, training of trainers and regional policy dialogues for green growth, targeting officials, policymakers and specialists, have been held to strengthen their capacity to develop and implement policies, strategies and road maps for green growth.",
"59. For example, Cambodia has established a national green growth secretariat, and its inter-ministerial working group on green growth has developed a national road map. Kazakhstan has conducted a national study on the implementation of green growth policy instruments in strategic planning and management. The Astana “Green Bridge” initiative on the Alliance of Europe, Asia and the Pacific for Green Growth was adopted at the Sixth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Development in Asia and the Pacific in 2010. In Samoa, an eco-business initiative for the poor has been launched based on renewable energy (biogas), drinking water and sanitation facilities, which has been replicated by other communities in Fiji, Vanuatu and other small island developing States.",
"60. The need for adequate ICT capacity has increased as this technology has become essential for the socio-economic development of almost all countries. The use of information and communications technology services has continued to grow despite the recent economic crisis. By the end of 2009, the estimated number of mobile phone subscribers worldwide stood at $4.6 billion. More than half of the total population of developing countries had access to mobile telephone services and approximately 26 per cent of the world ' s population had Internet access (64 per cent in developed countries and 18 per cent in developing countries (or 14 per cent excluding China).[17] According to the World Bank, access to telephone services, especially mobile phones, increased in Africa from 2 million users in 1998 to more than 400 million in 2010. The significant growth in Africa over the past decade, which attracted more than $56 billion in private sector investment between 1998 and 2008, is largely due to the emergence of mobile technologies.",
"61. However, increasing Internet access requires addressing the problem of universal access to broadband networks. Broadband is currently considered to be an essential element of national infrastructure, such as transport, water and energy networks. The availability and use of broadband infrastructure allows governments to transform service delivery and foster business, innovation and competitiveness. However, in order to maximize the potential benefits of a broadband economy, a wide range of new knowledge and techniques are required at different levels of society, particularly in the formulation and implementation of ICT policies[18].",
"62. ITU and UNESCO established the Broadband Commission to promote broadband-based practices and policies, so that everyone could benefit from their benefits. The broadband ' s role in the development of human resources and education was a key theme for the Commission, and a working group on that issue had been established.",
"63. Some countries have invested in significant ICT resources education. In Singapore, the third ICT master plan in education (2009-2014) aims to strengthen skills for deeper learning and to stimulate knowledge creation through the use of these technologies. Jordan, recognized as a regional technology centre, has been building its ICT infrastructure and promoting it as an instrument for improving human resources and promoting economic development. Since 2003, the Government has paid special attention to the implementation of ICT and invested considerable budgetary resources through its national education strategies to increase Internet penetration by 50 per cent in order to increase income and employment in this field.",
"64. The rapid evolution of technologies and the complexity of Internet protocols pose challenges to national institutions. The private sector, the State and research institutions increasingly need access to knowledge protected by intellectual property rights. Consequently, the need to improve the skills of assessment and management of intellectual property policies has become imperative, especially in developing countries.",
"V. Role of the international community in the development and implementation of national human resources development strategies",
"A. Role of the international community",
"65. ODA flows are expected to decline as developed countries continue to take fiscal austerity measures due to increased sovereign debt caused by the global financial and economic crisis. The international community can maintain a certain level of participation and help developing countries to strengthen their human resources through more specific and economic approaches. Increased attention should also be paid to the least developed countries and countries with small economies where human resources development needs are greater.",
"66. United Nations organizations have supported the development of human resources in new areas, such as the green economy, ICT, intellectual property, international maritime norms and standards and the peaceful use of nuclear science and technology. In addition, social protection programmes are being addressed with broader and integrated criteria, with a view to creating employment in the agricultural and rural areas and addressing health and education disparities between rural and urban areas.",
"67. UNESCO has followed up on the impact of the crisis on the education sector of its member States through an initial exploratory study reviewing the education budgets of 50 developing countries,5 the economic growth, income and education budgets of 12 countries were further analysed and other studies were conducted to assess the magnitude and nature of the impact of the crisis on day-to-day school activities.",
"68. Recently, FAO adopted an institutional strategy on capacity-building, clearly neglecting its traditional approach to providing people with training to increase national capacity to manage long-term changes in agriculture and rural development. In 2010, WHO made global policy recommendations to address the problem of inadequate distribution of health workers between rural and urban areas. WHO is working with a number of partners to support national efforts to implement those guidelines.",
"69. The World Bank has been assisting developing countries to invest in the ICT infrastructure needed to create employment and intensify production, services and trade activities. One of these initiatives is the Regional Communications Infrastructure Programme in East Africa. ITU carried out a series of capacity-building initiatives to train Internet specialists and the “new broadband economy” through its academic and learning activities.",
"70. The United Nations Network on Public Administration and Finance[20] provides a range of free online training tools and educational resources on innovative governance and public administration practices. His studies on the public administration of countries[21] facilitate mutual learning between Governments and among international, regional and national institutions dedicated to capacity-building in the public sector.",
"71. WIPO provides developing countries with extensive capacity-building opportunities, including through the Global Academy, e-learning, training in the PATENTSCOPE patent research and information service, technology and innovation support centres and WIPO Lex[22], a database that provides free access to intellectual property law.",
"72. In response to the shortage of qualified and experienced human resources in developing countries, IMO ' s Integrated Technical Cooperation Programme seeks to enhance institutional and human resources capacities to implement its rules and regulations. The International Atomic Energy Agency supports capacity-building in the peaceful uses and application of nuclear energy, providing, at the interregional, regional and national levels, training on nuclear law, analysis and planning of energy systems, nuclear security and the implementation of nuclear science and technology in key areas such as food and agriculture, health, water management and the monitoring and protection of the marine and terrestrial environment.",
"73. Capacity-building initiatives supported by ESCAP include the training programme " ICT foundations for government leaders " , online training programmes on green growth for trainers, the green growth portal of the regional policy-maker network, the Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network and the United Nations e-commerce Experts Network.",
"B. Role of the private sector",
"74. The private sector plays a critical role in the economic growth of developing countries. Public-private partnerships have emerged as an important option to create and maintain large-scale public infrastructures, including broadbands, or to increase the efficiency of the delivery of basic services. While carefully planned, public-private partnerships could offer viable options to further improve human resources development, especially when major donor countries are taking austerity measures.",
"75. The UNDP programme[23] of Public-Private Partnerships for service delivery seeks to give the poor greater access to basic services such as water, waste disposal, energy, education and health, fostering inclusive partnerships between Governments, businesses and local communities. Other examples of successful public-private partnerships in the health sector are the Global Alliance for Vaccination and Immunization (GAVI) and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.",
"76. In addition, the inclusion of the private sector in the development of human resources development strategies can help identify sectors with growth prospects and the new competencies needed. Collaborations can also be established with the private sector for skills development, job training and recruitment and retention of young workers.",
"C. Role of national Governments and development partners",
"77. The primary responsibility for the development of human resources rests with national Governments, whose vision and political will will have a great influence on that matter. The recent financial and economic crisis has presented challenges to Governments, but has also created opportunities. The existence of a comprehensive and coherent strategy allows Governments to prepare their human resources strategically, ensuring that they meet the future needs of the labour market, and that they are willing to take advantage of the opportunities generated by new technologies and innovation. In addition, it is essential that Governments make long-term sustainable investments in human resources development.",
"78. In addition to developing comprehensive human resources development strategies, it is necessary to mainstream human resources issues into sectoral policies and strategies. Donor countries can re-examine their development assistance policies and consider allocating ODA to strengthen human resources development in developing countries, especially in least developed countries. It may also be useful to consider ODA to what extent human resources development is supported through ODA sectoral flows.",
"VI. Conclusions and recommendations",
"Conclusions",
"79. Human resources development is a central element of economic, social and environmental development. A skilled, educated, healthy, capable, productive and flexible workforce with up-to-date knowledge is critical for countries to achieve sustainable economic growth and social progress. Therefore, all countries, regardless of their economic situation, must harmonize human resources development with national development strategies.",
"80. Many developing countries continue to face difficulties in obtaining adequate human resources to meet national economic and social needs. Moreover, owing to a lack of resources and capacity, developing countries often lag behind in the development and implementation of effective human resources development strategies.",
"81. Inadequate human resources should be fully integrated into labour markets. The effective use of ICT is also essential for the successful development of human resources. Since the high and volatile costs of food and energy remain a threat to food and energy security, especially in rural areas, it is necessary to strengthen the capacity to meet food and energy needs. Finally, an essential factor in the success of human resources development strategies is the provision of comprehensive social protection programmes.",
"Recommendations",
"82. The following recommendations should be taken into account:",
"At the national level",
"(a) Governments should assign to resource development, humans a central role in economic and social development and effectively intervene to improve the development of such resources and reduce rapidly and significantly the proportion of the population in low-productivity jobs;",
"(b) Human resources competencies need to be updated, as most new jobs will likely emerge in new and innovative sectors, including the “ecological economy”;",
"(c) Countries with advanced economies should maintain or intensify efforts to boost recovery with high employment creation, such as policies and incentives to improve labour productivity and stimulate private investment, in addition to long-term budget deficit reduction efforts;",
"(d) Governments should strengthen social protection systems to improve human resource development;",
"(e) Governments should better harmonize education and training systems and labour market needs. School curricula and vocational training programmes should be updated regularly in close consultation with employers;",
"f) Governments should strengthen labour institutions and regulations in order to be able to respond in a timely manner to economic crises, while preserving jobs and protecting workers with vulnerable jobs;",
"(g) Strategies to strengthen human resources development should incorporate investment initiatives in new sectors, especially those of ICT and environmental improvement;",
"(h) Measures should be devised to reduce unemployment and underemployment among young people, who have been disproportionately affected by the uncreated recovery situation. For example, incentives could be offered for recruitment, retention and updating of staff, assistance could be provided in job search and identification of skills suited to each job, or technical, vocational and employment training programmes could be implemented and youth business initiatives promoted;",
"(i) Efforts should be made to reduce barriers to employment, especially those related to gender;",
"(j) Innovative measures should be taken to maximize the benefits of migration while minimizing its negative effects. More integrated analysis of migration patterns and the impact of migration from macroeconomic and labour market perspectives should be undertaken with a view to the development of national human resources;",
"(k) Better understanding and more effectively addressing the linkages between human resources development, energy, food security, agriculture and rural development;",
"International",
"(l) In order to align with national strategies, bilateral and multilateral donors should help developing countries improve the development of their national human resources. North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation should contribute to the development of human resources in developing countries;",
"(m) Relevant United Nations entities and civil society actors, including the private sector, should change their approach, not focusing on human training and building institutional capacity to address long-term national human resource development needs;",
"(n) Donors should consider making more ODA available for human resources development and consider how sectoral aid could better support such development;",
"(o) Consideration should be given to the feasibility of expanding public-private partnerships in developing countries, especially for job creation and youth employment;",
"(p) Measures are needed to reduce the costs of remittances in order to maximize the benefits of migration for human resources development;",
"(q) Governments, donors and United Nations organizations should support the Social Protection Initiative[24].",
"[1] World Economic Situation and Prospects 2011 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.C.2).",
"[2] International Labour Organization, World wage report 2010/11: wage policies in times of crisis (Geneva, 2010).",
"[3] International Labour Organization, Global Employment Trends 2011: The Challenge of Job Recovery (Geneva, 2011).",
"[4] Report on the World Social Situation 2011: The Gobal Social Crisis (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.IV.12).",
"[5] UNESCO, “The impact of the crisis on public expenditure on education: findings from the UNESCO quick survey”, Impact of the Global Financial and Economic Crisis on the Education Sector, No. 1 (Paris, 2009).",
"[6] WHO, World Health Report 2006: Work for Health (Geneva, 2006).",
"[7] UNESCO, World EPT Follow-up Report 2011: A Covered Crisis: Armed Conflict and Education (Paris, 2011).",
"[8] Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean and ILO, Working Group in Latin America and the Caribbean, Bulletin No. 5, June 2011.",
"[9] Defined as the age population between the ages of 15 and 24.",
"[10] ILO, Increasing the Employability of Disadvantaged Youth: Responding to the Impact of the Financial and Economic Crisis, Guidance Note (Geneva, 2010).",
"[11] In the Economic Commission for Europe region, women represent the vast majority (three quarters) of third-cycle students in health and social services disciplines, but are minority (one quarter) in engineering, manufacturing and construction.",
"[12] FAO, The World State of Agriculture and Food 2010-11: Women in Agriculture: Close the gender gap for development (Rome, 2011).",
"[13] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Trends in international migrant stock: the 2008 revision (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Rev.2008).",
"[14] WHO, Sixty-third World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17-21 May 2010, Resolutions and decisions, Annexes (WHA63/2010/REC/1).",
"[15] ESCAP, The Promise of Protection: Social Protection and Development in Asia and the Pacific (Bangkok, 2011).",
"[16] UNICEF, Social Protection: Accelerating the MDGs with Equity, Social and Economic Policy Brief (New York, 2010).",
"[17] ITU, Measuring the Information Society (Geneva, 2010).",
"[18] ITU, The Role of ICT in Advancing Growth in Least Developed Countries: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities 2011 (Geneva, 2011).",
"[19] See UNESCO, document 184 EX/10.",
"[20] See www.unpan.org.",
"[21] See www.unpan.org/unpacs.",
"[22] See www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/.",
"[23] See www.undp.org/pppsd.",
"[24] See www.icsw.org/doc/SPF/SPFI_Brochure_Jun10_Eng.pdf."
] |
[
"Segundo período ordinario de sesiones de 2011",
"Nueva York, 6 a 9 de septiembre de 2011",
"Tema 4 del programa provisional",
"Oficina de las Naciones Unidas de Servicios para Proyectos",
"Informe estadístico anual sobre las actividades de adquisición del sistema de las Naciones Unidas correspondiente a 2010",
"Bienes y servicios, personal internacional de proyectos, voluntarios de las Naciones Unidas y becas",
"Resumen \nEl presente informe, que contiene datos sobre las adquisiciones delsistema de las Naciones Unidas, es presentado por el DirectorEjecutivo de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas de Servicios paraProyectos (UNOPS) a la Junta Ejecutiva, de conformidad con sudecisión 2007/38. El informe completo puede obtenerse de lasecretaría de la Junta Ejecutiva, en el idioma en que fue presentado,en el sitio web del portal mundial para los proveedores de lasNaciones Unidas. El informe proporciona información detallada sobrelas adquisiciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, desglosadas porpaís proveedor.\nEn 2010, el sistema de las Naciones Unidas realizó adquisiciones porun valor total de 14.500 millones de dólares con cargo a todas lasfuentes de financiación, lo que representó un aumento de 747 millonesde dólares respecto del año anterior. La parte de las adquisicionesprovenientes de países en desarrollo aumentó en un 2,9% y alcanzó el57,7%.\n El informe completo correspondiente a 2010 contiene: a) Un resumen en que figura un análisis de las tendencias de lasadquisiciones de las Naciones Unidas provenientes de países endesarrollo y países de economía en transición; \nb) Un análisis de los contratos de las Naciones Unidas suscritos conempresas signatarias del Pacto Mundial de las Naciones Unidas;c) Varios cuadros en que se enumeran las adquisiciones combinadas delsistema de las Naciones Unidas, desglosadas por país proveedor; d) Varios cuadros en que se enumeran las adquisiciones, desglosadaspor organización de las Naciones Unidas y por país proveedor; e) Hojas de resumen sobre las adquisiciones provenientes de paísesque son miembros del Comité de Asistencia para el Desarrollo de laOrganización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos; f) Hojas de resumen sobre las adquisiciones provenientes de los 20principales países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición; g) Una lista de los 10 principales grupos de bienes y serviciosadquiridos por el sistema de las Naciones Unidas; h) Un análisis comparativo de la proporción correspondiente adiversos organismos en las categorías de bienes y serviciosadquiridos por organismos de las Naciones Unidas; i) Una sección en que se detallan los bienes y servicios importantes(por un monto superior a los 30.000 dólares) adquiridos por elsistema de las Naciones Unidas; j) Un resumen del personal de proyectos, desglosado por nacionalidad;y \nk) Un suplemento que se centra en las adquisiciones y su contribucióna los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y en que se presenta unpanorama general del debate internacional sobre el tema, estudiosmonográficos y contribuciones de profesionales y expertos.\nElementos de decisión: La Junta Ejecutiva tal vez desee tomar notadel informe estadístico anual sobre las actividades de adquisicióndel sistema de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas(DP/OPS/2011/4) y acoger con beneplácito la presentación de datos yel análisis que figuran en él, así como la pertinencia del suplementotemático.",
"Índice",
"Página\nI.Introducción 4II. Total 5 de adquisiciones de bienes y servicios para las actividades operacionales del sistema de las Naciones \nUnidas III.Los 6 10 principales países proveedores del sistema de las Naciones Unidas en \n 2010 IV. Adquisiciones 8 realizadas por organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas en \n2009-2010 V. Adquisiciones 9 provenientes de países en desarrollo y de países de economía en \ntransición VI. Adquisiciones 11 provenientes de países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición, por \nregión VII. Adquisiciones 12 provenientes de países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición realizadas por las 10 organizaciones principales de las Naciones \nUnidas VIII.Los 14 20 principales países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición que proveyeron de bienes y servicios a las operaciones de las Naciones Unidas en \n 2010",
"I. Introducción",
"1. La Oficina de las Naciones Unidas de Servicios para Proyectos (UNOPS) se complace en asumir la responsabilidad de reunir y compilar datos sobre las adquisiciones en todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas en nombre de la Organización.",
"2. En el informe de 2010 se analizan las adquisiciones provenientes de países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición y se examina el desempeño del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, en respuesta a la resolución 57/279 de la Asamblea General, de enero de 2003, relativa a la reforma del régimen de adquisiciones. En esta resolución se alienta a las organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas a ampliar las oportunidades de contratación de los proveedores de países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición. Se han registrado importantes avances en la consecución de ese objetivo (véanse los gráficos 3 a 8 infra).",
"3. Además, en el informe de 2010 se examinan las adquisiciones realizadas por organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas a proveedores que apoyan el Pacto Mundial. El Pacto permite cuantificar el compromiso del sistema de las Naciones Unidas con las empresas que se toman en serio su responsabilidad social, aspecto que adquiere una importancia cada vez mayor en el mercado mundial. Si bien las organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas no conceden un trato preferente a los signatarios del Pacto, el volumen de adquisiciones efectuadas a proveedores registrados en el Pacto aumentó un 5% con respecto al período 2006-2009.",
"4. En el informe estadístico de 2010 se recopila información facilitada por 36 organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas. Tres organismos (la Comisión Económica para Europa (CEPE), la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD) y el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz) presentaron sus datos a través de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra (ONUG) y la División de Adquisiciones de las Naciones Unidas. La labor de la UNOPS depende totalmente de la cooperación de las entidades informantes. En términos generales, los índices de respuesta obtenidos se consideran satisfactorios y la calidad de los datos ha mejorado, gracias a la utilización de mejores instrumentos para la presentación de informes.",
"5. Se aportan datos sobre bienes, desglosados por el país del proveedor, y sobre servicios, desglosados según la ubicación de la oficina central de los contratistas. En las órdenes de adquisición y los contratos de servicio se refleja el importe del contrato y no los gastos efectuados. Actualmente, la mayoría de las entidades de las Naciones Unidas no pueden facilitar datos basados en el país de origen de los bienes, ni en los gastos efectivos.",
"6. En el informe estadístico correspondiente a 2010 figura un suplemento temático anual en que se destacan cuestiones de actualidad en la esfera de las adquisiciones. En 2010, el suplemento se centra en las adquisiciones y su contribución a los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. El suplemento proporciona un panorama general de los debates sobre el tema a escala internacional, así como estudios monográficos y contribuciones de profesionales y expertos.",
"Gráfico 1",
"Total de adquisiciones de bienes y servicios, 2006-2010",
"(En millones de dólares)",
"II. Total de adquisiciones de bienes y servicios para las actividades operacionales del sistema de las Naciones Unidas",
"7. El valor total de las adquisiciones (combinando bienes y servicios) realizadas por las organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas durante 2010 ascendió a 14.500 millones de dólares, lo que constituye un aumento del 5,4% respecto de los 13.800 millones de dólares correspondientes a 2009. Las adquisiciones totales de bienes aumentaron en 681 millones de dólares, es decir, un 10,7%, mientras que las adquisiciones de servicios aumentaron en 66 millones de dólares, o un 0,9%. Entre 2006 y 2010, el volumen de las adquisiciones de las Naciones Unidas aumentó de 9.400 millones de dólares a 14.500 millones, lo que puede atribuirse a un crecimiento de 2.400 millones de dólares en la adquisición de bienes y a un incremento de 2.700 millones de dólares en la adquisición de servicios durante el mismo período.",
"8. De 2006 a 2010, la adquisición de servicios por el sistema de las Naciones Unidas aumentó como proporción del total de adquisiciones, sobrepasando ligeramente la proporción de adquisición de bienes por primera vez en 2006. En 2010, la proporción de servicios sigue superando la correspondiente a los bienes por un margen de tan solo el 2,8%, frente al 7,3% registrado en 2009.",
"Gráfico 2",
"Proporción de los bienes y servicios adquiridos, 2006-2010",
"[]",
"III. Los 10 principales países proveedores del sistema de las Naciones Unidas en 2010",
"9. El porcentaje del volumen total de bienes y servicios adquiridos de los 10 principales países proveedores mostró una prometedora tendencia a la baja entre los años 2004 y 2006, lo que refleja la ampliación de la distribución geográfica de las adquisiciones de las Naciones Unidas. Entre 2006 y 2009 (véase el gráfico 3) se invirtió esta tendencia a la baja, con lo que aumentó el porcentaje de adquisiciones de los 10 principales países proveedores de las Naciones Unidas. Durante este período, la proporción aumentó en un 12%; sin embargo, en 2010 disminuyó en un 0,9%.",
"Gráfico 3",
"Proporción del volumen total de adquisiciones correspondiente a los 10 principales países proveedores del sistema de las Naciones Unidas",
"[]",
"10. 11. 12.",
"11. Entre los 10 principales países proveedores de las organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas en 2010 (véase el cuadro 1) se incluyeron cuatro países en desarrollo; el Afganistán, el Sudán, la India y el Pakistán representaron el 34,8% del volumen total de adquisiciones de los 10 principales países proveedores.",
"12. Por segundo año consecutivo, en 2010 el Afganistán se encuentra entre los 10 principales países proveedores de las Naciones Unidas y su proporción en el volumen total de adquisiciones de las Naciones Unidas aumentó en un 1,4%. Las adquisiciones provenientes del Afganistán consistieron principalmente en servicios de construcción, transporte y remoción de minas, prestados junto con contratistas nacionales por el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y la UNOPS.",
"13. El Sudán, que también figura en la lista por segundo año, mantuvo el cuarto puesto entre los principales proveedores de la Organización, a pesar de una disminución del 0,6% en la proporción correspondiente a este país del volumen total de adquisiciones de las Naciones Unidas. Las adquisiciones provenientes del Sudán también consistieron en servicios de construcción y de transporte, así como aceites combustibles comprados por la División de Adquisiciones de las Naciones Unidas y el Programa Mundial de Alimentos (PMA).",
"14. La India aparece en la lista desde el año 2000 y en 2010 ocupó el quinto puesto entre los principales proveedores del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, con un 3,9% del total de las adquisiciones. Esto significó una disminución del 1% con respecto a 2009. Las adquisiciones a la India incluyeron vacunas, productos farmacéuticos y equipos médicos y fueron efectuadas principalmente por el UNICEF.",
"15. El Pakistán figura en la lista por primera vez, con una proporción del 3,2% del volumen total de adquisiciones. Las adquisiciones provenientes del Pakistán consistieron principalmente en alimentos, alojamiento, tiendas y equipo para actividades sobre el terreno, fertilizantes y semillas. Estos fueron adquiridos por el PMA, la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR) y la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), respectivamente.",
"Cuadro 1",
"Los 10 principales países proveedores de las operaciones de las Naciones Unidas en 2010",
"(En millones de dólares)",
"Países Bienes Servicios Total Porcentaje del total",
"Estados Unidos de América 409,1 1,109,9 1,519,0 10,4",
"Suiza 499,7 341,7 841,4 5,8",
"Afganistán 65,0 604,2 669,2 4,6",
"Sudán 136,7 465,1 601,7 4,1",
"India 512,1 55,5 567,6 3,9",
"Federación de Rusia 66,0 486,1 552,1 3,8",
"Reino Unido 348,6 141,4 490,0 3,4",
"Dinamarca 348,1 121,8 469,9 3,2",
"Pakistán 369,7 98,8 468,5 3,2",
"Francia 373,0 70,7 443,8 3,1",
"Total de los 10 principales 3 128,1 3 495,1 6 623,1 45,5 proveedores",
"Total general 7 075,5 7 468,7 14 544,2 100,0",
"IV. Adquisiciones realizadas por organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas en 2009-2010",
"16. En el cuadro que figura a continuación se muestra el volumen de las adquisiciones realizadas por distintas organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas en 2009 y 2010. Los datos se presentan desglosados por porcentaje proveniente de países en desarrollo y de países de economía en transición, que aumentó en un 2,8% entre 2009 y 2010. Entre 2009 y 2010 el volumen total de las adquisiciones aumentó en 747 millones de dólares, dado que 18 de las 36 organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas que presentaron información incrementaron el volumen de adquisiciones realizadas con respecto al año anterior. La Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), el PNUD, el PMA y la UNOPS registraron los mayores aumentos de volumen.",
"Cuadro 2",
"Adquisiciones realizadas por organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas en 2009-2010",
"(En millones de dólares)",
"2009 2010\n Organismo Bienes Servicios Total Porcentaje Bienes Servicios Total Porcentaje",
"CESPAP 620 7,74 13,94 81,77 2,54 5,06 7,61 79,08",
"CESPAO 1,77 1,17 2,95 69,82 0,43 1,44 1,87 83,88",
"CEPAL 3,05 5,20 8,24 83,86 2,58 6,29 8,87 84,02",
"FAO 89,12 44,50 133,62 43,41 122,18 45,63 167,81 60,71",
"OIEA 87,60 48,23 135,84 13,26 66,06 79,13 145,19 12,24",
"FIDA 1,69 45,61 47,30 8,70 0,91 46,19 47,09 11,71",
"OIT 8,26 76,90 85,16 41,53 9,42 89,51 98,93 40,23",
"INSTRAW No 0,05 0,08 0,13 85,29 presentó datos",
"CCI 1,37 3,92 5,29 6,97 1,17 9,87 11,04 7,62",
"UIT 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 4,81 7,72 12,53 11,72",
"Organización 2,59 4,94 7,53 0,37 1,36 5,79 7,15 0,23 para la Prohibición de las Armas Químicas",
"OPS 384,90 0,00 384,90 12,34 693,12 15,21 708,33 27,30",
"PNUD 610,02 2 000,91 2 610,93 79,89 649,08 2 279,37 2 928,44 79,47",
"CEPA 7,16 2,25 9,41 47,22 3,36 4,90 8,26 69,86",
"UNESCO 58,70 126,97 185,67 33,39 43,02 139,49 182,51 62,54",
"UNFPA 131,60 226,33 357,93 60,79 160,95 220,94 602,84 60,02",
"ACNUR 239,53 167,00 406,53 68,32 244,43 178,38 422,81 69,32",
"UNICEF 1 829,12 0,00 1 829,12 40,46 1 823,74 0,00 1 823,74 40,89",
"ONUDI 16,91 69,56 86,47 40,13 30,47 41,49 71,96 48,27",
"División de 1 076,38 2 412,04 3 488,42 28,71 977,40 2 167,12 3 144,52 36,14 Adquisiciones",
"ONUG 21,48 82,78 104,25 1,31 14,24 73,96 88,20 1,04",
"ONUN 12,54 23,15 35,70 52,48 9,54 25,38 34,92 53,89",
"UNOPS 442,68 428,80 871,48 81,69 496,23 519,29 1 015,52 79,62",
"ONUV 8,27 8,66 16,93 16,68 4,23 7,08 11,30 10,26",
"OOPS 168,35 96,92 265,27 78,99 144,42 76,48 220,90 87,67",
"Universidad de 0,04 1,13 1,17 11,20 0,02 1,11 1,13 13,18 las Naciones Unidas",
"VNU 0,45 11,25 11,70 1,12 0,53 14,89 15,42 0,97",
"UPU 0,37 0,00 0,37 56,58 0,83 0,00 0,83 74,57",
"PMA 1 180,01 1 388,61 2 568,62 78,34 1 451,75 1 265,28 2 717,03 75,80",
"OMS 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 110,91 0,00 110,91 42,78",
"OMPI 0,00 109,50 109,50 2,46 0,00 133,19 133,19 2,05",
"OMM 3,57 4,44 8,01 5,52 5,70 5,15 10,84 3,60",
"OMC 0,40 4,52 4,92 8,98 0,03 3,29 3,32 11,74",
"Total 6 394,14 7 403,04 13 54,91 7 075,49 7 468,70 14 57,77 797,17 544,20",
"V. Adquisiciones provenientes de países en desarrollo y de países de economía en transición",
"17. La Asamblea General, en su resolución 57/279, relativa a la reforma del régimen de adquisiciones (específicamente en el párrafo 6), alienta a las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas a que amplíen las oportunidades de selección de los proveedores de países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición. En su resolución 61/246 (específicamente en el párrafo 24), la Asamblea General reiteró esta petición. En respuesta a ella, las organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas han realizado un mayor número de pedidos a proveedores pertenecientes a estos países. El crecimiento de estos pedidos ha sido constante entre 2006 y 2010 (como se indica en el gráfico 4), lo que representa un aumento del 62,6% en el mismo período.",
"Gráfico 4",
"Adquisiciones de las Naciones Unidas provenientes de países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición, 2006-2010",
"(En millones de dólares)",
"[]",
"18. En 2010, las adquisiciones provenientes de países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición aumentaron en 826 millones de dólares con respecto a 2009, lo que se suma al aumento de 600 millones de dólares registrado entre 2008 y 2009 y al aumento de 1.500 millones de dólares registrado entre 2007 y 2008. Las adquisiciones provenientes de países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición aumentaron del 54,9% en 2009 al 57,7% del volumen total de las adquisiciones de las Naciones Unidas en 2010, mientras que las adquisiciones de países industrializados disminuyeron del 43,9% en 2009 al 41,7% en 2010. En 2010, las adquisiciones de países no especificados disminuyeron de 151 millones de dólares a 79,5 millones de dólares. No se especifican los países en los casos en que las organizaciones no pueden determinar el origen del proveedor en sus sistemas de información de gestión. Esta tendencia ha disminuido en el curso de los últimos tres años, lo que indica que ha seguido mejorando la precisión de los mecanismos de presentación de información de los organismos.",
"Gráfico 5",
"Adquisiciones de las Naciones Unidas provenientes de países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición, 2006-2010",
"(Porcentaje del total de las adquisiciones de las Naciones Unidas)",
"[]",
"VI. Adquisiciones provenientes de países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición, por región",
"19. En 2010, aumentó la proporción de servicios prestados a las organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas por países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición de todas las regiones. En particular, los Estados de Asia y el Pacífico y los Estados de América Latina y el Caribe han incrementado su participación en las adquisiciones en 395 millones de dólares y 334 millones de dólares, respectivamente. Las regiones de los Estados árabes, África y Europa y la Comunidad de Estados Independientes han tenido un crecimiento constante en el período comprendido entre 2006 y 2010.",
"Gráfico 6",
"Adquisiciones de las Naciones Unidas provenientes de países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición por región, 2006-2010",
"(En millones de dólares)",
"[]",
"20. Los datos regionales correspondientes a los países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición muestran que todas las regiones, salvo las de los Estados árabes y Europa y la Comunidad de Estados Independientes han experimentado una tendencia al alza en sus operaciones de suministro. Entre 2009 y 2010 la proporción de adquisiciones de productos y servicios de estas regiones realizadas por las Naciones Unidas disminuyó en un 0,6% y un 0,3%, respectivamente. Entre 2007 y 2009 los Estados de América Latina y el Caribe experimentaron una reducción en la proporción de adquisiciones, pero en 2010 registraron una recuperación del 1,8%.",
"Gráfico 7",
"Adquisiciones de las Naciones Unidas provenientes de países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición por región, 2006-2010",
"(Porcentaje del total de las adquisiciones de las Naciones Unidas)",
"[]",
"VII. Adquisiciones provenientes de países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición realizadas por las 10 organizaciones principales de las Naciones Unidas",
"21. El gráfico 8 muestra el porcentaje del volumen de adquisiciones de bienes y servicios provenientes de países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición realizadas por las 10 mayores organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas (que representan el 93% del total de las adquisiciones) en 2010, así como la variación del porcentaje en comparación con los datos correspondientes a 2009. La lista de las organizaciones se muestra en orden decreciente respecto del volumen total, que aparece detallado en la sección incluida a la derecha en el gráfico 8.",
"Gráfico 8",
"Porcentaje de las adquisiciones provenientes de países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición realizadas por las 10 mayores organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas en el período 2009-2010",
"[]",
"VIII. Los 20 principales países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición que proveyeron de bienes y servicios a las operaciones de las Naciones Unidas en 2010",
"22. En total, las adquisiciones de bienes y servicios provenientes de los 20 países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición que más suministros proporcionaron representan el 36,8% del volumen total de adquisiciones de las Naciones Unidas, lo que supone un aumento del 2,8% respecto de 2009. Puede encontrarse una reseña detallada de las tendencias en cuanto a los volúmenes de adquisiciones, las categorías de bienes y servicios adquiridos y las proporciones de las organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas con respecto a cada país enumerado en el cuadro 3 en la sección relativa a las características de adquisición de estos países del informe estadístico anual correspondiente a 2010, a partir de la página 40.",
"Cuadro 3 Los 20 principales países en desarrollo y países de economía en transición que proveyeron de bienes y servicios a las operaciones de las Naciones Unidas en 2010",
"(En millones de dólares)",
"Países Bienes Servicios Total Porcentaje del total",
"Afganistán 65,0 604,2 669,2 4,6",
"Sudán 136,7 465,1 601,7 4,1",
"India 512,1 55,5 567,6 3,9",
"Pakistán 369,7 98,8 468,5 3,2",
"Argentina 248,1 96,4 344,5 2,4",
"Kenya 72,9 226,0 298,9 2,1",
"Perú 135,9 131,0 266,8 1,8",
"Etiopía 115,9 142,8 258,7 1,8",
"Brasil 97,1 130,1 227,2 1,6",
"Sudáfrica 111,2 98,9 210,1 1,4",
"Ucrania 69,0 130,3 199,3 1,4",
"Emiratos Árabes Unidos 114,2 50,4 164,5 1,1",
"República Democrática del 62,0 95,8 157,8 1,1 Congo",
"Jordania 30,3 123,4 153,6 1,1",
"China 101,9 47,6 149,5 1,0",
"Panamá 60,6 80,0 140,6 1,0",
"Uganda 74,3 53,3 127,6 0,9",
"Haití 35,8 88,6 124,3 0,9",
"Indonesia 87,0 32,1 119,1 0,8",
"Líbano 38,4 60,2 98,7 0,7",
"Los 20 principales 2 538,1 2 810,2 5 348,3 36,8",
"Total general 7 075,5 7 468,7 14 544,2 100,0"
] | [
"Second regular session 2011",
"6 to 9 September 2011, New York",
"Item 4 of the provisional agenda",
"United Nations Office for Project Services",
"Annual statistical report on the procurement activities of the United Nations system, 2010",
"Goods and services, international project personnel, United Nations volunteers, and fellowships",
"Contents",
"I. Introduction 3",
"II. Total procurement of goods and services for operational activities of the United Nations system 4",
"III. Top 10 countries of supply to the United Nations system, 2010 5",
"IV. Procurement by United Nations organizations in 2009-2010 7",
"V. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition 8",
"VI. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, by region 9",
"VII. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, by top 10 United Nations organizations 10",
"VIII. Top 20 developing countries and countries with economies in transition supplying United Nations operations in 2010 11",
"I. Introduction",
"1. The United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) is pleased to be tasked with the responsibility to collect and compile system-wide procurement data on behalf of the United Nations.",
"2. The 2010 report analyses procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, and examines United Nations system performance, in response to General Assembly resolution 57/279 of January 2003 on procurement reform. This resolution encouraged United Nations organizations to increase opportunities for vendors in developing countries and countries with economies in transition. Significant progress has been made towards achieving that objective (see Figures 3-8 below).",
"3. In addition, the 2010 report looks at procurement by United Nations organizations from vendors that support the “Global Compact”. The Compact measures engagement by the United Nations system with companies that take corporate social responsibility seriously, an increasingly important consideration in the global marketplace. While United Nations organizations give no preferential treatment to Compact signatories, the volume of procurement with registered Global Compact vendors shows an increase of 5 per cent over the period 2006-2009.",
"4. The 2010 statistical report compiles information supplied by 36 United Nations organizations. Three agencies – the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) – submitted their data via the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG) and the United Nations Procurement Division (UN/PD). UNOPS relies entirely on the cooperation of the reporting entities. In general, response rates were satisfactory, and data quality has improved due to better reporting tools.",
"5. Data are reported on goods, based on country of supplier, and on services, depending on the location of contractors’ head offices. Procurement orders and service contracts are reported by contract amount rather than by expenditures incurred. Most United Nations entities are unable at present to report data based on the country of origin of goods, or on actual expenditures.",
"6. The 2010 statistical report features an annual thematic supplement that focuses on current issues in procurement. For 2010, the focus of the supplement is on procurement and its contribution to the Millennium Development Goals. The supplement provides an overview of the international debate on the subject, as well as case studies and contributions from practitioners and experts.",
"Figure 1. Total procurement of goods and services, 2006-2010 (in millions of dollars)",
"[]",
"II. Total procurement of goods and services for operational activities of the United Nations system",
"7. The overall procurement volume (goods and services combined) of United Nations organizations during 2010 increased to $14.5 billion, from $13.8 billion in 2009 – a gain of 5.4 per cent. The total procurement of goods increased $681 million, an increase of 10.7 per cent, while procurement of services grew by $66 million, an increase of 0.9 per cent. Between 2006 and 2010, United Nations procurement volume increased from $9.4 billion to $14.5 billion, attributable to a $2.4 billion growth in the procurement of goods and a $2.7 billion growth in the procurement of services for the same period.",
"8. From 2006 to 2010, the procurement of services by the United Nations system rose as a share of total procurement, slightly overtaking the procurement share of goods for the first time in 2006. In 2010, the share of services still exceeds that of goods albeit only by a margin of 2.8 per cent compared to 7.3 per cent in 2009.",
"Figure 2. Proportion of goods and services procured, 2006-2010",
"[]",
"III. Top 10 countries of supply to the United Nations system, 2010",
"9. The percentage share of total goods and services procured from the top 10 major countries of supply showed a promising decreasing trend between 2004 and 2006, denoting a broadening of the geographical spread of United Nations procurement. Between 2006 and 2009 (see Figure 3) this downward trend has reversed thereby increasing the procurement share of the top 10 countries of supply to the United Nations. During this period the percentage share has increased by 12 per cent; however, it declined by 0.9 per cent in 2010",
"Figure 3. Percentage share of total procurement volume of the top 10 countries to supply the United Nations system",
"[]",
"10. The 10 major countries to supply United Nations organizations in 2010 (see Table 1) included four developing countries, with Afghanistan, Sudan, India and Pakistan accounting for 34.8 per cent of the total procurement volume of the top 10 countries of supply.",
"11. Afghanistan is among the 10 major countries to supply the United Nations for the second year running, and increased its share of total United Nations procurement volume by 1.4 percentage points in 2010. Procurement from Afghanistan consisted primarily of construction, transport and demining services executed with national contractors by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and UNOPS.",
"12. Sudan, also in its second year in this list, retained its position as the United Nations’ fourth largest supplier, despite a 0.6 percentage point drop in its share of total United Nations procurement volume. Procurement from Sudan also consisted of construction and transport services as well as fuel oils procured by the United Nations Procurement Division (UN/PD) and the World Food Programme (WFP).",
"13. India has featured in this list since 2000, and in 2010 was the fifth largest supplier to the United Nations system, with a 3.9 per cent share of total United Nations procurement volume. This represented a decrease of 1 percentage point from 2009. Procurement from India included vaccines, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment procured primarily by UNICEF.",
"14. Pakistan is on this list for the first time with a 3.2 per cent share of total procurement volume. Procurement from Pakistan consisted primarily of food supplies, shelter, tents and field equipment, fertilizers and seeds. These were procured by WFP, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) respectively.",
"Table 1. Top 10 countries supplying United Nations operations in 2010 (in millions of dollars)",
"Countries Goods Services Total Percentage of total\n USA 409.1 1,109.9 1,519.0 10.4",
"Switzerland 499.7 341.7 841.4 5.8",
"Afghanistan 65.0 604.2 669.2 4.6",
"Sudan 136.7 465.1 601.7 4.1",
"India 512.1 55.5 567.6 3.9",
"Russian 66.0 486.1 552.1 3.8 Federation",
"United Kingdom 348.6 141.4 490.0 3.4",
"Denmark 348.1 121.8 469.9 3.2",
"Pakistan 369.7 98.8 468.5 3.2",
"France 373.0 70.7 443.8 3.1",
"Top 10 Total 3,128.1 3,495.1 6,623.1 45.5",
"Grand Total 7,075.5 7,468.7 14,544.2 100.0",
"IV. Procurement by United Nations organizations in 2009-2010",
"15. The following table lists the procurement volume of individual United Nations organizations in 2009 and 2010. Data are presented by the percentage share from developing countries and those with economies in transition, which has increased by 2.8 percentage points from 2009 to 2010. Total procurement volume from 2009 to 2010 has increased by $747 million, as 18 of the 36 reporting United Nations organizations increased their procurement volume over the previous year. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), WFP and UNOPS recorded the largest volume increases.",
"Table 2. Procurement by United Nations organizations in 2009-2010 (in millions of dollars)",
"2009 2010\n AGENCY GOODS SERVICES TOTAL (%) GOODS SERVICES TOTAL (%)",
"ESCAP 6.20 7.74 13.94 81.77 2.54 5.06 7.61 79.08",
"ESCWA 1.77 1.17 2.95 69.82 0.43 1.44 1.87 83.88",
"ECLAC 3.05 5.20 8.24 83.86 2.58 6.29 8.87 84.02",
"FAO 89.12 44.50 133.62 43.41 122.18 45.63 167.81 60.71",
"IAEA 87.60 48.23 135.84 13.26 66.06 79.13 145.19 12.24",
"IFAD 1.69 45.61 47.30 8.70 0.91 46.19 47.09 11.71",
"ILO 8.26 76.90 85.16 41.53 9.42 89.51 98.93 40.23",
"INSTRAW Data not 0.05 0.08 0.13 85.29 submitted",
"ITC 1.37 3.92 5.29 6.97 1.17 9.87 11.04 7.62",
"ITU 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.81 7.72 12.53 11.72",
"OPCW 2.59 4.94 7.53 0.37 1.36 5.79 7.15 0.23",
"PAHO 384.90 0.00 384.90 12.34 693.12 15.21 708.33 27.30",
"UNDP 610.02 2,000.91 2,610.93 79.89 649.08 2,279.37 2,928.44 79.47",
"UNECA 7.16 2.25 9.41 47.22 3.36 4.90 8.26 69.86",
"UNESCO 58.70 126.97 185.67 33.39 43.02 139.49 182.51 62.54",
"UNFPA 131.60 226.33 357.93 60.79 160.95 220.94 602.84 60.02",
"UNHCR 239.53 167.00 406.53 68.32 244.43 178.38 422.81 69.32",
"UNICEF 1,829.12 0.00 1,829.12 40.46 1,823.74 0.00 1,823.74 40.89",
"UNIDO 16.91 69.56 86.47 40.13 30.47 41.49 71.96 48.27",
"UN/PD 1,076.38 2,412.04 3,488.42 28.71 977.40 2,167.12 3,144.52 36.14",
"UNOG 21.48 82.78 104.25 1.31 14.24 73.96 88.20 1.04",
"UNON 12.54 23.15 35.70 52.48 9.54 25.38 34.92 53.89",
"UNOPS 442.68 428.80 871.48 81.69 496.23 519.29 1,015.52 79.62",
"UNOV 8.27 8.66 16.93 16.68 4.23 7.08 11.30 10.26",
"UNRWA 168.35 96.92 265.27 78.99 144.42 76.48 220.90 87.67",
"UNU 0.04 1.13 1.17 11.20 0.02 1.11 1.13 13.18",
"UNV 0.45 11.25 11.70 1.12 0.53 14.89 15.42 0.97",
"UPU 0.37 0.00 0.37 56.58 0.83 0.00 0.83 74.57",
"WFP 1,180.01 1,388.61 2,568.62 78.34 1,451.75 1,265.28 2,717.03 75.80",
"WHO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 110.91 0.00 110.91 42.78",
"WIPO 0.00 109.50 109.50 2.46 0.00 133.19 133.19 2.05",
"WMO 3.57 4.44 8.01 5.52 5.70 5.15 10.84 3.60",
"WTO 0.40 4.52 4.92 8.98 0.03 3.29 3.32 11.74",
"TOTAL 6,394.14 7,403.04 13,797.17 54.91 7,075.49 7,468.70 14,544.20 57.77",
"V. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition",
"16. General Assembly resolution 57/279 on procurement reform (specifically paragraph 6), encourages United Nations organizations to increase sourcing opportunities for suppliers from developing countries and countries with economies in transition. General Assembly resolution 61/246 (specifically paragraph 24), reiterates the request. In response, United Nations organizations have placed more orders with suppliers from these countries. The growth of such orders has steadily grown over the 2006 to 2010 period (as shown in Figure 4), representing an increase of 62.6 per cent for the same period.",
"Figure 4. United Nations procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, 2006-2010 (in millions of dollars)",
"[]",
"17. In 2010, procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition increased by $826 million over 2009, further building upon the $600 million increase from 2008 to 2009 and the $1.5 billion increase from 2007 to 2008. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition has increased from 54.9 per cent in 2009 to 57.7 per cent of total United Nations procurement volume in 2010, while procurement from industrialized countries decreased from 43.9 per cent in 2009 to 41.7 per cent in 2010. Procurement from unspecified countries decreased from $151 million to $79.5 million in 2010. Countries are unspecified when organizations cannot attribute the origin of the supplier in their management information systems. This has been a decreasing trend over the last three reporting years, indicating further improvements in the accuracy of agencies’ reporting mechanisms.",
"Figure 5. United Nations procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, 2006-2010 (percentage of total United Nations procurement)",
"[][]",
"VI. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, by region",
"18. Developing countries and countries with economies in transition in all regions experienced growth in their share of procurement from the United Nations organizations in 2010. Notably, the Asia and Pacific States and the Latin America and Caribbean States have increased their shares of procurement by $395 million and $334 million respectively. The Arab, Africa and Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) regions enjoyed continued steady growth in the period from 2006 to 2010.",
"[]Figure 6. United Nations procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition by region, 2006-2010 (in millions of dollars)",
"19. Regional data from developing countries and countries with economies in transition show that all regions except the Arab and the European and CIS regions have seen an upward trend in procurement business. The percentage share of United Nations procurement from these regions decreased from 2009 to 2010 by 0.5 and 0.3 per cent respectively. The Latin American and Caribbean States experienced a decrease in procurement share from 2007 to 2009, but recovered by 1.8 per cent in 2010.",
"Figure 7. United Nations procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition by region, 2006-2010 (percentage of total United Nations procurement)",
"[]",
"VII. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, by top 10 United Nations organizations",
"20. Figure 8 represents percentage of procurement volume for the 10 largest United Nations organizations (accounting for 93 per cent of total procurement), from developing countries and countries with economies in transition in 2010, as well as the percentage change compared with 2009. Organizations are listed in descending order by total volume, detailed in the section to the right in Figure 8.",
"Figure 8. Top 10 United Nations organization percentage of procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition 2009-2010",
"[]",
"VIII. 20 developing countries and countries with economies transition supplying United Nations operations in 2010",
"21. In total, procurement of goods and services from the top 20 developing countries and countries with economies in transition represents 36.8 per cent of overall United Nations procurement volume, an increase of 2.8 percentage points over 2009. For a detailed overview of procurement volume trends, categories of goods and services procured, and United Nations organizations shares for each of the countries listed in Table 3, please refer to the procurement profiles of these countries available in the 2010 Annual Statistical Report, page 40 and onwards.",
"Table 3. Top 20 developing countries and countries with economies in transition supplying United Nations operations in 2010 (in millions of dollars)",
"Countries Goods Services Total Percentage of total\n Afghanistan 65.0 604.2 669.2 4.6",
"Sudan 136.7 465.1 601.7 4.1",
"India 512.1 55.5 567.6 3.9",
"Pakistan 369.7 98.8 468.5 3.2",
"Argentina 248.1 96.4 344.5 2.4",
"Kenya 72.9 226.0 298.9 2.1",
"Peru 135.9 131.0 266.8 1.8",
"Ethiopia 115.9 142.8 258.7 1.8",
"Brazil 97.1 130.1 227.2 1.6",
"South Africa 111.2 98.9 210.1 1.4",
"Ukraine 69.0 130.3 199.3 1.4",
"United Arab Emirates 114.2 50.4 164.5 1.1",
"Congo, Dem. Rep. 62.0 95.8 157.8 1.1",
"Jordan 30.3 123.4 153.6 1.1",
"China 101.9 47.6 149.5 1.0",
"Panama 60.6 80.0 140.6 1.0",
"Uganda 74.3 53.3 127.6 0.9",
"Haiti 35.8 88.6 124.3 0.9",
"Indonesia 87.0 32.1 119.1 0.8",
"Lebanon 38.4 60.2 98.7 0.7",
"Top 20 2,538.1 2,810.2 5,348.3 36.8",
"Grand Total 7,075.5 7,468.7 14,544.2 100.0"
] | DP_OPS_2011_4 | [
"Second regular session 2011",
"New York, 6-9 September 2011",
"Item 4 of the provisional agenda",
"United Nations Office for Project Services",
"Annual statistical report on the procurement activities of the United Nations system for 2010",
"Goods and services, international project personnel, United Nations Volunteers and fellowships",
"Summary The present report, which contains data on United Nations system procurement, is submitted by the Executive Director of the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) to the Executive Board in accordance with its decision 2007/38. The full report can be obtained from the secretariat of the Executive Board, in the language in which it was presented, on the website of the global portal for United Nations suppliers. The report provides detailed information on procurement from the United Nations system, disaggregated by supplier country. In 2010, the United Nations system made total purchases of $14.5 billion from all funding sources, an increase of $747 million over the previous year. The share of procurement from developing countries increased by 2.9 per cent and reached 57.7 per cent. The full report for 2010 contains: (a) A summary containing an analysis of trends in United Nations procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition; (b) An analysis of United Nations contracts signed with signatories to the United Nations Global Compact; (c) A number of tables listing United Nations system combined procurement, disaggregated by supplier country; (d) A number of tables listing procurement, broken down by United Nations organization and supplier country; (e) Summary sheets on procurement from countries that are members of the Development Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; (f) Summary sheets on procurement from the 20-principal countries; A list of the 10 major groups of goods and services procured by the United Nations system; (h) A comparative analysis of the share of the share in the categories of goods and services procured by United Nations agencies; (i) A section detailing major goods and services (in excess of $30,000) acquired by the United Nations system; (j) A summary of project personnel, disaggregated by nationality; and (k) A supplement that focuses on procurement and its contribution to the Millennium Development Goals and presents a general overview of the international debate on the subject, studies and contributions of professionals and experts. Elements of decision: The Executive Board may wish to take note of the annual statistical report on the procurement activities of the United Nations system organizations (DP/OPS/2011/4) and welcome the presentation of data and analysis contained therein, as well as the relevance of the supplementalthematic.",
"Contents",
"Page I. Introduction 4II. Total 5 acquisitions of goods and services for the operational activities of the United Nations system III. The 6 10 main suppliers of the United Nations system in 2010 IV. Procurement 8 by United Nations organizations in 2009-2010 V. Procurement 9 from developing countries and countries with economies in transition VI. Procurement 11 from developing countries and countries with economies in transition by region VII. Procurement 12 from developing countries and countries with economies in transition by the 10 major United Nations organizations VIII. The 14 20 major developing countries and countries with economies in transition providing goods and services to United Nations operations in 2010",
"I. Introduction",
"1. The United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) is pleased to assume responsibility for collecting and compiling procurement data across the United Nations system on behalf of the Organization.",
"2. The 2010 report analyses procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition and reviews the performance of the United Nations system, in response to General Assembly resolution 57/279 of January 2003 on procurement reform. This resolution encourages United Nations organizations to expand recruitment opportunities for suppliers from developing countries and countries with economies in transition. Significant progress has been made towards this goal (see Figures 3 to 8 below).",
"3. In addition, the 2010 report reviews procurement by United Nations organizations to suppliers supporting the Global Compact. The Covenant allows for the quantification of the United Nations system ' s commitment to companies that take their social responsibility seriously, an aspect that is increasingly important in the world market. While United Nations organizations do not accord preferential treatment to the signatories to the Covenant, the volume of procurement to vendors registered in the Covenant increased by 5 per cent over the period 2006-2009.",
"4. The 2010 statistical report compiles information provided by 36 United Nations organizations. Three agencies (the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations) submitted their data through the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG) and the United Nations Procurement Division. The work of UNOPS depends entirely on the cooperation of reporting entities. Overall, the response rates are considered satisfactory and the quality of data has improved, thanks to the use of better reporting tools.",
"5. Data are provided on goods, disaggregated by the supplier ' s country, and on services, disaggregated by the location of the contractor ' s central office. Procurement orders and service contracts reflect the amount of the contract and not the expenses incurred. Currently, most United Nations entities cannot provide data based on the country of origin of the assets, or actual expenditures.",
"6. The 2010 statistical report contains an annual thematic supplement highlighting current procurement issues. In 2010, the supplement focuses on procurement and its contribution to the Millennium Development Goals. The supplement provides an overview of the discussions on the topic at the international level, as well as case studies and contributions by professionals and experts.",
"Figure 1",
"Total procurement of goods and services, 2006-2010",
"(Millions of dollars)",
"II. Total procurement of goods and services for operational activities of the United Nations system",
"7. The total value of procurement (combining goods and services) carried out by United Nations organizations during 2010 amounted to $14.5 billion, an increase of 5.4 per cent over $13.8 billion for 2009. Total acquisitions of goods increased by $681 million, or 10.7 per cent, while procurement of services increased by $66 million or 0.9 per cent. Between 2006 and 2010, the volume of United Nations procurement increased from $9.4 billion to $14.5 billion, a growth of $2.4 billion in the acquisition of goods and an increase of $2.7 billion in the acquisition of services during the same period.",
"8. From 2006 to 2010, procurement of services by the United Nations system increased as a proportion of total procurement, slightly exceeding the share of acquisition of goods for the first time in 2006. In 2010, the share of services continues to exceed that of goods by a margin of just 2.8 per cent, compared with 7.3 per cent in 2009.",
"Figure 2",
"Proportion of goods and services acquired, 2006-2010",
"[]",
"III. Top 10 United Nations system supplier countries in 2010",
"9. The percentage of the total volume of goods and services purchased from the top 10 vendors showed a promising downward trend between 2004 and 2006, reflecting the expansion of the geographical distribution of United Nations procurement. Between 2006 and 2009 (see figure 3), this downward trend was reversed, increasing the percentage of procurement from the top 10 United Nations vendors. During this period, the proportion increased by 12 per cent; however, in 2010 it declined by 0.9 per cent.",
"Figure 3",
"Proportion of total procurement volume for the top 10 United Nations system supplier countries",
"[]",
"10. 11. 12.",
"11. Among the top 10 vendors of United Nations organizations in 2010 (see table 1), four developing countries were included; Afghanistan, the Sudan, India and Pakistan accounted for 34.8 per cent of the total procurement volume of the top 10 vendors.",
"12. For the second consecutive year, Afghanistan is among the top 10 United Nations supplier countries in 2010 and its share in the total volume of United Nations procurement increased by 1.4 per cent. Procurement from Afghanistan consisted mainly of construction, transport and demining services, provided together with national contractors by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and UNOPS.",
"13. The Sudan, which is also listed for the second year, maintained the fourth position among the major suppliers of the Organization, despite a decrease of 0.6 per cent in the share of the total United Nations procurement volume for the country. Procurement from the Sudan also consisted of construction and transportation services, as well as fuel oils purchased by the United Nations Procurement Division and the World Food Programme (WFP).",
"14. India has been on the roster since 2000 and in 2010 ranked fifth among the main suppliers of the United Nations system, with 3.9 per cent of total procurement. This meant a 1 per cent decrease over 2009. Acquisitions to India included vaccines, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment and were mainly carried out by UNICEF.",
"15. Pakistan is on the list for the first time, with a proportion of 3.2 per cent of the total volume of procurement. Procurement from Pakistan consisted mainly of food, accommodation, tents and equipment for field activities, fertilizers and seeds. These were acquired by WFP, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), respectively.",
"Table 1",
"Top 10 United Nations operations supplier countries in 2010",
"(Millions of dollars)",
"Total % of total",
"United States of America 409,1 1,109,9 1,519,0 10,4",
"Switzerland 499.7 341,7 841.4 5.8",
"Afghanistan 65.0 604.2 669,2 4.6",
"Sudan 136.7 465.1 601.7 4.1",
"India 512.1 55.5 567.6 3.9",
"Russian Federation 66,0 486,1 552,1 3,8",
"United Kingdom 348.6 141.4 490.0 3.4",
"Denmark 348.1 121.8 469.9 3.2",
"Pakistan 369.7 98.8 468.5 3.2",
"France 373.0 70.7 443.8 3.1",
"Total of 10 mains 3 128.1 3 495.1 6 623.1 45.5 suppliers",
"Grand total 7 075.5 7 468.7 14 544.2 1000.0",
"IV. Procurement by United Nations organizations in 2009-2010",
"16. The table below shows the volume of procurement by various United Nations organizations in 2009 and 2010. Data are disaggregated by percentage from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, which increased by 2.8 per cent between 2009 and 2010. Between 2009 and 2010, the total volume of procurement increased by $747 million, as 18 of the 36 United Nations reporting organizations increased the volume of procurement over the previous year. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), UNDP, WFP and UNOPS recorded the largest volume increases.",
"Table 2",
"Procurement by United Nations organizations in 2009-2010",
"(Millions of dollars)",
"2009 2010 Agency Goods Services Total Percentage",
"ESCAP 620 7.74 13.94 81.77 2.54 5.06 7.61 79.08",
"ESCWA 1.77 1.17 2.95 69.82 0.43 1.44 1.87 83.88",
"ECLAC 3.05 5.20 8.24 83.86 2.58 6.29 8.87 84.02",
"FAO 89.12 44.50 133.62 43.41 122.18 45.63 167.81 60.71",
"IAEA 87.60 48.23 135.84 13.26 66.06 79.13 145.19 12.24",
"IFAD 1,69 45,61 47,30 8,70 0,91 46,19 47,09 11,71",
"ILO 8.26 76.90 85.16 41.53 9.42 89.51 98.93 40.23",
"INSTRAW No. 0.05 0.08 0.13 85.29 submitted data",
"ITC 1.37 3.92 5.29 6.97 1.17 9.87 11.04 7.62",
"ITU 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.81 7.72 12.53 11.72",
"Organization 2.59 4.94 7.53 0.37 1.36 5.79 7.15 0.23 for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons",
"PAHO 384,90 0.00 384,90 12,34 693,12 15,21 708,33 27,30",
"UNDP 610.02 2 000.91 2 610.93 79.89 649.08 2 279,37 2 928.44 79.47",
"ECA 7.16 2.25 9.41 47.22 3.36 4.90 8.26 69.86",
"UNESCO 58.70 126.97 185.67 33.39 43.02 139.49 182.51 62.54",
"UNFPA 131.60 226,33 357,93 60.79 160.95 220.94 602.84 60.02",
"UNHCR 239,53 167,00 406,53 68,32 244,43 178,38 422,81 69,32",
"UNICEF 1 829.12 0.00 1 829.12 40.46 1 823.74 0.00 1 823.74 40.89",
"UNIDO 16.91 69.56 86.47 40.13 30.47 41.49 71.96 48.27",
"Division of 1 076,38 2 412,04 3 488,42 28,71 977,40 2 167,12 3 144,52 36,14 Procurement",
"UNOG 21,48 82.78 104.25 1.31 14.24 73.96 88.20 1.04",
"ONUN 12,54 23,15 35,70 52,48 9,54 25,38 34,92 53,89",
"UNOPS 442.68 428.80 871.48 81.69 496.23 519.29 1 015.52 79.62",
"ONUV 8.27 8.66 16.93 16.68 4.23 7.08 11.30 10.26",
"UNRWA 168.35 96.92 265,27 78.99 144.42 76.48 220.90 87.67",
"University of 0.04 1.13 1.17 11.20 0.02 1.11 1.13 13.18 United Nations",
"UNV 0.45 11.25 11.70 1.12 0.53 14.89 15.42 0.97",
"UPU 0.37 0.00 0.37 56.58 0.83 0.00 0.83 74.57",
"WFP 1 180.01 1 388.61 2 568,62 78.34 1 451.75 1 265,28 2 717.03 75.80",
"WHO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 110.91 0.00 110.91 42,78",
"WIPO 0.00 109.50 109.50 2.46 0.00 133.19 2.05",
"WMO 3.57 4.44 8.01 5.52 5.70 5.15 10.84 3.60",
"WTO 0.40 4.52 4.92 8.98 0.03 3.29 3.32 11.74",
"Total 6 394,14 7 403,04 13 54,91 7 075,49 7 468,70 14 57,77 797,17 544,20",
"V. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition",
"17. The General Assembly, in its resolution 57/279, on the reform of the procurement regime (specifically in paragraph 6), encourages the organizations of the United Nations system to expand the opportunities for the selection of suppliers from developing countries and countries with economies in transition. In its resolution 61/246 (specifically in paragraph 24), the General Assembly reiterated this request. In response, United Nations organizations have made more requests to suppliers from these countries. The growth of these orders has been steady between 2006 and 2010 (as shown in figure 4), which represents an increase of 62.6 per cent in the same period.",
"Figure 4",
"United Nations procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, 2006-2010",
"(Millions of dollars)",
"[]",
"18. In 2010, procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition increased by $826 million from 2009, in addition to the increase of $600 million from 2008 to 2009 and the increase of $1.5 billion from 2007 to 2008. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition increased from 54.9 per cent in 2009 to 57.7 per cent of the total volume of United Nations procurement in 2010, while procurement from industrialized countries decreased from 43.9 per cent in 2009 to 41.7 per cent in 2010. In 2010, procurement from unspecified countries decreased from $151 million to $79.5 million. Countries are not specified where organizations cannot determine the origin of the supplier in their management information systems. This trend has declined over the past three years, indicating that it has continued to improve the accuracy of agency reporting mechanisms.",
"Figure 5",
"United Nations procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, 2006-2010",
"(Percentage of total United Nations procurement)",
"[]",
"VI. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition by region",
"19. In 2010, the proportion of services provided to United Nations organizations by developing countries and countries with economies in transition increased from all regions. In particular, Asia-Pacific States and Latin American and Caribbean States have increased their share in procurement by $395 million and $334 million, respectively. The regions of the Arab States, Africa and Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States have had steady growth in the period from 2006 to 2010.",
"Figure 6",
"United Nations procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition by region, 2006-2010",
"(Millions of dollars)",
"[]",
"20. Regional data for developing countries and countries with economies in transition show that all regions, except those of the Arab States and Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, have experienced an upward trend in their supply operations. Between 2009 and 2010, the share of procurement of products and services in these regions by the United Nations decreased by 0.6 per cent and 0.3 per cent, respectively. Between 2007 and 2009, Latin American and Caribbean States experienced a reduction in the share of procurement, but in 2010 they recorded a recovery of 1.8 per cent.",
"Figure 7",
"United Nations procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition by region, 2006-2010",
"(Percentage of total United Nations procurement)",
"[]",
"VII. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition by the 10 major United Nations organizations",
"21. Figure 8 shows the percentage of the volume of procurement of goods and services from developing countries and countries with economies in transition carried out by the 10 largest United Nations organizations (which account for 93 per cent of total procurement) in 2010, as well as the percentage change compared to 2009 data. The list of organizations is shown in a decreasing order regarding the total volume, which is detailed in the section included on the right in figure 8.",
"Figure 8",
"Percentage of procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition by the 10 largest United Nations organizations in 2009-2010",
"[]",
"VIII. The top 20 developing countries and countries with economies in transition that provided goods and services to United Nations operations in 2010",
"22. In total, procurement of goods and services from the 20 developing countries and countries with economies in transition that provided more supplies accounted for 36.8 per cent of the total procurement volume of the United Nations, an increase of 2.8 per cent over 2009. A detailed account of trends in procurement volumes, categories of goods and services acquired and the proportions of United Nations organizations with respect to each country listed in table 3 is provided in the section on the procurement characteristics of these countries of the annual statistical report for 2010, from page 40.",
"Table 3 The top 20 developing countries and countries with economies in transition providing goods and services to United Nations operations in 2010",
"(Millions of dollars)",
"Total % of total",
"Afghanistan 65.0 604.2 669,2 4.6",
"Sudan 136.7 465.1 601.7 4.1",
"India 512.1 55.5 567.6 3.9",
"Pakistan 369.7 98.8 468.5 3.2",
"Argentina 248,1 96,4 344,5 2,4",
"Kenya 72.9 226,0 298,9 2.1",
"Peru 135.9 131.0 266,8 1.8",
"Ethiopia 115.9 142.8 258.7 1.8",
"Brazil 97.1 130.1 227,2 1.6",
"South Africa 111.2 98.9 210.1 1.4",
"Ukraine 69.0 130.3 199,3 1.4",
"United Arab Emirates 114.2 50.4 164,5 1.1",
"Democratic Republic of 62.0 95.8 157.8 1.1 Congo",
"Jordan 30.3 123.4 153.6 1.1",
"China 101.9 47.6 149.5 1.0",
"Panama 60.6 80.0 140.6 1.0",
"Uganda 74.3 53.3 127.6 0.9",
"Haiti 35.8 88.6 124.3 0.9",
"Indonesia 87.0 32.1 119.1 0.8",
"Lebanon 38.4 60.2 98.7 0.7",
"Top 20 2 538.1 2 810.2 5 348.3 36.8",
"Grand total 7 075.5 7 468.7 14 544.2 1000.0"
] |
[
"Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia",
"Nota verbal de fecha 22 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente de la República de Corea ante las Naciones Unidas",
"La Misión Permanente de la República de Corea ante las Naciones Unidas saluda atentamente al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia y tiene el honor de transmitirle el informe de la República de Corea en cumplimiento del párrafo 25 de la resolución 1970 (2011) (véase el anexo).",
"Anexo de la nota verbal de fecha 22 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente de la República de Corea ante las Naciones Unidas",
"Informe de la República de Corea sobre las medidas adoptadas para aplicar los párrafos 9, 10, 15 y 17 de la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad",
"El Gobierno de la República de Corea está decidido a cumplir fielmente la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad y ha adoptado las siguientes medidas en relación con los párrafos 9, 10, 15 y 17 de la resolución.",
"Embargo de armas",
"El Gobierno de la República de Corea revisó su notificación pública sobre las restricciones comerciales en favor de la paz y la seguridad internacionales en virtud de la Ley de comercio exterior con objeto de prohibir la venta, el suministro y la transferencia de armas y materiales conexos a Libia, o su compra, como se dispone en los párrafos 9 y 10 de la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad. La notificación pública en su versión revisada entró en vigor el 2 de mayo de 2011. Los artículos exonerados que figuran en el párrafo 9 de la resolución 1970 (2011) pueden ser considerados para su exportación a Libia tras la obtención de un permiso del Ministerio de Economía basada en los Conocimientos.",
"El Gobierno de la República de Corea también ha informado a los sectores pertinentes de su industria sobre las sanciones impuestas por el Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas contra Libia y les ha instado a que se mantengan vigilantes en sus relaciones comerciales con ese país.",
"Desde marzo de 2011 no se ha presentado ninguna declaración de exportación o importación relacionada con armas ni se ha encontrado ningún artículo sospechoso. El Gobierno de la República de Corea continuará aplicando estrictamente los procedimientos de despacho aduanero para las operaciones de importación y exportación con Libia, de conformidad con la resolución 1970 (2011).",
"Prohibición de viajar",
"El Gobierno de la República de Corea ha incluido los nombres de las personas que figuran en el anexo I de la resolución 1970 (2011) en su lista de prohibición de ingreso en virtud de la ley coreana de control de la inmigración. A continuación fueron incluidas en la lista de prohibición de ingreso las personas que figuran en el anexo I de la resolución 1973 (2011).",
"Congelación de activos",
"El Gobierno de la República de Corea está en condiciones de aplicar la sección sobre congelación de activos de la resolución 1970 (2011) mediante la ejecución de sus Directrices sobre el pago y el recibo para el cumplimiento del deber de mantener la paz y la seguridad internacionales (las Directrices) en virtud de la Ley de transacciones con divisas extranjeras. Las personas y entidades que figuran en el anexo II de la resolución 1970 (2011) y en el anexo II de la resolución 1973 (2011) fueron consideradas objeto de sanciones financieras en virtud de las Directrices a partir del 22 de marzo de 2011 y el 15 de abril de 2011, respectivamente.",
"Las autoridades y los organismos competentes, incluido el Banco de Corea, el Servicio de Supervisión Financiera y todos los bancos autorizados para operar en divisas tienen conocimiento de la lista de sanciones; se les ha instado a que adopten todas las medidas necesarias para su aplicación. La información también ha sido publicada en el Diario Oficial del Gobierno con el fin de evitar que ciudadanos, empresas e instituciones financieras coreanas realicen transacciones comerciales con las personas y entidades que figuran en la lista."
] | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Note verbale dated 22 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee",
"The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, and has the honour to forward to the latter the report of the Republic of Korea regarding paragraph 25 of resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).",
"Annex to the note verbale dated 22 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee",
"Report of the Republic of Korea on the implementation of paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)",
"The Government of the Republic of Korea is committed to faithfully implementing Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) and has taken the following measures with regard to paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of the resolution.",
"Arms embargo",
"The Government of the Republic of Korea revised its Public Notice on Trade Restrictions for International Peace and Security under the Foreign Trade Act to prohibit the sale, supply or transfer to and procurement from Libya of arms and related materials, as provided in paragraphs 9 and 10 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011). The revised Public Notice took effect as of 2 May 2011. The exempted items in paragraph 9 of resolution 1970 (2011) can be considered for export to Libya upon the grant of permission by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy.",
"The Government of the Republic of Korea has also notified relevant sectors of our industry about the United Nations Security Council sanctions against Libya and urged them to exercise vigilance when doing business with Libya.",
"No arms-related export or import declarations have been submitted and no suspicious goods have been found since March 2011. The Government of the Republic of Korea will continue to enforce strict customs clearance procedures for export and import of goods to and from Libya in accordance with resolution 1970 (2011).",
"Travel ban",
"The Government of the Republic of Korea has listed the individuals named in annex I to resolution 1970 (2011) on our entry prohibition list under the Korea Immigration Control Act. The individuals designated in annex I to resolution 1973 (2011) were added to the entry prohibition list subsequently.",
"Asset freeze",
"The Government of the Republic of Korea is able to implement the asset freeze segment of resolution 1970 (2011) through the enforcement of its Guidelines on Payment and Receipt for Implementation of Duty to Keep International Peace and Security (the Guidelines) under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Act. The individuals and entities in annex II to resolution 1970 (2011) and annex II to resolution 1973 (2011) were listed as subject to financial sanctions under the Guidelines as of 22 March 2011 and 15 April 2011, respectively.",
"Relevant authorities and agencies, including the Bank of Korea, the Financial Supervisory Service and all foreign exchange banks have been informed of the sanctions list and urged to take all necessary measures for its implementation. The information has also been published in the Official Journal of the Government in order to prevent Korean nationals, companies and financial institutions from engaging in business transactions with the designated individuals and entities."
] | S_AC.52_2011_21 | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Note verbale dated 22 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations presents its compliments to the President of the Security Council established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit to it the report of the Republic of Korea pursuant to paragraph 25 of resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).",
"Annex to the note verbale dated 22 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"Report of the Republic of Korea on measures taken to implement paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)",
"The Government of the Republic of Korea is committed to faithfully complying with Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) and has taken the following measures in relation to paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of the resolution.",
"Arms embargo",
"The Government of the Republic of Korea revised its public notification of trade restrictions on international peace and security under the Foreign Trade Act to prohibit the sale, supply and transfer of arms and related materials to Libya, or their purchase, as provided for in paragraphs 9 and 10 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011). The revised public notification entered into force on 2 May 2011. The exonerated articles contained in paragraph 9 of resolution 1970 (2011) may be considered for export to Libya after obtaining a permit from the Ministry of Economy based on Knowledge.",
"The Government of the Republic of Korea has also informed the relevant sectors of its industry of the sanctions imposed by the United Nations Security Council against Libya and has urged them to remain vigilant in their trade relations with that country.",
"Since March 2011, no arms-related export or import declarations have been submitted and no suspicious items have been found. The Government of the Republic of Korea will continue to strictly apply customs clearance procedures for import and export operations with Libya, in accordance with resolution 1970 (2011).",
"Travel ban",
"The Government of the Republic of Korea has included the names of the persons listed in annex I to resolution 1970 (2011) in its entry-ban list under the Korean Immigration Control Act. Persons listed in annex I to resolution 1973 (2011) were listed below.",
"Asset freeze",
"The Government of the Republic of Korea is in a position to implement the asset freeze section of resolution 1970 (2011) by implementing its Guidelines on Payment and Receipt for Compliance with the Duty to Maintain International Peace and Security (the Guidelines) under the Foreign Currency Transactions Act. Persons and entities listed in annex II to resolution 1970 (2011) and annex II to resolution 1973 (2011) were considered to be the subject of financial sanctions under the Guidelines beginning on 22 March 2011 and 15 April 2011, respectively.",
"The competent authorities and agencies, including the Bank of Korea, the Financial Supervision Service and all banks authorized to operate in foreign currency, are aware of the sanctions list; they have been urged to take all necessary measures for their implementation. The information has also been published in the Official Journal of the Government in order to prevent Korean citizens, companies and financial institutions from conducting business transactions with the listed individuals and entities."
] |
[
"Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones",
"* A/66/150.",
"Tema 21 c) del programa provisional*",
"Globalización e interdependencia: ciencia y tecnología para el desarrollo",
"Ciencia y tecnología para el desarrollo",
"Informe del Secretario General",
"Resumen",
"El presente informe, elaborado en cumplimiento de la resolución 64/212 de la Asamblea General, contiene información sobre la labor realizada por la Comisión de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo en esferas como la agricultura, el desarrollo rural, las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones y la ordenación del medio ambiente. También proporciona información sobre las actividades realizadas por la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD) y otras organizaciones pertinentes para prestar asistencia a los países en desarrollo en sus esfuerzos por integrar las políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación en sus respectivos planes y estrategias nacionales de desarrollo.",
"I. Introducción",
"1. En la resolución 64/212, la Asamblea General reafirmó su compromiso de fortalecer y mejorar los mecanismos existentes y apoyar las iniciativas de investigación y desarrollo, incluso mediante alianzas voluntarias entre el sector público y el privado, a fin de atender las necesidades especiales de los países en desarrollo en las esferas de la salud, la agricultura, la conservación, el uso sostenible de los recursos naturales y la ordenación del medio ambiente, la energía, la silvicultura y los efectos del cambio climático. En ese contexto, la Asamblea reafirmó también su compromiso de apoyar iniciativas relativas a una serie de cuestiones relacionadas con la ciencia y la tecnología, en particular la transferencia y la difusión de la tecnología; la promoción y elaboración de estrategias nacionales de recursos humanos y ciencia y tecnología; el desarrollo de fuentes de energía renovables; la aplicación de políticas para atraer inversiones públicas y privadas, nacionales y extranjeras, que permitan mejorar los conocimientos, transferir tecnología en condiciones mutuamente convenidas y aumentar la productividad; y el aprovechamiento de las nuevas tecnologías agrícolas a fin de incrementar la productividad agrícola por medios ecológicamente sostenibles.",
"2. En la misma resolución, la Asamblea General solicitó a la Comisión de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo que sirviera de foro para continuar ayudando al Consejo Económico y Social a realizar el seguimiento de la aplicación de los resultados de la Cumbre Mundial sobre la Sociedad de la Información a nivel de todo el sistema, y para atender las necesidades especiales de los países en desarrollo en esferas como la agricultura, el desarrollo rural, las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones y la ordenación del medio ambiente. La Asamblea alentó a la UNCTAD a que, en colaboración con los asociados pertinentes, siguiera realizando exámenes de las políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación con miras a ayudar a los países en desarrollo y a los países de economía en transición a determinar las medidas necesarias para integrar esas políticas en sus estrategias nacionales de desarrollo.",
"3. El presente informe se ha preparado atendiendo a lo dispuesto en el párrafo 10 de la resolución, en que la Asamblea solicitó al Secretario General que en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones le presentara un informe sobre la aplicación de la resolución en el que figuraran recomendaciones sobre las medidas complementarias que debían adoptarse y se diera cuenta de la experiencia adquirida en la incorporación de las políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación en las estrategias nacionales de desarrollo.",
"II. Labor de la Comisión de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo en esferas como la agricultura, el desarrollo rural, las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones y la ordenación del medio ambiente",
"4. La Comisión de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo reafirmó su función singular como foro mundial intergubernamental encargado de examinar las cuestiones de ciencia y tecnología, de lograr que se comprendan mejor las políticas de ciencia y tecnología para el desarrollo y de formular recomendaciones y directrices sobre las cuestiones de ciencia y tecnología dentro del sistema de las Naciones Unidas. Asimismo, la Comisión siguió cumpliendo su mandato de prestar asistencia al Consejo Económico y Social en el seguimiento de la Cumbre Mundial sobre la Sociedad de la Información[1] y el compromiso enunciado en el párrafo 60 del Documento Final de la Cumbre Mundial 2005 (véase la resolución 60/1 de la Asamblea General).",
"5. En el marco de los períodos de sesiones de la Comisión de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo y los proyectos ejecutados por la UNCTAD, la secretaría de la Comisión ha emprendido una serie de iniciativas para abordar las necesidades especiales de los países en desarrollo en esferas como la agricultura, el desarrollo rural, las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones y la ordenación del medio ambiente.",
"A. Décimo tercer período de sesiones de la Comisión de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo",
"6. En su 13º período de sesiones, celebrado del 17 al 21 de mayo de 2010 en Ginebra, la Comisión realizó un examen al cabo de cinco años de los progresos realizados en la aplicación y en el seguimiento de los resultados de la Cumbre Mundial sobre la Sociedad de la Información en los planos regional e internacional, y examinó dos temas prioritarios, a saber, “Mejoras e innovaciones en los mecanismos de financiación existentes” y “Tecnologías nuevas y emergentes”.",
"7. Los participantes observaron que, aunque a escala mundial se había avanzado rápidamente en la mejora del acceso a las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones, las importantes carencias que aún presentaban las economías y las sociedades afectaban la demanda de esas tecnologías y la capacidad de utilizarlas. Los participantes identificaron algunos de los principales obstáculos con que tropezaban los países en desarrollo en su acceso a las nuevas tecnologías, como la insuficiencia de recursos, infraestructura, educación, capacidad, inversiones y conectividad, así como en materia de propiedad, normativa y corrientes de tecnología. Pidieron a todos los interesados directos que proporcionaran recursos suficientes y respaldaran las actividades orientadas a la creación de capacidad y la transferencia de tecnología a los países en desarrollo, en particular los menos adelantados.",
"8. Los participantes expresaron su preocupación ante las diferencias cada vez mayores en cuanto a la conectividad de banda ancha, que marginaban aún más a los pobres, las comunidades rurales y otros grupos desfavorecidos como las mujeres, los discapacitados y las personas de edad. Encomiaron las iniciativas orientadas a lograr una implantación rápida y generalizada de la banda ancha y subrayaron la necesidad de dar prioridad a métodos innovadores en las estrategias de desarrollo nacionales y regionales. También reiteraron la importancia que revestían los indicadores para la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones por tratarse de instrumentos de seguimiento y evaluación para medir las diferencias en materia de tecnología digital entre países y dentro de las sociedades, e informar a las autoridades a la hora de formular políticas y estrategias de desarrollo social, cultural y económico. Los participantes destacaron la importancia de la labor de normalización y armonización de indicadores fiables y periódicamente actualizados que captaran la prestación, la eficiencia, la asequibilidad y la calidad de los bienes y servicios.",
"9. Al abordar la cuestión prioritaria de las tecnologías nuevas y emergentes, el debate se centró en las tecnologías de las fuentes de energía renovables. Se reconoció la necesidad de contar con esas tecnologías para lograr la seguridad de la energía, mitigar los efectos del cambio climático y aumentar el acceso a la energía. Se reconoció también que la transferencia de tecnología era un aspecto importante de la implantación de las tecnologías de la energía renovable en los países en desarrollo. La transferencia de equipo debía complementarse con la transferencia de los conocimientos técnicos y especializados necesarios para poderlo utilizar, modificar y adaptar a las condiciones locales. En lo posible, debía optarse por tecnologías que permitieran aprovechar al máximo la capacidad local existente. Además, para una implantación eficaz y sostenible de las tecnologías de la energía renovable se consideraron igualmente importantes las iniciativas orientadas a ampliar la capacidad local de innovación existente y a crear más capacidad mediante centros de formación y redes de conocimientos. Los participantes señalaron que los inversionistas, los promotores de proyectos y los consumidores no se sentían inclinados a apoyar las tecnologías de la energía renovable debido a los costos que ello suponía. Las políticas gubernamentales podían hacer mucho para rectificar esta situación. En particular, algunos mecanismos, como los planes de subvenciones, las tarifas para proveedores de energía renovable y la reducción de los derechos de importación podían contribuir a introducir esas tecnologías en el mercado. Era importante que el mercado recibiera apoyo para asegurar su sostenibilidad una vez que los mecanismos financieros se hubieran suprimido por completo. Como no existía un enfoque de “una política universal”, se consideró que sería útil realizar un examen sistémico de una variedad de enfoques en materia de transferencia de tecnologías con bajas emisiones de carbono y de implantación de tecnologías de la energía renovable.",
"10. Los participantes instaron a los gobiernos a crear las condiciones propicias para la adopción de iniciativas de los sectores privado y público en el campo de las tecnologías nuevas y emergentes y en la generación y difusión de tecnologías de las fuentes de energía renovables. Recomendaron que los gobiernos nacionales consideraran las siguientes medidas de política para promover la capacidad local de innovación: apoyar a las universidades y los centros de investigación públicos dedicados a las tecnologías de la energía renovable; respaldar la participación de la comunidad en la adopción de decisiones; velar por que las comunidades tengan la capacidad necesaria para gestionar las tecnologías con bajas emisiones de carbono implantadas en su zona; ofrecer incentivos para las actividades de investigación, desarrollo e implantación; y crear parques empresariales y centros de innovación. Se instó a los gobiernos a que adoptaran políticas en materia de reglamentación y adquisiciones para fomentar la competencia y el desarrollo del sector privado, y para atraer inversiones directas tanto nacionales como extranjeras. Se los invitó a considerar la posibilidad de recurrir a instrumentos de política apropiados, como planes de subvenciones, aranceles de conexión, rebajas fiscales, garantías financieras y la reducción de los derechos de importación para apoyar la expansión tecnológica en nichos de mercado y alentar las empresas mixtas y las inversiones extranjeras directas en la fabricación y el uso de tecnologías de la energía renovable. Los participantes invitaron también a la Comisión de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo a que siguiera actuando como plataforma para divulgar ejemplos de buenas prácticas y promover alianzas Norte-Sur y Sur-Sur, especialmente en materia de tecnologías nuevas y emergentes, y de transferencia y despliegue de tecnologías de la energía renovable.",
"B. Décimo cuarto período de sesiones de la Comisión de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo",
"11. En su 14º período de sesiones, celebrado del 23 al 27 de mayo de 2011 en Ginebra, la Comisión examinó dos temas prioritarios, a saber, “Medición del impacto de la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones en el desarrollo” y “Tecnologías para abordar los problemas en ámbitos como la agricultura y el agua”[2]. Además, se celebraron dos mesas redondas ministeriales, la primera para examinar los progresos realizados en la aplicación de los resultados de la Cumbre y, la segunda, para reflexionar sobre la utilización de la ciencia y la tecnología para el desarrollo. Durante el período de sesiones, se organizó un panel sobre ciberciencias, ciberingeniería y cibereducación.",
"12. Los participantes destacaron los considerables progresos realizados para facilitar el acceso a la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones, en particular en el sector de la telefonía móvil y el acceso a Internet. No obstante, señalaron que la disparidad en el acceso a servicios de banda ancha entre países desarrollados y países en desarrollo se había acentuado. Pese a que el contenido generado por los usuarios había aumentado en los últimos años, no estaba necesariamente disponible en todos los idiomas ni al alcance de todos los grupos en todas partes del mundo. Por esa razón, la brecha digital había adquirido nuevas dimensiones, relacionadas con la calidad del acceso, la información y los conocimientos prácticos que podían derivarse y la utilidad para los usuarios. Los participantes expresaron su preocupación ante el precio aún inasequible para la mayoría, sobre todo para la población de las zonas rurales, de la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones y sus aplicaciones.",
"13. Refiriéndose a los progresos logrados en la aplicación de los resultados de la Cumbre desde 2005, los participantes observaron que la importante función del sector privado de impulsar el desarrollo de la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones y construir la infraestructura necesaria para su implantación se había visto respaldada por un entorno propicio, creado por los gobiernos, caracterizado por la existencia de entidades de reglamentación independientes; el respeto del estado de derecho; la protección y la observancia de los derechos de propiedad intelectual; la existencia de marcos jurídicos, normativos y reglamentarios que fomentaban la competencia; la independencia de los tribunales; y la aplicación de políticas que promovían el espíritu empresarial. Los participantes destacaron varias esferas nuevas y emergentes para las cuales debían formularse políticas, a saber, el potencial de la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones para hacer frente a los efectos del cambio climático, el establecimiento de redes sociales, la protección de la privacidad y la explotación y el abuso a través de Internet.",
"14. En relación con el tema prioritario “Medición del impacto de la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones en el desarrollo”, varios participantes exhortaron a la Asociación para la Medición de las TIC para el Desarrollo a que continuara su labor de medición del impacto de esas tecnologías, en particular en los países en desarrollo, formulando directrices prácticas, metodología e indicadores. Los participantes alentaron a los gobiernos nacionales a recoger datos pertinentes, compartir información sobre los resultados de los estudios por países y colaborar en la creación de capacidad. También alentaron a las entidades competentes de las Naciones Unidas, entre otros organismos, a promover la evaluación del impacto de la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones en la pobreza y en sectores clave a fin de determinar los conocimientos teóricos y prácticos que se precisaban para potenciar ese impacto. Además, exhortaron a los asociados internacionales para el desarrollo a que financiaran actividades en apoyo de la creación de capacidad.",
"15. En relación con el tema prioritario “Tecnologías para abordar los problemas en ámbitos como la agricultura y el agua”, los debates se centraron en los problemas que enfrentaban los pequeños agricultores en los países en desarrollo. Se señaló que había cerca de 1.000 millones de personas desnutridas, y que esa cifra podía seguir aumentando como consecuencia de la crisis financiera mundial, la persistencia de elevados niveles de desempleo, el aumento de la volatilidad de los precios de los alimentos, la agravación de la escasez de alimentos y el pronóstico de nuevas sequías e inundaciones generalizadas. Afortunadamente, la disponibilidad de una serie de aplicaciones de la ciencia y la tecnología y de prácticas de cultivo en todas las etapas del proceso agrícola permitiría incrementar sustancialmente la productividad. Se reconoció la necesidad de sustituir los monocultivos convencionales por sistemas regeneradores sostenibles. Se reconoció asimismo que los pequeños agricultores debían recibir prioridad en las decisiones en materia de política y tecnología. La agricultura de minifundio solía ser intensiva en mano de obra, utilizaba pocos insumos externos y dependía en mayor medida del entorno local; la introducción en ella de aplicaciones científicas y tecnológicas modernas debía tener en cuenta esas características y apoyarse en redes de conocimientos de los propios agricultores, en la mejora de la infraestructura y en un enfoque sistémico basado en la rotación de cultivos y en la integración de los cultivos y la producción de materias primas. Entre los pequeños agricultores, debía prestarse más atención a la situación de las mujeres que, aunque cumplían un papel fundamental en la agricultura, solían tener grandes dificultades para encontrar ocupación fuera del sector de la agricultura de subsistencia, debido a su falta de acceso a recursos clave. Los participantes exhortaron a la Comisión a que facilitara el intercambio, la divulgación y la difusión de ejemplos de mejores prácticas en el campo de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación agrícolas, así como la cooperación entre países.",
"16. En el mismo período de sesiones, la Comisión tomó nota del documento final de la Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados, celebrada del 9 al 13 de mayo de 2011 en Estambul, y expresó su reconocimiento al Gobierno de Turquía por su iniciativa de establecer un centro internacional de ciencia, tecnología e innovación dedicado a los países menos adelantados, que también sirviera de banco de tecnología para ayudarles a utilizar tecnologías esenciales. Desde entonces, la Comisión, la UNCTAD y el Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Turquía vienen celebrando consultas sobre los medios de aplicar los resultados de la Conferencia.",
"C. Examen al cabo de cinco años de los progresos realizados en la aplicación de los resultados de la Cumbre Mundial sobre la Sociedad de la Información",
"17. En noviembre de 2010, el Presidente de la Comisión de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo inició una consulta de composición abierta con múltiples interesados sobre los progresos realizados en la aplicación de los resultados de la Cumbre Mundial sobre la Sociedad de la Información. Se envió un cuestionario a todos los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas, las entidades del sistema de las Naciones Unidas a nivel regional e internacional, las asociaciones y organismos del sector de la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones, y los actores del sector privado y la sociedad civil. El objetivo era identificar las esferas que habían registrado mayores avances y las que presentaban obstáculos y limitaciones, así como las medidas innovadoras que se había adoptado para superarlos. En consonancia con la resolución 2006/46 del Consejo Económico y Social, en el estudio también se consideró la manera en que los cambios en el panorama de la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones podían requerir que se prestara mayor o menor atención a determinadas esferas.",
"18. El resultado de la consulta constituyó la base del informe relativo a la aplicación de los resultados de la Cumbre Mundial sobre la Sociedad de la Información, la experiencia adquirida hasta la fecha y las perspectivas para el futuro[3], que se publicó durante el 14º período de sesiones de la Comisión. En el informe se observa que desde 2005 se han realizado progresos considerables en favor de la disponibilidad y el uso universales de las telecomunicaciones básicas, y que la ampliación de la telefonía móvil era un logro especialmente digno de mención. Se señala que la mayoría de los progresos alcanzados respecto de las diez metas de la Cumbre consistían en asegurar que todos tuvieran acceso a las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones, y en propiciar el acceso a esas tecnologías en las zonas rurales. También se observaron progresos en cada una de las esferas temáticas de las líneas de acción. Sin embargo, aunque se había reducido la brecha digital en la telefonía vocal y el acceso básico a Internet, suscitaban más preocupación las disparidades continuas, y quizás crecientes, en la calidad del acceso a las comunicaciones, incluida Internet, así como la utilidad de ese acceso. Una variedad de limitaciones había impedido que se lograran los resultados de la Cumbre, en particular, la falta de infraestructura asequible y la continua precariedad de la reglamentación en materia de inversiones y comunicaciones. Los usuarios debían estar en condiciones de utilizar los servicios de comunicaciones y tener acceso a contenido pertinente a fin de aprovechar plenamente el potencial que ofrecía la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones. Los enfoques normativos debían estar arraigados en una comprensión más integral de los cambios que se estaban produciendo en la sociedad, la economía y la cultura en los planos local, nacional e internacional. La Asociación para la Medición de las TIC para el Desarrollo ha identificado indicadores que deberían reforzar la capacidad de medir los progresos realizados con antelación al examen amplio que se realizaría en 2015. En el informe se propuso que se aportaran elementos que pudieran ser útiles al examen de 2015, como un estudio amplio de la labor del sector privado y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil en la aplicación de los resultados de la Cumbre Mundial, así como un análisis exhaustivo de fenómenos sociales y económicos más amplios en la sociedad mundial y la relación que existía entre esos fenómenos y las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones.",
"III. Labor de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo en el ámbito de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación",
"A. Investigación y creación de capacidad en materia de ciencia, tecnología e innovación para el desarrollo sostenible",
"19. El informe Technology and Innovation Report es una nueva serie insignia de estudios publicados por la UNCTAD en que se destaca la importancia de la tecnología y la innovación para el desarrollo económico de los países. La serie tiene por objeto abordar de manera integral las cuestiones de ciencia, tecnología e innovación que son pertinentes e importantes para los países en desarrollo, haciendo hincapié en análisis y conclusiones de interés para la formulación de políticas.",
"20. En el primer informe de la serie[4] se examina cómo invertir la actual tendencia al declive de la productividad agrícola en los países de África mediante lo que se conoce como sistemas de innovación agrícola. En el informe se señalaba que los riesgos para los pequeños agricultores de África, eran el resultado de influencias externas (por ejemplo, las deliberaciones en la Organización Mundial del Comercio, los productores internacionales de semillas y la creciente privatización de los conocimientos agrícolas) y presiones internas, como la desnutrición, el hambre y la pobreza. Aduciendo que el estancamiento de la productividad agrícola en África se había convertido en el principal reto de ese continente, en el informe se pedía que se crearan sistemas agrícolas innovadores que invirtieran la tendencia a una productividad agrícola en declive mediante un marco que propiciara no solo la adopción de tecnologías existentes sino también el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías adaptadas a las necesidades de África. En ese proceso, se haría hincapié en los pequeños agricultores, que constituían el grueso de los agricultores del continente.",
"21. El segundo informe de la serie, que se publicará próximamente, se centra en un uso más amplio de las fuentes de energía renovables en los países en desarrollo y constituye un intento de sumarse al debate internacional sobre la necesidad de fomentar a nivel mundial el uso de tecnologías con bajas emisiones de carbono. En el informe se analiza la importante función que cumplen la ciencia, tecnología y la innovación en la aplicación y aceptación más amplias de las energías renovables, en particular en los países en desarrollo.",
"22. En el informe se aduce que un crecimiento económico sostenido que permita seguir mejorando el nivel de vida de todas las personas mediante la reducción de la pobreza depende de que se asegure el acceso a la energía para todos. Un programa mundial de esa naturaleza debe centrarse en lograr una eficiencia energética que, a su vez, promueva la flexibilidad energética para todos los países ofreciéndoles soluciones energéticas más innovadoras o económicas. También exige que se considere más seriamente la posibilidad de recurrir a fuentes de energía más innovadoras que podrían complementar las fuentes convencionales a fin de promover el acceso a la energía para todos. Al mismo tiempo, en las soluciones de este tipo debe tenerse en cuenta el sobrecogedor desafío ecológico que enfrenta la humanidad, el cual consiste en limitar el daño que la actividad económica inflige al medio ambiente del planeta. Al igual que otros organismos de las Naciones Unidas que realizan actividades en este ámbito, en el informe se plantea que para dar una respuesta mutuamente compatible al doble desafío de reducir la pobreza energética y promover soluciones de fácil aplicación para mitigar los efectos del cambio climático se requiere un nuevo paradigma de la energía. En ese nuevo paradigma las tecnologías de las fuentes de energía renovables tendrían un papel complementario al de las fuentes de energía convencionales en el objetivo de erradicar la pobreza energética.",
"23. En 2010, la UNCTAD publicó una nueva serie titulada Current Studies on Science, Technology and Innovation[5], en que se pasa revista a los principales temas relacionados con la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación para el desarrollo. El primer estudio de la serie[6] ofrece una sinopsis de algunos de los problemas que rodean la utilización de las tecnologías de la energía renovable para ampliar el acceso a los servicios energéticos modernos en las zonas rurales. Basándose en ejemplos extraídos de la Argentina, China, Eritrea, Guatemala, Namibia, Nepal y la República Democrática Popular Lao, el estudio llega a la conclusión de que el diseño y la asequibilidad de esas tecnologías, el costo de instalación y la falta de conocimientos y la ausencia de un apoyo normativo apropiado de parte de los gobiernos son algunos de los principales obstáculos que se interponen a su implantación eficaz. Para los gobiernos, el reto consiste en asegurar que las tecnologías de la energía renovable se incorporen en estrategias más amplias de desarrollo rural a fin de atender las necesidades y prioridades locales. Por ejemplo, podrían formularse políticas nacionales que apoyen la prestación de subvenciones y la formulación y puesta en práctica de proyectos de investigación, campañas de concienciación pública, programas y reglamentos. El estudio destaca la necesidad de una transferencia de tecnología, por una parte, y de desarrollo de la capacidad local, por la otra.",
"24. En el cuarto estudio de la serie[7] se examinan las dificultades relacionadas con la ordenación de los recursos hídricos destinados a la agricultura en el contexto del cambio climático, el aumento de la demanda de producción alimentaria y la sostenibilidad ambiental, y se examina el papel potencial que cabe a las tecnologías en cuanto a la productividad de los recursos hídricos, la resiliencia en la ordenación de los recursos hídricos destinados a la agricultura, y los medios de vida sostenibles. En el estudio se pasa revista a una variedad de tecnologías apropiadas y prácticas de ordenación conexas, en particular las prácticas tradicionales (como los sistemas de captación y almacenamiento de agua) y las tecnologías innovadoras y emergentes (como los sistemas de información geográfica), y se examinan esferas prioritarias para la adopción de medidas orientadas a acelerar la difusión y adopción de esas tecnologías y prácticas.",
"25. Hacia fines de 2011, la UNCTAD publicará un estudio sobre la aplicación de un enfoque de género a la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación. Según el estudio, pese al reconocimiento cada vez mayor de que la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación pueden tener una incidencia considerable en la promoción del desarrollo, las políticas conexas suelen carecer de una perspectiva de género y, por lo tanto, no responden adecuadamente a todas las preocupaciones de desarrollo. En él se sostiene que, si se considera el papel que la mujer cumple en la economía y la sociedad, tener en cuenta las situaciones, necesidades y preocupaciones de las mujeres además de las de los hombres aumentará la eficiencia de las políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación para el desarrollo. En el estudio se destaca la necesidad de incorporar una perspectiva de género en todo el proceso de formulación de políticas, que abarque desde el diagnóstico y la formulación de políticas, hasta su aplicación, vigilancia y seguimiento. Se recomienda someter las políticas y los programas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación a una evaluación de las consecuencias en función del género para asegurar que ofrezcan igualdad de oportunidades a hombres y mujeres. En el estudio, preparado en colaboración con la Junta Consultiva sobre Cuestiones de Género de la Comisión de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo, se identifican tres puntos de entrada para la aplicación de un enfoque de género a las políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación, a saber:",
"a) La ciencia en favor de la mujer: desarrollar aplicaciones de la ciencia y la tecnología que apoyen las actividades de desarrollo y subsistencia de la mujer;",
"b) La mujer y la ciencia: promover la igualdad entre los géneros en la educación, las carreras y el liderazgo en materia de ciencia y tecnología;",
"c) Alentar y apoyar el papel de la mujer en los sistemas de innovación en los planos nacional y de las comunidades de base.",
"B. Reuniones de expertos sobre políticas de desarrollo empresarial y creación de capacidad en materia de ciencia, tecnología e innovación",
"26. Del 20 al 22 de enero de 2010, la UNCTAD celebró en Ginebra la segunda reunión de expertos sobre políticas de desarrollo empresarial y fomento de la capacidad en materia de ciencia, tecnología e innovación. La reunión se centró en la formulación, el seguimiento y la evaluación de las políticas en materia de desarrollo empresarial y de ciencia, tecnología e innovación que podrían apoyar e impulsar la aplicación de estrategias de desarrollo económico. Los participantes destacaron que la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación imprimirían gran impulso a las economías basadas en el conocimiento y el desarrollo económico sostenible e hicieron notar la importancia de formular políticas coherentes en materia de ciencia, tecnología e innovación adaptadas a las realidades y oportunidades existentes en los países en desarrollo. Alentaron a la UNCTAD a seguir perfeccionando sus investigaciones y análisis de políticas sobre cuestiones relacionadas con la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación, a seguir sirviendo de foro para el diálogo normativo sobre ciencia, tecnología e innovación, y a seguir realizando exámenes de las políticas conexas en los países en desarrollo. Entre las principales cuestiones observadas por los expertos respecto de la utilización de los indicadores en materia de ciencia, tecnología e innovación para formular y evaluar políticas con base empírica cabe mencionar:",
"a) Los indicadores en materia de ciencia, tecnología e innovación deben ser pertinentes y adaptarse al contexto específico de los países en desarrollo, que no pueden depender de indicadores extraídos directamente de la experiencia de los países desarrollados;",
"b) La escasez de indicadores internacionalmente comparables en materia de ciencia, tecnología e innovación dificulta la formulación de políticas;",
"c) Los países en desarrollo tienen una capacidad limitada para analizar datos en materia de ciencia, tecnología e innovación y formular políticas de base empírica;",
"d) Es preciso fomentar la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación a los fines de formular, aplicar y evaluar políticas. A ese respecto, se estudió la posibilidad de establecer una lista común de indicadores en materia de ciencia, tecnología e innovación adaptados a las realidades de los países en desarrollo.",
"27. Del 19 al 21 de enero de 2011, la UNCTAD celebró en Ginebra la tercera reunión de expertos sobre políticas de desarrollo empresarial y fomento de la capacidad en materia de ciencia, tecnología e innovación. Los participantes señalaron varias limitaciones comunes relacionadas con las instituciones docentes y de investigación que afectaban la capacidad de los países en desarrollo para aprovechar la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación. Una de ellas era la ausencia de estrategias nacionales de creación de capacidad, lo que se traducía en una infraestructura educativa deficiente, sistemas de educación no aptos para crear capacidad en materia de ciencia, tecnología e innovación, y vínculos débiles entre las instituciones académicas, los institutos de investigación y el sector privado. Entre otras limitaciones cabía mencionar: la existencia de políticas inadecuadas de propiedad intelectual, la ausencia de oficinas dedicadas a la transferencia de tecnología y de personal con los conocimientos especializados y experiencia pertinentes; la ausencia de una cultura empresarial entre los investigadores; una falta de comprensión de la importancia que revisten la ciencia, tecnología y la innovación para el desarrollo y el hecho de que se margine la cuestión en los programas nacionales de desarrollo; y deficiencias en la capacidad tecnológica de las empresas y en la infraestructura relacionada con la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación.",
"28. Los participantes insistieron en la necesidad de desarrollar una sólida capacidad innovadora, en combinación con una sólida capacidad de absorción científica y tecnológica. En las políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación debían preverse los incentivos necesarios para que las instituciones docentes y de investigación formularan programas más acordes con las necesidades de las empresas nacionales y las comunidades locales. En ese sentido existía la necesidad de asegurar que en las políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación se considerara las instituciones docentes y de investigación como elementos centrales de los sistemas nacionales de innovación, en cuyo marco las instituciones académicas y las empresas debían establecer sólidos vínculos de colaboración.",
"29. La formación de científicos e ingenieros en ámbitos de interés prioritario a fin de modernizar el sector tecnológico de los países en desarrollo debe ser uno de los principales objetivos de esa colaboración. Se consideró que el establecimiento y el fortalecimiento de redes de centros de excelencia científica y tecnológica dispuestos a participar en iniciativas de esa naturaleza aumentaría considerablemente el alcance y la eficacia de las medidas de creación de capacidad en materia de ciencia, tecnología e innovación. Se alentó a la UNCTAD a seguir adelante con sus actividades en este ámbito.",
"C. Reunión de expertos sobre las tecnologías ecológicas y renovables como soluciones energéticas para el desarrollo rural",
"30. La UNCTAD celebró, del 9 al 11 de febrero de 2010 en Ginebra, una reunión de expertos sobre las tecnologías ecológicas y renovables como soluciones energéticas para el desarrollo rural. La reunión tenía por objeto formular estrategias para hacer frente a las dificultades que plantea la utilización de las tecnologías de las fuentes de energía renovables para estimular el desarrollo rural. Unas 130 personas asistieron a la reunión, en representación de más de 53 países y 31 organizaciones intergubernamentales y no gubernamentales.",
"31. Los participantes en la reunión llegaron a la conclusión de que las tecnologías de la energía renovable podían desempeñar un papel importante en las estrategias nacionales de reducción de la pobreza, el aumento de la seguridad energética y el acceso a servicios de energía asequibles, así como la mitigación de los efectos del cambio climático. Se consideró que la intensificación del despliegue de las tecnologías de la energía renovable en las zonas rurales podía, en particular, reforzar la capacidad de oferta agrícola (en términos cuantitativos y cualitativos), apoyar la creación de empresas artesanales, reforzar la competitividad de las exportaciones, y abrir nuevas oportunidades para la cooperación Sur-Sur y la promoción del comercio y las inversiones. Los participantes destacaron la necesidad de incorporar las tecnologías de la energía renovable en las estrategias para el desarrollo rural y la reducción de la pobreza. Destacaron la importancia que revestía la transferencia de tecnología y la creación de capacidad local. Los participantes pidieron a la UNCTAD que, entre otras cosas, realizara investigaciones sobre enfoques integrados de las tecnologías de la energía renovable como instrumento de un desarrollo favorable a los pobres, facilitara el intercambio entre países y comunidades de experiencias y mejores prácticas, y promoviera una cooperación Sur-Sur en el ámbito de las tecnologías de la energía renovable para el desarrollo rural que incluyera los aspectos del comercio y la transferencia de tecnología.",
"D. Red de centros de excelencia",
"32. La Comisión de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo siguió colaborando con la UNCTAD en el proyecto de la Red de Centros de Excelencia[8]. La ejecución del proyecto está en manos de un grupo de instituciones científicas y tecnológicas de países en desarrollo que han sido seleccionadas por su competencia, instalaciones modernas y firme empeño en reforzar los vínculos con las comunidades científicas de los países en desarrollo y aumentar la movilidad entre ellas.",
"33. La Red organiza cursos de formación y seminarios sobre aplicaciones científicas y tecnológicas para científicos e ingenieros procedentes de países en desarrollo, en particular de África. Los cursos permiten a los científicos e ingenieros actualizar sus conocimientos especializados en un entorno científico moderno. También refuerzan los vínculos profesionales dentro de la comunidad de científicos y facilitan la movilidad de los profesionales de la ciencia y la tecnología.",
"34. La Red fue inaugurada en 2005 en el marco de un proyecto financiado por el Gobierno de Italia. Desde entonces, más de 120 científicos, ingenieros y académicos procedentes de 25 países de África han participado en los 11 cursos de formación organizados en China, Egipto, la India, la República Unida de Tanzanía, Sudáfrica y Túnez. Las actividades de formación le han abarcado los temas siguientes: bioseguridad y detección de organismos modificados genéticamente; técnicas de marcado y comparación de moléculas; biología molecular avanzada; tecnologías de la información en la agricultura para África; bioinformática; investigaciones y formación relativas al paludismo; biotecnología animal; formación avanzada en tareas de laboratorio relacionadas con las enfermedades infecciosas; medicina molecular; y seguridad cibernética.",
"35. En noviembre de 2010, dentro del marco de la Red y en colaboración con la Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Informática de Túnez, la UNCTAD organizó en Hammamet (Túnez) una reunión de formación en seguridad cibernética. Varios participantes son miembros de los nuevos equipos nacionales de intervención en caso de emergencia informática que se están estableciendo en varios países de África. Participaron en el curso 12 personas procedentes de 11 países de África, 8 de ellos países menos adelantados.",
"E. Exámenes de las políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación",
"36. En su resolución 2009/8, el Consejo Económico y Social, expresando su agradecimiento a la UNCTAD por los exámenes que había realizado de las políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación, la alentó a seguir aportando sus conocimientos especializados y capacidad de análisis a los exámenes de las políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación. En su resolución 2010/3, el Consejo alentó a la UNCTAD a intensificar de modo significativo sus esfuerzos por realizar exámenes de ese tipo, en respuesta a la gran demanda de los países miembros, en estrecha colaboración con otras organizaciones internacionales competentes, en particular con la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO), la Comisión de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo, las comisiones regionales y otros interesados pertinentes, incluidos el Banco Mundial y otros bancos de desarrollo internacionales y regionales, con el objeto de ayudar a los países en desarrollo a fortalecer sus sistemas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación.",
"37. El principal objetivo de la UNCTAD en su labor de cooperación técnica en ese ámbito ha sido la realización de exámenes de las políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación a pedido de los países en desarrollo. El principal objetivo de esos exámenes consiste en ayudar a los gobiernos a asegurar que sus políticas y programas en materia de ciencia, tecnología e innovación apoyen los programas nacionales de desarrollo facilitando el establecimiento y desarrollo de sistemas nacionales de innovación. Esos sistemas ayudan a los sectores productivos nacionales a ser más competitivos en una economía mundial basada en los conocimientos, estimulando así su crecimiento económico y ayudándoles a superar las principales dificultades de desarrollo. Se han realizado exámenes de las políticas para Angola, Colombia, Etiopía, Ghana, Jamaica, Lesotho, Mauritania, el Perú y la República Islámica del Irán. La UNCTAD llevó a cabo el examen de las políticas para Angola en colaboración con el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), para Ghana con el Banco Mundial, para Lesotho con el PNUD y la UNESCO, para Mauritania con la UNESCO, y para el Perú con la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). Los exámenes de las políticas para El Salvador y la República Dominicana, que concluirán en 2011, también se están realizando en colaboración con la CEPAL.",
"38. Las enseñanzas extraídas de la serie de exámenes de las políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación se han aplicado más recientemente a la serie dedicada a América Latina y el Caribe. Entre esas enseñanzas cabe mencionar el papel fundamental que desempeña el interlocutor nacional y la importancia de hacer participar en el proceso a los interesados. El efecto en las políticas es mayor cuando es posible programar las fechas del examen y estructurarlo de forma que sus resultados puedan incorporarse en los procesos impulsados localmente. Por último, para alcanzar los objetivos previstos es esencial contar con la voluntad política y el liderazgo al más alto nivel, sobre todo en los casos en que es difícil lograr una cooperación interministerial cohesiva.",
"39. A fin de consolidar el pensamiento académico y otros puntos de vista en el programa de examen de las políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación, la UNCTAD organizó dos reuniones de expertos en 2010. Los debates celebrados en esas reuniones versaron sobre cuestiones conceptuales y metodológicas pertinentes a la evaluación de las políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación en los países en desarrollo. Los resultados de ambas reuniones se recogerán en un conjunto de directrices para la realización de exámenes de las políticas, que se publicará en 2011. Teniendo en cuenta que el objetivo de esas directrices es aumentar la eficacia y coherencia de los resultados de los exámenes de las políticas, deberían facilitar el establecimiento de un depósito de mejores prácticas en la formulación de políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación en los países en desarrollo. Las directrices deberían proporcionar a los países en desarrollo interesados información más precisa acerca de los fines del proceso y las modalidades de su realización; con esa medida se espera reforzar la implicación nacional en el examen de las políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación y contribuir a la aplicación de las recomendaciones resultantes de esos exámenes. Las directrices facilitarán también el debate con los países donantes interesados y la cooperación con otros organismos internacionales activos en el ámbito de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación.",
"40. En la primera reunión de expertos se abordó la cuestión de los indicadores en materia de ciencia, tecnología e innovación y la falta de datos actualizados y pertinentes en muchos países clientes. Entre otros problemas conexos examinados en la reunión cabe mencionar la cuestión de la disponibilidad frente a la pertinencia, la comparabilidad internacional y la importancia de los indicadores en la formulación de políticas. La dificultad ha residido en elaborar estudios en materia de ciencia, tecnología e innovación que se traduzcan en políticas y medidas que, a su vez, permitan apuntalar la innovación, en particular en los países donde la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación son un concepto relativamente nuevo. Por ejemplo, podría ampliarse el número de indicadores para tener en cuenta los efectos y captar las innovaciones en el sector no estructurado, así como en los sectores no tecnológicos. Más concretamente, podría asignarse más importancia a los indicadores sobre los recursos humanos. Otra cuestión examinada fue la forma de evaluar los vínculos existentes entre las distintas instancias de los sistemas nacionales de innovación, en particular los existentes entre el sector privado y el estatal en el ámbito de la investigación y el desarrollo.",
"41. La segunda reunión de expertos se centró en el marco conceptual, el alcance y contenido temáticos y el proceso de preparación de los exámenes de políticas. Hubo acuerdo general en que los sistemas nacionales de innovación, en particular los análisis sectoriales de los sistemas de innovación, constituían un marco útil para los exámenes. Los exámenes de la UNCTAD solían incluir un análisis de los sectores críticos para los objetivos y prioridades de desarrollo nacionales. Habida cuenta de los distintos grados de desarrollo y la amplia variedad de prioridades y condiciones nacionales, se consideró que los exámenes de políticas no podían regirse por un modelo único. Sin embargo, se identificó una serie de cuestiones que debían ser examinadas: la educación, los vínculos entre productores y usuarios de conocimientos, los regímenes de propiedad intelectual, las políticas industriales y las prácticas de transferencia de tecnología.",
"42. El enfoque del programa de examen de las políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación se basa en el reconocimiento del papel central que desempeña la innovación en el proceso de desarrollo económico y de su naturaleza esencialmente sistémica. En ese contexto, se entiende que la innovación tecnológica es una noción amplia que abarca, entre otras cosas, la introducción por las empresas de productos, métodos de comercialización y procesos de producción que son novedosos no solo en el mundo, sino también en el mercado o la empresa. Así pues, una innovación puede darse no solo ampliando las fronteras del conocimiento, sino también (y ese es el caso más frecuente en los países en desarrollo) cuando las empresas aprenden a aplicar y utilizar tecnologías ya disponibles en otras partes. Para los países en desarrollo, la adquisición, la imitación y la adaptación tecnológicas son procesos innovadores clave de una importancia equiparable a la que revisten la investigación y el desarrollo.",
"43. El enfoque sistémico de la innovación es el marco conceptual básico para la preparación de exámenes de políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación. El concepto de sistema nacional de innovación trasciende numerosas fronteras institucionales y abarca una variedad de vínculos con numerosos agentes y entre ellos. El sistema es, pues, forzosamente complejo y difícil de clasificar a partir de un análisis de su conformidad con cualquier modelo particular. Esto es especialmente cierto en el caso de los países en desarrollo, donde los elementos que componen la descripción ideal de un sistema nacional de innovación y que se encuentran en descripciones basadas en la experiencia de países más adelantados apenas comienzan a esbozarse o son inexistentes. Por esa razón, es preciso hacer algunas adaptaciones al marco estándar del sistema nacional de innovaciones cuando se aplica en el contexto de un examen de las políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación.",
"44. Para los países que se encuentran en una etapa temprana de desarrollo, la generación de capacidad para acceder a tecnologías extranjeras, utilizarlas y difundirlas es más importante que implantar un sistema nacional de innovación de plena capacidad. Las necesidades de los sistemas de innovación emergentes en materia de absorción y adaptación difieren de las de los sistemas que están a la vanguardia de la innovación tecnológica. Por esa razón, en el análisis del informe sobre el examen de las políticas se hace hincapié en fomentar la innovación, en lugar de limitarse a reforzar la investigación y el desarrollo o determinada capacidad técnica. En el informe también es preciso evitar los análisis técnicos o académicos innecesarios o el lenguaje abstracto y centrarse más bien en identificar las cuestiones de política clave y formular recomendaciones de política de orden práctico.",
"45. Una preocupación central para la mayoría de los países en desarrollo es la forma en que los sistemas nacionales de innovación facilitan la adopción, la adaptación y la difusión de tecnologías existentes, en particular mediante la transferencia de tecnología a nivel internacional, y el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías y su aplicación. El marco del sistema nacional de innovación debería ayudar a los encargados de formular políticas a comprender de qué manera las políticas orientadas a subsanar fallos sistémicos (problemas de coordinación y establecimiento de redes, deficiencias de infraestructura, reglamentos, incentivos y desincentivos) y la capacidad de los distintos participantes pueden mejorar la absorción de tecnología. La creación de capacidad de absorción a nivel tanto de las empresas, como del sistema nacional de innovación en su conjunto, es fundamental para que la economía pueda beneficiarse de la mayor exposición a las corrientes internacionales de conocimientos y tecnologías que puede lograrse mediante el comercio, las inversiones u otros mecanismos. La capacidad de absorción está definida por la disponibilidad de una amplia gama de conocimientos técnicos y especializados y de infraestructura material y no material. El objetivo consiste en desarrollar capacidad no solo para utilizar y mantener equipo o técnicas más avanzados sino también para adaptarlos en forma dinámica a nuevos procesos o necesidades concretas.",
"46. Muchos otros aspectos de la formulación de políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación cobran importancia desde otros puntos de vista en un contexto de desarrollo y se reflejan, en consecuencia, en el enfoque adoptado para los exámenes de las políticas. Entre esos aspectos figura, por ejemplo, la optimización de los vínculos comerciales y de inversión con fuentes extranjeras de tecnología y la relación existente entre estos vínculos y la generación de capacidad tecnológica endógena; la importancia mucho mayor de acelerar la innovación en la agricultura; un equilibrio distinto en cuanto a los incentivos y desincentivos a la innovación que prevé el régimen de propiedad intelectual; la importancia de comprender y abordar los procesos de innovación en el sector no estructurado; y la necesidad de tener en cuenta las consecuencias sociales de los rápidos cambios estructurales inducidos por la convergencia y la innovación tecnológicas.",
"47. Una conclusión importante es que el éxito de un examen de las políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación depende fundamentalmente de la disponibilidad y participación en el proceso de interlocutores establecidos, dignos de crédito y de alto nivel. Debe invitarse a los centros académicos nacionales a participar en la administración del examen. Podría invitarse también a los miembros de los órganos legislativos a participar en los seminarios nacionales al inicio o al final del examen.",
"[1] Véase, por ejemplo, A/66/64 e Implementing WSIS Outcomes: Experience to Date and Prospects for the Future (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/3), Ginebra, mayo de 2011.",
"[2] Véase E/CN.16/2011/2[], E/CN.16/2011/3 y Water for Food: Innovative Water Management Technologies for Food and Poverty Alleviation, UNCTAD Current Studies on Science Technology and Innovation, núm. 4 (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/2).",
"[3] UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/3; consúltese en www.unctad.org/en/docs/dtlstict2011d3_en.pdf.",
"[4] Technology and Innovation Report 2010: Enhancing Food Security in Africa through Science, Technology and Innovation, publicación de las Naciones Unidas, número de venta: E.09.II.D.22 (UNCTAD/TIR/2009).",
"[5] Consúltese en www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?intItemID=5492&lang=1.",
"[6] Renewable Energy Technologies for Rural Development, UNCTAD Current Studies on Science, Technology and Innovation, núm. 1 (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2009/4).",
"[7] Water for Food: Innovative Water Management Technologies for Food and Poverty Alleviation, UNCTAD Current Studies on Science Technology and Innovation, núm. 4 (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/2).",
"[8] Véase www.unctad.org/noce."
] | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"Item 21 (c) of the provisional agenda*",
"Globalization and interdependence: science and technology for development",
"* A/66/150.",
"Science and technology for development",
"Report of the Secretary-General",
"Summary",
"The present report, submitted in response to General Assembly resolution 64/212, provides information on the work of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development in areas such as agriculture, rural development, information and communications technologies and environmental management. It also provides information on the activities carried out by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and other relevant organizations to assist developing countries in their efforts to integrate science, technology and innovation policies into their respective national development plans and strategies.",
"I. Introduction",
"1. In resolution 64/212, the General Assembly reaffirmed its commitment to strengthen and enhance existing mechanisms and to support initiatives for research and development, including through voluntary partnerships between the public and private sectors, to address the special needs of developing countries in the areas of health, agriculture, conservation, sustainable use of natural resources and environmental management, energy, forestry and the impact of climate change. In this context, the Assembly also reaffirmed its commitment to support initiatives for a number of science and technology-related issues, including the transfer and diffusion of technologies; the promotion and development of national strategies for human resources and science and technology; the development of renewable sources of energy; the implementation of policies to attract both public and private investment, domestic and foreign, that enhances knowledge, transfers technology on mutually agreed terms and raises productivity; and the harnessing of new agricultural technologies with a view to increasing agricultural productivity through environmentally sustainable means.",
"2. In the same resolution, the General Assembly requested the Commission on Science and Technology for Development to continue to assist the Economic and Social Council in the system-wide follow-up to the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society and to address the special needs of developing countries in areas such as agriculture, rural development, information and communications technologies and environmental management. The Assembly encouraged UNCTAD, in collaboration with relevant partners, to continue to undertake science, technology and innovation policy reviews, with a view to assisting developing countries and countries with economies in transition in identifying the measures needed to integrate science, technology and innovation policies into their national development strategies.",
"3. The present report has been prepared in response to paragraph 10 of the resolution, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a report on the implementation of the resolution and recommendations for future follow-up, including lessons learned in integrating science, technology and innovation policies into national development strategies.",
"II. Work of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development in areas such as agriculture, rural development, information and communications technologies and environmental management",
"4. The Commission on Science and Technology for Development reasserted its unique role as an intergovernmental global forum for the examination of science and technology questions, the improvement of understanding of science and technology policies for development, and the formulation of recommendations and guidelines on science and technology matters within the United Nations system. In addition, the Commission continued to fulfil its mandate of assisting the Economic and Social Council in the follow-up to the World Summit on the Information Society[1] and the commitment set out in paragraph 60 of the 2005 World Summit Outcome (see General Assembly resolution 60/1).",
"5. The secretariat of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development has, through the sessions of the Commission and the projects undertaken by UNCTAD, undertaken a number of initiatives which address the special needs of developing countries in areas such as agriculture, rural development, information and communications technologies and environmental management.",
"A. Thirteenth session of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development",
"6. At its thirteenth session, held in Geneva from 17 to 21 May 2010, the Commission carried out a five-year review of the progress made in the implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society at the regional and international levels, and considered two priority themes, “Improvements and innovations in existing financial mechanisms” and “New and emerging technologies”.",
"7. Participants noted that while rapid progress had been achieved in improving access to information and communications technologies at the global level, the significant gaps remaining within economies and societies affected the demand for and the ability to use such technologies. Participants identified some of the main impediments faced by developing countries in accessing the new technologies, including insufficient resources, infrastructure, education, capacity, investment and connectivity, as well as technology ownership, standards and flows. They called upon all stakeholders to provide adequate resources and to support efforts aimed at capacity-building and the transfer of technology to developing countries, particularly the least developed countries.",
"8. Participants expressed their concern at the widening gap in broadband connectivity, which further marginalized the poor, rural communities and other disadvantaged groups, such as women, the disabled and the elderly. They commended initiatives aimed at achieving rapid broadband deployment and underscored the need to prioritize innovative approaches within national and regional development strategies. Also reiterated was the importance of indicators for information and communications technology as a monitoring and evaluation tool for measuring the digital divide among countries and within societies and for informing decision makers in the formulation of policies and strategies for social, cultural and economic development. Participants highlighted the importance of standardization and harmonization of reliable and regularly updated indicators which would capture the performance, efficiency, affordability and quality of goods and services.",
"9. In addressing the priority theme on new and emerging technologies, the discussion focused on renewable energy technologies. It was recognized that such technologies must be part of the mix if energy security, climate change mitigation and increased energy access were to be achieved. It was also recognized that technology transfer was an important facet in the deployment of renewable energy technologies in developing countries. The transfer of the hardware must be complemented by the transfer of the skills and expertise to operate it and to adapt and modify it to local conditions. Where possible, technology options that maximize the use of existing local capabilities should be chosen. In addition, efforts to expand existing — and build new — local innovative capabilities by means of training centres and knowledge networks were viewed as important for the effective and sustainable deployment of renewable energy technologies. Participants noted that investors, project developers and consumers were disinclined to support renewable energy technologies because of the costs involved. Government policy could do much to rectify this. In particular, mechanisms such as subsidy schemes, feed-in tariffs and the reduction of import duties could help to bring such technologies to the market. Importantly, the market must be nurtured to ensure its sustainability once financial mechanisms had been phased out. Given that there was no one-policy-fits-all approach, it was considered that a systemic review of a variety of approaches to the transfer of low-carbon technologies and the deployment of renewable energy technologies would be valuable.",
"10. Participants called upon Governments to provide an enabling environment which would encourage the adoption of private and public sector initiatives in new and emerging technologies and in the generation and dissemination of renewable energy technologies. They recommended for consideration by national governments a number of policy measures to promote local innovative capabilities, namely: provision of support to universities and public research centres dedicated to renewable energy technologies; provision of support to community participation in decision-making; ensuring that communities have the requisite capabilities to manage the low-carbon technologies deployed in their area; provision of incentives for research, development and deployment; and establishment of business parks and innovation clusters. Governments were urged to adopt regulatory and procurement policies to foster competition and private sector development and to attract domestic and foreign direct investment. They were invited to consider the use of appropriate policy instruments, such as subsidy schemes, feed-in tariffs, tax credits, financial guarantees and the reduction of import duties to support technology deployment in niche markets and encourage joint ventures and foreign direct investment in the manufacture and use of renewable energy technologies. Participants also called upon the Commission on Science and Technology for Development to continue to serve as a platform for sharing examples of good practice and promoting North-South and South-South partnerships, especially in regard to new and emerging technologies and the transfer and deployment of renewable energy technologies.",
"B. Fourteenth session of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development",
"11. At its fourteenth session, held in Geneva from 23 to 27 May 2011, the Commission considered two priority themes, “Measuring the impact of information and communications technology for development” and “Technologies to address challenges in areas such as agriculture and water”.[2] In addition, two ministerial round tables were held, one to review the progress made in the implementation of the Summit outcomes and another to consider the harnessing of science and technology for development. During the session, a panel meeting was convened to discuss e-science, e-engineering and e-education.",
"12. Participants highlighted the significant progress achieved in providing access to information and communications technologies, most notably mobile telephony and the Internet. It was, however, noted that the gap between developed and developing countries in regard to broadband access had widened. User-generated content has increased in the past few years but content was not necessarily available in all languages and for all groups in all parts of the world. The digital divide had therefore taken on new dimensions as regards the quality of access, information and skills that users could obtain and the value to be derived. Participants expressed concern that information and communications technologies and their applications were still unaffordable for most people, particularly those living in rural areas.",
"13. In reviewing the progress made in the implementation of the Summit outcomes since 2005, participants observed that the important role of the private sector in driving the development of information and communications technologies and in building the related infrastructure had been supported by an enabling environment, created by Governments, which encompassed independent regulators; respect for the rule of law; protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights; legal, policy, and regulatory frameworks that encouraged competition; independent courts; and policies that promoted entrepreneurship. Participants highlighted a number of new and emerging areas which deserved policy attention, namely, the potential role of information and communications technologies in combating climate change; social networking; privacy protection; and cyber exploitation and abuse.",
"14. In addressing the priority theme “Measuring the impact of information and communications technology for development”, participants called on the Partnership on Measuring Information and Communication Technologies for Development to further its work on measuring the impact of such technologies, particularly in developing countries, by establishing practical guidelines, methodologies and indicators. Participants encouraged national governments to collect relevant data, share country case studies and cooperate in regard to capacity-building. Participants encouraged the relevant United Nations entities and other agencies to promote assessments of the impact of information and communications technologies on poverty and in key sectors in order to identify the knowledge and skills needed to boost their impact. In addition, participants called upon international development partners to financially support capacity-building efforts.",
"15. In addressing the priority theme “Technologies to address challenges in areas such as agriculture and water”, the discussion focused on the challenges faced by smallholder farmers in developing countries. It was noted that nearly 1 billion people were undernourished and that their number might further increase as a result of the global financial crisis, sustained high levels of unemployment, increased food price volatility and food shortages, and the predicted further widespread droughts and floods. Fortunately, a range of existing science and technology applications and farming practices at all stages of the agricultural process can significantly increase productivity. There was recognition that a shift was needed from conventional mono-crops to sustainable regenerative systems. It was also recognized that smallholders should be at the centre of policy and technology decisions. Smallholder farming was generally labour-intensive, did not rely heavily on external inputs and was more dependent on the local environment; the introduction of modern science and technology to smallholder farming should take these characteristics into account and be based on farmer knowledge networks, better infrastructure, and a system approach which involved crop rotation and integrated crop and feedstock production. Among smallholder farmers, greater emphasis should be placed on women who play a key role in agriculture but often face challenges in moving beyond subsistence farming as they lack access to key resources. Participants called upon the Commission to facilitate the exchange, dissemination and diffusion of examples of best practice in the area of agricultural science, technology and innovation and in regard to cooperation between countries.",
"16. At the same session, the Commission took note of the outcome of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul from 9 to 13 May 2011, and extended its appreciation to the Turkish Government for its initiative in setting up an international science, technology and innovation centre dedicated to the least developed countries, which would serve also as a technology bank that would help them to utilize critical technologies. The Commission, UNCTAD and the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey have since engaged in consultations on ways and means to implement the outcome of the Conference.",
"C. Five-year review of the implementation of the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society",
"17. In November 2010, the Chair of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development launched an open, multi-stakeholder consultation on the progress made in the implementation of the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society. A questionnaire was sent to all Member States, regional and international entities of the United Nations system, associations and agencies in the information and communications technology sector, and private sector and civil society actors. The purpose of the review was to identify the areas which had registered the most progress, and those in which obstacles and constraints had been encountered and innovative measures to overcome them. In line with Economic and Social Council resolution 2006/46, the review also considered how changes in the information and communications technology landscape might call for increased or reduced attention to certain areas.",
"18. The outcome of the consultation formed the basis of the report entitled Implementing WSIS Outcomes: Experience to Date and Prospects for the Future,[3] which was released during the fourteenth session of the Commission. The report observes that substantial progress has been made towards achieving the universal availability and use of basic telecommunications since 2005, and that the expansion of mobile telephony was particularly noteworthy. It notes that most of the progress achieved towards the 10 targets of the Summit was in ensuring that everyone has access to the information and communications technologies within their reach, and enabling access to such technologies in rural areas. Progress was also made in each of the action line thematic areas. However, while the digital divide in both voice telephony and basic Internet access had narrowed, there was increasing concern about the continuing, and perhaps even growing, divergence in the quality of access to communications, including the Internet, and the value derived from such access. A number of constraints had inhibited the achievement of the Summit outcomes, including the lack of affordable infrastructure and continuing weaknesses in investment and communications regulation. Users must be able to make use of communications services and to access relevant content in order to take full advantage of the potential of information and communications technologies. Policy approaches need to be rooted in a more holistic understanding of the changes taking place in society, the economy and the culture at the local, national and international levels. The Partnership on Measuring Information and Communications Technologies for Development has identified indicators which should improve our ability to measure progress prior to the comprehensive review to be undertaken in 2015. The report proposed undertaking potentially valuable inputs to the 2015 review, such as a comprehensive survey of the work of private sector and civil society organizations in the implementation of the World Summit outcomes, as well as a thorough analysis of wider social and economic developments in world society and the relationship between those developments and information and communications technologies.",
"III. Work of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in the area of science, technology and innovation",
"A. Research and capacity-building in science, technology and innovation for sustainable development",
"19. The Technology and Innovation Report is a new flagship series of studies issued by UNCTAD, drawing attention to the importance of technology and innovation for the economic development of countries. The series seeks to address in a comprehensive way issues in science, technology and innovation that are both topical and important for developing countries, with an emphasis on policy-relevant analysis and conclusions.",
"20. The first report in the series[4] looked at how the current trend towards declining agricultural productivity in African countries can be reversed by what are known as agricultural innovation systems. The report identified risks to smallholder farms in African agriculture as both a result of external influences (e.g., World Trade Organization discussions, international seed companies and the growing privatization of agricultural knowledge) and internal pressures, such as malnutrition, hunger and poverty. Arguing that stagnant agricultural productivity in Africa has become a major development challenge for Africa, the report called for the building of agricultural innovation systems that would reverse declining agricultural productivity through an enabling framework not only for the adoption of existing technologies but the development of new ones suited for Africa’s needs. In this process, attention would be focused on the smallholders who represent the bulk of the continent’s farmers.",
"21. The forthcoming second report in the series focuses on the greater use of renewable energies in developing countries, and seeks to join the ongoing international discourse on the need to promote the use of low-carbon technologies globally. The report analyses the important role of science, technology and innovation in the expanded application and wider acceptance of renewable energies, particularly in the context of developing countries.",
"22. The report argues that sustained economic growth of the kind that leads to a continued improvement in the living standards of all people through poverty reduction rests on energy access for all. Such a global agenda requires a focus on energy efficiency that would also promote energy flexibility for all countries through the provision of newer or more cost-effective energy solutions. It also requires that more serious consideration be given to newer energy sources which could complement conventional sources in the quest to promote energy access for all. At the same time, such solutions need to take on board the overwhelming environmental challenge that mankind faces today, which is to limit the damage that economic activity inflicts on the planet’s environment. Joining with other United Nations agencies working in this area, the report submits that a mutually compatible response to the dual challenge of reducing energy poverty and promoting climate change-friendly solutions calls for a new energy paradigm. The new energy paradigm will have renewable energy technologies play a complementary role along with conventional energy sources with a view towards the eradication of energy poverty.",
"23. In 2010, UNCTAD launched a new series, Current Studies on Science, Technology and Innovation,[5] which seeks to examine salient topics related to science, technology and innovation for development. The first in the series[6] provides an overview of some of the issues surrounding the use of renewable energy technologies to increase access to modern energy services in rural areas. Drawing on examples from Argentina, China, Eritrea, Guatemala, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Namibia and Nepal, the study concludes that the design and affordability of these technologies, the installation cost, lack of awareness, and lack of appropriate policy support from government represent some of the main barriers to their effective deployment. The challenge for Governments is to ensure that the deployment of renewable energy technologies is integrated into wider rural development strategies in order to meet local needs and priorities. National policies, for example, can support the provision of subsidies and the development and implementation of research projects, public awareness campaigns, programmes and regulations. The study underscores the need for technology transfer on the one hand, and the building of local capabilities on the other.",
"24. The fourth study in the series,[7] examines the challenges related to agricultural water management in the context of climate change, increased demand for food production and environmental sustainability, and reviews the potential role of technologies in regard to water productivity, resilience in agricultural water management and sustainable livelihoods. It reviews a host of appropriate technologies and associated management practices, including traditional practices (such as water harvesting and storage) and new and emerging ones (such as geographical information systems), and discusses key areas for future action to accelerate the diffusion and adoption of those technologies and practices.",
"25. In the latter part of 2011, UNCTAD will release a study on applying a gender lens to science, technology and innovation. The study notes that, although there is growing recognition that science, technology and innovation can have a significant impact on promoting development, the associated policies generally lack a gender perspective and therefore do not adequately address all development concerns. It argues that, given the role of women in the economy and society, taking into account the situations, needs and concerns of women as well as of men will enhance the efficiency of science, technology and innovation policies for development. The study highlights the need to integrate a gender perspective throughout the policymaking process, from diagnosis through policy design to implementation, monitoring and follow-up. It recommends that science, technology and innovation policies and programmes undergo a gender impact assessment to ensure that they deliver equality of opportunities to men and women. Prepared in collaboration with the Gender Advisory Board of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development, the study identifies three entry points for applying a gender lens in science, technology and innovation policy, namely:",
"(a) Science for women: developing science and technology which support women’s development and livelihood activities;",
"(b) Women in science: promoting gender equality in science and technology education, careers and leadership;",
"(c) Encouraging and supporting the role of women in innovation systems at the national and grass-roots levels.",
"B. Expert meetings on enterprise development policies and capacity-building in science, technology and innovation",
"26. The second expert meeting on enterprise development policies and capacity-building in science, technology and innovation was convened by UNCTAD in Geneva, from 20 to 22 January 2010. The meeting focused on the design, monitoring, and assessment of entrepreneurship and science, technology and innovation policies that could support and drive economic development strategies. Participants stressed that science, technology and innovation was a major driver of knowledge-based economies and sustainable economic development and noted the value of developing coherent science, technology and innovation policies that are adapted to the realities and opportunities of developing countries. They encouraged UNCTAD to further develop its research and policy analysis on science, technology and innovation issues, to continue to serve as a forum for science, technology and innovation policy dialogue, and to continue to implement science, technology and innovation policy reviews in developing countries. Some of the key issues noted by experts regarding the use of science, technology and innovation indicators in the design and evaluation of evidence-based policies include:",
"(a) Science, technology and innovation indicators need to be relevant and be adapted to the specific context of developing countries which cannot rely on indicators directly taken from the experience of developed countries;",
"(b) The limited availability of internationally comparable science, technology and innovation indicators represents a problem for policymaking;",
"(c) Developing countries have limited capacities to analyse science, technology and innovation data and to formulate evidence-based policies;",
"(d) There is a need to promote the development of relevant science, technology and innovation for the purposes of policy design, implementation and evaluation. In that regard, the possibility of identifying a common list of science, technology and innovation indicators adapted to the realities of developing countries was discussed.",
"27. The third expert meeting on enterprise development policies and capacity-building in science, technology and innovation was convened by UNCTAD in Geneva, from 19 to 21 January 2011. Participants noted several common constraints related to educational and research institutions that affected the ability of developing countries to harness science, technology and innovation. One was the lack of national strategies on capacity-building, which led to weak educational infrastructure, a poor performance by educational systems in building science, technology and innovation capacity, and weak linkages among academia, research institutes and the private sector. Other constraints identified included: inadequate intellectual property policies and the absence of offices dedicated to technology transfer and of staff with the relevant skills and experience; a lack of entrepreneurial culture among researchers; a lack of understanding of the importance of science, technology and innovation for development and marginalization of the issue in national development agendas; and weaknesses in the technological capabilities of firms and in the infrastructure related to science, technology and innovation.",
"28. Participants underlined the need to develop strong innovative capabilities, in combination with strong scientific and technological absorptive capabilities. Science, technology and innovation policy should provide the incentives for educational and research institutions to develop agendas that match more closely the requirements of domestic enterprises and local communities. In that regard, there was a need to ensure that science, technology and innovation policy considered educational and research institutions as central elements of national innovation systems, within which strong collaborative linkages should be established between academia and enterprises.",
"29. Training scientists and engineers in key areas of interest with a view to the technological upgrading of developing countries should be a major focus of such collaboration. It was considered that the establishment and reinforcement of networks of centres of scientific and technological excellence willing to engage in such efforts could greatly contribute to increasing the outreach and effectiveness of capacity-building in science, technology and innovation. UNCTAD was encouraged to continue its work in this field.",
"C. Expert meeting on green and renewable technologies as energy solutions for rural development",
"30. An expert meeting on green and renewable technologies as energy solutions for rural development was convened by UNCTAD in Geneva, from 9 to 11 February 2010. The aim of the meeting was on strategies to overcome challenges in using renewable energy technologies to catalyse rural development. Some 130 persons attended the meeting, representing over 53 countries and 31 intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations.",
"31. The meeting concluded that renewable energy technologies could play a significant role in national poverty reduction strategies, enhanced energy security and access to affordable energy, as well as climate change mitigation. It was considered that scaled-up deployment of renewable energy technologies in rural areas could, notably, enhance agricultural supply capacity (both in quantitative and qualitative terms), support the development of artisanal business, strengthen export competitiveness, and open new opportunities for South-South cooperation and increased trade and investment. Participants emphasized the need to integrate deployment of renewable energy technologies into strategies for rural development and poverty reduction. They highlighted the importance of technology transfer and building local capabilities. Participants called upon UNCTAD to, inter alia, carry out research on integrated approaches to renewable energy technologies as a tool for pro-poor development, facilitate the exchange between countries and communities of experiences and best practices, and promote South-South cooperation in the area of renewable energy technologies for rural development, including trade and technology transfer aspects.",
"D. Network of Centres of Excellence",
"32. The Commission on Science and Technology for Development continued to collaborate with UNCTAD on the Network of Centres of Excellence project.[8] The project is executed through a group of scientific and technological institutions in developing countries, which are selected for their competence, state-of-the-art facilities’ and commitment to strengthen links and increase mobility within the scientific communities of developing countries.",
"33. The Network organizes training courses and workshops on science and technology applications for scientists and engineers from developing countries, in particular African countries. The courses enable the scientists and engineers to update their professional expertise in a modern scientific environment. They also strengthen professional linkages within the scientific community and facilitate the mobility of science and technology professionals.",
"34. The Network was launched in 2005, under a project funded by the Government of Italy. Since then, more than 120 scientists, engineers and academics from 25 African countries have benefited from the 11 training courses organized in China, Egypt, India, South Africa, Tunisia and the United Republic of Tanzania. Topics covered in the training activities are: biosafety and the detection of genetically modified organisms; molecular marker techniques and fingerprinting; advanced molecular biology; information technology in agriculture for Africa; bioinformatics; malaria-related research and training; animal biotechnology; advanced laboratory training in regard to infectious disease; molecular medicine; and cybersecurity.",
"35. In November 2010, within the framework of the Network and in collaboration with the National Agency for Computer Security of Tunisia, UNCTAD organized a training session on cybersecurity in Hammamet, Tunisia. Several of the participants are members of the new national computer emergency teams currently being established in several African countries. Twelve participants from 11 African countries, including 8 least developed countries, benefited from the course.",
"E. Science, technology and innovation policy reviews",
"36. In its resolution 2009/8, the Economic and Social Council, in extending its appreciation to UNCTAD for undertaking science, technology and innovation policy reviews, encouraged it to continue to provide its expertise and analytical skills in that regard. In its resolution 2010/3, the Council encouraged UNCTAD to increase significantly its efforts to conduct such reviews in response to a high demand from member countries, in close collaboration with other relevant international organizations, particularly the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and with the Commission on Science and Technology for Development, the regional commissions and other appropriate stakeholders, including the World Bank and other international and regional development banks, with a view to assisting developing countries in strengthening their science, technology and innovation systems.",
"37. The main focus of UNCTAD in its technical cooperation work in this area has been the implementation of science, technology and innovation policy reviews at the request of developing countries. The main objective of such reviews is to help Governments to ensure that their science, technology and innovation policies and programmes support national development agendas by enabling the emergence and development of national innovation systems. Such systems help national productive sectors become more competitive in a knowledge-based, global economy and therefore stimulate economic growth and help meet major development challenges. Policy reviews have been completed for Angola, Colombia, Ethiopia, Ghana, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Jamaica, Lesotho, Mauritania and Peru. UNCTAD undertook the policy review of Angola in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); of Ghana with the World Bank; of Lesotho with UNDP and UNESCO; of Mauritania with UNESCO; and of Peru with the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). The policy reviews of El Salvador and the Dominican Republic, which will be finalized in 2011, have also been undertaken in collaboration with ECLAC.",
"38. Lessons drawn from the African series of science, technology and innovation policy reviews have been applied to the more recent Latin American and the Caribbean series. Among these lessons are the critical role of the national counterpart and the importance of involving stakeholders in the process. The impact on policy is maximized when the review can be timed and orchestrated in such a way that it feeds into locally driven processes. Finally, political will and leadership at the highest levels are crucial for success, especially where cohesive inter‑ministerial cooperation is difficult to achieve.",
"39. With a view to consolidating academic thinking and other viewpoints into the science, technology and innovation policy review programme, UNCTAD organized two expert meetings in 2010. The discussions at those meetings concerned conceptual and methodological issues relevant to the assessment of science, technology and innovation policies in developing countries. The outcome of the two meetings will be reflected in a set of guidelines for the implementation of the policy reviews, which will be released in 2011. Such guidelines are intended to enhance the effectiveness and consistency of the outcome of the policy reviews and should therefore facilitate the development of a repository of best practice in regard to science, technology and innovation policy in developing countries. The guidelines should give interested developing countries more precise information about the purposes of the process and the modalities for its implementation; this is expected to improve national ownership of the science, technology and innovation policy review and assist in the implementation of the recommendations arising from such reviews. The guidelines will also facilitate discussions with interested donor countries and cooperation with other international agencies active in the field of science, technology and innovation.",
"40. The first expert meeting addressed the issue of science, technology and innovation indicators and the lack of up-to-date and relevant data in many client countries. Other related problems examined at the meeting included the issue of availability versus relevance, international comparability, and the importance of indicators in policy formulation. The challenge has been to design science, technology and innovation surveys that will lead to policies and measures that would in turn underpin innovation, particularly in countries for which science, technology and innovation is a relatively new concept. Indicators could, for example, be broadened to take impact into account and to capture innovation in the informal sector as well as in non-technology sectors. More specifically, human resource indicators could be given more emphasis. Another issue discussed was how to assess linkages among actors in national systems of innovation, particularly those between the private sector and government in the area of research and development.",
"41. The second expert meeting focused on the conceptual framework, the thematic scope and content of and the production process for the policy reviews. It was generally agreed that national systems of innovation, including sectoral innovation systems analysis, provided a useful framework for the reviews. The UNCTAD reviews generally included an analysis of sectors critical in national development objectives and priorities. Given the varying degrees of development and the wide variance in national priorities and conditions, it was considered that there could be no one-size-fits-all template for the policy reviews. However, a number of issues that needed to be covered were identified, including education, linkages between knowledge producers and users, intellectual property regimes, industrial policies and practices in relation to the transfer of technology.",
"42. The approach of the science, technology and innovation policy review programme is based on recognition of the central role of innovation in the process of economic development and of its essentially systemic nature. In this context, technological innovation is understood as a broad notion which includes not only the introduction by firms of products, marketing methods or productive processes that are not only new to the world, but new also to the market or the firm. Innovation can thus take place not only by pushing back the frontiers of knowledge, but also (and this is most frequently the case in developing countries) when firms learn to implement and use technologies that are already available elsewhere. For developing countries, technology acquisition, imitation and adaptation are key innovative processes which can be as important as research and development.",
"43. The systems approach to innovation provides the basic conceptual framework for the production of science, technology and innovation policy reviews. The concept of the national system of innovation cuts across many institutional boundaries and involves a variety of links within and among many actors. The system is therefore necessarily complex and difficult to characterize by assessing its conformity with any particular model. This is all the more so in the case of developing countries in which the elements that integrate the ideal description of a national system of innovation and are found in the literature based on the experience of more advanced countries are either immature or non-existent. Therefore some adaptation to the standard national system of innovation framework is needed when it is applied in the context of a science, technology and innovation policy review.",
"44. For countries at an early stage of development, generating the ability to access, use and diffuse foreign technologies is more important than putting in place a fully fledged national system of innovation. The needs of emerging innovation systems for absorption and adaptation are not the same as those needed at the frontier of innovation. Accordingly, the emphasis in the analysis of the policy review report is placed on the development of innovation, as opposed to merely strengthening research and development or particular technical capabilities. The discussion in the report also needs to avoid unnecessary technical or academic analysis or abstract language and instead concentrate on identifying the key policy issues and generating practical policy recommendations.",
"45. A central concern in the context of most developing countries is how national systems of innovation enable the adoption, adaptation and diffusion of existing technologies, in particular through the transfer of technology at the international level, and the development of new technologies and their application. The national system of innovation framework should help policymakers to understand how policy that addresses systemic failures (coordination and networking problems, infrastructural deficiencies, rules and regulations, incentives and disincentives) and the capabilities of the various players can enhance technology absorption. The creation of absorptive capacity at the level of the firms, but also that of the national innovation system as a whole, is critical if the economy is to benefit from any increased exposure to the international knowledge and technology flows that may be gained through trade, investment or other mechanisms. Such absorptive capacity is defined by the availability of a wide range of skills and expertise and of material and non-material infrastructure. The aim is to develop capabilities to not only use and maintain more advanced equipment and techniques but also to dynamically adapt them to new processes or specific needs.",
"46. Many other aspects of science, technology and innovation policymaking take on a different importance in a development context and are accordingly reflected in the approach adopted for the policy reviews. These include, for example, the optimization of trade and investment links with foreign sources of technology and the relationship between these links and the generation of endogenous technological capacities; the much greater importance of accelerating innovation in agriculture; a different balance with regard to the incentives and disincentives to innovation provided by the intellectual property regime; the importance of understanding and addressing innovation processes in the informal sector; and the need to consider the social consequences of rapid structural change induced by technological catch-up and innovation.",
"47. A key conclusion is that the success of a science, technology and innovation policy review depends critically on the availability and involvement of a strong, credible, high-level counterpart in the process. The involvement of national academic centres in carrying out the review should be solicited. Members of legislative bodies could also be invited to take part in national workshops at the beginning and/or at the end of the review.",
"[1] See, for example, A/66/64, and Implementing WSIS Outcomes: Experience to Date and Prospects for the Future (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/3), Geneva, May 2011.",
"[2] See E/CN.16/2011/2, E/CN.16/2011/3 and Water for Food: Innovative Water Management Technologies for Food and Poverty Alleviation, UNCTAD Current Studies on Science Technology and Innovation, No. 4 (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/2).",
"[3] UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/3; available from www.unctad.org/en/docs/dtlstict2011d3_en.pdf.",
"[4] Technology and Innovation Report 2010: Enhancing Food Security in Africa through Science, Technology and Innovation, United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.II.D.22 (UNCTAD/TIR/2009).",
"[5] Available from www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?intItemID=5492&lang=1.",
"[6] Renewable Energy Technologies for Rural Development, UNCTAD Current Studies on Science, Technology and Innovation, No. 1 (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2009/4).",
"[7] Water for Food: Innovative Water Management Technologies for Food and Poverty Alleviation, UNCTAD Current Studies on Science Technology and Innovation, No. 4 (UNCTAD/DTL/ STICT/2011/2).",
"[8] See www.unctad.org/noce."
] | A_66_208 | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"* A/66/150.",
"Item 21 (c) of the provisional agenda*",
"Globalization and interdependence: science and technology for development",
"Science and technology for development",
"Report of the Secretary-General",
"Summary",
"The present report, prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/212, contains information on the work of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development in areas such as agriculture, rural development, information and communication technologies and environmental management. It also provides information on activities undertaken by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and other relevant organizations to assist developing countries in their efforts to integrate science, technology and innovation policies into their respective national development plans and strategies.",
"I. Introduction",
"1. In resolution 64/212, the General Assembly reaffirmed its commitment to strengthen and improve existing mechanisms and support research and development initiatives, including through voluntary public-private partnerships, to address the special needs of developing countries in the areas of health, agriculture, conservation, sustainable use of natural resources and environmental management, energy, forestry and the impact of climate change. In that context, the Assembly also reaffirmed its commitment to support initiatives on a range of science and technology issues, including technology transfer and diffusion; the promotion and development of national human resources and science and technology strategies; the development of renewable energy sources; the implementation of policies to attract public and private, national and foreign investment, to enhance knowledge, transfer technology on mutually agreed terms and increase productivity; and the use of new green technologies.",
"2. In the same resolution, the General Assembly requested the Commission on Science and Technology for Development to serve as a forum to continue to assist the Economic and Social Council in monitoring the implementation of the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society system-wide, and in addressing the special needs of developing countries in areas such as agriculture, rural development, information and communication technologies and environmental management. The Assembly encouraged UNCTAD, in collaboration with relevant partners, to continue to undertake science, technology and innovation policy reviews with a view to assisting developing countries and countries with economies in transition in identifying the measures necessary to integrate such policies into their national development strategies.",
"3. The present report has been prepared pursuant to paragraph 10 of the resolution, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a report on the implementation of the resolution containing recommendations on follow-up action to be taken and to reflect lessons learned in mainstreaming science, technology and innovation policies into national development strategies.",
"II. Work of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development in areas such as agriculture, rural development, information and communication technologies and environmental management",
"4. The Commission on Science and Technology for Development reaffirmed its unique role as an intergovernmental global forum to discuss science and technology issues, to better understand science and technology policies for development and to develop recommendations and guidelines on science and technology issues within the United Nations system. The Commission also continued to fulfil its mandate to assist the Economic and Social Council in the follow-up to the World Summit on the Information Society[1] and the commitment set out in paragraph 60 of the 2005 World Summit Outcome (see General Assembly resolution 60/1).",
"5. As part of the sessions of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development and the projects implemented by UNCTAD, the secretariat of the Commission has undertaken a number of initiatives to address the special needs of developing countries in areas such as agriculture, rural development, information and communication technologies and environmental management.",
"A. Tenth session of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development",
"6. At its thirteenth session, held from 17 to 21 May 2010 in Geneva, the Commission undertook a five-year review of progress in the implementation and follow-up to the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society at the regional and international levels, and considered two priority themes, namely, “Bests and Innovations in Existing Financing Mechanisms” and “New and Emerging Technologies”.",
"7. Participants noted that, while at the global level, there has been rapid progress in improving access to information and communication technologies, the significant gaps that still exist in economies and societies affect the demand for such technologies and the ability to use them. Participants identified some of the major obstacles faced by developing countries in their access to new technologies, such as inadequate resources, infrastructure, education, capacity, investment and connectivity, as well as property, policy and technology flows. They called on all stakeholders to provide adequate resources and support capacity-building and technology transfer activities to developing countries, in particular the least developed countries.",
"8. Participants expressed concern at the growing differences in broadband connectivity, which further marginalized the poor, rural communities and other disadvantaged groups such as women, the disabled and older persons. They commended initiatives aimed at the rapid and widespread implementation of broadband and stressed the need to prioritize innovative methods in national and regional development strategies. They also reiterated the importance of information and communications technology indicators as monitoring and evaluation tools to measure differences in digital technology between countries and within societies, and to inform the authorities in formulating social, cultural and economic development policies and strategies. Participants stressed the importance of the work of standardizing and harmonizing reliable and regularly updated indicators that capture the delivery, efficiency, affordability and quality of goods and services.",
"9. In addressing the priority issue of new and emerging technologies, the debate focused on renewable energy technologies. The need for such technologies to achieve energy security, mitigate the effects of climate change and increase access to energy was recognized. It was also recognized that technology transfer was an important aspect of the implementation of renewable energy technologies in developing countries. The transfer of equipment should be complemented by the transfer of the necessary technical and expertise to be able to use, modify and adapt to local conditions. As far as possible, technologies should be chosen to maximize the use of existing local capacities. In addition, effective and sustainable implementation of renewable energy technologies also considered initiatives aimed at building existing local innovation capacity and building more capacity through training centres and knowledge networks. Participants noted that investors, project promoters and consumers were not inclined to support renewable energy technologies because of the costs involved. Government policies could do much to rectify this situation. In particular, some mechanisms, such as grant schemes, rates for renewable energy providers and the reduction of import duties could contribute to the introduction of such technologies into the market. It was important that the market receive support to ensure its sustainability once the financial mechanisms had been completely eliminated. Since there was no “universal policy” approach, it was felt that a systemic review of a variety of approaches to the transfer of low-carbon technologies and the implementation of renewable energy technologies would be useful.",
"10. Participants urged Governments to create conditions conducive to private and public sector initiatives in the field of new and emerging technologies and in the generation and dissemination of renewable energy technologies. They recommended that national Governments consider the following policy measures to promote local innovation capacity: support universities and public research centres dedicated to renewable energy technologies; support community participation in decision-making; ensure that communities have the capacity to manage low-carbon technologies in their area; provide incentives for research, development and implementation; and build business parks and innovation centres. Governments were urged to adopt regulatory and procurement policies to promote competition and private sector development and to attract both domestic and foreign direct investment. They were invited to consider using appropriate policy instruments, such as grant schemes, connection tariffs, tax breaks, financial guarantees and the reduction of import duties to support technological expansion in market niches and to encourage joint ventures and foreign direct investment in the manufacture and use of renewable energy technologies. Participants also invited the Commission on Science and Technology for Development to continue to act as a platform for disseminating examples of good practices and promoting North-South and South-South partnerships, especially in the areas of new and emerging technologies, and for the transfer and deployment of renewable energy technologies.",
"B. Tenth session of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development",
"11. At its fourteenth session, held from 23 to 27 May 2011 in Geneva, the Commission considered two priority themes, namely, “Medition of the impact of information and communication technology on development” and “Technologies to address issues such as agriculture and water”[2]. In addition, two ministerial round tables were held, the first to review progress in the implementation of the outcome of the Summit, and the second to reflect on the use of science and technology for development. During the session, a panel on cybersciences, cyber-engineering and cyber-education was organized.",
"12. Participants highlighted the significant progress made in facilitating access to information and communications technology, particularly in the mobile phone sector and Internet access. However, they noted that the disparity in access to broadband services between developed and developing countries had been accentuated. Although the content generated by users had increased in recent years, it was not necessarily available in all languages or within the reach of all groups throughout the world. For that reason, the digital divide had acquired new dimensions, related to the quality of access, information and practical knowledge that could be derived and the usefulness for users. Participants expressed concern at the still unfavourable price for the majority, particularly for the rural population, of information and communications technology and their applications.",
"13. Referring to the progress made in the implementation of the outcome of the Summit since 2005, participants noted that the important role of the private sector in promoting the development of information and communications technology and building the infrastructure necessary for its implementation had been supported by an enabling environment, created by Governments, characterized by the existence of independent regulatory entities; respect for the rule of law; protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights; the existence of regulatory frameworks Participants highlighted several new and emerging areas for which policies should be developed, namely, the potential of information and communications technology to address the effects of climate change, the establishment of social networks, the protection of privacy and exploitation and abuse on the Internet.",
"14. On the priority theme " Measuring the impact of information and communication technology on development " , several participants called upon the Partnership for the Measurement of ICTs for Development to continue its work on measuring the impact of ICTs, particularly in developing countries, by developing practical guidelines, methodology and indicators. Participants encouraged national Governments to collect relevant data, share information on the results of country studies and collaborate in capacity-building. They also encouraged relevant United Nations entities, among other agencies, to promote the assessment of the impact of information and communication technology on poverty and on key sectors in order to identify the knowledge and skills needed to enhance this impact. In addition, they called on international development partners to fund activities in support of capacity-building.",
"15. On the priority theme “Technologies to address issues in areas such as agriculture and water”, the discussions focused on the challenges faced by smallholder farmers in developing countries. It was noted that nearly 1 billion people were malnourished, and that this figure could continue to increase as a result of the global financial crisis, the persistence of high levels of unemployment, the increase in food price volatility, the worsening of food shortages and the prognosis of new droughts and widespread floods. Fortunately, the availability of a range of science and technology applications and cultivation practices at all stages of the agricultural process would substantially increase productivity. The need to replace conventional monocultures with sustainable regenerative systems was recognized. It was also recognized that smallholder farmers should be given priority in policy and technology decisions. Mini-fund agriculture used to be labour-intensive, it used few external inputs and depended to a greater extent on the local environment; the introduction of modern scientific and technological applications should take into account these characteristics and rely on knowledge networks of farmers themselves, improved infrastructure and a systemic approach based on crop rotation and the integration of crops and the production of raw materials. Among smallholder farmers, more attention should be paid to the situation of women who, while playing a key role in agriculture, used to have great difficulties in finding occupation outside the subsistence farming sector, due to their lack of access to key resources. Participants called upon the Commission to facilitate the exchange, dissemination and dissemination of examples of best practices in the field of agricultural science, technology and innovation, as well as inter-country cooperation.",
"16. At the same session, the Commission took note of the outcome document of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held from 9 to 13 May 2011 in Istanbul, and expressed its appreciation to the Government of Turkey for its initiative to establish an international science, technology and innovation centre dedicated to the least developed countries, which also serves as a technology bank to help them use essential technologies. Since then, the Commission, UNCTAD and the Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council have held consultations on ways and means of implementing the outcome of the Conference.",
"C. Five-year review of progress in the implementation of the outcome of the World Summit on the Information Society",
"17. In November 2010, the Chairman of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development initiated an open-ended multi-stakeholder consultation on progress in implementing the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society. A questionnaire was sent to all States Members of the United Nations, entities of the United Nations system at the regional and international levels, ICT partnerships and agencies, and private sector and civil society actors. The objective was to identify areas that had made greater progress and those that presented obstacles and constraints, as well as innovative measures taken to overcome them. In line with Economic and Social Council resolution 2006/46, the study also considered how changes in the ICT landscape might require greater or less attention to specific areas.",
"18. The outcome of the consultation was the basis for the report on the implementation of the outcome of the World Summit on the Information Society, lessons learned to date and prospects for the future[3], which was published during the fourteenth session of the Commission. The report notes that significant progress has been made since 2005 in favour of the universal availability and use of basic telecommunications, and that the expansion of mobile telephony was a particularly noteworthy achievement. It is noted that most of the progress made towards the 10 goals of the Summit was to ensure that all have access to and access to information and communication technologies in rural areas. Progress was also noted in each of the thematic areas of the action lines. However, while the digital divide in vocal telephony and basic Internet access had been narrowed, continuing and perhaps increasing disparities in the quality of access to communications, including the Internet, as well as the usefulness of such access. A variety of constraints had prevented the outcome of the Summit, in particular the lack of affordable infrastructure and the continued precariousness of investment and communications regulation. Users should be able to use communications services and have access to relevant content in order to fully utilize the potential of information and communications technology. Policy approaches should be rooted in a more comprehensive understanding of the changes in society, the economy and culture at the local, national and international levels. The Partnership for Measuring ICT for Development has identified indicators that should strengthen the capacity to measure progress in advance of the 2015 comprehensive review. The report proposed that elements that could be useful for the 2015 review should be provided as a comprehensive study of the work of the private sector and civil society organizations in the implementation of the outcome of the World Summit, as well as a comprehensive analysis of broader social and economic phenomena in global society and the relationship between such phenomena and information and communications technologies.",
"III. Work of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in the field of science, technology and innovation",
"A. Research and capacity-building in science, technology and innovation for sustainable development",
"19. The Technology and Innovation Report is a new flagship series of studies published by UNCTAD highlighting the importance of technology and innovation for the economic development of countries. The series aims at addressing science, technology and innovation issues that are relevant and important to developing countries in a comprehensive manner, with an emphasis on analysis and conclusions of relevance to policymaking.",
"20. The first report of the series[4] examines how to reverse the current decline in agricultural productivity in African countries through what is known as agricultural innovation systems. The report noted that the risks to smallholder farmers in Africa were the result of external influences (e.g., discussions at the World Trade Organization, international seed producers and the growing privatization of agricultural knowledge) and internal pressures such as malnutrition, hunger and poverty. As the stagnation of agricultural productivity in Africa had become the main challenge of that continent, the report called for the creation of innovative agricultural systems to reverse the trend towards agricultural productivity in decline through a framework that would promote not only the adoption of existing technologies but also the development of new technologies tailored to Africa ' s needs. In that process, the emphasis would be placed on small farmers, who constituted the bulk of the farmers on the continent.",
"21. The second forthcoming report of the series focuses on wider use of renewable energy sources in developing countries and is an attempt to join the international debate on the need to promote global use of low-carbon technologies. The report discusses the important role of science, technology and innovation in the wider application and acceptance of renewable energies, particularly in developing countries.",
"22. The report argues that sustained economic growth to further improve the standard of living of all people through poverty reduction depends on ensuring access to energy for all. Such a global programme should focus on energy efficiency that, in turn, promotes energy flexibility for all countries by offering them more innovative or economical energy solutions. It also requires more serious consideration of the possibility of using more innovative energy sources that could complement conventional sources in order to promote access to energy for all. At the same time, such solutions must take into account the overwhelming ecological challenge facing humanity, which is to limit the damage that economic activity inflicts on the environment of the planet. As with other United Nations agencies working in this area, the report argues that a mutually compatible response to the double challenge of reducing energy poverty and promoting easy-to-use solutions to mitigate the effects of climate change requires a new energy paradigm. In that new paradigm, renewable energy technologies would play a complementary role in the goal of eradicating energy poverty.",
"23. In 2010, UNCTAD published a new series entitled Current Studies on Science, Technology and Innovation[5], which reviews the main topics related to science, technology and innovation for development. The first study of the series[6] provides an overview of some of the problems surrounding the use of renewable energy technologies to expand access to modern energy services in rural areas. Based on examples from Argentina, China, Eritrea, Guatemala, Namibia, Nepal and the Lao People ' s Democratic Republic, the study concludes that the design and affordability of such technologies, the cost of installation and the lack of knowledge and the absence of appropriate policy support from Governments are some of the main obstacles to their effective implementation. For Governments, the challenge is to ensure that renewable energy technologies are mainstreamed into broader rural development strategies to address local needs and priorities. For example, national policies could be formulated to support the provision of subsidies and the development and implementation of research projects, public awareness campaigns, programmes and regulations. The study highlights the need for technology transfer, on the one hand, and local capacity development, on the other.",
"24. The fourth review of the series[7] examines water resource management challenges for agriculture in the context of climate change, increased demand for food production and environmental sustainability, and reviews the potential role of technologies in water productivity, resilience in water resource management for agriculture, and sustainable livelihoods. The study reviews a variety of appropriate technologies and related management practices, including traditional practices (such as water capture and storage systems) and innovative and emerging technologies (such as geographic information systems), and reviews priority areas for action to accelerate the dissemination and adoption of such technologies and practices.",
"25. By the end of 2011, UNCTAD will publish a study on the implementation of a gender approach to science, technology and innovation. According to the study, despite the growing recognition that science, technology and innovation may have a significant impact on the promotion of development, related policies often lack a gender perspective and therefore do not adequately address all development concerns. It argues that, if the role of women in the economy and society is considered, taking into account the situations, needs and concerns of women as well as those of men will increase the efficiency of science, technology and innovation policies for development. The study highlights the need to incorporate a gender perspective throughout the policy-making process, ranging from diagnosis and policy formulation, to implementation, monitoring and follow-up. It is recommended that science, technology and innovation policies and programmes be subject to gender impact assessment to ensure equal opportunities for men and women. The study, prepared in collaboration with the Advisory Board on Gender Issues of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development, identifies three entry points for the implementation of a gender approach to science, technology and innovation policies:",
"(a) Science for women: developing science and technology applications that support women ' s development and livelihoods;",
"(b) Women and science: promoting gender equality in science and technology education, careers and leadership;",
"(c) Encourage and support women ' s role in innovation systems at the national and grass-roots levels.",
"B. Expert meetings on business development policies and capacity-building in science, technology and innovation",
"26. From 20 to 22 January 2010, UNCTAD held the second expert meeting in Geneva on business development policies and capacity-building in science, technology and innovation. The meeting focused on the formulation, monitoring and evaluation of business development and science, technology and innovation policies that could support and promote the implementation of economic development strategies. Participants stressed that science, technology and innovation would give great impetus to knowledge-based economies and sustainable economic development and noted the importance of developing coherent science, technology and innovation policies tailored to the realities and opportunities in developing countries. They encouraged UNCTAD to further refine its research and policy analysis on science, technology and innovation issues, to continue to serve as a forum for policy dialogue on science, technology and innovation, and to continue to conduct reviews of related policies in developing countries. The main issues identified by experts in the use of science, technology and innovation indicators to formulate and evaluate evidence-based policies include:",
"(a) Indicators on science, technology and innovation should be relevant and adapt to the specific context of developing countries, which cannot depend on indicators drawn directly from the experience of developed countries;",
"(b) The lack of internationally comparable indicators on science, technology and innovation makes policy formulation difficult;",
"(c) Developing countries have limited capacity to analyse science, technology and innovation data and formulate evidence-based policies;",
"(d) Science, technology and innovation need to be encouraged in order to formulate, implement and evaluate policies. In that regard, a common list of science, technology and innovation indicators adapted to the realities of developing countries was discussed.",
"27. From 19 to 21 January 2011, UNCTAD held the third expert meeting in Geneva on business development policies and capacity-building in science, technology and innovation. Participants noted several common constraints related to educational and research institutions that affected the capacity of developing countries to harness science, technology and innovation. One was the absence of national capacity-building strategies, which resulted in poor educational infrastructure, non-skilled education systems for capacity-building in science, technology and innovation, and weak links between academic institutions, research institutes and the private sector. Other constraints included the existence of inadequate intellectual property policies, the absence of offices dedicated to the transfer of technology and personnel with relevant expertise and experience; the absence of a business culture among researchers; a lack of understanding of the importance of science, technology and innovation for development and the marginalization of the issue in national development programmes; and deficiencies in the technological capacity of enterprises and in the related science, technology and infrastructure.",
"28. Participants stressed the need to develop a strong innovative capacity, in combination with a strong capacity for scientific and technological absorption. Science, technology and innovation policies should provide the necessary incentives for educational and research institutions to develop programmes more in line with the needs of national enterprises and local communities. In that regard, there was a need to ensure that science, technology and innovation policies considered educational and research institutions as central elements of national innovation systems, within which academic institutions and companies should establish strong partnerships.",
"29. The training of scientists and engineers in areas of priority interest in order to modernize the technological sector of developing countries should be one of the main objectives of such collaboration. It was considered that the establishment and strengthening of networks of centres of scientific and technological excellence willing to participate in such initiatives would significantly enhance the scope and effectiveness of capacity-building measures in science, technology and innovation. UNCTAD was encouraged to continue its activities in this area.",
"C. Expert meeting on green and renewable technologies as energy solutions for rural development",
"30. UNCTAD held an expert meeting on green and renewable technologies from 9 to 11 February 2010 in Geneva as energy solutions for rural development. The meeting was aimed at developing strategies to address the challenges posed by the use of renewable energy technologies to stimulate rural development. Some 130 people attended the meeting, representing more than 53 countries and 31 intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations.",
"31. Participants at the meeting concluded that renewable energy technologies could play an important role in national poverty reduction strategies, increased energy security and access to affordable energy services, as well as mitigating the effects of climate change. The intensification of the deployment of renewable energy technologies in rural areas was considered to be able, in particular, to strengthen agricultural supply capacity (in quantitative and qualitative terms), to support the creation of artisanal enterprises, to strengthen export competitiveness, and to open new opportunities for South-South cooperation and the promotion of trade and investment. Participants stressed the need to incorporate renewable energy technologies into rural development and poverty reduction strategies. They stressed the importance of technology transfer and local capacity-building. Participants called upon UNCTAD, inter alia, to undertake research on integrated approaches to renewable energy technologies as a tool for pro-poor development, to facilitate inter-country and community sharing of experiences and best practices, and to promote South-South cooperation in the area of renewable energy technologies for rural development, including aspects of trade and technology transfer.",
"D. Network of centres of excellence",
"32. The Commission on Science and Technology for Development continued to work with UNCTAD on the project of the Centres of Excellence Network[8]. The implementation of the project is in the hands of a group of scientific and technological institutions in developing countries that have been selected for their competence, modern facilities and strong commitment to strengthening links with the scientific communities of developing countries and increasing mobility among them.",
"33. The Network organizes training courses and seminars on scientific and technological applications for scientists and engineers from developing countries, particularly in Africa. The courses allow scientists and engineers to update their expertise in a modern scientific environment. They also reinforce professional links within the scientific community and facilitate the mobility of science and technology professionals.",
"34. The Network was opened in 2005 under a project funded by the Government of Italy. Since then, more than 120 scientists, engineers and academics from 25 African countries have participated in the 11 training courses organized in China, Egypt, India, South Africa and Tunisia. Training activities have covered the following topics: biosecurity and detection of genetically modified organisms; marking techniques and comparison of molecules; advanced molecular biology; information technologies in agriculture for Africa; bioinformatics; malaria research and training; animal biotechnology; advanced training in laboratory tasks related to infectious diseases; molecular medicine; and cybersecurity.",
"35. In November 2010, within the framework of the Network and in collaboration with the Tunisian National Computer Security Agency, UNCTAD organized a cyber security training meeting in Hammamet, Tunisia. Several participants are members of the new national computer emergency intervention teams being established in several African countries. There were 12 participants from 11 African countries, 8 of them least developed countries.",
"E. Science, technology and innovation policy reviews",
"36. In its resolution 2009/8, the Economic and Social Council, expressing its appreciation to UNCTAD for its reviews of science, technology and innovation policies, encouraged it to continue to contribute its expertise and analytical skills to science, technology and innovation policy reviews. In its resolution 2010/3, the Council encouraged UNCTAD to significantly intensify its efforts to undertake such reviews, in response to the high demand of member countries, in close collaboration with other relevant international organizations, in particular with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Commission on Science and Technology for Development, the regional commissions and other relevant stakeholders, including the World Bank and other international and regional development banks, with the aim of strengthening innovation systems for countries.",
"37. The main objective of UNCTAD in its technical cooperation work in this area has been to conduct science, technology and innovation policy reviews at the request of developing countries. The main objective of these reviews is to assist Governments in ensuring that their science, technology and innovation policies and programmes support national development programmes by facilitating the establishment and development of national innovation systems. These systems help the national productive sectors to be more competitive in a knowledge-based global economy, thus stimulating their economic growth and helping them overcome the major development challenges. Policy reviews have been conducted for Angola, Colombia, Ethiopia, Ghana, Jamaica, Lesotho, Mauritania, Peru and the Islamic Republic of Iran. UNCTAD conducted the policy review for Angola in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Ghana with the World Bank, Lesotho with UNDP and UNESCO, Mauritania with UNESCO, and Peru with the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). Policy reviews for El Salvador and the Dominican Republic, which will be completed in 2011, are also being conducted in collaboration with ECLAC.",
"38. The lessons learned from the series of science, technology and innovation policy reviews have been more recently applied to the Latin American and Caribbean series. These lessons include the key role of the national interlocutor and the importance of involving stakeholders in the process. The effect on policies is greater when it is possible to schedule the dates of the review and structure it so that its results can be incorporated into locally driven processes. Finally, it is essential to have political will and leadership at the highest level, particularly in cases where it is difficult to achieve cohesive inter-ministerial cooperation.",
"39. In order to consolidate academic thinking and other perspectives in the science, technology and innovation policy review programme, UNCTAD organized two expert meetings in 2010. The discussions at those meetings focused on conceptual and methodological issues relevant to the assessment of science, technology and innovation policies in developing countries. The results of both meetings will be reflected in a set of guidelines for policy reviews, to be issued in 2011. Given that the objective of these guidelines is to enhance the effectiveness and coherence of policy reviews, they should facilitate the establishment of a deposit of best practices in the formulation of science, technology and innovation policies in developing countries. The guidelines should provide interested developing countries with more precise information on the purposes of the process and the modalities of its implementation; this measure is expected to strengthen national ownership in the review of science, technology and innovation policies and contribute to the implementation of the recommendations resulting from these reviews. The guidelines will also facilitate discussion with interested donor countries and cooperation with other active international agencies in science, technology and innovation.",
"40. The first expert meeting addressed the issue of science, technology and innovation indicators and the lack of up-to-date and relevant data in many client countries. Other related issues discussed at the meeting include the issue of availability from relevance, international comparability and the importance of indicators in policymaking. The difficulty has resided in developing science, technology and innovation studies that are translated into policies and measures that, in turn, allow for innovation, particularly in countries where science, technology and innovation are a relatively new concept. For example, the number of indicators could be expanded to take into account impacts and to capture innovations in the informal sector, as well as in non-technological sectors. More specifically, human resources indicators could be given more importance. Another issue discussed was how to assess the linkages between different actors in national innovation systems, particularly those between the private and state sector in the area of research and development.",
"41. The second expert meeting focused on the conceptual framework, scope and thematic content and the policy review process. There was general agreement that national innovation systems, in particular sectoral analysis of innovation systems, provided a useful framework for reviews. UNCTAD reviews used to include a critical sector analysis for national development goals and priorities. In view of the different levels of development and the wide range of national priorities and conditions, policy reviews were not considered to be a single model. However, a number of issues needed to be discussed were identified: education, linkages between producers and knowledge users, intellectual property regimes, industrial policies and technology transfer practices.",
"42. The approach of the science, technology and innovation policy review programme is based on the recognition of the central role of innovation in the process of economic development and its essentially systemic nature. In this context, it is understood that technological innovation is a broad concept that encompasses, inter alia, the introduction by companies of products, marketing methods and production processes that are new not only in the world, but also in the market or the company. Thus, innovation can occur not only by broadening the boundaries of knowledge, but also (and this is the most common case in developing countries) when companies learn to apply and use technologies already available elsewhere. For developing countries, technological acquisition, imitation and adaptation are key innovative processes of equal importance to research and development.",
"43. The systemic approach to innovation is the basic conceptual framework for science, technology and innovation policy reviews. The concept of the national innovation system transcends many institutional boundaries and encompasses a variety of links with and among many actors. The system is therefore necessarily complex and difficult to classify from an analysis of its conformity with any particular model. This is particularly true in the case of developing countries, where the elements that make up the ideal description of a national innovation system and that are in descriptions based on the experience of more developed countries are only beginning to be outlined or are non-existent. For that reason, some adaptations should be made to the standard framework of the national innovation system when applied in the context of a review of science, technology and innovation policies.",
"44. For countries at an early stage of development, capacity-building for accessing foreign technologies, using and disseminating them is more important than establishing a national system of full-capacity innovation. The needs of emerging innovation systems for absorption and adaptation differ from those of systems that are at the forefront of technological innovation. For this reason, the analysis of the policy review report emphasizes the promotion of innovation, rather than merely strengthening research and development or a given technical capacity. The report also needs to avoid unnecessary technical or academic analysis or abstract language and to focus more on identifying key policy issues and formulating policy recommendations on a practical basis.",
"45. A central concern for most developing countries is how national innovation systems facilitate the adoption, adaptation and diffusion of existing technologies, including through the transfer of technology at the international level, and the development of new technologies and their implementation. The framework of the national innovation system should help policymakers understand how policies aimed at addressing systemic failures (networking and networking challenges, infrastructure gaps, regulations, incentives and disincentives) and the capacity of individual participants can improve the absorption of technology. Building absorptive capacity at the corporate level, as well as the national innovation system as a whole, is critical for the economy to benefit from the increased exposure to international knowledge and technology flows that can be achieved through trade, investment or other mechanisms. Absorption capacity is defined by the availability of a wide range of technical and expertise and material and non-material infrastructure. The objective is to develop capacity not only to use and maintain more advanced equipment or techniques but also to adapt them dynamically to new processes or specific needs.",
"46. Many other aspects of science, technology and innovation policy formulation are of relevance from other perspectives in a development context and are therefore reflected in the approach taken for policy reviews. These include, for example, the optimization of trade and investment linkages with foreign technology sources and the relationship between these linkages and the generation of endogenous technological capacity; the much greater importance of accelerating innovation in agriculture; a different technological balance in terms of incentives and disincentives to innovation provided for by the intellectual property regime; the importance of understanding and addressing innovation processes in the informal sector; and the need to take into account rapid social changes",
"47. An important conclusion is that the success of a review of science, technology and innovation policies depends primarily on the availability and participation of established, credible and high-level interlocutors in the process. National academic centres should be invited to participate in the administration of the review. Members of legislative bodies could also be invited to participate in national seminars at the beginning or at the end of the review.",
"[1] See, for example, A/66/64 e Implementing WSIS Outcomes: Experience to Date and Prospects for the Future (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/3), Geneva, May 2011.",
"[2] See E/CN.16/2011/2[], E/CN.16/2011/3 and Water for Food: Innovative Water Management Technologies for Food and Poverty Alleviation, UNCTAD Current Studies on Science Technology and Innovation, No. 4 (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/2).",
"[3] UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/3; consult www.unctad.org/en/docs/dtlstict2011d3_en.pdf.",
"[4] Technology and Innovation Report 2010: Enhancing Food Security in Africa through Science, Technology and Innovation, United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.II.D.22 (UNCTAD/TIR/2009).",
"[5] See www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?intItemID=5492 insulinlang=1.",
"[6] Renewable Energy Technologies for Rural Development, UNCTAD Current Studies on Science, Technology and Innovation, No. 1 (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2009/4).",
"[7] Water for Food: Innovative Water Management Technologies for Food and Poverty Alleviation, UNCTAD Current Studies on Science and Innovation, No. 4 (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/2).",
"[8] See www.unctad.org/noce."
] |
[
"Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia",
"Nota verbal de fecha 17 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte ante las Naciones Unidas",
"La Misión Permanente del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte ante las Naciones Unidas saluda atentamente al Presidente del Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia y tiene el honor de transmitir adjunto su informe preparado en cumplimiento de la resolución 1970 (2011) sobre las medidas adoptadas para aplicar el párrafo 25 de dicha resolución (véase el anexo).",
"Anexo de la nota verbal de fecha 17 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte ante las Naciones Unidas",
"Aplicación de las sanciones",
"1. En el párrafo 25 de la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad se exhorta a todos los Estados Miembros a que informen a las Naciones Unidas de las medidas que hayan adoptado para aplicar las medidas de embargo de armas, congelación de activos y prohibición de viajar. A continuación se describen las medidas tomadas por el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte con arreglo al párrafo 25.",
"Embargo de armas",
"Antecedentes sobre las exportaciones",
"2. La exportación de armamento y material conexo desde el Reino Unido y, en algunas circunstancias, su suministro desde terceros países por parte de nacionales del Reino Unido que se encuentran en el extranjero están prohibidos a menos que la exportación o el suministro hayan sido autorizados mediante una licencia otorgada por el Departamento de Asuntos Empresariales, Innovación y Especialización. Las prohibiciones y disposiciones para el otorgamiento de licencias están establecidas en el Decreto sobre el control de las exportaciones de 2008. Las licencias solo se expiden después de realizar una evaluación cuidadosa respecto de los criterios pertinentes, que incluyen las obligaciones del Reino Unido derivadas de las sanciones impuestas por las Naciones Unidas. Del mismo modo, las donaciones de bienes que pueden exportarse con licencia del Gobierno del Reino Unido a otro gobierno o a usuarios finales que se encuentren en el extranjero habitualmente se evalúan según las circunstancias de cada caso respecto de los criterios pertinentes, que incluyen las obligaciones del Reino Unido derivadas de las sanciones impuestas por las Naciones Unidas, no pudiendo hacerse donaciones en contravención a estas sanciones. En consecuencia, el Reino Unido no otorgará licencias para la exportación de armamento y material conexo a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia, ni aprobará las donaciones del Gobierno del Reino Unido, a menos que las exportaciones cumplan las condiciones establecidas en la resolución 1970 (2011) o sean necesarias para proteger a los civiles y a las zonas pobladas por civiles que estén bajo amenaza de ataque en la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia.",
"3. La Unión Europea tomó nuevas medidas, necesarias para aplicar el embargo de armas, que se establecen en la Decisión 2011/137/PESC del Consejo y en el Reglamento (CE) núm. 204/2011 del Consejo en su forma enmendada. Estos instrumentos tienen un efecto directo en todos los Estados miembros y en ellos se prohíbe vender, suministrar, transferir o exportar, directa o indirectamente, a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia una lista de equipos que pueden ser utilizados para la represión interna, así como facilitar, directa o indirectamente, asistencia técnica o financiera o servicios de intermediación relacionados con armamento o equipo que podría utilizarse para la represión interna. Estas medidas se aplican a actos realizados en el territorio de la Unión Europea, a bordo de toda aeronave o buque que dependa de la jurisdicción de un Estado miembro, a toda persona jurídica, entidad u organismo establecido en la Unión Europea y a los nacionales de los Estados miembros donde sea que se encuentren. En el Reglamento (CE) núm. 204/2011 del Consejo se pide a los Estados miembros que determinen el régimen de sanciones aplicables a las infracciones de las medidas que figuran en el Reglamento. En el Reino Unido estas sanciones se establecen en el Decreto sobre el control de las exportaciones (Libia) de 2011.",
"Cumplimiento de las medidas",
"4. Los Territorios de Ultramar del Reino Unido aplican el embargo de armas establecido en la resolución 1970 (2011) en virtud del Decreto sobre Libia (medidas restrictivas) (Territorios de Ultramar) de 2011 del Consejo Privado (excepto Gibraltar, que ha legislado de manera independiente). En los Territorios Dependientes de la Corona se aprobaron leyes por separado. En cada uno de ellos se han puesto en vigor medidas locales para el cumplimento de las resoluciones 1970 (2011) y 1973 (2011).",
"5. La Dirección de Aduanas y Rentas Públicas del Reino Unido sigue haciendo cumplir los controles existentes sobre la exportación de artículos militares y el sistema de licencias para exportaciones del Reino Unido para artículos y tecnología militar destinados a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia. Esto abarca bienes en tránsito o en trasbordo en el Reino Unido. La Dirección de Aduanas y Rentas Públicas y la Dirección de Fronteras del Reino Unido también están atentas al riesgo de que los artículos sometidos a control se exporten a destinos conocidos con el propósito de desviarlos y, mediante información de calidad, examinarán y, cuando corresponda, interceptarán e incautarán los artículos que podrían desviarse ilegalmente a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia.",
"6. Como parte de sus responsabilidades de aplicación de la ley, la Dirección de Aduanas y Rentas Públicas y la Dirección de Fronteras del Reino Unido también continúan asegurando la aplicación de los controles de uso final. Cuando se sospeche que los bienes requieren licencias de exportación del Departamento de Asuntos Empresariales, Innovación y Especialización, el envío será examinado y, dependiendo de las circunstancias del caso, será retenido. Si se determina que se ha intentado infringir los controles, podrán tomarse medidas para hacer cumplir las normas, que pueden incluir la incautación y la investigación penal cuando corresponda.",
"7. La Dirección de Aduanas y Rentas Públicas también hace cumplir la prohibición sobre el tráfico y los controles de intermediación en relación con artículos militares originados en la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia o con destino a ese país en los casos en que la actividad comercial se lleva a cabo en el Reino Unido, o en cualquier parte del mundo por parte de un nacional del Reino Unido o por personas que actúen en su nombre o bajo su dirección, o por entidades que sean de su propiedad o estén bajo el control de ellas.",
"8. En las Dependencias de la Corona y en los Territorios de Ultramar las autoridades correspondientes son quienes aplican el embargo de armas.",
"Congelación de activos",
"9. La Secretaría del Tesoro de Su Majestad se encarga de imponer las sanciones financieras en el Reino Unido. Las sanciones financieras previstas en la resolución 1970 (2011) se aplican en el Reino Unido en virtud del Decreto sobre Libia (sanciones financieras) de 2011 (“Decreto del Reino Unido”) y el Reglamento (CE) núm. 204/2011 del Consejo (“Reglamento del Consejo”), que tiene efecto jurídico directo en el Reino Unido. La aplicación del Reglamento del Consejo surge del Reglamento sobre Libia (sanciones financieras de la Comunidad Europea) de 2011 (Reglamento del Reino Unido). El Consejo de Seguridad decidió en la resolución 1970 (2011) que las medidas de congelación de activos se aplicaran a diversas personas y entidades que se incluyen en el anexo II de esa resolución o que el Comité de Sanciones designe. Esas personas y entidades están sujetas al Decreto del Reino Unido y al Reglamento del Consejo, que establecen la congelación de activos, de otros activos financieros y de los recursos económicos de las personas y entidades enumeradas por el Consejo de Seguridad o el Comité de Sanciones de acuerdo con el párrafo 24 de la resolución 1970 (2011).",
"10. El Decreto y el Reglamento del Reino Unido establecen:",
"a) La aplicación de sanciones penales, incluso para el incumplimiento de prohibiciones sobre operaciones con los fondos de personas sujetas a la congelación de activos en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011), o el suministro de esos fondos a estas personas, por parte de ciudadanos y personas jurídicas del Reino Unido;",
"b) La concesión de licencias por la Secretaría del Tesoro de Su Majestad, autoridad competente del Reino Unido para autorizar la operación con fondos, otros activos financieros o recursos económicos, o el suministro de estos, con las excepciones establecidas en la resolución 1970 (2011) y el Reglamento del Consejo.",
"11. La Secretaría del Tesoro de Su Majestad publica información sobre las sanciones financieras en su sitio web y mediante un sistema de alerta que transmite datos actualizados a aproximadamente 8.000 suscriptores. Esto ayuda a las instituciones financieras y de otro tipo a congelar los fondos y los recursos económicos de personas y entidades incluidas en la enumeración, a los efectos de cumplir con las obligaciones establecidas en la resolución 1970 (2011).",
"12. La Dirección de Servicios Financieros regula el sector de los servicios financieros en el Reino Unido y adopta un enfoque activo para que las empresas cuenten con sistemas y controles que les permitan cumplir la resolución 1970 (2011).",
"13. Las disposiciones sobre congelación de activos de la resolución 1970 (2011) se aplican en los Territorios de Ultramar del Reino Unido mediante el Decreto sobre Libia (medidas restrictivas) (Territorios de Ultramar) de 2011 (excepto Gibraltar, que ha legislado de manera independiente). En los Territorios Dependientes de la Corona las disposiciones sobre la congelación de activos se aplican de manera independiente.",
"Prohibición de viajar",
"14. El Reino Unido cumple con las disposiciones sobre la prohibición de viajar establecidas en las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad incluyéndolas en el Decreto sobre inmigración (designación de prohibiciones de viajar) de 2000 (“Decreto de 2000”). Este Decreto se dictó de conformidad con el artículo 8B de la Ley de inmigración de 1971 (enmendada) y entró en vigor el 10 de octubre de 2000. El efecto que produce la inclusión de prohibiciones de viajar en el Decreto de 2000 es que, a menos que se aplique alguna de las excepciones establecidas en el artículo 3 del Decreto de 2000, una persona nombrada o descrita en una prohibición de viajar pasa a ser una persona excluida y debe negarse su permiso para ingresar o permanecer en el Reino Unido, así como para transitar dentro de este. Todo permiso existente se cancela de manera automática y cesan todas las exenciones del control de inmigración, por ejemplo, en el caso de los diplomáticos.",
"15. En los Territorios Dependientes de la Corona y en los Territorios de Ultramar las disposiciones relativas a la prohibición de viajar establecida en las resoluciones se aplican de manera independiente.",
"Aplicación del párrafo 15 de la resolución 1970 (2011)",
"16. En el párrafo 15 de la resolución 1970 (2011) se pide a los Estados Miembros que adopten las medidas necesarias para impedir la entrada a sus territorios o el tránsito por ellos de las 16 personas incluidas en el anexo I o que posteriormente designe el Comité de Sanciones.",
"17. El Reino Unido respondió a este pedido mediante el Decreto sobre inmigración (designación de prohibiciones de viajar) (enmienda) de 2011 (Instrumento jurídico 2011 núm. 547). Este Decreto, que se elaboró el 27 de febrero de 2011 y entró en vigor el 28 de febrero de 2011, puede verse en:",
"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2011/547/pdfs/uksi_20110547_en.pdf.",
"El Decreto sobre inmigración (designación de prohibiciones de viajar) de 2000 puede verse en:",
"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2000/2724/pdfs/uksi_20002724_en.pdf."
] | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Note verbale dated 17 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee",
"The Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, and has the honour to transmit herewith its report pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) on the steps taken to implement paragraph 25 of that resolution (see annex).",
"Annex to the note verbale dated 17 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee",
"Implementation of sanctions",
"1. Paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) requires all Member States to report to the United Nations on the steps they have taken to implement the arms embargo, asset freeze and travel ban measures. The steps taken by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland pursuant to paragraph 25 are outlined below.",
"Arms embargo",
"Export background",
"2. The export from the United Kingdom, and in some circumstances the supply from third countries by United Kingdom nationals overseas, of all arms and related materiel is prohibited unless the export or supply has been authorized by a licence granted by the Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills. The relevant prohibitions and provisions for licensing are set out in the Export Control Order 2008. Licences are only granted after careful assessment against relevant criteria, including the United Kingdom’s obligations under sanctions imposed by the United Nations. Likewise, gifts of export licensable goods made by the Government of the United Kingdom to another Government or overseas end-users are usually assessed on a case-by-case basis against the relevant criteria, including the United Kingdom’s obligations under United Nations-imposed sanctions, and gifts will not be made in breach of the United Nations-imposed sanctions. As a result, the United Kingdom will not issue licences for export of arms and related materiel to Libya, or approve a gift by the Government of the United Kingdom, unless the export meets the conditions set out in resolution 1970 (2011) or is necessary to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack in Libya.",
"3. Further measures necessary to implement the arms embargo have been taken by the European Union and are set out in Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP and Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011, as amended. These instruments have direct effect in all member States and prohibit the sale, supply, transfer or export, directly or indirectly, to Libya of a list of equipment that could be used for internal repression and the provision, directly or indirectly, of technical or financial assistance or of brokering services related to arms or to equipment that could be used for internal repression. These measures apply to acts done within the European Union, on board any vessel or aircraft under the jurisdiction of a member State, to legal persons, bodies or entities established in the European Union, and to nationals of member States wherever they are located. Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 requires member States to lay down penalties for infringements of the measures contained in the Regulation. In the United Kingdom these penalties are set out in the Export Control (Libya) Order 2011.",
"Enforcement",
"4. The arms embargo in resolution 1970 (2011) is implemented in the United Kingdom’s overseas territories by The Libya (Restrictive Measures) (Overseas Territories) Order 2011, made by the Privy Council (except as regards Gibraltar, which has legislated independently). Separate legislation has been made in the Crown Dependencies: they have each brought into force domestic measures to implement resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011).",
"5. Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs continues to enforce existing controls on the export of military items and enforce the United Kingdom’s export licensing system on military goods and technology destined for Libya. This includes goods that are in transit or being trans-shipped through the United Kingdom. Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs and the United Kingdom Border Agency are also alert to the risk of controlled goods being exported to known diversionary destinations and, on the basis of good quality information, will examine and, where appropriate, detain and seize goods that are likely to be illegally diverted to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.",
"6. As part of their enforcement responsibilities, Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs and the United Kingdom Border Agency also continue to enforce end-use controls. Where goods are suspected of requiring export licences from the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, the consignment will be examined, and depending on the circumstances of the case, detained. If it is identified that an attempt has been made to breach controls, enforcement action may be taken which may include seizure and criminal investigation, where appropriate.",
"7. Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs also enforces the prohibition on trafficking and brokering controls in relation to military goods both originating in, and destined for, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, where the trade activity is undertaken within the United Kingdom or by a United Kingdom national anywhere in the world, or by individuals acting on their behalf or at their direction, or by entities owned or controlled by them.",
"8. The arms embargo is enforced in the Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories by their relevant authorities.",
"Asset freeze",
"9. Her Majesty’s Treasury is responsible for implementing financial sanctions within the United Kingdom. The financial sanctions element of resolution 1970 (2011) is implemented in the United Kingdom under the Libya (Financial Sanctions) Order 2011 (the “United Kingdom Order”) and under Council Regulation (EC) No. 204/2011 (the “European Union Regulation”), which has direct legal effect in the United Kingdom. Enforcement of the European Union Regulation is provided in the United Kingdom by the Libya (European Community Financial Sanctions) Regulations 2011 (the “United Kingdom Regulations”). The Security Council decided in resolution 1970 (2011) that asset-freezing measures should apply to various individuals and entities listed in annex II to that resolution or designated by the Sanctions Committee. Such individuals and entities are subject to the United Kingdom Order and the European Union Regulation, which provide for the freezing of funds, other financial assets and economic resources of those individuals and entities listed by the Security Council or by the Sanctions Committee in accordance with paragraph 24 of resolution 1970 (2011).",
"10. The United Kingdom Order and the United Kingdom Regulations provide for:",
"(a) Criminal penalties, including for any breaches of prohibitions on dealing with the funds of, or making funds available to, persons subject to asset freezes in accordance with resolution 1970 (2011) by United Kingdom citizens and legal bodies;",
"(b) Licences to be granted by Her Majesty’s Treasury as the United Kingdom’s competent authority to allow funds, other financial assets or economic resources to be dealt with or made available, consistent with the exemptions set out in resolution 1970 (2011) and the European Union Regulation.",
"11. Her Majesty’s Treasury publicizes information on financial sanctions on its website and through an alert system that updates approximately 8,000 subscribers. This assists financial institutions and others in freezing the funds and economic resources of listed persons and entities to ensure compliance with the obligations set out in resolution 1970 (2011).",
"12. The Financial Services Authority regulates the financial services industry in the United Kingdom and takes an active approach to ensuring that firms have systems and controls in place to comply with resolution 1970 (2011).",
"13. The asset-freeze provisions of resolution 1970 (2011) are implemented in the Overseas Territories by The Libya (Restrictive Measures) (Overseas Territories) Order 2011 (except for Gibraltar, which has legislated independently). The asset-freeze provisions are implemented independently in the Crown Dependencies.",
"Travel ban",
"14. The United Kingdom complies with the travel ban provisions in the Security Council resolutions by including them in the Immigration (Designation of Travel Bans) Order 2000 (“the 2000 Order”). This Order is made under section 8B of the Immigration Act 1971 (as amended) and came into force on 10 October 2000. The effect of including travel bans in the 2000 Order is that, unless subject to one of the exemptions set out in article 3 of the 2000 Order, a person named by or described in a designated travel ban is an excluded person and must be refused leave to enter or remain in the United Kingdom, including transit through the United Kingdom. Any existing leave is automatically cancelled and any exemption from immigration control e.g. as a diplomat, ceases.",
"15. The travel-ban provisions of the resolutions are implemented independently in the Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories.",
"Implementation of paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (2011)",
"16. Paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (2011) requires all Member States to take the necessary measures to prevent the entry into or transit through their territories of the 16 individuals listed in annex I and of any individuals designated subsequently by the Sanctions Committee.",
"17. The United Kingdom implemented this requirement by means of the Immigration (Designation of Travel Bans) (Amendment) Order 2011 (Statutory Instrument 2011 No. 547). This Order was made on 27 February 2011 and came into force on 28 February 2011. The Order may be viewed at: http://www.legislation. gov.uk/uksi/2011/547/pdfs/uksi_20110547_en.pdf. The Immigration (Designation of Travel Bans) Order 2000 may be viewed at: http://www.legislation. gov.uk/uksi/2000/2724/pdfs/uksi_20002724_en.pdf."
] | S_AC.52_2011_7 | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Note verbale dated 17 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"The Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit herewith its report prepared pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) on the measures taken to implement paragraph 25 of that resolution (see annex).",
"Annex to the note verbale dated 17 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"Implementation of sanctions",
"1. Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), paragraph 25, calls upon all Member States to inform the United Nations of the measures they have taken to implement the arms embargo, asset freeze and travel ban measures. The actions taken by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland under paragraph 25.",
"Arms embargo",
"Background on exports",
"2. The export of arms and related materials from the United Kingdom and, in some circumstances, their supply from third countries by United Kingdom nationals abroad is prohibited unless export or supply has been authorized by a license granted by the Department of Business Affairs, Innovation and Specialization. Prohibitions and provisions for licensing are set out in the 2008 Export Control Decree. Licences are issued only after careful evaluation of the relevant criteria, which include United Kingdom obligations arising from United Nations sanctions. Similarly, donations of goods that may be exported on leave from the Government of the United Kingdom to another Government or to end users abroad are usually assessed on the basis of the circumstances of each case with respect to the relevant criteria, which include the United Kingdom ' s obligations arising from United Nations sanctions, and cannot be made in contravention of these sanctions. Accordingly, the United Kingdom shall not grant licences for the export of arms and related materiel to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, nor approve donations from the Government of the United Kingdom, unless exports comply with the conditions set out in resolution 1970 (2011) or are necessary to protect civilians and areas populated by civilians under threat of attack in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.",
"3. The European Union took further steps, necessary to implement the arms embargo, as set out in Council Decision 2011/137/SC and Regulation (EC) No. 204/2011 of the Council as amended. These instruments have a direct effect on all member States and are prohibited from selling, supplying, transferring or exporting, directly or indirectly, to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya a list of equipment that can be used for internal repression, as well as providing, directly or indirectly, technical or financial assistance or brokering services related to armament or equipment that could be used for internal repression. These measures apply to acts carried out in the territory of the European Union, on board any aircraft or vessel that depends on the jurisdiction of a member State, any legal person, entity or agency established in the European Union and nationals of Member States where they are located. Regulation (EC) No. 204/2011 of the Council Member States are requested to determine the sanctions regime applicable to violations of the measures contained in the Regulations. In the United Kingdom these sanctions are set out in the 2011 Export Control (Libya) Decree.",
"Compliance with measures",
"4. The Overseas Territories of the United Kingdom apply the arms embargo established in resolution 1970 (2011) under the Libyan Decree (Restrictive Measures) of 2011 of the Private Council (except Gibraltar, which has legislated independently). Separate laws were adopted in the Crown Dependencies. Each has put in place local measures for the implementation of resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011).",
"5. The United Kingdom Customs and Public Income Authority continues to enforce existing controls on the export of military goods and the United Kingdom export licensing system for military goods and technology for the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. This includes goods in transit or transfer in the United Kingdom. The Customs and Public Income Authority and the United Kingdom Border Authority are also at risk of export of controlled items to known destinations for diversion and, through quality information, will review and, where appropriate, intercept and confiscate items that could be illegally diverted to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.",
"6. As part of its law enforcement responsibilities, the Customs and Public Revenue Authority and the United Kingdom Border Authority also continue to ensure the implementation of final-use controls. When goods are suspected to require export licences from the Department of Business Affairs, Innovation and Specialization, the shipment will be reviewed and, depending on the circumstances of the case, will be retained. If an attempt has been made to violate the controls, measures may be taken to enforce the rules, which may include seizure and criminal investigation where appropriate.",
"7. The Directorate of Customs and Public Income also enforces the ban on trafficking and brokering controls in relation to military items originating in or destined for the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in cases where business is carried out in the United Kingdom, or in any part of the world by a national of the United Kingdom or by persons acting on their behalf or under their direction, or by entities that are owned or controlled by them.",
"8. In the Crown Units and in the Overseas Territories, the relevant authorities apply the arms embargo.",
"Asset freeze",
"9. The Treasury Secretariat of His Majesty is responsible for imposing financial sanctions in the United Kingdom. The financial sanctions provided for in resolution 1970 (2011) apply to the United Kingdom under the 2011 Libya Decree (financial sanctions) (“United Kingdom Decree”) and Regulation (EC) No. 204/2011 of the Council (“Council Regulation”), which has a direct legal effect in the United Kingdom. The implementation of the Council Regulations stems from the 2011 Regulation on Libya (financial sanctions of the European Community) (United Kingdom Regulation). The Security Council decided in resolution 1970 (2011) that asset freeze measures should be applied to a number of individuals and entities included in annex II to that resolution or designated by the Sanctions Committee. These individuals and entities are subject to the UK Decree and the Council Regulation, which provide for the freezing of assets, other financial assets and the economic resources of individuals and entities listed by the Security Council or the Sanctions Committee in accordance with paragraph 24 of resolution 1970 (2011).",
"10. The UK Decree and Regulations provide:",
"(a) The application of criminal sanctions, including for non-compliance with prohibitions on operations with funds of persons subject to the asset freeze pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011), or the provision of such funds to such persons by citizens and legal persons of the United Kingdom;",
"(b) The granting of licences by the Treasury Secretariat of His Majesty, the competent authority of the United Kingdom to authorize the operation with funds, other financial assets or economic resources, or the provision thereof, with the exceptions set out in resolution 1970 (2011) and the Council Regulation.",
"11. The Treasury Secretariat of His Majesty publishes information on financial sanctions on its website and through an alert system that transmits up-to-date data to approximately 8,000 subscribers. This helps financial and other institutions to freeze the funds and economic resources of listed individuals and entities in order to meet the obligations set out in resolution 1970 (2011).",
"12. The Financial Services Directorate regulates the financial services sector in the United Kingdom and adopts an active approach for companies to have systems and controls to enable them to comply with resolution 1970 (2011).",
"13. The assets freeze provisions of resolution 1970 (2011) apply to the Overseas Territories of the United Kingdom through the Libya Decree (Restrictive Measures) (Extramar Territories) 2011 (except Gibraltar, which has legislated independently). In the Crown Dependent Territories, the asset freeze provisions are applied independently.",
"Travel ban",
"14. The United Kingdom complies with the travel ban provisions set out in Security Council resolutions by including them in the Immigration Decree (designation of travel bans) of 2000 (“Decree 2000”). This Decree was issued in accordance with article 8B of the Immigration Act 1971 (amended) and entered into force on 10 October 2000. The effect of including travel bans in the 2000 Decree is that, unless any of the exceptions set out in article 3 of the 2000 Decree apply, a person named or described in a travel ban becomes an excluded person and his/her permission to enter or stay in the United Kingdom, as well as to travel within the United Kingdom must be denied. Any existing permit is automatically cancelled and all exemptions from immigration control cease, for example in the case of diplomats.",
"15. In the Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories, the travel ban provisions set out in the resolutions apply independently.",
"Implementation of paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (2011)",
"16. In paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (2011), Member States are requested to take the necessary measures to prevent the entry into or transit through their territories of the 16 persons included in annex I or subsequently designated by the Sanctions Committee.",
"17. The United Kingdom responded to this request through the Immigration Decree (designation of travel bans) (Amendment) 2011 (Legal Instrument 2011 No. 547). This Decree, which was prepared on 27 February 2011 and entered into force on 28 February 2011, can be seen as:",
"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2011/547/pdfs/uksi_20110547_en.pdf",
"The Immigration Decree (designation of travel bans) of 2000 can be found in:",
"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2000/2724/pdfs/uksi_20002724_en.pdf."
] |
[
"Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia",
"Nota verbal de fecha 5 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente del Iraq ante las Naciones Unidas",
"La Misión Permanente de la República del Iraq ante las Naciones Unidas saluda atentamente al Presidente del Comité establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia y tiene el honor de transmitir adjunto el informe del Gobierno del Iraq sobre las medidas adoptadas para aplicar la resolución 1970 (2011) (véase el anexo).",
"Anexo de la nota verbal de fecha 5 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente del Iraq ante las Naciones Unidas",
"Informe sobre la aplicación de la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad",
"El Ministerio del Interior de la República del Iraq ha dado instrucciones a todas las autoridades competentes para que se impida la entrada a su territorio o el tránsito por él hacia otros países de las personas incluidas en la “prohibición de viajar” adjunta a la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad.",
"El Banco Central del Iraq ha ordenado a todos los bancos e instituciones que realizan transferencias de dinero congelar todas las cuentas o depósitos sujetos a la congelación de activos de las personas incluidas en la lista de “congelación de activos” adjunta a la resolución 1970 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad."
] | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Note verbale dated 5 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee",
"The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Iraq to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Government of Iraq on measures taken to implement resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).",
"Annex to the note verbale dated 5 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee",
"Report on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)",
"The Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Iraq instructed all authorities concerned to prevent the entry of the persons listed in the “travel ban”, attached to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), to enter Iraqi territories or transit through Iraq into other countries.",
"The Central Bank of Iraq instructed all banks and money-transferring companies to freeze any accounts or deposits, which are subject to the freezing of assets, belonging to the persons listed in the “assets freeze”, attached to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)."
] | S_AC.52_2011_36 | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Note verbale dated 5 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Iraq to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Government of Iraq on the measures taken to implement resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).",
"Annex to the note verbale dated 5 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"Report on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)",
"The Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Iraq has instructed all competent authorities to prevent the entry into or transit through its territory to other countries of the persons included in the " travel ban " attached to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011).",
"The Central Bank of Iraq has ordered all banks and institutions that carry out money transfers to freeze all accounts or deposits subject to the assets freeze of the listed “asset freeze” attached to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)."
] |
[
"Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia",
"Carta de fecha 5 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por el Encargado de Negocios interino de la Misión Permanente de Turquía ante las Naciones Unidas",
"De conformidad con las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad 1970 (2011) y 1973 (2011), y con referencia a su carta de fecha 21 de junio de 2011, por la que se recuerda a los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas que informen al Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia de las medidas adoptadas para aplicar efectivamente lo dispuesto en los párrafos 9, 10, 15 y 17 de la citada resolución, tengo el honor de proporcionar la información que figura a continuación.",
"A fin de aplicar las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad 1970 (2011) y 1973 (2011), el Consejo de Ministros de la República de Turquía adoptó, el 21 de junio de 2011, una decisión común (2011/2001), en la que se detallan todas las obligaciones dimanadas de los párrafos 9, 10, 15 y 17 de la resolución 1970 (2011) y de los párrafos 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 (zona de prohibición de vuelos), 13 a 16 (cumplimiento del embargo de armas), 17 y 18 (prohibición de vuelos) y 19 a 21 (congelación de activos) de la resolución 1973 (2011).",
"Con la mencionada decisión del Consejo de Ministros, todas las obligaciones previstas en las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad 1970 (2011) y 1973 (2011) se han incorporado a la legislación de Turquía y, en consecuencia, tienen efectos vinculantes inmediatos para todos los ministerios, organismos e institutos nacionales, así como para las personas.",
"Asimismo, de conformidad con la decisión del Consejo de Ministros, se ha otorgado al Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores la autoridad para coordinar la aplicación plena, eficaz y oportuna de la decisión."
] | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Letter dated 5 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee",
"In accordance with Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) and with reference to your letter dated 21 June 2011, in which States Members of the United Nations are reminded to inform the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya of the steps they have taken with a view to implementing effectively paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of the resolution cited above, I have the pleasure to provide you with the information below.",
"The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Turkey, with a view to implementing Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), has adopted a common decision (2011/2001) on 21 June 2011, in which all the obligations stemming from articles 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) and paragraphs 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 (no fly zone), 13-16 (enforcement of arms embargo), 17, 18 (ban on flights) and 19-21 (asset freeze) of resolution 1973 (2011) have been scrupulously depicted.",
"With the decision of the Council of Ministers referred to above, all the obligations stipulated in Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) have been incorporated into Turkish legislation and thus have immediate binding effect upon all domestic ministries, agencies and institutes, as well as with individuals.",
"Furthermore, in accordance with the decision of the Council of Ministers, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has been accorded the authority to coordinate the full, effective and timely implementation of the decision."
] | S_AC.52_2011_37 | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Letter dated 5 July 2011 from the Chargé d ' affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"In accordance with Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), and with reference to your letter dated 21 June 2011, reminding States Members of the United Nations to report to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on measures taken to effectively implement the provisions of paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of the above-mentioned resolution, I have the honour to provide the information below.",
"In order to implement Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Turkey adopted, on 21 June 2011, a common decision (2011/2001), detailing all obligations arising from paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) and paragraphs 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 (flight zone), 13 to 16 (flight of the arms embargo), 17 and 18 (flying the arms embargo)",
"With the above-mentioned decision of the Council of Ministers, all obligations under Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) have been incorporated into Turkey ' s legislation and therefore have immediate binding effects on all national ministries, agencies and institutes, as well as on individuals.",
"In accordance with the decision of the Council of Ministers, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has been given the authority to coordinate the full, effective and timely implementation of the decision."
] |
[
"Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones",
"Solicitud de inclusión de un tema suplementario en el programa del sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones",
"Financiación de la Fuerza Provisional de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas para Abyei",
"Nota del Secretario General",
"1. El Secretario General tiene el honor de solicitar, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 14 del reglamento de la Asamblea General, la inclusión de un tema suplementario titulado “Financiación de la Fuerza Provisional de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas para Abyei” en el programa del sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General.",
"2. Habida cuenta de la naturaleza del tema, el Secretario General solicita además que se asigne a la Quinta Comisión."
] | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session",
"Financing of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei",
"Note by the Secretary-General",
"1. The Secretary-General has the honour to request, pursuant to rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of a supplementary item entitled “Financing of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei”.",
"2. Owing to the nature of the item, the Secretary-General further requests that it be allocated to the Fifth Committee."
] | A_66_194 | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session",
"Financing of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei",
"Note by the Secretary-General",
"1. The Secretary-General has the honour to request, in accordance with rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the inclusion of a supplementary item entitled “Financing of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei” in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.",
"2. In view of the nature of the item, the Secretary-General further requests that the Fifth Committee be allocated."
] |
[
"Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones",
"Solicitud de inclusión de un tema suplementario en el programa del sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones",
"Financiación de la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Sudán del Sur",
"Nota del Secretario General",
"1. El Secretario General tiene el honor de solicitar, de conformidad con el artículo 14 del reglamento de la Asamblea General, que se incluya en el programa del sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones un tema suplementario titulado “Financiación de la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Sudán del Sur”.",
"2. Habida cuenta de la naturaleza del tema, el Secretario General solicita además que se asigne a la Quinta Comisión."
] | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session",
"Financing of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan",
"Note by the Secretary-General",
"1. The Secretary-General has the honour to request, pursuant to rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of a supplementary item entitled “Financing of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan”.",
"2. Owing to the nature of the item, the Secretary-General further requests that it be allocated to the Fifth Committee."
] | A_66_195 | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session",
"Financing of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan",
"Note by the Secretary-General",
"1. The Secretary-General has the honour to request, in accordance with rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, that an additional item entitled “Financing of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan” be included in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session.",
"2. In view of the nature of the item, the Secretary-General further requests that the Fifth Committee be allocated."
] |
[
"Carta de fecha 28 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad",
"Tengo el honor de comunicarle que su carta de fecha 26 de julio de 2011 (S/2011/468) relativa a su intención de nombrar a Albert Gerard Koenders (Países Bajos) su Representante Especial para Côte d’Ivoire y Jefe de la Operación de las Naciones Unidas en Côte d’Ivoire (ONUCI) ha sido señalada a la atención de los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad, quienes toman nota de la intención que manifiesta en esa carta.",
"(Firmado) Peter Wittig Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad"
] | [
"Letter dated 28 July 2011 from President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General",
"I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 26 July 2011 (S/2011/468) concerning your intention to appoint Albert Gerard Koenders (Netherlands) as your Special Representative for Côte d’Ivoire and Head of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) has been brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council. They take note of the intention contained in your letter.",
"(Signed) Peter Wittig President of the Security Council"
] | S_2011_469 | [
"Letter dated 28 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council to the Secretary-General",
"I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 26 July 2011 (S/2011/468) concerning your intention to appoint Albert Gerard Koenders (Netherlands) as your Special Representative for Côte d’Ivoire and Head of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) has been brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council, who take note of the intention expressed in that letter.",
"(Signed) Peter Wittig President of the Security Council"
] |
[
"Carta de fecha 26 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Secretario General",
"Tengo el honor de referirme a la Operación de las Naciones Unidas en Côte d’Ivoire (ONUCI), establecida el 4 de abril de 2004 en virtud de la resolución 1524 (2004) y recientemente prorrogada por el Consejo de Seguridad hasta el 31 de julio de 2011 en virtud de la resolución 1981 (2011) .",
"Tras celebrar las consultas habituales, le comunico mi intención de nombrar a Albert Gerard Koenders (Países Bajos) como mi Representante Especial para Côte d’Ivoire y Jefe de la ONUCI, en sustitución de Choi Young-jin (República de Corea), cuyo período de servicio terminará el 31 de agosto de 2011. Aprovecho esta oportunidad para expresar mi gratitud al Sr. Choi por su dedicación en unos tiempos muy difíciles y su eficaz liderazgo de la ONUCI.",
"Le agradecería que tuviera a bien señalar este asunto a la atención de los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad.",
"(Firmado) BAN Ki-moon"
] | [
"Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council",
"I have the honour to refer to the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI), established on 4 April 2004 pursuant to resolution 1524 (2004) and recently extended by the Security Council in resolution 1981 (2011) until 31 July 2011.",
"Following the usual consultations, I would like to inform you of my intention to appoint Albert Gerard Koenders (Netherlands) as my Special Representative for Côte d’Ivoire and Head of UNOCI. Mr. Koenders will replace Choi Young-jin (Republic of Korea), who will complete his assignment on 31 August 2011. I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to Mr. Choi for his dedication during a very challenging period and for his effective leadership of UNOCI.",
"I should be grateful if you would bring this matter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.",
"(Signed) BAN Ki-moon"
] | S_2011_468 | [
"Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council",
"I have the honour to refer to the United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire (UNOCI), established on 4 April 2004 by resolution 1524 (2004) and recently extended by the Security Council until 31 July 2011 by resolution 1981 (2011).",
"Following the usual consultations, I would like to inform you of my intention to appoint Albert Gerard Koenders (Netherlands) as my Special Representative for Côte d’Ivoire and Chief of UNOCI, replacing Choi Young-jin (Republic of Korea), whose term of service will expire on 31 August 2011. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to Mr. Choi for his dedication in very difficult times and his effective leadership of UNOCI.",
"I should be grateful if you would bring this matter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.",
"(Signed) BAN Ki-moon"
] |
[
"Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia",
"Carta de fecha 24 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por el Representante Permanente de Polonia ante las Naciones Unidas",
"Tengo el honor de adjuntar a la presente un informe acerca de las medidas adoptadas por la República de Polonia en relación con la aplicación de las medidas impuestas por el Consejo de Seguridad en su resolución 1970 (2011) (véase el anexo).",
"Si el Comité así lo solicita, el Gobierno de Polonia está en condiciones de proporcionar información adicional y prestar asistencia para evaluar la aplicación de la resolución.",
"(Firmado) Witold Sobków Embajador Representante Permanente",
"Anexo de la carta de fecha 24 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por el Representante Permanente de Polonia ante las Naciones Unidas",
"Informe sobre la aplicación de la resolución 1970 (2011), aprobada por el Consejo de Seguridad el 26 de febrero de 2011 y relativa a la adopción de medidas restrictivas contra la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia",
"De conformidad con el párrafo 25 de la resolución 1970 (2011), la República de Polonia presenta las medidas adoptadas para aplicar de manera eficaz la resolución citada anteriormente.",
"Proteger las fronteras nacionales y garantizar la seguridad del transporte marítimo",
"Se comunicó a los directores de las Oficinas Marítimas la aprobación de la resolución 1970 (2011), así como la necesidad de informar al Departamento de Seguridad del Transporte Marítimo del Ministerio de Infraestructura acerca de cada uno de los casos en los que se sospeche una violación de los párrafos 9 y 10 (de la prohibición de importar y exportar armas) por parte de una embarcación en los espacios marítimos polacos. Hasta la fecha, no se ha registrado ninguna violación de este tipo.",
"Asimismo, la dirección de la Guardia Nacional de Fronteras garantizó la correcta aplicación de la resolución 1970 (2011), especialmente en lo relativo al párrafo 15 (la prohibición de viajar a las personas incluidas en el anexo I de dicha resolución). La información personal de los 16 ciudadanos libios se introdujo en una base de datos, lo que ayuda a la Guardia Nacional de Fronteras a evitar su entrada al territorio polaco o su tránsito por el mismo.",
"Asuntos financieros",
"Como miembro de la Unión Europea, Polonia aplica las medidas restrictivas contra la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia impuestas por el Consejo de Seguridad en su resolución 1970 (2011), a través de la aplicación directa de las disposiciones enunciadas en el Reglamento (UE) núm. 204/2011 del Consejo de 2 de marzo de 2011 relativo a las medidas restrictivas habida cuenta de la situación en Libia, así como las posteriores enmiendas a la lista de entidades afectadas. El Reglamento antes mencionado se aprobó de conformidad con la Decisión 2011/137/PESC del Consejo, que proporciona un enfoque común de la cuestión con el objetivo de garantizar la aplicación uniforme de las medidas por parte de todos los afectados.",
"Como se estipula de forma explícita en el artículo 5 del Reglamento, las instituciones tienen la obligación de inmovilizar todos los activos cuya propiedad, control o tenencia corresponda a las personas, entidades u organismos enumerados en los anexos II y III. En el anexo II, se especifica la lista de personas físicas y jurídicas, entidades y organismos designados por el Consejo de Seguridad o el Comité de Sanciones, de conformidad con el párrafo 22 de la resolución 1970/2011, mientras que el anexo III consta de la lista de personas físicas o jurídicas, entidades y organismos que no recoge el anexo II y que, de conformidad con el artículo 6(1) de la Decisión 2011/137/PESC del Consejo, el Consejo de la Unión Europea identificó como personas y entidades que habían cometido violaciones graves de los derechos humanos en Libia. El Reglamento también recoge las excepciones pertinentes establecidas de conformidad con los artículos 18 a 20 de la resolución antes mencionada.",
"Por otra parte, debe señalarse que la Ley de 16 de noviembre de 2000 relativa a la prevención del blanqueo de dinero y la financiación del terrorismo proporciona, a nivel nacional, un procedimiento que permite a la autoridad competente, en determinadas circunstancias, desbloquear los activos congelados y establece multas en caso de incumplimiento de la obligación. Como ya se ha mencionado anteriormente, cada institución está obligada, en virtud de la ley, a cumplir con el deber de inmovilizar activos derivado del Reglamento, así como a presentar los datos correspondientes a la congelación ante dicha autoridad.",
"Exportación de armas",
"En lo que respecta a la exportación de armas, existe una cooperación muy estrecha entre los servicios e instituciones competentes del sector de la seguridad. Desde la entrada en vigor de la resolución, no se ha informado acerca de ninguna transferencia de equipo, armamentos o munición a Libia por parte de Polonia. Además, el Ministerio de Economía examinó los permisos de transferencia de armas al extranjero que seguían siendo válidos y anuló uno de ellos, que guardaba relación con la exportación de armas a Libia."
] | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Poland to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee",
"I have the honour to submit herewith the report on the steps taken by the Republic of Poland on the implementation of the measures imposed by the Security Council in its resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).",
"If requested by the Committee, my Government stands ready to provide further information and to assist in the assessment of the implementation of the resolution.",
"(Signed) Witold Sobków Ambassador Permanent Representative",
"Annex to the letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Poland to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee",
"Report on the implementation of resolution 1970 (2011) adopted by the Security Council on 26 February 2011, concerning restrictive measures against the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"The Republic of Poland, in accordance with paragraph 25 of resolution 1970 (2011), would like to submit all measures which have been taken to implement effectively the above-mentioned resolution.",
"Protection of the national border and securing the safety of shipping",
"The Directors of the Maritime Offices were notified about the adoption of resolution 1970 (2011) and about the need to inform the Shipping Safety Department in the Ministry of Infrastructure of every case where a breach of paragraphs 9 and 10 (prohibition of the import and export of arms) is suspected on the part of a ship in the Polish maritime areas. So far no such cases have been noted.",
"The National Border Guard Headquarters assured the correct implementation of resolution 1970 (2011), especially where paragraph 15 is concerned (the travel ban on persons listed in annex I to the resolution). The personal data of 16 citizens of Libya was placed in a database, which helps the National Border Guard to prevent their entry to or transit through Polish territory.",
"Financial affairs",
"Poland, as a member of the European Union, implements the restrictive measures against the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya imposed by the Security Council in its resolution 1970 (2011) by direct application of the provisions set forth in Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 of 2 March 2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya and following regulations amending the list of entities concerned. The aforesaid Regulation was adopted in line with Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, providing a common approach to the issue and with a view to ensuring uniform application of the measures by all concerned.",
"As explicitly stipulated in article 5 of the Regulation, it is mandatory for institutions to freeze assets belonging to, owned, held or controlled by the persons, entities and bodies listed in annexes II and III. Annex II includes the natural or legal persons, entities and bodies designated by the Security Council or by the Sanctions Committee in accordance with paragraph 22 of resolution 1970 (2011), whereas annex III consists of natural or legal persons, entities and bodies not covered by annex II which, in accordance with article 6(l) of Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, have been identified by the Council of the European Union as being persons and entities involved in serious human rights abuses in Libya. The Regulation also provides for relevant exemptions laid down in line with articles 18 to 20 of the aforementioned resolution.",
"It should also be noted that the Act of 16 November 2000 on counteracting money-laundering and financing of terrorism provides, at the national level, a procedure enabling the competent authority to release under enumerated circumstances frozen assets, and sets forth penalties for infringement of the obligation to freeze assets. As stated above, each institution is required by virtue of law to fulfil the obligation to freeze assets arising from the Regulation and to submit all the data pertinent to the freeze to the said authority.",
"Arms export",
"In the field of arms export, there is close cooperation between the appropriate services and institutions in the security sector. Since the entry into force of the resolution, there has been no notification about the transfer of equipment, armaments or ammunition to Libya from Poland. Furthermore, the Ministry of Economy had reviewed all permissions for the transfer of armaments abroad that were still valid and cancelled one of them, which related to the export of arms to Libya."
] | S_AC.52_2011_26 | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"Letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Poland to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"I have the honour to transmit herewith a report on the measures taken by the Republic of Poland regarding the implementation of the measures imposed by the Security Council in its resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).",
"If the Committee so requests, the Government of Poland is in a position to provide additional information and assist in assessing the implementation of the resolution.",
"(Signed) Witold Sobków Embajador Representante Permanente",
"Annex to the letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Poland to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"Report on the implementation of resolution 1970 (2011), adopted by the Security Council on 26 February 2011 and on restrictive measures against the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya",
"In accordance with paragraph 25 of resolution 1970 (2011), the Republic of Poland submits the measures taken to effectively implement the above-mentioned resolution.",
"Protect national borders and ensure the safety of maritime transport",
"The directors of the Maritime Offices were informed of the adoption of resolution 1970 (2011), as well as the need to inform the Department of Maritime Transport Security of the Ministry of Infrastructure about each of the cases in which a violation of paragraphs 9 and 10 (of the ban on importing and exporting weapons) was suspected by a boat in the Polish maritime areas. To date, no such violation has been recorded.",
"In addition, the leadership of the National Border Guard ensured the correct implementation of resolution 1970 (2011), especially with regard to paragraph 15 (the ban on travel to persons included in annex I to that resolution). The personal information of the 16 Libyan citizens was introduced into a database, which helps the National Border Guard to prevent their entry into or transit into Polish territory.",
"Financial matters",
"As a member of the European Union, Poland applies the restrictive measures against the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya imposed by the Security Council in its resolution 1970 (2011), through the direct application of the provisions set out in Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 of the Council of 2 March 2011 on restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya, as well as subsequent amendments to the list of affected entities. The above-mentioned Regulations were adopted in accordance with Council Decision 2011/137/SC, which provides a common approach to the issue with the objective of ensuring the uniform application of the measures by all affected persons.",
"As explicitly stipulated in article 5 of the Regulations, institutions have an obligation to immobilize all assets whose ownership, control or possession corresponds to the individuals, entities or agencies listed in annexes II and III. Annex II specifies the list of individuals and legal entities, entities and agencies designated by the Security Council or the Sanctions Committee, in accordance with paragraph 22 of resolution 1970/2011, while annex III consists of the list of individuals or legal entities, entities and agencies not listed in annex II and which, in accordance with article 6(1) of the Council ' s Decision 2011/137/PESC, the Council of the European Union identified serious persons and persons. The Regulations also reflect the relevant exceptions established in accordance with articles 18 to 20 of the above-mentioned resolution.",
"On the other hand, it should be noted that the Act of 16 November 2000 on the prevention of money-laundering and the financing of terrorism provides, at the national level, a procedure that allows the competent authority, in certain circumstances, to unlock frozen assets and establishes fines in the event of breach of the obligation. As mentioned above, each institution is obliged, under the law, to comply with the duty to immobilize assets derived from the Regulations, as well as to submit the data relating to the freeze to that authority.",
"Export of arms",
"With regard to the export of weapons, there was close cooperation between the relevant security sector services and institutions. Since the entry into force of the resolution, no transfer of equipment, armaments or ammunition to Libya by Poland has been reported. In addition, the Ministry of Economy reviewed the arms transfer permits to the foreigner that remained valid and cancelled one of them, which was related to the export of arms to Libya."
] |
[
"Presidente:\tSr. Wittig\t(Alemania) \nMiembros:\tBosnia y Herzegovina\tSr. Vukašinović\n Brasil Sra. Dunlop \n China Sr. Sun Xiaobo \n Colombia Sr. Alzate \n Estados Unidos de América Sra. DiCarlo \n Federación de Rusia Sr. Pankin \n Francia Sr. Bonne \n Gabón Sr. Messone \n\tIndia\tSr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Líbano Sr. Ramadan \n Nigeria Sr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Sr. Moraes Cabral \n\tReino Unido de Gran Bretaña eIrlanda del Norte\tSir Mark LyallGrant\n Sudáfrica Sr. Sangqu",
"Orden del día",
"La situación en Somalia",
"Carta de fecha 18 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Presidente del Comité del Consejo de Seguridad dimanante de las resoluciones 751 (1992) y 1907 (2009) relativas a Somalia y Eritrea (S/2011/433)",
"Se abre la sesión a las 17.30 horas.",
"Aprobación del orden del día",
"Queda aprobado el orden del día.",
"La situación en Somalia",
"Carta de fecha 18 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Presidente del Comité del Consejo de Seguridad dimanante de las resoluciones 751 (1992) y 1907 (2009) relativas a Somalia y Eritrea (S/2011/433)",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): El Consejo de Seguridad comenzará ahora el examen del tema que figura en el orden del día.",
"Los miembros del Consejo tienen ante sí el documento S/2011/470, que contiene el texto de un proyecto de resolución presentado por Francia, Gabón, Alemania y el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte.",
"Deseo señalar a la atención de los miembros del Consejo el documento S/2011/433, que contiene una carta de fecha 18 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Presidente del Comité del Consejo de Seguridad dimanante de las resoluciones 751 (1992) y 1907 (2009) relativas a Somalia y Eritrea, por la que se transmite el informe del Grupo de supervisión para Somalia y Eritrea.",
"Entiendo que el Consejo está dispuesto a proceder a la votación del proyecto de resolución que tiene ante sí.",
"Someteré ahora a votación el proyecto de resolución.",
"Se procede a votación ordinaria.",
"Votos a favor:",
"Bosnia y Herzegovina, Brasil, China, Colombia, Francia, Gabón, Alemania, India, Líbano, Nigeria, Portugal, Federación de Rusia, Sudáfrica, Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña a Irlanda del Norte, Estados Unidos de América.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Se han emitido 15 votos a favor. Por consiguiente, el proyecto de resolución ha sido aprobado por unanimidad como resolución 2002 (2011).",
"El Consejo de Seguridad ha concluido así la presente etapa del examen del tema que figura en el orden del día. El Consejo de Seguridad seguirá ocupándose de la cuestión.",
"Se levanta la sesión a las 17.35 horas."
] | [
"President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Vukašinović\n Brazil Mrs. Dunlop \n China Mr. Sun Xiaobo \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Bonne \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n\tIndia\tMr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Lebanon Mr. Ramadan \n Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Mr. Cabral \n Russian Federation Mr. Pankin \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tSir Mark LyallGrant\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo",
"Agenda",
"The situation in Somalia",
"Letter dated 18 July 2011 from the Chairman of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council (S/2011/433)",
"The meeting was called to order at 5.30 p.m.",
"Adoption of the agenda",
"The agenda was adopted.",
"The situation in Somalia",
"Letter dated 18 July 2011 from the Chairman of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council (S/2011/433)",
"The President: The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.",
"Members of the Council have before them document S/2011/470, which contains the text of a draft resolution submitted by France, Gabon, Germany and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.",
"I wish to draw the attention of Council members to document S/2011/433, which contains a letter dated 18 July 2011 from the Chairman of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992)",
"and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council, transmitting the Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea.",
"It is my understanding that the Council is ready to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it.",
"I shall now put the draft resolution to the vote.",
"A vote was taken by show of hands.",
"In favour:",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, China, Colombia, France, Gabon, Germany, India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, Russian Federation, South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America.",
"The President: There were 15 votes in favour. The draft resolution has been adopted unanimously as resolution 2002 (2011).",
"The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda. The Council will remain seized of the matter.",
"The meeting rose at 5.35 p.m."
] | S_PV.6596 | [
"Chairman: Mr. Wittig (Germany) Members: Bosnia and Herzegovina Mr. Vukašinović Brasil Sra. Dunlop China Mr. Sun Xiaobo Colombia Sr. Alzate United States of America Ms. DiCarlo Russian Federation Mr. Pankin France Mr. Bonne Gabon Mr. Messone India Sr. Manjeev SinghPuri Lebanon Mr. Ramadan Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori Portugal Mr. Moraes Cabral United Kingdom of Great Britain Northern Ireland Sir Mark LyallGrant South Africa Mr. Sangqu",
"Agenda",
"The situation in Somalia",
"Letter dated 18 July 2011 from the Chairman of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council (S/2011/433)",
"The meeting was called to order at 5.30 p.m.",
"Adoption of the agenda",
"The agenda was adopted.",
"The situation in Somalia",
"Letter dated 18 July 2011 from the Chairman of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council (S/2011/433)",
"The President: The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on the agenda.",
"The members of the Council have before them document S/2011/470, which contains the text of a draft resolution submitted by France, Gabon, Germany and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.",
"I should like to draw the attention of the members of the Council to document S/2011/433, which contains a letter dated 18 July 2011 from the Chairman of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council, transmitting the report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea.",
"I understand that the Council is prepared to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it.",
"I shall now put to the vote the draft resolution.",
"A regular vote was taken.",
"In favour:",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, China, Colombia, France, Gabon, Germany, India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America.",
"The President: 15 votes have been cast in favour. The draft resolution has therefore been adopted unanimously as resolution 2002 (2011).",
"The Security Council has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of the item on the agenda. The Security Council will remain seized of the matter.",
"The meeting rose at 5.35 p.m."
] |
[
"Presidente:\tSr. Wittig\t(Alemania) \nMiembros:\tBosnia y Herzegovina\tSr. Vukašinović\n Brasil Sra. Dunlop \n China Sr. Wang Min \n Colombia Sr. Alzate \n Estados Unidos de América Sra. DiCarlo \n Federación de Rusia Sr. Pankin \n Francia Sr. Bonne \n Gabón Sr. Messone \n\tIndia\tSr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Líbano Sr. Ramadan \n Nigeria Sr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Sr. Moraes Cabral \n\tReino Unido de Gran Bretaña eIrlanda del Norte\tSir Mark LyallGrant\n Sudáfrica Sr. Sangqu",
"Orden del día",
"Informes del Secretario General sobre el Sudán",
"Informe del Secretario General sobre la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur (S/2011/422)",
"Se abre la sesión a las 18.00 horas.",
"Aprobación del orden del día",
"Queda aprobado el orden del día.",
"Informes del Secretario General sobre el Sudán",
"Informe del Secretario General sobre la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur (S/2011/422)",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): El Consejo de Seguridad comenzará ahora el examen del tema que figura en el orden del día.",
"Los miembros del Consejo tienen ante sí el documento S/2011/471, que contiene el texto de un proyecto de resolución presentado por el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte.",
"Deseo señalar a la atención de los miembros del Consejo el documento S/2011/422, que contiene el informe del Secretario General sobre la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur (S/2011/422).",
"Entiendo que el Consejo está dispuesto a proceder a la votación del proyecto de resolución que tiene ante sí. Someteré ahora a votación el proyecto de resolución.",
"Al no haber objeciones, así queda acordado.",
"Se procede a votación ordinaria.",
"Votos a favor:",
"Bosnia y Herzegovina, Brasil, China, Colombia, Francia, Gabón, Alemania, India, Líbano, Nigeria, Portugal, Federación de Rusia, Sudáfrica, Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, Estados Unidos de América.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): Se han emitido 15 votos a favor. Por consiguiente, el proyecto de resolución ha sido aprobado por unanimidad como resolución 2003 (2011).",
"Doy ahora la palabra a los miembros del Consejo que deseen formular declaraciones después de la aprobación de la resolución.",
"Sr. Sangqu (Sudáfrica) (habla en inglés): La presencia de la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur (UNAMID) es fundamental, ya que su mandato incluye, entre otras cosas, el objetivo de contribuir a la facilitación del proceso de paz de Darfur y a la protección de los civiles. En ese sentido, Sudáfrica ha aportado contingentes y fuerzas de policía a la UNAMID y seguirá apoyando a la misión. Sudáfrica seguirá contribuyendo a la búsqueda de una paz duradera en Darfur por conducto de la Unión Africana y en forma bilateral. Por ello, mi delegación votó a favor de la resolución 2003 (2011), por la que se prorroga el mandato de la UNAMID por 12 meses más.",
"En este mes se han producido acontecimientos trascendentales en la historia del Sudán y, de hecho, de todo el continente. Se creó un nuevo Estado, Sudán del Sur, lo cual constituye otro hito en la aplicación del Acuerdo General de Paz, mediante el cual el pueblo del Sudán se comprometió a resolver su conflicto de hace decenios. Al celebrar este logro, seguimos esperando que todas las partes en el conflicto firmen el documento de Doha para la paz en Darfur, a fin de que la población de Darfur pueda aprovechar este impulso positivo y avanzar rápidamente hacia el logro de la paz.",
"Se deben realizar todos los esfuerzos posibles para velar por que se promuevan la paz y la estabilidad en Darfur. Sudáfrica celebra la conclusión del proceso de paz de Doha, que constituye efectivamente una medida importante para lograr la paz en Darfur.",
"La Unión Africana, al reunirse recientemente al más alto nivel en Malabo, respaldó el pronto inicio del proceso político de Darfur como proceso que brinda",
"“la mejor oportunidad para consolidar los logros alcanzados hasta la fecha, asegurar que los sudaneses asuman como propia la solución de sus problemas y potenciar a los distintos interesados, así como lograr un arreglo inclusivo y general que aborde las cuestiones interrelacionadas de la paz, la justicia y la reconciliación en Darfur.”",
"En ese sentido, Sudáfrica expresa su respaldo pleno e inequívoco al Grupo de Alto Nivel de la Unión Africana Encargado de la Aplicación, que, con el apoyo de la UNAMID, trabaja para poner en marcha cuanto antes el proceso político de Darfur.",
"Si bien reconocemos que las partes deben hacer todo lo posible por crear un entorno propicio, no consideramos que la creación de ese entorno sea una condición indispensable para el inicio del proceso político de Darfur. Si lo fuera, ello daría la oportunidad a cualquier posible saboteador de frustrar el proceso. Teniendo esto en cuenta, el Consejo de Paz y Seguridad de la Unión Africana pidió al Consejo de Seguridad que brindara su apoyo al inicio del proceso político de Darfur. Esto se hizo para que este Consejo pudiera tener en cuenta y reflejar la postura de la Unión Africana a la hora de examinar la prórroga del mandato de la UNAMID.",
"Deseamos recordar al Consejo que la UNAMID se creó como operación híbrida en una asociación entre las Naciones Unidas y la Unión Africana. Habida cuenta de este carácter y esta característica fundamentales de la UNAMID, es sumamente importante que ambas organizaciones valoren la contribución de cada una al éxito de la misión y al logro de la paz y la estabilidad duraderas en Darfur. Por consiguiente, nos desalienta el apoyo tímido y con reservas que se ha dado a la solicitud de la Unión Africana de que se inicie un proceso político basado en Darfur.",
"Habida cuenta de lo que representa Darfur para los africanos y de su constante participación para resolver el conflicto allí, convendría que la comunidad internacional prestara atención a los llamamientos de África y respaldara los esfuerzos de la Unión Africana respecto del proceso político de Darfur. Reiteramos la importancia y la preeminencia de los dirigentes de África para resolver los problemas africanos. Después de todo, eso está de acuerdo con lo dispuesto en la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, conforme se expresa en su Capítulo VIII. Si el proceso de paz de Darfur no se lleva a cabo de manera oportuna, ello tendría un efecto devastador, ya que se demoraría aun más el logro de la paz y se condenaría a la población de Darfur a un sufrimiento indescriptible.",
"Complacen a Sudáfrica los encomiables esfuerzos realizados por el Representante Especial Conjunto, Sr. Gambari, y el Grupo de Alto Nivel de la Unión Africana Encargado de la Aplicación, dirigido por el ex Presidente Mbeki, con el apoyo de las partes interesadas en el Sudán y la comunidad internacional. Estamos convencidos de que sus constantes esfuerzos contribuirán en gran medida a lograr la paz, la estabilidad y la reconciliación para la población de Darfur. El Consejo no debe cejar en su apoyo a la población de Darfur. No podemos defraudarla.",
"Sr. Amieyeofori (Nigeria) (habla en inglés): Nigeria votó a favor de la resolución 2003 (2011) porque cree en el papel indispensable de la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur (UNAMID) en los esfuerzos por alcanzar la paz y la estabilidad duraderas en Darfur y la paz general en el Sudán. Seguimos firmemente convencidos de que la asociación duradera entre las Naciones Unidas y la Unión Africana en Darfur sigue siendo una base sólida para preservar la paz y la seguridad internacionales.",
"En el espíritu de esa asociación, esperábamos que se consideraran debidamente la decisión adoptada en la 17ª Cumbre de la Unión Africana y el comunicado del Consejo de Paz y Seguridad de la Unión Africana de 19 de julio de 2011, en los que se hace hincapié en que el proceso político de Darfur debe ser prioritario en la nueva hoja de ruta para Darfur y en que debe iniciarse plenamente tras el resultado positivo del proceso de Doha.",
"Estamos convencidos de que el párrafo 7 de la resolución, en el que se especifican complejas condiciones propicias que deben cumplirse, obstaculizará el inicio del proceso político de Darfur. De hecho, supeditar el inicio del proceso político de Darfur al cumplimiento de ciertas condiciones previas sería contraproducente. Esto podría proporcionar a los saboteadores los medios para socavar la búsqueda de una paz general. Podría socavar también la titularidad nacional del proceso.",
"Nigeria siempre ha considerado que un proceso político interno es indispensable para la inclusión y el consenso en las relaciones entre las comunidades de Darfur. Como señala el Secretario General en su informe más reciente sobre la UNAMID (S/2011/422), el proceso de paz de Darfur también podría fortalecerse mediante un diálogo interno basado en Darfur y un proceso de consultas que recabe el apoyo popular a la titularidad local y mejore los resultados de las negociaciones de Doha en la nueva hoja de ruta.",
"Los elementos que se mencionan en el párrafo 7 son objetivos y no requisitos indispensables. A nuestro juicio, si asumimos con seriedad la adopción de las primeras medidas fundamentales encaminadas a la creación de un entorno propicio para el proceso político de Darfur, debemos exigir medidas que sean claramente viables y que se puedan aplicar con facilidad. Sería más adecuado que el Consejo y la comunidad internacional centraran su atención en esos aspectos.",
"Consideramos que la suspensión de la ley de emergencia en Darfur fortalecerá en gran medida el proceso político de Darfur, como señaló el Representante Especial Conjunto. Será una medida de fomento de la confianza esencial y bastará para poner en marcha el proceso.",
"Por último, consideramos que la UNAMID tiene un papel fundamental que desempeñar para garantizar el éxito del proceso político de Darfur y trabajar en estrecha cooperación con el Gobierno del Sudán para suspender el estado de emergencia. Por consiguiente, desalentamos los esfuerzos por reducir al mínimo la función de la UNAMID o incluso excluirla del proceso político de Darfur.",
"Sr. Messone (Gabón) (habla en francés): Estamos siguiendo, no sin preocupación, los primeros pasos del Estado de Sudán del Sur. La cuestión de la paz en Darfur es una de las causas de esta inquietud. La búsqueda de la paz y de la seguridad en Darfur constituye un motivo de preocupación constante para el Gabón.",
"En este sentido, acogemos con beneplácito la aprobación por el Consejo de Paz y Seguridad de la Unión Africana, el 19 de julio pasado, de un comunicado en el que solicita al Consejo de Seguridad la prórroga del mandato de la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur (UNAMID). La UNAMID desempeñó una función esencial en las negociaciones de Doha. También mejoró su desempeño en el ámbito de la protección de los civiles.",
"La resolución 2003 (2011), a favor de la cual acaba de votar el Gabón, responde a su preocupación de que la UNAMID siga desempeñando una función importante en el restablecimiento de la paz y de la estabilidad en Darfur. A pesar de los progresos verificados en la búsqueda de la paz en esa región del Sudán, la situación humanitaria y de seguridad en Darfur sigue siendo frágil y pone en peligro los logros alcanzados en el proceso de Doha.",
"De ahí que en la Cumbre de la Unión Africana celebrada en Malabo se pidiera que se acometiera el proceso de paz de Doha. Celebramos esta decisión. Estamos convencidos de que el proceso político de Darfur —propuesto por el Grupo de Alto Nivel de la Unión Africana Encargado de la Aplicación, presidido por el Presidente Mbeki, y avalado posteriormente en la Cumbre de Malabo— puede ser el camino para consolidar los resultados positivos del proceso de Doha. Además, estos dos procesos complementarios deben, en definitiva, permitir a los propios habitantes de Darfur asumir verdaderamente el restablecimiento de la paz, la justicia, la reconciliación y el desarrollo en su región.",
"En este sentido, aún reconociendo la necesidad de crear un entorno de seguridad, humanitario y político propicio, el Gabón está convencido de que el inicio y la culminación del proceso de paz de Darfur no deben demorarse en espera de que se den determinadas condiciones previas, ya que ello puede socavar la propia búsqueda de la paz, la justicia y la reconciliación en Darfur.",
"En el texto que acabamos de aprobar se reiteran los objetivos consensuados del Consejo. Sin duda, estamos aún lejos de lo expresado en el llamamiento hecho en la Cumbre de la Unión Africana celebrada en Malabo, pero ese texto debe servir para manifestar la voluntad de iniciar el proceso de paz de Darfur.",
"Sra. DiCarlo (Estados Unidos de América) (habla en inglés): Los Estados Unidos apoyan al personal de mantenimiento de la paz de la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur (UNAMID), que sigue desempeñando una función esencial en aras de la seguridad y la protección de los habitantes de Darfur.",
"Nos preocupa hondamente la situación sobre el terreno en Darfur. En vista de la peligrosa situación, celebramos que el Consejo haya reconocido que el entorno propicio para un proceso político en Darfur aún no existe. Para que mediante un proceso se pueda lograr una paz duradera en Darfur, la capacidad de las partes interesadas de expresar libremente su voluntad, sin temor a represalias, debe estar garantizada. Sin embargo, en Darfur habitualmente se detiene, tortura o asesina a aquellos que se atreven a expresar su opinión en público.",
"Es, ante todo, responsabilidad del Gobierno del Sudán crear esas condiciones propicias. Exigimos con firmeza que todas las partes en el conflicto acuerden una cesación del fuego inmediata y entablen negociaciones directas.",
"La función de la UNAMID en la consecución de la paz en Darfur es esencial. La misión no tiene prioridad más alta que la de proteger a los civiles y garantizar el acceso humanitario a millones de personas vulnerables. Celebramos que en la resolución 2003 (2011) se afirme eso. Según informes procedentes del terreno, entre ellos el de la UNAMID relativo a la situación política y de los derechos civiles y humanos, el Consejo de Seguridad, teniendo en cuenta la opinión de la Unión Africana, decidirá si están dadas o no las condiciones propicias para que la UNAMID acometa nuevos esfuerzos en relación con el proceso político en Darfur.",
"Habida cuenta de que los civiles siguen siendo objeto de ataques y las bombas siguen cayendo sobre Darfur, los Estados Unidos acogen con beneplácito la dedicación prioritaria de la UNAMID a la protección de los civiles y a lograr que el personal humanitario disponga del acceso necesario para prestar asistencia vital. Instamos a las partes en el conflicto a que renueven su compromiso con negociaciones políticas serias y amplias para poner fin a estas atrocidades.",
"Sr. Pankin (Federación de Rusia) (habla en ruso): La Federación de Rusia votó a favor de la resolución 2003 (2011). Creemos que la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur (UNAMID) desempeña un importante papel de estabilización en la región del Sudán. La Federación de Rusia considera a la UNAMID un componente necesario de la solución de la situación en Darfur.",
"De manera significativa, el mandato de la Misión incluye un amplio conjunto de tareas de apoyo político relacionadas con el proceso de paz y con los esfuerzos de mediación de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas. Estas tareas incluyen el apoyo y la supervisión para la aplicación de los acuerdos de paz de Darfur, así como la asistencia para la preparación y la celebración de un diálogo y de consultas entre los habitantes de Darfur.",
"El 14 de julio, el Gobierno del Sudán y el Movimiento por la Justicia y la Igualdad firmaron el documento de Doha para la paz en Darfur, que consideramos un paso muy importante hacia la solución de la situación en Darfur. En el capítulo 7 de dicho documento, las partes acordaron participar en un diálogo entre los habitantes de Darfur y estipularon que dicho diálogo debería llevarse a cabo con la asistencia de la UNAMID, la Unión Africana y el Gobierno de Qatar. El proceso político tiene por objeto construir una plataforma, con amplia representación de la sociedad civil en Darfur, a fin de aplicar los acuerdos.",
"La necesidad de poner en marcha el proceso político de Darfur ha sido reconocida en una resolución aprobada por el Consejo de Paz y Seguridad de la Unión Africana el 19 de julio. Rusia apoya plenamente esa posición. Consideramos que el diálogo entre los habitantes de Darfur es un elemento esencial de la nueva hoja de ruta para una solución pacífica en Darfur, como se estipula en la resolución 2003 (2011).",
"Valoramos mucho las actividades de la UNAMID y los esfuerzos de su jefe, el Representante Especial Conjunto, Sr. Gambari, para promover una solución en Darfur. Opinamos que, en las difíciles condiciones imperantes en Darfur, las fuerzas de mantenimiento de la paz están haciendo todo cuanto pueden para llevar a cabo las tareas que les ha encomendado el Consejo de Seguridad. Hacemos un llamamiento a todas las partes en Darfur para que apoyen las actividades de la UNAMID.",
"Sr. Wang Min (China) (habla en chino): La delegación china acoge con agrado la resolución 2003 (2011), que el Consejo acaba de aprobar. China votó a favor de la resolución.",
"China siempre ha apoyado el proceso de paz en Darfur (Sudán), y esperamos una pronta consecución de la paz, la prosperidad y el desarrollo en Darfur. China sostiene que la cuestión de Darfur debe abordarse a través del enfoque de doble vía, con igual énfasis en el mantenimiento de la paz y el proceso político. Apoyamos la prórroga del mandato de la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur (UNAMID) para que pueda seguir aplicando el mandato del Consejo de Seguridad.",
"La Unión Africana es un asociado importante de las Naciones Unidas para abordar las cuestiones relativas al Sudán. La posición de la Unión Africana sobre el proceso político en Darfur merece ser considerada con atención. China apoya el importante papel que desempeña la UNAMID en aras del proceso político en Darfur.",
"Sir Mark Lyall Grant (Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte) (habla en inglés): Al apoyar la resolución 2003 (2011), en la que se prorroga el mandato de la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur (UNAMID) por 12 meses, el Reino Unido es consciente de que Darfur está entrando en un período crítico, en el que sus habitantes necesitan más que nunca el apoyo tanto de las Naciones Unidas como de la Unión Africana.",
"Por lo tanto, acogemos con beneplácito la labor fundamental que la UNAMID está realizando para proteger a los civiles y garantizar la seguridad del acceso humanitario en Darfur. En vista del deterioro de la situación de seguridad y de sus repercusiones en la población civil, alentamos a la Misión a que mantenga y afiance la actitud firme que tiene respecto de la manera en que lleva a cabo esas tareas básicas.",
"Reconocemos también la importancia vital de trabajar con miras a lograr una paz general para Darfur. Acogemos con beneplácito la firma por el Gobierno del Sudán y el Movimiento de Liberación y Justicia, el 14 de julio, del acuerdo sobre la adopción del documento de Doha para la paz en Darfur. Instamos al Gobierno del Sudán y a todos los movimientos armados a que se comprometan de inmediato y sin condiciones previas a hacer todo lo posible para alcanzar una cesación del fuego permanente y un acuerdo de paz general sobre la base del documento de Doha.",
"Además, reconocemos que un proceso político basado en Darfur podría desempeñar un papel complementario al hacer participar a todas las partes interesadas de Darfur en un diálogo constructivo y abierto. Sin embargo, observamos que aún no existen los elementos para crear el ambiente necesario que permite dicho proceso de Darfur, como lo señalaron el Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas y el Consejo de Paz y Seguridad de la Unión Africana en su comunicado conjunto de 21 de mayo. Observamos que el Secretario General aclaró en su informe (S/2011/422) que este entorno propicio era fundamental.",
"Como se señala claramente en la resolución 2003 (2011), el Secretario General y el Consejo de Seguridad seguirán muy de cerca los acontecimientos para que se pueda hacer una evaluación correcta a fin de que el Consejo de Seguridad pueda adoptar las decisiones necesarias sobre el proceso político de Darfur y la participación de la UNAMID en dicho proceso.",
"Damos las gracias al Representante Especial Conjunto Ibrahim Gambari así como al personal de la UNAMID por la labor que desempeñan en apoyo a la paz y la seguridad en Darfur.",
"El Presidente (habla en inglés): El Consejo de Seguridad ha concluido así la presente etapa del examen del tema que figura en el orden del día. El Consejo seguirá ocupándose de la cuestión.",
"Se levanta la sesión a las 18.25 horas."
] | [
"President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Vukašinović\n Brazil Mrs. Dunlop \n China Mr. Wang Min \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Bonne \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n\tIndia\tMr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Lebanon Mr. Ramadan \n Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Mr. Cabral \n Russian Federation Mr. Pankin \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tSir Mark LyallGrant\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo",
"Agenda",
"Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan",
"Report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (S/2011/422)",
"The meeting was called to order at 6 p.m.",
"Adoption of the agenda",
"The agenda was adopted.",
"Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan",
"Report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (S/2011/422)",
"The President: The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.",
"Members of the Council have before them document S/2011/471, which contains the text of a draft resolution submitted by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.",
"I wish to draw the attention of Council members to document S/2011/422, which contains the report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (S/2011/422).",
"It is my understanding that the Council is ready to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it. I shall put the draft resolution to the vote now.",
"There being no objection, it is so decided.",
"A vote was taken by show of hands.",
"In favour:",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, China, Colombia, France, Gabon, Germany, India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, Russian Federation, South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America.",
"The President: There were 15 votes in favour. The draft resolution has been adopted unanimously as resolution 2003 (2011).",
"I now give the floor to those members of the Council who wish to make statements following the adoption of the resolution.",
"Mr. Sangqu (South Africa): The presence of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) in Darfur is crucial, given that its mandate includes, among other things, contributing to the facilitation of the Darfur peace process and the protection of civilians. In that regard, South Africa has contributed troops and police to UNAMID and will continue to support the mission. South Africa will further assist in the search for lasting peace in Darfur through the African Union (AU) and bilaterally. It was for that reason that my delegation voted in favour of resolution 2003 (2011), extending the mandate of UNAMID for a further 12 months.",
"This month has seen momentous events in the history of the Sudan and, indeed, of the entire continent. A new State, South Sudan, was established, marking another milestone in the implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, through which the people of the Sudan committed themselves to resolving their decades-long conflict. As we celebrate this achievement, we remain hopefully that the Doha document for peace in Darfur will be signed by all parties to the conflict so that the people of Darfur are able to build on this positive momentum and move rapidly towards peace.",
"Every effort must be employed to ensure that peace and stability are advanced in Darfur. South Africa welcomes the conclusion of the Doha peace process. It is indeed a significant step in building peace in Darfur.",
"The African Union, meeting at its highest level in Malabo recently, endorsed the early launching of the Darfur political process as a process which provides",
"“the best opportunity to consolidate gains made so far, ensure ownership by the Sudanese in resolving their own problems and empower the various stakeholders, as well as achieve an inclusive and comprehensive settlement addressing the interrelated issues of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur”.",
"In this regard, South Africa expresses its full and unequivocal support for the efforts of the AU High-level Implementation Panel, with the support of UNAMID, to launch the Darfur political process as soon as possible.",
"While acknowledging that the parties should do everything in their power to create an enabling environment, we do not view the creation of such an environment as a precondition to launching the Darfur political process. To do so would essentially hand a veto to any potential spoilers to the process. With this in view, the AU Peace and Security Council appealed to the Security Council to lend its support to the launching of the Darfur political process. This was done so that this Council could take into consideration and reflect the AU’s position in considering the mandate renewal of UNAMID.",
"We wish to remind the Council that UNAMID was created as a hybrid operation in a partnership between the United Nations and the African Union. Given this important character and feature of UNAMID, it is critically important that both organizations value each others’ contribution to the success of the mission and to the attainment of enduring peace and stability in Darfur. We are therefore disappointed by the timid and qualified support for the AU’s request for the commencement of a Darfur-based political process.",
"Given the proximity to and sustained involvement of Africans in resolving the conflict in Darfur, the international community would do well to heed Africa’s call and support the efforts of the African Union on the Darfur political process. We reiterate the importance and pre-eminence of Africa’s leadership in solving African problems. After all, that is in line with the provisions of the United Nations Charter as expressed in its Chapter VIII. Failure to implement the Darfur peace process in a timely manner would have a devastating effect by delaying peace further, condemning the people of Darfur to untold suffering.",
"South Africa is satisfied with the commendable efforts deployed by Joint Special Representative Gambari and the AU High-level Implementation Panel under the leadership of former President Mbeki, with the support of stakeholders in the Sudan and the international community. We are convinced that their continued efforts will contribute significantly to bringing peace, stability and reconciliation to the people of Darfur. The Council should not waiver in its support to the people of Darfur. We dare not fail them.",
"Mr. Amieyeofori (Nigeria): Nigeria voted in favour of resolution 2003 (2011) because we believe in the indispensable role of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) in the efforts to bring lasting peace and stability to Darfur and overall peace to the Sudan. We remain resolute in our conviction that the enduring partnership between the United Nations and the African Union (AU) in Darfur remains a solid foundation for preserving international peace and security.",
"In the spirit of this partnership, we had hoped that the decision of the seventeenth AU Summit and the communiqué of the AU Peace and Security Council of 19 Judy 2011, stressing that the Darfur political process should constitute a priority in the new road map for Darfur and should be fully launched upon the positive outcome of the Doha process, would have been given due consideration.",
"We are convinced that paragraph 7 of the resolution, specifying complicated enabling conditions that must be met, will constrain the inauguration of the Darfur political process. Indeed, making the launching of the Darfur political process contingent on the fulfilment of certain preconditions would be counterproductive. It could equip spoilers with the means to undermine the search for a comprehensive peace. It could also undermine the national ownership of the process.",
"Nigeria’s view has consistently been that an internal political process is vital to inclusiveness and consensus-building in intercommunal relations in Darfur. As the Secretary- General notes in his latest report on UNAMID (S/2011/422), a Darfur peace process could also benefit from a Darfur-based internal dialogue and consultations that build popular support for local ownership and enhance the outcome of the Doha negotiation in the new road map.",
"The elements that are enumerated in paragraph 7 are goals and not prerequisites. In our view, if we are serious about taking the critical first steps towards creating an enabling environment for the Darfur political process, then we should call for actions that are clearly feasible and can be easily implemented. That would be a more appropriate focus for the Council and the international community.",
"We believe that the lifting of the emergency law in Darfur will greatly enhance the Darfur political process, as observed by the Joint Special Representative. It will serve as a critical confidence-building measure and be sufficient to kick-start the process.",
"Finally, we believe that UNAMID has a critical role to play in ensuring a successful Darfur political process and in working closely with the Government of the Sudan to lift the state of emergency. We therefore discourage efforts to minimize its role or indeed to exclude UNAMID from the Darfur political process.",
"Mr. Messone (Gabon) (spoke in French): We are still following, not without unease, the first steps of the State of South Sudan. The issue of peace in Darfur is one reason for that concern. The pursuit of peace and security in Darfur remains an ongoing concern of Gabon.",
"In that regard, we commend the adoption by the Peace and Security Council of the African Union on 19 July of a communiqué in which it requests the Security Council to proceed to renew the mandate of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID). UNAMID played an essential role in the Doha negotiations. It also improved its performance in the area of the protection of civilians.",
"Resolution 2003 (2011), for which Gabon has just voted, meets its concern over seeing UNAMID continue to play a major role in restoring peace and stability in Darfur. Despite the progress made in the pursuit of peace in that region of the Sudan, the security and humanitarian situations in Darfur remain fragile and threaten the gains of the Doha process.",
"Therefore, the Malabo African Union summit called for the launch of the Darfur peace process. We welcome that decision. We firmly believe that the Darfur political process, proposed by the African Union High-Level Implementation Panel, chaired by President Mbeki, then endorsed by the Malabo summit, would be the way to strengthen the positive results of the Doha process. Moreover, those two complementary processes must ultimately enable the Darfurians themselves to take true ownership of the restoration of peace, justice, reconciliation and development in their region.",
"In that regard, while acknowledging the need to create a favourable security, humanitarian and political environment, Gabon is convinced that the launch and successful outcome of the Darfur peace process should not falter over preconditions that threaten to undermine even the pursuit of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur.",
"The text that we have just adopted takes up consensus goals of the Council. Of course, it is still far from what was called for by the Malebo African Union summit, but it records the will to commit to the Darfur peace process.",
"Mrs. DiCarlo (United States of America): The United States supports the peacekeepers of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), who continue to play a critical role in the safety and security of the people of Darfur.",
"We are extremely concerned by the situation on the ground in Darfur. In the light of the dangerous situation, we are pleased that the Council has recognized that the enabling environment necessary for a Darfur-based political process does not yet exist. For any process to achieve lasting peace in Darfur, the ability of the participants to express their free will, without fear of harm or retribution, must be guaranteed. In Darfur, however, those who speak out are regularly arrested, tortured or killed.",
"It is first and foremost the responsibility of the Government of the Sudan to create such enabling conditions. We strongly demand that all parties to the conflict agree to an immediate ceasefire and engage in direct negotiation.",
"UNAMID’s role in bringing peace to Darfur is critical. The Mission has no higher priority than to protect civilians and to secure humanitarian access for millions of vulnerable people. We are pleased that resolution 2003 (2011) affirms that. Based on reporting from the field, including UNAMID’s reporting on political, civil and human rights, the Security Council, taking into account the views of the African Union, will determine whether the enabling conditions necessary for UNAMID to engage in further efforts related to the Darfur-based political process have been met.",
"As civilians continue to be targeted and bombs continue to be dropped in Darfur, the United States welcomes UNAMID’s focus on protecting civilians and ensuring that humanitarians have the access that they need to provide lifesaving assistance. We call on the parties to the conflict to recommit themselves to serious and comprehensive political negotiations to bring an end to such atrocities.",
"Mr. Pankin (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): The Russian Federation voted in favour of resolution 2003 (2011). We believe that the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) plays an important stabilizing role in that region of the Sudan. The Russian Federation views UNAMID as an integral component of a Darfur settlement.",
"Significantly, the Mission’s mandate includes a broad set of political support tasks pertaining to the peace process and to the mediation efforts of the African Union and the United Nations. These include support for and monitoring of the implementation of the Darfur peace agreements, and assistance in the preparation and conduct of inter-Darfurian dialogue and consultations.",
"On 14 July, the Government of the Sudan and the Justice and Equality Movement signed the Doha document for peace in Darfur, which we see as a very important step towards a Darfur settlement. In chapter 7 of that document, the parties agreed to engage in inter-Darfurian dialogue and stipulated that it should be undertaken with the assistance of UNAMID, the African Union and the Government of Qatar. The political process is designed to build a broad platform of civil society in Darfur for the implementation of the agreements.",
"The need to launch the Darfur political process is recognized in a resolution adopted by the African Union Peace and Security Council on 19 July. Russia fully supports that position. We believe that inter-Darfurian dialogue is a core element of the new road map for a peaceful settlement in Darfur, as called for in resolution 2003 (2011).",
"We highly value UNAMID’s activities and the efforts of its head, Joint Special Representative Gambari, to promote a settlement in Darfur. We believe that, in the difficult conditions prevailing in Darfur, the peacekeepers are doing their utmost to undertake the tasks assigned to them by the Security Council. We call on all parties in Darfur to support UNAMID’s activities.",
"Mr. Wang Min (China) (spoke in Chinese): The Chinese delegation welcomes resolution 2003 (2011), just adopted by the Council. China voted in favour of the resolution.",
"China has consistently supported the peace process in Darfur, the Sudan, and we hope for an early attainment of peace, prosperity and development in Darfur. China maintains that the issue of Darfur should be addressed through the dual-track strategy, with equal emphasis on peacekeeping deployment and the political process. We support the renewal of the mandate of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) in order to continue to implement the Security Council mandate.",
"The African Union (AU) is an important partner of the United Nations in addressing questions related to the Sudan. The AU’s position on the Darfur political process merits close attention. China supports UNAMID playing an important role in supporting the political process in Darfur.",
"Sir Mark Lyall Grant (United Kingdom): In supporting resolution 2003 (2011), extending the mandate of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) for 12 months, the United Kingdom is conscious that Darfur is entering a critical period in which its people need the support of both the United Nations and the African Union more than ever.",
"We therefore welcome the essential work that UNAMID is doing to protect civilians and to provide security for humanitarian access in Darfur. Given the deterioration in the security situation and its impact on civilians, we encourage the Mission to maintain and enhance its robust approach to the delivery of these core tasks.",
"We also recognize the vital importance of working towards a comprehensive peace for Darfur. We welcome the signature on 14 July by the Government of the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement of the agreement on the adoption of the Doha document for peace in Darfur. We urge the Government of the Sudan and all the armed movements to engage immediately and without preconditions to make every effort to reach a permanent ceasefire and a comprehensive peace settlement on the basis of the Doha document.",
"Further, we recognize the potential complementary role of a Darfur-based political process in engaging all Darfur stakeholders in constructive and open dialogue. However, we note that the elements of the necessary enabling environment for such a Darfur process, as identified by the United Nations Security Council and the African Union Peace and Security Council in their joint communiqué of 21 May, are not yet in place. We note that the Secretary-General made clear in his report (S/2011/422) that this enabling environment was paramount.",
"As resolution 2003 (2011) makes clear, the Secretary-General and the Security Council will monitor developments very closely so that the proper assessments can be made and so that the Security Council can take the necessary decisions regarding the Darfur political process and UNAMID’s participation in it.",
"We thank Joint Special Representative Ibrahim Gambari and the personnel of UNAMID for their work in support of peace and security in Darfur.",
"The President: The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda. The Council will remain seized of the matter.",
"The meeting rose at 6.25 p.m."
] | S_PV.6597 | [
"Chairman: Mr. Wittig (Germany) Members: Bosnia and Herzegovina Mr. Vukašinović Brasil Sra. Dunlop China Mr. Wang Min Colombia Mr. Alzate United States of America Ms. DiCarlo Russian Federation Mr. Pankin France Mr. Bonne Gabon Mr. Messone India Sr. Manjeev SinghPuri Lebanon Mr. Ramadan Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori Portugal Mr. Moraes Cabral United Kingdom of Great Britain Northern Ireland Sir Mark LyallGrant South Africa Mr. Sangqu",
"Agenda",
"Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan",
"Report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (S/2011/422)",
"The meeting was called to order at 6 p.m.",
"Adoption of the agenda",
"The agenda was adopted.",
"Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan",
"Report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (S/2011/422)",
"The President: The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on the agenda.",
"The members of the Council have before them document S/2011/471, which contains the text of a draft resolution submitted by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.",
"I should like to draw the attention of the members of the Council to document S/2011/422, which contains the report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (S/2011/422).",
"I understand that the Council is prepared to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it. I shall now put to the vote the draft resolution.",
"As there was no objection, it was so decided.",
"A regular vote was taken.",
"In favour:",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, China, Colombia, France, Gabon, Germany, India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America.",
"The President: 15 votes have been cast in favour. The draft resolution has therefore been adopted unanimously as resolution 2003 (2011).",
"I now give the floor to those members of the Council wishing to make statements after the adoption of the resolution.",
"Mr. Sangqu (South Africa): The presence of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) is crucial, as its mandate includes, inter alia, the objective of contributing to the facilitation of the Darfur peace process and the protection of civilians. In that regard, South Africa has provided troops and police to UNAMID and will continue to support the mission. South Africa will continue to contribute to the search for lasting peace in Darfur through the African Union and bilaterally. My delegation therefore voted in favour of resolution 2003 (2011), which extended the mandate of UNAMID for a further 12 months.",
"This month there have been momentous developments in the history of the Sudan and, in fact, the whole continent. A new State, South Sudan, was created, which is another milestone in the implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, through which the people of the Sudan undertook to resolve their conflict for decades. In celebrating this achievement, we continue to hope that all parties to the conflict will sign the Doha Peace Document in Darfur, so that the people of Darfur will be able to build on this positive momentum and move quickly towards peace.",
"Every effort should be made to ensure that peace and stability are promoted in Darfur. South Africa welcomed the conclusion of the Doha peace process, which was indeed an important step towards peace in Darfur.",
"The African Union, recently meeting at the highest level in Malabo, supported the early start of the Darfur political process as a process that it provides",
"“the best opportunity to consolidate the achievements to date, to ensure that the Sudanese take their own responsibility for solving their problems and to empower the various stakeholders, as well as to achieve an inclusive and comprehensive settlement that addresses the interrelated issues of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur. ”",
"In that regard, South Africa expresses its full and unequivocal support for the African Union High-level Implementation Group, which, with the support of UNAMID, works to launch the Darfur political process as soon as possible.",
"While acknowledging that the parties should make every effort to create an enabling environment, we do not believe that creating such an environment is an indispensable condition for the start of the Darfur political process. If it were, it would give the opportunity to any possible saboteur to frustrate the process. Taking this into account, the African Union Peace and Security Council requested the Security Council to support the start of the Darfur political process. This was done to enable this Council to take into account and reflect the African Union ' s position in reviewing the extension of the mandate of UNAMID.",
"We would like to remind the Council that UNAMID was established as a hybrid operation in a partnership between the United Nations and the African Union. Given this critical character and feature of UNAMID, it is extremely important for both organizations to value the contribution of each to the success of the mission and to the achievement of lasting peace and stability in Darfur. We are therefore discouraged by the timid and reserve support given to the African Union ' s request for a Darfur-based political process.",
"Given Darfur ' s role for Africans and its continued involvement in resolving the conflict there, it would be useful for the international community to pay attention to Africa ' s calls and to support the efforts of the African Union in the political process in Darfur. We reiterate the importance and preeminence of African leaders in resolving African problems. After all, that agrees with the Charter of the United Nations, as expressed in Chapter VIII. If the Darfur peace process was not carried out in a timely manner, that would have a devastating effect, since peace would be further delayed and the people of Darfur would be condemned to indescribable suffering.",
"The commendable efforts made by the Joint Special Representative, Mr. Gambari, and the African Union High-level Implementation Panel, led by former President Mbeki, with the support of stakeholders in the Sudan and the international community. We are convinced that their continued efforts will greatly contribute to peace, stability and reconciliation for the people of Darfur. The Council should not cease its support for the people of Darfur. We can't let her down.",
"Mr. Amieyeofori (Nigeria): Nigeria voted in favour of resolution 2003 (2011) because it believes in the indispensable role of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) in efforts to achieve lasting peace and stability in Darfur and overall peace in the Sudan. We remain firmly convinced that the durable partnership between the United Nations and the African Union in Darfur remains a solid basis for preserving international peace and security.",
"In the spirit of that partnership, we hoped that the decision taken at the Seventeenth African Union Summit and the communiqué of the African Union Peace and Security Council of 19 July 2011, emphasizing that the Darfur political process should be a priority in the new road map for Darfur and that it should be fully initiated following the positive outcome of the Doha process.",
"We are convinced that paragraph 7 of the resolution, specifying complex conditions that must be met, will hinder the commencement of the Darfur political process. In fact, supposing the beginning of the political process in Darfur in meeting certain preconditions would be counterproductive. This could provide saboteurs with the means to undermine the search for a general peace. It could also undermine the national ownership of the process.",
"Nigeria has always considered that an internal political process is indispensable for inclusion and consensus in relations between the Darfur communities. As the Secretary-General points out in his most recent report on UNAMID (S/2011/422), the Darfur peace process could also be strengthened through an internal dialogue based on Darfur and a consultative process that seeks popular support for local ownership and improves the outcome of the Doha negotiations on the new road map.",
"The elements mentioned in paragraph 7 are objective and not indispensable requirements. In our view, if we take seriously the adoption of the first fundamental measures aimed at creating an enabling environment for the Darfur political process, we must demand measures that are clearly viable and that can be implemented easily. It would be more appropriate for the Council and the international community to focus their attention on those aspects.",
"We believe that the suspension of the emergency law in Darfur will greatly strengthen the Darfur political process, as indicated by the Joint Special Representative. It will be an essential confidence-building measure and will suffice to launch the process.",
"Finally, we believe that UNAMID has a key role to play in ensuring the success of the Darfur political process and working closely with the Government of the Sudan to suspend the state of emergency. We therefore discourage efforts to minimize the role of UNAMID or even exclude it from the Darfur political process.",
"Mr. Messone (Gabon) (spoke in French): We are following, not without concern, the first steps of the State of South Sudan. The issue of peace in Darfur is one of the causes of this concern. The search for peace and security in Darfur is a constant concern for Gabon.",
"In this regard, we welcome the adoption by the African Union Peace and Security Council on 19 July of a communiqué requesting the Security Council to extend the mandate of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID). UNAMID played an essential role in the Doha negotiations. It also improved its performance in the area of the protection of civilians.",
"Resolution 2003 (2011), in favour of which Gabon had just voted, responded to its concern that UNAMID would continue to play an important role in restoring peace and stability in Darfur. Despite the progress made in the search for peace in that region of the Sudan, the humanitarian and security situation in Darfur remains fragile and jeopardizes the achievements of the Doha process.",
"Hence, the African Union Summit in Malabo called for the Doha peace process to take place. We welcome this decision. We are convinced that the political process in Darfur—proposed by the African Union High-level Implementation Group, chaired by President Mbeki, and subsequently endorsed at the Malabo Summit—can be the way to consolidate the positive results of the Doha process. In addition, these two complementary processes must ultimately enable the people of Darfur themselves to truly assume the restoration of peace, justice, reconciliation and development in their region.",
"In this regard, while acknowledging the need to create an enabling security, humanitarian and political environment, Gabon is convinced that the commencement and completion of the Darfur peace process should not be delayed pending certain preconditions, as this can undermine the search for peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur.",
"The text we have just adopted reiterates the consensual objectives of the Council. We are certainly far from what was expressed in the call at the African Union Summit held in Malabo, but that text should serve to demonstrate the will to begin the Darfur peace process.",
"Mrs. DiCarlo (United States of America): The United States supports the peacekeepers of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), which continues to play an essential role in the security and protection of Darfurians.",
"We are deeply concerned about the situation on the ground in Darfur. In view of the dangerous situation, we welcome the recognition by the Council that the enabling environment for a political process in Darfur is not yet in place. In order for a process to achieve lasting peace in Darfur, the ability of the parties concerned to freely express their will, without fear of reprisals, must be guaranteed. However, in Darfur, those who dare to express their opinion in public are routinely detained, tortured or murdered.",
"It is primarily the responsibility of the Government of the Sudan to create such favourable conditions. We strongly demand that all parties to the conflict agree on an immediate ceasefire and enter into direct negotiations.",
"The role of UNAMID in achieving peace in Darfur is essential. The mission has no higher priority than that of protecting civilians and ensuring humanitarian access to millions of vulnerable people. We welcome the affirmation in resolution 2003 (2011). According to reports from the field, including that of UNAMID concerning the political situation and civil and human rights, the Security Council, taking into account the view of the African Union, will decide whether or not the conditions for UNAMID to undertake further efforts in the political process in Darfur are given.",
"As civilians continue to be targeted and bombs continue to fall into Darfur, the United States welcomes the priority commitment of UNAMID to the protection of civilians and to ensuring that humanitarian personnel have access to vital assistance. We urge the parties to the conflict to renew their commitment to serious and comprehensive political negotiations to end these atrocities.",
"Mr. Pankin (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): The Russian Federation voted in favour of resolution 2003 (2011). We believe that the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) plays an important stabilization role in the Sudan region. The Russian Federation considers UNAMID a necessary component of the settlement of the situation in Darfur.",
"Significantly, the mandate of the Mission includes a broad set of political support tasks related to the peace process and the mediation efforts of the African Union and the United Nations. These tasks include support and monitoring for the implementation of the Darfur peace agreements, as well as assistance in the preparation and conduct of dialogue and consultations among Darfurians.",
"On 14 July, the Government of the Sudan and the Justice and Equality Movement signed the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, which we consider to be a very important step towards resolving the situation in Darfur. In chapter 7 of that document, the parties agreed to engage in a dialogue among the inhabitants of Darfur and stipulated that such dialogue should be conducted with the assistance of UNAMID, the African Union and the Government of Qatar. The political process aims to build a platform, with broad representation of civil society in Darfur, to implement the agreements.",
"The need to launch the Darfur political process has been recognized in a resolution adopted by the African Union Peace and Security Council on 19 July. Russia fully supports that position. We believe that dialogue among the people of Darfur is an essential element of the new road map for a peaceful settlement in Darfur, as stipulated in resolution 2003 (2011).",
"We greatly appreciate the activities of UNAMID and the efforts of its head, the Joint Special Representative, Mr. Gambari, to promote a solution in Darfur. We believe that, under the difficult conditions in Darfur, peacekeeping forces are doing their utmost to carry out the tasks entrusted to them by the Security Council. We appeal to all parties in Darfur to support UNAMID activities.",
"Mr. Wang Min (China) (spoke in Chinese): The Chinese delegation welcomes resolution 2003 (2011), which the Council has just adopted. China voted in favour of the resolution.",
"China has always supported the peace process in Darfur, Sudan, and we look forward to an early achievement of peace, prosperity and development in Darfur. China contends that the issue of Darfur should be addressed through the two-way approach, with equal emphasis on peacekeeping and the political process. We support the extension of the mandate of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) to enable it to continue to implement the mandate of the Security Council.",
"The African Union is an important United Nations partner to address issues relating to the Sudan. The African Union ' s position on the political process in Darfur deserves attention. China supports the important role of UNAMID in the pursuit of the political process in Darfur.",
"Sir Mark Lyall Grant (United Kingdom): In supporting resolution 2003 (2011), which extended the mandate of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) for 12 months, the United Kingdom is aware that Darfur is entering a critical period in which its inhabitants need more than ever support from both the United Nations and the African Union.",
"We therefore welcome the critical work that UNAMID is undertaking to protect civilians and ensure the safety of humanitarian access in Darfur. In view of the deteriorating security situation and its impact on the civilian population, we encourage the Mission to maintain and strengthen its firm attitude towards the way in which it carries out these core tasks.",
"We also recognize the vital importance of working towards a comprehensive peace for Darfur. We welcome the signing by the Government of the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement on 14 July of the agreement on the adoption of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur. We urge the Government of the Sudan and all armed movements to commit themselves immediately and without preconditions to make every effort to achieve a permanent ceasefire and a comprehensive peace agreement on the basis of the Doha document.",
"Furthermore, we recognize that a Darfur-based political process could play a complementary role in involving all Darfur stakeholders in a constructive and open dialogue. However, we note that there are still no elements to create the necessary environment for the Darfur process, as noted by the United Nations Security Council and the African Union Peace and Security Council in its joint communiqué of 21 May. We note that the Secretary-General clarified in his report (S/2011/422) that this enabling environment was critical.",
"As clearly stated in resolution 2003 (2011), the Secretary-General and the Security Council will closely follow developments so that a correct assessment can be made to enable the Security Council to take the necessary decisions on the political process in Darfur and the participation of UNAMID in that process.",
"We thank the Joint Special Representative Ibrahim Gambari and UNAMID staff for their work in support of peace and security in Darfur.",
"The President: The Security Council has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of the item on the agenda. The Council will remain seized of the matter.",
"The meeting rose at 6.25 p.m."
] |
[
"Presidente:\tSr. Deiss\t(Suiza)",
"En ausencia del Presidente, el Sr. Mac-Donald (Suriname), Vicepresidente, ocupa la Presidencia.",
"Se abre la sesión a las 11.05 horas.",
"Tema 162 del programa (continuación)",
"Seguimiento de la reunión de alto nivel celebrada el 24 de septiembre de 2010: revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y promoción de las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme",
"Sr. Ruíz Blanco (Colombia): Sr. Presidente: Quiero expresarle mi agradecimiento por haber convocado esta jornada de reflexión sobre la Conferencia de Desarme y sobre las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme, durante la cual podremos —y hemos venido haciéndolo— intercambiar puntos de vista sobre los retos y oportunidades, así como sobre la forma de lograr que la Conferencia retome su papel de único órgano negociador en materia de desarme, de tal forma que nos permita avanzar hacia el logro del desarme general y completo, anhelo de toda la humanidad.",
"El compromiso con el desarme y la no proliferación nuclear es uno de los principios de la política exterior de mi país y, por ello, hemos promovido la búsqueda de consensos en los foros multilaterales pertinentes para avanzar hacia el logro de estos objetivos, destacando la importancia de estos temas para la paz y la seguridad internacionales.",
"Para Colombia es muy importante que las negociaciones sobre estos temas se realicen en el marco de los mecanismos y foros de las Naciones Unidas. Por ello, Colombia le otorga una gran importancia a la Conferencia de Desarme. Sin embargo, compartimos la frustración de la comunidad internacional por su estancamiento. Consideramos que esta situación es insostenible y que se requieren correctivos inmediatos. Si existe un compromiso político real por parte de todos los Estados, esta situación puede ser superada, siendo el compromiso político entendido como flexibilidad y creatividad: flexibilidad para ceder un poco en las posiciones nacionales, para que todos ganemos en conjunto, y creatividad para avanzar en la búsqueda de nuevas alternativas de compromiso.",
"Durante su presidencia de la Conferencia de Desarme, entre el 30 de mayo y el 24 de junio del presente año, Colombia se enfocó en un ejercicio de reflexión sobre el estado actual de la Conferencia y cursos de acción para su funcionamiento. Sin embargo, a pesar de los esfuerzos de la presidencia colombiana, así como de los esfuerzos previos de los antecesores, la parálisis del foro se mantiene.",
"En el documento CD/1913, Colombia, en su capacidad nacional, plasmó las razones del anquilosamiento de la sede y cómo los diferentes factores inhiben su capacidad para avanzar. Sin embargo, es claro que ninguna razón justifica la parálisis. No consideramos natural que un organismo permanezca más de una década sin ningún resultado concreto, sin siquiera avanzar en la discusión profunda de los diversos temas para hacer claridad sobre los puntos en los que se presentan la diferencias.",
"En relación con el programa de trabajo, quisiera recordar que éste es solo una herramienta diseñada para facilitar las actividades de la Conferencia de Desarme. Consensuar un programa de trabajo no asegura que la Conferencia empiece a avanzar. La experiencia de 2009 así lo demuestra. El problema del programa de trabajo no es de redacción, sino de los compromisos que se quieren asumir.",
"A esto se le suman dos escollos adicionales: la metodología usada para alcanzar el consenso sobre un programa de trabajo, pues esta tarea se deja en manos de la presidencia de turno, exclusivamente; y la concepción errónea sobre su naturaleza, pues se insiste en que el programa de trabajo debe contener mandatos. Por tal razón, Colombia promueve en esta coyuntura la idea de tener un programa de trabajo simplificado, tal cual se establece en el reglamento.",
"En relación con al programa de la Conferencia y los temas de negociación, mi país cree que el siguiente paso lógico es la negociación de un tratado para la prohibición de la producción de material fisible. Colombia apoya el inicio de las negociaciones sobre dicho tratado, entendiendo que el tema de los inventarios debe ser parte integral del proceso. Sin embargo, consideramos que existen otros temas que tienen una madurez similar al tratado antes mencionado y que nos permitirían avanzar hacia el desarme y la no proliferación, como, por ejemplo, el tema de las garantías negativas de seguridad. Tal vez lo lógico en esta coyuntura sea dar más de un paso a la vez.",
"En relación con los posibles cursos de acción, quisiera destacar las siguientes sugerencias, que han sido ventiladas por algunos miembros de la Conferencia de Desarme y que consideramos factibles y útiles.",
"Primero, nombrar un coordinador especial sobre la eficiencia y métodos de la Conferencia de Desarme, que analice los procedimientos y dé recomendaciones a sus miembros.",
"Segundo, estudiar la posibilidad de racionalizar las reuniones de la Conferencia en cada sesión anual, con el ánimo de sostener plenarias solo cuando sea necesario y siempre que haya procesos en marcha.",
"Tercero, reflexionar sobre la necesidad de racionalizar los gastos de la Conferencia.",
"Cuarto, crear grupos de expertos técnicos sobre los temas del programa que permitan crear confianza y contribuyan al inicio de un proceso negociador.",
"Quinto, explorar la posibilidad de una ampliación de la membresía de la Conferencia y propender por una mayor apertura e integración con la sociedad civil.",
"Sexto, finalmente, continuar con la discusión sobre el fortalecimiento de la Conferencia y la revitalización de la maquinaria de desarme en el marco de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, con el ánimo de estudiar otros posibles cursos de acción.",
"De manera complementaria, y dado el estancamiento general respecto de los temas de desarme, Colombia reitera su apoyo a la pronta convocación de un cuarto periodo extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General dedicado al desarme, en el cual se aborde la revisión de la totalidad de las instancias competentes del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y se tomen las decisiones necesarias para revitalizarlas.",
"Sr. Korček (Eslovaquia) (habla en inglés): Para comenzar, quisiera decir que Eslovaquia adhiere plenamente la declaración formulada por la Unión Europea y la declaración formulada por los Países Bajos en nombre del grupo interregional de 42 Estados Miembros. Mi delegación quisiera también hacer algunos comentarios en nombre de mi país en esta importante ocasión.",
"Compartimos la frustración y la insatisfacción de muchas delegaciones respecto de la actual situación en la Conferencia de Desarme, lo cual tiene serias consecuencias para el foro multilateral en cuanto a su credibilidad y su pertinencia para hacer frente a las actuales necesidades en materia de seguridad que todos tenemos. Ha llegado el momento de revitalizar y fortalecer los esferazos multilaterales a fin de hacer frente a los retos actuales en materia de seguridad con soluciones mundiales comunes y unidas.",
"La República Eslovaca sigue considerando a la Conferencia de Desarme como el único foro multilateral de negociación sobre asuntos de desarme. Creemos que este órgano es un elemento clave del mecanismo de desarme en su conjunto. Lo que necesitamos es revitalizarlo y revivir su potencial. La Conferencia de Desarme es tan importante que no podemos darnos el lujo de permitir que su inactividad y estancamiento continúen. Entendemos que se necesita paciencia, pero creemos que después de un decenio de estancamiento, es imperativo que haya acción.",
"La Conferencia de Desarme tiene la responsabilidad de celebrar negociaciones multilaterales sobre desarme. Esa responsabilidad recae principalmente en los miembros de la Conferencia. Eslovaquia está dispuesta a trabajar con miras a poner fin al estancamiento en la Conferencia y a hacer avanzar las negociaciones multilaterales sobre desarme.",
"Compartimos la opinión de que si la Conferencia de Desarme no es capaz de iniciar una labor sustantiva debemos buscar otros medios y elaborar medidas para superar el estancamiento.",
"Eslovaquia se sumó al llamamiento hecho al Presidente de la Asamblea General y al Secretario General en el sentido de que se celebre un debate plenario de la Asamblea General para dar seguimiento a la reunión de alto nivel, lo cual, a nuestro juicio, brindaría la oportunidad de abordar el tema acuciante del mecanismo de desarme. El tema central que queremos abordar es cómo la Conferencia de Desarme puede reanudar sus funciones y realizar su potencial a fin de satisfacer las expectativas de la comunidad internacional en su conjunto.",
"Eslovaquia está de acuerdo en que se inicien pronto las negociaciones sobre un tratado que se ocupe de la cuestión de la prohibición de la producción de material fisionable. De hecho, consideramos que dicho tratado sería una medida indispensable para lograr nuestra meta final que es tener un mundo libre de armas nucleares.",
"Al construir nuestro ambiente futuro de seguridad mundial tenemos que mirar más allá de las medidas individuales y centrarnos en la meta final. Consideramos que podemos alcanzar esa meta con instrumentos garantizados que se refuercen mutuamente. Dicho enfoque proporcionaría una perspectiva sobre las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme y nos permitiría progresar al respecto.",
"Restringirnos a un solo enfoque que no nos permita ninguna flexibilidad no nos hará avanzar, aun cuando éste sea ambicioso. Es poco probable que un programa de trabajo uniforme adaptado a cada ocasión nos ayude a avanzar hacia el desarme nuclear.",
"Necesitamos tener una mente amplia y un enfoque que subraye el objetivo final. También se debe garantizar el progreso respecto de la elaboración de un marco adecuado de instrumentos pertinentes para su logro.",
"Sr. Cavanagh (Nueva Zelandia) (habla en inglés): Nueva Zelandia adhiere la declaración formulada anteriormente por los Países Bajos en nombre de varios Estados, y deseo reiterar el profundo compromiso de Nueva Zelandia con la causa del desarme multilateral. En los debates sobre estos temas celebrados en la Conferencia de Desarme y en otros foros multilaterales siempre hemos participado activamente, dando muestras de compromiso, porque creemos que es esencial para nuestra seguridad colectiva lograr soluciones multilaterales eficaces y equilibradas a los desafíos en materia de desarme.",
"Para todos los que comparten esas preocupaciones, el estancamiento que padece la Conferencia de Desarme es motivo de gran preocupación. Hace 15 años que la Conferencia pudo desempeñar por última vez su mandato de ser el órgano de negociación de las Naciones Unidas sobre asuntos de desarme. Durante todo este tiempo la Conferencia no ha podido generar ni un solo resultado sustantivo, mientras que, fuera de su recinto, los problemas de desarme no han permanecido inmóviles.",
"Esta situación es insostenible. Es insostenible que sigamos considerando que la Conferencia de Desarme es el principal foro multilateral de negociación sobre asuntos de desarme cuando durante los últimos 15 años todas las negociaciones significativas sobre desarme no dieron frutos en la Conferencia o se celebraron fuera de ella.",
"Es insostenible esperar que los Estados que están profundamente comprometidos con el desarme multilateral sigan permitiendo que sus objetivos y prioridades más acuciantes, como las medidas indispensables para poner en vigor eficazmente el Plan de Acción de la Conferencia de las Partes del año pasado encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, permanezcan indefinidamente como rehenes debido a las fallas de procedimiento de la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"No nos equivoquemos. La Conferencia de Desarme enfrenta una seria crisis. Su credibilidad y, probablemente, incluso su propia existencia, están en juego. El actual estancamiento puede hacer que se reproche, ridiculice y, en última instancia, se vuelve intrascendente la función que desempeña la Conferencia en materia de desarme multilateral. Para evitarlo debe haber un cambio fundamental.",
"Teniendo presentes esas inquietudes, celebramos la decisión del Secretario General de convocar una reunión de alto nivel en Nueva York en septiembre pasado. También celebramos los esfuerzos de nuestros colegas de Ginebra por analizar las razones fundamentales del estancamiento y examinar posibles soluciones. Esos esfuerzos son encomiables, pero todavía deben producir un acuerdo sobre un curso a seguir, o incluso la perspectiva de un acuerdo de ese tipo.",
"Hemos escuchado una gama de opciones propuestas durante los dos días pasados para salir del estancamiento. Al igual que otras delegaciones, Nueva Zelandia vería con buenos ojos una decisión para proceder con un programa de trabajo equilibrado y significativo convenido dentro de las estructuras y procedimientos existentes. Pese a todo, quisiéramos tener la esperanza de que eso aún sería posible con un enfoque más flexible y pragmático de parte de algunos Estados. En particular, recalcamos que no hay futuro en atarnos con los nudos del procedimiento tratando el programa de trabajo como si éste estableciera un mandado absoluto para la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme. No es así, y tratarlo como tal ha sido el factor principal que ha impedido a la Conferencia cumplir su mandato.",
"Sin embargo, hay poca evidencia de que ese avance se logre pronto. Para los que piden que haya paciencia, diciendo que el ambiente internacional tiene que ser conducente al progreso, simplemente les pregunto: ¿cuándo podemos esperar que sea mejor? ¿Y durante cuánto tiempo estamos dispuestos a dejar en suspenso los objetivos prioritarios de desarme mientras esperamos que las estrellas logren un alineamiento imaginario e improbable?",
"Cuando no hay progreso, y ni siquiera existe la perspectiva de progresar en relación con el logro de algún avance, debemos preguntarnos si métodos de trabajo y reglamentos más flexibles podrían ser más útiles para nuestros intereses colectivos. Tampoco podemos dejar de hacernos preguntas sobre la utilidad y la función de la Conferencia de Desarme, que no es un fin en sí misma, y sobre posibles rutas alternativas para lograr avances respecto de objetivos de desarme prioritarios.",
"Espero que ahora ya sea evidente que, en estos momentos hay mucha frustración, incluso un elemento de desesperación, en la actitud de mi delegación respecto de los asuntos de desarme multilaterales. Se nos están acabando las excusas y el tiempo para convencernos a nosotros mismos, mucho menos a la comunidad mundial, de que la Conferencia de Desarme todavía puede desempeñar un papel significativo en las negociaciones internacionales de desarme.",
"Nueva Zelandia sigue teniendo una mente amplia respecto de cómo podríamos volver a las negociaciones sustantivas de desarme, ya sea mediante los arreglos existentes, calibrando los métodos de trabajo de la Conferencia de Desarme o explorando métodos alternativos para tratar de lograr los objetivos de desarme prioritarios. No obstante, esa conversación debe empezar ahora, y debe ser seria.",
"Los próximos meses podrían ser decisivos para la credibilidad, pertinencia y eficacia a largo plazo del mecanismo de desarme de las Naciones Unidas.",
"Después de toda la energía que se puso en esta cuestión el año pasado y la urgencia con que se trató sería muy decepcionante que en enero nos encontráramos en la Conferencia de Desarme sin haber realizado ningún progreso y sin haber puesto de manifiesto la voluntad de interrumpir el estancamiento actual. Al igual que el pasado, Nueva Zelandia se sumará a todas y cada una de las delegaciones para salir del estancamiento, y esperamos que el debate de hoy pueda ser el inicio de un proceso que nos permita lograrlo.",
"Sr. Srivali (Tailandia) (habla en inglés): Ante todo, Tailandia quisiera expresar su agradecimiento al Presidente Deiss y al Secretario General por haber convocado esta importante sesión plenaria.",
"Tailandia se adhiere a las declaraciones formuladas por el representante de Egipto en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, y por Portugal, en nombre del grupo oficioso de Estados observadores ante la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"El desarme es una cuestión compleja que tiene factores políticos complicados y diversas preocupaciones en materia de seguridad. Por consiguiente, para lograr el desarme se requiere una voluntad política firme, una determinación constante, flexibilidad y los esfuerzos concertados y el compromiso de todos los países.",
"Dado que el desarme es una cuestión que genera preocupación en el plano internacional, la Conferencia de Desarme se creó para servir de foro fundamental donde poder negociar tratados multilaterales de desarme. Sin embargo, es lamentable que desde la conclusión de las negociaciones sobre el Tratado de prohibición completa de los ensayos nucleares, en 1996, no se hayan registrado avances en la labor sustantiva de la Conferencia, y que la labor sustantiva, así como otras cuestiones cruciales que figuran en su programa, hayan quedado sin resolver. La persistente falta de progresos en la labor de la Conferencia ha planteado interrogantes sobre la pertinencia de la Conferencia para abordar los retos actuales en materia de seguridad, que evolucionan con rapidez.",
"Se han realizado esfuerzos para salir del estancamiento a la Conferencia de Desarme, siendo el más notable la celebración de la reunión de alto nivel sobre la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme, en septiembre pasado. En esa reunión, los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas, miembros y no miembros de la Conferencia, expresaron un compromiso político firme para con la promoción de las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme. No obstante, la Conferencia concluyó la segunda parte de su período de sesiones de 2011 sin haber podido aprobar un programa de trabajo. Por consiguiente, estamos reunidos aquí para enviar el mensaje claro y firme de que no se debe permitir que el estancamiento continúe.",
"A fin de que la Conferencia mantenga su autoridad como el único órgano multilateral de negociación en materia de desarme y de que la comunidad internacional pueda contar con la Conferencia para abordar los retos mundiales de seguridad, los Estados miembros de la Conferencia deben revitalizar el foro tras su prolongada inactividad y trabajar para que se inicie su labor sustantiva sobre las cuestiones fundamentales. Mientras tanto, también esperamos que la Conferencia intensifique sus esfuerzos para encarar también las preocupaciones de sus miembros de manera que finalmente pueda superar el estancamiento actual y alcanzar un consenso sobre su programa de trabajo.",
"A pesar de que no se ha progresado en la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme, sus temas fundamentales siguen siendo pertinentes para el panorama internacional de seguridad. En este contexto, Tailandia desea participar en mayor medida en la labor de la Conferencia. Anhelamos profundamente trabajar con sus Estados miembros a fin de contribuir a sus actividades y ayudar a revitalizar nuestros esfuerzos colectivos en la esfera del desarme.",
"Como el desarme implica la seguridad de todos los países, éstos tienen el derecho de participar en el proceso de examen y negociación de manera equitativa e inclusiva. Por lo tanto, Tailandia reitera el llamamiento del grupo oficioso de Estados observadores de que la Conferencia encare la cuestión de la ampliación de su composición, que fue expresada claramente en el resumen del Presidente de la reunión de alto nivel.",
"Mientras tanto, deseamos reiterar que el llamamiento para celebrar deliberaciones sobre la cuestión de la ampliación no debería malinterpretarse considerando que se trata de un factor para distraer a la Conferencia de Desarme de su labor sustantiva. Respaldamos la ampliación de su composición con miras a mejorar la eficacia de la labor de la Conferencia, y no solamente para contar con una composición más amplia. Estamos seguros de que la cuestión de la ampliación y la labor sustantiva de la Conferencia puede abordarse simultáneamente, y, por consiguiente, representa una posible tarea para revitalizar la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"Sr. Maes (Luxemburgo) (habla en francés): Sr. Presidente: Por su conducto, quiero dar las gracias al Presidente de la Asamblea General por haber organizado esta sesión de seguimiento de la reunión de alto nivel sobre la revitalización de la Conferencia de Desarme que se celebró en septiembre pasado.",
"Luxemburgo se adhiere plenamente a la declaración formulada hace dos días en nombre de la Unión Europea y refrenda la declaración conjunta que formuló el representante de los Países Bajos. Permítaseme hacer unos cuantos comentarios como representante de mi país.",
"Luxemburgo otorga gran importancia a los esfuerzos multilaterales en la esfera del desarme y ha respaldado de manera sistemática todos los esfuerzos encaminados a limitar las armas nucleares y a reducir el riesgo de proliferación nuclear. Encomiamos al Secretario General por haber hecho del desarme una de sus prioridades y por haber participado personalmente en el debate.",
"Todos nosotros conocemos los avances que se han logrado en los últimos dos años en el ámbito del desarme y la no proliferación, como el éxito de la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, la aprobación por el Consejo de Seguridad de la resolución 1887 (2009) sobre desarme y no proliferación, el Nuevo Tratado START y la Cumbre sobre Seguridad Nuclear celebrada en Washington, D.C.",
"Pese al impulso generado por esos importantes acontecimientos y a las iniciativas políticas lanzadas en septiembre pasado, todavía no se ha registrado ningún avance en el único foro multilateral desde que en 2009 se aprobara el programa de trabajo de la Conferencia de Desarme. Debemos retomar ese impulso y promover la adopción de medidas concretas para desbloquear el estancamiento que ha paralizado a la Conferencia desde hace más de un decenio.",
"Los que consideran con seriedad los progresos en materia de desarme internacional ya no pueden aceptar que no se celebren negociaciones sustantivas en la Conferencia de Desarme. En Ginebra y en Nueva York, muchos Estados han demostrado su voluntad política para desbloquear el mecanismo internacional de desarme. Todos debemos asumir nuestras responsabilidades en materia de seguridad internacional y regresar a la mesa de negociaciones para ejecutar el programa de trabajo aprobado en 2009.",
"A nuestro juicio, la primera prioridad sigue siendo el inicio inmediato de las negociaciones sobre un tratado internacional, multilateral, no discriminatorio y verificable que prohíba la producción de material fisionable. Como recordó el Secretario General en septiembre pasado, existe un acuerdo amplio sobre ese tema. Nos sumamos a otros oradores a fin de formular un solemne llamamiento para lograr un consenso. La creación de un grupo de expertos científicos al que se le encomendaría el examen de los aspectos técnicos de un tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable podría constituir una medida de fomento de la confianza que facilitaría el inicio de las negociaciones. Luxemburgo también otorga importancia al fortalecimiento de la participación de la sociedad civil en la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"Además de dichas medidas de corto plazo se necesita hacer un análisis más profundo sobre el modus operandi de la Conferencia de Desarme. Debería reinterpretarse la regla del consenso, mientras que las enmiendas efectuadas a las normas de procedimiento contribuirían a mejorar su funcionamiento.",
"Esperamos que las distintas alternativas propuestas en este debate para desbloquear la Conferencia de Desarme se examinen lo antes posible y den lugar a deliberaciones sustanciales y fructíferas en Ginebra. Es importante tener presente nuestros objetivos finales y seguir siendo ambiciosos. Lo que todos queremos es un mundo más seguro, y con ese fin debemos redoblar nuestros esfuerzos por lograr un mundo sin armas nucleares.",
"Sra. Čubrilo (Serbia) (habla en inglés): Serbia se adhiere a las declaraciones formuladas por la Unión Europea y por el representante de Portugal en nombre del grupo oficioso de Estados observadores en la Conferencia de Desarme. Sin embargo, quisiera formular unas pocas observaciones sobre esta cuestión desde la perspectiva de mi país.",
"Serbia patrocinó la resolución 65/93 relativa al seguimiento de la Reunión de alto nivel celebrada el 24 de septiembre de 2010 sobre la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y la promoción de las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme, y estuvo entre los países que iniciaron el debate plenario en la Asamblea General sobre estas importantes cuestiones, con la convicción de que brindaría un estímulo adicional para romper el estancamiento de larga data de la Conferencia.",
"Un multilateralismo productivo en las esferas del control de armamentos, la no proliferación y el desarme no solo es necesario sino que también asequible si es que todos trabajamos con un espíritu de cooperación, avenencia y flexibilidad, así como de previsión estratégica. La voluntad política es un primer paso, pero debe plasmarse en medidas concretas. Tenemos la firme convicción de que esta es la única manera de avanzar en un mundo con una interdependencia y una complejidad cada vez mayores, donde los retos comunes requieren soluciones comunes.",
"Serbia considera que la manera más apropiada de reafirmar la relevancia de la Conferencia de Desarme como elemento indispensable del mecanismo multilateral de desarme es logrando que sea más eficaz y eficiente. Es necesario que se intensifiquen los esfuerzos para superar las diferencias existentes y permitir que la Conferencia vuelva a cumplir su función original como único órgano multilateral de negociación en materia de desarme. Serbia espera que todos los Estados miembros de la Conferencia demuestren la voluntad política clara de participar, con seriedad y sin más demoras, en deliberaciones sustantivas sobre los problemas fundamentales que figuran en su programa a fin de aportar una contribución digna de crédito a la paz y la seguridad internacionales.",
"Si bien reconocemos que a menudo los intereses concretos de seguridad nacional de los Estados Miembros están reflejados en la labor de la Conferencia, esperamos que todos ellos se esfuercen por encontrar una solución de compromiso que, si bien no sea perjudicial para esos intereses, nos permita superar el estancamiento actual y crear las condiciones requeridas para aportar el dinamismo necesario a la labor de la Conferencia.",
"Al prometer su apoyo a este debate, Serbia también se guió por la necesidad de reglamentar el estatuto de los Estados observadores de la Conferencia e iniciar negociaciones sobre las cuestiones contenidas en el plan de acción aprobado en la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares. El estancamiento constante en la labor de la Conferencia es un gran obstáculo para la aplicación de las medidas establecidas en el plan de acción. No obstante, el éxito de la última reunión de alto nivel celebrada el año pasado nos faculta a realizar nuevos esfuerzos para alcanzar los objetivos del plan.",
"Los resultados logrados en la Conferencia de Desarme —a cuya labor Serbia, como Estado observador, ha prestado su apoyo incondicional— revisten una importancia universal. Por lo tanto, es esencial garantizar que la labor de la Conferencia refleje la complejidad de los riesgos y desafíos que afrontan todos los Miembros de las Naciones Unidas en un entorno internacional de seguridad cambiante. Teniendo esto presente, no se podrá revitalizar la labor de la Conferencia si no se encara la cuestión de la ampliación de su composición. Para Serbia, esta es una cuestión de suma importancia, especialmente a la luz de su reiterado interés en llegar a ser miembro de la Conferencia.",
"El peligro de la proliferación de las armas de destrucción en masa y sus sistemas vectores constituye el mayor desafío a la paz y la seguridad internacionales. La Conferencia de Desarme hace frente a muchas obligaciones que debe cumplir. Podrá alcanzar sus objetivos si puede comenzar a cumplir esas obligaciones de manera eficaz, como único órgano multilateral de negociación en materia de desarme. No cabe duda de que prolongar el estancamiento actual en la labor de la Conferencia solo aumentará las solicitudes de que se encuentren soluciones adecuadas con urgencia.",
"Para concluir, permítaseme señalar que Serbia considera que este debate será un importante paso adelante para revitalizar la labor de la Conferencia y ampliar su composición.",
"Sr. Adejola (Nigeria) (habla en inglés): Nigeria acoge con beneplácito la convocación de este debate de seguimiento a la reunión de alto nivel sobre la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y la promoción de las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme.",
"Ante todo, deseo adherirme a la declaración formulada por el representante de Egipto en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados, así como a la declaración formulada por el representante de los Países Bajos en nombre de otros 40 Estados Miembros de diversas regiones. Sin embargo, también quisiera formular la siguiente declaración como representante de mi país.",
"Nigeria encomia al Presidente por haber convocado este debate, que brinda la oportunidad de evaluar los progresos alcanzados desde la aprobación de la resolución 65/93 sobre la revitalización de la labor de la Conferencia de Desarme y la promoción de las negociaciones multilaterales de desarme, y de avanzar más allá de las meras deliberaciones y de la retórica a fin de adoptar medidas sin más demoras.",
"Es lamentable que durante más de un decenio el mecanismo multilateral de desarme, y en particular la Conferencia, no haya satisfecho las expectativas de la comunidad internacional, como se expresó en el Documento Final del primer período extraordinario de sesiones sobre el desarme, celebrado en 1978 (resolución S-10/2) y en las decisiones y recomendaciones incluidas en numerosas resoluciones, así como también en el documento final de la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). Nigeria desea señalar que la Conferencia no ha cumplido con su mandato de hacer frente a los apremiantes desafíos de seguridad que afronta la comunidad internacional utilizando instrumentos multilaterales eficaces de control de armamentos, desarme y no proliferación.",
"La convocación de esta sesión plenaria es una demostración de nuestra determinación colectiva de materializar la visión de un mundo sin armas nucleares e, indudablemente, de una sociedad mundial en la que los enormes recursos asignados al desarrollo, la producción y la posesión de armas nucleares y de armas similares de destrucción en masa se desplieguen en favor del bien, del crecimiento y del desarrollo del mundo. Esto constituye un reembolso de la deuda que debemos a las generaciones futuras y a toda la humanidad.",
"En el marco del período de sesiones sustantivo de 2011 de la Comisión de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas, Nigeria se sumó a más de 40 Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas con criterios afines para solicitar que se convocara la sesión de hoy. El impulso moral fue la necesidad de demostrar el peligro que nuestra inacción actual representa para el futuro, incluido el hecho de que nos encontrásemos persuadiendo a las generaciones futuras sobre la necesidad del desarme. Por consiguiente, debemos aprovechar tanto el momento como la oportunidad que nos presenta esta reunión de alto nivel para reafirmar aún más nuestro compromiso de promover el espíritu del multilateralismo en las negociaciones sobre desarme y no proliferación.",
"Nigeria está convencida de que el funcionamiento de las instituciones multilaterales de seguridad es el componente vital de la seguridad mundial, y considera que el estancamiento que impera en la Conferencia de Desarme es inaceptable. Incuestionablemente, la falta de progreso que ha persistido durante varios años respecto de nuevos instrumentos multilaterales de desarme ha afectado nuestra seguridad común en el siglo XXI y ha debilitado el sistema multilateral de desarme.",
"Nigeria también observa las muchas inquietudes planteadas por los Estados Miembros respecto de las negociaciones poco estimulantes de la Conferencia que se celebraron en Ginebra. Por supuesto, la Asamblea recordará la inquietud cada vez mayor de varios Estados miembros ante lo que se consideraba un complot deliberado para ralentizar el proceso. Esta opinión quedó bien expresada y documentada con ocasión de la visita que hizo el Presidente Deiss a Ginebra en marzo de 2011, así como por el Secretario General y los miembros de su Junta Consultiva en Asuntos de Desarme.",
"A este problema se añade el hecho de que la Conferencia de Desarme tampoco ha propiciado recomendaciones para que el proceso tome el rumbo previsto. Pese a que al comienzo los Estados miembros parecían tener buenas intenciones en abril, Nigeria observa que, lamentablemente, los tres grupos no han podido elaborar recomendaciones concretas ni alcanzar un consenso fundamental sobre las cuestiones presentadas para su examen. Estimamos que este fracaso sirvió como claro recordatorio de los ingentes desafíos que enfrentamos en forma colectiva en el marco más amplio del mecanismo multilateral de desarme.",
"Nigeria exhorta a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares a que examinen, como máxima prioridad, la eliminación completa de sus arsenales nucleares de conformidad con las obligaciones jurídicas multilaterales pertinentes. Este enfoque servirá para evaluar su disposición a cumplir los compromisos inequívocos asumidos en el año 2000 y en la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares, a fin de lograr la eliminación completa de las armas nucleares.",
"Nuestra falta de capacidad para superar esta crisis nos está haciendo perder un tiempo muy valioso. A medida que nos acercamos a 2012, no debemos escatimar esfuerzo alguno para salir del estancamiento. Nigeria apoya a la Conferencia de Desarme como único órgano multilateral de negociación sobre desarme. También creemos que la Comisión de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas es pertinente como único órgano deliberativo especializado del mecanismo multilateral de desarme de las Naciones Unidas. Cabe esperar que la Conferencia de Desarme promueva el programa de desarme nuclear, incluidas, entre otras cosas, negociaciones acerca de una convención sobre las armas nucleares, las garantías negativas de seguridad y el esperado tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable.",
"A este respecto, nuestras deliberaciones deben proporcionarnos una plataforma adecuada para abordar, de manera transparente e inclusiva, todas las posibles opciones futuras para impulsar las negociaciones multilaterales sobre desarme de modo eficaz y con el objetivo de obtener resultados concretos.",
"Para concluir, Nigeria seguirá propiciando la participación constructiva de los Estados Miembros en esta empresa, con miras a colaborar con el Presidente de la Asamblea General y el Secretario General para alcanzar los elevados objetivos de las negociaciones multilaterales sobre desarme.",
"Sr. Loulichki (Marruecos) (habla en francés): Mi delegación participa en este importante debate con verdadero interés. Suscribimos la declaración que formuló el representante de Egipto en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados.",
"El Reino de Marruecos está firmemente convencido de que para la creación de un mundo libre de armas nucleares será necesario contar con los esfuerzos efectivos del mecanismo de desarme de las Naciones Unidas, en particular la Conferencia de Desarme. Nos resulta difícil reconocer que, mientras que las iniciativas multilaterales son fructíferas cuando se adoptan en forma paralela a la Conferencia de Desarme, los Estados Miembros no sean capaces de ponerse de acuerdo ni siquiera sobre un programa de trabajo para la Conferencia. Es imprescindible modificar esta situación anacrónica. Por consiguiente, deseo formular las siguientes observaciones ante la Asamblea.",
"En primer lugar, es frustrante y contraproducente que en las deliberaciones celebradas en el marco de la Conferencia de Desarme siempre se vuelva al punto de partida. Después de más de 30 años de deliberaciones y negociaciones, ese foro ha acumulado numerosas propuestas e ideas que podrían encaminar su labor hacia el logro de sus objetivos.",
"En segundo lugar, es igualmente inaceptable que se afirme que la Conferencia de Desarme funciona en forma aislada. Seamos claros: ningún órgano o instrumento podría garantizar progresos efectivos en materia de desarme a falta de una verdadera voluntad política y un contexto internacional favorable.",
"En tercer lugar, la norma del consenso se aprobó para que las decisiones contaran con el máximo apoyo posible, permitiendo que cada Estado Miembro ejerza influencia en el proceso de toma de decisiones. Sin embargo, cabe recalcar que el consenso no se debe utilizar como un instrumento de obstrucción. Aunque respetamos el derecho legítimo y soberano de los Estados miembros de aceptar o rechazar las decisiones propuestas, aquéllos deben dar muestras de flexibilidad y responsabilidad.",
"En cuarto lugar, la Conferencia de Desarme, que ha demostrado su eficacia y su éxito en el pasado, sigue siendo el marco adecuado para promover las negociaciones sobre desarme. Con ese fin, ese órgano debe adoptar un enfoque amplio, integrado y pragmático. En esta era de globalización, la seguridad de un país o de una región está más estrechamente vinculada que nunca a la seguridad del resto del mundo. De modo similar, la seguridad internacional no se puede mantener ni fortalecer si no se tienen en cuenta las consideraciones de seguridad a nivel nacional o regional; de ahí la gran importancia de adoptar un enfoque que tenga en cuenta la seguridad nacional, regional y mundial.",
"En quinto y último lugar, mi país reitera su respaldo al mecanismo de desarme de las Naciones Unidas. Con tal fin, exhortamos a que se tenga precaución respecto de la tentación de iniciar negociaciones fuera de la Conferencia de Desarme y otros foros multilaterales. Si bien dicha decisión podría acelerar las negociaciones, se correría el riesgo de que algunos países no reconocieran los resultados alcanzados y de que se acrecentaran las discrepancias en la comunidad internacional respecto del desarme y la no proliferación, cuestiones en las que se necesita precisamente lo contrario, a saber, el mayor consenso posible.",
"Me referiré ahora a los elementos esenciales de ese consenso, que mi delegación describiría del siguiente modo. El primer componente del consenso es la responsabilidad, que es común pero diferenciada. Marruecos opina que los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares tienen una responsabilidad especial en el ámbito del desarme y la no proliferación. Es preciso adoptar medidas prácticas para imprimir nuevo impulso a las iniciativas multilaterales de desarme nuclear. Se trata esencialmente de dos medidas. En primer lugar, se invitaría a los Estados poseedores de armas nucleares a aceptar la creación de un marco a largo plazo que garantice la confianza en este empeño. En segundo lugar, tendríamos que poner en marcha el proceso de aplicación de la resolución de 1995 sobre el Oriente Medio. A ese respecto, es crucial asegurar el éxito de la conferencia internacional sobre el Oriente Medio, prevista para 2012, que se deberá basar en el plan de acción aprobado en la Conferencia de las Partes encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares.",
"El segundo componente del consenso es la negociación paralela de un tratado por el que se prohíba la producción de material fisionable para la producción de armas nucleares y un instrumento para otorgar garantías negativas de seguridad. Esto sería un gran avance y una medida de fomento de la confianza que impulsaría el desarme nuclear.",
"El tercer componente es el restablecimiento y el mantenimiento de la Conferencia de Desarme, con su papel primordial de único órgano multilateral de negociaciones sobre desarme.",
"El cuarto componente del consenso es el fortalecimiento de la no proliferación, la seguridad y la protección, respetando estrictamente las normas establecidas por los órganos internacionales competentes, que podrían beneficiarse del apoyo y los conocimientos especializados de las iniciativas regionales e internacionales. Estas normas deben desarrollarse en respuesta a los nuevos desafíos mundiales. Es sumamente importante dotar al Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica de los medios necesarios para cumplir su mandato.",
"El quinto y último componente del consenso es la promoción de la utilización de la energía nuclear con fines pacíficos mediante el fortalecimiento de la cooperación técnica, cuya financiación ya no debería ser voluntaria.",
"Mi delegación ha seguido con interés la presentación de ciertas propuestas sobre la revitalización de las iniciativas de desarme nuclear, tanto en el debate de hoy como en la reunión celebrada el 24 de septiembre de 2010. Mi delegación sigue dispuesta a examinar dichas propuestas con un espíritu de flexibilidad, avenencia y compromiso.",
"El logro de la paz mediante el desarme beneficiaría a toda la humanidad. No escatimaremos esfuerzos para conseguir un mundo libre de armas nucleares y menos interesado en la carrera de armamentos a expensas de la necesidad de luchar contra la pobreza, las epidemias y el deterioro de nuestro medio ambiente.",
"Sr. Proaño (Ecuador): La delegación del Ecuador desea comenzar ratificando su adhesión al discurso pronunciado por el representante de Egipto en nombre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados.",
"La situación que en estos momentos se experimenta al interior de la Conferencia de Desarme representa, sin duda alguna, preocupación para todos los Estados. En este sentido, se van a requerir denodados esfuerzos para obtener una solución. Es necesario tener presente que dichos esfuerzos tienen que estar enmarcados, entre otros, en los principios de inclusión y del multilateralismo, y cualquier alternativa dirigida a superar la referida situación debe provenir de procesos de discusión y negociación entre todos los Estados.",
"En este contexto, mi delegación se pregunta acerca de la razón por la que no se otorguen la misma preocupación y el mismo interés a todos los temas del programa de trabajo de la Conferencia de Desarme, donde solamente uno parecería tener prioridad. Para el Ecuador, tiene tanta relevancia un tratado sobre la producción de material fisionable como la tiene una convención sobre armas nucleares o las garantías negativas de seguridad. Esta es la lógica postura de un país que no posee armas nucleares por considerarlas atroces y que, al igual que la inmensa mayoría de Estados, aboga por un mundo sin ellas. Sin embargo, la comunidad internacional no ha podido ver, hasta la presente fecha, instrumento alguno por medio del cual los Estados nucleares garanticen que se abstendrán de utilizar armas nucleares en contra de los Estados que no las poseen, mientras se concluye el proceso dirigido hacia la destrucción total de dichas armas. Esta sistemática negación es un ejemplo de escasa voluntad política frente al cumplimiento de los compromisos y obligaciones alcanzados por los Estados en el ámbito del desarme nuclear y la no proliferación nuclear.",
"En este contexto, el estancamiento al interior de la Conferencia de Desarme es también reflejo de esta ausencia de voluntad política. Más allá de las implicaciones legales frente a su cumplimiento, los procesos vinculados al desarme nuclear y a la no proliferación nuclear deben ser considerados procesos compenetrados. No obstante, parecería ser que al interior de la Conferencia de Desarme interesa y preocupa solamente avanzar en los asuntos que se enmarcan en la esfera de la proliferación nuclear, subordinando o, peor aún, marginando cualquier posibilidad de progreso en el campo del desarme nuclear.",
"La solución del estancamiento que sufre la Conferencia de Desarme no parecería radicar ni en su estructura ni en sus procedimientos. En esta situación se verán inmersos los Estados dentro de cualquier otro foro, bajo cualquier nueva estructura o innovadores procedimientos, pues sus causas yacen en el campo de lo político. Por ello, los esfuerzos a los que esta delegación se refirió al comienzo de su intervención deben apuntar a la aproximación de las posiciones al interior de la Conferencia de Desarme, a través de mensajes claros y transparentes que reflejen la voluntad de las partes de entablar conversaciones dirigidas al inicio de negociaciones que incluyan todos los asuntos pendientes, esto es, una convención sobre las armas nucleares, las garantías negativas de seguridad, la prevención de una carrera de armamentos en el espacio ultraterrestre y un tratado sobre material fisionable, que, a juicio de esta delegación, debe versar sobre las existencias almacenadas presentes y futuras. El Ecuador considera conveniente y necesaria la convocación de un cuarto período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General dedicado al desarme.",
"Finalmente, es necesario analizar en qué medida la supresión del consenso coadyuvaría a generar acuerdos universales, que es lo que se desea, puesto que existe el riesgo de que las distintas percepciones acerca de los efectos y consecuencias del resultado de las negociaciones provoquen la falta de participación y adhesión de varios de los actores involucrados, socavándose así gravemente 1a efectividad que acuerdos de semejante alcance, sensibilidad y trascendencia requieren.",
"Sra. Miculescu (Rumania) (habla en inglés): Para comenzar, al igual que otros oradores, deseo encomiar al Secretario General y al Presidente de la Asamblea General por haber convocado este debate dedicado a la revitalización de la Conferencia de Desarme. Permítaseme también expresar el agradecimiento de mi delegación a la Junta Consultiva en Asuntos de Desarme, que, a pedido del Secretario General, se reunió en Ginebra para llevar a cabo un análisis profundo del actual estancamiento de la Conferencia de Desarme.",
"Rumania apoya la declaración formulada por el jefe interino de la delegación de la Unión Europea ante las Naciones Unidas. Dado que Rumania fue uno de los países que suscribieron la carta en la que se solicitó la convocación de esta sesión plenaria (A/65/836, anexo), también apoyamos la declaración formulada por el representante de los Países Bajos en nombre de los países signatarios. Tengo el privilegio de formular también unas breves observaciones en nombre de mi país.",
"El hecho de que suscribiéramos esa carta en la que se solicitó la convocación de este debate y nuestra presencia aquí son claro testimonio de la importancia que mi país otorga al fortalecimiento del programa multilateral de desarme. Rumania está convencida de que, en el mundo de hoy, la paz y la seguridad deben abordarse desde una perspectiva global. El desarme y el control de armamentos son los cimientos de toda estructura mundial de seguridad. Sin embargo, un sistema de seguridad multilateral eficiente y un mecanismo multilateral de desarme efectivo se deben basar en la cooperación y en el entendimiento común de nuestros desafíos y amenazas mundiales.",
"Desde comienzos de 2010, hemos presenciado premisas positivas para un programa multilateral mundial. La firma del Tratado START II y la primera Cumbre sobre Seguridad Nuclear celebrada en Washington, D.C., nos dieron la esperanza de que el objetivo del desarme nuclear completo podría alcanzarse. El resultado exitoso de la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares y su Documento Final exigió que se adoptaran más medidas en el marco del régimen internacional de desarme y no proliferación, incluida la comunidad de desarme de Ginebra.",
"Asimismo, compartíamos las expectativas de la comunidad internacional de que en la reunión de alto nivel celebrada el año pasado aquí, en Nueva York, se imprimiera impulso a fin de que la Conferencia de Desarme en Ginebra lograra grandes avances concretos para estar a la altura del actual entorno internacional. Hasta la fecha, la Conferencia de Desarme no ha estado a la altura de nuestras expectativas, pero debemos aunar esfuerzos para adoptar nuevas medidas en ese sentido.",
"Rumania respalda con firmeza a la Conferencia de Desarme como un importante marco para examinar las cuestiones relativas a las armas nucleares, y reconoce su valor para lograr la paz internacional y fortalecer la seguridad mundial. Su papel de negociación se debe mantener y fortalecer. Estamos convencidos de que la Conferencia debe avanzar y retomar su papel como foro de negociación. El prolongado estancamiento plantea un grave problema y es preciso que se le ponga fin.",
"Durante muchos años hemos sido testigos de los esfuerzos constantes que se han realizado para superar ese estancamiento. Ahora se nos ha exhortado a encarar el problema. Somos conscientes de que en un foro de diálogo y negociaciones con 65 miembros cuyas decisiones se adoptan por consenso es difícil obtener un apoyo universal. Sin embargo, no debería ser imposible al menos ponerse de acuerdo sobre un programa de trabajo. Aunque no hay que exagerar el estancamiento actual, debemos ser conscientes de que los Estados podrían recurrir a otras maneras de negociar los acuerdos internacionales sobre desarme fuera de la Conferencia. Rumania ha declarado muchas veces que esta posibilidad no obra en interés de nadie.",
"Tal como el representante de Austria dijo en Ginebra el 9 de junio, en una declaración que la delegación rumana apoyó, no tenemos muchas opciones. Por un lado, debemos examinar los métodos de trabajo de la Conferencia de Desarme, incluidos sus procedimientos y principios operacionales. Por el otro, también debemos buscar otras medidas que puedan ayudarnos a superar este estancamiento en la Conferencia, que dura desde hace demasiado tiempo.",
"Rumania se compromete a participar seriamente en el trabajo de la Conferencia para que vuelva a asumir su mandato como órgano de negociaciones, partiendo del programa de trabajo (CD/1864) aprobado por consenso en mayo de 2009. En nuestra opinión, una de las cuestiones fundamentales de un proceso de desarme nuclear irreversible son las negociaciones en la Conferencia sobre el tratado de prohibición de la producción de material fisionable. Hay que abordar las inquietudes de todos en materia de seguridad a través de un proceso de negociaciones. Esa es la esencia y el valor de la diplomacia multilateral. Es crucial que todos los miembros de la Conferencia participen en esas negociaciones para el programa de desarme.",
"Para concluir, quisiera reiterar que Rumania sigue convencida de que el apoyo político prestado a la Conferencia de Desarme el 24 de septiembre de 2010, así como nuestras valiosas contribuciones a este debate, podrían infundir a la Conferencia el impulso necesario para que vuelva a asumir su función como foro de negociaciones. Rumania realmente espera que en algún momento lleguemos a determinar la mejor manera de revigorizar, en un futuro próximo, el desarme multilateral.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Hemos escuchado al último orador sobre este tema. La Asamblea ha concluido así la presente etapa de su examen del tema 162 del programa.",
"Tema 13 del programa (continuación)",
"Aplicación y seguimiento integrados y coordinados de los resultados de las grandes conferencias y cumbres de las Naciones Unidas en las esferas económica y social y esferas conexas",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): La Asamblea General reanudará su examen del tema 13 del programa para tratar los desafíos que entraña hacer realidad el derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento en el contexto de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Los miembros recordarán que la Asamblea celebró un debate sobre estos desafíos en la 114ª sesión plenaria el 27 julio, pero no terminó su lista de oradores.",
"Sr. Peralta (Paraguay): Antes que nada, deseamos felicitar al Presidente del hermano Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Sr. Evo Morales Ayma, quien con su iniciativa de convocar esta plenaria ayuda en gran manera a dimensionar en toda su importancia el derecho humano al agua y al saneamiento.",
"Constituye una necesidad y responsabilidad común a todos los componentes de la comunidad internacional la búsqueda de un justo equilibrio entre el desarrollo de nuestros pueblos, a través de un crecimiento económico sustentable y el respeto a los recursos naturales como fuente de vida, con el objetivo de alcanzar el bienestar de nuestras poblaciones en todas sus dimensiones. A menos de 4 años de la meta establecida en los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM), en el sentido de reducir a la mitad la proporción de personas que carecen de acceso al agua potable y que tampoco cuentan con los recursos materiales y financieros necesarios para acceder a servicios básicos de saneamiento, observamos con preocupación que los avances siguen siendo lentos e insuficientes. Actualmente, casi una tercera parte de la población mundial sigue careciendo del acceso necesario al saneamiento y aproximadamente una séptima parte no posee o no puede costearse un derecho humano vital como constituye la obtención del agua potable y, en este sentido, el hecho de que más de un 1,5 millones de menores de 5 años fallezcan anualmente por esta carencia nos resulta una realidad brutal e inaceptable.",
"En el Paraguay reafirmamos plenamente el principio que el acceso y la disposición de agua potable así como al saneamiento básico constituyen elementos indisociables y absolutamente necesarios para el pleno goce y disfrute de los derechos humanos y, en tal sentido, nuestro Gobierno sigue y seguirá comprometido con todos los recursos que sean necesarios para asegurar que dichos servicios puedan estar disponibles en todo su alcance para la población en la mayor brevedad de tiempo. Asimismo, instamos a toda la comunidad internacional a redoblar esfuerzos en tal sentido, con mayor énfasis en un período de tiempo en el que se siguen sintiendo los efectos de la crisis económica mundial y de manifestaciones devastadoras de nuestra madre naturaleza.",
"Es por ello que creemos firmemente que la comunidad internacional se encuentra ante una histórica encrucijada en el sentido de decidir su destino. Creemos que la Conferencia sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible a realizarse en 2012, Río+20, debe constituir una inmejorable ocasión para reasumir con determinación nuestros compromisos y esfuerzos en tal sentido, de manera a asegurar que las futuras generaciones puedan vivir en un mundo mas armónico entre el desarrollo humano y el aprovechamiento de los recursos medioambientales.",
"Sr. Tsiskarashvili (Georgia) (habla en inglés): Como uno de los patrocinadores de la resolución 64/292, quisiera aprovechar esta ocasión para acoger con agrado la aprobación de esa resolución, en la que se reconoce que el derecho al agua y el saneamiento es esencial para el pleno gozo de la vida y de todos los derechos humanos. Quisiera expresar nuestro agradecimiento al Presidente Morales de Bolivia por su participación y por sus perspicaces observaciones de hace dos días, y encomiarlo por la iniciativa de la delegación de Bolivia como autora de la resolución.",
"El agua potable y el saneamiento son fundamentales para preservar la salud humana, en particular en los niños. Cada año, millones de niños mueren debido al agua no potable y a la falta de un saneamiento adecuado. En la actualidad, hay aproximadamente 900 millones de personas que no tienen acceso al agua potable, y 2.600 millones de personas, entre ellas casi 1.000 millones de niños, que no tienen acceso a condiciones básicas de saneamiento. La comunidad internacional no puede pasar por alto estas cifras dramáticas.",
"Con los años, los esfuerzos de mi Gobierno se han centrado en mejorar el abastecimiento de agua y el saneamiento, tanto urbano como rural. Nuestra experiencia pone de manifiesto la importancia de los esfuerzos simultáneos del Gobierno y los donantes. En este sentido, quisiera dar algunos ejemplos claros de esa colaboración.",
"Hace más de un año, se creó la Compañía Unida de Abastecimiento de Agua de Georgia a partir de nuestras 62 empresas municipales de abastecimiento de agua. La empresa ha colaborado satisfactoriamente con dos grandes donantes del sector del suministro de agua, sobre todo con la Millennium Challenge Corporation. Hace un año, se firmó un acuerdo con el Banco Asiático de Desarrollo en relación con el sector de la gestión hídrica, que abarca la plena rehabilitación de los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua y saneamiento de seis núcleos urbanos de Georgia. El año pasado, se firmó otro acuerdo con el Banco Europeo de Inversiones. Para aplicar esos acuerdos, se están realizando obras en 28 municipios de Georgia. Una medida importante fue la creación de mapas electrónicos del sistema nacional de abastecimiento de agua. El sistema controla y emite alertas en caso de daños, reduciendo el despilfarro y los costos financieros. Se están adoptando medidas especiales para controlar la contaminación de la cuenca fluvial. Hace poco, en la región sudoriental de Georgia, se construyó una nueva terminal para procesar desechos biológicos a fin de proteger el río y la población cercana.",
"Aun conscientes de este modesto progreso, reconocemos los desafíos que todavía afrontamos. Hace falta hacer más a los niveles nacional e internacional. En este sentido, apoyamos los esfuerzos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y esperamos que sigan los debates sobre el ejercicio del derecho humano al agua potable y limpia y al saneamiento y su repercusión para la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.",
"Sr. Stancanelli (Argentina): Queremos agradecer al Presidente de la Asamblea General el haber posibilitado llevar a cabo esta reunión plenaria, así como al Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Excmo. Sr. Evo Morales Ayma, por su iniciativa respecto a la cuestión del derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento.",
"La Argentina apoya el desarrollo progresivo del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos teniendo en consideración que los principales tratados internacionales de derechos humanos, tanto en materia de derechos civiles y políticos como económicos, sociales y culturales, han pasado a constituir uno de los pilares fundamentales del ordenamiento jurídico argentino, a partir de su rango constitucional desde la reforma de la Constitución nacional en 1994.",
"En este contexto, la importancia de contar con agua potable y servicios básicos de saneamiento para proteger la salud humana y el medio ambiente han sido reconocidos por varios documentos internacionales que han contado con el apoyo argentino. Del mismo modo, la Argentina entiende que es una de las responsabilidades principales de los Estados asegurar a sus habitantes el derecho al agua como una de las condiciones fundamentales para garantizar el derecho a la vida y para asegurar un nivel de vida adecuado.",
"En consonancia con esa posición, la Argentina ha votado a favor de la resolución 64/292, “El derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento”, durante su tratamiento en el sexagésimo cuarto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General. No obstante ello, la Argentina reitera lo sostenido en dicha ocasión, en el sentido de que el derecho humano al agua y al saneamiento constituye un derecho humano que cada Estado debe asegurar a los individuos sujetos a su jurisdicción y no respecto a otros Estados.",
"Esta posición se enmarca en la resolución 1803 (XVII) de la Asamblea General relativa a la soberanía permanente de los Estados sobre sus recursos naturales y, en el ámbito regional, en el párrafo 33 de la Declaración de Caracas relativa al medio ambiente, aprobada el 29 de abril de 2011, en ocasión de la Reunión de Ministros de Ambiente de América Latina y el Caribe, que expresa que el derecho al agua potable y el saneamiento es un derecho humano esencial para el pleno disfrute de la vida y de todos los derechos humanos. Los Estados de la región, de conformidad con sus respectivos marcos jurídicos nacionales, asegurarán este derecho a los individuos sujetos a su jurisdicción, ratificando la soberanía sobre sus recursos naturales.",
"Sr. Proaño (Ecuador): Mi delegación saluda y agradece la presencia del Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Excmo. Sr. Evo Morales Ayma, el pasado miércoles para la atención de este tema fundamental y al haber transcurrido el primer año desde la aprobación de la resolución 64/292 sobre el derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento.",
"La Constitución del Ecuador reconoce el derecho humano al agua como un derecho fundamental e irrenunciable, y el agua como un patrimonio nacional estratégico de uso público, inalienable, imprescriptible, inembargable y esencial para la vida. El artículo 411 de la Constitución garantiza la conservación, recuperación y manejo integral de los recursos hídricos y caudales ecológicos.",
"En los Artículos 71 y 74 de la Constitución del Ecuador se reconocen los derechos de la naturaleza, y se establece que las personas, comunidades, pueblos o nacionalidades están en capacidad de exigir a las autoridades públicas el respeto integral a la existencia, mantenimiento y regeneración de sus ciclos vitales, estructura, funciones y procesos evolutivos. Así se busca garantizar que las personas, comunidades, pueblos y nacionalidades puedan beneficiarse del agua y, gracias a ella, hacer posible el buen vivir.",
"Con ese enfoque el Gobierno ecuatoriano viene impulsando políticas encaminadas a asegurar el derecho humano al agua previsto en nuestra Carta Magna, así como la necesidad de precautelar los medios para el desarrollo humano sostenible y el acceso a los elementos esenciales para la vida como constituye este líquido vital. Estos principios constitucionales adoptados por el Ecuador posicionaron una visión adecuada del agua, que supera la lógica material del uso y consumo, y de la simple mercancía. Haber adoptado esta concepción como derecho humano, sin duda significa un avance importante en la política pública ecuatoriana, cuyo desafío es garantizar el tratamiento del agua y de la biodiversidad como patrimonios estratégicos.",
"Manejar el patrimonio hídrico con un enfoque integral e integrado para satisfacer el acceso de las poblaciones a este derecho que tiene el ser humano es una prioridad que ha sido asumida con toda responsabilidad, e implica un trabajo conjunto con los gobiernos locales y con toda la sociedad.",
"El agua constituye un elemento especial para la ritualidad y la vida de los pueblos y nacionalidades, sus prácticas y relaciones con el entorno. El agua, el territorio y la tierra constituyen la base material para la existencia y reproducción de la cultura y, por tanto, de ellas depende la conservación de identidades diversas, y favorece la convivencia del ser humano en armonía con la naturaleza. Por ello es imperativo que los Estados aseguren la calidad del agua y el saneamiento.",
"A pesar de los avances históricos verificados en el Ecuador, queda mucho por hacer para que se conviertan en práctica y beneficio de nuestro país. Además el Ecuador aspira a que estos derechos sean reconocidos y practicados por todas las naciones, sobre todo tomando en cuenta los riesgos a los que se enfrenta la humanidad de perder las reservas naturales de agua dulce.",
"Finalmente, mi delegación desea renovar el compromiso del Ecuador con este tema fundamental y la voluntad de continuar en viabilizar la aplicación de las recomendaciones recogidas en la resolución mencionada al inicio de mi intervención, y destacar la necesidad de profundizar la cooperación internacional para apoyo a los Estados en dicho esfuerzo.",
"Sr. Moraes Cabral (Portugal) (habla en inglés): Portugal comparte las opiniones expresadas en la declaración formulada en este debate por el observador de la Unión Europea.",
"Consideramos que lograr el objetivo de reducir a la mitad la proporción de la población sin acceso sostenido al agua potable y a condiciones básicas de saneamiento es una de las máximas prioridades. El hecho de que casi 1.000 millones de personas todavía carezcan de acceso al agua potable y que alrededor de 2.500 millones de personas no tengan acceso al saneamiento tiene enormes repercusiones humanas, económicas y de desarrollo. El acceso al agua y el saneamiento es una condición necesaria para la aplicación adecuada del derecho humano a la salud, la alimentación y la educación, así como de los derechos del niño. A fin de cuentas, es esencial para la realización del principio fundamental de la dignidad humana. Por consiguiente, no es posible considerar la cuestión del acceso al agua y el saneamiento si no se tiene en cuenta la perspectiva de derechos humanos. Por ello, Portugal acogió con beneplácito el reciente reconocimiento del derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento, expresado en la resolución 64/292 y en la resolución 15/9 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos.",
"La diferencia fundamental que se percibe cuando nos referimos a los derechos humanos en este ámbito, es que estamos pasando de la simple caridad a la obligación jurídica y del simple deseo a la responsabilidad de garantizar que el agua y el saneamiento sean accesibles, seguros y asequibles, y estén a disposición de todos, sin discriminación, en condiciones en las que todos los países tengan la responsabilidad de garantizar la continuidad de los esfuerzos que se realizan a favor del derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento en el marco de sus recursos disponibles.",
"En Portugal hemos asumido el firme compromiso de poner en práctica el derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento. Mi país ha hecho grandes esfuerzos para aumentar el acceso a este derecho humano. Las cifras hablan por sí solas. Los servicios de abastecimiento de agua potable y de tratamiento de aguas residuales para los usuarios finales están clasificados jurídicamente como servicios públicos esenciales y sujetos a disposiciones especiales dirigidas a proteger a los usuarios de posibles abusos de los proveedores.",
"Nuestras disposiciones nacionales sobre los servicios de suministro de agua y tratamiento de aguas residuales han desempeñado un papel fundamental en los empeños por garantizar el acceso universal al agua y el saneamiento, y han favorecido la aplicación de las mejores prácticas en la aplicación del derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento a fin de lograr que dichos servicios sean asequibles. Esas medidas están concebidas para satisfacer los criterios de disponibilidad, accesibilidad, calidad, seguridad, asequibilidad, aceptabilidad, no discriminación, participación, rendición de cuentas, repercusión y sostenibilidad, definidos por la Relatora Especial como aspectos esenciales para la realización adecuada de este derecho humano. El respeto de esos criterios es también un principio rector de nuestro plan estratégico para los servicios de suministro de agua y tratamiento de aguas residuales.",
"Para concluir, permítaseme aprovechar esta oportunidad para expresar nuestro agradecimiento por la presencia, al inicio de esta sesión, de la Relatora Especial sobre el derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento. Portugal acoge con beneplácito la prórroga por consenso de su mandato, aprobada en el décimo sexto período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos. Asimismo, encomiamos su pertinente labor, caracterizada por avances en la compilación de información sobre las mejores prácticas y la celebración de consultas amplias, transparentes e inclusivas con agentes pertinentes y partes interesadas de todas las regiones a fin de elaborar sus informes temáticos y como parte de sus misiones en los países.",
"Sr. Sydykov (Kirguistán) (habla en ruso): Sr. Presidente: Deseo dar una cordial bienvenida al Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Sr. Evo Morales, y agradecer a la Relatora Especial sobre el derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento, Sra. Catarina de Albuquerque, su ilustrativa declaración.",
"Ha transcurrido un año desde que la Asamblea aprobó la resolución 64/292, sobre el derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento. Como país en desarrollo, apoyamos su llamamiento a los Estados y a las organizaciones internacionales para que compartan sus recursos financieros, fomenten las capacidades y transfieran tecnología por medio de la cooperación y la asistencia internacionales, sobre todo a los países en desarrollo, con el objetivo de ampliar los esfuerzos dirigidos a proporcionar agua potable, segura y accesible, así como servicios de saneamiento, para todos.",
"Kirguistán se apega estrictamente a los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM), incluido el objetivo de reducir a la mitad, antes de 2015, la proporción de personas que no tienen acceso al agua potable y a servicios de saneamiento. Coincidimos con los Estados en que el acceso al agua potable segura y a los servicios de saneamiento es parte integral del derecho, consagrado en el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales a un nivel de vida digno.",
"Más del 90% del territorio de Kirguistán consiste en terreno montañoso que contienen glaciares que proveen agua a su población, su ganado y sus cultivos. De acuerdo con cálculos de expertos, el suministro de agua dulce proveniente de los glaciares de Kirguistán asciende a unos 650.000 millones de metros cúbicos. En los últimos 40 años, como resultado del cambio climático, el área de la superficie de nuestros glaciales se ha reducido en un 20%, y en 20 años más se puede reducir un 30% o un 40% más. A ese ritmo, para el año 2100, es posible que todos los glaciares de Kirguistán hayan desaparecido, y corremos el riesgo de enfrentar una catastrófica escasez de agua dulce para satisfacer las necesidades de los habitantes de toda la región. Además del calentamiento de la atmósfera, otro factor que está afectando la seguridad de los recursos hídricos en Asia Central es la existencia de más de 90 depósitos de desechos de uranio en la región. La situación se complica por el hecho de que muchos depósitos de desechos de uranio se encuentran situados en zonas activas desde el punto de vista sísmico y a lo largo de ríos que fluyen hacia la extensa cuenca de la región de Asia Central. Si los materiales tóxicos se mezclaran con las aguas subterráneas o con los ríos, ello sería una catástrofe para el suministro de agua potable y de regadío.",
"Hoy, con la cooperación activa de los países donantes y las organizaciones internacionales, incluido el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, Kirguistán está ejecutando numerosos proyectos dirigidos a proveer agua potable a sus ciudadanos. El mayor de ellos es el proyecto de agua potable que se lleva a cabo con el apoyo del Banco Mundial y del Banco Asiático de Desarrollo, cuya conclusión está prevista para 2013. Gracias a este proyecto, unas 550 aldeas en Kirguistán ya disponen de agua corriente, la tasa de enfermedades infecciosas se ha reducido y la infraestructura de saneamiento del país ha mejorado. Una prueba adicional de la atención que presta el Estado a la cuestión del agua potable es la promulgación de leyes especiales que establecen parámetros como la ley del agua potable y el código de leyes sobre el agua de la República Kirguisa. Recientemente, el 30 de mayo, el Parlamento promulgó un reglamento técnico en el marco de una ley sobre la seguridad del agua potable, que tiene como objetivo proteger la salud y la vida de la población de la presencia de contaminantes en el agua.",
"Kirguistán aboga por un uso racional del agua y por el desarrollo cooperativo en el ámbito del uso integral de los recursos hidroenergéticos de Asia Central, incluida la puesta en práctica de los principios de la gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos a nivel nacional y regional.",
"Sra. Štiglic (Eslovenia) (habla en inglés): Para comenzar, permítaseme decir que Eslovenia hace suya la declaración formulada en nombre de la Unión Europea.",
"Sin duda, el agua es el desafío mundial del siglo XXI. Como muestran las predicciones, en 2025, 1.800 millones de personas vivirán en zonas afectadas por una severa escasez de agua como resultado de la combinación del cambio climático, la degradación del medio ambiente y el crecimiento demográfico. En consecuencia, la provisión de agua potable y el acceso a servicios de saneamiento adecuados se convertirán en un desafío aún mayor para muchos países.",
"Los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) instan a reducir a la mitad, antes de 2015, la proporción de personas sin acceso sostenible al agua potable segura y a servicios de saneamiento básicos. La gestión de los recursos hídricos y el suministro de agua y servicios de saneamiento son algunas de las formas más económicas de abordar el logro de todos los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. La cuestión del acceso al agua y el saneamiento está estrechamente ligada a la pobreza. La falta de acceso al agua y el saneamiento priva a miles de millones de personas, sobre todo a mujeres y niñas, de oportunidades, dignidad, seguridad y bienestar. Por otra parte, el acceso al agua potable y segura reduce la mortalidad materna e infantil y evita las causas y la propagación de las enfermedades.",
"Para mitigar el problema de la escasez de agua y cumplir los ODM relativos al agua, es necesario mejorar la ordenación de este recurso. La ordenación del agua consiste principalmente en la utilización ecológicamente sostenible del agua. Sin embargo, requiere algo más que simplemente adoptar medidas técnicas y se relaciona esencialmente con el proceso político de adopción de decisiones, el carácter inclusivo de este proceso y la participación de todas las partes interesadas. La inclusión social, el respeto de las minorías y la promoción de la igualdad entre los géneros son imprescindibles para garantizar un acceso equitativo al agua y el saneamiento. El uso eficiente de los recursos naturales, incluida el agua, también es un factor fundamental de la economía ecológica y una prioridad para la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible que se celebrará en 2012.",
"En 2010 la Asamblea General reconoció el derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento. Eslovenia reconoce el derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento, que deriva del derecho a un nivel de vida adecuado y está protegido en virtud del artículo 11 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño y la Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer.",
"El derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento está indisolublemente asociado al más alto nivel posible de salud física y mental, así como a los derechos a la vida y a la dignidad humana. Requiere que el agua y el saneamiento estén disponibles y sean asequibles, aceptables y de buena calidad para todos. El derecho al agua y el saneamiento también está estrechamente relacionado con el goce de otros derechos humanos, incluidos los derechos a la educación, el trabajo, la salud, la vivienda y la alimentación.",
"El agua es esencial para sostener la vida y preservar la salud y el bienestar humanos. Es un elemento fundamental para el desarrollo social y económico y para la preservación de los ecosistemas naturales. Es una importante fuente de energía necesaria para la agricultura y para muchos procesos industriales. También por esa razón la protección del medio ambiente, haciendo hincapié en la ordenación sostenible del agua, es una de las prioridades temáticas de la cooperación de Eslovenia para el desarrollo. Eslovenia también ha apoyado sistemáticamente las iniciativas internacionales relativas al agua y el saneamiento, y respalda plenamente la labor que realiza la Relatora Especial sobre el derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento, quien en mayo de 2010 visitó Eslovenia y en septiembre presentará su informe sobre esa misión al Consejo de Derechos Humanos.",
"Sr. Ruíz Blanco (Colombia): Sr. Presidente: Colombia expresa su agradecimiento al Presidente de la Asamblea General por su amable convocación de esta significativa reunión de conmemoración del derecho al agua potable y el saneamiento.",
"Colombia entiende que la provisión de agua potable y servicios de saneamiento ambiental hacen parte de los servicios inherentes a la finalidad social del Estado. De acuerdo con nuestro ordenamiento, es deber del Estado asegurar la prestación eficiente de los servicios públicos a todos los habitantes del territorio nacional, teniendo en cuenta que tales servicios públicos están sometidos al régimen jurídico que fija la ley y pueden ser prestados por el Estado directa o indirectamente, por comunidades organizadas o por particulares. En todos los casos, el Estado mantiene la regulación, el control y la vigilancia de dichos servicios.",
"En Colombia, el derecho al agua tiene carácter fundamental cuando ésta está destinada al consumo humano en conexión con la realización del derecho a la vida en condiciones dignas y con el derecho a la salud. En este orden de ideas, hemos realizado los mayores esfuerzos para expandir la cobertura de la prestación de los servicios con la más alta calidad. Colombia trabaja a través del plan hídrico nacional a fin de materializar la política nacional para la gestión integral del recurso hídrico. Esta política se desarrolla en tres fases: corto plazo hasta 2014, mediano plazo hasta 2018 y largo plazo hasta 2022, considerando las diferencias y la problemática de cada región de mi país.",
"En el marco de dicha política, Colombia estableció como metas la conservación de al menos el 80% del área de ecosistemas clave para la oferta hídrica; la cuantificación y medición del 60% del consumo de agua; el mantenimiento en el 55% o más de las categorías bueno y aceptable del índice de calidad del agua; la implementación de medidas de abastecimiento en todos los municipios con índice de escasez alto o con limitaciones por los fenómenos de El Niño y de La Niña y por el cambio climático, y la disminución a la mitad del porcentaje de usuarios por legalizar, entre otros.",
"Dentro de los programas prioritarios de la primera fase de la política nacional, de 2010 a 2014, se establecieron 10 programas prioritarios entre los que se encuentran el programa nacional de control de la contaminación y el uso eficiente del recurso hídrico, el programa de prevención de los riesgos asociados a la oferta y la disponibilidad del recurso hídrico y el programa nacional de legalización de usuarios del recurso hídrico, entre otros. Colombia ha establecido cinco planes estratégicos dentro de su política, definidos a nivel nacional y regional, en los cuales define los lineamientos de planificación para la gestión de los recursos naturales renovables y el ordenamiento ambiental del territorio y brinda directrices para el desarrollo ambiental de asentamientos humanos y actividades sociales, económicas y de servicios.",
"Respecto de la gestión de riesgos relacionados con el recurso hídrico, teniendo en cuenta los efectos de los últimos fenómenos de El Niño y de La Niña, se avanza en la conceptualización de la gestión del riesgo por desabastecimiento de agua para el consumo humano y el desarrollo de actividades productivas, asociado con la reducción de la oferta y la disponibilidad; la gestión del riesgo por sequía para la conservación de los ecosistemas, asociado a la disminución del agua de lluvia; la gestión del riesgo por inundaciones y movimientos en masa asociados a excesos de agua que pueden afectar a la población y a la infraestructura, y la gestión de riesgos marinos y costeros para la población y la infraestructura.",
"El Gobierno nacional formuló también el plan nacional de manejo de aguas residuales municipales, identificando las cuencas hidrográficas críticas que agotan la capacidad de asimilación del recurso y comprometen su calidad para los diferentes usos, perjudicando la salud pública, la producción agrícola, el desarrollo industrial e incluso la generación eléctrica y, en general, el normal desarrollo económico y social. El objetivo del plan es incrementar el volumen de aguas municipales tratadas, mejorando así la calidad del recurso hídrico en el corto y mediano plazo.",
"El compromiso del Gobierno de Colombia con la expansión de la provisión de agua potable y saneamiento para su población es evidente y, en este sentido, considera de gran valor destacar el tema a través de esta sesión plenaria.",
"Sra. Cavanagh (Nueva Zelandia) (habla en inglés): A Nueva Zelandia le complace hacer uso de la palabra en este importante debate de hoy.",
"Pocos países negarían las graves consecuencias de un acceso escaso al agua potable y el saneamiento. Nueva Zelandia considera que lo más positivo que podemos hacer es adoptar medidas prácticas para proporcionar acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento. Sin duda, garantizar un acceso más sostenible al agua potable y el saneamiento es esencial para lograr los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM).",
"Esta mañana quisiera centrarme brevemente en la situación que impera en nuestra propia región del Pacífico. En un reciente informe sobre el cumplimiento de los ODM en los países insulares del pacífico se señaló que, en el ámbito del hogar, la cuestión ambiental más apremiante para la mayoría de las familias insulares del Pacífico en su vida cotidiana es el acceso al agua potable y a un mejor saneamiento. La situación ha empeorado por el cambio climático y sus repercusiones. Por ejemplo, el aumento del nivel del mar podría afectar el suministro de agua en los atolones, mientras que los fenómenos climáticos extremos podrían perjudicar la infraestructura que proporciona agua potable y saneamiento, a menos que esté construida con un nivel de calidad que le permita soportar estos fenómenos. Las comunidades de los atolones son particularmente vulnerables al cambio climático.",
"Además, las poblaciones cada vez más grandes de los centros urbanos agotan el suministro de agua potable y generan una necesidad mayor de captar aguas de lluvia de manera eficiente. No obstante, en estos medios se debe prestar especial atención a la ordenación de aguas servidas y otras fuentes de contaminación. Estos ecosistemas son delicados.",
"En zonas remotas, los recursos financieros escasos y el acceso limitado a conocimientos técnicos constituyen dificultades para construir, hacer funcionar y mantener instalaciones. En las ciudades, la rápida urbanización y la construcción de viviendas informales ponen mucha presión a las instalaciones.",
"Nueva Zelandia entiende la importancia del acceso a los servicios de agua potable y limpia y saneamiento higiénico. Trabajamos en colaboración con nuestros vecinos del Pacífico para respaldar sus esfuerzos en este ámbito. Por ejemplo, en las Islas Cook, estamos promoviendo la recogida de agua de lluvia en comunidades remotas y apoyando mejoras en los servicios de saneamiento. También trabajamos para mejorar el suministro de agua en Tokelau, Vanuatu y Kiribati.",
"Nueva Zelandia concluyó recientemente dos proyectos con la secretaría de la Comunidad del Pacífico para mejorar la calidad del agua. Australia, Nueva Zelandia, el Banco Mundial y el Banco Asiático de Desarrollo también han colaborado a fin de desarrollar un servicio de infraestructura de la región del Pacífico para ayudar a los países insulares del Pacífico a afrontar las necesidades de infraestructura. Los proyectos se centran en los desafíos a largo plazo que suponen mantener y gestionar la infraestructura, entre otros en el sector del agua y el saneamiento.",
"Nueva Zelandia reconoce la necesidad de seguir trabajando arduamente y de colaborar en esta esfera crucial. Continuaremos con los esfuerzos para tratar de superar esos desafíos y adoptar medidas prácticas para proporcionar acceso al agua potable y limpia y el saneamiento.",
"Sr. Manjeev Singh Puri (India) (habla en inglés): Ante todo, quisiera dar las gracias al Presidente por haber organizado el debate de hoy.",
"Quisiera empezar sumándome a otros para expresar nuestro agradecimiento al Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Excmo. Sr. Evo Morales Ayma, por haber encabezado nuestro debate sobre el derecho al agua potable y el saneamiento.",
"El acceso al agua potable y suficiente y el saneamiento son dos de las claves del bienestar de nuestra población. Reducir a la mitad la proporción de personas sin acceso sostenido al agua potable y el saneamiento se ha declarado uno de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) que hay que lograr para el año 2015.",
"El saneamiento está fuertemente vinculado no sólo a la higiene personal, sino también a la dignidad humana y al bienestar, la salud pública, la alimentación e incluso la educación. Mahatma Gandhi dijo una vez “el saneamiento es más importante que la independencia”. Hizo de la limpieza y el saneamiento parte integrante del estilo de vida gandhiano. Su sueño era el saneamiento integral para todos.",
"Se calcula que 2.600 millones de personas todavía carecen de acceso a condiciones básicas de saneamiento, entre ellos 1.000 millones de niños que carecen de acceso a servicios sanitarios eficaces, lo que provoca una mortalidad infantil que se podría evitar. Otro desafío que afrontamos es que aproximadamente un 12% de nuestra población todavía carece de agua potable. Dada la fuerte correlación que existe entre el saneamiento y el desarrollo humano, esta situación entraña un gran desafío para nuestros objetivos de desarrollo. Por ende, en la India, el Gobierno se ocupa de esta cuestión con carácter prioritario.",
"En la Declaración de Delhi aprobada en la tercera Conferencia del Asia Meridional sobre el Saneamiento en noviembre de 2008, se reconoció que el acceso al saneamiento y el agua potable es un derecho básico. En los últimos cinco años, hemos aumentado hasta seis veces la inversión en el saneamiento rural. Según nuestro programa de saneamiento total, el Gobierno ha reorientado su enfoque, con hincapié en la parte de la demanda como impulsora del cambio a través de la movilización de los dirigentes de las comunidades locales.",
"Para seguir fortaleciendo los esfuerzos programáticos a nivel de comunidades, hemos introducido un plan basado en incentivos para los órganos locales llamado Premio Aldea Limpia, que ha llevado a dirigentes de las comunidades a lanzar una campaña para lograr un saneamiento total en nuestras aldeas con carácter prioritario. Los órganos locales de las aldeas compiten entre sí por el premio. Gracias al programa, también se ha movilizado un inmenso número de recursos del sector privado y de organizaciones de la sociedad civil en este esfuerzo.",
"Por otro lado, el Gobierno también ha hecho especial hincapié en ampliar el acceso al agua potable, que es uno de los seis elementos fundamentales del programa gubernamental insignia “Construir la India”, gracias al cual cada día se están añadiendo casi 300 aldeas a la red de abastecimiento de agua potable.",
"Por lo tanto, nos complace decir que, a pesar de los desafíos que suponen su tamaño y su diversidad, la India progresa constantemente hacia las metas previstas en el séptimo ODM.",
"Las cuestiones de saneamiento deben recibir prioridad en nuestras políticas de desarrollo. El papel de los dirigentes de las comunidades en la consecución del saneamiento total será crucial, tal como ha demostrado la experiencia de la India. El saneamiento también debe incluirse en el marco integrado de la política de salud pública para garantizar que las actividades de saneamiento estén debidamente financiadas. El suministro de agua potable también puede contribuir enormemente a frenar la incidencia de muchas enfermedades que se transmiten por el agua.",
"Por otro lado, debemos desarrollar tecnologías de saneamiento asequibles y sostenibles para ecosistemas diversos, lo cual es un desafío tecnológico en el que debemos trabajar utilizando tanto la ciencia moderna como la sabiduría y el conocimiento tradicionales.",
"Aunque no hay ninguna definición aceptada internacionalmente del saneamiento, los Estados tienen la obligación de crear un entorno propicio a través de la recopilación de datos desglosados, la aprobación de planes de acción nacionales, el apoyo presupuestario, el reconocimiento de las obligaciones en materia de derechos humanos, el aumento de la concienciación pública y una consecución de las obligaciones en materia de derechos humanos en relación con el saneamiento de una manera no discriminatoria, con especial atención a los grupos desfavorecidos y teniendo presente la igualdad entre los géneros.",
"Nos sumamos a otros países para apoyar la resolución presentada por Bolivia el año pasado en la que se reconocía el derecho al agua potable y el saneamiento como un derecho humano que es esencial para el pleno ejercicio del derecho a la vida (resolución 64/292). Ahora deberemos seguir intensificando las deliberaciones en curso sobre esta cuestión en el Consejo de Derechos Humanos de Ginebra.",
"La falta de acceso al saneamiento es una afrenta a la dignidad humana. Nuestro Primer Ministro ha señalado con razón que un buen saneamiento debería ser un derecho inalienable básico. Tenemos la responsabilidad de velar por que así sea.",
"Sr. Errázuriz (Chile): Quisiera comenzar agradeciendo la presencia al inicio de este debate del Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Excmo. Sr. Evo Morales Ayma, que ha tenido un papel de liderazgo en este tema.",
"Asimismo, queremos dar las gracias al Presidente por convocar este importante y oportuno debate con el propósito de crear un diálogo sobre los principales desafíos relacionados con la realización del derecho humano al agua potable limpia y segura y al saneamiento y su impacto en el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) a un año de haberse aprobado la resolución 64/292.",
"El tema del agua potable y el saneamiento desde la perspectiva de los derechos humanos ha sido objeto de la resolución arriba mencionada de la Asamblea General, como asimismo de resoluciones en el Consejo de Derechos Humanos en Ginebra, e incluso de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, donde, el 24 de mayo de este año, se aprobó por consenso la resolución “Agua potable, saneamiento y salud”.",
"Chile ha demostrado que está dispuesto a trabajar en conjunto con sus socios en estos temas para que la cifra de 884 millones de personas sin acceso al agua potable llegue a cero. La comunidad internacional se encuentra frente al desafío de abastecer con agua potable a una población creciente, y cada día dicho abastecimiento es más complejo por variables como el cambio climático y las exigencias del desarrollo económico, entre otras.",
"Chile reconoce la importancia del agua potable y del saneamiento para la dignidad humana y destaca la importancia de la aprobación de la resolución 64/292 como un instrumento relevante en el cumplimiento de los ODM. Es un esfuerzo importante por promover el acceso de la población a esos recursos vitales conforme al ordenamiento interno de cada Estado en lo que se refiere a su administración. Por ello, Chile, junto con votar favorablemente la resolución 64/292, en el marco del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, ha copatrocinado las resoluciones sobre el derecho al agua y al saneamiento, siendo la última de estas la 16/2, aprobada por consenso en marzo pasado.",
"Destaco el énfasis que en esta última resolución se hace en la cooperación internacional, al igual que se hace en la resolución 64/292 y en la Declaración de Abuja, suscrita con motivo de la Primera Cumbre América del Sur-África, celebrada del 26 al 30 noviembre de 2006. En dicha Declaración hay un énfasis especial en la cooperación Sur-Sur respecto de los recursos hídricos a través de la promoción del intercambio de información y experiencias entre ambas regiones con miras a alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, al tiempo que se reconoce la importancia del agua como recurso natural del Estado, que constituye un elemento esencial para la vida, con funciones socioeconómicas y ambientales. Todo ello, reconociendo la necesidad de promover su uso sustentable para propósitos agrícolas e industriales.",
"La resolución 16/2 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, junto con prorrogar el mandato de la Experta Independiente sobre la cuestión de las obligaciones de derechos humanos relacionadas con el acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento, solicita a ésta que formule recomendaciones que vayan, en el tiempo, más allá de la conclusión del proceso de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, con especial referencia a la plena realización del derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento; y formule sugerencias adicionales que contribuyan a la consecución de los ODM, en particular del objetivo 7, que es garantizar la sostenibilidad del medio ambiente.",
"La cooperación y el diálogo entre los Estados son fundamentales para superar el desafío de dar cumplimiento al derecho humano al agua potable y al saneamiento. Ese diálogo y cooperación deben producirse a todo nivel, desde el familiar y el comunitario hasta el internacional. No hay un solo tema de la agenda internacional que los países puedan actuar y resolver por si solos.",
"Sr. Aslov (Tayikistán) (habla en ruso): Hoy examinamos un tema prioritario para todos nosotros ya que el agua es un recurso irreemplazable y esencial, indispensable para el desarrollo sostenible y la preservación de la vida en el planeta y para garantizar la salud y el bienestar de la población mundial. Dada la incidencia cada vez mayor del cambio climático en las zonas áridas, en especial en las regiones del mundo propensas a la sequía, el problema de suministrar agua a la población es cada vez más pronunciado.",
"En ese contexto, mi delegación agradece a la representante de Bolivia la iniciativa de convocar una reunión de la Asamblea General sobre la aplicación del derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento. Acogemos con agrado la participación en esta reunión del Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Excmo. Sr. Evo Morales Ayma.",
"A menudo, el agua provoca tensiones políticas entre los Estados. La tarea clave de la comunidad internacional en la gestión de los recursos hídricos debe ser la prevención de conflictos a través de los mecanismos existentes de cooperación en materia de recursos hídricos. A ese respecto, creemos que la aprobación en esta sesión, a propuesta de Tayikistán, de la resolución 65/154, por la que se declara el año 2013 Año Internacional de la Cooperación en la Esfera del Agua, ha sido muy oportuna. Dicha cooperación ofrece una oportunidad única para la colaboración en la esfera del agua y el saneamiento. Tal asociación ofrece ciertas posibilidades, aunque el progreso en ese ámbito clave sigue siendo variado y desigual.",
"Creemos que las resoluciones 55/196 sobre la declaración del Año Internacional del Agua Dulce, de 2003, y 58/217, por la que se declara el Decenio Internacional para la Acción “El agua, fuente de vida”, 2005-2015, aprobada por consenso a iniciativa de Tayikistán, desempeñaron un papel importante para aumentar la sensibilización, la comprensión y el reconocimiento de la importancia de la explotación y el uso racionales de los recursos de agua dulce con el fin de lograr el desarrollo sostenible.",
"El 22 de marzo de 2010, Día Mundial del Agua, a iniciativa de la República de Tayikistán y de conformidad con la resolución 64/189, se celebró en Nueva York un diálogo de alto nivel para examinar la aplicación del Decenio Internacional. Esa medida fue el punto de partida de nuevos debates de la Conferencia Internacional de Alto Nivel sobre el examen amplio de mitad de período de la aplicación del Decenio Internacional para la Acción, “El agua, fuente de vida”, celebrada en Dushanbe (Tayikistán) los días 8 y 9 de junio de 2010. Estimamos que las repercusiones de esos dos acontecimientos fortalecieron la creencia de que el tema del agua es merecedor de una mayor atención en el programa de las Naciones Unidas.",
"Las reservas mundiales de agua dulce, en particular en la región del Asia central, han disminuido en los últimos decenios debido al cambio climático, lo que ha llevado a una reducción cada vez más aguda de los recursos hídricos. Está claro que los problemas del agua pueden resolverse solamente si se tiene en cuenta la relación entre los recursos hídricos y energéticos, la seguridad alimentaria y el cambio climático. Tomar en consideración esos importantes aspectos actuales y futuros de los problemas mundiales y regionales del agua es la clave para que se solucionen con éxito. En el caso del Asia central, es evidente que el desarrollo de la hidroenergía puede contribuir a resolver los problemas actuales y futuros de la región.",
"Es ampliamente conocido que en la segunda mitad del siglo XX la región del Asia central afrontó una grave crisis medioambiental: la desecación del mar de Aral. Habida cuenta del aumento a gran escala de nuevas tierras bajas de regadío, cuya superficie creció rápidamente de 4 millones de hectáreas a más de 8, la cuenca de captación de agua de dos fuentes claves de la región: los ríos Amu Darya y Syr Darya, se duplicó. Eso llevó a una fuerte disminución del tamaño del Mar de Aral, que hasta la fecha ha perdido más del 90% de su volumen y el 80% de su superficie.",
"Hoy en día, los países de la región deben utilizar los recursos hídricos de manera más eficiente. Lamentablemente, no todo el mundo reconoce que el medio ambiente ya no es capaz de mantener grandes zonas para el cultivo con un uso intensivo de agua, como el algodón. Tayikistán pide que se utilice el agua de manera cuidadosa y se rehabiliten los sistemas de riego obsoletos de la región, que utilizan más del 50% del suministro de agua del Asia central para el riego. Mientas no se adopten medidas concretas, la situación ambiental de la región no mejorará.",
"Habida cuenta del rápido crecimiento de la población de los países de la región, las consecuencias del clima mundial y el deterioro de los recursos hídricos de la región, sólo hay una solución para los países del Asia central, a saber, el desarrollo de una cooperación periódica, multilateral y mutuamente ventajosa sobre el uso racional e integrado de recursos hídricos y energéticos. Tenemos que abordar las cuestiones socioeconómicas de cada país en particular y la rehabilitación del medio ambiente de la región en general.",
"Consideramos que el tema del agua también debe verse debidamente reflejado en los acuerdos mundiales sobre cambio climático, que han tenido ya serias repercusiones en los recursos de agua dulce. A ese respecto, la gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos debe ser un instrumento clave en la adaptación al cambio climático. En ese esfuerzo el papel de liderazgo corresponde a los países y las regiones que tienen problemas en cuanto a la disponibilidad de los recursos hídricos. Deben crearse fondos de emergencia regionales e internacionales dentro de las Naciones Unidas a fin de eliminar los obstáculos y las dificultades en la facilitación del acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento. A ese respecto, Tayikistán considera que debe prestarse la debida atención a garantizar el derecho al agua y al saneamiento en la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible que se celebrará el próximo año.",
"Sra. Beck (Islas Salomón) (habla en inglés): Doy las gracias al Presidente por haber convocado esta importante reunión para debatir sobre los derechos humanos al agua y al saneamiento en el contexto de la resolución 64/292 y el esfuerzo global por alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM). Las Islas Salomón fueron uno de los patrocinadores de la resolución 64/292.",
"Mi delegación agradece al Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Excmo. Sr. Evo Morales, haber destacado la necesidad que tiene nuestra comunidad mundial de reconocer y hacer esfuerzos concretos para garantizar que los derechos humanos fundamentales al agua y el saneamiento estén totalmente integrados en los programas de desarrollo sostenible para el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. También damos las gracias a la Relatora Especial sobre el derecho humano al agua potable y al saneamiento por su exposición, en la que destacó muchos de los desafíos que enfrentamos con respecto al agua y al saneamiento.",
"El agua es vital para la vida, y el acceso al agua potable limpia y segura y al saneamiento básico es esencial para una vida digna. En el debate que hemos llevado a cabo en los últimos dos días sobre el derecho humano al agua y al saneamiento también se debe abordar la sostenibilidad de los ecosistemas ambientales que garantizan la disponibilidad de agua para una vida humana decente.",
"Para muchos en los países menos adelantados, el mero acceso al agua potable limpia y segura y a mejores instalaciones de saneamiento constituye un problema de supervivencia, especialmente para las mujeres y los niños que tienen que viajar largas distancias para obtener agua. Para muchos de nosotros en los pequeños Estados insulares, nuestras fuentes de agua se están convirtiendo en agua salobre debido a la intrusión de agua salada a través de las fisuras del terreno como consecuencia de la subida del nivel del mar.",
"Debemos encontrar soluciones duraderas a la escasez de agua por medio de programas concretos y recursos que permitan a millones de personas en los países menos adelantados y en los países en desarrollo ejercer su derecho básico al agua potable limpia y segura y al saneamiento. Una gestión proactiva y el uso sostenible del agua y de los recursos hídricos deben ser parte de los marcos generales de desarrollo en todos los niveles.",
"Nuestro objetivo debe ser asegurar la ejecución oportuna y eficaz de los compromisos asumidos con arreglo a los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y su aplicación en actividades concretas sobre el terreno para erradicar la pobreza para 2015. Según sabemos hoy en día, muchos de los países menos adelantados están atrasados en el cumplimiento de las metas previstas en los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, en particular con respecto a la falta de acceso al agua potable limpia y al saneamiento adecuado, cuya consecuencia son muchos de los problemas de salud que siguen afectando a sus poblaciones.",
"La actual vitalidad de los recursos hídricos de las Islas Salomón y de muchos pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo sigue viéndose amenazada por las consecuencias del cambio climático, como el nivel del mar que sube, la erosión de las costas, la salinización de las fuentes de agua, las sequías, las inundaciones y las grandes mareas. La gestión sostenible de las cuencas hidrográficas y las zonas de captación de agua es una parte integral de nuestro esfuerzo nacional para abordar las consecuencias del cambio climático en nuestros frágiles ecosistemas y medios de subsistencia. Cualquiera que sea la forma en que veamos el cambio climático, sigue siendo un multiplicador de amenazas y atenta contra la sustentabilidad de las cuencas hidrográficas y los ecosistemas de captación de agua que abastecen de agua para la supervivencia humana.",
"Abordar las causas profundas del problema del cambio climático es lograr una ambiciosa reducción de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera mundial. Los compromisos actuales respecto de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero no han logrado mantener el aumento de la temperatura global por debajo de 1,5°C. Mi delegación lamenta que, a pesar de que seguimos haciéndonos eco de la importancia de preservar los ecosistemas ambientales que sostienen el agua como un recurso crucial para la vida, el número de países que han anunciado su exclusión voluntaria de un segundo compromiso del Protocolo de Kyoto no habla en favor de nuestro esfuerzo mundial por proteger este recurso, vital para la supervivencia de la humanidad. Esta situación debilita el multilateralismo y pone a muchos de los países menos adelantados y de los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo, que representan los 884 millones de personas que carecen de acceso al agua potable limpia y segura, en el camino hacia un futuro incierto.",
"Muchos de nosotros en los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo y en los países menos adelantados ya lidiamos con los problemas de la seguridad del agua, la seguridad alimentaria y la seguridad energética, entre otras cosas, y en mayor medida en relación con el cumplimiento de los objetivos de desarrollo convenidos internacionalmente, incluidos los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Debemos ser valientes y hacer los cambios necesarios en nuestra mentalidad y voluntad política para abordar el problema del cambio climático a fin de garantizar que la salud de nuestro medio ambiente mundial se restablezca a un nivel sostenible. Esto significa cambiar nuestros actuales patrones de consumo y costumbres comerciales a fin de incluir la protección de nuestras cuencas hidrográficas de la contaminación de las industrias extractivas y promover el acceso a la tecnología limpia y asequible con el fin de abordar los problemas ambientales y destinar los recursos adecuados para apoyar los esfuerzos encaminados a facilitar el acceso al agua limpia y potable y al saneamiento a las numerosas personas para quienes este derecho humano fundamental sigue siendo un objetivo remoto.",
"Para concluir, el pasado mes de mayo, en la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados, celebrada en Estambul, se aprobó el Programa de Acción para el decenio 2011-2020. El esfuerzo de cooperación para apoyar la plena aplicación del Programa no sólo debe abordar la erradicación de la pobreza sino también garantizar el derecho humano básico al agua potable limpia y segura y al saneamiento adecuado para los millones de pobres que viven en esos países.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Tiene ahora la palabra el observador de Palestina.",
"Sr. Mansour (Palestina) (habla en inglés): Damos las gracias al Presidente por celebrar esta reunión, a petición del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, sobre la cuestión fundamental del derecho humano al agua y al saneamiento.",
"Palestina reitera que el acceso al agua potable segura y limpia y al saneamiento es un derecho humano esencial para el pleno disfrute de la vida y de todos los demás derechos humanos a los que todos los pueblos tienen derecho, incluidas las personas que viven bajo ocupación extranjera. El agua también es un recurso natural primario sobre el que el pueblo palestino tiene la soberanía permanente en el territorio palestino ocupado, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, como se ha reafirmado en numerosas resoluciones pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas.",
"Al igual que todos los demás derechos, el derecho del pueblo palestino al agua y al saneamiento sigue siendo violado por Israel, la Potencia ocupante, que actualmente explota el 90% de los recursos hídricos compartidos, a la vez que controla el 10% permitido para el uso palestino. Israel impide activamente el acceso a los recursos hídricos palestinos con su continua colonización ilegal y sus políticas unilaterales, incluida la anexión de tierras palestinas a través de la construcción de asentamientos y el muro de anexión en los territorios palestinos ocupados, incluida Jerusalén Oriental. El resultado es una mayor reducción del suministro de agua, ya escaso, que está a disposición de la población civil palestina.",
"Mientras los israelíes consumen un promedio de 280 litros de agua por día por habitante, los palestinos están limitados a un promedio de 60 litros. De manera más drástica, en la Ribera Occidental, más de 50.000 palestinos en algunas comunidades se ven obligados a sobrevivir con un promedio diario de sólo 10 a 30 litros por persona, lo que significa que el consumo diario de agua por persona es muy inferior a las directrices mínimas fijadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, de 100 litros por día, lo que ha obligado a los palestinos vulnerables —a menudo las familias de pastores pobres— a abandonar sus tierras y medios de vida tradicionales y su cultura autóctona.",
"La relación entre la falta de acceso al agua y el saneamiento y la migración forzada ha sido destacada claramente por la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones y las Naciones Unidas en otras partes del mundo, pero en ninguna parte resulta más evidente que en la Ribera Occidental, con las políticas y las prácticas israelíes.",
"En la Franja de Gaza —donde el bloqueo israelí ilegal ha impedido la importación de repuestos y materiales de construcción, así como el suministro de la parte equitativa de los recursos hídricos transfronterizos que corresponde a los palestinos— la población civil se ve obligada a depender de recursos que se están agotando cada vez más. Según el Banco Mundial, solamente entre el 5% y el 10% del acuífero situado debajo de Gaza es apto para el consumo, mientras que más del 90% de los 150 pozos municipales tienen niveles de sal y nitrato que superan las normas de la OMS, motivo por el cual el agua de dichos pozos no es adecuada para el consumo humano.",
"Los palestinos consumen mucho menos agua que los israelíes porque sucesivos gobiernos israelíes han causado una escasez de agua artificial en todo el territorio palestino ocupado al robar agua que nos pertenece por legítimo derecho, al impedir que desarrollemos incluso la infraestructura más básica de suministro de agua y al dañar o destruir de manera constante la poca infraestructura que tenemos, tales como pozos de agua, cisternas de agua de lluvia y plantas de tratamiento de agua.",
"Desde el 28 de julio de 2010, cuando la Asamblea General sometió a votación la resolución 64/292, en la que declara que el acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento es un derecho humano —resolución que Israel no apoyó— la Potencia ocupante ha destruido un total de 41 cisternas, 17 pozos y 5 instalaciones de saneamiento en el territorio palestino ocupado, lo que incluye 20 cisternas destruidas específicamente tras la declaración que formuló el 1 de febrero el Coordinador Residente y de Asuntos Humanitarios de las Naciones Unidas para el territorio palestino ocupado, Sr. Maxwell Gaylard, sobre la continua destrucción de cisternas de agua en la Ribera Occidental. El Coordinador de Asuntos Humanitarios afirmó que",
"“La eliminación de infraestructura tan crítica menoscaba la capacidad de recuperación y los mecanismos para hacer frente a las dificultades de estas comunidades, que dependerán cada vez más de fuentes económicamente insostenibles, como el agua distribuida mediante camiones cisterna. Tales demoliciones deliberadas en el territorio ocupado también son contrarias a las obligaciones de Israel en virtud del derecho internacional.”",
"En numerosas ocasiones, también se confisca o destruye el agua que proporcionan los organismos de asistencia humanitaria en tanques de plástico, denegándose a las familias palestinas vulnerables su derecho humano al agua. En los últimos meses, dos cisternas situadas en la comunidad de Za’atara, en la Ribera Occidental, han sido blanco de ataques de las fuerzas de ocupación israelíes. Cabe señalar que estas cisternas tienen más de 2.000 años. No obstante, en lugar de permitir que se las designe como un tesoro de la antigüedad que ha de recibir la protección de la UNESCO, se están adoptando medidas con el fin de que resulte difícil para la comunidad palestina responder a las exigencias de Israel de que demuestre que es propietaria de la infraestructura.",
"Si bien encomiamos a las Naciones Unidas por haber destinado más de 3 millones de dólares para el socorro de emergencia ante la escasez de agua, suma que se invertirá este verano para distribuir agua en camiones cisterna, los dirigentes palestinos recalcan que este compromiso financiero destinado a las respuestas humanitarias de emergencia no sería necesario si las Naciones Unidas y sus Estados Miembros propiciaran de modo más efectivo la protección de la infraestructura de agua y saneamiento existente, así como el desarrollo de una nueva infraestructura de agua y saneamiento, como se pone de relieve en los informes pertinentes del Banco Mundial, el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, Amnistía Internacional, Human Rights Watch y B’Tselem.",
"La violación por Israel del derecho del pueblo palestino al agua potable y el saneamiento afecta negativamente muchos otros derechos humanos, incluido su derecho a la alimentación, la salud, los medios de vida y el desarrollo, lo cual impide al pueblo palestino lograr las metas de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio como parte esencial de su empeño en conseguir un Estado de Palestina viable e independiente, sobre la base de las fronteras anteriores a 1967.",
"Palestina reitera su llamamiento a la comunidad internacional para que exija a Israel que rinda cuentas con respecto al cumplimiento de sus obligaciones jurídicas mediante el respeto del derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento, la reasignación equitativa y razonable de los recursos hídricos comunes de conformidad con el derecho internacional consuetudinario y la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el derecho de los usos de los cursos de agua internacionales para fines distintos de la navegación, de 1997, y la exigencia de que se ponga fin de inmediato a la destrucción de la infraestructura palestina de agua y saneamiento en el territorio palestino ocupado, con inclusión de Jerusalén Oriental y sus alrededores, en violación flagrante del derecho internacional humanitario.",
"En pocas palabras, el pueblo palestino tiene sed de justicia y libertad, y exhorta a todos los Estados a que obliguen a Israel, la Potencia ocupante, a que ponga fin a esta situación deplorable e injusta y a que acabe, de una vez por todas, con la ocupación militar despiadada del territorio palestino, incluida Jerusalén Oriental, ocupación que ha durado 44 años.",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Hemos escuchado al último orador sobre este tema del programa. La Asamblea General ha concluido así esta etapa del examen del tema 13 del programa.",
"Tema 6 del programa (continuación)",
"Elección de los Vicepresidentes de la Asamblea General",
"Elección de los Vicepresidentes de la Asamblea General para el sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones",
"El Presidente interino (habla en inglés): Como recordarán los miembros, en su 104ª sesión plenaria, celebrada el 22 de junio, la Asamblea eligió, de conformidad con el artículo 30 del reglamento de la Asamblea General, 20 de los 21 Vicepresidentes de la Asamblea General para el sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones. Quedó pendiente la elección de un Vicepresidente procedente del Grupo de Estados de África, que tendrá lugar en una fecha próxima.",
"Me ha informado el Presidente del Grupo de Estados de África para el mes de julio de que Mauricio ha sido elegido por los Estados de África para cubrir uno de los cargos asignados a África como Vicepresidente del sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General.",
"De conformidad con el párrafo 16 de la decisión 34/401 de la Asamblea General, se prescindirá de la votación secreta en la elección de los Vicepresidentes de la Asamblea cuando el número de candidatos sea igual al número de cargos por cubrirse. Procederemos en consecuencia.",
"Dado que hay un solo candidato para el cargo que cubrirán los Estados de África, declaro a Mauricio elegido Vicepresidente de la Asamblea en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones. Por lo tanto, felicito a Mauricio por haber sido elegido.",
"Tras la elección de los Presidentes de las seis Comisiones Principales y los 21 Vicepresidentes para el sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General, la Mesa de la Asamblea General para su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones ha quedado plenamente constituida, de conformidad con el artículo 38 del reglamento.",
"Se levanta la sesión a las 13.20 horas."
] | [
"President:\tMr. Deiss\t(Switzerland)",
"In the absence of the President, Mr. Mac-Donald (Suriname), Vice-President, took the Chair.",
"The meeting was called to order at 11.05 a.m.",
"Agenda item 162 (continued)",
"Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: Revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations",
"Mr. Ruiz Blanco (Colombia) (spoke in Spanish): I would like to thank President Deiss for having convened this day of reflection on the Conference on Disarmament and on multilateral disarmament negotiations, during which we can exchange — and have been exchanging — views on challenges and opportunities and on how the Conference can resume its role of sole negotiating body on disarmament so that we can move towards the general and complete disarmament that all humankind desires.",
"Commitment to disarmament and nuclear non‑proliferation is one of the principles of my country’s foreign policy, and we have therefore promoted the search for consensus in relevant multilateral forums in order to advance towards the achievement of these goals, highlighting the importance of these issues for peace and international security.",
"For Colombia, it is very important that the negotiations of these issues be undertaken in the framework of the mechanisms and bodies of the United Nations. We therefore attach great importance to the Conference on Disarmament. However, we share the international community’s frustration at its stagnation. We believe that this situation cannot continue and requires immediate corrective measures. If all States demonstrate real political commitment, this situation can be overcome. Political commitment should be understood as flexibility and creativity — flexibility to yield a little in national positions so that we all win together, and creativity to advance in the search for new opportunities for commitment.",
"During its presidency of the Conference on Disarmament from 30 May to 24 June, Colombia focused on a process of reflection on the current state of the Conference and courses of action to enhance its functioning. However, despite the efforts of the Colombian presidency and its predecessors, the forum remains paralysed.",
"In document CD/1913, Colombia, in its national capacity, posited reasons for the deadlock in the Conference on Disarmament and how different factors inhibit its ability to move forward. However, it is clear that there is no justifiable reason for this paralysis. We do not consider it natural for a forum to remain without any concrete results for more than a decade or even progress on in-depth discussions of various topics in order to shed light on the points on which there are differences.",
"With respect to the programme of work, we recall that it is only a tool designed to facilitate the activities of the Conference on Disarmament. An agreement on a programme of work does not ensure that the Conference will begin to make progress. The experience of 2009 proves this. The problem with the programme of work is not in its drafting, but in the commitments that we seek to undertake.",
"To this we must add two additional obstacles: the methodology used to reach consensus on the programme of work, as this task is left exclusively to the rotating presidency, and the misunderstanding concerning its basic nature, as some insist that the programme of work should contain mandates. For this reason, at this juncture Colombia is promoting the idea of having a simplified programme of work, as foreseen in the rules of procedure.",
"With regard to the Conference’s agenda and the issues for negotiation, my country believes that the next logical step is the negotiation of a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). Colombia supports the start of negotiations on an FMCT on the understanding that the issue of stockpiles should be an integral part of the process. However, we believe that other issues — such as that of negative security assurances — are just as timely as the FMCT and would allow us to move towards disarmament and non-proliferation. Perhaps it makes sense at this juncture to take more than one step at a time.",
"With respect to possible courses of action, I would like to highlight the following suggestions that have been made by some members of the Conference on Disarmament and that we believe to be both feasible and useful.",
"First, we should appoint a special coordinator on the efficiency and methods of the Conference on Disarmament, who would analyse its procedures and make recommendations to its members.",
"Secondly, we should consider streamlining the meetings of the Conference at each annual session, with the aim of holding plenary meetings only when necessary and of having ongoing processes at all times.",
"Thirdly, we should reflect on the need to rationalize the expenses of the Conference.",
"Fourthly, we should set up groups of technical experts on the items on the agenda in order to build confidence and to contribute to the start of a meaningful negotiating process.",
"Fifthly, we should explore the possibility of expanding the membership of the Conference and promote greater interaction with civil society.",
"Sixthly and lastly, we should continue discussion on the strengthening of the Conference on Disarmament and the revitalization of the disarmament machinery in the framework of the General Assembly, with the aim of considering other possible courses of action.",
"In addition, given the overall paralysis on disarmament issues, Colombia reiterates its support for the swift convening of a fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament that would include a full review of the competent bodies of the United Nations system and take the decisions necessary to revitalize them.",
"Mr. Korček (Slovakia): Allow me to begin by stating that Slovakia fully associates itself with the statement made by the European Union and the statement delivered by the Netherlands on behalf of the cross-regional group of 42 Member States. My delegation would also like to make a few national comments on this important occasion.",
"We share the frustration and dissatisfaction of many delegations with the current state of affairs in the Conference on Disarmament, which has serious consequences for that multilateral forum in terms of its credibility and relevance in addressing the current security needs of us all. The time has come to revitalize and reinforce multilateral efforts so as to meet today’s security challenges with common and united global solutions.",
"The Slovak Republic continues to see the Conference on Disarmament as the single multilateral negotiating forum for disarmament matters. We believe that this body is a key element of the disarmament machinery as a whole. What we need is to revitalize it and revive its potential. The Conference on Disarmament is so important that we cannot afford to let its inactivity and deadlock to continue. We understand that patience is needed, but we believe that after more than a decade of stalemate, action is imperative.",
"The Conference on Disarmament has the responsibility of conducting multilateral disarmament negotiations. This responsibility lies primarily with the members of the Conference. Slovakia stands ready to work with a view to bringing the deadlock in the Conference to an end and to taking multilateral disarmament negotiations forward.",
"We share the view that, should the Conference on Disarmament not be able to start substantive work, we need to seek other ways and devise steps to overcome this stalemate.",
"Slovakia joined the call on both the President of the General Assembly and the Secretary-General requesting a General Assembly plenary debate on follow-up to the high-level meeting, which, in our view, offers an opportunity to address the pressing issue of the disarmament machinery. The central issue we want to address is how the Conference on Disarmament can resume its functions and realize its potential in meeting the expectations of the wider international community.",
"Slovakia supports the immediate commencement of negotiations on a treaty that would address the issue of a fissile-material ban. Indeed, we consider such a treaty as an indispensable step towards achieving our final goal of a world free of nuclear weapons.",
"In building our future global security environment, we need to look beyond individual steps and focus on the final goal. We believe that we can achieve that goal through a framework of mutually reinforcing and guaranteed instruments. Such an approach would provide a perspective on, and thus allow for progress in, multilateral disarmament negotiations.",
"Restricting ourselves to a single approach that does not allow for any flexibility will not, even if it sets a high standard, move us forward. A uniform programme of work tailored to suit every occasion is unlikely to help us to move towards nuclear disarmament.",
"We need an open mind and an approach that underlines and stresses the ultimate goal. It should also ensure that progress is made in developing an appropriate framework of relevant instruments for its achievement.",
"Ms. Cavanagh (New Zealand): I associate New Zealand with the statement made earlier by the Netherlands on behalf of a number of States and reiterate New Zealand’s deep commitment to the cause of multilateral disarmament. We have always been an active and committed participant in discussions on these issues in the Conference on Disarmament and other multilateral settings, because we believe that achieving effective and balanced multilateral solutions to disarmament challenges is essential to our collective security.",
"For all who share those concerns, the ongoing deadlock in the Conference on Disarmament cannot fail to be of grave concern. It has been 15 years since the Conference was last able to fulfil its mandate as the United Nations disarmament negotiating body. Over that time, the Conference has failed to generate a single substantive output, but meanwhile, beyond its walls, disarmament issues have not stood still.",
"This situation is unsustainable. It is unsustainable for us to continue portraying the Conference on Disarmament as the primary multilateral negotiating forum on disarmament, when every significant disarmament negotiation of the past 15 years has either run aground in the Conference or has bypassed it altogether.",
"It is unsustainable to expect those States deeply committed to multilateral disarmament to continue allowing their most pressing objectives and priorities — including steps vital to the effective implementation of the Action Plan of last year’s Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons — to be held hostage indefinitely to the procedural failings of the Conference on Disarmament. And it is unsustainable to expect States to continue to invest time, energy and resources in a body that repeatedly, year after year, cannot even agree on its annual programme of work.",
"Make no mistake, the Conference on Disarmament faces a serious crisis. Its credibility, and possibly even its continued existence, are on the line. The current deadlock risks consigning the role of the Conference on multilateral disarmament to reproach, to ridicule, and, ultimately, to irrelevance. If that is to be averted, something fundamental must change.",
"With those concerns in mind, we welcomed the Secretary-General’s decision to convene a high-level meeting here in New York last September. We also welcomed the efforts of our Geneva colleagues to analyse the root causes of the deadlock and consider possible solutions. These efforts are commendable, but they have yet to deliver any agreement on a viable course of action, or even the prospect of such agreement.",
"We have heard a range of options proposed over the past two days for breaking this deadlock. Like other delegations, New Zealand would welcome a decision to proceed with a balanced and meaningful programme of work agreed within existing structures and procedures. Despite everything, we would like to hope that this still might be possible with a more flexible and pragmatic approach by some States. In particular, we stress that there is no future in tying ourselves in procedural knots by treating the programme of work as though it sets an overriding mandate for the work of the Conference on Disarmament. It does not, and treating it as such has been a major factor in preventing the Conference from fulfilling its mandate.",
"However, we have seen little evidence that such a breakthrough is likely any time soon. To those who urge patience, claiming that the international environmental has yet to be conducive to progress, I simply ask: when do we expect it to be better? And how long are we prepared to leave priority disarmament objectives on hold while we wait for the stars to achieve some imaginary, and unlikely, alignment?",
"In the absence of progress, or even the prospect of progress, on a way forward, we must ask whether more flexible working methods and rules of procedure might better serve our collective interests. Nor can we escape questions about the utility and role of the Conference on Disarmament, which is not an end in itself, and about possible alternative avenues for advancing priority disarmament objectives.",
"I hope that it is evident that now, right now, there is considerable frustration — even an element of desperation — in my delegation’s attitude towards multilateral disarmament matters. We are running out of excuses and out of time if we are to convince ourselves, let alone the global community, that the Conference on Disarmament can still play a meaningful role in international disarmament negotiations.",
"New Zealand retains an open mind as to how we might best get down to business on substantive disarmament negotiations, whether through existing arrangements, fine-tuning Conference on Disarmament working methods, or exploring alternative avenues for pursuing priority disarmament objectives. But that conversation must begin now, and it must be in earnest.",
"The next six months could prove decisive for the long-term credibility, relevance and effectiveness of the United Nations disarmament machinery. After all the energy and urgency directed towards this issue over the past year, it would be deeply disappointing if next January we were to find ourselves back in the Conference on Disarmament without having made any progress and without having demonstrated the will to break through the current deadlock. As in the past, New Zealand will join any and all delegations in trying to chart a way out of the current impasse, and we hope that today’s discussions might mark the beginning of a process to do just that.",
"Mr. Srivali (Thailand): At the outset, Thailand would like to express its appreciation to President Deiss and the Secretary-General for convening this important plenary meeting.",
"Thailand associates itself with the statements made by the representatives of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and of Portugal on behalf of the informal group of observer States to the Conference on Disarmament.",
"Disarmament is a complex issue with complicated political factors and diverse security concerns. Achieving disarmament therefore requires strong political will, continued determination, flexibility and the concerted effort and commitment of all countries.",
"Since disarmament is an issue of international concern, the Conference on Disarmament was created to serve as a key forum to negotiate multilateral disarmament treaties. It is regrettable, however, that there has been no progress in the Conference’s substantive work since the conclusion of negotiations on the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty in 1996, and substantive work and critical issues on its agenda have been left unresolved. The persistent lack of progress in the work of the Conference has raised questions about the relevance of the Conference in addressing today’s fast-evolving security challenges.",
"Efforts have been made to break the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament, the most notable of which was the convening of the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament last September. At that Meeting, strong political commitment was expressed by United Nations Member States, members and non-members of the Conference, to move forward multilateral disarmament negotiations. However, the Conference concluded the second part of its 2011 session still unable to adopt a programme of work. We are therefore gathered here today to send a clear and strong message that this stagnation must not be allowed to continue.",
"If the Conference is to maintain its authoritative status as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating body, and if the international community is to be able to count on the Conference to address global security challenges, States members of the Conference should revive the forum from its long inactivity and work towards the commencement of its substantive work on the core issues. Meanwhile, we also hope that the Conference will intensify its efforts to address the concerns of its members equally, so that it can finally overcome the present stalemate and reach a consensus on its programme of work.",
"Despite the lack of progress in the work of the Conference on Disarmament, its core issues remain relevant to the international security landscape. In this context, Thailand wishes to engage more in the work of the Conference. We are eager to work with its member States to contribute to its activities and help reinvigorate our collective efforts in the field of disarmament.",
"As disarmament involves the security of all countries, they should have the right to participate in the discussion and negotiating process on an equal basis and in an inclusive manner. Thailand therefore reiterates the call of the informal group of observer States for the Conference to address the issue of expansion of its membership, which was clearly expressed in the Chairman’s summary of the High-level Meeting.",
"Meanwhile, we wish to reiterate that the call for discussions on the issue of expansion should not be misinterpreted as distracting the Conference on Disarmament from its substantive work. We support expansion of membership in order to enhance the effectiveness of the Conference’s work, not just for the sake of a larger membership. We are certain that the issue of expansion can be pursued in parallel with the Conference’s substantive work and therefore represents one possible undertaking to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"Mr. Maes (Luxembourg) (spoke in French): I want to thank the President of the General Assembly through you, Sir, for having organized this meeting to follow up on the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament held last September.",
"Luxembourg aligns itself fully with the statement made two days ago on behalf of the European Union and endorses the joint statement made by the representative of the Netherlands. Allow me to make a few remarks in my national capacity.",
"Luxembourg attaches great importance to multilateral efforts in the field of disarmament and has consistently supported all efforts to limit nuclear weapons and reduce the risk of nuclear proliferation. We commend the Secretary-General for having made disarmament one of his priorities and for his personal involvement in the debate.",
"All of us here know the progress made in the past two years in the field of disarmament and non‑proliferation, such as the success of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the adoption of Security Council resolution 1887 (2009) on nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, the New START treaty and the Washington, D.C., Summit on Nuclear Security.",
"Still, despite the impetus provided by those major events and the political initiatives launched last September, no progress has been made in the international community’s only multilateral forum since the 2009 adoption of the programme of work of the Conference on Disarmament. We must regain that momentum and move from talking to taking concrete steps to unblock the impasse that has paralysed the Conference for more than a decade.",
"Those who are serious about progress in international disarmament can no longer accept the absence of substantive negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament. In Geneva and New York, many States have demonstrated their political will to unlock the international disarmament machinery. We must all shoulder our responsibilities in international security and return to the negotiating table to implement the programme of work adopted in 2009.",
"The first priority in our view remains the immediate launching of negotiations on an international, multilateral, non-discriminatory and verifiable fissile material cut-off treaty. As the Secretary-General recalled last September, broad agreement exists on this point. We join others in a solemn call for consensus. The creation of a group of scientific experts mandated to consider the technical aspects of a cut-off treaty could be a confidence-building measure that would facilitate the launch of negotiations. Luxembourg also attaches great importance to increasing the involvement of civil society in the Conference on Disarmament.",
"Beyond such short-term measures, deeper consideration of the modus operandi of the Conference on Disarmament is needed. The consensus rule must be reinterpreted, while adjustments to the rules of procedure would contribute to improving is functioning.",
"We hope that the various options proposed in this debate to unblock the Conference on Disarmament will be considered as soon as possible and lead to substantive and fruitful discussions in Geneva. It is important to keep in mind our ultimate objectives and to remain ambitious. What we all want is a safer world, and to that end we must redouble our efforts to work towards a world without nuclear weapons.",
"Ms. Čubrilo (Serbia): Serbia aligns itself with the statements made by the observer of the European Union and the representative of Portugal on behalf of the informal group of observer States to the Conference on Disarmament. I would like, however, to make a few additional remarks on this matter from my country’s perspective.",
"Serbia co-sponsored resolution 65/93 on the follow-up to the High-level Meeting held on 24 September 2010 on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations, and was among the countries that initiated the plenary debate in the General Assembly on these important issues in the belief that it would provide an important additional stimulus to breaking the long-standing deadlock of the Conference.",
"Productive multilateralism in the areas of arms control, non-proliferation and disarmament is not only necessary but also attainable if we all work in a spirit of cooperation, compromise and flexibility, as well as strategic foresight. Political will is a first step, but it must be translated into concrete action. 1t is our strong conviction that this is the only way forward in a world of increasing interdependence and complexity in which common challenges require common solutions.",
"Serbia believes that the most appropriate way to reaffirm the significance of the Conference on Disarmament as an indispensable element of the multilateral disarmament machinery is to make it more efficient and effective. Intensified efforts are required to overcome existing differences and enable the Conference to resume its original function as the world’s sole multilateral disarmament negotiating body. Serbia expects all States members of the Conference to demonstrate clear political will to engage, seriously and without delay, in substantive discussions on the core issues on its agenda in order to make a credible contribution to international peace and security.",
"While acknowledging that the specific national security interests of Member States are often reflected in the work of the Conference, we expect all of them to work towards finding a compromise solution that, while not detrimental to those interests, will make it possible for us to overcome the ongoing stalemate and create the conditions required to bring the necessary dynamism to the work of the Conference.",
"In pledging its support for this debate, Serbia was also guided by the need to regulate the status of the States observers to the Conference and to start negotiations on the questions contained in the action plan adopted at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The continued deadlock in the work of the Conference is a serious stumbling block to the implementation of the measures provided for by the action plan. Nonetheless, the success of the last year’s High-level Meeting makes it incumbent on us to invest new effort into achieving the goals of the plan.",
"The results achieved within the Conference on Disarmament — of whose work Serbia, as an observer State, has been a staunch supporter — have universal importance. It is therefore essential to ensure that the Conference’s work reflects the complexity of the risks and challenges that all members of the United Nations face in a changing international security environment. Bearing that in mind, it will not be possible to revitalize the work of the Conference without addressing the question of its membership expansion. For Serbia, this is an issue of great importance, especially in light of our repeatedly expressed interest in becoming a member of the Conference.",
"The danger of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery presents the greatest challenge to international peace and security today. The Conference on Disarmament faces many obligations which it has to address. It will be able to achieve its goals if it can begin to tackle these obligations in an effective way as the sole multilateral negotiating forum in the field of disarmament. There is no doubt that continuing the current state of stagnation in the work of the Conference will serve only to amplify requests that appropriate solutions be arrived at urgently.",
"In conclusion, let me point out that Serbia believes that this debate will be an important step forward in revitalizing the work of the Conference and expanding its membership.",
"Mr. Adejola (Nigeria): Nigeria welcomes the convening of this follow-up debate to the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and Taking Forward Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations.",
"At the outset, I wish to align myself with the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, as well as the statement made by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of 40 other cross-regional Member States. I would also, however, like to make the following statement in my national capacity.",
"Nigeria commends the President for convening this debate, which provides an opportunity to assess the progress made since the adoption of resolution 65/93 on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations, and to move beyond mere deliberations and rhetoric to action without further delay.",
"It is regrettable that for more than a decade the multilateral disarmament machinery, and the Conference in particular, have not met the international community’s expectations, as expressed in the Outcome Document of the first special session on disarmament in 1978 (resolution(S-10/2) and in the decisions and recommendations contained in numerous resolutions, as well as in the outcome document of the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT/CONF. 2010/50 (Vol. I)). Nigeria notes that the Conference has not fulfilled its mandate to address the pressing security challenges facing the international community through effective multilateral arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation instruments.",
"The convening of this plenary is a demonstration of our collective resolve to realize the vision of a world without nuclear weapons, and indeed a global society where the huge resources committed to the development, production and possession of nuclear and similar weapons of mass destruction are deployed for global good, growth and development. This is a token of the debt we owe to future generations and humankind as a whole.",
"In the margins of the 2011 substantive session of the United Nations Disarmament Commission (UNDC), Nigeria joined more than 40 like-minded United Nations Member States in calling for the convening of today’s meeting. The moral impetus was the need to demonstrate the dangers that our failure to act today portend for tomorrow, including the fact that that we will then be left trying to persuade future generations of the need for disarmament. We must therefore seize both the momentum and the opportunity presented to us by this High-level Meeting to further reaffirm our commitment to promoting the ethos of multilateralism in disarmament and non-proliferation negotiations.",
"Nigeria is convinced that functioning multilateral security institutions are a vital component of global security, and we find the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament unacceptable. The lack of progress for several years on new multilateral disarmament instruments has unquestionably affected our shared security in the twenty-first century and weakened the multilateral disarmament system.",
"Nigeria also notes the many concerns raised by Member States concerning the uninspiring Conference negotiations in Geneva. The Assembly will of course recall the increasing unease on the part of several member States over what was considered to be a deliberate ploy to slow down the process. This opinion was expressed and well documented on the occasion of President Deiss’ visit to Geneva in March 2011, as well as by the Secretary-General and members of his Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters.",
"As an extension of this problem, the UNDC has also failed to promote recommendations to move the process in the envisaged direction. Despite what initially appeared to be the fair intentions of member States in April, Nigeria notes the rather painful inability of the three groups to produce concrete recommendations and/or reach a landmark consensus on the issues presented for consideration. In our estimation, this failure served as a clear reminder of the enormous challenges we collectively face in the wider multilateral disarmament machinery.",
"Nigeria calls on nuclear-weapon States to consider, as a top priority, the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals in accordance with relevant multilateral legal obligations. This approach will be understood as a measure of their readiness to implement their unequivocal undertakings in the year 2000 and at the 2010 Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference to accomplish the total elimination of nuclear weapons.",
"Our inability to overcome this crisis is causing us to lose precious time. We should spare no effort to break the impasse as we approach the year 2012. Nigeria is supportive of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral negotiating body on disarmament. We also believe in the relevance of the United Nations Disarmament Commission as the only specialized deliberative body within the United Nations multilateral disarmament machinery. It is hoped that the Conference on Disarmament will advance the agenda of nuclear disarmament, including, inter alia, negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention, negative security assurances and the anticipated fissile materiel cut-off treaty.",
"In this regard, our deliberations should provide us with a suitable platform to address, in a transparent and inclusive manner, all possible future options for taking multilateral disarmament negotiations forward in an effective manner and in an outcome-oriented spirit.",
"In conclusion, Nigeria will continue to constructively engage Member States in this endeavour, with a view to assisting the President of the General Assembly and the Secretary-General to attain the lofty goals of multilateral disarmament negotiations.",
"Mr. Loulichki (Morocco) (spoke in French): It is with real interest that my delegation is participating in this important debate. We align ourselves with the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.",
"The Kingdom of Morocco is fully convinced that the creation of a nuclear-weapon-free world necessarily will require the effective efforts of the United Nations disarmament machinery, in particular the Conference on Disarmament. We find it difficult to admit that, whereas multilateral initiatives thrive successfully at the margins of the Conference on Disarmament, Member States find themselves incapable of agreeing even on a programme of work for the Conference. It is imperative to unblock this anachronistic situation. I would therefore like to share the following considerations with the Assembly.",
"First, it is frustrating and counterproductive to constantly bring the discussion within the Conference on Disarmament back to the starting point. After more than 30 years of discussions and negotiations, that forum has amassed a large number of proposals and ideas likely to move its work towards the attainment of its objectives.",
"Secondly, it is equally unacceptable to claim that the Conference on Disarmament operates in isolation. Let us be clear — no body or instrument could be capable of guaranteeing effective progress in disarmament in the absence of real political will and a favourable international context.",
"Thirdly, the rule of consensus was adopted to rally the maximum support behind decisions by making it possible for each Member State to influence the decision-making process. It must be stressed, however, that consensus should not be used as a blocking tool. While we respect the legitimate, sovereign right of member States to accept or reject proposed decisions, they must give proof of flexibility and responsibility.",
"Fourthly, the Conference on Disarmament, which has proven itself to be effective and successful in the past, is still the appropriate framework to move negotiations on disarmament forward. To that end, that body is called upon to adopt a comprehensive, integrated and pragmatic approach. In an era of globalization, the security of a country or a region is more than ever closely linked to the security of the rest of the world. Similarly, international security cannot be preserved or strengthened without taking legitimate national or regional security considerations on board; hence, the great importance of adopting an approach that takes national, regional and global security into account.",
"Fifthly and lastly, my country reiterates its attachment to the United Nations disarmament mechanisms. To that end, we call for caution with respect to the temptation to launch negotiations outside the Conference on Disarmament and other multilateral forums. While such a step could accelerate negotiations, it could risk leading to results that would not be recognized by several countries and of accentuating dissension in the international community concerning disarmament and non-proliferation, which, on the contrary, call for the broadest consensus possible.",
"I now come to the essential elements of this consensus, which my delegation would describe as follows. The first component of consensus is responsibility, both shared and differentiated. Morocco believes that nuclear-weapon States have a particular responsibility in nuclear disarmament and non‑proliferation. Practical steps are required to give new impetus to multilateral nuclear disarmament efforts. Essentially two actions would be involved. First, nuclear-weapon States would be invited to accept the establishment of a long-term framework that could guarantee confidence in this effort. Secondly, we would have to launch the process of implementing the 1995 resolution on the Middle East. In that regard, it is crucial to ensure the success of the 2012 international conference on the Middle East, which will have to be based on the action plan adopted by the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.",
"The second component of consensus is the parallel negotiation of a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and an instrument for negative security assurances, which would constitute a major advance and a confidence-building measure that would give impetus to nuclear disarmament.",
"The third component is the re-establishment and preservation of the Conference on Disarmament in its primary role as the sole multilateral negotiating body on disarmament.",
"The fourth component of consensus is the strengthening of nuclear non-proliferation, security and safety, in scrupulous respect for the norms established by the competent international bodies, which could benefit from the support and expertise of regional and international initiatives. These standards should develop in response to the new global challenges. It is of paramount important to provide the International Atomic Energy Agency with the means to enable it to fully carry out its mandate.",
"The fifth and final component of consensus consists in the promotion of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy by strengthening technical cooperation, whose financing should no longer be voluntary.",
"My delegation has followed with interest the presentation of certain proposals on the revitalization of nuclear disarmament efforts, both at today’s debate and at the meeting held on 24 September 2010. My delegation remains ready to consider them in a spirit flexibility, compromise and commitment.",
"Achieving peace through disarmament would benefit all humankind. We should spare no effort to realize a world free of nuclear weapons and less disposed to the arms race at the expense of the need to fight against poverty, epidemics and the degradation of our environment.",
"Mr. Proaño (Ecuador) (spoke in Spanish): The delegation of Ecuador would like to start by affirming its endorsement of the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries.",
"The situation that currently prevails in the Conference on Disarmament is most certainly of concern to all States. In that regard, bold efforts will be needed to find a solution. It is necessary to bear in mind that such efforts must be governed, inter alia, by the principles of inclusion and multilateralism and that any other way to overcome that situation must arise from discussion and negotiation among all States.",
"In that context, my delegation wonders why the same concern and interest are not shown with regard to all elements of the Conference on Disarmament’s programme of work, in which only one seems to have priority. For Ecuador, a fissile material cut-off treaty is as important as an agreement on nuclear weapons or negative security assurances. That is the reasoned position of a country that does not possess nuclear weapons as it believes that they are dreadful and that, like the vast majority of States, advocates a world without them. However, to date, the international community has not been able to envisage any instrument whereby nuclear States guarantee that they will refrain from using nuclear weapons against those States without them while the process to completely eliminate such weapons is concluded. That systematic refusal is an example of the scant political will towards States fulfilling their commitments and obligations in the area of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation.",
"In that regard, the stagnation in the Conference on Disarmament also reflects that lack of political will. Besides the legal implications regarding their implementation, the nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation processes must be seen as interlinked. However, it would seem that within the Conference of Disarmament the sole interest and concern is to make progress on nuclear proliferation matters, relegating or, worse still, marginalizing any possibility of progress on nuclear disarmament.",
"The solution to the stagnation that the Conference of Disarmament is experiencing would seem to stem not from its structure or its procedures. States will see themselves in that same situation in any other forum with a new structure or new procedures, since its causes are political. Hence, the efforts that I mentioned at the beginning of my statement must be directed at bringing the positions within the Conference on Disarmament closer together by means of clear and transparent communication that reflects the will of parties to start talks seeking to begin negotiations on all outstanding matters, that is, an agreement on nuclear weapons, negative security assurances, the prevention of an arms race in outer space and a fissile material cut-off treaty, which, in my delegation’s view, must deal with present and future stockpiles. Ecuador believes it appropriate and necessary to convene the fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament.",
"Finally, it is necessary to analyse to what extent doing away with consensus would help to bring about the desired universal agreements, since there is a risk of the various viewpoints on the effects and consequences of the outcome of the negotiations causing the lack of participation and accession of some of the actors concerned. That would seriously undermine the required effectiveness of agreements of such scope, sensitivity and significance.",
"Mrs. Miculescu (Romania): At the outset, like other speakers, I would like to commend both the Secretary-General and the President of the General Assembly for convening this debate dedicated to revitalizing the Conference on Disarmament. Let me also express my delegation’s appreciation to the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, which, at the request of the Secretary-General, met in Geneva for an in-depth analysis of the Conference on Disarmament’s current stalemate.",
"Romania supports the statement delivered by the Acting Head of the Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations. Since Romania was one of the signatories of the letter requesting this plenary meeting to be convened (A/65/836, annex), we also support the statement made by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of the signatory countries. It is my privilege to also present some brief remarks in my national capacity.",
"Signing the letter asking for this debate and our presence here are clear signals of the importance that my country attaches to enhancing the multilateral disarmament agenda. Romania shares the conviction that, in today’s world, peace and security must be addressed from a global perspective. Disarmament and arms control are the keystones of any global security architecture. However, an efficient multilateral security system and effective multilateral disarmament machinery must be built on cooperation and a common understanding of our global challenges and threats.",
"Since the beginning of 2010, we have witnessed positive premises for a global multilateral agenda. The signing of START II and the first Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C., gave us hope that the vision of complete nuclear disarmament could be achieved. The successful outcome of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and its Final Document called for enhanced action in the international disarmament and non-proliferation regime, including for the Geneva disarmament community.",
"We also shared the international community’s expectations that last year’s High-level Meeting, held here in New York, should have given impetus to concrete and important developments for the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva to remain in tune with the current international environment. So far, the Conference on Disarmament has not met our expectations, but we must join efforts on further steps taking us in that direction.",
"Romania strongly supports the Conference on Disarmament as a major framework for nuclear issues, acknowledging its value to international peace and to strengthening world security. Its negotiating role must be preserved and reinforced. We share the conviction that the Conference should move forward and resume its role as a negotiating forum. The long-term deadlock poses a serious problem and has to come to an end.",
"For many years, we have witnessed continuous efforts to overcome the stalemate. We have been called upon to address the problem now. We are aware that in a forum of dialogue and negotiations with 65 members whose decisions are taken by consensus it is difficult to gain universal support. But it should not be impossible to at least agree on a programme of work. Although the current deadlock should not be exaggerated, we must be aware that States may turn to other ways and means of negotiating international disarmament agreements outside the Conference. Romania has stated many times that this scenario is in nobody’s interest.",
"As the representative of Austria said in Geneva on 9 June, in a statement that the Romanian delegation supported, we do not have too many options within our grasp. On the one hand, we must examine the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament, including its procedures and operational principles. On the other hand, we must also seek other measures that can help us overcome this stalemate in the Conference, which has gone on too long.",
"Romania is committed to serious involvement in the work of the Conference aimed at achieving the resumption of its mandate as a negotiating body and building on the programme of work (CD/1864) adopted by consensus in May 2009. In our view, one of the key issues for an irreversible nuclear disarmament process is the negotiations in the Conference on a fissile material cut-off treaty. The security concerns of all must be addressed through the negotiation process. That is the essence and value of multilateral diplomacy. The engagement in those negotiations of the whole Conference membership is crucial to the disarmament agenda.",
"Let me conclude by reiterating that Romania still shares the conviction that the political support lent to the Conference on Disarmament on 24 September 2010, as well as our valuable contributions in this debate, are capable of giving the Conference the impetus to resume its role as a negotiating forum. Romania genuinely hopes that we will eventually identify the best way to witness, in the near future, the reinvigoration of multilateral disarmament.",
"The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker on this item. The Assembly has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of agenda item 162.",
"Agenda item 13 (continued)",
"Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields",
"The Acting President: The General Assembly will resume its consideration of agenda item 13 to discuss the challenges related to realizing the human right to water and sanitation in the context of the Millennium Development Goals. Members will recall that the Assembly held a debate on these challenges at the 114th plenary meeting on 27 July but did not exhaust its list of speakers.",
"Mr. Peralta (Paraguay) (spoke in Spanish): At the outset, we congratulate the President of our brother Plurinational State of Bolivia, Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, who, in taking the initiative to convene this meeting, has greatly helped to highlight the importance of the human right to water and sanitation.",
"Every member of the international community has a duty and a responsibility to seek a fair balance between the development of our peoples, through sustainable economic growth, and respect for our natural resources as the source of life, with the aim of improving the people’s welfare in every area. With less than four years remaining until the date established by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for halving the percentage of people who have neither access to drinking water nor the material and financial resources needed for basic sanitation services, we note with concern that progress continues to be slow and inadequate. Currently, almost a third of the world’s population lacks the necessary access to sanitation, and about one seventh lacks, or cannot afford, access to a human right as vital as safe drinking water. In that context, the fact that more than 1.5 million children under five years of age die as a result of that lack of access is a harsh and unacceptable reality.",
"In Paraguay we fully support the principle that access to and a supply of drinking water and basic sanitation are an indissoluble part of and absolutely essential to the full enjoyment of human rights. Our Government therefore has continued to commit all the resources necessary to ensure that those services are fully available to the entire population as soon as possible. Likewise, we urge the entire international community to redouble its efforts in this direction, particularly now at a time when we continue to feel the effects of the global economic crisis and the devastating results of natural disasters.",
"For that reason, we firmly believe that the international community is at a historic crossroads in its rendezvous with destiny. We believe that the 2012 Rio+20 Conference on Sustainable Development should provide an unequalled occasion for reasserting, with all determination, our commitments and efforts in this area, so as to ensure that future generations can live in a world with a more harmonious balance between human development and the use of our environment’s resources.",
"Mr. Tsiskarashvili (Georgia): As one of the sponsors of resolution 64/292, I would like to take this opportunity to welcome the adoption of that resolution, which recognized that the right to water and sanitation is essential to the full enjoyment of life and all human rights. I would like to express our gratitude to President Morales of Bolivia for his participation and insightful remarks two days ago, and to commend the leadership of the delegation of Bolivia as author of the resolution.",
"Safe drinking water and sanitation are vitally important to preserving human health, particularly in children. The deaths of millions of children every year are caused by unsafe water and lack of adequate sanitation. As we speak, approximately 900 million people have no access to drinking water, while 2.6 billion, including almost 1 billion children, have no access to basic sanitation. The international community cannot ignore these dramatic figures.",
"Over the years, my Government’s efforts have focused on improving both urban and rural water supplies and sanitation. Our experience underscores the importance of concurrent efforts by Government and donors. Here are some vivid examples of such collaboration.",
"More than a year ago, the United Water Supply Company of Georgia was set up on the basis of our 62 municipal water supply enterprises. The company has collaborated successfully with two major donors in the water-supply sector, most notably the Millennium Challenge Corporation. A year ago an agreement was signed with the Asian Development Bank in the water management sector, encompassing the full rehabilitation of the water supply and sanitation systems for six urban centres in Georgia. Last year, another agreement was signed with the European Investment Bank. To implement those agreements, works are currently under way in 28 municipalities in Georgia. An important step was the creation of electronic maps of the country’s water-supply system. The system monitors and posts alerts for damage, reducing wastage and financial costs. Special measures are being taken to control river basin contamination. A new terminal for processing biological waste was recently constructed in south-east Georgia to ensure the protection of the river and nearby population.",
"While noting this modest progress, we acknowledge the challenges still facing us. More needs to be done at both the national and international levels. In this regard, we support the efforts of the United Nations family and look forward to further discussions on the realization of the human right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation and their impact on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.",
"Mr. Stancanelli (Argentina) (spoke in Spanish): We would like to thank the President of the General Assembly for having convened this plenary meeting, as well as the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, for his initiative on the human right to water and sanitation.",
"Argentina supports the progressive development of international human rights law, recalling that the principal international human rights treaties on civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights became cornerstones of the Argentinean legal system following the revision of the national Constitution in 1994.",
"In this context, the importance of access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation services to the protection of human health and the environment has been recognized by several international documents supported by Argentina. Argentina also sees it as a principal responsibility of States to ensure their peoples’ right to water as a prerequisite for ensuring the right to life and an adequate standard of living.",
"In keeping with this position, Argentina voted in favour of resolution 64/292 on the human right to water and sanitation at the sixty-fourth session of the General Assembly. Nevertheless, Argentina reiterates its statement on that occasion that the right to water and sanitation is a human right that each State must ensure for the individuals under its jurisdiction and not with respect to other States.",
"This position is in keeping with resolution 1803 (XVII) on the permanent sovereignty of States over their natural resources, and, in the regional context, paragraph 33 of the Declaration of Caracas on the environment, adopted on 29 April on the occasion of the meeting of the Ministers of the Environment of Latin America and the Caribbean, which states that the right to safe drinking water and sanitation is a human right essential to the full enjoyment of life and all human rights, and that the States of the region, in accordance with their respective national legal frameworks, will ensure this right for the individuals under their jurisdiction, ratifying sovereignty over their natural resources.",
"Mr. Proaño (Ecuador) (spoke in Spanish): My delegation welcomed the presence of the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, on Wednesday, and thanks him for his focus on this fundamental issue one year after the adoption of resolution 64/292 on the human right to water and sanitation.",
"The Constitution of Ecuador recognizes the human right to water as a fundamental and permanent right, and water as a strategic national asset for public use that is inalienable, imprescriptible, ineluctable and essential to life. Article 411 of the Constitution guarantees the conservation, recovery and comprehensive management of water resources and environmental flows.",
"Articles 71 and 74 of the Constitution of Ecuador recognize the rights of nature and establish the right of persons, communities, peoples or nationalities to demand of public authorities the full respect for the existence, maintenance and regeneration of their life cycles, structures, functions and evolutionary processes. In this way, it seeks to ensure that persons, communities, peoples and nationalities can enjoy the benefits of water, and thereby live well.",
"Through this approach, the Ecuadorian Government promotes policies aimed at realizing the human right to water enshrined in our Magna Carta, and addresses the need to safeguard the resources for sustainable human development and access to the elements that are essential for life, such as this vital liquid. These constitutional principles adopted by Ecuador reflect an appropriate vision of water that goes beyond the materialistic view of it as merchandise for use and consumption. The adoption of this concept as a human right undoubtedly represents an important step forward in Ecuadorian public policy. Our challenge is to ensure that water and biodiversity are treated as strategic assets.",
"Managing water assets through a comprehensive and integrated approach to ensure the population’s access — a right shared by every human being — is a priority responsibility that has been fully assumed and requires the joint efforts of local Governments and society as a whole.",
"Water is a special element in the traditions and lives of peoples and nations, their practices and relations with the environment. Water, territory and land are the basic materials allowing for the existence and reproduction of culture; the conservation of diverse identities depends on them, encouraging human beings to live in harmony with nature. It is therefore crucial that States ensure the quality of water and sanitation.",
"Despite the historic progress attained in Ecuador, much remains to be done to put these principles into practice for the benefit of our country. Moreover, Ecuador hopes that these rights will be recognized and implemented by all nations, especially in the light of the danger humankind faces of losing its natural freshwater reserves.",
"Finally, my delegation reiterates Ecuador’s commitment to this fundamentally important issue and our resolve to continue implementing the recommendations contained in resolution 64/292. We wish to underscore the need to further explore international cooperation to support States in their efforts.",
"Mr. Cabral (Portugal): Portugal shares the views expressed in the statement made earlier in this debate by the observer of the European Union.",
"We consider achieving the objective of halving the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation to be a top priority. The fact that almost 1 billion people still lack access to safe drinking water and that around 2.5 billion people do not have access to sanitation has enormous human, economic and development impact. Access to water and sanitation is a necessary precondition for the proper implementation of the human right to health, food and education and the rights of the child. Ultimately, it is essential to the realization of the fundamental principle of human dignity. Access to water and sanitation therefore cannot be considered without taking into account the perspective of human rights. Portugal therefore warmly welcomed the recent recognition of the human right to water and sanitation contained in resolution 64/292 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/9.",
"The crucial difference that emerges when we talk of human rights in this field is that we move from simple charity to legal obligation, from simple desirability to accountability for ensuring that water and sanitation are accessible, safe, affordable and available to all without discrimination, with all countries bearing the responsibility for ensuring their continued efforts to realize the human right to water and sanitation within their available resources.",
"In Portugal we are very much committed to implementing the human right to water and sanitation. My country has made great efforts to increase access to this human right. The numbers speak for themselves. Drinking water supplies and waste water treatment services to end-users are also legally classified as public essential services and subject to special regulations intended to protect users against possible abuses from providers.",
"Our national water and waste services regulation has played a critical role in ensuring universal access to water and sanitation and has promoted best practices in implementing the human right to water and sanitation, aimed at controlling the affordability of water and sanitation services. Such measures are designed to meet the criteria of availability, accessibility, quality, safety, affordability, acceptability, non-discrimination, participation, accountability, impact and sustainability defined by the Special Rapporteur as essential aspects of the adequate realization of this human right. Respect for those criteria is also a guiding principle of our national strategic plan for water supply and waste water services.",
"In conclusion, let me take this opportunity to express our thanks for the presence at the beginning of this meeting of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to water and sanitation. Portugal welcomes the extension, by consensus, of her mandate, granted at the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council, and we welcome her very relevant work, which includes the progress she has made in collecting information on best practices and for the comprehensive, transparent and inclusive consultations she has held with relevant and interested actors from every region for her thematic reports and during her country missions.",
"Mr. Sydykov (Kyrgyzstan) (spoke in Russian): I would like to heartily welcome the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Mr. Evo Morales, and to thank the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, for her informative statement.",
"A year has passed since the Assembly’s adoption of resolution 64/292 on the human right to water and sanitation. As a developing country, we support its appeal to States and international organizations to share financial resources, build capacity and transfer technology through international cooperation and aid, particularly to developing countries, with the aim of enhancing efforts to provide safe, clean and accessible drinking water and sanitation services to all.",
"Kyrgyzstan adheres strictly to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), including the goal of halving by 2015 the proportion of people who lack access to drinking water and sanitation services. We share the view of States that access to safe drinking water and sanitation services is integral to the right, enshrined in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, to a decent standard of living.",
"More than 90 per cent of Kyrgyzstan consists of mountainous terrain containing glaciers that supply water for its people, livestock and crops. According to experts’ calculations, the supply of fresh water in Kyrgyzstan’s glaciers amounts to some 650 billion cubic metres. Over the past 40 years, as a result of global climate change, the surface area of our glaciers has shrunk by 20 per cent, and in another 20 years it may shrink by another 30 or 40 per cent. At that rate, by the year 2100 Kyrgyzstan’s glaciers may have disappeared altogether, and we run the risk of facing a catastrophic shortage of fresh water for the inhabitants of the entire region. Besides global warming, another factor affecting the security of water resources in Central Asia is the existence of more than 90 uranium tailings ponds in the region. The situation is complicated by the fact that many such ponds are located in seismically active zones and along the banks of rivers that flow into the Central Asian region’s extensive water basin. If toxic material were to enter the ground waters or rivers, it would be a catastrophe for the region’s drinking and irrigation water supplies.",
"Today, with the active cooperation of donor countries and international organizations, including the United Nations Development Programme, Kyrgyzstan is implementing a large number of projects designed to provide clean drinking water for its citizens, of which the biggest is the clean water project that is being implemented with the support from the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank and scheduled for completion in 2013. Thanks to this project, some 550 villages in Kyrgyzstan already have piped water, rates of infectious disease have been reduced and the country’s sanitation infrastructure has been improved. Further evidence of the State’s attention to the issue of drinking water is the enactment of special standard-setting laws such as a drinking water act and the Kyrgyz Republic’s code of water laws. Quite recently, on 30 May, Parliament enacted a technical regulation through a drinking water security law designed to protect people’s health and lives from the harmful results of contaminants in water.",
"Kyrgyzstan supports rational water use and the cooperative development in the area of comprehensive use of Central Asia’s hydro-energy resources, including the introduction of the principles of integrated water resource management at the national and regional levels.",
"Ms. Štiglic (Slovenia): Allow me first to align Slovenia with the statement delivered on behalf of the European Union.",
"Water is without doubt the global challenge of the twenty-first century. As forecasts show, by 2025 1.8 billion people will live in areas affected by severe water stress as a combined result of climate change, environmental degradation and population growth. Consequently, providing safe water and access to adequate sanitation will become an even greater challenge for many countries.",
"The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) call for halving by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. Water management and the provision of water resources, services and sanitation are some of the most cost-efficient ways of addressing all the MDGs. The issue of access to water and sanitation is closely linked to poverty. A lack of access to water and sanitation deprives billions of people, especially women and girls, of opportunities, dignity, safety and well-being. Moreover, access to drinkable and safe water decreases maternal and child mortality and prevents the causes and spread of disease.",
"To alleviate water stress and achieve the water-related MDGs, improved water governance is necessary. Water governance is foremost about environmentally sustainable water use. However, it concerns more than merely technical measures and is essentially about political decision-making, the inclusiveness of this process, and the participation of all stakeholders. Social inclusion, respect for minorities and the promotion of gender equality are essential to ensuring equitable access to water and sanitation. The efficient use of natural resources, including water, is also at the core of the green economy and a priority for the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.",
"In the course of 2010, the General Assembly recognized the human right to water and sanitation. Slovenia recognizes the human right to water and sanitation, derived from the right to an adequate standard of living and protected under article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.",
"The human right to water and sanitation is inextricably related to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, as well as to the rights to life and human dignity. It requires that water and sanitation be available, accessible, affordable, acceptable and of good quality for everyone. The right to water and sanitation is also closely related to the enjoyment of other human rights, including the rights to education, work, health, housing and food.",
"Water is essential to sustaining life and preserving human health and well-being. It is central to social and economic development and to the preservation of natural ecosystems. It is a major source of energy, necessary for agriculture and for many industrial processes. It is also for this reason that the protection of the environment, with a focus on sustainable water management, is one of the thematic priorities of Slovenian development cooperation. Slovenia has also consistently supported initiatives at the international level concerning the right to water and sanitation and fully supports the work of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, who visited Slovenia in May 2010 and will submit her report on that mission to the Human Rights Council in September.",
"Mr. Ruiz (Colombia) (spoke in Spanish): Colombia thanks the President of the General Assembly for his welcome initiative to convene this important meeting marking the recognition of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation.",
"Colombia views the provision of safe drinking water and sanitation as an integral part of the social services that should be provided by a State. Under Colombian law, it is a duty of the State to ensure the effective provision of public services to all people living on the national territory, bearing in mind that such services are subject to the established legal regime and can be provided by the State directly or indirectly, by community organizations or by individuals. In all cases, the State regulates, controls and monitors the services.",
"In Colombia, the right to water fit for human consumption is fundamental in the context of the full enjoyment of the rights to an adequate standard of living and to health. In this context, we have spared no effort in expanding coverage of the provision of services of the highest quality. Colombia is working through its national water plan to implement its comprehensive water resource management policy, which is divided into three phases — short-term, until 2014; medium-term, until 2018; and long-term, until 2022 — and takes into account the differences and problems specific to each region of my country.",
"Through this policy, Colombia has set a number of targets, including the following: to conserve at least 80 per cent of the ecosystems that are key to the water supply; to measure and record 60 per cent of water consumption; to maintain at least 55 per cent of water in the good or acceptable categories on the quality index; to strengthen supply measures in all areas with high levels of water scarcity or affected by the El Niño and La Niña effects and climate change; and to halve the percentage of users to be legalized.",
"The first phase of the national policy, 2010-2014, established 10 priority programmes, including the national pollution control and efficient water resource use programme, the programme to prevent risks linked to the supply and availability of water resources, and the national programme for the legalization of water users. Colombia has established five strategic policy plans at the national and regional levels, providing planning outlines for the management of renewable natural resources and environmental land use, and guidelines for the environmental development of human settlements and social, economic and service activities.",
"With regard to water resource risk management, bearing in mind the effects of the most recent El Niño and La Niña phenomena, we are making progress in developing risk management in several areas: shortages of water for human consumption and use in other productive activities relating to supply and accessibility; drought, through the conservation of ecosystems linked to the reduction of rainwater; floods and mass movements linked to excess water, which can impact population and infrastructure; and marine and coastal risk management relating to population and infrastructure.",
"The national Government has also drawn up a national plan for the management for municipal runoff water, identifying the critical drainage basins that exhaust the capacity to assimilate the resource and compromise its quality for different uses, jeopardizing public health, agricultural output, industrial activities, including electricity generation, and broader economic and social development in general. The aim of the plan is to increase the volume of municipal water that is treated and thereby to improve the quality of water resources in the short and medium terms.",
"The commitment of the Government of Colombia to expanding the provision of safe drinking water and sanitation to its population is clear, and we therefore view it as highly valuable to highlight this topic at this plenary meeting.",
"Ms. Cavanagh (New Zealand): New Zealand is pleased to speak in this important debate today.",
"Few countries would deny the serious consequences of poor access to safe drinking water and sanitation. New Zealand believes that the most positive thing we can do is to take practical steps to provide access to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation. Indeed, ensuring more sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation is essential to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).",
"This morning, I would like to briefly focus on the situation within our own Pacific region. A recent report on achieving the MDGs in Pacific island countries noted that at the household level, the most pressing environmental issue for most Pacific island families in their daily lives is access to safe water and improved sanitation. The situation is made worse by climate change and its impacts. For example, sea-level rise could affect water supplies on atolls, while extreme weather events could potentially damage drinking water and sanitation infrastructure unless it is built to a standard that can withstand these events. Atoll communities are particularly vulnerable to climate change.",
"In addition, growing populations in urban centres are placing pressure on freshwater supplies, creating a stronger need for efficient rainwater harvesting. However, particular care must be taken in these environments with the management of waste water and other sources of pollution. These are delicate ecosystems.",
"In remote areas, limited financial resources and access to technical skills present challenges for building, operating and maintaining facilities. In towns, rapid urbanization and informal housing developments are putting pressure on facilities.",
"New Zealand understands the importance of access to safe and clean drinking water and hygienic sanitation facilities. We are working with our Pacific neighbours to support their efforts in this area. For example, in the Cook Islands, we are promoting rainwater harvesting in remote communities and supporting improvements in sanitation facilities. We are also working to improve water supplies in Tokelau, Vanuatu and Kiribati.",
"New Zealand recently completed two projects with the secretariat of the Pacific Community to improve water quality. Australia, New Zealand, the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank have also collaborated to develop a Pacific region infrastructure facility to assist Pacific island countries to address infrastructure requirements. Projects focus on the long-term challenges of maintaining and managing infrastructure, including in the water and sanitation sector.",
"New Zealand acknowledges the need for continued hard work and collaboration in this crucial area. We will continue with efforts to help meet these challenges and take practical steps to provide access to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation.",
"Mr. Manjeev Singh Puri (India): At the outset, let me thank the President for organizing today’s debate.",
"I would like to begin by joining others in expressing appreciation to His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, for leading our debate on the right to safe drinking water and sanitation.",
"Access to safe and adequate drinking water and sanitation is among the keys to the well-being of our populations. Indeed, to reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to drinking water and sanitation has been recognized as one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to be achieved by 2015.",
"Sanitation has a strong connection not only with personal hygiene but also with human dignity and well-being, public health, nutrition and even education. Mahatma Gandhi once said “sanitation is more important than independence”. He made cleanliness and sanitation an integral part of the Gandhian way of life. His dream was total sanitation for all.",
"It is estimated that 2.6 billion people still lack access to basic sanitation, including 1 billion children who lack access to effective sanitary facilities, resulting in avoidable infant mortality. We are also confronted with the challenge of approximately 12 per cent of our population still lacking access to safe drinking water. Given the strong correlation between sanitation and human development, this situation poses a major challenge for our development goals. In India, our Government has therefore taken up this issue as a matter of priority.",
"In the Delhi Declaration adopted at the Third South Asian Conference on Sanitation in November 2008, it was recognized that access to sanitation and safe drinking water was a basic right. In the past five years, we have increased investment in rural sanitation by as much as six times. Under our total sanitation programme, the Government has reoriented its approach, with emphasis on the demand-side as a driver for change through the mobilization of local community leadership.",
"In order to further strengthen programmatic efforts at the grassroots level, we have introduced an incentive-based scheme for local bodies called the Clean Village Award, which has led to community leadership taking up the campaign to bring about total sanitation in our villages as a priority. Local bodies in villages are competing with each other for the award. The programme has also caused an immense number of resources from private sector and civil society organizations to be mobilized in this effort.",
"At the same time, the Government has also put special focus on expanding access to potable drinking water, which is one of the six core elements of the Government’s flagship Build India programme, under which nearly 300 villages are being added to the drinking water supply network every day.",
"We are thus happy to say that, despite the challenges of its size and diversity, India is steadily making progress in achieving the targets set under MDG 7.",
"Sanitation issues need to be given priority in our development policies. The role of community leadership in achieving total sanitation will be crucial, as India’s experience has shown. Sanitation must also be included in an integrated framework of public health policy to ensure that sanitation activities are indeed adequately funded. The provision of safe drinking water can also greatly help to contain the incidence of many waterborne diseases.",
"At the same time, we need to develop affordable and sustainable sanitation technologies for diverse ecosystems, which is a technology challenge we must work on using both modern science and traditional wisdom and knowledge.",
"While there is no internationally accepted definition of sanitation, States do have an obligation to create an enabling environment through the collection of disaggregated data, the adoption of national action plans, budgetary support, the recognition of human rights obligations, the raising of public awareness and a realization of human rights obligations to sanitation in a non-discriminatory manner, with special attention being given to disadvantaged groups and with an eye to gender equality.",
"We joined other countries in supporting the resolution presented by Bolivia last year that recognized the right to access to clean water and sanitation as a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of the right to life (resolution 64/292). We now will have to further strengthen the ongoing discussions on this issue in the Human Rights Council in Geneva.",
"The lack of access to sanitation is an affront to human dignity. Our Prime Minister has rightly noted that good sanitation should be a basic birthright. It is our responsibility to ensure that.",
"Mr. Errázuriz (Chile) (spoke in Spanish): I should like to begin by expressing my thanks to His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, for being present at the beginning of this debate and for the leadership role he has played in this matter.",
"We should also like to thank the President for having convened this important and timely discussion in order to establish a dialogue on the principal challenges linked to the achievement of the human right to clean and safe drinking water and sanitation and its impact on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) a year after the adoption of resolution 64/292.",
"The issue of drinking water and sanitation from the point of view of human rights was the subject of both that resolution and of resolutions of the Human Rights Council in Geneva, and even of the World Health Organization where, on 24 May a resolution entitled “Drinking water, sanitation and health” was adopted.",
"Chile has shown its willingness to work together with its partners on this issue so that instead of there being 884 million without access to drinking water there are none. The international community is faced with the challenge of supplying drinking water to a growing population. Every day this supply is further hampered by factors such as climate change and the demands for economic development, among other things.",
"Chile recognizes the importance of drinking water and sanitation for human dignity and underscores the importance of the adoption of resolution 64/292 as an important instrument for the achievement of the MDGs. It is a significant step forward in promoting the population’s access to those vital resources in accordance with the administrative system of each State. Thus, in addition to voting in favour of resolution 64/292, in the Human Rights Council Chile co-sponsored the resolutions on the right to water and sanitation, the most recent of which was resolution 16/2, adopted by consensus in March.",
"I underscore the emphasis that the latter resolution, like resolution 64/292 and the Abuja Declaration, signed at the First Africa-South America Summit from 26 to 30 November 2006, places on international cooperation. The Declaration puts particular emphasis on South-South cooperation with regard to water resources by promoting the exchange of information and experience between both regions in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. It also recognizes the importance of water as a natural State resource and an essential element for life, with socio-economic and environmental significance, as well as the need to promote its sustainable use for agricultural and industrial purposes.",
"Resolution 16/2 of the Human Rights Council, together with the extension of the mandate of the Independent Expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, requests the Expert to draw up recommendations that ultimately go beyond the end of the process of the Millennium Development Goals, with particular reference to the full realization of the human right to drinking water and sanitation. It also requires the Expert to draw up additional proposals to help achieve the MDGs, in particular Goal 7, which ensures environmental sustainability.",
"Cooperation and dialogue among States are essential to meeting the challenge of delivering the human right to drinking water and sanitation. Such dialogue and cooperation must take place at all levels, from families and communities to the international level. There is no single issue on the international agenda that countries can act on and resolve alone.",
"Mr. Aslov (Tajikistan) (spoke in Russian): Today, we are discussing a priority issue to us all, since water is a irreplaceable and essential resource that is fundamental to sustainable development and the preservation of life on the planet and to ensuring the health and well-being of the world’s population. Given the growing impact of climate change on arid areas, in particular regions of the world prone to drought, the problem of providing water to the population is becoming increasingly acute.",
"In that context, my delegation thanks the representative of Bolivia for the initiative of calling for a General Assembly meeting on the implementation of the human right to water and sanitation. We welcome the participation of His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, at this meeting.",
"Water often causes political tension among States. A key task of the international community in the management of water resources should be the prevention of conflict through the existing machinery on water cooperation. In that regard, we believe that the adoption at this session, at Tajikistan’s proposal, of resolution 65/154 declaring the year 2013 the International Year of Water Cooperation to have been very timely. Such cooperation offers a unique opportunity for partnership in the area of water and sanitation. That partnership provides certain possibilities, although progress in that key area remains varied and uneven.",
"We believe that resolutions 55/196 on declaring the International Year of Freshwater, 2003, and 58/217 declaring the International Decade for Action, “Water for Life” 2005-2015, adopted by consensus at Tajikistan’s initiative, played an important role in enhancing awareness, understanding and recognition of the importance of the exploitation and rational use of freshwater resources to achieve sustainable development.",
"On 22 March 2010, the World Day for Water, at the initiative of the Republic of Tajikistan and pursuant to resolution 64/189, a high-level dialogue to discuss implementation of the International Decade was held in New York. That measure was the starting point for further discussions at the High-level International Conference on the Mid-term Comprehensive Review of the Implementation of the International Decade, “Water for Life”, held in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, on 8 and 9 June 2010. We believe that the impact of those two events strengthened the belief that the issue of water merits greater attention on the United Nations agenda.",
"The world’s freshwater reserves, in particular in the Central Asian region, have shrunk in recent decades owing to climate change, leading to an ever-sharper decrease in water resources. It is clear that water issues can be resolved only if the linkage between water and energy resources, food security and climate change are taken into account. Taking such major aspects of current and future global and regional water issues into account is key to their successful solution. In the case of Central Asia, it is clear that developing hydro-energy can help to solve the region’s current and future problems.",
"It is widely known that in the second half of the twentieth century, the Central Asian region faced a grave environmental crisis: the drying up of the Aral Sea. Given the large-scale increase in new irrigated lowlands, whose surface area rapidly grew from 4 to more than 8 million hectares, the catchment of water from the region’s two key sources — the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya rivers — doubled. That led to a sharp decrease in the size of the Aral Sea, which has lost more than 90 per cent of its volume and 80 per cent of its surface to date.",
"Today, to the countries of the region must use water resources more efficiently. Unfortunately, not everyone recognizes that the environment is no longer able to sustain large areas for the cultivation of water-intensive crops, such as cotton. Tajikistan calls for the careful use of water and the rehabilitation of outdated irrigation systems in the region, which use more than 50 per cent of Central Asia’s water supply on irrigation. Until concrete steps are taken, the region’s environmental situation will not improve.",
"Given the rapid growth in the population of the countries of the region, the impact of global climate change and the degradation of the region’s water resources, there is only one solution for the countries of Central Asia, namely, the development of regular, multilateral and mutually advantageous cooperation on the rational and integrated use of water and energy resources. We must address the socio-economic issues of each country in particular, and the rehabilitation of the region’s environment in general.",
"We believe that the issue of water should also be duly reflected in global agreements on climate change, which has already had a serious impact on freshwater resources. In that regard, the integrated management of water resources must be a key instrument in climate change adaptation. The lead role in this effort belongs to the countries and regions having problems regarding the availability of water resources. Regional and international emergency funds must be set up within the United Nations in order to remove obstacles and difficulties in the provision of access to clean water and sanitation. In that regard, Tajikistan believes that due attention must be paid to ensuring the right to water and sanitation at next year’s United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.",
"Mrs. Beck (Solomon Islands): I thank the President for convening this important meeting to discuss the human rights to water and sanitation in the context of resolution 64/292 and the global effort to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Solomon Islands was a sponsor of resolution 64/292.",
"My delegation thanks His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, for his leadership in highlighting the need for our global community to recognize and make concrete efforts to ensure that the fundamental human right to water and sanitation is fully integrated into the sustainable development programmes for the achievement of the MDGs. We also thank the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation for her presentation in highlighting many of the challenges we face with respect to water and sanitation.",
"Water is vital to life, and access to clean and safe drinking water and basic sanitation is essential to a dignified life. The debate we have had over the past two days on the human right to water and sanitation must also address the sustainability of environmental ecosystems that guarantee the availability of water for decent human living.",
"For many in the least developed countries (LDCs), the mere access to clean and safe drinking water and better sanitation facilities is a survival challenge, especially among the women and children who have to travel long distances to collect water. For many of us in small island developing States, our water sources are becoming brackish due to salt water intrusion into ground water lenses as a result of sea level rise.",
"We must find durable solutions to water poverty with tangible programmes and resources to enable millions in the LDCs and the developing world to realize their basic right to clean and safe drinking water and sanitation. Proactive management and sustainable use of water and water resources must be part of the overall development frameworks at all levels.",
"Our focus should be to ensure timely and effective implementation of the commitments under the MDGs and that they are translated into concrete activities on the ground for eradicating poverty by 2015. Many of the LDCs, as we know today, are off track in meeting their targets under the MDGs, in particular with regard to the lack of access to clean and safe drinking water and proper sanitation, resulting in many of the problems of ill health that continue to plague their populations.",
"The ongoing vitality of water resources for Solomon Islands and many small island developing States continues to be threatened by the impact of climate change due to rising sea levels, coastal erosion, salination of water sources, droughts, floods and king tides. The sustainable management of watersheds and water catchment areas is an integral part of our national effort to address climate change impacts on our fragile ecosystems and livelihoods. Whichever way we look at climate change, it remains a threat multiplier and undermines the sustainability of watersheds and water catchment ecosystems that provide water for human survival.",
"To address the root causes of the climate change problem is to achieve an ambitious reduction of greenhouse gas emissions into the global atmosphere. Current pledges on greenhouse gas emissions fall short of keeping the rise of global temperatures below 1.5° C. My delegation regrets that, although we continue to echo the importance of preserving environmental ecosystems that sustain water as a life giving resource, the number of countries that have announced their opting out of a second commitment under the Kyoto Protocol does not speak well of our global effort to preserve this vital resource for the survival of humankind. This situation weakens multilateralism and puts many of the LDCs and small island developing States — who make up the 884 million people lacking access to clean and safe drinking water — on the road to an uncertain future.",
"Many of us in small island developing States and LDCs are already grappling with issues of water security, food security and energy security, inter alia, let alone meeting the internationally agreed development goals, including the MDGs. We must be bold and make the necessary shift in our mindset and political will to address the climate change problem in order to ensure that the health of our global environment is restored to a sustainable level. That will mean changing our current consumption patterns and the way we do business to include protection of our watersheds from extractive industries pollution, and promoting access to affordable clean technology in order to address environmental problems and set aside adequate resources in support of efforts to provide access to clean and safe drinking water and sanitation to the many for whom this vital human right still remains a remote goal.",
"In conclusion, last May, the United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries in Istanbul adopted the Programme of Action for the decade 2011-2020. A cooperative effort to support the full implementation of the Programme will not only address poverty eradication, but also guarantee the basic human right to clean and safe drinking water and proper sanitation for the millions of poor in these countries.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the observer of Palestine.",
"Mr. Mansour (Palestine): We thank the President for convening this meeting, at the request of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, on the vital issue of the human right to water and sanitation.",
"Palestine reaffirms that access to safe, clean drinking water and sanitation is a human right essential to the full enjoyment of life and all other human rights that all peoples are entitled to, including people living under foreign occupation. Water is also a primary natural resource over which the Palestinian people have permanent sovereignty in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, as reaffirmed in numerous relevant United Nations resolutions.",
"As with all other rights, the Palestinian people’s right to water and sanitation continues to be violated by Israel, the occupying Power, which currently exploits 90 per cent of shared water resources while exerting control over the 10 per cent allowed for Palestinian use. Israel actively prevents Palestinian access to water resources by its ongoing illegal colonization and unilateral policies, including the annexation of Palestinian land through the construction of settlements and the annexation wall in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem. The result is a further reduction in the already meagre water supply available to the Palestinian civilian population.",
"While Israelis consume an average of 280 litres of water per capita per day, Palestinians are limited to an average of just 60 litres. Most dramatically, in the West Bank, over 50,000 Palestinians in certain communities are forced to survive on a daily average of just 10 to 30 litres per capita, which means that daily water consumption per person is far below the minimum guidelines, set by the World Health Organization (WHO), of 100 litres per day, which has forced vulnerable Palestinians — often poor herding families — to abandon their land and traditional livelihoods and indigenous culture.",
"The correlation between the lack of access to water and sanitation and forced migration has been clearly identified by the International Organization for Migration and the United Nations elsewhere in the world, but nowhere is this more evident than in Israeli policies and practices in the West Bank.",
"In the Gaza Strip, where the illegal Israeli blockade has prevented the importation of spare parts and construction materials and the supply of the Palestinians’ equitable share of transboundary water resources, the civilian population is effectively being forced to rely on a drastically deteriorating resource. According to the World Bank, only 5 to 10 per cent of the portion of the aquifer underlying Gaza is drinkable, with more than 90 per cent of all 150 municipal wells having salt and nitrate levels above WHO standards, and thus unfit for human consumption.",
"Palestinians consume far less water than Israelis because successive Israeli Governments have engineered artificial water shortages throughout the occupied Palestinian territory by stealing water that is rightfully ours, by preventing us from developing even the most basic water infrastructure and by routinely damaging or destroying the little infrastructure we have, such as water wells, rainwater cisterns and treatment plants.",
"Since 28 July 2010, when the General Assembly voted on resolution 64/292, declaring access to clean water and sanitation to be a human right — a resolution that Israel did not support — the occupying Power has destroyed a total of 41 cisterns, 17 wells and 5 sanitation facilities in the occupied Palestinian territory, which includes 20 cisterns specifically destroyed following the 1 February statement by the United Nations Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator for the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Maxwell Gaylard, on the continuing demolition of water cisterns in the West Bank. The Humanitarian Coordinator asserted that",
"“The removal of such critical infrastructure places serious strains on the resilience and coping mechanisms of these communities, who will become increasingly dependent on economically unsustainable sources such as tankered water. Such deliberate demolitions in occupied territory are also in contravention of Israel’s obligations under international law.”",
"On numerous occasions, water provided in plastic tanks by humanitarian agencies is also confiscated or destroyed, denying vulnerable Palestinian families their human right to water. In recent months, the Israeli occupation forces have specifically targeted two cisterns in the community of Za'atara in the West Bank. Notably, each of these cisterns is over 2,000 years old. Yet, rather than allowing for them to be designated a treasure of antiquity to be protected by UNESCO, measures are being taken to make it difficult for the Palestinian community to respond to Israeli demands to prove ownership of the infrastructure.",
"While we commend the United Nations for securing more than $3 million for emergency relief from water scarcity to be spent this summer on the tankering of water, the Palestinian leadership emphasizes that this financial commitment to emergency humanitarian responses might not be necessary if the United Nations and its Member States advocated more effectively for the protection of existing water and sanitation infrastructure as well as the development of new water and sanitation infrastructure as highlighted in relevant reports of the World Bank, the United Nations Environment Programme, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and B'Tselem.",
"Israel’s violation of the Palestinian people’s right to clean water and sanitation negatively impacts many other human rights, including their right to food, health, livelihoods and development, thus impeding the Palestinian ability to achieve the Millennium Development Goals targets as an essential part of our effort towards achieving a viable and independent State of Palestine on the basis of the pre-1967 borders.",
"Palestine reiterates its call to the international community to hold Israel accountable to comply with its legal obligations by respecting the human right to clean water and sanitation, the equitable and reasonable reallocation of shared water resources in accordance with customary international law and the 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses, and the demand for the immediate cessation of the destruction of Palestinian water and sanitation infrastructure in the occupied Palestinian territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, in flagrant violation of international humanitarian law.",
"Simply stated, the Palestinian people are thirsting for justice and freedom and they call on all States to compel Israel, the occupying Power, to bring an end to this unjust and deplorable situation and finally bring an end to Israel’s 44-year ruthless military occupation of the Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem.",
"The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker on this agenda item. The General Assembly has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of agenda item 13.",
"Agenda item 6 (continued)",
"Election of the Vice-Presidents of the General Assembly",
"Election of the Vice-Presidents of the General Assembly for the sixty-sixth session",
"The Acting President: Members will recall that at its 104th plenary meeting on 22 June, the Assembly elected, in accordance with rule 30 of the rules of",
"procedure of the General Assembly, 20 of the 21 Vice-Presidents of the General Assembly for the sixty-sixth session. There remained the election of one Vice-President from among the African States to take place at a later date.",
"I have been informed by the Chairperson of the Group of African States for the month of July that Mauritius has been selected by the African States to fill one of the seats allocated to Africa as a Vice-President of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.",
"In accordance with paragraph 16 of General Assembly decision 34/401, the election of the Vice-Presidents of the Assembly by secret ballot will be dispensed with when the number of candidates corresponds to the number of seats to be filled. We shall proceed accordingly.",
"Since there is only one candidate for the one seat to be filled by the African States, I declare Mauritius elected Vice-President of the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. I therefore congratulate Mauritius on its election.",
"Having elected the Chairpersons of the six Main Committees and the 21 Vice-Presidents for the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, the General Committee of the General Assembly for its sixty-sixth session has been fully constituted in accordance with rule 38 of the rules of procedure.",
"The meeting rose at 1.20 p.m."
] | A_65_PV.117 | [
"Chairman: Mr. Deiss (Switzerland)",
"In the absence of the President, Mr. Mac-Donald (Suriname), Vice-President, took the Chair.",
"The meeting was called to order at 11.05 a.m.",
"Agenda item 162 (continued)",
"Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and promoting multilateral disarmament negotiations",
"Mr. Ruíz Blanco (Colombia): Mr. President: I would like to express my gratitude for convening this day of reflection on the Conference on Disarmament and on multilateral disarmament negotiations, during which we will be able, and we have been doing so, to exchange views on the challenges and opportunities, as well as on how to make the Conference resume its role as the sole negotiating body on disarmament, in such a way as to enable us to advance towards the achievement of general and complete disarmament, the yearning for all of humanity.",
"The commitment to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation is one of the principles of my country ' s foreign policy and, therefore, we have promoted the search for consensus in the relevant multilateral forums to move towards the achievement of these goals, stressing the importance of these issues for international peace and security.",
"For Colombia it is very important that the negotiations on these issues be carried out within the framework of United Nations mechanisms and forums. Therefore, Colombia attaches great importance to the Conference on Disarmament. However, we share the frustration of the international community for its stagnation. We believe that this situation is unsustainable and that immediate correctives are required. If there is a real political commitment on the part of all States, this situation can be overcome, being the political commitment understood as flexibility and creativity: flexibility to yield a little in national positions, so that we all win together, and creativity to advance in the search for new compromise alternatives.",
"During its presidency of the Conference on Disarmament, between 30 May and 24 June this year, Colombia focused on an exercise of reflection on the current status of the Conference and courses of action for its functioning. However, despite the efforts of the Colombian presidency, as well as the previous efforts of the predecessors, the paralysis of the forum remains.",
"In CD/1913, Colombia, in its national capacity, outlined the reasons for the ankylosing of the headquarters and how the different factors inhibit their ability to move forward. However, it is clear that no reason justifies paralysis. We do not consider it natural for an organism to remain more than a decade without any concrete results, without even moving forward in the deep discussion of the various topics to make clarity about the points in which the differences are presented.",
"With regard to the programme of work, I would like to recall that this is only a tool designed to facilitate the activities of the Conference on Disarmament. Consensualizing a programme of work does not ensure that the Conference begins to move forward. The 2009 experience shows that. The problem of the programme of work is not a matter of drafting, but of the commitments to be made.",
"This is added to two additional pitfalls: the methodology used to achieve consensus on a programme of work, since this task is left in the hands of the chairmanship exclusively; and the misconception of its nature, as it is emphasized that the programme of work should contain mandates. For this reason, Colombia promotes at this juncture the idea of having a simplified work programme, as set out in the rules of procedure.",
"With regard to the agenda of the Conference and the topics of negotiation, my country believes that the next logical step is the negotiation of a treaty banning the production of fissile material. Colombia supports the commencement of negotiations on the treaty, understanding that the issue of inventories should be an integral part of the process. However, we believe that there are other issues that have a maturity similar to the above-mentioned treaty and that would allow us to move towards disarmament and non-proliferation, such as the issue of negative security assurances. Perhaps the logical thing at this juncture is to take more than one step at a time.",
"With regard to possible courses of action, I would like to highlight the following suggestions, which have been ventilated by some members of the Conference on Disarmament and which we consider feasible and useful.",
"First, appoint a special coordinator on the efficiency and methods of the Conference on Disarmament to analyse the procedures and make recommendations to its members.",
"Secondly, consider rationalizing the meetings of the Conference at each annual session, in the spirit of holding plenary only when necessary and whenever there are ongoing processes.",
"Third, reflect on the need to rationalize the costs of the Conference.",
"Fourthly, create technical expert groups on the agenda items that enable confidence-building and contribute to the commencement of a negotiating process.",
"Fifthly, explore the possibility of an expansion of membership of the Conference and promote greater openness and integration with civil society.",
"Sixth, finally, to continue the discussion on strengthening the Conference and revitalizing the disarmament machinery within the framework of the United Nations General Assembly, with the aim of exploring other possible courses of action.",
"In a complementary manner, and given the general stalemate on disarmament issues, Colombia reiterates its support for the early convening of a fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, which addresses the review of the entire body of the United Nations system and takes the necessary decisions to revitalize them.",
"Mr. Korček (Slovakia): At the outset, I would like to say that Slovakia fully endorses the statement made by the European Union and the statement made by the Netherlands on behalf of the interregional group of 42 Member States. My delegation would also like to comment on behalf of my country on this important occasion.",
"We share the frustration and dissatisfaction of many delegations regarding the current situation in the Conference on Disarmament, which has serious implications for the multilateral forum on its credibility and relevance to addressing the current security needs that we all have. The time has come to revitalize and strengthen multilateral spheres in order to address current security challenges with common and united global solutions.",
"The Slovak Republic continues to consider the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating forum. We believe that this body is a key element of the disarmament machinery as a whole. What we need is to revitalize it and relive its potential. The Conference on Disarmament is so important that we cannot afford to allow its inactivity and stagnation to continue. We understand that patience is needed, but we believe that after a decade of stagnation, action is imperative.",
"The Conference on Disarmament has the responsibility to conduct multilateral negotiations on disarmament. That responsibility rests primarily with the members of the Conference. Slovakia stood ready to work towards an end to the impasse in the Conference and to advance the multilateral disarmament negotiations.",
"We share the view that if the Conference on Disarmament is not capable of initiating substantive work, we should seek other means and develop measures to overcome stagnation.",
"Slovakia joined the call to the President of the General Assembly and the Secretary-General to hold a plenary debate of the General Assembly to follow up on the high-level meeting, which, in our view, would provide an opportunity to address the pressing theme of the disarmament machinery. The central theme we want to address is how the Conference on Disarmament can resume its functions and realize its potential in order to meet the expectations of the international community as a whole.",
"Slovakia agreed that negotiations on a treaty dealing with the issue of the prohibition of the production of fissile material would soon begin. In fact, we believe that such a treaty would be an indispensable step towards achieving our ultimate goal of a world free of nuclear weapons.",
"By building our future global security environment we have to look beyond individual measures and focus on the ultimate goal. We believe that we can achieve this goal with mutually reinforcing guaranteed instruments. Such an approach would provide a perspective on multilateral disarmament negotiations and enable us to make progress in that regard.",
"Restricting us to a single approach that does not allow us any flexibility will not make us move forward, even if it is ambitious. It is unlikely that a uniform work programme tailored to each occasion will help us move towards nuclear disarmament.",
"We need to have a broad mind and an approach that goes beyond the ultimate goal. Progress should also be ensured in the development of an appropriate framework of relevant instruments for their achievement.",
"Mr. Cavanagh (New Zealand): New Zealand endorses the statement made earlier by the Netherlands on behalf of several States, and I wish to reiterate New Zealand ' s deep commitment to the cause of multilateral disarmament. In the discussions on these issues at the Conference on Disarmament and other multilateral forums, we have always been actively involved, demonstrating commitment, because we believe that it is essential for our collective security to achieve effective and balanced multilateral solutions to disarmament challenges.",
"For all those who share those concerns, the impasse of the Conference on Disarmament is a matter of great concern. For the last time, the Conference had been able to carry out its mandate as the United Nations negotiating body on disarmament matters. Throughout this time the Conference has not been able to produce a single substantive outcome, while, outside its enclosure, the problems of disarmament have not remained immobile.",
"This situation is untenable. It is unsustainable that we continue to consider that the Conference on Disarmament is the main multilateral negotiating forum on disarmament issues when all significant disarmament negotiations have failed or took place outside the Conference over the past 15 years.",
"It is unsustainable to hope that States that are deeply committed to multilateral disarmament will continue to allow their more pressing goals and priorities, such as the necessary measures to effectively implement the Action Plan of the last year Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, to remain indefinitely hostage because of the procedural flaws of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"We're not mistaken. The Conference on Disarmament faces a serious crisis. Their credibility and probably even their own existence are at stake. The current impasse can make the Conference ' s role in multilateral disarmament rebuke, ridicule, and ultimately become unthinkable. To avoid it, there must be a fundamental change.",
"Bearing in mind those concerns, we welcome the decision of the Secretary-General to convene a high-level meeting in New York last September. We also welcome the efforts of our Geneva colleagues to analyse the fundamental reasons for stagnation and to discuss possible solutions. Such efforts are commendable, but they must still produce agreement on a course to follow, or even the prospect of such an agreement.",
"We have heard a range of options proposed over the past two days to get out of stagnation. Like other delegations, New Zealand would look forward to a decision to proceed with a balanced and meaningful work programme agreed within existing structures and procedures. Nevertheless, we would like to hope that that would still be possible with a more flexible and pragmatic approach from some States. In particular, we emphasize that there is no future to bind ourselves to the knots of the procedure by dealing with the programme of work as if it establishes an absolute command for the work of the Conference on Disarmament. It is not so, and to treat it as such has been the main factor that has prevented the Conference from fulfilling its mandate.",
"However, there is little evidence that progress will soon be made. For those who ask for patience, saying that the international environment has to be conducive to progress, I simply ask them: when can we expect it to be better? And how long are we willing to put the priority disarmament goals on hold while we expect the stars to achieve an imaginary and unlikely alignment?",
"When there is no progress, and there is no prospect of progress in achieving any progress, we should ask ourselves whether more flexible working methods and regulations could be more useful to our collective interests. Nor can we fail to ask ourselves questions about the usefulness and role of the Conference on Disarmament, which is not an end in itself, and about possible alternative routes for progress on priority disarmament goals.",
"I hope that now it is clear that, at this time, there is much frustration, even an element of despair, in my delegation ' s attitude towards multilateral disarmament issues. We are running out of excuses and time to convince ourselves, much less the world community, that the Conference on Disarmament can still play a significant role in international disarmament negotiations.",
"New Zealand continues to have a broad mind as to how we could return to substantive disarmament negotiations, either through existing arrangements, calibrating the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament or exploring alternative methods to seek to achieve priority disarmament goals. However, that conversation must begin now, and it must be serious.",
"The coming months could be decisive for the long-term credibility, relevance and effectiveness of the United Nations disarmament machinery.",
"After all the energy that was put on this issue last year and the urgency with which it was addressed would be very disappointing that in January we would meet at the Conference on Disarmament without making any progress and without showing the will to interrupt the current impasse. As in the past, New Zealand will join each and every delegation to get out of the deadlock, and we hope that today ' s debate can be the beginning of a process that will enable us to do so.",
"Mr. Srivali (Thailand): At the outset, Thailand would like to express its appreciation to President Deiss and the Secretary-General for convening this important plenary meeting.",
"Thailand associates itself with the statements made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and Portugal on behalf of the informal group of observer States to the Conference on Disarmament.",
"Disarmament is a complex issue with complicated political factors and various security concerns. Therefore, a firm political will, constant determination, flexibility and concerted efforts and the commitment of all countries are required to achieve disarmament.",
"Since disarmament is a matter of concern at the international level, the Conference on Disarmament was established to serve as a key forum where multilateral disarmament treaties can be negotiated. However, it was regrettable that since the conclusion of the negotiations on the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, progress had not been made in the substantive work of the Conference in 1996, and that substantive work, as well as other crucial issues on its agenda, had remained unresolved. The continued lack of progress in the work of the Conference has raised questions about the relevance of the Conference to address the current security challenges, which evolve rapidly.",
"Efforts have been made to overcome the impasse to the Conference on Disarmament, with the most notable holding of the high-level meeting on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament in September. At that meeting, the States Members of the United Nations, members and non-members of the Conference, expressed a strong political commitment to the promotion of multilateral disarmament negotiations. However, the Conference concluded part two of its 2011 session without having been able to adopt a programme of work. We are therefore gathered here to send the clear and firm message that stagnation should not be allowed to continue.",
"In order for the Conference to retain its authority as the sole multilateral negotiating body on disarmament and for the international community to be able to count on the Conference to address global security challenges, the States members of the Conference should revitalize the forum after its long-standing inactivity and work towards its substantive work on key issues. In the meantime, we also hope that the Conference will intensify its efforts to also address the concerns of its members so that it can finally overcome the current stagnation and reach a consensus on its programme of work.",
"Despite the lack of progress in the work of the Conference on Disarmament, its core issues remain relevant to the international security landscape. In this context, Thailand wishes to participate more in the work of the Conference. We look forward to working with its member States to contribute to their activities and to help revitalize our collective efforts in the field of disarmament.",
"As disarmament implies the security of all countries, they have the right to participate in the review and negotiation process in an equitable and inclusive manner. Thailand therefore reiterates the call of the informal group of observer States for the Conference to address the issue of the expansion of its membership, which was clearly expressed in the Chairman ' s summary of the high-level meeting.",
"In the meantime, we would like to reiterate that the call for discussions on the issue of expansion should not be misunderstood as it is a factor in distracting the Conference on Disarmament from its substantive work. We support the expansion of its membership with a view to improving the effectiveness of the work of the Conference, and not only for wider membership. We are confident that the issue of expansion and substantive work of the Conference can be addressed simultaneously, and therefore represents a possible task for revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament.",
"Mr. (Luxembourg) (spoke in French): Mr. President: I would like to thank the President of the General Assembly for organizing this follow-up meeting on the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament last September.",
"Luxembourg fully endorses the statement made two days ago on behalf of the European Union and endorses the joint statement made by the representative of the Netherlands. Let me make a few comments as a representative of my country.",
"Luxembourg attaches great importance to multilateral efforts in the field of disarmament and has consistently supported all efforts aimed at limiting nuclear weapons and reducing the risk of nuclear proliferation. We commend the Secretary-General for having made disarmament one of his priorities and for personally participating in the debate.",
"We all know the progress that has been made over the past two years in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation, such as the success of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the adoption by the Security Council of resolution 1887 (2009) on disarmament and non-proliferation, the New START Treaty and the Washington, D.C. Nuclear Security Summit.",
"Despite the momentum generated by these important developments and the political initiatives launched last September, no progress has yet been made in the single multilateral forum since the adoption of the programme of work of the Conference on Disarmament in 2009. We must retake that momentum and promote concrete measures to unlock the stalemate that has paralysed the Conference for more than a decade.",
"Those who seriously consider progress in international disarmament can no longer accept the absence of substantive negotiations at the Conference on Disarmament. In Geneva and New York, many States have demonstrated their political will to unlock the international disarmament machinery. We must all shoulder our international security responsibilities and return to the negotiating table to implement the programme of work adopted in 2009.",
"In our view, the first priority remains the immediate commencement of negotiations on an international, multilateral, non-discriminatory and verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material. As the Secretary-General recalled last September, there is a comprehensive agreement on this subject. We join other speakers in making a solemn call for consensus. The establishment of a group of scientific experts to be entrusted with the review of the technical aspects of a fissile material cut-off treaty could constitute a confidence-building measure that would facilitate the commencement of negotiations. Luxembourg also attaches importance to strengthening the participation of civil society in the Conference on Disarmament.",
"In addition to such short-term measures, further analysis of the modus operandi of the Conference on Disarmament is needed. The rule of consensus should be reinterpreted, while the amendments to the rules of procedure would help improve its functioning.",
"We hope that the various alternatives proposed in this debate to unlock the Conference on Disarmament will be discussed as soon as possible and will lead to substantial and fruitful discussions in Geneva. It is important to bear in mind our final goals and remain ambitious. What we all want is a safer world, and to that end we must redouble our efforts to achieve a world without nuclear weapons.",
"Mrs. Čubrilo (Serbia): Serbia associates itself with the statements made by the European Union and the representative of Portugal on behalf of the informal group of observer States in the Conference on Disarmament. However, I would like to make a few comments on this issue from the perspective of my country.",
"Serbia sponsored resolution 65/93 on the follow-up to the High-level Meeting held on 24 September 2010 on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the promotion of multilateral disarmament negotiations, and was among the countries that initiated the plenary debate in the General Assembly on these important issues, with the conviction that it would provide additional encouragement to break the long-standing impasse of the Conference.",
"A productive multilateralism in the areas of arms control, non-proliferation and disarmament is not only necessary but also affordable if we all work in a spirit of cooperation, compromise and flexibility, as well as strategic foresight. Political will is a first step, but it must be translated into concrete measures. We firmly believe that this is the only way to advance in a world with increasing interdependence and complexity, where common challenges require common solutions.",
"Serbia believes that the most appropriate way to reaffirm the relevance of the Conference on Disarmament as an indispensable element of the multilateral disarmament machinery is to make it more effective and efficient. There is a need to intensify efforts to overcome existing differences and to enable the Conference to re-enforce its original role as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating body. Serbia hoped that all States members of the Conference would demonstrate the clear political will to participate, seriously and without further delay, in substantive discussions on the fundamental problems on its agenda in order to make a credible contribution to international peace and security.",
"While acknowledging that the specific national security interests of Member States are often reflected in the work of the Conference, we hope that all of them will strive to find a compromise solution that, while not detrimental to those interests, will enable us to overcome the current stagnation and create the conditions required to bring the necessary dynamism to the work of the Conference.",
"In promising its support for this debate, Serbia was also guided by the need to regulate the status of the observer States of the Conference and to begin negotiations on the issues contained in the plan of action adopted at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The continuing stagnation in the work of the Conference is a major obstacle to the implementation of the measures set out in the plan of action. However, the success of last high-level meeting last year empowers us to make further efforts to achieve the objectives of the plan.",
"The results achieved in the Conference on Disarmament, whose work Serbia, as an observer State, has provided its unconditional support, are of universal importance. It is therefore essential to ensure that the work of the Conference reflects the complexity of the risks and challenges facing all Members of the United Nations in a changing international security environment. With this in mind, the work of the Conference cannot be revitalized if the question of the expansion of its membership is not addressed. For Serbia, this is a matter of utmost importance, especially in the light of its repeated interest in becoming a member of the Conference.",
"The danger of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery is the greatest challenge to international peace and security. The Conference on Disarmament addresses many obligations it must fulfil. It will be able to achieve its objectives if it can begin to fulfil those obligations effectively, as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating body. There is no doubt that prolonging the current stalemate in the work of the Conference will only increase requests for urgent appropriate solutions.",
"In conclusion, let me note that Serbia considers this debate to be an important step forward in revitalizing the work of the Conference and broadening its membership.",
"Mr. Adejola (Nigeria): Nigeria welcomes the convening of this follow-up debate to the high-level meeting on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the promotion of multilateral disarmament negotiations.",
"At the outset, I would like to associate myself with the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, as well as with the statement made by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of 40 other Member States in various regions. However, I would also like to make the following statement as a representative of my country.",
"Nigeria commends the President for convening this debate, which provides an opportunity to assess progress since the adoption of resolution 65/93 on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the promotion of multilateral disarmament negotiations, and to move beyond mere deliberations and rhetoric to take action without further delay.",
"It is regrettable that for over a decade the multilateral disarmament machinery, and in particular the Conference, has not met the expectations of the international community, as expressed in the Final Document of the first special session on disarmament, held in 1978 (resolution S-10/2) and in the decisions and recommendations contained in numerous resolutions, as well as in the outcome document of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT/CONF.2010). Nigeria wishes to note that the Conference has not fulfilled its mandate to address the pressing security challenges facing the international community through effective multilateral arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation instruments.",
"The convening of this plenary meeting is a demonstration of our collective determination to realize the vision of a world without nuclear weapons and, undoubtedly, of a global society in which the enormous resources allocated to the development, production and possession of nuclear weapons and similar weapons of mass destruction are deployed in favour of the good, growth and development of the world. This constitutes a repayment of the debt we owe to future generations and to all of humanity.",
"Within the framework of the 2011 substantive session of the United Nations Disarmament Commission, Nigeria joined more than 40 United Nations Member States with similar criteria to request the convening of today ' s meeting. The moral impulse was the need to demonstrate the danger that our current inaction poses to the future, including the fact that we find ourselves persuading future generations on the need for disarmament. We must therefore take advantage of both the timing and the opportunity presented by this high-level meeting to further reaffirm our commitment to promote the spirit of multilateralism in the disarmament and non-proliferation negotiations.",
"Nigeria is convinced that the functioning of multilateral security institutions is the vital component of global security, and believes that the impasse in the Conference on Disarmament is unacceptable. Unquestionably, the lack of progress that has persisted for several years on new multilateral disarmament instruments has affected our common security in the twenty-first century and has weakened the multilateral disarmament system.",
"Nigeria also notes the many concerns raised by Member States regarding the unstimulating negotiations of the Conference held in Geneva. Of course, the Assembly will recall the growing concern of several member States at what was considered a deliberate plot to slow down the process. This view was well expressed and documented on the occasion of President Deiss ' visit to Geneva in March 2011, as well as by the Secretary-General and members of his Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters.",
"To this problem is added the fact that the Conference on Disarmament has not made recommendations for the process to take the course. Although Member States seemed to have good intentions at the outset in April, Nigeria noted that, regrettably, the three groups had been unable to develop concrete recommendations or reach a fundamental consensus on the issues presented for their consideration. We believe that this failure served as a clear reminder of the enormous challenges we face collectively within the broader framework of the multilateral disarmament machinery.",
"Nigeria calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to consider, as a top priority, the complete elimination of their nuclear arsenals in accordance with relevant multilateral legal obligations. This approach will assess its readiness to fulfil the unequivocal commitments made in 2000 and the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in order to achieve the complete elimination of nuclear weapons.",
"Our lack of capacity to overcome this crisis is making us lose a very valuable time. As we approach 2012, we must spare no effort to overcome stagnation. Nigeria supports the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral negotiating body on disarmament. We also believe that the United Nations Disarmament Commission is relevant as the sole specialized deliberative body of the United Nations multilateral disarmament machinery. It was to be hoped that the Conference on Disarmament would promote the nuclear disarmament agenda, including, inter alia, negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention, negative security assurances and the expected fissile material cut-off treaty.",
"In this regard, our deliberations should provide us with an appropriate platform to address, in a transparent and inclusive manner, all possible future options to advance multilateral disarmament negotiations effectively and with the objective of achieving concrete results.",
"In conclusion, Nigeria will continue to promote the constructive engagement of Member States in this endeavour, with a view to working with the President of the General Assembly and the Secretary-General to achieve the high objectives of multilateral disarmament negotiations.",
"Mr. Loulichki (Morocco) (spoke in French): My delegation participates in this important debate with real interest. We subscribe to the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.",
"The Kingdom of Morocco is firmly convinced that the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free world will require the effective efforts of the United Nations disarmament machinery, in particular the Conference on Disarmament. We find it difficult to recognize that, while multilateral initiatives are fruitful when adopted in parallel with the Conference on Disarmament, Member States are not able to agree even on a programme of work for the Conference. It is essential to modify this anachronistic situation. I would therefore like to make the following remarks to the Assembly.",
"First, it is frustrating and counterproductive that the deliberations of the Conference on Disarmament will always be brought back to the starting point. After more than 30 years of deliberations and negotiations, this forum has accumulated numerous proposals and ideas that could guide its work towards achieving its objectives.",
"Secondly, it is equally unacceptable that the Conference on Disarmament is affirmed to operate in isolation. Let us be clear: no body or instrument could guarantee effective progress in disarmament in the absence of genuine political will and a favourable international context.",
"Thirdly, the consensus rule was adopted for the maximum possible support of decisions, allowing each Member State to influence the decision-making process. However, it should be stressed that consensus should not be used as an instrument of obstruction. While we respect the legitimate and sovereign right of member States to accept or reject the proposed decisions, they must show flexibility and accountability.",
"Fourth, the Conference on Disarmament, which has demonstrated its effectiveness and success in the past, remains the appropriate framework for promoting disarmament negotiations. To that end, that body should adopt a comprehensive, integrated and pragmatic approach. In this era of globalization, the security of a country or region is more closely linked than ever to the security of the rest of the world. Similarly, international security cannot be maintained or strengthened if national or regional security considerations are not taken into account; hence the great importance of adopting an approach that takes into account national, regional and global security.",
"In the fifth and last place, my country reiterates its support for the United Nations disarmament machinery. To that end, we call for caution on the temptation to begin negotiations outside the Conference on Disarmament and other multilateral forums. While such a decision could accelerate the negotiations, there would be a risk that some countries would not recognize the results achieved and that discrepancies in the international community with regard to disarmament and non-proliferation would be increased, which required the opposite, namely, the greatest possible consensus.",
"I shall now refer to the essential elements of that consensus, which my delegation would describe as follows. The first component of consensus is responsibility, which is common but differentiated. Morocco believes that nuclear-weapon States have a special responsibility in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation. Practical measures need to be taken to give new impetus to multilateral nuclear disarmament initiatives. This is essentially two measures. First, the nuclear-weapon States would be invited to accept the creation of a long-term framework to ensure confidence in that endeavour. Secondly, we would have to launch the process of implementing the 1995 resolution on the Middle East. In that regard, it was crucial to ensure the success of the 2012 international conference on the Middle East, which should be based on the action plan adopted at the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.",
"The second component of consensus is the parallel negotiation of a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons production and an instrument for negative security assurances. This would be a major development and confidence-building measure that would boost nuclear disarmament.",
"The third component is the re-establishment and maintenance of the Conference on Disarmament, with its primary role as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating body.",
"The fourth component of consensus is the strengthening of non-proliferation, security and protection, in strict compliance with the rules established by the competent international bodies, which could benefit from the support and expertise of regional and international initiatives. These standards should be developed in response to new global challenges. It is extremely important to provide the International Atomic Energy Agency with the necessary means to fulfil its mandate.",
"The fifth and final component of the consensus is the promotion of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy by strengthening technical cooperation, which should no longer be voluntary.",
"My delegation has followed with interest the presentation of certain proposals on the revitalization of nuclear disarmament initiatives, both in today ' s debate and at the meeting held on 24 September 2010. My delegation remains prepared to consider those proposals in a spirit of flexibility, compromise and commitment.",
"The achievement of peace through disarmament would benefit all mankind. We will spare no effort to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons and less interested in the arms race at the expense of the need to combat poverty, epidemics and the deterioration of our environment.",
"Mr. (Ecuador): The delegation of Ecuador wishes to begin by ratifying its commitment to the statement delivered by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.",
"The current situation within the Conference on Disarmament is undoubtedly of concern to all States. In this regard, denoted efforts will be required to obtain a solution. It is necessary to bear in mind that such efforts must be framed, among others, in the principles of inclusion and multilateralism, and any alternative aimed at overcoming the situation must come from discussions and negotiation among all States.",
"In this context, my delegation wonders about the reason why all the items on the programme of work of the Conference on Disarmament are not given the same concern and the same interest, where only one would seem to have priority. For Ecuador, a treaty on the production of fissile material such as a nuclear weapons convention or negative security assurances is of such relevance. This is the logical position of a non-nuclear-weapon country to consider them atrocious and, like the vast majority of States, to advocate for a world without them. However, the international community has not been able to see, to date, any instrument by which nuclear States will ensure that they will refrain from using nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon States, while the process for the total destruction of such weapons is concluded. This systematic denial is an example of little political will to meet the commitments and obligations of States in the field of nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation.",
"In this context, the impasse within the Conference on Disarmament also reflects this absence of political will. Beyond the legal implications for compliance, processes linked to nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation must be considered compenetrative processes. However, it would appear that within the Conference on Disarmament it is of interest and concern only to move forward in matters within the field of nuclear proliferation, subordination or, worse, marginalizing any possibility of progress in the field of nuclear disarmament.",
"The solution to the impasse suffered by the Conference on Disarmament would not appear to lie in its structure or procedures. In this situation, States will be immersed in any other forum, under any new structure or innovative procedures, as their causes lie in the field of politics. Therefore, the efforts to which this delegation referred to the beginning of its intervention should aim at the approximation of positions within the Conference on Disarmament, through clear and transparent messages that reflect the will of the parties to engage in talks aimed at the commencement of negotiations that include all outstanding issues, that is, a nuclear weapons convention, negative security assurances, the prevention of an arms race in outer space, and a fissile material treaty. Ecuador considers it appropriate and necessary to convene a fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament.",
"Finally, it is necessary to analyze to what extent the deletion of consensus would help to generate universal agreements, which is what is desired, since there is a risk that the different perceptions about the effects and consequences of the outcome of the negotiations will lead to the lack of participation and adherence of several of the actors involved, thus seriously undermining the effectiveness of such agreements, sensitivity and transcendence.",
"Mrs. Miculescu (Romania): At the outset, like other speakers, I would like to commend the Secretary-General and the President of the General Assembly for convening this debate on the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament. Allow me also to express my delegation ' s appreciation to the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, which, at the request of the Secretary-General, met in Geneva to undertake a thorough analysis of the current impasse in the Conference on Disarmament.",
"Romania supports the statement made by the Acting Head of the European Union delegation to the United Nations. Since Romania was one of the countries that signed the letter requesting the convening of this plenary meeting (A/65/836, annex), we also support the statement made by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of the signatory countries. I also have the privilege to make brief remarks on behalf of my country.",
"The fact that we subscribed to that letter requesting the convening of this debate and our presence here are clear testimony to the importance that my country attaches to strengthening the multilateral disarmament agenda. Romania is convinced that, in today ' s world, peace and security must be addressed from a global perspective. Disarmament and arms control are the foundations of any global security architecture. However, an efficient multilateral security system and an effective multilateral disarmament mechanism should be based on cooperation and common understanding of our global challenges and threats.",
"Since early 2010, we have witnessed positive premises for a global multilateral agenda. The signing of the START II Treaty and the first Nuclear Security Summit held in Washington, D.C., gave us the hope that the goal of complete nuclear disarmament could be achieved. The successful outcome of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and its Final Document required further action within the framework of the international disarmament and non-proliferation regime, including the Geneva disarmament community.",
"We also shared the expectations of the international community that at the high-level meeting held last year here in New York, there would be momentum for the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva to make significant progress in meeting the current international environment. To date, the Conference on Disarmament has not met our expectations, but we must combine efforts to take further action in this regard.",
"Romania firmly supports the Conference on Disarmament as an important framework for discussing nuclear weapons issues, and recognizes its value in achieving international peace and strengthening global security. Your negotiating role must be maintained and strengthened. We are convinced that the Conference should advance and resume its role as a negotiating forum. The protracted stagnation poses a serious problem and must be put to an end.",
"For many years we have witnessed the ongoing efforts to overcome this stagnation. We have now been urged to address the problem. We are aware that in a forum for dialogue and negotiations with 65 members whose decisions are taken by consensus, it is difficult to obtain universal support. However, it should not be impossible at least to agree on a programme of work. While the current impasse should not be overstated, we should be aware that States could resort to other ways of negotiating international disarmament agreements outside the Conference. Romania has stated many times that this possibility does not work in the interests of anyone.",
"As the representative of Austria said in Geneva on 9 June, in a statement that the Romanian delegation supported, we do not have many options. On the one hand, we must examine the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament, including its operational procedures and principles. On the other hand, we must also seek other measures that can help us overcome this stalemate in the Conference, which has lasted for too long.",
"Romania is committed to taking a serious part in the work of the Conference to resume its mandate as a negotiating body on the basis of the work programme (CD/1864) adopted by consensus in May 2009. In our view, one of the key issues of an irreversible nuclear disarmament process is the negotiations at the Conference on the fissile material cut-off treaty. The security concerns of all must be addressed through a process of negotiations. That is the essence and value of multilateral diplomacy. It is crucial that all members of the Conference participate in those negotiations for the disarmament agenda.",
"In conclusion, I would like to reiterate that Romania remains convinced that the political support provided to the Conference on Disarmament on 24 September 2010, as well as our valuable contributions to this debate, could infuse the Conference with the necessary momentum for it to resume its role as a negotiating forum. Romania really hopes that at some point we will come to determine the best way to reinvigorate multilateral disarmament in the near future.",
"The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker on this item. The Assembly has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of agenda item 162.",
"Agenda item 13 (continued)",
"Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields",
"The Acting President: The General Assembly will resume its consideration of agenda item 13 to address the challenges of realizing the human right to water and sanitation in the context of the Millennium Development Goals. Members will recall that the Assembly held a debate on these challenges at the 114th plenary meeting on 27 July, but did not complete its list of speakers.",
"Mr. Peralta (Paraguay) (spoke in Spanish): First of all, we wish to congratulate the President of the brother Plurinational State of Bolivia, Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, who, with his initiative to convene this plenary, helps in great ways to measure the human right to water and sanitation in all its importance.",
"It is a common need and responsibility for all components of the international community to seek a fair balance between the development of our peoples, through sustainable economic growth and respect for natural resources as a source of life, with the aim of achieving the well-being of our peoples in all their dimensions. Less than 4 years from the target set out in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), in the sense of halving the proportion of people who lack access to safe drinking water and who do not have the necessary material and financial resources to access basic sanitation, we note with concern that progress remains slow and insufficient. At present, almost one third of the world ' s population still lacks the necessary access to sanitation and approximately one seventh does not or cannot afford a vital human right as it constitutes the achievement of drinking water and, in this regard, the fact that more than 1.5 million children under 5 years of age die annually because of this lack is a brutal and unacceptable reality.",
"In Paraguay, we fully reaffirm the principle that access to and provision of safe drinking water as well as basic sanitation are indissociable and absolutely necessary elements for the full enjoyment and enjoyment of human rights and, in this regard, our Government remains and will remain committed to all the necessary resources to ensure that such services can be fully available to the population in the shortest time. We also urge the entire international community to redouble efforts in this regard, with greater emphasis on a period of time in which the effects of the global economic crisis and the devastating manifestations of our mother nature continue to be felt.",
"That is why we firmly believe that the international community is facing a historic crossroads in deciding its destiny. We believe that the Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in 2012, Rio+20, should be an unbeatable occasion to make a determination to resume our commitments and efforts in this regard, so as to ensure that future generations can live in a more harmonious world between human development and the use of environmental resources.",
"Mr. Tsiskarashvili (Georgia): As one of the sponsors of resolution 64/292, I would like to take this opportunity to welcome the adoption of that resolution, which recognizes that the right to water and sanitation is essential for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights. I would like to express our gratitude to President Morales of Bolivia for his participation and for his insightful remarks two days ago, and to commend him for the initiative of the delegation of Bolivia as the author of the resolution.",
"Drinking water and sanitation are essential for the preservation of human health, particularly in children. Every year, millions of children die because of unsafe water and lack of adequate sanitation. At present, there are approximately 900 million people who have no access to safe drinking water, and 2.6 billion people, including nearly 1 billion children, who have no access to basic sanitation. The international community cannot ignore these dramatic figures.",
"Over the years, my Government ' s efforts have focused on improving water and sanitation, both urban and rural. Our experience highlights the importance of the simultaneous efforts of the Government and donors. In this regard, I would like to give some clear examples of this collaboration.",
"More than a year ago, the Georgian United Water Supply Company was created from our 62 municipal water supply companies. The company has successfully collaborated with two major water sector donors, particularly the Millennium Challenge Corporation. One year ago, an agreement was signed with the Asian Development Bank regarding the water management sector, which covers the full rehabilitation of the water supply and sanitation systems of six urban centres in Georgia. Last year, another agreement was signed with the European Investment Bank. To implement these agreements, works are being carried out in 28 municipalities in Georgia. An important step was the creation of electronic maps of the national water supply system. The system controls and issues warnings in case of damage, reducing waste and financial costs. Special measures are being taken to control the contamination of the river basin. Recently, in the south-eastern region of Georgia, a new terminal was built to process biological wastes in order to protect the river and the nearby population.",
"Even aware of this modest progress, we recognize the challenges we still face. More needs to be done at the national and international levels. In this regard, we support the efforts of the United Nations system and hope that discussions on the realization of the human right to safe and clean water and sanitation and their impact on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals will continue.",
"Mr. Stancanelli (Argentina) (spoke in Spanish): We would like to thank the President of the General Assembly for making this plenary meeting possible, as well as the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, His Excellency. Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, for his initiative on the issue of the human right to water and sanitation.",
"Argentina supports the progressive development of international human rights law in the light of the fact that the main international human rights treaties, in both civil and political and economic, social and cultural rights, have become one of the fundamental pillars of the Argentine legal system, since the reform of the national Constitution in 1994.",
"In this context, the importance of drinking water and basic sanitation to protect human health and the environment has been recognized by several international documents that have been supported by Argentina. Similarly, Argentina understands that it is one of the primary responsibilities of States to ensure to their inhabitants the right to water as one of the fundamental conditions for guaranteeing the right to life and ensuring an adequate standard of living.",
"In line with that position, Argentina voted in favour of resolution 64/292, “The human right to water and sanitation”, during its treatment at the sixty-fourth session of the General Assembly. Nevertheless, Argentina reiterates its support on that occasion, in the sense that the human right to water and sanitation is a human right that each State must ensure to individuals subject to its jurisdiction and not to other States.",
"This position is framed by General Assembly resolution 1803 (XVII) on the permanent sovereignty of States over their natural resources and, at the regional level, in paragraph 33 of the Caracas Declaration on the Environment, adopted on 29 April 2011, on the occasion of the Meeting of Ministers of the Environment of Latin America and the Caribbean, which states that the right to safe drinking water and sanitation is an essential human right for the full enjoyment of life and of all human rights. The States of the region, in accordance with their respective national legal frameworks, shall ensure this right to individuals subject to their jurisdiction, ratifying sovereignty over their natural resources.",
"Mr. (Ecuador): My delegation welcomes and appreciates the presence of the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, His Excellency. Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, last Wednesday for the attention of this fundamental issue and the first year since the adoption of resolution 64/292 on the human right to water and sanitation.",
"The Constitution of Ecuador recognizes the human right to water as a fundamental and irrenunciable right, and water as a strategic national heritage of public use, inalienable, imprescriptible, inembargable and essential to life. Article 411 of the Constitution guarantees the conservation, recovery and comprehensive management of water resources and ecological flows.",
"Articles 71 and 74 of the Constitution of Ecuador recognize the rights of nature, and it is stated that individuals, communities, peoples or nationalities are in a position to require public authorities to respect the existence, maintenance and regeneration of their life cycles, structure, functions and evolutionary processes. This seeks to ensure that people, communities, peoples and nationalities can benefit from water and, thanks to it, make it possible to live.",
"With this approach, the Ecuadorian Government is promoting policies aimed at ensuring the human right to water provided for in our Magna Carta, as well as the need to seize the means for sustainable human development and access to the essential elements for life as this vital liquid is. These constitutional principles adopted by Ecuador positioned an adequate view of water, which exceeds the material logic of use and consumption, and of the simple commodity. To have adopted this concept as a human right, it certainly means an important step forward in Ecuadorian public policy, whose challenge is to ensure the treatment of water and biodiversity as strategic heritages.",
"Managing water heritage with a holistic and integrated approach to meeting people ' s access to this human right is a priority that has been assumed with full responsibility, and involves joint work with local governments and society as a whole.",
"Water is a special element for the rituality and life of peoples and nationalities, their practices and relationships with the environment. Water, territory and land constitute the material basis for the existence and reproduction of culture and, therefore, it depends on the conservation of diverse identities, and promotes the coexistence of the human being in harmony with nature. It is therefore imperative that States ensure the quality of water and sanitation.",
"In spite of the historic advances verified in Ecuador, much remains to be done to become the practice and benefit of our country. In addition, Ecuador aspires that these rights be recognized and practiced by all nations, especially taking into account the risks faced by humanity of losing natural freshwater reserves.",
"Finally, my delegation wishes to renew Ecuador ' s commitment to this fundamental issue and the willingness to continue to make the implementation of the recommendations contained in the above-mentioned resolution at the beginning of my intervention, and to emphasize the need to deepen international cooperation in support of States in that effort.",
"Mr. Moraes Cabral (Portugal): Portugal shares the views expressed in the statement made in this debate by the observer for the European Union.",
"We believe that achieving the goal of halving the proportion of the population without sustained access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation is one of the highest priorities. The fact that nearly 1 billion people still lack access to safe drinking water and that about 2.5 billion people do not have access to sanitation has enormous human, economic and developmental impacts. Access to water and sanitation is a necessary condition for the proper implementation of the human right to health, food and education, as well as the rights of the child. Finally, it is essential for the realization of the fundamental principle of human dignity. It is therefore not possible to consider the issue of access to water and sanitation if the human rights perspective is not taken into account. Portugal therefore welcomed the recent recognition of the human right to water and sanitation, as expressed in Human Rights Council resolution 64/292 and resolution 15/9.",
"The fundamental difference that we perceive when referring to human rights in this area is that we are moving from simple charity to legal obligation and from the mere desire to the responsibility to ensure that water and sanitation are accessible, safe and affordable, and are available to all, without discrimination, in conditions in which all countries have the responsibility to ensure the continuity of the efforts being made for the human right to water and sanitation within their resources.",
"In Portugal, we have made a firm commitment to the implementation of the human right to water and sanitation. My country has made great efforts to increase access to this human right. The figures speak for themselves. Drinking water supply and wastewater treatment services for end-users are legally classified as essential public services and subject to special provisions aimed at protecting users from potential abuse of suppliers.",
"Our national provisions on water supply and wastewater treatment services have played a key role in ensuring universal access to water and sanitation, and have promoted the implementation of best practices in the implementation of the human right to water and sanitation in order to ensure that such services are affordable. These measures are designed to meet the criteria of availability, accessibility, quality, security, affordability, acceptability, non-discrimination, participation, accountability, impact and sustainability, defined by the Special Rapporteur as essential aspects for the proper realization of this human right. Respect for these criteria is also a guiding principle of our strategic plan for water supply and wastewater treatment services.",
"In conclusion, let me take this opportunity to express our appreciation for the presence, at the beginning of this session, of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to water and sanitation. Portugal welcomes the extension by consensus of its mandate, adopted at the tenth session of the Human Rights Council. We also commend its relevant work, characterized by progress in compiling information on best practices and conducting comprehensive, transparent and inclusive consultations with relevant actors and stakeholders from all regions in order to develop their thematic reports and as part of their country missions.",
"Mr. Sydykov (Kyrgyzstan) (spoke in Russian): Mr. President: I wish to extend a cordial welcome to the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Mr. Evo Morales, and thank the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, his illustrative statement.",
"It has been one year since the Assembly adopted resolution 64/292 on the human right to water and sanitation. As a developing country, we support its call on States and international organizations to share their financial resources, build capacities and transfer technology through international cooperation and assistance, particularly to developing countries, with the aim of expanding efforts to provide safe, accessible and safe drinking water, as well as sanitation for all.",
"Kyrgyzstan strictly adheres to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), including the goal of halving, by 2015, the proportion of people who do not have access to safe drinking water and sanitation. We agree with States that access to safe drinking water and sanitation is an integral part of the right enshrined in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to a decent standard of living.",
"Over 90 per cent of Kyrgyzstan ' s territory consists of mountainous land containing glaciers providing water to its population, livestock and crops. According to expert estimates, the supply of fresh water from Kyrgyzstan ' s glaciers is about 65 billion cubic metres. In the last 40 years, as a result of climate change, the area of the surface of our glacials has been reduced by 20%, and in 20 years more can be reduced by 30% or 40% more. At that rate, by 2100, all glaciers in Kyrgyzstan may have disappeared, and we are at risk of facing a catastrophic freshwater shortage to meet the needs of people throughout the region. In addition to global warming, another factor affecting water safety in Central Asia is the existence of more than 90 uranium waste deposits in the region. The situation is compounded by the fact that many uranium waste deposits are located in seismic-active areas and along rivers that flow into the extensive basin of the Central Asia region. If toxic materials were mixed with groundwater or rivers, this would be a catastrophe for the provision of safe and irrigated water.",
"Today, with the active cooperation of donor countries and international organizations, including the United Nations Development Programme, Kyrgyzstan is implementing numerous projects aimed at providing safe water to its citizens. The largest is the drinking water project that is being carried out with the support of the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank, which is expected to be completed by 2013. Thanks to this project, some 550 villages in Kyrgyzstan already have running water, the rate of infectious diseases has been reduced and the country ' s sanitation infrastructure has improved. An additional test of the State ' s attention to the issue of drinking water is the enactment of special laws that establish parameters such as the drinking water law and the water code of the Kyrgyz Republic. Recently, on 30 May, Parliament enacted a technical regulation under a law on safe drinking water, which aims to protect the health and life of the population from the presence of contaminants in water.",
"Kyrgyzstan advocates for the rational use of water and cooperative development in the area of the comprehensive use of Central Asia ' s hydro-energy resources, including the implementation of the principles of integrated water resources management at the national and regional levels.",
"Mrs. Štiglic (Slovenia): Let me begin by saying that Slovenia endorses the statement made on behalf of the European Union.",
"Water is undoubtedly the global challenge of the twenty-first century. As predictions show, in 2025, 1.8 billion people will live in areas affected by severe water shortages as a result of the combination of climate change, environmental degradation and population growth. Consequently, the provision of safe drinking water and access to adequate sanitation will become an even greater challenge for many countries.",
"The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) call for halving, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. Water management and water supply and sanitation services are some of the most economical ways to address the achievement of all the Millennium Development Goals. The issue of access to water and sanitation is closely linked to poverty. Lack of access to water and sanitation deprives billions of people, especially women and girls, of opportunities, dignity, security and well-being. Access to safe and safe drinking water also reduces maternal and infant mortality and prevents the causes and spread of diseases.",
"In order to mitigate the problem of water scarcity and meet the MDGs, it is necessary to improve the management of this resource. Water management is mainly the ecologically sustainable use of water. However, it requires more than simply adopting technical measures and relates essentially to the political decision-making process, the inclusive nature of this process and the participation of all stakeholders. Social inclusion, respect for minorities and the promotion of gender equality are essential to ensure equitable access to water and sanitation. Efficient use of natural resources, including water, is also a key factor in the green economy and a priority for the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.",
"In 2010, the General Assembly recognized the human right to water and sanitation. Slovenia recognizes the human right to water and sanitation, which derives from the right to an adequate standard of living and is protected under article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.",
"The human right to water and sanitation is inextricably associated with the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, as well as the rights to life and human dignity. It requires that water and sanitation be available and affordable, acceptable and of good quality for all. The right to water and sanitation is also closely related to the enjoyment of other human rights, including the rights to education, work, health, housing and food.",
"Water is essential to sustain life and preserve human health and well-being. It is a fundamental element for social and economic development and the preservation of natural ecosystems. It is an important source of energy needed for agriculture and many industrial processes. Environmental protection, with emphasis on sustainable water management, is also one of Slovenia ' s thematic priorities for development cooperation. Slovenia has also consistently supported international initiatives on water and sanitation, and fully supports the work of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, who visited Slovenia in May 2010 and will present her report on that mission to the Human Rights Council in September 2010.",
"Mr. Ruíz Blanco (Colombia): Mr. President: Colombia expresses its appreciation to the President of the General Assembly for his kind convening of this significant meeting commemorating the right to safe drinking water and sanitation.",
"Colombia understands that the provision of safe drinking water and environmental sanitation are part of the services inherent in the social purpose of the State. According to our system, it is the duty of the State to ensure the efficient provision of public services to all inhabitants of the national territory, bearing in mind that such public services are subject to the legal regime that establishes the law and may be provided by the State directly or indirectly, by organized communities or by individuals. In all cases, the State maintains the regulation, control and monitoring of such services.",
"In Colombia, the right to water is fundamental when it is intended for human consumption in connection with the realization of the right to life in dignified conditions and with the right to health. In this order of ideas, we have made the greatest efforts to expand coverage of service delivery with the highest quality. Colombia works through the national water plan to implement the national policy for the comprehensive management of water resources. This policy takes place in three phases: short term until 2014, medium term until 2018 and long term until 2022, considering the differences and problems of each region of my country.",
"In the framework of that policy, Colombia set as targets the conservation of at least 80% of the area of key ecosystems for water supply; the quantification and measurement of 60% of water consumption; the maintenance in 55% or more of the good and acceptable categories of the water quality index; the implementation of supply measures in all municipalities with a high shortage index or with limitations due to the phenomena of El Niño and La Niña and for the decrease in the legality,",
"Within the priority programmes of the first phase of national policy, from 2010 to 2014, 10 priority programmes were established, including the national pollution control programme and the efficient use of water resources, the risk prevention programme associated with the supply and availability of water resources and the national programme for the legalization of users of water resources, among others. Colombia has established five strategic plans within its national and regional policy, which defines the planning guidelines for the management of renewable natural resources and the environmental management of the territory and provides guidelines for the environmental development of human settlements and social, economic and service activities.",
"With regard to the management of hazards related to water resources, taking into account the effects of the latest El Niño and La Niña phenomena, progress is made in the conceptualization of water-supply risk management for human consumption and the development of productive activities, associated with supply reduction and availability; drought risk management for the conservation of the ecosystems, associated with the reduction of the water and the management of the excess of the land-water",
"The national Government also formulated the national plan for the management of municipal wastewater, identifying critical watersheds that exhaust the capacity of assimilation of the resource and compromise its quality for different uses, adversely affecting public health, agricultural production, industrial development and even electricity generation and, in general, normal economic and social development. The objective of the plan is to increase the volume of municipal water treated, thus improving the quality of the water resource in the short and medium term.",
"The commitment of the Government of Colombia to the expansion of the provision of safe drinking water and sanitation for its population is evident and, in this regard, it is of great value to highlight the issue through this plenary session.",
"Mrs. Cavanagh (New Zealand): New Zealand is pleased to take the floor in this important debate today.",
"Few countries would deny the serious consequences of scarce access to safe drinking water and sanitation. New Zealand believes that the most positive thing we can do is take practical steps to provide access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Certainly, ensuring more sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation is essential for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).",
"This morning I would like to focus briefly on the situation in our own Pacific region. A recent report on MDG compliance in Pacific island countries noted that, at home, the most pressing environmental issue for most Pacific island families in their daily lives is access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation. The situation has worsened by climate change and its impact. For example, rising sea levels could affect water supply in atolls, while extreme weather events could harm the infrastructure that provides safe water and sanitation, unless it is built with a quality level that allows it to support these phenomena. Atoll communities are particularly vulnerable to climate change.",
"In addition, the growing populations of urban centres drain the supply of drinking water and generate a greater need to capture rainwater efficiently. However, special attention should be paid to the management of sewage and other sources of pollution. These ecosystems are delicate.",
"In remote areas, scarce financial resources and limited access to technical expertise constitute difficulties in building, operating and maintaining facilities. In cities, rapid urbanization and informal housing construction put a lot of pressure on the facilities.",
"New Zealand understands the importance of access to safe and clean water and sanitation. We work in collaboration with our Pacific neighbours to support their efforts in this area. For example, in the Cook Islands, we are promoting rainwater harvesting in remote communities and supporting improvements in sanitation services. We also work to improve water supply in Tokelau, Vanuatu and Kiribati.",
"New Zealand recently concluded two projects with the Pacific Community secretariat to improve water quality. Australia, New Zealand, the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank have also worked together to develop a Pacific region infrastructure service to assist Pacific island countries in addressing infrastructure needs. Projects focus on long-term challenges of maintaining and managing infrastructure, including in the water and sanitation sector.",
"New Zealand recognizes the need to continue to work hard and to collaborate in this crucial area. We will continue our efforts to address these challenges and take practical steps to provide access to safe and clean water and sanitation.",
"Mr. Manjeev Singh Puri (India): First of all, I would like to thank the President for organizing the debate today.",
"I would like to begin by joining others to express our gratitude to the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, His Excellency. Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, for having led our debate on the right to safe drinking water and sanitation.",
"Access to safe and sufficient water and sanitation are two of the keys to the well-being of our population. Halve the proportion of people without sustained access to safe drinking water and sanitation has been declared one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to be achieved by 2015.",
"Sanitation is strongly linked not only to personal hygiene, but also to human dignity and well-being, public health, food and even education. Mahatma Gandhi once said, “sanitation is more important than independence.” It made cleaning and sanitation an integral part of the Gandhiano lifestyle. His dream was integral sanitation for all.",
"It is estimated that 2.6 billion people still lack access to basic sanitation, including 1 billion children who lack access to effective health services, resulting in child mortality that could be avoided. Another challenge we face is that approximately 12% of our population still lacks drinking water. Given the strong correlation between sanitation and human development, this situation poses a major challenge to our development goals. Therefore, in India, the Government deals with this issue as a matter of priority.",
"The Delhi Declaration adopted at the third South Asian Conference on Sanitation in November 2008, recognized access to sanitation and drinking water as a basic right. Over the past five years, we have increased to six times investment in rural sanitation. According to our total sanitation programme, the Government has refocused its approach, with an emphasis on the demand side as a driving force for change through the mobilization of local community leaders.",
"To further strengthen community-level programmatic efforts, we have introduced an incentive-based plan for local bodies called the Clean Village Award, which has led community leaders to launch a campaign to achieve total sanitation in our villages as a priority. Local village bodies compete with each other for the award. Thanks to the programme, a large number of private sector resources and civil society organizations have also been mobilized in this effort.",
"On the other hand, the Government has also placed special emphasis on expanding access to safe drinking water, which is one of the six key elements of the Government ' s flagship programme “Building India”, which is the daily addition of nearly 300 villages to the drinking water supply network.",
"We are therefore pleased to say that, despite the challenges posed by its size and diversity, India is constantly progressing towards the goals set out in the seventh MDG.",
"Sanitation issues should be prioritized in our development policies. The role of community leaders in achieving total sanitation will be crucial, as demonstrated by India ' s experience. Sanitation should also be included in the integrated framework of public health policy to ensure that sanitation activities are adequately funded. Drinking water supply can also contribute enormously to curbing the incidence of many water-borne diseases.",
"On the other hand, we must develop affordable and sustainable sanitation technologies for diverse ecosystems, which is a technological challenge in which we must work using both modern science and traditional wisdom and knowledge.",
"While there is no internationally accepted definition of sanitation, States have an obligation to create an enabling environment through the collection of disaggregated data, the adoption of national action plans, budgetary support, the recognition of human rights obligations, the enhancement of public awareness and the achievement of human rights obligations in relation to sanitation in a non-discriminatory manner, with particular attention to disadvantaged groups and bearing in mind gender equality.",
"We join other countries in supporting the resolution submitted by Bolivia last year recognizing the right to safe drinking water and sanitation as a human right that is essential to the full realization of the right to life (resolution 64/292). We will now need to further intensify the ongoing discussions on this issue in the Geneva Human Rights Council.",
"Lack of access to sanitation is a challenge to human dignity. Our Prime Minister has rightly pointed out that good sanitation should be a basic inalienable right. We have a responsibility to ensure that it is.",
"Mr. Errázuriz (Chile): I would like to begin by thanking the presence at the beginning of this debate by the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, His Excellency. Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, who has played a leading role in this issue.",
"We would also like to thank the President for convening this important and timely debate in order to create a dialogue on the main challenges related to the realization of the human right to clean and safe drinking water and sanitation and its impact on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) a year after the adoption of resolution 64/292.",
"The issue of safe drinking water and sanitation from a human rights perspective has been the subject of the above-mentioned General Assembly resolution, as well as resolutions in the Human Rights Council in Geneva, and even the World Health Organization, where, on 24 May of this year, the resolution " Drinking water, sanitation and health " was adopted by consensus.",
"Chile has shown that it is willing to work together with its partners on these issues so that the figure of 884 million people without access to drinking water reaches zero. The international community faces the challenge of providing drinking water to a growing population, and every day such supply is more complex by variables such as climate change and the demands of economic development, among others.",
"Chile recognizes the importance of drinking water and sanitation for human dignity and stresses the importance of the adoption of resolution 64/292 as a relevant tool in the implementation of the MDGs. It is an important effort to promote the access of the population to those vital resources in accordance with the domestic system of each State in terms of its administration. For this reason, Chile, together with a favourable vote on resolution 64/292, within the framework of the Human Rights Council, has co-sponsored the resolutions on the right to water and sanitation, the latter being 16/2, adopted by consensus last March.",
"I highlight the emphasis placed on international cooperation in the latter resolution, as in resolution 64/292 and the Abuja Declaration, signed at the First South-Africa Summit, held from 26 to 30 November 2006. The Declaration places a special emphasis on South-South cooperation with respect to water resources through the promotion of the exchange of information and experiences between the two regions with a view to achieving the Millennium Development Goals, while recognizing the importance of water as a natural resource of the State, which is an essential element of life, with socio-economic and environmental functions. All of this, recognizing the need to promote its sustainable use for agricultural and industrial purposes.",
"Human Rights Council resolution 16/2, together with the extension of the mandate of the Independent Expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, requests the Independent Expert to make recommendations that go, in time, beyond the completion of the Millennium Development Goals process, with particular reference to the full realization of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation; and to make additional suggestions that contribute to the achievement of the MDGs, in particular, is to ensure the environment.",
"Cooperation and dialogue among States are critical to overcoming the challenge of enforcing the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. Such dialogue and cooperation must take place at all levels, from the family and the community to the international level. There is no single theme on the international agenda that countries can act and resolve on their own.",
"Mr. Aslov (Tajikistan) (spoke in Russian): Today we consider a priority theme for all of us as water is an irreplaceable and essential resource, indispensable for sustainable development and the preservation of life on the planet and to ensure the health and well-being of the world population. Given the growing incidence of climate change in arid areas, especially in drought-prone regions of the world, the problem of supplying water to the population is increasingly pronounced.",
"In that context, my delegation thanks the representative of Bolivia for the initiative to convene a meeting of the General Assembly on the implementation of the human right to water and sanitation. We welcome the participation in this meeting of the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, His Excellency. Mr. Evo Morales Ayma.",
"Water often causes political tensions among States. The key task of the international community in water resources management should be conflict prevention through existing water cooperation mechanisms. In this regard, we believe that the adoption at this meeting, on the proposal of Tajikistan, of resolution 65/154, which states the year 2013 International Year of Water Cooperation, has been very timely. Such cooperation offers a unique opportunity for collaboration in the area of water and sanitation. Such a partnership offers certain possibilities, although progress in this key area remains varied and unequal.",
"We believe that resolutions 55/196 on the Declaration of the International Year of Freshwater, 2003 and 58/217, declaring the International Decade for Action " Water for Life " , 2005-2015, adopted by consensus at the initiative of Tajikistan, played an important role in raising awareness, understanding and recognition of the importance of the rational exploitation and use of freshwater resources in order to achieve sustainable development.",
"On 22 March 2010, World Water Day, at the initiative of the Republic of Tajikistan and in accordance with resolution 64/189, a high-level dialogue was held in New York to review the implementation of the International Decade. That measure was the starting point for further discussions at the High-level International Conference on the Mid-term Comprehensive Review of the Implementation of the International Decade for Action, " Water for Life " , held in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, on 8 and 9 June 2010. We believe that the repercussions of these two events strengthened the belief that the subject of water is worthy of greater attention on the United Nations agenda.",
"Global freshwater reserves, particularly in the Central Asian region, have declined in recent decades due to climate change, leading to an increasingly sharp reduction in water resources. It is clear that water problems can be resolved only if the relationship between water and energy resources, food security and climate change is taken into account. Taking into account these important current and future aspects of global and regional water problems is the key to successful resolution. In the case of Central Asia, it is clear that the development of hydroenergy can contribute to solving the current and future problems of the region.",
"It is widely known that in the second half of the twentieth century the region of Central Asia faced a serious environmental crisis: the drying of the Aral Sea. Given the large-scale increase in new irrigated lowlands, which rapidly grew from 4 million hectares to more than 8, the water catchment basin from two key sources in the region: the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers doubled. That led to a sharp decrease in the size of the Aral Sea, which to date has lost more than 90% of its volume and 80% of its surface.",
"Today, the countries of the region should use water resources more efficiently. Unfortunately, not everyone recognizes that the environment is no longer able to maintain large areas for cultivation with intensive use of water, such as cotton. Tajikistan calls for the careful use of water and the rehabilitation of obsolete irrigation systems in the region, which use more than 50 per cent of the water supply in Central Asia for irrigation. No concrete measures are taken, the environmental situation in the region will not improve.",
"Given the rapid growth of the population of the countries of the region, the impact of the global climate and the deterioration of water resources in the region, there is only one solution for the countries of Central Asia, namely, the development of regular, multilateral and mutually advantageous cooperation on the sound and integrated use of water and energy resources. We need to address the socio-economic issues of each particular country and the rehabilitation of the environment in the wider region.",
"We believe that the issue of water should also be duly reflected in the global agreements on climate change, which have already had a serious impact on freshwater resources. In this regard, integrated water resources management should be a key instrument in adaptation to climate change. In that effort, the leadership role is for countries and regions that have problems with the availability of water resources. Regional and international emergency funds should be established within the United Nations to remove obstacles and difficulties in facilitating access to safe drinking water and sanitation. In that regard, Tajikistan believes that due attention should be paid to ensuring the right to water and sanitation at the next year ' s United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.",
"Mrs. Beck: I thank the President for convening this important meeting to discuss human rights to water and sanitation in the context of resolution 64/292 and the overall effort to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The Solomon Islands was one of the sponsors of resolution 64/292.",
"My delegation thanks the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, His Excellency. Mr. Evo Morales, highlighting the need of our global community to recognize and make concrete efforts to ensure that fundamental human rights to water and sanitation are fully integrated into sustainable development programmes for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. We also thank the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation for her presentation, in which she highlighted many of the challenges we face regarding water and sanitation.",
"Water is vital for life, and access to clean and safe drinking water and basic sanitation is essential for a decent life. The debate we have held over the past two days on the human right to water and sanitation should also address the sustainability of environmental ecosystems that guarantee the availability of water for a decent human life.",
"For many in the least developed countries, mere access to clean and safe drinking water and improved sanitation facilities is a problem of survival, especially for women and children who have to travel long distances to obtain water. For many of us in small island States, our water sources are becoming salt water because of saltwater intrusion through the fissures of the ground as a result of rising sea level.",
"We must find durable solutions to water shortages through concrete programmes and resources that enable millions of people in the least developed countries and developing countries to exercise their basic right to clean and safe drinking water and sanitation. Proactive management and sustainable use of water and water resources should be part of the overall development frameworks at all levels.",
"Our objective should be to ensure the timely and effective implementation of the commitments made under the Millennium Development Goals and their implementation in specific field activities to eradicate poverty by 2015. As we know today, many of the least developed countries are overdue in meeting the Millennium Development Goals targets, in particular with regard to the lack of access to clean drinking water and adequate sanitation, the consequence of which is many of the health problems that continue to affect their populations.",
"The current vitality of Solomon Islands water resources and many small island developing States continues to be threatened by the consequences of climate change, such as rising sea levels, coastal erosion, water sources salinization, droughts, floods and high tides. Sustainable management of watersheds and water catchment areas is an integral part of our national effort to address the impacts of climate change on our fragile ecosystems and livelihoods. Whatever the way we see climate change, it remains a multiplier of threats and threatens the sustainability of the watersheds and water capture ecosystems that supply water for human survival.",
"Addressing the root causes of the climate change problem is achieving an ambitious reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in the global atmosphere. Current commitments to greenhouse gas emissions have not been successful in maintaining the overall temperature rise below 1.5°C. My delegation regrets that, although we continue to echo the importance of preserving the environmental ecosystems that sustain water as a crucial resource for life, the number of countries that have announced their voluntary exclusion from a second commitment to the Kyoto Protocol does not speak in favour of our global effort to protect this resource, vital to the survival of humanity. This situation weakens multilateralism and places many of the least developed countries and small island developing States, representing the 884 million people who lack access to clean and safe drinking water, on the road to an uncertain future.",
"Many of us in small island developing States and the least developed countries are already dealing with the challenges of water security, food security and energy security, inter alia, and to a greater extent with regard to the implementation of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. We must be courageous and make the necessary changes in our mentality and political will to address the problem of climate change in order to ensure that the health of our global environment is restored to a sustainable level. This means changing our current patterns of consumption and commercial customs in order to include the protection of our watersheds from the pollution of extractive industries and to promote access to clean and affordable technology in order to address environmental problems and allocate adequate resources to support efforts to facilitate access to clean and safe water and sanitation to the many people for whom this fundamental human right remains a remote goal.",
"In conclusion, last May, at the United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul, the Programme of Action for the Decade 2011-2020 was adopted. The cooperative effort to support the full implementation of the Programme should not only address poverty eradication but also ensure the basic human right to clean and safe drinking water and adequate sanitation for the millions of poor living in those countries.",
"The Acting President: I now give the floor to the observer for Palestine.",
"Mr. Mansour (Palestine): We thank the President for holding this meeting, at the request of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, on the fundamental question of the human right to water and sanitation.",
"Palestine reiterates that access to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation is an essential human right for the full enjoyment of life and all other human rights to which all peoples are entitled, including persons living under foreign occupation. Water is also a primary natural resource on which the Palestinian people have permanent sovereignty in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, as reaffirmed in numerous relevant United Nations resolutions.",
"Like all other rights, the right of the Palestinian people to water and sanitation remains violated by Israel, the occupying Power, which currently exploits 90 per cent of shared water resources, while controlling 10 per cent allowed for Palestinian use. Israel actively impedes access to Palestinian water resources through its continued illegal colonization and unilateral policies, including the annexation of Palestinian land through the construction of settlements and the annexation wall in the occupied Palestinian territories, including East Jerusalem. The result is a further reduction in the already scarce water supply available to the Palestinian civilian population.",
"While Israelis consume an average of 280 litres of water per day per inhabitant, Palestinians are limited to an average of 60 litres. More drastically, in the West Bank, more than 50,000 Palestinians in some communities are forced to survive on a daily average of only 10 to 30 litres per person, which means that daily consumption of water per person is much lower than the minimum guidelines set by the World Health Organization of 100 litres per day, which has forced vulnerable Palestinians — often the families of poor shepherds — to leave their traditional lands and livelihoods.",
"The relationship between lack of access to water and sanitation and forced migration has been clearly highlighted by the International Organization for Migration and the United Nations in other parts of the world, but nowhere is it more evident than in the West Bank, with Israeli policies and practices.",
"In the Gaza Strip—where the illegal Israeli blockade has prevented the importation of spare parts and construction materials, as well as the provision of the equal share of the transboundary water resources of Palestinians—the civilian population is forced to rely on resources that are becoming increasingly exhausted. According to the World Bank, only 5 to 10 per cent of the aquifer below Gaza is suitable for consumption, while more than 90 per cent of the 150 municipal wells have salt and nitrate levels that exceed WHO standards, which is why the water of these wells is not adequate for human consumption.",
"Palestinians consume much less water than Israelis because successive Israeli governments have caused a shortage of artificial water throughout the occupied Palestinian territory by stealing water that belongs to us by legitimate right, by preventing us from developing even the most basic water supply infrastructure and by constantly damaging or destroying the small infrastructure we have, such as water wells, rainwater tanks and water treatment plants.",
"Since 28 July 2010, when the General Assembly voted on resolution 64/292, in which it states that access to safe drinking water and sanitation is a human right — a resolution that Israel did not support — the occupying Power has destroyed a total of 41 tanks, 17 wells and 5 sanitation facilities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including 20 tanks specifically destroyed following the statement made by the Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator on 1 February. Maxwell Gaylard, on the continued destruction of water tanks in the West Bank. The Humanitarian Coordinator stated that",
"“The elimination of such critical infrastructure undermines the resilience and mechanisms to address the difficulties of these communities, which will increasingly depend on economically unsustainable sources, such as water distributed through tankers. Such deliberate demolitions in the occupied territory are also contrary to Israel ' s obligations under international law. ”",
"On numerous occasions, the water provided by humanitarian agencies in plastic tanks is also confiscated or destroyed, and vulnerable Palestinian families are denied their human right to water. In recent months, two tanks in the Za’atara community in the West Bank have been targeted by Israeli occupation forces. It should be noted that these cisterns are over 2,000 years old. However, instead of allowing them to be designated as a treasure of antiquity to be protected by UNESCO, measures are being taken to make it difficult for the Palestinian community to respond to Israel ' s demands that it demonstrate its ownership of infrastructure.",
"While we commend the United Nations for having allocated more than $3 million for emergency relief in the face of water shortages, an amount to be invested this summer to distribute water in tankers, Palestinian leaders emphasize that this financial commitment to emergency humanitarian responses would not be necessary if the United Nations and its Member States more effectively promoted the protection of the existing water and sanitation infrastructure, as well as the development of a new environmental infrastructure,",
"Israel ' s violation of the Palestinian people ' s right to safe drinking water and sanitation adversely affects many other human rights, including their right to food, health, livelihoods and development, which prevents the Palestinian people from achieving the Millennium Development Goals targets as an essential part of their efforts to achieve a viable and independent State of Palestine, based on pre-1967 borders.",
"Palestine reiterates its call on the international community to hold Israel accountable in respect of the fulfilment of its legal obligations by respecting the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, the equitable and reasonable redeployment of common water resources in accordance with customary international law and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Uses of International Watercourses for Non-navigational Purposes of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, and the demand for the immediate cessation of sanitation of the Occupied Palestinian Territory,",
"In short, the Palestinian people thirst for justice and freedom, and calls upon all States to compel Israel, the occupying Power, to put an end to this deplorable and unjust situation and to end, once and for all, with the ruthless military occupation of the Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, an occupation that has lasted 44 years.",
"The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker on this agenda item. The General Assembly has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of agenda item 13.",
"Agenda item 6 (continued)",
"Election of the Vice-Presidents of the General Assembly",
"Election of the Vice-Presidents of the General Assembly for the sixty-sixth session",
"The Acting President: Members will recall that, at its 104th plenary meeting, on 22 June, the Assembly elected, in accordance with rule 30 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, 20 of the 21 Vice-Presidents of the General Assembly for the sixty-sixth session. The election of a Vice-President from the Group of African States, to be held at a close date, was pending.",
"I have been informed by the Chairman of the African Group for the month of July that Mauritius has been elected by African States to fill one of the posts assigned to Africa as Vice-President of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.",
"In accordance with paragraph 16 of General Assembly decision 34/401, the secret ballot shall be dispensed with in the election of the Vice-Presidents of the Assembly when the number of candidates is equal to the number of charges to be filled. We will proceed accordingly.",
"As there is only one candidate for office to be filled by African States, I declare to Mauritius elected Vice-President of the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. I therefore congratulate Mauritius on being elected.",
"Following the election of the Chairmen of the six Main Committees and the 21 Vice-Presidents for the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, the General Committee for its sixty-sixth session has been fully constituted, in accordance with rule 38 of the rules of procedure.",
"The meeting rose at 1.20 p.m."
] |
[
"Continuación del período de sesiones sustantivo de 2011",
"Tema 1 del programa",
"Aprobación del programa y otras cuestiones de organización",
"Elección de seis miembros de la Junta Ejecutiva del Programa Mundial de Alimentos",
"Nota del Secretario General",
"1. La Junta Ejecutiva del Programa Mundial de Alimentos está integrada por 36 miembros, elegidos entre los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas y los Estados miembros de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO). De conformidad con la resolución 65/266 de la Asamblea General, de 7 de marzo de 2011, y la resolución 7/2011 de la Conferencia de la FAO, de 2 de julio de 2011, el Consejo Económico y Social y el Consejo de la FAO deben elegir cada uno a 18 miembros de la Junta Ejecutiva, con arreglo a la distribución que se indica en la resolución 65/266 de la Asamblea General.",
"2. El Consejo Económico y Social deberá elegir en la continuación de su período de sesiones sustantivo de 2011 a seis miembros de la Junta Ejecutiva con un mandato de tres años que comenzará el 1 de enero de 2012, para cubrir las vacantes que se producirán el 31 de diciembre de 2011 al expirar los mandatos de los miembros siguientes: Angola, China, Guatemala, Japón, Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte y República Checa.",
"3. Los seis miembros se elegirán de conformidad con la distribución siguiente[1]:",
"a) Un miembro de los Estados incluidos en la Lista A;",
"b) Un miembro de los Estados incluidos en la Lista B;",
"c) Un miembro de los Estados incluidos en la Lista C;",
"d) Dos miembros de los Estados incluidos en la Lista D;",
"e) Un miembro de los Estados incluidos en la Lista E.",
"4. En el anexo I de la presente nota figuran los 18 miembros de la Junta Ejecutiva elegidos por el Consejo Económico y Social. En el anexo II figura, para información del Consejo Económico y Social, la lista de los miembros de la Junta Ejecutiva elegidos por el Consejo de la FAO. En el anexo III figuran las listas de Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas y Estados miembros de la FAO que deben utilizarse para elegir a los miembros de la Junta Ejecutiva del Programa Mundial de Alimentos.",
"Anexo I",
"Dieciocho miembros de la Junta Ejecutiva del Programa Mundial de Alimentos elegidos por el Consejo Económico y Social",
"(Mandato de tres años)",
"Composición en 2011",
"Cuatro miembros de los Estados de la Lista A",
"* Miembro saliente.",
"Angola* (2011), Burkina Faso (2012), Marruecos (2013), Sudán (2013)",
"Cuatro miembros de los Estados de la Lista B",
"China* (2011), India (2012), Irán (República Islámica del) (2012), República de Corea (2013)",
"Dos miembros de los Estados de la Lista C",
"Cuba (2013), Guatemala* (2011)",
"Seis miembros de los Estados de la Lista D",
"Australia (2013), España (2012), Francia (2012), Japón* (2011), Noruega (2013), Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte* (2011)",
"Dos miembros de los Estados de la Lista E",
"Federación de Rusia (2012), República Checa* (2011)",
"Anexo II",
"Dieciocho miembros de la Junta Ejecutiva del Programa Mundial de Alimentos elegidos por el Consejo de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación",
"(Mandato de tres años)",
"Composición en 2011",
"Cuatro miembros de los Estados de la Lista A",
"Camerún (2013), Egipto* (2011), Kenya (2012), Sudáfrica (2013)",
"Tres miembros de los Estados de la Lista B",
"Arabia Saudita (2013), Filipinas (2012), Jordania (2012)",
"Cuatro miembros de los Estados de la Lista C (tres puestos ordinarios y uno rotatorio)",
"Brasil* (2011), Colombia* (2011), Haití (2013), México (2012)",
"Seis miembros de los Estados de la Lista D",
"Alemania (2013), Canadá (2013), Dinamarca* (2011), Estados Unidos de América (2012), Irlanda* (2011), Países Bajos (2012)",
"Un miembro de los Estados de la Lista E",
"* Miembro saliente.",
"Eslovenia* (2011)",
"Anexo III",
"* Extraídas del apéndice A del Estatuto del Programa Mundial de Alimentos. De producirse cambios en la composición de las Naciones Unidas o de la FAO, las secretarías de ambas organizaciones introducirán los cambios oportunos después de las necesarias consultas con los Estados Miembros.",
"Listas de Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas y Estados miembros de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación para las elecciones a miembros de la Junta Ejecutiva del Programa Mundial de Alimentos*",
"1. Países en desarrollo y territorios",
"Lista A",
"Argelia Ghana República Centroafricana\n Angola Guinea República Democrática",
"Benin Guinea-Bissau del Congo",
"Botswana Guinea Ecuatorial República Unida de Tanzanía",
"Burkina Faso Jamahiriya Árabe Libia Rwanda",
"Burundi Kenya Santo Tomé y Príncipe",
"Cabo Verde Lesotho Senegal",
"Camerún Liberia Seychelles",
"Chad Madagascar Sierra Leona",
"Comoras Malawi Somalia",
"Congo Malí Sudáfrica",
"Côte d’Ivoire Marruecos Sudán",
"Djibouti Mauricio Swazilandia",
"Egipto Mauritania Togo",
"Eritrea Mozambique Túnez",
"Etiopía Namibia Uganda",
"Gabón Níger Zambia",
"Gambia Nigeria Zimbabwe",
"Lista B",
"Grupo I",
"Afganistán Jordania Qatar\n Arabia Saudita Kazajstán República Árabe Siria",
"Bahrein Kirguistán Tayikistán",
"Emiratos Árabes Unidos Kuwait Turkmenistán",
"Irán (República Líbano Uzbekistán Islámica del)",
"Iraq Omán Yemen",
"Grupo II",
"Bangladesh Malasia República Democrática\n Bhután Maldivas Popular Lao",
"Brunei Darussalam Micronesia (Estados República Popular",
"Camboya Federados de) Democrática de Corea",
"China Mongolia Samoa",
"Fiji Myanmar Singapur",
"Filipinas Nauru Sri Lanka",
"India Nepal Tailandia",
"Indonesia Niue Timor-Leste",
"Islas Cook Pakistán Tonga",
"Islas Marshall Palau Tuvalu",
"Islas Salomón Papua Nueva Guinea Vanuatu",
"Kiribati República de Corea Viet Nam",
"Lista C",
"Antigua y Barbuda Dominica Panamá\n Argentina Ecuador Paraguay",
"Bahamas El Salvador Perú",
"Barbados Granada República Dominicana",
"Belice Guatemala Saint Kitts y Nevis",
"Bolivia Guyana San Vicente y las Granadinas",
"Brasil Haití Santa Lucía",
"Chile Honduras Suriname",
"Colombia Jamaica Trinidad y Tabago",
"Costa Rica México Uruguay",
"Cuba Nicaragua Venezuela (República Bolivariana de)",
"2. Países económicamente desarrollados",
"Lista D",
"Alemania Francia Noruega\n Andorra Grecia Nueva Zelandia",
"Australia Irlanda Países Bajos",
"Austria Islandia Portugal",
"Bélgica Israel Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña",
"Canadá Italia e Irlanda del Norte",
"Chipre Japón San Marino",
"Dinamarca Liechtenstein Suecia",
"España Luxemburgo Suiza",
"Estados Unidos de Malta Turquía América",
"Finlandia Mónaco",
"Lista E",
"Albania Eslovenia Lituania\n Armenia Estonia Montenegro",
"Azerbaiyán ex República Yugoslava Polonia",
"Belarús de Macedonia República Checa",
"Bosnia y Herzegovina Federación de Rusia República de Moldova",
"Bulgaria Georgia Rumania",
"Croacia Hungría Serbia",
"Eslovaquia Letonia Ucrania",
"[1] Los miembros se eligen de entre las listas que figuran en los Textos Básicos del Programa Mundial de Alimentos. Las listas se reproducen en el anexo III de la presente nota."
] | [
"Resumed substantive session for 2011",
"New York",
"Agenda item 1",
"Adoption of the agenda and other organizational matters",
"Election of six members of the Executive Board of the World Food Programme",
"Note by the Secretary-General",
"1. The Executive Board of the World Food Programme has 36 members, elected from among the States Members of the United Nations and the States members of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). In accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/266 of 7 March 2011 and FAO Conference resolution 7/2011 of 2 July 2011, the Economic and Social Council and the Council of FAO elect 18 members of the Executive Board each, according to the pattern set out in Assembly resolution 65/266.",
"2. The Economic and Social Council is to elect, at its resumed substantive session for 2011, six members of the Executive Board for a three-year term beginning on 1 January 2012 to fill the vacancies that will occur on 31 December 2011 upon the expiration of the terms of the following members: Angola, China, Czech Republic, Guatemala, Japan and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.",
"3. The six members are to be elected according to the following pattern:[1]",
"(a) One member from the States included in List A;",
"(b) One member from the States included in List B;",
"(c) One member from the States included in List C;",
"(d) Two members from the States included in List D;",
"(e) One member from the States included in List E.",
"4. The 18 members of the Executive Board elected by the Economic and Social Council are listed in annex I to the present note. Annex II lists the members of the Executive Board elected by the FAO Council for the information of the Economic and Social Council. Annex III lists the States Members of the United Nations and member States of FAO for election to the Executive Board of the World Food Programme.",
"Annex I",
"Eighteen members elected by the Economic and Social Council to the Executive Board of the World Food Programme",
"(Three-year term)",
"Membership in 2011",
"Four seats for States on List A",
"Angola[2] (2011), Burkina Faso (2012), Morocco (2013), Sudan (2013)",
"Four seats for States on List B",
"China* (2011), India (2012), Iran (Islamic Republic of) (2012), Republic of Korea (2013)",
"Two seats for States on List C",
"Cuba (2013), Guatemala* (2011)",
"Six seats for States on List D",
"Australia (2013), France (2012), Japan* (2011), Norway (2013), Spain (2012), United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland* (2011)",
"Two seats for States on List E",
"Czech Republic* (2011), Russian Federation (2012)",
"Annex II",
"Eighteen members elected by the Council of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to the Executive Board of the World Food Programme",
"(Three-year term)",
"Membership in 2011",
"Four seats for States on List A",
"Cameroon (2013), Egypt[3] (2011), Kenya (2012), South Africa (2013)",
"Three seats for States on List B",
"Jordan (2012), Philippines (2012), Saudi Arabia (2013)",
"Four seats for States on List C (three regular seats and one rotating seat)",
"Brazil* (2011), Colombia* (2011), Haiti (2013), Mexico (2012)",
"Six seats for States on List D",
"Canada (2013), Denmark* (2011), Germany (2013), Ireland* (2011), Netherlands (2012), United States of America (2012)",
"One seat for States on List E",
"Slovenia* (2011)",
"Annex III",
"Lists of States Members of the United Nations and members of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for election to the Executive Board of the World Food Programme[4]",
"1. Developing countries and territories",
"List A",
"Algeria Eritrea Namibia \n Angola Ethiopia Niger \n Benin Gabon Nigeria \n Botswana Gambia Rwanda \n Burkina Faso Ghana Sao Tome and Principe\n Burundi Guinea Senegal \n Cameroon Guinea-Bissau Seychelles \n Cape Verde Kenya Sierra Leone \nCentral AfricanRepublic\tLesotho\tSomalia\n Chad Liberia South Africa \nComoros\tLibyan ArabJamahiriya\tSudan\n Congo Madagascar Swaziland \n Côte d’Ivoire Malawi Togo \nDemocratic Republicof\tMali\tTunisia\n the Congo Mauritania Uganda \nDjibouti\tMauritius\tUnited Republic ofTanzania\n Egypt Morocco Zambia \n Equatorial Guinea Mozambique Zimbabwe",
"List B",
"Group I",
"Afghanistan Kuwait Syrian Arab Republic \n Bahrain Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan \nIran (IslamicRepublic of)\tLebanon\tTurkmenistan\n Iraq Oman United Arab Emirates \n Jordan Qatar Uzbekistan \n Kazakhstan Saudi Arabia Yemen",
"Group II",
"Bangladesh Malaysia Philippines \n Bhutan Maldives Republic of Korea \n Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Samoa \nCambodia\tMicronesia(Federated\tSingapore\n China States of) Solomon Islands \n Cook Islands Mongolia Sri Lanka \n Democratic People’s Myanmar Thailand \n Republic of Korea Nauru Timor-Leste \n Fiji Nepal Tonga \n India Niue Tuvalu \n Indonesia Pakistan Vanuatu \n Kiribati Palau Viet Nam \nLao People’sDemocratic\tPapua New Guinea\t\n Republic",
"List C",
"Antigua and Barbuda Dominican Republic Paraguay \n Argentina Ecuador Peru \n Bahamas El Salvador Saint Kitts and Nevis\n Barbados Grenada Saint Lucia \n Belize Guatemala Saint Vincent and the\n Bolivia Guyana Grenadines \n Brazil Haiti Suriname \n Chile Honduras Trinidad and Tobago \n Colombia Jamaica Uruguay \n Costa Rica Mexico Venezuela (Bolivarian\n Cuba Nicaragua Republic of) \n Dominica Panama",
"2. Economically developed countries",
"List D",
"Andorra Iceland Norway \n Australia Ireland Portugal \n Austria Israel San Marino \n Belgium Italy Spain \n Canada Japan Sweden \n Cyprus Liechtenstein Switzerland \n Denmark Luxembourg Turkey \nFinland\tMalta\tUnited Kingdom ofGreat\n France Monaco Britain and Northern \n Germany Netherlands Ireland \nGreece\tNew Zealand\tUnited States ofAmerica",
"List E",
"Albania Estonia Romania \n Armenia Georgia Russian Federation \n Azerbaijan Hungary Serbia \n Belarus Latvia Slovakia \nBosnia andHerzegovina\tLithuania\tSlovenia\n Bulgaria Montenegro The former Yugoslav \n Croatia Poland Republic of Macedonia\n Czech Republic Republic of Moldova Ukraine",
"[1] The members are elected from lists set out in the Basic Texts of the World Food Programme. The lists are reproduced in annex III to the present note.",
"[2] * Retiring member.",
"[3] * Retiring member.",
"[4] * From appendix A to the General Regulations of the World Food Programme. In the event of a change in the membership of the United Nations or the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the appropriate change will be made by the secretariats of the United Nations and FAO, respectively, after the necessary consultations with Member States."
] | E_2011_9_ADD.11 | [
"Resumed substantive session of 2011",
"Agenda item 1",
"Adoption of the agenda and other organizational matters",
"Election of six Executive Board members of the World Food Programme",
"Note by the Secretary-General",
"1. The Executive Board of the World Food Programme consists of 36 members, elected from among States Members of the United Nations and the States members of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). In accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/266 of 7 March 2011, and FAO Conference resolution 7/2011 of 2 July 2011, the Economic and Social Council and the FAO Council should elect 18 members of the Executive Board, in accordance with the distribution indicated in General Assembly resolution 65/266.",
"2. The Economic and Social Council shall elect at its resumed substantive session of 2011 six members of the Executive Board with a three-year term of office beginning on 1 January 2012 to fill the vacancies that will occur on 31 December 2011 at the expiration of the terms of office of the following members: Angola, China, Guatemala, Japan, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Czech Republic.",
"3. The six members shall be elected in accordance with the following distribution[1]:",
"(a) A member of the States included in List A;",
"(b) A member of the States included in List B;",
"(c) A member of the States included in List C;",
"(d) Two members from States included in List D;",
"(e) A member of the States included in List E.",
"4. The 18 members of the Executive Board elected by the Economic and Social Council are listed in annex I to the present note. The list of members of the Executive Board elected by the FAO Council is contained in annex II for information of the Economic and Social Council. Annex III contains lists of States Members of the United Nations and States members of FAO that should be used to elect members of the Executive Board of the World Food Programme.",
"Annex I",
"Eighteen members of the Executive Board of the World Food Programme elected by the Economic and Social Council",
"(Third year Command)",
"Membership in 2011",
"Four members from List A States",
"♪ Outgoing member.",
"Angola* (2011), Burkina Faso (2012), Morocco (2013), Sudan (2013)",
"Four members from List B States",
"China* (2011), India (2012), Iran (Islamic Republic of) (2012), Republic of Korea (2013)",
"Two members from List C States",
"Cuba (2013), Guatemala* (2011)",
"Six members from List D States",
"Australia (2013), Spain (2012), France (2012), Japan* (2011), Norway (2013), United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland* (2011)",
"Two members from List E States",
"Russian Federation (2012), Czech Republic* (2011)",
"Annex II",
"Eighteen members of the Executive Board of the World Food Programme elected by the Council of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations",
"(Third year Command)",
"Membership in 2011",
"Four members from List A States",
"Cameroon (2013), Egypt* (2011), Kenya (2012), South Africa (2013)",
"Three members from List B States",
"Saudi Arabia (2013), Jordan (2012)",
"Four members from List C States (three regular and one rotating)",
"Brazil* (2011), Colombia* (2011), Haiti (2013), Mexico (2012)",
"Six members from List D States",
"Germany (2013), Canada (2013), Denmark* (2011), Ireland* (2011), Netherlands (2012)",
"A member of List E States",
"♪ Outgoing member.",
"Slovenia* (2011)",
"Annex III",
"* Extracted from appendix A to the World Food Programme Statute. If changes occur in the composition of the United Nations or FAO, the secretariats of both organizations will make the appropriate changes after necessary consultations with Member States.",
"Lists of States Members of the United Nations and States members of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for election to members of the Executive Board of the World Food Programme*",
"1. Developing countries and territories",
"List A",
"Algeria Ghana Central African Republic",
"Benin Guinea-Bissau of the Congo",
"Botswana Equatorial Guinea United Republic of Tanzania",
"Burkina Faso",
"Burundi Kenya Sao Tome and Principe",
"Cape Verde",
"Cameroon Liberia Seychelles",
"Chad Sierra Leone",
"Comoros Malawi Somalia",
"Congo Mali",
"Côte d ' Ivoire",
"Djibouti Swaziland",
"Egypt",
"Eritrea",
"Ethiopia",
"Gabon",
"Gambia Nigeria Zimbabwe",
"List B",
"Group I",
"Saudi Arabia",
"Bahrain",
"United Arab Emirates",
"Iran (Islamic Republic of)",
"Iraq Oman",
"Group II",
"Bangladesh Democratic Republic Bhutan Lao People ' s Maldives",
"Brunei Darussalam Micronesia (Federated People ' s Republic of)",
"Cambodia Federations of Democratic Republic of Korea",
"Mongolia",
"Fiji Myanmar Singapore",
"Sri Lanka",
"India Nepal",
"Indonesia Niue Timor-Leste",
"Cook Islands Pakistan Tonga",
"Palau Tuvalu",
"Papua New Guinea Vanuatu",
"Kiribati Republic of Korea",
"List C",
"Antigua and Barbuda Dominica Panama Argentina Ecuador Paraguay",
"Bahamas El Salvador",
"Barbados Grenada Dominican Republic",
"Belize Saint Kitts and Nevis",
"Guyana Saint Vincent and the Grenadines",
"Haiti Saint Lucia",
"Chile",
"Colombia Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago",
"Costa Rica",
"Cuba Nicaragua Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)",
"2. Economically developed countries",
"List D",
"France Norway Andorra Greece New Zealand",
"Australia Ireland Netherlands",
"Austria",
"Belgium Israel United Kingdom of Great Britain",
"Canada Italy and Northern Ireland",
"Cyprus",
"Denmark",
"Spain",
"United States of America",
"Finland",
"List E",
"Armenia Estonia Montenegro",
"Azerbaijan The former Yugoslav Republic of Poland",
"Belarus of Macedonia Czech Republic",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina Republic of Moldova",
"Bulgaria",
"Croatia",
"Latvia",
"[1] Members are selected from the lists contained in the Basic Texts of the World Food Programme. The lists are reproduced in annex III to the present note."
] |
[
"Informe del Secretario General relativo a las credenciales del representante suplente del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte en el Consejo de Seguridad",
"En cumplimiento del artículo 15 del reglamento provisional del Consejo de Seguridad, el Secretario General comunica que ha recibido del Representante Permanente del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte ante las Naciones Unidas una carta de fecha 16 de febrero de 2011 en que se indica que el Sr. Simon Day ha sido nombrado representante suplente del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte en el Consejo de Seguridad.",
"A juicio del Secretario General, las mencionadas credenciales provisionales están en regla."
] | [
"Report by the Secretary-General concerning the credentials of the alternate representative of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the Security Council",
"Pursuant to rule 15 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the Secretary-General wishes to report that he has received a letter dated 16 February 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations stating that Mr. Simon Day has been appointed alternate representative of the United Kingdom on the Security Council.",
"In the opinion of the Secretary-General, this letter constitutes adequate provisional credentials."
] | S_2011_467 | [
"Report of the Secretary-General on the credentials of the alternate representative of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the Security Council",
"Pursuant to rule 15 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the Secretary-General states that he has received a letter dated 16 February 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations stating that Mr. Simon Day has been appointed alternate representative of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the Security Council.",
"In the opinion of the Secretary-General, the above-mentioned provisional credentials are in order."
] |
[
"Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1591 (2005) relativa al Sudán",
"Nota verbal de fecha 30 de junio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Comité por la Misión Permanente de Colombia ante las Naciones Unidas",
"La Misión Permanente de Colombia ante las Naciones Unidas saluda muy atentamente al Presidente del Comité del Consejo de Seguridad establecido en virtud de la resolución 1591 (2005) relativa al Sudán, con ocasión de hacer referencia a las gestiones realizadas por la República de Colombia para aplicar las medidas impuestas por las resoluciones 1591 (2005) y 1556 (2004).",
"De acuerdo a lo establecido en la resolución 1945 (2010), la Misión Permanente de Colombia se permite informar que:",
"• Colombia ha remitido a las entidades nacionales competentes las resoluciones pertinentes del Consejo de Seguridad relativas al Sudán, solicitándoles la adopción de las medidas necesarias para su cumplimiento.",
"• Colombia estableció un Comité interinstitucional con el fin de revisar los requerimientos de las resoluciones sancionatorias del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas, promover su cumplimiento a nivel interno y hacer seguimiento a las mismas. Asimismo, este Comité funge como órgano técnico permanente de consulta, intercambio de información y asesoría técnica sobre las cuestiones relacionadas con los diferentes tipos de sanciones impuestas por el Consejo de Seguridad. Está conformado por:",
"– Ministerio del Interior y de Justicia",
"– Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores",
"– Ministerio de Defensa Nacional",
"– Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo",
"– Ministerio de Minas y Energía",
"– Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad (DAS)",
"– Fiscalía General de la Nación",
"– Dirección de Impuestos y Aduanas Nacionales (DIAN)",
"– Unidad de Información y Análisis Financiero (UIAF)",
"– Industria Militar de Colombia",
"– Departamento Control Comercio de Armas",
"– Superintendencia de Notariado y Registro",
"– Superintendencia Financiera",
"– Superintendencia de Sociedades",
"• A la fecha, el Gobierno nacional no ha recibido información sobre ningún caso de solicitud de transferencia o venta de armas convencionales y material conexo a las entidades no gubernamentales y los particulares mencionados en las resoluciones 1556 (2004) y 1591 (2005). Asimismo, no ha recibido información de solicitudes de entrada o tránsito por el territorio nacional de las personas designadas en la lista de personas sujetas a las medidas impuestas con arreglo al párrafo 3 de la resolución 1591 (2005) del Consejo de Seguridad."
] | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant",
"to resolution 1591 (2005) concerning the Sudan",
"Note verbale dated 30 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Colombia to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee",
"The Permanent Mission of Colombia to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1591 (2005) concerning the Sudan and takes this opportunity to provide information on the steps taken by the Republic of Colombia to implement the measures imposed by resolutions 1591 (2005) and 1556 (2004).",
"In accordance with the provisions of resolution 1945 (2010), the Permanent Mission of Colombia wishes to report that:",
"• “Colombia has transmitted to the relevant national bodies the Security Council resolutions concerning the Sudan, with the request that they take the necessary measures for the implementation of those resolutions.",
"• “Colombia has set up an inter-agency committee for the purpose of examining the requirements set out in the sanctions resolutions adopted by the United Nations Security Council, promoting domestic compliance with those resolutions and ensuring their follow-up. The committee serves as a standing technical body for consultation, exchange of information and technical advice on matters relating to the various types of sanctions imposed by the Security Council. The members of the committee are:",
"– Ministry of the Interior and Justice",
"– Ministry of Foreign Affairs",
"– Ministry of National Defence",
"– Ministry of Trade, Industry and Tourism",
"– Ministry of Mining and Energy",
"– Administrative Department of Security (DAS)",
"– Office of the Prosecutor-General",
"– Directorate of National Taxes and Customs (DIAN)",
"– Financial Intelligence and Analysis Unit (UIAF)",
"– Colombia’s military industry",
"– Department of Arms Trade Control",
"– Superintendence of Notaries and Registries",
"– Superintendence of Financial Institutions",
"– Superintendence of Companies.",
"As of this date, the national Government has not received any information on cases involving a request to transfer or sell conventional weapons and related materiel to the non-governmental entities and individuals referred to in Security Council resolutions 1556 (2004) and 1591 (2005). Nor has it received any information about requests for entry into or transit through the national territory from individuals included in the list of persons subject to the measures imposed in pursuance of paragraph 3 of Security Council resolution 1591 (2005).”"
] | S_AC.47_2011_3 | [
"Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1591 (2005) concerning the Sudan",
"Note verbale dated 30 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Colombia to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee",
"The Permanent Mission of Colombia to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1591 (2005) concerning the Sudan, referring to the efforts of the Republic of Colombia to implement the measures imposed by resolutions 1591 (2005) and 1556 (2004).",
"Pursuant to resolution 1945 (2010), the Permanent Mission of Colombia is allowed to report that:",
"• Colombia has forwarded to the relevant national entities the relevant Security Council resolutions concerning the Sudan, requesting them to take the necessary measures for their implementation.",
"• Colombia established an inter-agency committee to review and follow up on the requirements of United Nations Security Council sanctions resolutions. The Committee also serves as a standing technical body for consultation, exchange of information and technical advice on issues related to the different types of sanctions imposed by the Security Council. It is made up of:",
"– Ministry of the Interior and Justice",
"– Ministry of Foreign Affairs",
"– Ministry of National Defence",
"– Ministry of Trade, Industry and Tourism",
"– Ministry of Mines and Energy",
"– Administrative Department of Safety and Security (DAS)",
"– Attorney General’s Office",
"– Directorate of National Taxes and Customs (DIAN)",
"– Financial Information and Analysis Unit (UIAF)",
"- Military Industry of Colombia",
"- Department of Control of Arms Trade",
"– Superintendence of Notaries and Registration",
"- Financial Superintendency",
"– Superintendence of Societies",
"• To date, the national Government has not received information on any case of requests for the transfer or sale of conventional arms and related materiel to non-governmental entities and individuals referred to in resolutions 1556 (2004) and 1591 (2005). It has also received no information on requests for entry or transit through the national territory of persons designated on the list of persons subject to the measures imposed under paragraph 3 of Security Council resolution 1591 (2005)."
] |
[
"Carta de fecha 19 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Representante Permanente de la Argentina ante las Naciones Unidas",
"En nombre del Grupo de los 77 y China, me complace dirigirme a usted, en su calidad de Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad durante el mes de julio, para exponerle la preocupación del Grupo en relación con el debate abierto titulado “Mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad internacionales: el efecto del cambio climático”, previsto para el miércoles 20 de julio de 2011. En este sentido, le transmito la posición del Grupo que se dará a conocer en el debate abierto de referencia (véase el anexo).",
"Quisiera solicitar que la presente carta y su anexo se distribuyeran como documento del Consejo.",
"(Firmado) Jorge Argüello Embajador y Representante Permanente Presidente del Grupo de los 77",
"Anexo de la carta de fecha 19 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Representante Permanente de la Argentina ante las Naciones Unidas",
"Quiero agradecer al Secretario General y al Sr. Steiner sus declaraciones. También acojo con satisfacción la presencia aquí del Presidente de la República de Nauru, el Excmo. Sr. Marcus Stephen.",
"Tengo el honor de formular esta declaración en nombre del Grupo de los 77 y China, en el contexto del debate abierto de hoy, que se celebra de acuerdo con la carta de fecha l de julio del Representante Permanente de Alemania ante el Consejo (S/2011/408), sobre el tema del efecto del cambio climático sobre el mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad internacionales. El Grupo de los 77 y China desean reafirmar su posición sobre este tema.",
"La responsabilidad primordial del Consejo es el mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad internacionales, tal como establece la Carta de las Naciones Unidas. Otras cuestiones, incluidas las relacionadas con el desarrollo económico y social, son atribuidas por la Carta al Consejo Económico y Social y a la Asamblea General. La intrusión siempre mayor del Consejo de Seguridad en las funciones y atribuciones de otros órganos principales de las Naciones Unidas supone una distorsión de los propósitos y principios de la Carta, atenta contra la autoridad de los mismos y pone en peligro los derechos de la totalidad de los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas.",
"El Grupo de los 77 y China subrayan la importancia de que la Asamblea General, el Consejo de Seguridad y el Consejo Económico y Social trabajen de conformidad con sus respectivos mandatos, según lo establecido en la Carta.",
"En la resolución 63/281 de la Asamblea General se reconocían las respectivas responsabilidades de los principales órganos de las Naciones Unidas, incluida la responsabilidad primordial para el mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad internacionales conferida al Consejo de Seguridad y la responsabilidad para las cuestiones relativas al desarrollo sostenible, incluido el cambio climático, conferida a la Asamblea General y al Consejo Económico y Social, y se invitaba a los órganos pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas, según procediera y dentro de sus respectivos mandatos, a redoblar sus esfuerzos para estudiar y abordar el cambio climático, incluidas sus posibles repercusiones para la seguridad. Los órganos competentes en la esfera del desarrollo sostenible son la Asamblea General, el Consejo Económico y Social y los órganos subsidiarios pertinentes, incluida la Comisión sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente.",
"El Grupo de los 77 y China opina que es fundamental que todos los Estados Miembros promovamos el desarrollo sostenible de conformidad con los Principios de Río, en particular el principio de responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas, y apliquemos plenamente el Programa 21 y las conclusiones de otras conferencias de las Naciones Unidas en los ámbitos económico, medioambiental y social, incluida la Declaración del Milenio.",
"También recalcamos el papel fundamental de la comunidad internacional para proporcionar recursos financieros suficientes, previsibles, nuevos y adicionales, la transferencia de tecnología y el fomento de la capacidad a los países en desarrollo.",
"Sostenemos que la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático es un foro intergubernamental internacional primordial para negociar la respuesta mundial al cambio climático. En ese contexto, quisiéramos recordar que una respuesta apropiada a este desafío debería abordar no sólo las consecuencias sino también las raíces del problema. Quisiera recalcar que hay motivos de peso para que los países desarrollados reduzcan las emisiones y adopten medidas de mitigación a fin de evitar los efectos adversos del cambio climático.",
"En este contexto, nos preocupa profundamente que en las actuales negociaciones sobre el cambio climático los países desarrollados todavía no hayan dado ningún indicio claro de que vayan a asumir un segundo período de compromiso con arreglo al Protocolo de Kyoto. Además, los compromisos vigentes relativos a la mitigación de los países desarrollados que participan en las negociaciones de la Convención Marco no bastan para reducir suficientemente las emisiones mundiales de gases de efecto invernadero a fin de mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial a un nivel que concuerde con el nivel dictado por la ciencia. Los países desarrollados deben ser más ambiciosos en ese sentido.",
"Reiteramos la necesidad de coordinar los esfuerzos internacionales y de movilizar a los asociados para ayudar a las redes de observación a través de iniciativas regionales como el proyecto de vigilancia del clima y del nivel del mar en el Pacífico Sur y el Centro para el Cambio Climático de la Comunidad del Caribe. En ese sentido, instamos a los organismos y órganos pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas, incluida la Oficina de Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios, a que fortalezcan los sistemas regionales de difusión para ayudar a las comunidades isleñas durante un desastre y aumentar la eficacia de la observación en esas regiones. Toda medida que se adopte en este contexto debe garantizar la adopción de un enfoque integrado para responder a las emergencias medioambientales.",
"La respuesta a los efectos del cambio climático y los desastres debe incluir el fortalecimiento del Marco de Acción de Hyogo sobre la reducción del riesgo de desastre, así como un aumento de la asistencia a los países en desarrollo y los Estados afectados, entre otras cosas apoyando los esfuerzos por mejorar sus capacidades nacionales y regionales para la aplicación de planes y estrategias destinadas a la preparación, la respuesta rápida, la recuperación y el desarrollo.",
"El Grupo quisiera subrayar el hecho de que los países en desarrollo siguen sufriendo los efectos adversos del cambio climático y un aumento de la frecuencia y la intensidad de los fenómenos climáticos extremos. Los países en desarrollo son los más vulnerables al cambio climático, y hay que intensificar el apoyo a sus esfuerzos. En este sentido, pedimos la aplicación plena y eficaz de los compromisos asumidos con arreglo al Programa de Acción de Barbados para el desarrollo sostenible de los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo, la Declaración de Mauricio y la Estrategia de Mauricio para la ejecución ulterior del Programa de Acción para el desarrollo sostenible de los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo.",
"Reiteramos que el aumento del nivel del mar sigue entrañando un riesgo importante para los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo y para sus esfuerzos por lograr un desarrollo sostenible y que, para algunos, representa la amenaza más grave a la supervivencia y la viabilidad.",
"El Grupo de los 77 y China seguirá velando por que se logre el desarrollo sostenible y la erradicación de la pobreza, que son nuestras prioridades principales y preponderantes, así como por que los países desarrollados cumplan los compromisos asumidos en todos los órganos pertinentes.",
"Reiteramos firmemente nuestras expectativas de que la iniciativa del Consejo de celebrar este debate no cree un precedente que menoscabe la autoridad o el mandato de los órganos, procesos e instrumentos pertinentes que ya se ocupan de estas cuestiones en toda su complejidad."
] | [
"Letter dated 19 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Argentina to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council",
"On behalf of the Group of 77 and China, I have the pleasure to write to you, in your capacity as President of the Security Council for the month of July, to present the concern of the Group regarding the open debate entitled “Maintenance of international peace and security: impact of climate change”, scheduled for Wednesday, 20 July 2011. In this regard, I hereby transmit the position of the Group as will be delivered during the aforementioned open debate (see annex).",
"I would like to request that the present letter and its annex be circulated as a document of the Council.",
"(Signed) Jorge Argüello Ambassador Permanent Representative Chair of the Group of 77",
"Annex to the letter dated 19 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Argentina to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council",
"I would like to thank the Secretary-General and Mr. Steiner for their statements. I also particularly welcome the presence here today of His Excellency the President of the Republic of Nauru, Mr. Marcus Stephen.",
"I have the honour to deliver this statement on behalf of the Group of 77 and China in the context of today’s open debate, held in accordance with the letter dated l July from the Permanent Representative of Germany to the Council (S/2011/408), on the subject of the impact of climate change on the maintenance of international peace and security. The Group of 77 and China wishes to reaffirm its position on this subject.",
"The Council’s primary responsibility is the maintenance of international peace and security, as set out in the Charter of the United Nations. Other issues, including those related to economic and social development, are assigned by the Charter to the Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly. The ever-increasing encroachment by the Security Council on the roles and responsibilities of other principal entities of the United Nations represents a distortion of the principles and purposes of the Charter, infringes on their authority and compromises the rights of the general membership of the United Nations.",
"The Group of 77 and China underlines how important it is that the General Assembly, the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council work within their respective mandates, as set out in the Charter.",
"General Assembly resolution 63/281 recognized the respective responsibilities of the principal organs of the United Nations, including the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security conferred upon the Security Council and the responsibility for sustainable development issues, including climate change, conferred upon the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council, and invited the relevant organs of the United Nations, as appropriate and within their respective mandates, to intensify their efforts in considering and addressing climate change, including its possible security implications. The relevant bodies in the field of sustainable development are the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the relevant subsidiary bodies, including the Commission on Sustainable Development and the United Nations Environment Programme.",
"The Group of 77 and China is of the view that it is vital for all Member States to promote sustainable development in accordance with the Rio Principles, in particular the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, and fully implement Agenda 21 and the outcomes of other relevant United Nations conferences in the economic, environmental and social fields, including the Millennium Declaration.",
"We further emphasize the critical role of the international community in the provision of adequate, predictable, new and additional financial resources, the transfer of technology and capacity-building to developing countries.",
"We maintain that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the primary international intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change. In that context, we would recall that an appropriate response to this challenge should address not only the consequences but also the roots of the problem. Let me emphasize that there is a strong case for emission reductions and mitigation actions on the part of developed countries so as to avert the adverse impacts of climate change.",
"In this context, we are extremely concerned that under current climate change negotiations, there has not yet been any clear indication on the part of the developed countries that they will adopt a second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol. Moreover, current mitigation pledges from developed countries participating in the UNFCCC negotiations are not sufficient to reduce global greenhouse-gas emissions enough to hold the increase in global average temperature at a level that would accord with what is required by science. Developed countries must be more ambitious in this respect.",
"We reiterate the need to coordinate international efforts and mobilize partners to assist the observation networks through regional initiatives such as the South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project and the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre. In this regard, we call on the relevant agencies and organs of the United Nations, including the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, to reinforce regional broadcasting systems to help island communities during a disaster and increase the effectiveness of observation in those regions. Any measures taken in this context must ensure that an integrated approach is adopted in responding to environmental emergencies.",
"The response to the impacts of climate change and disasters must include the strengthening of the Hyogo Framework for Action for disaster risk reduction, as well as an increase in assistance to developing countries and affected States, including by supporting efforts to enhance their national and regional capacities for the implementation of plans and strategies for preparedness, rapid response, recovery and development.",
"The Group would like to underline the fact that developing countries continue to suffer from the adverse impacts of climate change and the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. Developing countries are the most vulnerable to climate change, and support for their efforts needs to be stepped up. In this regard, we call for the full and effective implementation of the commitments under the Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, the Mauritius Declaration and the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States.",
"We reiterate that sea-level rise continues to pose a significant risk to small island developing States and to their efforts to achieve sustainable development and that, for some, it represents the gravest of threats to their survival and viability.",
"The Group of 77 and China will continue to pursue the achievement of sustainable development and the eradication of poverty, which are our first and overriding priorities, as well as the fulfilment of the commitments made by developed countries in all relevant bodies.",
"We strongly reiterate our expectation that the initiative of the Council to hold this debate will not create a precedent that undermines the authority or mandate of the relevant bodies, processes and instruments that already address these issues in all their complexity."
] | S_2011_443 | [
"Letter dated 19 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Argentina to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council",
"On behalf of the Group of 77 and China, I am pleased to address you, in your capacity as President of the Security Council for the month of July, to present to you the Group ' s concern regarding the open debate entitled " Maintaining international peace and security: the impact of climate change " , scheduled for Wednesday, 20 July 2011. In this regard, I transmit to you the position of the Panel to be made available in the open reference debate (see annex).",
"I would like to request that the present letter and its annex be circulated as a document of the Council.",
"(Signed) Jorge Argüello Embajador y Representante Permanente Presidente del Grupo de los 77",
"Annex to the letter dated 19 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Argentina to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council",
"I would like to thank the Secretary-General and Mr. Steiner's statements. I also welcome the presence here of the President of the Republic of Nauru, His Excellency. Mr. Marcus Stephen.",
"I have the honour to make this statement on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, in the context of today ' s open debate, which is held in accordance with the letter dated l July from the Permanent Representative of Germany to the Council (S/2011/408), on the theme of the impact of climate change on the maintenance of international peace and security. The Group of 77 and China would like to reaffirm its position on this issue.",
"The primary responsibility of the Council is the maintenance of international peace and security, as set out in the Charter of the United Nations. Other issues, including those related to economic and social development, are attributed by the Charter to the Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly. The ever-increasing intrusion of the Security Council in the functions and powers of other principal organs of the United Nations constitutes a distortion of the purposes and principles of the Charter, undermines the authority of the Charter and endangers the rights of all States Members of the United Nations.",
"The Group of 77 and China stress the importance of the General Assembly, the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council working in accordance with their respective mandates, as set out in the Charter.",
"General Assembly resolution 63/281 recognized the respective responsibilities of the principal organs of the United Nations, including the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security conferred on the Security Council and the responsibility for sustainable development issues, including climate change, conferred on the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council, and invited the relevant United Nations bodies, as appropriate and within their respective mandates, to address the change. The relevant bodies in the area of sustainable development are the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and relevant subsidiary bodies, including the Commission on Sustainable Development and the United Nations Environment Programme.",
"The Group of 77 and China believes that it is essential for all Member States to promote sustainable development in accordance with the Rio Principles, in particular the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, and to fully implement Agenda 21 and the conclusions of other United Nations conferences in the economic, environmental and social fields, including the Millennium Declaration.",
"We also emphasize the critical role of the international community in providing adequate, predictable, new and additional financial resources, technology transfer and capacity-building to developing countries.",
"We argue that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is a key international intergovernmental forum to negotiate the global response to climate change. In that context, we would like to recall that an appropriate response to this challenge should address not only the consequences but also the roots of the problem. I would like to emphasize that there are substantial grounds for developed countries to reduce emissions and take mitigation measures to avoid the adverse effects of climate change.",
"In this context, we are deeply concerned that in the current climate change negotiations, developed countries have not yet given any clear indication that they will take on a second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol. In addition, existing commitments relating to mitigation of developed countries participating in the UNFCCC negotiations are not sufficient to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions sufficiently in order to maintain the global average temperature rise at a level consistent with the science level. Developed countries must be more ambitious in that regard.",
"We reiterate the need to coordinate international efforts and mobilize partners to assist observation networks through regional initiatives such as the South Pacific Climate and Sea Level Monitoring Project and the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre. In that regard, we urge relevant United Nations agencies and bodies, including the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, to strengthen regional dissemination systems to assist island communities during a disaster and to enhance the effectiveness of observation in those regions. Any action taken in this context should ensure the adoption of an integrated approach to respond to environmental emergencies.",
"The response to the effects of climate change and disasters should include strengthening the Hyogo Framework for Action on Disaster Risk Reduction, as well as increasing assistance to developing countries and affected States, including by supporting efforts to improve their national and regional capacities for the implementation of plans and strategies for preparedness, rapid response, recovery and development.",
"The Group would like to emphasize that developing countries continue to suffer from the adverse effects of climate change and an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme climate phenomena. Developing countries are the most vulnerable to climate change, and their efforts need to be strengthened. In this regard, we call for the full and effective implementation of the commitments made under the Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, the Mauritius Declaration and the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States.",
"We reiterate that sea-level rise continues to pose a significant risk to small island developing States and their efforts to achieve sustainable development and, for some, poses the most serious threat to survival and viability.",
"The Group of 77 and China will continue to ensure that sustainable development and poverty eradication are achieved, which are our main and preponderant priorities, as well as that developed countries fulfil their commitments in all relevant bodies.",
"We strongly reiterate our expectations that the Council ' s initiative to hold this debate does not create a precedent that undermines the authority or mandate of relevant bodies, processes and instruments that already deal with these issues in all their complexity."
] |
[
"Asamblea General Consejo de Seguridad",
"Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones Sexagésimo sexto año",
"* A/66/150.",
"Tema 73 del programa provisional*",
"Informe del Tribunal Penal Internacional para el enjuiciamiento de los presuntos responsables de genocidio y otras violaciones graves del derecho internacional humanitario cometidas en el territorio de Rwanda y de los ciudadanos rwandeses presuntamente responsables de genocidio y otras violaciones de esa naturaleza cometidas en el territorio de Estados vecinos entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 1994",
"Informe del Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda",
"Nota del Secretario General",
"El Secretario General tiene el honor de trasmitir a los miembros de la Asamblea General y a los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad el decimosexto informe anual del Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda, presentado por el Presidente del Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda de conformidad con el artículo 32 de su Estatuto (véase la resolución 955 (1994) del Consejo de Seguridad, anexo), que dispone lo siguiente:",
"El Presidente del Tribunal Internacional para Rwanda presentará un informe anual del Tribunal al Consejo de Seguridad y a la Asamblea General.",
"Carta de envío",
"28 de julio de 2011",
"Tengo el honor de remitir el decimosexto informe anual del Tribunal Penal Internacional para el enjuiciamiento de los presuntos responsables de genocidio y otras violaciones graves del derecho internacional humanitario cometidas en el territorio de Rwanda y de los ciudadanos rwandeses presuntamente responsables de genocidio y otras violaciones de esa naturaleza cometidas en el territorio de Estados vecinos entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 1994, de fecha 30 de julio de 2010, que se presenta a la Asamblea General y al Consejo de Seguridad de conformidad con el artículo 32 del Estatuto del Tribunal Internacional.",
"(Firmado) Khalida Rachid Khan Presidenta",
"Presidente de la Asamblea General Naciones Unidas Nueva York",
"Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad Naciones Unidas Nueva York",
"Decimosexto informe anual del Tribunal Penal Internacional para el enjuiciamiento de los presuntos responsables de genocidio y otras violaciones graves del derecho internacional humanitario cometidas en el territorio de Rwanda y de los ciudadanos rwandeses presuntamente responsables de genocidio y otras violaciones de esa naturaleza cometidas en el territorio de estados vecinos entre el 1° de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 1994",
"Resumen \nEn el presente informe anual se da cuenta de las actividades delTribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda durante el períodocomprendido entre el 1 de julio de 2010 y el 30 de junio de 2011.\nDurante el pasado año, el Tribunal siguió esforzándose por concluirprontamente el trabajo aún pendiente en primera instancia y enapelación. A pesar de las graves dificultades, particularmente enrelación con la retención y contratación de personal, el Tribunalrealizó importantes progresos, y dictó siete sentencias de primerainstancia durante el período sobre el que se informa. Quedan pordictar seis sentencias de primera instancia en causas en las que haydiez acusados. Está previsto que la labor en primera instanciaconcluya el primer trimestre de 2012.\nLa Sala de Apelaciones dictó cuatro fallos en causas contra un soloacusado, lo que hizo que ascendiera a 35 el número total de personasrespecto de las que se dictaron fallos en apelación. Se prevé que lalabor en materia de apelaciones concluya el primer trimestre de 2014.\nDurante el período sobre el que se informa, la Oficina del Fiscalconsiguió que se detuviera a un prófugo merced a una estrechacooperación con los Estados Miembros de la región, lo que dio lugara que el número de prófugos descendiera a nueve. Además, la Oficinase concentró en prestar apoyo a las autoridades nacionales para elenjuiciamiento de los delitos relacionados con el genocidio deRwanda de 1994. También se prestó un constante apoyo a lasautoridades de Rwanda para ayudarlas a cumplir las condiciones parala remisión de causas desde el Tribunal.\nLa Secretaría siguió proporcionando un importante apoyoadministrativo y judicial al Tribunal. Garantizó la cooperación y laasistencia prestada por los Estados Miembros al Tribunal y continuóreforzando sus actividades de divulgación y fomento de la capacidaden Rwanda. Las actuaciones judiciales siguieron beneficiándose delapoyo de las diferentes dependencias y secciones de la División deServicios Judiciales y Jurídicos. La División de Servicios de ApoyoAdministrativo prosiguió su labor para garantizar una gestión eficazdel proceso de reducción del Tribunal.\nTodos los órganos del Tribunal están haciendo lo posible por lograrque la labor del Tribunal concluya prontamente y para preparar unatransición sin trabas hacia el Mecanismo residual. Esos esfuerzosrequieren la cooperación y el apoyo esenciales de los EstadosMiembros: aún hay que detener a nueve prófugos, es preciso buscarpaíses para reubicar a las tres personas absueltas y el Tribunalnecesita que se le faciliten recursos suficientes para poderconcluir sus tareas con arreglo al calendario previsto. El Tribunalconfía en el apoyo constante de los Estados Miembros para alcanzarsus objetivos.",
"Índice",
"Página\nI.Introducción 6II.Actividades 6 del \nTribunal A.Actividades 6 del \nPresidente B.Actividades 7 de los mecanismos de \ncoordinación C.Actividades 8 de las \nSalas D.Actividades 13 de la Oficina del \nFiscal E.Actividades 15 de la \nSecretaría III.Conclusiones 22 y \nrecomendaciones",
"I. Introducción",
"1. En el decimosexto informe anual del Tribunal Penal Internacional para el enjuiciamiento de los presuntos responsables de genocidio y otras violaciones graves del derecho internacional humanitario cometidas en el territorio de Rwanda y de los ciudadanos rwandeses presuntamente responsables de genocidio y otras violaciones de esa naturaleza cometidas en el territorio de Estados vecinos entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 1994 (el “Tribunal”) se presenta una relación de las actividades del Tribunal en el período comprendido entre el 1 de julio de 2010 y el 30 de junio de 2011.",
"2. El Tribunal, por conducto de la Presidencia, las Salas, la Oficina del Fiscal y la Secretaría, prosiguió sus gestiones encaminadas a alcanzar los objetivos de su estrategia de conclusión, que el Consejo de Seguridad hizo suyos en su resolución 1503 (2003), con una intensa actividad en primera instancia y en apelación y una constante redacción de sentencias.",
"II. Actividades del Tribunal",
"3. El Tribunal consta de dos Salas de Primera Instancia, una Sala de Apelaciones, la Oficina del Fiscal y la Secretaría. El 27 de mayo de 2011, la magistrada Khalida Rachid Khan (Pakistán) fue elegida Presidenta y el magistrado Dennis Byron (Saint Kitts y Nevis) fue elegido Vicepresidente.",
"A. Actividades del Presidente",
"1. Actividad judicial",
"4. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, el Presidente adoptó decisiones sobre el traslado de cinco condenados a Estados Miembros a los efectos del cumplimiento de su condena. Se prevé que dichos traslados se realicen en breve. Además, el Presidente dictó providencias sobre otros diversos asuntos, incluidos los relativos a la cooperación estatal y las condiciones de la detención.",
"2. Estrategia de conclusión",
"5. En estrecha cooperación con el Fiscal y el Secretario, el Presidente prosiguió sus gestiones encaminadas a dar efecto a la estrategia de conclusión. El 6 de diciembre de 2010 y el 6 de junio de 2011, el Presidente presentó al Consejo de Seguridad los informes semestrales sobre la estrategia de conclusión. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, el Tribunal dictó seis sentencias de primera instancia y cuatro sentencias en apelación, en causas que comprendían un total de 18 acusados. Aún no se ha dictado sentencia de primera instancia en seis causas. Se ha completado la etapa de prueba en todos los juicios menos dos y se prevé que en el año en curso se dicte sentencia en todas las causas menos dos. En esas dos causas, se prevé que la sentencia se dicte en el primer trimestre de 2012.",
"6. Las dificultades de la retención de personal siguen siendo uno los principales obstáculos para el logro oportuno de los objetivos de la estrategia de conclusión. Entre el 1 de julio de 2010 y el 30 de junio de 2011, un total de 152 funcionarios abandonaron el Tribunal en busca de puestos de trabajo más estables en las Naciones Unidas o en otras organizaciones: dejaron de trabajar 18 funcionarios en las Salas, 14 en la Oficina del Fiscal, y los restantes en la Administración y en otras secciones de la Secretaría. La sustitución de los funcionarios que dejan de trabajar constituye un largo proceso que, incluso en el mejor de los casos, da lugar a retrasos y no puede compensar la constante pérdida de memoria institucional. Además, numerosos funcionarios tienen contratos temporales, que tendrán que ser excepcionalmente prorrogados más allá del límite de 729 días. En su resolución 1955 (2010), el Consejo de Seguridad exhortó a la Secretaría y otros órganos competentes de las Naciones Unidas a seguir colaborando con el Secretario del Tribunal a fin de hallar soluciones viables a la situación de la dotación de personal.",
"7. En su resolución 1966 (2010), en la cual se estableció el Mecanismo Internacional Residual para los Tribunales Penales (“el Mecanismo residual”), el Consejo de Seguridad pidió al Secretario General que tomara disposiciones prácticas para que el Mecanismo comenzara a funcionar. Bajo la dirección de la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos, el Tribunal Internacional para la ex Yugoslavia y el Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda han estado trabajando conjuntamente desde febrero de 2011 para cumplir ese mandato. La prioridad inicial era elaborar un proyecto de presupuesto para el bienio 2012-2013 y un proyecto de reglas de procedimiento y prueba. En julio de 2011 se logró presentar ambos proyectos a la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos. En las etapas siguientes se centrará la atención en la armonización de las políticas, los procedimientos y las operaciones de los dos tribunales para asegurar que el Mecanismo pueda comenzar sus trabajos a partir del 1 de julio de 2012.",
"3. Relaciones diplomáticas y otras actividades de representación",
"8. El Presidente se mantuvo periódicamente en contacto con la Sede de las Naciones Unidas y el cuerpo diplomático, tanto en el país anfitrión como en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas y en otros países. La Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas y, en particular, la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos, proporcionaron un importante asesoramiento jurídico y apoyo diplomático a fin de garantizar una fluida cooperación entre el Tribunal, el Consejo de Seguridad y la Asamblea General.",
"9. Con motivo de las sesiones de información que celebraron con el Consejo de Seguridad, el Presidente y el Fiscal del Tribunal participaron en reuniones del grupo de trabajo oficioso sobre los tribunales internacionales del Consejo de Seguridad. Ello permitió celebrar debates amplios y abiertos con los asesores jurídicos de los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad acerca de todas las cuestiones pertinentes.",
"A. Actividades de los mecanismos de coordinación",
"1. Consejo de Coordinación",
"10. El Consejo de Coordinación, compuesto por la Presidenta, el Fiscal y el Secretario, se reunió periódicamente para examinar cuestiones que afectaban a todo el Tribunal, como la estrategia de conclusión, la dotación de personal y cuestiones presupuestarias.",
"4. Mesa",
"11. La Mesa, compuesta por la Presidenta, el Vicepresidente y los magistrados presidentes de las tres Salas de Primera Instancia, recibió consultas del Presidente en reuniones periódicas y mediante correspondencia sobre cuestiones vinculadas con el funcionamiento del Tribunal.",
"5. Sesiones plenarias",
"12. Durante el período que se examina, los magistrados del Tribunal se reunieron en sesión plenaria el 1 de abril de 2011 para examinar diversas cuestiones. El plenario aprobó una modificación de la regla 11 bis, de modo de permitir que una Sala, actuando de oficio, supervise y revoque una causa que se haya remitido a una jurisdicción nacional.",
"6. Comité del Reglamento",
"13. El Comité del Reglamento presenta o examina proyectos de enmienda de las Reglas de Procedimiento y Prueba. Actualmente está integrado por los magistrados Joensen (Presidente), Tuzmukhamedov y Park y cuenta con la asistencia de oficiales jurídicos de las Salas. En lo concerniente a los asuntos relacionados con el desarrollo general de los juicios, el Comité se reúne en su forma ampliada, con el apoyo de representantes de la Oficina del Fiscal y de los abogados defensores. El Comité se reunió periódicamente para examinar la enmienda a la regla 11 bis y trabajó, en estrecha cooperación con el Tribunal Internacional para la ex Yugoslavia, aportando observaciones sobre el proyecto de reglas de procedimiento y prueba del Mecanismo residual a la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos.",
"A. Actividades de las Salas",
"1. Composición de las Salas",
"14. Las Salas – dos Salas de Primera Instancia y una Sala de Apelaciones – están integradas actualmente por 12 magistrados permanentes y 10 magistrados ad lítem.",
"15. Cinco de los magistrados permanentes y todos los magistrados ad lítem forman parte de las dos Salas de Primera Instancia. Un magistrado permanente, el magistrado. Asoka de Silva (Sri Lanka) y dos magistrados ad lítem, los magistrados Joseph Masanche (República Unida de Tanzanía) y Taghrid Hikmet (Jordania), abandonaron el Tribunal una vez que concluyeron sus últimas causas. El magistrado Robert Fremr (República Checa), magistrado ad lítem, regresó al Tribunal en septiembre de 2010.",
"16. La Sala de Apelaciones está integrada por siete magistrados permanentes. Dos de ellos, Mehmet Güney (Turquía) y Andrésia Vaz (Senegal), proceden del Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda; los otros cinco magistrados proceden del Tribunal Internacional para la ex Yugoslavia.",
"17. Las Salas de Primera Instancia están integradas actualmente por los magistrados Khalida Rachid Khan (Pakistán), Dennis Byron (Saint Kitts y Nevis), William H. Sekule (República Unida de Tanzanía), Arlette Ramaroson (Madagascar) y Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov (Federación de Rusia), en calidad de magistrados permanentes, y Solomy Balungi Bossa (Uganda), Lee Gacuiga Muthoga (Kenya), Florence Rita Arrey (Camerún), Emile Francis Short (Ghana), Seon Ki Park (República de Corea), Gberdao Gustave Kam (Burkina Faso), Vagn Joensen (Dinamarca), Mparany Rajohnson (Madagascar), Aydin Sefa Akay (Turquía) y Robert Fremr (República Checa), en calidad de magistrados ad lítem.",
"18. La Sala de Apelaciones está integrada por los magistrados Patrick Robinson (Jamaica), en calidad de magistrado presidente, Mehmet Güney (Turquía), Fausto Pocar (Italia), Liu Daqun (China), Andrésia Vaz (Senegal), Theodor Meron (Estados Unidos) y Carmel Agius (Malta).",
"19. El Tribunal toma nota de la resolución 65/258 de la Asamblea General (2011) por la que se revisaron las condiciones de servicio y remuneración de los magistrados ad lítem que se desempeñan en los tribunales ad hoc y se concedió un pago único a título graciable a los magistrados ad lítem que hayan desempeñado servicios por un período ininterrumpido de más de tres años, y agradece a la Asamblea General sus esfuerzos al respecto.",
"7. Principales actividades de las Salas de Primera Instancia y de la Sala de Apelaciones",
"a) Sala de Primera Instancia I",
"20. Esta Sala de Primera Instancia ha concluido su labor.",
"b) Sala de Primera Instancia II",
"21. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, la Sala de Primera Instancia II dictó sentencia en cuatro causas, y seguía redactando las sentencias en dos causas con cinco acusados. Se está tramitando un juicio con un solo acusado.",
"Sentencia en la causa Nyiramasuhuko y otros (“Butare”)",
"22. El 24 de junio de 2011, la Sala, integrada por los magistrados Sekule (magistrado presidente), Ramaroson y Bossa, dictó sentencia en la causa de Butare. En el juicio había seis acusados: Pauline Nyiramasuhuko (ex Ministra de Familia y Desarrollo de la Mujer); Arsène Shalom Ntahobali (supuesto líder de un grupo Interahamwe en Butare en abril de 1994); Sylvain Nsabimana (prefecto de Butare desde el 19 de abril hasta el 17 de junio de 1994); Alphonse Nteziryayo (prefecto de Butare desde el 17 de junio hasta julio de 1994); Joseph Kanyabashi (ex burgomaestre de la comuna de Ngoma en la prefectura de Butare), y Elie Ndayambaje (ex burgomaestre de la comuna de Muganza en la prefectura de Butare). La Sala declaró a los seis acusados culpables de diversos crímenes, entre ellos, genocidio y crímenes de lesa humanidad, y condenó a Nyiramasuhuko, Ntahobali, y Ndayambaje a prisión perpetua, a Nsabimana a 25 años de prisión, a Kanyabashi a 35 años de prisión y a Nteziryayo a 30 años de prisión. En el curso del juicio, la Sala recibió las declaraciones de 189 testigos durante 714 días de audiencias.",
"Sentencia en la causa Ndindiliyimana y otros (“Militar II”)",
"23. El 17 de mayo de 2011, una Sala integrada por los magistrados de Silva (magistrado presidente), Hikmet y Park dictó sentencia en la causa Militar II. La causa se refería a cuatro acusados, François-Xavier Nzuwonemeye (ex comandante del Batallón de Reconocimiento del Ejército de Rwanda); Augustin Bizimungu (ex jefe de estado mayor del Ejército de Rwanda); Augustin Ndindiliyimana (ex jefe de estado mayor de la Gendarmería Nacional), e Innocent Sagahutu (ex comandante del Escuadrón A, Batallón de Reconocimiento del Ejército de Rwanda). Ndindiliyimana fue condenado a prisión por el tiempo de reclusión ya cumplido y se dispuso su inmediata liberación. Bizimungu fue condenado a 30 años de prisión y Nzuwonemeye y Sagahutu fueron condenado a 20 años de prisión cada uno. La Sala recibió las declaraciones de 217 testigos durante 393 días de audiencias. La Sala recibió los argumentos finales de las partes los días 24, 25 y 26 de junio de 2009.",
"Sentencia en la causa Hategekimana",
"24. El 6 de diciembre de 2010, una Sala integrada por los magistrados Ramaroson (magistrado presidente), Hikmet y Masanche dictó sentencia en la causa del Fiscal c. Ildephonse Hategekimana, ex comandante del Campamento Militar de Ngoma. Hategekimana fue declarado culpable de genocidio y de asesinato y violación como crímenes de lesa humanidad y fue condenado a prisión perpetua. El acusado fue declarado inocente de complicidad en genocidio. En el curso de 43 días de audiencias, la Sala recibió las declaraciones de 40 testigos. Los argumentos finales fueron expuestos el 26 de abril de 2010.",
"Sentencia en la causa Kanyarukiga",
"25. El 1 de noviembre de 2010, una Sala integrada por los magistrados Hikmet (magistrado presidente), Park y Masanche dictó sentencia en la causa del Fiscal c. Gaspard Kanyarukiga, un empresario. Kanyarukiga fue declarado culpable de genocidio y exterminio como crimen de lesa humanidad y fue condenado a 30 años de prisión. El acusado fue absuelto de complicidad en genocidio. En el curso de 28 días de audiencias, la Sala recibió las declaraciones de 34 testigos. Los argumentos finales fueron expuestos el 24 de mayo de 2010.",
"Una causa con varios acusados en etapa de redacción de sentencia: Bizimungu y otros (“Gobierno II”)",
"26. La causa Gobierno II, considerada por una Sala integrada por los magistrados Khan (magistrado presidente), Muthoga y Short, se refiere a cuatro ex ministros rwandeses del Gobierno provisional de 9 de abril de 1994 – Casimir Bizimungu, Justin Mugenzi, Prosper Mugiraneza y Jérôme-Clément Bicamumpaka. El juicio se extendió durante 404 días de audiencias, durante los cuales prestaron declaración 171 testigos y se incorporaron al expediente más de 8.000 páginas de piezas de prueba. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, la Sala ha participado en deliberaciones y redacción de sentencias y ha dictado 6 decisiones y providencias. Se prevé que la sentencia se dicte el segundo semestre de 2011.",
"Juicio en curso en la causa Ngirabatware",
"27. Una Sala integrada por los magistrados Sekule (magistrado presidente), Bossa y Rajohnson está considerando la causa de Augustin Ngirabatware (ex Ministro de Planificación). Se prevé que la Defensa concluya su argumentación a finales de 2011 y que la sentencia se dicte el primer trimestre de 2012. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, la Sala recibió las declaraciones de 23 testigos y dictó 43 decisiones.",
"c) Sala de Primera Instancia III",
"28. En el período sobre el que se informa, Sala de Primera Instancia III dictó dos sentencias, concluyó las actuaciones del juicio en una causa con varios acusados, comenzó las actuaciones en otras dos causas, hizo los preparativos para el juicio en dos causas y comenzó a celebrar audiencias de preservación de las pruebas.",
"Sentencia en la causa Ntawukulilyayo",
"29. El 3 de agosto de 2010, una Sala integrada por los magistrados Khan (magistrada presidenta), Muthoga y Akay dictó sentencia en la causa del ex subprefecto de Gisagara, Dominique Ntawukulilyayo. La Sala declaró al acusado culpable de genocidio y lo condenó a 25 años de prisión, y lo absolvió de instigación directa y pública a cometer genocidio. La Sala de Primera Instancia recibió las declaraciones de 35 testigos durante 33 días de audiencias. Los argumentos finales fueron expuestos el 14 de junio de 2010. Durante el curso del procedimiento, la Sala dictó 38 decisiones.",
"Sentencia en la causa Gatete",
"30. El 29 marzo de 2011, una Sala integrada por los magistrados Khan (magistrada presidenta), Muthoga y Akay dictó sentencia en la causa del Fiscal c. Jean-Baptiste Gatete, director en el Ministerio de Asuntos de la Mujer y la Familia de Rwanda en 1994, y anteriormente burgomaestre de la comuna de Murambi. La Sala condenó a Gatete a prisión perpetua por genocidio y exterminio como crimen de lesa humanidad. Los argumentos finales fueron expuestos el 8 de noviembre de 2010. Durante el curso del juicio, se recibieron las declaraciones de 49 testigos durante 30 días de audiencias.",
"Una causa a la espera de los argumentos finales: Karemera y otros",
"31. En la causa Karemera y otros, la Sala, integrada por los magistrados Byron (magistrado presidente), Kam y Joensen, siguió recibiendo pruebas relativas a Édouard Karemera, ex Ministro del Interior, y Matthieu Ngirumpatse, ex Presidente del Movimiento Republicano Nacional por la Democracia y el Desarrollo (MRND). La Sala recibió la presentación de la argumentación de Matthieu Ngirumpatse entre el 23 de agosto de 2010 y el 18 de febrero de 2011. Durante en el período sobre el que se informa, la Sala celebró 57 días de audiencias, recibió las declaraciones de 39 testigos y dictó 95 decisiones. Los argumentos finales serán recibidos a partir del 22 de agosto de 2011. Se prevé que la sentencia se dicte en diciembre de 2011.",
"Tres juicios en curso: Nzabonimana, Ndahimana y Nizeyimana",
"32. Una Sala integrada por los magistrados Bossa (magistrado presidente), Tuzmukhamedov y Rajohnson, siguió recibiendo pruebas en la causa contra Callixte Nzabonimana, ex Ministro de la Juventud. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, la Sala de Primera Instancia recibió las declaraciones de 19 testigos y dictó 41 decisiones escritas. Se prevé que la sentencia se dicte en diciembre de 2011.",
"33. Otra Sala, integrada por los magistrados Arrey (magistrada presidenta), Tuzmukhamedov y Akay, comenzó a recibir pruebas en la causa contra Grégoire Ndahimana, un ex burgomaestre, el 6 de septiembre de 2010. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, la Sala de Primera Instancia recibió las declaraciones de 45 testigos y dictó 14 decisiones escritas. Se prevé que la sentencia se dicte en noviembre de 2011.",
"34. Una Sala integrada por los magistrados Muthoga (magistrado presidente), Park y Fremr comenzó en 1994 a recibir pruebas en la causa contra Ildéphonse Nizeyimana, ex segundo comandante encargado de inteligencia y operaciones militares en la Escuela de Suboficiales. La argumentación de la Fiscalía comenzó el 17 de enero y concluyó el 25 de febrero de 2011. La argumentación de la Defensa comenzó el 9 de mayo de 2011 y concluyó el 13 de junio de 2011. La Fiscalía presentará su argumentación de refutación el 7 o el 8 de septiembre de 2011, o aproximadamente en esas fechas. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, la Sala recibió las declaraciones de 76 testigos y dictó 74 decisiones. Se prevé que la sentencia se dicte en el primer trimestre de 2012.",
"Cuestiones preliminares",
"35. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, la Sala de Cuestiones Preliminares, integrada por los magistrados Byron (magistrado presidente), Kam y Joensen, comenzó sus trabajos en la causa contra Jean Uwinkindi, y dictó cinco decisiones.",
"36. Bernard Munyagishari fue detenido en la República Democrática del Congo el 25 de mayo de 2011 y trasladado a Arusha el 14 de junio de 2011. Munyagishari hizo su comparecencia inicial ante el magistrado Byron el 20 de junio de 2011, en la cual se declaró inocente de los cinco cargos contra él.",
"Solicitudes de remisión y audiencias de preservación de las pruebas",
"37. Una Sala integrada por los magistrados Arrey (magistrada presidenta), Short y Fremr dictó el 29 de junio de 2011 una decisión por la cual remitió la causa contra Jean Uwinkindi a los tribunales de Rwanda. Otra Sala, integrada por los magistrados Joensen (magistrado presidente), Kam y Rajohnson, aplazó la consideración de las solicitudes de remisión de los prófugos Charles Sikubwabo y Fulgence Kayishema hasta que los acusados fueran detenidos o hasta que se dictase una decisión definitiva en la causa Uwinkindi.",
"38. En la causa del Fiscal c. Félicien Kabuga comenzaron a celebrarse ante el magistrado Joensen audiencias de preservación de las pruebas de conformidad con la regla 71 bis. Está previsto que antes de finales de 2011 comiencen audiencias respecto de otros dos prófugos de alto rango.",
"d) Sala de Apelaciones",
"39. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, la Sala de Apelaciones conoció de las apelaciones de 12 sentencias relativas a 17 personas, 10 apelaciones interlocutorias y 10 peticiones de revisión o reconsideración. La Sala de Apelaciones dictó 4 sentencias, 9 decisiones en apelaciones interlocutorias, 7 decisiones relacionadas con casos de revisión o reconsideración y 131 providencias y decisiones previas a la apelación.",
"Sentencias de apelación: Rukundo, Kalimanzira, Renzaho y Muvunyi",
"40. El 27 de febrero de 2009, la Sala de Primera Instancia II declaró culpable de genocidio y de asesinato y exterminio como crímenes de lesa humanidad a Emmanuel Rukundo, capellán militar, y lo condenó a 25 años de prisión. La Sala de Apelaciones consideró las apelaciones de las partes el 15 de junio de 2010. En su sentencia de 20 de octubre de 2010, la Sala de Apelaciones confirmó las declaraciones de culpabilidad de Rukundo por genocidio y por asesinato y exterminio como crímenes de lesa humanidad, pero lo hizo fundándose en su responsabilidad por complicidad en dichos crímenes y no por haberlos cometido, como había determinado la Sala de Primera Instancia. Además, la Sala de Apelaciones revocó la declaración de culpabilidad de Rukundo por genocidio en relación con lesión grave a la integridad mental. La Sala de Apelaciones redujo a 23 años de prisión la condena de Rukundo.",
"41. El 22 de junio de 2009, la Sala de Primera Instancia III declaró a Callixte Kalimanzira, un ex alto funcionario del Ministerio del Interior, culpable de genocidio e instigación directa y pública a cometer genocidio. La Sala de Apelaciones consideró las apelaciones de las partes el 14 de junio de 2010 y el 20 de octubre de 2010 confirmó la declaración de culpabilidad de Kalimanzira por complicidad en genocidio. En cambio, la Sala de Apelaciones revocó las restantes declaraciones de culpabilidad de Kalimanzira y, consiguientemente, redujo su condena de 30 a 25 años de prisión.",
"42. El 14 de julio de 2009, la Sala de Primera Instancia I declaró a Tharcisse Renzaho, ex Prefecto de la prefectura de Kigali-ciudad, culpable de genocidio y de asesinato y violación como crímenes de lesa humanidad, así como de graves violaciones del artículo 3 común a los Convenios de Ginebra y del Protocolo Adicional II a dichos Convenios. La Sala de Primera Instancia condenó a Renzaho a prisión por el resto de su vida. La Sala de Apelaciones consideró la apelación de Renzaho el 16 de junio de 2010. El 1 de abril de 2011, la Sala de Apelaciones revocó algunas de las declaraciones de culpabilidad de Renzaho, pero confirmó las declaraciones de culpabilidad por genocidio y asesinato como crimen de lesa humanidad y por una violación grave del artículo 3 común a los Convenios de Ginebra y del Protocolo Adicional II a dichos Convenios. La Sala de Apelaciones también confirmó la condena de Renzaho.",
"43. El 11 de febrero de 2010, después de celebrar un nuevo juicio, la Sala de Primera Instancia III declaró a Tharcisse Muvunyi, un ex teniente coronel del Ejército de Rwanda, culpable de instigación directa y pública a cometer genocidio, y lo condenó a 15 años de prisión. La Sala de Apelaciones consideró las apelaciones de las partes el 21 de octubre de 2010 y, en su Sentencia de 1 de abril de 2011, confirmó la declaración de culpabilidad y la condena.",
"Otras apelaciones contra sentencias",
"44. Théoneste Bagosora, Aloys Ntabakuze y Anatole Nsengiyumva apelaron contra la sentencia de primera instancia en su causa. La Sala de Apelaciones consideró las apelaciones de Bagosora y Nsengiyumva entre el 30 de marzo y el 1 de abril de 2011. Como el abogado de Ntabakuze no pudo concurrir a la audiencia señalada para considerar su apelación, la Sala de Apelaciones separó su causa y decidió considerar su apelación más adelante. Actualmente se están llevando a cabo deliberaciones en la causa Bagosora y Nsengiyumva. La Sala de Apelaciones también está deliberando sobre las apelaciones de las partes en las causas Setako y Munyakazi, que consideró en marzo de 2011. La Sala de Apelaciones también está conociendo de las apelaciones en las causas Ntawukulilyayo, Kanyarukiga, Hategekimana, y Gatete, que se están preparando para las audiencias, y de la causa Ndindiliyimana y otros, en la que aún no se ha iniciado la presentación de los escritos de apelación.",
"A. Actividades de la Oficina del Fiscal",
"45. La Oficina del Fiscal ha seguido centrando sus esfuerzos en la conclusión de los juicios en trámite, el comienzo de un nuevo juicio y la preparación de otro juicio, relativo a los dos prófugos recientemente detenidos, la transferencia de causas de prófugos a las jurisdicciones nacionales de conformidad con la regla 11 bis y la sustanciación de procedimientos de preservación de pruebas de conformidad con la regla 71 bis con respecto a tres prófugos de alto rango: Félicien Kabuga, Protais Mpiranya y Augustin Bizimana. Además, la Oficina del Fiscal continúa intensificando las actividades de rastreo para detener a los prófugos restantes, la tramitación de las apelaciones interlocutorias o de sentencias definitivas, la gestión de los archivos y expedientes que han de trasladarse al Mecanismo residual y la prestación de asistencia a las autoridades nacionales de enjuiciamiento con respecto a las causas investigadas o enjuiciadas por ellas.",
"46. Mediante rigurosas actividades de rastreo, el 25 de mayo de 2011 la República Democrática del Congo, en cooperación con funcionarios del equipo de rastreo del Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda, logró detener al prófugo Bernard Munyagishari. Continúan las actividades en procura de la detención de los nueve prófugos, y especialmente de los tres prófugos de alto rango que han de ser juzgados en el Tribunal. El Fiscal confía en que la continua cooperación de la República Democrática del Congo facilitará la detención de esos prófugos, la mayoría de los cuales, según se cree, están en ese territorio.",
"47. En conjunción con sus esfuerzos por fortalecer la cooperación internacional entre los Estados Miembros de la región y el Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda, el Fiscal mantuvo constructivas consultas con el Secretario Ejecutivo de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Región de los Grandes Lagos. Sin embargo, si bien, a partir de noviembre de 2010 se ha reactivado la labor del equipo conjunto de tareas entre el Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda-y la Policía de Kenya, siguen siendo lentos los progresos en relación con el expediente de Félicien Kabuga. El Fiscal sigue instando al Gobierno de Kenya a acelerar los trabajos tendientes al rastreo y la detención de este prófugo de alto rango. Un esfuerzo concertado de los Estados Miembros de la Región de los Grandes Lagos en colaboración con el Tribunal promete lograr que los prófugos restantes enfrenten sus responsabilidades.",
"48. En el marco de la aplicación de la estrategia de remisión del Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda, el Fiscal visitó varios Estados europeos en abril de 2011 y mantuvo conversaciones con altos funcionarios a fin de alentar a sus Gobiernos a que consideraran la posibilidad de aceptar causas del Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda para enjuiciarlas. Una respuesta positiva será de gran ayuda para que el Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda pueda realizar su objetivo de rápida conclusión de su mandato. Entre tanto, se han dedicado muchos esfuerzos a las tres solicitudes de remisión a Rwanda de las causas del detenido Uwinkindi y los prófugos Sikubwabo y Kayishema presentadas en noviembre de 2010. El Fiscal también siguió prestando asistencia a Rwanda en sus esfuerzos por juzgar a los otros 25 sospechosos que fueron investigados pero no procesados por el Tribunal y sus expedientes fueron entregados a Rwanda en 2010.",
"49. De conformidad con la resolución 1966 (2010) del Consejo de Seguridad, con arreglo a la cual el 1 de julio de 2012 se estableció la Subdivisión de Arusha del Mecanismo residual, la Oficina del Fiscal ha centrado la atención en los preparativos para una fluida transición a un mecanismo eficiente y eficaz. Además de una coordinación a nivel de todo el sistema dentro de cada Tribunal y entre los Tribunales, las Oficinas del Fiscal del Tribunal Internacional para la ex Yugoslavia y el Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda también han formado un equipo de coordinación entre las Oficinas que ha llegado a un acuerdo sobre la estructura y la dotación de personal de la Oficina del Fiscal común, en consonancia con los objetivos de la resolución de lograr un Mecanismo ágil y eficaz.",
"50. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, ha habido una señal positiva para la cooperación internacional contra la impunidad y en pro de la responsabilización en los niveles más altos. Varios Estados Miembros han seguido intensificando sus esfuerzos por llevar a juicio, en sus jurisdicciones nacionales, a los sospechosos rwandeses que figuraban en la lista de personas buscadas de la INTERPOL. Para lograr el eficaz enjuiciamiento de esos sospechosos, la Oficina del Fiscal continúa realizando sus actividades de asistencia judicial mutua y brindando información a las autoridades nacionales de enjuiciamiento. Como resultado de ello, se han incrementado sustancialmente las solicitudes dirigidas al Fiscal para obtener información de la amplia base de datos de su Oficina.",
"A. Actividades de la Secretaría",
"1. Oficina del Secretario",
"51. La Oficina del Secretario siguió actuando como conducto de comunicación entre los órganos del Tribunal y como brazo diplomático de éste. En tal calidad, la Oficina del Secretario mantuvo contactos diplomáticos de alto nivel con los Estados Miembros y con organizaciones internacionales, así como con organizaciones no gubernamentales. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, la Oficina del Secretario transmitió más de 540 notas verbales y otras comunicaciones en relación con las operaciones del Tribunal, en particular para obtener el apoyo y la cooperación de los Estados Miembros con respecto a los juicios en trámite. La Secretaría atendió una cantidad cada vez mayor de averiguaciones y solicitudes de asistencia judicial provenientes de las jurisdicciones nacionales.",
"52. Rwanda prosiguió su cooperación con el Tribunal facilitando el desplazamiento de testigos de Kigali a Arusha y proporcionando los documentos pertinentes para las actuaciones judiciales.",
"53. El 22 de noviembre de 2010 se firmó con la República de Senegal un acuerdo sobre el cumplimiento de las condenas. El 18 de julio de 2010, el Tribunal transfirió a un Estado Miembro a una persona condenada para que cumpliese el resto de su condena. La Secretaría está tomando las medidas necesarias para dar cumplimiento a cuatro decisiones dictadas en mayo de 2011 por el Presidente, en las que se dispone el traslado de personas condenadas a otro Estado Miembro. Se prevé que a la brevedad se adopten otras dos decisiones. La reubicación de las personas condenadas que hayan cumplido su condena sigue siendo fuente de preocupación y para su solución se requiere una cooperación cada vez mayor de los Estados Miembros.",
"54. Análogamente, la cuestión de la reubicación de las personas absueltas por el Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda sigue siendo fuente de grave preocupación para el Tribunal. Hasta la fecha, tres personas absueltas permanecen en Arusha, bajo la protección del Tribunal, y carecen de un estatuto de inmigración apropiado mientras esperan la reubicación en un país seguro. Las dificultades para su reubicación son el lamentable resultado de la falta de un mecanismo formal para lograr que los Estados Miembros acepten a esas personas en sus territorios. El Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda considera que la reubicación de las personas absueltas por un tribunal penal internacional es una manifestación fundamental del estado de derecho y está sumamente preocupado por las consecuencias del incumplimiento de esa obligación. Esta opinión fue compartida por la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR) en una reunión de expertos del ACNUR y el Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda organizada en Arusha en abril de 2011. En una de las conclusiones de la reunión conjunta de expertos se reconoció que la difícil situación de las personas absueltas es de incumbencia del Consejo de Seguridad y que el Tribunal no tiene más opción que pedir la asistencia del Consejo para hallar una solución sostenible a esta cuestión.",
"55. La Sección de Planificación Estratégica y Relaciones Externas logró recaudar contribuciones voluntarias para el Fondo Fiduciario, lo que permitió que el Tribunal llevara a cabo sus actividades de fomento de la capacidad y de divulgación. Tales actividades constituyen una parte importante del mandato y el legado del Tribunal y son un mecanismo fundamental para superar la falta de cauces de información entre el Tribunal y el pueblo de Rwanda a nivel de base.",
"56. El Tribunal recibió un total de 3.073 visitantes, incluidos funcionarios de alto nivel de las Naciones Unidas y de los gobiernos, así como miembros del público en general, los medios académicos, la sociedad civil y las organizaciones no gubernamentales. Durante la actual fase de reducción, el Tribunal ha atraído una mayor cantidad de visitantes.",
"57. El Centro de Información de Kigali (Umusanzu) y 10 centros provinciales de información en diferentes lugares de Rwanda siguen desempeñando un papel clave en materia de difusión de la información, mejoramiento de las comunicaciones y acceso a la jurisprudencia del Tribunal y otros materiales jurídicos. Los centros son visitados diariamente por estudiantes, investigadores y miembros de la judicatura de Rwanda y del público, a quienes se les brindan materiales informativos y se les da acceso a reuniones informativas, actividades de capacitación, servicios de biblioteca y exhibición de vídeos, así como a la Internet. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, el Centro de Información de Kigali recibió aproximadamente 36.000 visitantes, y los centros provinciales de información recibieron aproximadamente 18.000 visitantes.",
"58. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, el Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda realizó varias actividades de divulgación. Uno de los principales proyectos de divulgación se refiere a la sensibilización de los jóvenes y a la educación para la prevención del genocidio en la región de los Grandes Lagos, mediante un concurso de ensayos y dibujos para estudiantes de África oriental, patrocinado por la República Federal de Alemania. Se pidió a los estudiantes que abordaran cuestiones relacionadas con la justicia internacional, la lucha contra la impunidad y la contribución del Tribunal a la reconciliación nacional. Los ganadores fueron proclamados en octubre de 2010. El proyecto de sensibilización de los jóvenes también comprende la publicación de un libro de historietas sobre la labor del Tribunal. Se prevé que el libro de historietas esté terminado poco antes de finales de 2011. El Tribunal lanzó el Programa Oficial de Sensibilización de 2011 en el Distrito de Huye, Región Meridional de Rwanda, los días 28 y 29 de abril de 2011. El programa comprendía la exhibición de los paneles de la Exposición sobre el Genocidio y de carteles con los ensayos y dibujos ganadores.",
"59. Además, el Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda, en colaboración con la Comisión Nacional de Lucha contra el Genocidio y el Kigali Memorial Centre, organizó una exposición en conmemoración del decimoséptimo aniversario del Genocidio de Rwanda, del 4 al 15 de abril de 2011. De mayo a julio de 2011, con fondos del Departamento de Información Pública en Nueva York, en seis grandes prisiones de distintos lugares de Rwanda se llevaron a cabo con éxito programas de sensibilización respecto de las enseñanzas obtenidas del genocidio de 1994. Asistieron aproximadamente 29.799 reclusos y funcionarios. El Tribunal ha seguido llevando a cabo actividades de fomento de la capacidad para 700 profesionales del derecho en Rwanda, con el objetivo de seguir reforzando el sector de la justicia del país en esferas tales como la investigación, la protección de testigos, la gestión de las pruebas y de la información y las técnicas orales y escritas de la abogacía. Esas actividades fueron principalmente organizadas para dotar a la judicatura de Rwanda de los instrumentos necesarios para estar en condiciones de sustanciar las causas que remita el Tribunal. Algunos ejemplos de las numerosas iniciativas que puso en práctica el Tribunal fueron la capacitación de estudiantes de derecho en materia de investigación jurídica en línea y dos actividades de capacitación análogas para los miembros de la judicatura de Rwanda en el Instituto de Práctica Jurídica y Desarrollo y en el Tribunal Intermedio de Huye. El Tribunal organizó una sesión de capacitación de instructores en Rwanda con respecto al fortalecimiento de las colecciones de bibliotecas mediante el empleo de recursos en línea. En mayo de 2011 se llevó a cabo el cuarto Taller de Capacitación y Concurso de Juicios Simulados para miembros de la Asociación de Abogados de Kigali.",
"60. En resumen, el Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda ha seguido organizando activamente talleres y actividades de capacitación con el fin de fortalecer la capacidad de la judicatura de Rwanda y la sensibilización del público de Rwanda acerca de la labor del Tribunal. En el período sobre el que se informa se han estado planificando otros programas de fomento de la capacidad y divulgación en varias comunas de Rwanda para aproximadamente 5.000 participantes, así como para más de 28.000 estudiantes y maestros de escuelas de Rwanda, cuya aplicación dependerá de la disponibilidad de fondos, que son extrapresupuestarios,.",
"61. Por conducto de su Grupo de Comunicaciones, la Sección de Planificación Estratégica y Relaciones Externas ha garantizado una amplia difusión de la información sobre las actividades del Tribunal mediante reuniones con la prensa, boletines y comunicados de prensa, así como utilizando el sitio web, películas y folletos informativos en inglés, francés y kinyarwanda. La dependencia atendió numerosas averiguaciones de los medios de comunicación locales e internacionales y transmitió varias actuaciones judiciales mediante satélite. Organizó exposiciones sobre la labor del Tribunal en África oriental, Gambia y el Senegal, así como proyecciones de películas, coloquios y debates en varias capitales africanas y en distintas partes de Rwanda. Se mantiene un constante enlace de comunicaciones con universidades y otras instituciones docentes de la región.",
"62. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, la dependencia de coordinación de cuestiones de género preparó propuestas para solicitar fondos a los efectos de reponer los recursos agotados del Fondo Fiduciario del Programa de apoyo a los testigos. El Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda estableció una clínica para testigos merced a las contribuciones voluntarias de los Estados Miembros para garantizar la prestación de asistencia física y psicológica a los testigos residentes en Rwanda, particularmente a los que vivan con VIH/SIDA como resultado de actos de violencia sexual sufridos durante el genocidio. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, la campaña recibió una contribución del Gobierno de España. Lamentablemente, los fondos se han agotado y, de no obtenerse una inmediata inyección de recursos, la clínica se verá obligada a interrumpir sus servicios y su tratamiento que permite salvar vidas. Además, los testigos que residían en Rwanda siguieron beneficiándose de asesoramiento en materia de género con cargo a personal especializado en psicología y enfermería de la clínica del Tribunal en Rwanda.",
"63. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, el Programa de Pasantías acogió en el Tribunal a 197 pasantes, 165 de los cuales fueron asignados a las Salas o a la Oficina del Fiscal. Asimismo, el Programa de investigadores jurídicos gratuitos pudo utilizar los servicios de cuatro abogados calificados en las Salas y la Oficina del Fiscal. Además, 15 investigadores jurídicos de 12 países africanos se beneficiaron de la financiación facilitada por la Unión Europea, y pudieron prestar asistencia en la labor del Tribunal. Sin embargo, como los donantes han dejado de financiar este programa, no se dispondrá de nuevos investigadores jurídicos para asistir al Tribunal. Dichos programas han ayudado a poner en práctica la estrategia de conclusión, especialmente después de la abolición de puestos de plantilla en todo el Tribunal.",
"64. La Dependencia Encargada de los Servicios Jurídicos y el Programa de Pasantías también siguió desempeñando un importante papel de asesoramiento jurídico sobre cuestiones relacionadas con la aplicación e interpretación adecuadas de las normas administrativas de las Naciones Unidas y sobre asuntos atinentes a las inmunidades y prerrogativas de los funcionarios en relación con las causas civiles y penales, además de interpretar y revisar los acuerdos. Durante el período que se examina, la Dependencia medió y resolvió 21 casos entre funcionarios y oficinas locales encargadas de hacer cumplir la ley, así como con empleados del servicio doméstico.",
"8. División de Servicios Judiciales y Jurídicos",
"65. La Sección de Administración del Tribunal prestó servicios de apoyo a los procesos judiciales del Tribunal, incluso mediante el apoyo a inspecciones oculares en Rwanda, certificaciones de declaraciones de testigos, deposiciones y audiencias por vídeo desde varios países. Como parte de las actividades del Tribunal encaminadas al fortalecimiento de las capacidades, la Sección siguió organizando sesiones de capacitación para representantes de diferentes países africanos en relación con el sistema empleado por el Tribunal para la producción instantánea de transcripciones Además, organizó sesiones especializadas de capacitación para fortalecer la capacidad del sector judicial de Rwanda. Como importante componente de los preparativos del Tribunal para la transición al Mecanismo residual, la Sección contribuyó a la redacción de las políticas y directrices para los expedientes y archivos que debían trasladarse para ser gestionados por el Mecanismo. Asimismo prosiguió su labor de redacción y digitalización de la colección de grabaciones audiovisuales de las actuaciones del Tribunal.",
"66. La Sección de Gestión de Abogados y Detención siguió encargándose de la prestación y el mejoramiento de los servicios de apoyo esenciales para la Secretaría, las Salas y el Fiscal. La Sección ha mejorado los servicios de apoyo para los detenidos, los presos y sus abogados a fin de garantizar el derecho de los detenidos y presos a contar con asistencia letrada. El programa de asistencia jurídica demostró ser eficiente, eficaz y económico. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, se ensayó el sistema de facturación electrónica, que demostró ser viable.",
"67. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, las Salas de Primera Instancia y de Apelaciones del Tribunal dictaron sentencias respecto de 18 acusados. Entre ellos, un detenido fue condenado a prisión por el tiempo de reclusión ya cumplido y fue liberado de inmediato. En el mismo período, el Pabellón Penitenciario de las Naciones Unidas albergó a 19 testigos detenidos provenientes de Rwanda y a un testigo preso proveniente de Mali que fueron citados para declarar en diversos juicios.",
"68. El 18 de julio de 2010, un preso fue trasladado a un Estado Miembro para cumplir su condena. El 1 de julio de 2010, un detenido falleció en un hospital de Arusha al cabo de una larga enfermedad. Un detenido que había sido arrestado en la República Democrática del Congo el 25 de mayo de 2011 fue trasladado al Pabellón Penitenciario de las Naciones Unidas, en el que ingresó el 14 de junio de 2011.",
"69. Al 30 de junio de 2011, el total de reclusos en el Pabellón Penitenciario de las Naciones Unidas era de 36 personas (12 detenidos y 24 condenados).",
"70. El Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja visitó el Pabellón Penitenciario de las Naciones Unidas el 15 de junio de 2011 y entrevistó a los detenidos. El Comité elogió a la administración del establecimiento por haber logrado cumplir sus metas, en particular la buena condición de la detención.",
"71. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, la Sección de Apoyo a los Testigos y las Víctimas aseguró que estuvieran disponibles en el momento oportuno 216 testigos trasladados desde 21 países. Se elaboraron evaluaciones de amenazas respecto de algunos testigos. De conformidad con las medidas de protección dispuestas por las Salas de Primera Instancia, se expurgaron las transcripciones antes de darles carácter público a fin de suprimir la información que pudiera permitir la identificación de los testigos o de sus familiares. La Sección intensificó sus actividades de supervisión posteriores al juicio en los países de residencia de los testigos que habían comparecido ante el Tribunal. Varios testigos residentes en Rwanda se beneficiaron de una amplia gama de medidas de asistencia encaminadas a mejorar su rehabilitación médica y psicológica. La Sección contó con la cooperación de varios Estados Miembros, que otorgaron documentos de viaje provisionales para que los testigos pudieran hacer viajes con destino y origen en Arusha, y de las oficinas del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados en varios países africanos, que ayudaron a facilitar el desplazamiento y la protección de los testigos. Algunos Estados también prestaron asistencia en lo tocante al acompañamiento de los testigos. La Sección organizó dos actividades de capacitación para la protección de testigos dirigidas a funcionarios de la judicatura de Rwanda y a funcionarios judiciales y policiales de Tanzanía.",
"72. La Sección de Servicios de Idiomas prestó servicios de interpretación, traducción y reproducción a las Salas, las partes y la Secretaría. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, se tradujeron siete sentencias de primera instancia y cuatro sentencias de apelación y una importante cantidad de decisiones, así como de otros documentos, tales como escritos previos al juicio, argumentaciones finales y peticiones. Se mantuvo la lista de traductores, intérpretes y correctores de pruebas establecida para evitar toda posible interrupción de los juicios, que fue utilizada en una ocasión para incorporar al servicio a dos intérpretes-traductores de kinyarwanda. Además, la traducción de ciertos documentos se encomendó por contrata a otros traductores y se contrató a revisores independientes para mitigar la pesada carga de trabajo de la Sección.",
"73. La Sección de Biblioteca Jurídica y de Referencias sigue desempeñando un papel fundamental aportando los materiales jurídicos necesarios para prestar apoyo a las actividades judiciales. Además, la Biblioteca Jurídica publicó en formato que permite la búsqueda de textos completos las nuevas versiones de “ICTR basic documents and case law”, que abarcan el período 1995-2010 en el caso del DVD y el año 2010 en el caso del CD-ROM.",
"9. División de Servicios de Apoyo Administrativo",
"74. El proceso de reducción siguió planteando problemas importantes para todas las actividades del Tribunal. La División de Servicios de Apoyo Administrativo continuó respondiendo a tales problemas de manera dinámica y flexible.",
"75. Los funcionarios del Tribunal proceden de 72 países y, al 29 de junio de 2011, el Tribunal contaba con 666 funcionarios de un total de 827 puestos autorizados, con 161 puestos vacantes, es decir, una tasa de vacantes del 19%. A medida que los funcionarios continúen buscando puestos más estables fuera del Tribunal se prevé que la tasa de vacantes será superior al 20% para el fin de 2011. El 64% del personal es de sexo masculino y el 36% de sexo femenino.",
"76. Durante la etapa de reducción, atraer y retener personal competente sigue siendo un problema importante. La breve duración de los contratos de los funcionarios ha contribuido a acrecentar la incertidumbre y sigue afectando negativamente a la productividad del personal. La División puso en marcha medidas encaminadas a retener al personal y está consultando con la Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos acerca de las modalidades de preparar contratos que se ajusten al calendario judicial con el fin de otorgar contratos de más larga duración a los funcionarios cuyos servicios siguen siendo necesarios. Paralelamente, se sigue llevando a cabo la actividad consultiva de retención de personal a fin de determinar el número y la composición del personal que se mantendrá hasta la conclusión de la labor del Tribunal. Cabe señalar que la actual limitación de la duración de los nombramientos temporales puede tener una incidencia negativa en la estrategia de conclusión. La administración del Tribunal está celebrando consultas con la Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos con el objetivo de instituir medidas de flexibilidad que permitan contemplar esa preocupación.",
"77. El Centro de Recursos para las Perspectivas de Carrera organizó varios talleres y sesiones de formación para brindar apoyo a las aspiraciones profesionales del personal. La Sección de Planificación de Recursos Humanos sigue ayudando a los funcionarios que se separan del Tribunal a conseguir empleo. En mayo de 2011, se organizó, en colaboración con la Caja Común de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas, una serie de presentaciones y consultas individuales a fin de informar a los funcionarios acerca de sus derechos pensionarios. La Sección también organizó otra feria de empleo en junio de 2011, y volvió a publicar un compendio de destrezas (hojas informativas electrónicas) con la intención de apoyar a los funcionarios de todas las categorías a obtener empleo después de su período de servicio en el Tribunal. La Sección también sigue brindando asesoramiento a funcionarios y magistrados en cuanto a las prestaciones por separación del servicio y a las consecuencias de los nuevos regímenes de contratación y reglamentos del personal.",
"78. La Sección de Seguridad y Vigilancia siguió actualizando y probando sus diferentes planes para situaciones de emergencia con el fin de velar por la seguridad de los funcionarios, los locales, los bienes y las actividades del Tribunal mediante una interacción más específica con los servicios de seguridad del país anfitrión y con la Oficina del Asesor en Seguridad de la República Unida de Tanzanía. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, no se produjeron incidentes graves. Se aplicaron cabalmente las directrices de las Naciones Unidas en materia de seguridad y se brindó al personal información sistemática y oportuna sobre seguridad y vigilancia.",
"79. La Sección de Servicios de Tecnología de la Información siguió prestando un apoyo vital al Tribunal. La Dependencia de Procesamiento Electrónico de Datos mantiene la infraestructura de información y tecnología del Tribunal, lo que entraña prestar apoyo a las diferentes dependencias institucionales y atender a sus necesidades informáticas. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, se configuraron en línea varios sistemas del proceso institucional, lo que permitió mejorar la eficacia y los plazos de los procedimientos administrativos habituales de la División de Servicios de Apoyo Administrativo. Se efectuaron mejoras de infraestructura en la red y el centro de datos para sustituir el equipo obsoleto y aumentar la capacidad en apoyo de la digitalización audiovisual, que es de importancia fundamental, así como de otros proyectos relacionados con la sucesión del Tribunal. La Dependencia de Medios Audiovisuales graba en vídeo todas las actuaciones judiciales y brinda servicios de videoconferencia para recibir declaraciones de testigos y celebrar reuniones a distancia. La Dependencia de Telecomunicaciones apoya el funcionamiento y el mantenimiento de la red telefónica, dos estaciones satelitales terrestres, las conexiones telefónicas rurales y redes de recepción y emisión de radio, así como los servicios de facturación telefónica y operadores de central telefónica.",
"80. La Dependencia de Servicios de Salud proporcionó asesoramiento curativo, preventivo y postraumático y desempeñó funciones médico-administrativas en beneficio de los jueces y funcionarios y sus familiares a cargo, así como en beneficio de los detenidos, los testigos y las víctimas. La Dependencia vigiló la salud de los clientes mediante cuatro subdependencias: dos en Kigali y dos en Arusha. En Kigali, los testigos fueron objeto de un reconocimiento médico completo y recibieron asistencia médica antes de trasladarse a Arusha para prestar declaración. En Arusha, la subdependencia del Pabellón Penitenciario de las Naciones Unidas atendió a los detenidos, los reclusos y los testigos reclusos. En el ambulatorio de la sede, se facilitaron gratuitamente a los clientes medicamentos, servicios de laboratorio y servicios de inmunización.",
"81. La Dependencia de Asesoramiento y Bienestar atendió las necesidades psicosociales de los funcionarios y de sus familiares a cargo y llevó a cabo actividades en beneficio del bienestar de todo el personal. Además, la Dependencia siguió proporcionando asesoramiento postraumático a los testigos y apoyo psicológico a cargo de profesionales a los funcionarios y sus familias. Se podía acceder a los servicios del asesor del personal las 24 horas del día.",
"82. En el ámbito de la gestión de recursos, la Dependencia de Presupuesto continuó aportando oportunamente sus conocimientos especializados en planificación, control y supervisión de la utilización de los recursos disponibles. La Sección de Finanzas prestó servicios oportunos y fiables a los funcionarios y clientes del Tribunal",
"83. La Sección de Servicios Generales y la Sección de Adquisiciones prestaron un apoyo vital al Tribunal. El Servicio de Administración de Edificios, de conformidad con la estrategia de conclusión, comenzó a trasladar de Kigali a Arusha los contenedores de alojamiento sobrantes para utilizarlos como oficinas, lo que permitió devolver al propietario parte del espacio de alquiler ordinario. El Servicio de Administración de Bienes mejoró la recepción y la inspección de los bienes comprados por el Tribunal. Se estaba intentando introducir el sistema de gestión de inventario Galileo. Además, el Servicio aceleró el proceso de enajenación de bienes antiguos y obsoletos. Las instalaciones de almacén adquiridas recientemente en el contexto de la reducción de las operaciones del Tribunal, están funcionando como punto central para enajenar comercialmente los activos pasados a pérdidas y ganancias. A fin de supervisar y controlar la utilización de los vehículos oficiales, la Dependencia de Servicios de Transporte, adaptó a casi todos los vehículos del Tribunal el sistema mundial de determinación de posición, que proporciona información en tiempo real sobre la utilización de combustible, el lugar exacto donde se encuentra un vehículo y la velocidad a la que se desplaza. Eso no sólo mejoró la disciplina vial, sino que también posibilitó la rápida recuperación de un vehículo oficial robado. Los Servicios de registro central/correspondencia/valija y archivos siguieron estando al servicio de todo el Tribunal. El Servicio Central de Archivos siguió archivando los expedientes generados por las secciones y dependencias de la División y escaneando e incluyendo metadatos en la base de datos de gestión total de la información de los registros. Se estableció una estructura funcional de archivo en Kigali para los registros de la División de Servicios de Apoyo Administrativo en esa ciudad. La Sección de Adquisiciones siguió velando por que los bienes y servicios necesarios para que el Tribunal cumpla eficazmente sus actividades se reciban en tiempo y dentro del presupuesto. Asimismo trabajó en estrecho contacto con otras dependencias, como la Dependencia de Transporte, para determinar la posibilidad de contratar externamente servicios tales como los de reparación y mantenimiento de vehículos. La Sección también se encargó con éxito de la disposición comercial de algunos muebles, vehículos y equipos del Tribunal.",
"Conclusiones y recomendaciones",
"84. Durante el último año el Tribunal ha realizado considerables progresos con miras a la consecución de los objetivos de la estrategia de conclusión, pese a la gran carga de trabajo. Se dictaron seis sentencias de primera instancia en causas en las que había 14 acusados. A nivel de primera instancia, se prevé que antes de que concluya 2011 se habrá dictado sentencia en todas las causas restantes, con excepción de dos.",
"85. La cooperación de los Estados sigue siendo la piedra angular de la capacidad del Tribunal para concluir su mandato y el Tribunal agradece la confianza y el apoyo constantes de los Estados Miembros.",
"86. Merced a la estrecha cooperación de los Estados Miembros, durante el período sobre el que se informa se detuvo a un prófugo en la región. No obstante, el Tribunal y los Estados Miembros tendrán que seguir esforzándose por lograr que se detenga a los nueve prófugos restantes, en particular los tres acusados de alto rango que han de ser juzgados por el Tribunal y que han eludido la acción de la justicia durante más de 17 años.",
"87. El Tribunal reitera su llamamiento para que se adopten medidas urgentes de ayuda para hallar países receptores para las tres personas absueltas que siguen bajo la protección del Tribunal en una casa de seguridad en Arusha. Para una de esas personas, han pasado más de cuatro años desde la confirmación de su absolución por la Sala de Apelaciones. El Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda considera que la reubicación de las personas absueltas por un tribunal penal internacional es una manifestación fundamental del estado de derecho y está preocupado por las consecuencias del incumplimiento de esa obligación.",
"88. Por último, el mantenimiento de un número suficiente de funcionarios con experiencia sigue siendo el principal desafío para el Tribunal como organización que se aproxima al final de su mandato. El Tribunal agradece todo el apoyo proporcionado por los Estados Miembros a los esfuerzos encaminados a abordar esa apremiante situación.",
"89. El Tribunal ha venido realizando una labor directamente relacionada con el genocidio de Rwanda durante más de 17 años. El genocidio ha afectado profundamente a todos en el Tribunal, y la búsqueda de justicia para las víctimas sigue impulsando nuestro compromiso con el objetivo de lograr que nunca más vuelvan a ocurrir atrocidades como ésas. Exhortamos a la comunidad internacional a que nos apoye proporcionando los recursos necesarios para cumplir nuestro mandato y esperamos que nuestros trabajos abran el camino en la continua lucha contra la impunidad."
] | [
"General Assembly Security Council Sixty-sixth session Sixty-sixth year Item 73 of the provisional agenda* \nReport of the International CriminalTribunal for the Prosecution ofPersons Responsible for Genocide andOther Serious Violations ofInternational Humanitarian LawCommitted in the Territory of Rwandaand Rwandan Citizens Responsible forGenocide and Other Such ViolationsCommitted in the Territory ofNeighbouring States between 1 Januaryand 31 December 1994",
"* A/66/150.",
"Report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda",
"Note by the Secretary-General",
"The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly and to the members of the Security Council the sixteenth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, submitted by the President of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in accordance with article 32 of its statute (see Security Council resolution 955 (1994), annex), which states:",
"The President of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda shall submit an annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to the Security Council and to the General Assembly.",
"Letter of transmittal",
"President of the General Assembly",
"United Nations",
"New York",
"President of the Security Council",
"United Nations",
"New York",
"28 July 2011",
"Excellencies,",
"I have the honour to submit the sixteenth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994, dated 28 July 2011, to the General Assembly and the Security Council, pursuant to article 32 of the statute of the International Tribunal.",
"Please accept, Excellencies, the assurances of my highest consideration.",
"(Signed) Khalida Rachid Khan",
"President",
"Sixteenth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994",
"Summary",
"The present annual report outlines the activities of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011.",
"During the past year, the Tribunal continued its efforts to complete its remaining workload at the trial and appeals levels expeditiously. Despite major difficulties, in particular regarding staff retention and recruitment, the Tribunal made significant progress, delivering six trial judgements during the reporting period. Six trial judgements involving 10 accused remain to be delivered. Completion of the first instance work is expected by the first quarter of 2012.",
"The Appeals Chamber rendered four judgements in single-accused cases, bringing the total number of persons whose judgements have been completed at the appellate level to 35. Completion of the appeals work is expected by the first quarter of 2014.",
"The Office of the Prosecutor succeeded in arresting one fugitive during the reporting period through close cooperation with Member States in the region, bringing the number of fugitives down to nine. The Prosecutor also focused on providing support to national authorities in the prosecution of crimes relating to the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Continuous support was also extended to the Rwandan authorities to assist them in meeting the conditions for the transfer of cases from the Tribunal.",
"The Registry maintained a high level of administrative and judicial support to the Tribunal. It ensured the cooperation and assistance of Member States with the Tribunal and further strengthened its outreach and capacity-building activities in Rwanda. Trial proceedings continued to receive support from the various units and sections of the Judicial and Legal Services Division. The Division of Administrative Support Services continued its work to ensure the efficient management of the Tribunal’s downsizing process.",
"All organs of the Tribunal are undertaking their best efforts to complete the work of the Tribunal expeditiously and to prepare for a smooth transition to the Residual Mechanism. Those efforts require essential cooperation and support from Member States: nine fugitives remain to be arrested, the three acquitted persons need countries for relocation and the Tribunal needs to be provided with sufficient resources to be in a position to complete its tasks in the expected time frame. The Tribunal relies on the ongoing support of Member States to achieve its goals.",
"Contents",
"Page\nI.Introduction 5II. Activities 5 of the \nTribunal A.Activities 5 of the \nPresident B.Activities 6 of coordination \nmechanisms C.Activities 7 of the \nChambers D.Activities 12 of the Office of the \nProsecutor E.Activities 13 of the \nRegistry III. Conclusion 20 and \nrecommendations",
"I. Introduction",
"1. The sixteenth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994 (“the Tribunal”) outlines the activities of the Tribunal for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011.",
"2. The Tribunal, through the Office of the President, the Chambers, the Office of the Prosecutor and the Office of the Registrar, has continued its efforts to meet the goals of its Completion Strategy, as endorsed by the Security Council in resolution 1503 (2003), with intense trial and appeals activity and judgement drafting.",
"II. Activities of the Tribunal",
"3. The Tribunal consists of two Trial Chambers, one Appeals Chamber, the Office of the Prosecutor and a Registry. On 27 May 2011, Judge Khalida Rachid Khan (Pakistan) was elected President, and Judge Dennis Byron (Saint Kitts and Nevis) was elected Vice-President.",
"A. Activities of the President",
"1. Judicial activity",
"4. During the reporting period, the President made decisions on the transfer of five convicted persons to Member States for the enforcement of their sentences. It is expected that those transfers will be completed shortly. The President also issued orders on a variety of other matters, including State cooperation and conditions of detention.",
"2. Completion Strategy",
"5. In close cooperation with the Prosecutor and the Registrar, the President has continued to implement the Tribunal’s Completion Strategy. On 6 December 2010 and 6 June 2011, the President presented the six-monthly Completion Strategy reports to the Security Council. In the course of the reporting period, the Tribunal issued six judgements at the trial level and four judgements at the appeals level, representing a total of 18 accused. Judgement remains to be delivered in six cases at the trial level. The evidence phase has been completed in all but two trials and judgements are expected this year in all but two cases. In those two cases, judgement is expected by the first quarter of 2012.",
"6. Staff attrition remains one of the major impediments to the timely achievement of Completion Strategy goals. Between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2011, a total of 152 staff members left the Tribunal for more stable jobs within the United Nations or other organizations: 18 staff members left the Chambers, 14 from the Office of the Prosecutor, and the remainder from the Administration and other sections of the Registry. The replacement of departing staff members is a lengthy process, which even in a best-case scenario would result in delays and cannot compensate for the continuous loss of institutional memory. Moreover, many staff are on temporary contracts that will need to be exceptionally extended beyond the 729-day limit. The Security Council, in resolution 1955 (2010), reiterated its call upon the Secretariat and other relevant United Nations bodies to continue to work with the Registrar of the Tribunal in order to find practicable solutions to address the staffing situation.",
"7. The Security Council, in resolution 1966 (2010) establishing the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (“the Mechanism”), requested the Secretary-General to make the practical arrangements necessary for the commencement of the Mechanism’s operations. Under the direction of the Office of Legal Affairs, the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda have been working jointly since February 2011 to implement that mandate. The initial priority was to develop a budget proposal for the biennium 2012-2013 and a draft Rules of Procedure and Evidence. Both were successfully submitted to the Office of Legal Affairs by July 2011. The next steps will focus on harmonizing the policies, procedures and operations of the two Tribunals in order to ensure that the Mechanism is able to commence its work from 1 July 2012.",
"3. Diplomatic relations and other representation",
"8. The President maintained regular contact with United Nations Headquarters and the diplomatic community in the host country, at the seat of the United Nations and in other countries. The United Nations Secretariat, and in particular the Office of Legal Affairs, provided important legal advice and diplomatic support to ensure smooth cooperation between the Tribunal, the Security Council and the General Assembly.",
"9. On the occasion of their briefings of the Security Council, both the President and the Prosecutor of the Tribunal participated in meetings of the Informal Working Group on International Tribunals of the Security Council. That allowed for comprehensive and open discussions with the legal advisers of the members of the Security Council.",
"B. Activities of coordination mechanisms",
"1. Coordination Council",
"10. The Coordination Council, consisting of the President, the Prosecutor and the Registrar, met regularly to discuss issues affecting the entire Tribunal, such as the Completion Strategy, the Residual Mechanism, staffing and budgetary matters.",
"2. Bureau",
"11. The Bureau, composed of the President, the Vice-President and the Presiding Judges of the two Trial Chambers, was consulted by the President in regular meetings and through written exchanges on issues relating to the functioning of the Tribunal.",
"3. Plenary sessions",
"12. During the reporting period, the Tribunal’s Judges met in a plenary session on 1 April 2011 to discuss a variety of issues. The plenary adopted an amendment to rule 11 bis of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, allowing for a Chamber to proprio motu monitor and revoke a case referred to a national jurisdiction.",
"4. Rules Committee",
"13. The Rules Committee submits or discusses proposals for amendments to the Rules of Procedure and Evidence. It is composed of Judges Joensen (Chair), Tuzmukhamedov and Park, and assisted by Legal Officers from the Chambers. For matters relevant to the general conduct of trials, the Committee sits in an extended format, supported by representatives of the Office of the Prosecutor and Defence Counsel. The Committee met regularly to discuss the amendment to rule 11 bis and worked, in close cooperation with the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, on providing comments to the draft Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the Residual Mechanism to the Office of Legal Affairs.",
"C. Activities of the Chambers",
"1. Composition of the Chambers",
"14. The Chambers comprise two Trial Chambers and one Appeals Chamber and are currently composed of 12 permanent judges and 10 ad litem judges.",
"15. Five of the permanent judges and all the ad litem judges sit in the two Trial Chambers. One permanent judge, Judge Asoka de Silva (Sri Lanka), and two ad litem judges, Judges Joseph Masanche (United Republic of Tanzania) and Taghrid Hikmet (Jordan), left the Tribunal after the completion of their final cases. Judge Robert Fremr (Czech Republic), an ad litem judge, returned to the Tribunal in September 2010.",
"16. Seven permanent judges sit on the Appeals Chamber. Two of them, Judges Mehmet Güney (Turkey) and Andrésia Vaz (Senegal), are from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and the five other judges are from the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.",
"17. The Trial Chambers are currently composed of Judges Khalida Rachid Khan (Pakistan), Dennis Byron (Saint Kitts and Nevis), William H. Sekule (United Republic of Tanzania), Arlette Ramaroson (Madagascar) and Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov (Russian Federation) as permanent judges, and Solomy Balungi Bossa (Uganda), Lee Gacuiga Muthoga (Kenya), Florence Rita Arrey (Cameroon), Emile Francis Short (Ghana), Seon Ki Park (Republic of Korea), Gberdao Gustave Kam (Burkina Faso), Vagn Joensen (Denmark), Mparany Rajohnson (Madagascar), Aydin Sefa Akay (Turkey) and Robert Fremr (Czech Republic) as ad litem judges.",
"18. The Appeals Chamber is composed of Judges Patrick Robinson (Jamaica) as Presiding Judge, Mehmet Güney (Turkey), Fausto Pocar (Italy), Liu Daqun (China), Andrésia Vaz (Senegal), Theodor Meron (United States of America) and Carmel Agius (Malta).",
"19. The Tribunal takes note of General Assembly resolution 65/258 (2011) reviewing the conditions of service and compensation for the ad litem judges serving at the ad hoc Tribunals and granting a one-time ex gratia payment to those who have been in full-time uninterrupted service for longer than three years, and thanks the General Assembly for its efforts in this endeavour.",
"2. Principal activities of the Trial Chambers and the Appeals Chamber",
"(a) Trial Chamber I",
"20. The work before this Trial Chamber is complete.",
"(b) Trial Chamber II",
"21. During the reporting period, Trial Chamber II delivered judgement in four cases, and continued judgement drafting in two cases involving five accused. One single-accused trial is ongoing.",
"Judgement in Nyiramasuhuko et al. (“Butare”)",
"22. On 24 June 2011, the Chamber, composed of Judges Sekule, presiding, Ramaroson and Bossa, delivered judgement in the Butare case. The trial involved six accused: Pauline Nyiramasuhuko (former Minister of Family and Women’s Development); Arsène Shalom Ntahobali (alleged leader of an Interahamwe group in Butare in April 1994); Sylvain Nsabimana (préfet of Butare from 19 April to 17 June 1994); Alphonse Nteziryayo (préfet of Butare from 17 June to July 1994); Joseph Kanyabashi (former bourgmestre of Ngoma commune in Butare préfecture); and Elie Ndayambaje (former bourgmestre of Muganza commune in Butare préfecture). The Chamber convicted the six accused of various crimes including genocide and crimes against humanity, sentencing Nyiramasuhuko, Ntahobali and Ndayambaje to life imprisonment, Nsabimana to 25 years’ imprisonment, Kanyabashi to 35 years’ imprisonment, and Nteziryayo to 30 years’ imprisonment. During the trial, the Chamber heard 189 witnesses over the course of 714 trial days.",
"Judgement in Ndindiliyimana et al. (“Military II”)",
"23. On 17 May 2011, a Chamber, composed of Judges de Silva, presiding, Hikmet and Park, delivered Judgement in the Military II trial. The case involved four accused, François-Xavier Nzuwonemeye (former Commander of the Reconnaissance Battalion of the Rwandan Army); Augustin Bizimungu (former Chief of Staff of the Rwandan Army); Augustin Ndindiliyimana (former Chief of Staff of the Gendarmerie nationale); and Innocent Sagahutu (former Commander of Squadron A, Reconnaissance Battalion of the Rwandan Army). Ndindiliyimana was sentenced to time already served and was ordered to be released immediately. Bizimungu was sentenced to 30 years’ imprisonment, while Nzuwonemeye and Sagahutu were each sentenced to 20 years’ imprisonment. The Chamber heard 217 witnesses over the course of 393 trial days. The Chamber heard the parties’ closing arguments on 24, 25 and 26 June 2009.",
"Judgement in Hategekimana",
"24. On 6 December 2010, a Chamber, composed of Judges Ramaroson, presiding, Hikmet and Masanche, delivered Judgement in the case of The Prosecutor v. Ildephonse Hategekimana, former commander of Ngoma Military Camp. Hategekimana was convicted of genocide as well as murder and rape as crimes against humanity and was sentenced to life imprisonment. The accused was found not guilty of complicity in genocide. Over the course of 43 trial days, the Chamber heard 40 witnesses. Closing arguments were heard on 26 April 2010.",
"Judgement in Kanyarukiga",
"25. On 1 November 2010, a Chamber, composed of Judges Hikmet, presiding, Park and Masanche, delivered Judgement in the case of The Prosecutor v. Gaspard Kanyarukiga, a businessman. Kanyarukiga was convicted of genocide and extermination as a crime against humanity and was sentenced to 30 years’ imprisonment. The accused was acquitted of complicity in genocide. Over the course of 28 trial days, the Chamber heard 34 witnesses. Closing arguments were heard on 24 May 2010.",
"One multi-accused in judgement drafting: Bizimungu et al. (“Government II”)",
"26. The Government II case before Judges Khan, presiding, Muthoga and Short concerns four former Rwandan ministers of the Interim Government of 9 April 1994 — Casimir Bizimungu, Justin Mugenzi, Prosper Mugiraneza and Jérôme-Clément Bicamumpaka. The trial spanned 404 trial days, during which 171 witnesses testified and over 8,000 pages of exhibits were entered into evidence. During the reporting period, the Chamber has been involved in deliberations and judgement drafting and has issued 6 decisions and orders. Judgement delivery is anticipated for the second half of 2011.",
"Ongoing Trial Ngirabatware",
"27. The case of Augustin Ngirabatware (former Minister of Planning) is being heard by a Chamber composed of Judges Sekule, presiding, Bossa and Rajohnson. The defence case is expected to be completed by the end of 2011. Judgement delivery is anticipated for the first quarter of 2012. During the reporting period, the Chamber heard 23 witnesses and rendered 43 decisions.",
"(c) Trial Chamber III",
"28. During the reporting period, Trial Chamber III rendered two judgements, completed trial proceedings in one multi-accused trial, commenced proceedings in two further cases, prepared for trial in two cases and began conducting preservation of evidence hearings.",
"Judgement in Ntawukulilyayo",
"29. On 3 August 2010, Judges Khan, presiding, Muthoga and Akay delivered Judgement in the case of the former sous-préfet of Gisagara, Dominique Ntawukulilyayo. The Chamber convicted the accused of genocide and sentenced him to 25 years’ imprisonment, and acquitted him of direct and public incitement to commit genocide. The Trial Chamber heard 35 witnesses over the course of 33 trial days. Closing arguments were heard on 14 June 2010. During the course of the proceedings, the Chamber rendered 38 decisions.",
"Judgement in Gatete",
"30. On 29 March 2011, a Chamber composed of Judges Khan, presiding, Muthoga and Akay delivered Judgement in The Prosecutor v. Jean-Baptiste Gatete, a director in the Rwandan Ministry of Women and Family Affairs in 1994, and previously a bourgmestre of Murambi commune. The Chamber sentenced Gatete to life imprisonment for genocide and extermination as a crime against humanity. Closing Arguments were heard on 8 November 2010. During the course of the trial, 49 witnesses were heard over 30 trial days.",
"One case awaiting closing arguments: Karemera et al.",
"31. In the Karemera et al. case, the Chamber, composed of Judges Byron, presiding, Kam and Joensen, continued hearing evidence involving Édouard Karemera, former Minister of the Interior, and Matthieu Ngirumpatse, former President of the Mouvement républicain national pour la démocratie et le développement (MRND). The Chamber heard the presentation of Matthieu Ngirumpatse’s case from 23 August 2010 to 18 February 2011. During this reporting period, the Chamber sat for 57 trial days, heard 39 witnesses and issued 95 decisions. Closing arguments are scheduled to be heard from 22 August 2011. The Judgement is expected to be delivered in December 2011.",
"Three ongoing trials: Nzabonimana, Ndahimana and Nizeyimana",
"32. The Chamber composed of Judges Bossa, presiding, Tuzmukhamedov and Rajohnson continued hearing evidence in the case against Callixte Nzabonimana, the former Minister of Youth. During the reporting period, the Trial Chamber heard 19 witnesses and issued 41 written decisions. Judgement delivery is expected in December 2011.",
"33. Another Chamber, composed of Judges Arrey, presiding, Tuzmukhamedov and Akay, began hearing evidence in the case against Grégoire Ndahimana, a former bourgmestre, on 6 September 2010. During the reporting period, the Trial Chamber heard 45 witnesses and issued 14 written decisions. Judgement delivery is expected by November 2011.",
"34. The Chamber composed of Judges Muthoga, presiding, Park and Fremr began hearing evidence in the case against Ildéphonse Nizeyimana, former second-in-command in charge of intelligence and military operations at the École des sous-officiers during 1994. The Prosecution case commenced on 17 January and closed on 25 February 2011. The Defence case commenced on 9 May 2011 and closed on 13 June 2011. The Prosecution will present its rebuttal case on or about 7‑8 September 2011. During the reporting period, the Chamber heard the evidence of 76 witnesses and rendered 74 decisions. Judgement delivery is anticipated in the first quarter of 2012.",
"Pre-trial matters",
"35. During the reporting period, the Pre-Trial Chamber, composed of Judges Byron, presiding, Kam and Joensen, began its work in the case against Jean Uwinkindi, and rendered five decisions.",
"36. Bernard Munyagishari was arrested in the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 25 May 2011 and transferred to Arusha on 14 June 2011. Munyagishari made his initial appearance before Judge Byron on 20 June 2011, where he pleaded not guilty to the five counts against him.",
"Referral applications and preservation of evidence hearings",
"37. A Chamber, composed of Judges Arrey, presiding, Short and Fremr, rendered its decision on 29 June 2011, referring the case against Jean Uwinkindi to the courts of Rwanda. Another Chamber, composed of Judges Joensen (presiding), Kam and Rajohnson, deferred hearing the referral applications of fugitives Charles Sikubwabo and Fulgence Kayishema until the accused are arrested or until a final decision is rendered in the Uwinkindi case.",
"38. Preservation of evidence hearings pursuant to rule 71 bis began in the case of The Prosecutor v. Félicien Kabuga and are being heard by Judge Joensen. Hearings for two other high-level fugitives are planned to commence before the end of 2011.",
"(d) Appeals Chamber",
"39. During the reporting period, the Appeals Chamber was seized of appeals from 12 judgements concerning 17 persons, 10 interlocutory appeals, and 10 motions for review or reconsideration. The Appeals Chamber rendered 4 judgements, 9 interlocutory appeal decisions, 7 decisions related to review or reconsideration, and 131 pre-appeal orders and decisions.",
"Appeal Judgements: Rukundo, Kalimanzira, Renzaho and Muvunyi",
"40. Trial Chamber II convicted Emmanuel Rukundo, a military chaplain, of genocide and of murder and extermination as crimes against humanity on 27 February 2009 and sentenced him to 25 years’ imprisonment. The Appeals Chamber heard the parties’ appeals on 15 June 2010. In its Judgement of 20 October 2010, the Appeals Chamber affirmed Rukundo’s convictions for genocide and for murder and extermination as crimes against humanity but did so on the basis of his responsibility for aiding and abetting those crimes rather than committing them, as the Trial Chamber had found. In addition, the Appeals Chamber reversed Rukundo’s conviction for genocide in relation to causing serious mental harm. The Appeals Chamber reduced Rukundo’s sentence to 23 years’ imprisonment.",
"41. Callixte Kalimanzira, a former senior official of the Ministry of Interior, was convicted on 22 June 2009 by Trial Chamber III of genocide and direct and public incitement to commit genocide. The Appeals Chamber heard the parties’ appeals on 14 June 2010 and, on 20 October 2010, it affirmed Kalimanzira’s conviction for aiding and abetting genocide. However, the Appeals Chamber reversed Kalimanzira’s remaining convictions and, accordingly, reduced his sentence from 30 to 25 years’ imprisonment.",
"42. On 14 July 2009, Trial Chamber I convicted Tharcisse Renzaho, the former Prefect of Kigali-ville préfecture, of genocide, and murder and rape as crimes against humanity and serious violations of article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II thereto. The Trial Chamber sentenced Renzaho to imprisonment for the remainder of his life. The Appeals Chamber heard Renzaho’s appeal on 16 June 2010. On 1 April 2011, the Appeals Chamber reversed some of Renzaho’s convictions while affirming convictions for genocide and murder as a crime against humanity and a serious violation of article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II thereto. The Appeals Chamber also affirmed Renzaho’s sentence.",
"43. Following a retrial, on 11 February 2010, Trial Chamber III convicted Tharcisse Muvunyi, a former Lieutenant Colonel in the Rwandan Army, of direct and public incitement to commit genocide and sentenced him to 15 years’ imprisonment. The Appeals Chamber heard the parties’ appeals on 21 October 2010 and, in its Judgement of 1 April 2011, affirmed the conviction and the sentence.",
"Further appeals from Judgement",
"44. Théoneste Bagosora, Aloys Ntabakuze and Anatole Nsengiyumva appealed against their Trial Judgement. The Appeals Chamber heard Bagosora’s and Nsengiyumva’s appeals from 30 March through 1 April 2011. Owing to unavailability of Ntabakuze’s counsel for the scheduled hearing of his appeal, the Appeals Chamber severed his case and decided to hear his appeal later. Deliberations are now in progress in the Bagosora and Nsengiyumva case. The Appeals Chamber is also deliberating on the parties’ appeals in the Setako and Munyakazi cases, which it heard in March 2011. The Appeals Chamber is also seized of appeals in the Ntawukulilyayo, Kanyarukiga, Hategekimana and Gatete cases, which are being prepared for hearings, and of the Ndindiliyimana et al. case, in which the briefing of the appeals has not yet begun.",
"D. Activities of the Office of the Prosecutor",
"45. The Office of the Prosecutor has continued to focus its efforts on the completion of the ongoing trials, the commencement of one new trial and the preparation of another from the two recently arrested fugitives, the transfer of cases of fugitives to national jurisdictions under rule 11 bis and the implementation of rule 71 bis evidence preservation proceedings in respect of three top-level fugitives: Félicien Kabuga, Protais Mpiranya and Augustin Bizimana. Furthermore, the Office continues with the intensification of tracking efforts to arrest the remaining fugitives, the conduct of final as well as interlocutory appeals, the management of archives and records to be transferred to the Residual Mechanism and the provision of assistance to national prosecuting authorities in respect of cases being investigated or prosecuted by them.",
"46. Rigorous tracking efforts led to the arrest of the fugitive Bernard Munyagishari on 25 May 2011 by the Democratic Republic of the Congo in cooperation with officers from the tracking team of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Efforts continue for the arrest of the remaining nine fugitives, and especially of the three top-level fugitives earmarked for trial at the Tribunal. The Prosecutor is confident that the continued cooperation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo will facilitate the arrest of those fugitives, the majority of whom are believed to be in that territory.",
"47. In conjunction with his efforts to strengthen international cooperation between Member States in the region and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Prosecutor held constructive consultations with the Executive Secretary of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region. However, while the work of the joint International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda-Kenya Police Task Force has been reactivated since November 2010, progress on the Félicien Kabuga file remains slow. The Prosecutor continues to urge the Government of Kenya to expedite work on the tracking and arrest of this top-level fugitive. A concerted effort by States members of the Great Lakes Region in collaboration with the Tribunal promises to bring to account the remaining fugitives.",
"48. In the framework of implementing the referral strategy of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Prosecutor visited a number of European States in April 2011 and held discussions with senior officials to encourage their Governments to consider accepting cases for trial from the Tribunal. A positive response will greatly assist the Tribunal to realize its objective for the expeditious completion of its mandate. Meanwhile, much effort has been invested in the three applications filed in November 2010, seeking the referral to Rwanda of the cases of the arrestee Uwinkindi and the fugitives Sikubwabo and Kayishema. The Prosecutor also continued to provide assistance to Rwanda in its efforts to try 25 other suspects who were investigated but not indicted by the Tribunal, and their files were handed over to Rwanda in 2010.",
"49. Pursuant to Security Council resolution 1966 (2010), establishing the Arusha Branch of the Residual Mechanism on 1 July 2012, the Office of the Prosecutor has focused on the preparations for a smooth transition to an efficient and effective mechanism. In addition to system-wide coordination within and between the Tribunals, the Offices of the Prosecutors of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda have also set up an intra-Office of the Prosecutor coordination team that has agreed on the structure and staffing of the common Office of the Prosecutor in line with the objectives of the resolution for a lean and effective mechanism.",
"50. During the reporting period, there has been a positive signal for international cooperation against impunity and for accountability at the highest levels. Several Member States have continued to enhance their efforts to bring to trial, within their national jurisdictions, the Rwandan suspects appearing on the INTERPOL wanted list. For the effective prosecution of those suspects, the Office of the Prosecutor continues to provide mutual legal assistance and information to national prosecuting authorities. As a result, requests to the Prosecutor for information from the Office’s extensive database have increased substantially over the reporting period.",
"E. Activities of the Registry",
"1. Office of the Registrar",
"51. The Office of the Registrar continued to act as the channel of communication between the organs of the Tribunal as well as its diplomatic arm. As such, the Office of the Registrar maintained high-level diplomatic contacts with Member States, international organizations and non-governmental organizations. During the reporting period, the Office of the Registrar transmitted more than 540 notes verbales and other correspondence related to the operations of the Tribunal, in particular, to secure support and cooperation from Member States with respect to ongoing trials. The Registry dealt with an increased number of inquiries and requests for legal assistance from national jurisdictions.",
"52. Rwanda continued to cooperate with the Tribunal by facilitating the flow of witnesses from Kigali to Arusha and by providing relevant documents for use in trial proceedings.",
"53. An agreement with respect to enforcement of sentences was signed with the Republic of Senegal on 22 November 2010. On 18 July 2010, the Tribunal transferred one convicted person to a Member State to serve the remainder of his sentence. The Registry is taking the necessary measures to implement four decisions rendered by the President ordering transfer of convicted persons to another Member State in May 2011. Two additional decisions are expected shortly. The relocation of convicted persons who have served their sentence remains an issue of concern calling for a sustainable solution which requires the increased cooperation of Member States.",
"54. Similarly, the issue of the relocation of persons acquitted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda continues to be a matter of grave concern for the Tribunal. To date, three acquitted persons remain in Arusha, under the protection of the Tribunal, without proper immigration status as they await relocation to a safe country. The challenge to their relocation is the unfortunate result of the absence of a formal mechanism to secure the support of Member States to accept these persons within their territories. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda considers the resettlement of persons acquitted by an international tribunal to be a fundamental expression of the rule of law and is seriously concerned about the consequences of failing to fulfil this obligation. This view was shared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in a UNHCR-ICTR expert meeting organized in Arusha in April 2011. One of the conclusions of the joint expert meeting recognized that the Security Council is where the plight of the acquitted persons belongs, and that the Tribunal has no other choice but to call upon the assistance of the Council to find a sustainable solution to this issue.",
"55. The External Relations and Strategic Planning Section was successful in raising voluntary contributions to the Trust Fund, enabling the Tribunal to carry on its capacity-building and outreach activities. These activities form an important part of the Tribunal’s mandate and legacy and are a vital tool for bridging the information gap between the Tribunal and the people of Rwanda at the grass-roots level.",
"56. The Tribunal welcomed a total number of 3,073 visitors, including high-level United Nations and government officials, academics, civil society, non‑governmental organizations and the general public. During the current downsizing phase, the Tribunal has attracted a higher number of visitors.",
"57. The Information and Documentation Centre in Kigali (Umusanzu) and 10 additional provincial information centres located across Rwanda continue to play a key role in information dissemination, improved communication and access to the jurisprudence of the Tribunal and other legal materials. The centres are visited daily by members of the Rwandan judiciary, students, researchers and the public, who are provided with informative materials and have access to briefings, training, library services, video screenings and the Internet. During the reporting period, the Information Centre in Kigali received approximately 36,000 visitors, while the provincial information centres received approximately 18,000 visitors.",
"58. During the reporting period, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda engaged in several outreach activities. One of the flagship outreach projects relates to youth sensitization and genocide prevention education in the Great Lakes Region, through an essay and drawings competition for East African students, sponsored by the Federal Republic of Germany. The students were asked to address questions of international justice, the fight against impunity, and the contribution of the Tribunal to national reconciliation. The winners were announced in October 2010. The youth sensitization project also involves the publishing of a cartoon book on the work of the Tribunal. The cartoon book is expected to be finalized shortly before the end of 2011. The Tribunal launched the 2011 Official Awareness Raising Programme in Huye District, Southern Region of Rwanda, on 28 and 29 April 2011. The programme included the display of the Genocide Exhibition Panels and posters of the winning essays and drawings.",
"59. Additionally, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, in collaboration with the National Commission for the Fight against Genocide and the Kigali Memorial Centre, conducted an exhibition in commemoration of the seventeenth anniversary of the Rwandan genocide from 4 to 15 April 2011. From May to July 2011, with funds from the Department of Public Information in New York, Awareness Raising Programmes for Lessons Learned from the Genocide of 1994 were successfully conducted in six major prisons throughout Rwanda. Approximately 29,799 prison inmates and officials attended. The Tribunal has continued to undertake capacity-building activities for about 700 legal professionals in Rwanda, with the aim of further strengthening the Rwandan justice sector in areas such as investigation, witness protection, evidence and information management, and oral and written advocacy skills. Those activities were mostly organized to equip the Rwandan judiciary with the necessary tools for successfully taking up cases that may be referred from the Tribunal. Some examples of the many initiatives that the Tribunal conducted are online legal research training for law students, and two similar trainings for members of the Rwandan judiciary at the Institute for Legal Practice and Development and the Huye Intermediate Court. The Tribunal conducted a training-of-trainers session in Rwanda with respect to increasing library collections through online resources. In May 2011, the fourth Training Workshop and Moot Competition for members of the Kigali Bar Association was conducted.",
"60. To sum up, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda has actively continued to organize training and workshops aimed at strengthening the capacity of the Rwandan judiciary and raising awareness of the work of the Tribunal among the Rwandan public. Additional capacity-building and outreach programmes have been planned for this reporting period and could be implemented subject to availability of funds, which are extrabudgetary, for various communes in Rwanda for approximately 5,000 participants, as well as for over 28,000 students and teachers from Rwandan schools.",
"61. Through its Communication Cluster, the External Relations and Strategic Planning Section has ensured the wide dissemination of information about the Tribunal’s activities by press meetings, newsletters and press releases, as well as the website, films and information brochures, in English, French and Kinyarwanda. The unit also processed numerous local and international media inquiries and broadcast trial proceedings via satellite. It launched exhibitions on the work of the Tribunal in East Africa, the Gambia and Senegal and organized film screenings, talks and discussions in several African capitals as well as throughout Rwanda. An open line of communication is maintained with universities and other educational institutions in the region.",
"62. During the reporting period, the Gender Focal Point prepared proposals for soliciting funds to replenish the depleted Trust Fund for the Support Programme for Witnesses. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda set up a clinic for witnesses thanks to voluntary contributions from Member States for ensuring the provision of physical and psychological care to witnesses residing in Rwanda, in particular those living with HIV/AIDS as a result of sexual violence suffered during the genocide. The campaign received a contribution from the Government of Spain during the reporting period. Regrettably, the funds have been depleted and without any immediate injection of resources, the clinic will be forced to halt the provision of its services and life-saving treatment. In addition, witnesses residing in Rwanda continued to benefit from the gender-sensitive counselling provided by the nurse psychologists resident at the Tribunal’s clinic in Rwanda.",
"63. The Internship Programme welcomed 197 interns to the Tribunal during this reporting period; 165 were assigned to either Chambers or the Office of the Prosecutor. In addition, the Pro bono Legal Researchers Programme was able to utilize the services of four qualified lawyers in Chambers and the Office of the Prosecutor. Furthermore, 15 Legal Researchers from 12 African countries benefited from the funding made available from the European Union, and were able to assist in the work of the Tribunal. However, as donors have stopped funding this programme, no further Legal Researchers will be made available to assist the Tribunal. These programmes have assisted the implementation of the Completion Strategy, especially following the abolition of regular posts Tribunal-wide.",
"64. The Legal Services and Internship Programme Unit also continued to play an important legal advisory role for issues pertaining to the proper implementation and interpretation of United Nations administrative rules, and for cases relating to the immunities and privileges of staff regarding civil and criminal cases, in addition to interpreting and reviewing agreements. During the reporting period, the Unit mediated and settled 21 cases between staff members and local law enforcement offices, as well as domestic employees.",
"2. Judicial and Legal Services Division",
"65. The Court Management Section provided support services to the judicial processes of the Tribunal, including provision of real-time transcripts of proceedings, support for site visits to Rwanda, certification of witness statements, depositions and video-link hearings from various countries. As part of its role in the capacity-building and outreach activities of the Tribunal, the Section continued to conduct training sessions for representatives of various African countries, including demonstrations on the Tribunal’s system for the instantaneous production of transcripts. It also conducted specialized training sessions aimed at strengthening the institutional capacity of the judicial sector in Rwanda. As a major component of the Tribunal’s preparations for the transition to the Residual Mechanism, the Court Management Section contributed to drafting the policies and guidelines for the records and archives to be transferred and managed by the Residual Mechanism. It also continued its work on the redaction and digitization of the collection of audio-visual recordings of the Tribunal’s proceedings.",
"66. The Defence Counsel and Detention Management Section continued to provide essential and improved support services to the Registry, Chambers and the Prosecutor. The Section improved the supporting services to detainees, prisoners and their Counsel to guarantee the detainees’ and prisoners’ right to legal representation. The legal aid programme proved efficient, effective and economical. During the period under review, the electronic billing system was tested and proved feasible.",
"67. During the reporting period, judgements for 18 accused were rendered by the Trial and Appeals Chambers of the Tribunal. Among them, one detainee was sentenced to time served and was released forthwith. Over the same period, the United Nations Detention Facility accommodated 19 detained witnesses from Rwanda and one prisoner witness from Mali who were called to testify in various trials.",
"68. On 18 July 2010, one prisoner was transferred to a Member State to serve his sentence. On 1 July 2010, one detainee died at an Arusha hospital following a long illness. One detainee who was arrested in the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 25 May 2011 was transferred and admitted to the United Nations Detention Facility on 14 June 2011.",
"69. As of 30 June 2011, the population of inmates at the United Nations Detention Facility was a total of 36 detained persons (12 detainees and 24 convicted persons).",
"70. The International Committee of the Red Cross visited the United Nations Detention Facility on 15 June 2011 and interviewed detainees. The Committee commended the Facility’s management for the accomplishment of its goals, particularly the good condition of the detention.",
"71. During the reporting period, the Witness and Victims Support Section ensured the timely availability of 216 witnesses brought from 21 countries. Threat assessments were conducted for some witnesses. In accordance with protective measures ordered by the Chambers, transcripts were redacted to expunge identifying information concerning witnesses or their family members, prior to the transcripts being made public. The Section has intensified its post-trial monitoring activities in the countries of residence of witnesses who appeared before the Tribunal. Several witnesses residing in Rwanda received assistance aimed at improving their medical and psychological rehabilitation. The Section enjoyed the cooperation of several Member States, which issued temporary travel documents enabling witnesses to travel to and from Arusha, and of offices of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in a number of African countries, which assisted in facilitating the movement and protection of witnesses. Some Member States also provided assistance in escorting witnesses. The Section conducted two trainings on witness protection for Rwandan judiciary and Tanzanian law enforcement and judicial officers.",
"72. The Language Services Section provided interpretation, translation and reproduction services to the Chambers, the parties and the Registry. During the reporting period, seven trial judgements and four appeals judgements, a significant number of decisions as well as of other documents such as pre-trial and closings briefs, and motions were translated. The roster of translators, interpreters and proofreaders established with a view to pre-empting any potential disruption of trials was kept in place and was used on one occasion to bring two Kinyarwanda interpreter-translators on board. In addition, documents for translation were outsourced, and freelance revisers were recruited to alleviate the heavy workload of the Section.",
"73. The Legal Library and Reference Section continues to play a crucial role in delivering legal materials needed to support the judicial process. In addition, the Legal Library released the new versions of the full-text searchable “ICTR basic documents and case law”, covering the period 1995-2010 for the DVD and the year 2010 for the CD-ROM.",
"3. Division of Administrative Support Services",
"74. The process of downsizing continued to pose major challenges to the operations of the entire Tribunal. The Division of Administrative Support Services continued to respond to those challenges in a proactive and flexible manner.",
"75. The staff members of the Tribunal come from 72 countries and, as of 29 June 2011, the Tribunal had 666 staff members against an authorized complement of 827 posts, with 161 vacant posts, a 19 per cent vacancy rate. Based on the current attrition rate trend as staff members continue to look for more stable jobs elsewhere, it is anticipated that the vacancy rate will be above 20 per cent by the end of 2011. The gender ratio of staff at the Professional level and above is 64 per cent male and 36 per cent female.",
"76. During the downsizing phase, attracting and retaining competent staff continues to pose a major challenge. The short duration of contracts issued to staff members has contributed to increased uncertainty and has continued to have a negative impact on productivity. The Division put in place measures aimed at retaining staff and is closely working with the Office of Human Resources Management on the modality of issuing contracts in line with the judicial calendar as a way of issuing contracts of longer durations to those whose services will still be required. In parallel, the consultative staff retention exercise continues to be conducted in order to determine the number and composition of staff to be retained until the completion of the Tribunal’s work. It should be noted that the current limitation of duration of temporary appointments has the potential of impacting negatively on the Completion Strategy. The Tribunal’s Management is consulting with the Office of Human Resources Management with the aim of instituting flexibility measures to address this concern.",
"77. The Career Resource Centre has been organizing career development workshops and training to support staff in their professional aspirations. The Human Resources Planning Section continues to actively assist staff who are leaving the Tribunal. In May 2011, a series of presentations and individual consultations were organized in collaboration with the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund to inform staff about their pension entitlements. The Section also organized another Job Fair in June 2011, and has once again issued an online compendium of skills (e‑fact sheets) in an attempt to support all categories of staff in securing employment beyond their assignment with the Tribunal. The Section also continues to provide advice to staff members and judges on their final entitlements and on the implications of the new contractual arrangements and Staff Rules.",
"78. The Security and Safety Section continued to update and test its contingency plans in order to ensure the safety and security of the Tribunal’s staff, premises, assets and operations through dedicated interaction with the host country’s security services and with the Office of the Security Advisor of the United Republic of Tanzania. During the reporting period, no major incidents occurred. The United Nations security guidelines were fully implemented and safety and security information was shared with the staff regularly and in a timely manner.",
"79. The Information Technology Services Section continued to provide vital support to the Tribunal. The Electronic Data Processing Unit maintains the information and technology infrastructure of the Tribunal, supporting and meeting the computing needs of the various business units. During the reporting period, a number of business process systems were brought online that added efficiency and timelines to standard administrative procedures within the Division of Administrative Support Services. Infrastructure upgrades were made to the network and data centre to replace obsolete equipment and add capacity to support the critical audio-visual digitization and other legacy projects. The Audio-visual Unit provides video coverage of all court proceedings and videoconferencing services for remote witness testimonies and meetings. The Telecommunications Unit supports the operation and maintenance of the telephone network, two satellite earth stations, rural telephone links and two-way radio networks and the telephone billing and switchboard operator services.",
"80. The Health Services Unit provided curative, preventive and trauma counselling support and performed medico-administrative duties for judges and staff members and their dependants, as well as for detainees, witnesses and victims. The Unit monitored clients’ health through four sub-units: two in Kigali and two in Arusha. In Kigali, witnesses received a full medical check-up and medical care before transfer to Arusha for testimony. In Arusha, the United Nations Detention Facility sub-unit cared for detainees, prisoners and prisoner-witnesses. At the headquarters clinic, clients received medicines, laboratory services and immunization free of charge.",
"81. The Counselling and Welfare Unit addressed psychosocial issues of staff members and recognized family members, and implemented welfare activities for the wellness of all staff. The Unit also continued to provide trauma counselling to witnesses and professional psychological support to staff and their families. The services of the Staff Counsellor were available on a 24-hour basis.",
"82. In the area of resources management, the Budget Unit continued to provide expertise on proper planning, control and monitoring of the utilization of available resources. The Finance Section continued to provide timely and reliable services to staff members and clients of the Tribunal.",
"83. The General Services Section and the Procurement Section provided vital support to the Tribunal. The Building Management Services, in line with the Completion Strategy, started to relocate surplus accommodation containers from Kigali to Arusha for use as offices, thus allowing for the return of some regular rental space to the landlord. The Asset Management Services improved the reception and inspection of goods purchased by the Tribunal. Efforts were made to introduce the Galileo Inventory Management System. The Unit has also accelerated the process for the disposal of old and obsolete property. The recently acquired warehouse facilities in the context of the scaling down of the Tribunal operations is serving as a central point for commercial disposal of written-off assets. In order to monitor and control the use of the official vehicles, the Transport Services Unit has fitted almost all of the Tribunal’s vehicles with Global Positioning System tracking. These devices offer real-time information on fuel utilization, the actual location of a vehicle, and the speed at which it is driven. This not only enhanced discipline on the roads but also made possible the quick recovery of a stolen official vehicle. The Central Registry/Mail/Pouch and Archives Services continued to provide services to the entire house. The Central Archives Facility continued archiving records generated by sections/units of the Division and scanning and entering metadata into the Tower Records Information Management database. A functional archiving structure was established for Kigali records of the Division of Administrative Support Services. The Procurement Section continued to ensure that the goods and services required by the Tribunal to undertake its activities effectively were provided on time and within budget. It also worked closely with units such as Transport to identify possible outsourcing of services such as repair and maintenance of vehicles. The Section also handled successfully the commercial disposal of some of the Tribunal’s furniture, vehicles and equipment.",
"III. Conclusion and recommendations",
"84. The Tribunal made significant progress during the past year towards achieving the goals of the Completion Strategy despite a very heavy workload: six trial judgements representing 14 accused were delivered. At the trial level, the delivery of judgements in all remaining cases, except for two, is expected before the end of 2011.",
"85. State cooperation remains the cornerstone of the Tribunal’s ability to complete its mandate, and the Tribunal appreciates the continued trust and support of Member States.",
"86. With the close cooperation of Member States, one fugitive was arrested in the region during the reporting period. Additional efforts will have to be made, however, both by the Tribunal and by Member States, to ensure the arrest of the remaining nine fugitives, in particular the three high-ranking accused earmarked for trial before the Tribunal who have evaded justice for over 17 years.",
"87. The Tribunal reiterates its call for urgent action to help to find host countries for the three acquitted persons who remain in a safe house in Arusha under the Tribunal’s protection. For one of those individuals, it has been over four years since the confirmation of his acquittal by the Appeals Chamber. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda considers the resettlement of persons acquitted by an international criminal tribunal to be a fundamental expression of the rule of law and is concerned about the consequences of failing to fulfil this obligation.",
"88. Finally, maintaining an adequate level of experienced staff remains the key challenge for the Tribunal as an organization approaching the end of its mandate. The Tribunal appreciates all the support given by Member States to efforts to address this pressing situation.",
"89. The Tribunal has been engaged in work directly related to the Rwandan genocide for more than 17 years. The genocide has greatly affected everyone at the Tribunal, and seeking justice for the victims continues to drive our commitment to the goal of ensuring that never again will such atrocities occur. We call for the support of the international community to provide us with the necessary resources to accomplish our mandate, and we hope that our work will lead the way in the continued fight against impunity."
] | A_66_209 | [
"General Assembly Security Council",
"Sixty-sixth session Sixty-sixth year",
"* A/66/150.",
"Item 73 of the provisional agenda*",
"Report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994",
"Report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda",
"Note by the Secretary-General",
"The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly and the members of the Security Council the sixteenth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, submitted by the President of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in accordance with article 32 of its Statute (see Security Council resolution 955 (1994), annex), which provides as follows:",
"The President of the International Tribunal for Rwanda will submit an annual report of the Tribunal to the Security Council and the General Assembly.",
"Letter of transmittal",
"28 July 2011",
"I have the honour to transmit the sixteenth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994, dated 30 July 2010, which is submitted to the General Assembly and the Security Council in accordance with article 32 of the International Tribunal.",
"(Signed) Khalida Rachid Khan President",
"President of the United Nations General Assembly New York",
"President of the United Nations Security Council New York",
"Sixteenth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994",
"Summary The present annual report reflects the activities of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda during the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011. During the past year, the Tribunal continued its efforts to conclude the work still pending in first instance and appeal. Despite serious difficulties, particularly in relation to staff retention and recruitment, the Tribunal made significant progress, and rendered seven first-in substance judgements during the reporting period. Six first-instance judgements remain in cases where there are several accused. Work in the first instance is expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2012. The Appeals Chamber rendered four judgements in cases against a single accused, bringing the total number of persons in respect of which appeal judgements were rendered to 35. Appeals work is expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2014. During the reporting period, the Prosecutor ' s Office managed to stop a fugitive by close cooperation with the Member States of the region, resulting in the number of fugitives falling to nine. In addition, the Office focused on supporting national authorities for the prosecution of crimes related to the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Rwandan authorities were also provided with continued support to assist them in meeting the conditions for the referral of cases from the Tribunal. The Secretariat continued to provide significant administrative and judicial support to the Tribunal. It ensured the cooperation and consistency provided by Member States to the Tribunal and continued to strengthen its outreach and capacity-building activities in Rwanda. Judicial proceedings continued to benefit from the different units and sections of the Judicial and Legal Services Division. The Administrative Support Services Division continued its work to ensure effective management of the Tribunal ' s reduction process. All organs of the Tribunal are making every effort to ensure that the work of the Tribunal is completed promptly and to prepare an unhindered transfer to the residual mechanism. These efforts require the essential cooperation and support of StatesMembers: nine fugitives still need to be stopped, countries need to be searched to relocate the three acquitted persons and the Tribunal needs to be provided with sufficient resources to enable it to complete its tasks in accordance with the planned schedule. The Tribunal trusts in the continued support of Member States in achieving their objectives.",
"Contents",
"Page I. Introduction 6II.Activities 6 of Tribunal A.Activities 6 of President B.Activities 7 of the coordinating mechanisms C.Activities 8 of Chambers D.Activities 13 of the Office of the Prosecutor E.Activities 15 of Secretariat III.Conclusions 22 and recommendations",
"I. Introduction",
"1. The sixteenth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994 (the “Tribunal”) provides a report on the activities of the Tribunal for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011.",
"2. The Tribunal, through the Presidency, the Chambers, the Office of the Prosecutor and the Secretariat, continued its efforts to achieve the objectives of its completion strategy, which was endorsed by the Security Council in its resolution 1503 (2003), with intensive first-instance and appeal activities and a constant drafting of judgements.",
"II. Activities of the Tribunal",
"3. The Tribunal consists of two Trial Chambers, one Appeals Chamber, the Office of the Prosecutor and the Secretariat. On 27 May 2011, Judge Khalida Rachid Khan (Pakistan) was elected President and Judge Dennis Byron (Saint Kitts and Nevis) was elected Vice-President.",
"A. Activities of the President",
"1. Judicial activity",
"4. During the reporting period, the President took decisions on the transfer of five convicts to Member States for the purpose of serving their sentence. Such transfers are expected to take place shortly. In addition, the President issued orders on various other matters, including those relating to State cooperation and the conditions of detention.",
"2. Completion strategy",
"5. In close cooperation with the Prosecutor and the Registrar, the President continued his efforts to give effect to the completion strategy. On 6 December 2010 and 6 June 2011, the President submitted to the Security Council the semi-annual reports on the completion strategy. During the reporting period, the Tribunal rendered six trial judgements and four appeal judgements, in cases involving a total of 18 accused. No trial judgement has yet been rendered in six cases. The trial stage has been completed in all trials minus two and it is expected that in the current year judgements will be issued in all cases minus two. In these two cases, the judgement is expected to be delivered in the first quarter of 2012.",
"6. The challenges of staff retention remain a major obstacle to the timely achievement of the goals of the completion strategy. Between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2011, a total of 152 staff members left the Tribunal for more stable jobs in the United Nations or other organizations: 18 staff members were no longer employed in the Chambers, 14 in the Office of the Prosecutor, and the remaining in the Administration and other sections of the Secretariat. Replacement of staff leaving work is a long process that, even at best, leads to delays and cannot compensate for the continued loss of institutional memory. In addition, many staff have temporary contracts, which will have to be exceptionally extended beyond the 729-day limit. In its resolution 1955 (2010), the Security Council called upon the Secretariat and other relevant United Nations bodies to continue to work with the Registrar of the Tribunal to find viable solutions to the staffing situation.",
"7. In its resolution 1966 (2010), in which the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (“the residual mechanism”) was established, the Security Council requested the Secretary-General to make practical arrangements for the commencement of the operation of the Mechanism. Under the leadership of the Office of Legal Affairs, the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda have been working together since February 2011 to fulfil that mandate. The initial priority was to develop a proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013 and a draft rules of procedure and evidence. Both projects were submitted to the Office of Legal Affairs in July 2011. The following phases will focus on harmonizing the policies, procedures and operations of the two courts to ensure that the Mechanism can begin its work on 1 July 2012.",
"3. Diplomatic relations and other representation activities",
"8. The President regularly contacted United Nations Headquarters and the diplomatic corps, both in the host country and at United Nations Headquarters and in other countries. The United Nations Secretariat and, in particular, the Office of Legal Affairs provided important legal advice and diplomatic support to ensure smooth cooperation between the Tribunal, the Security Council and the General Assembly.",
"9. On the occasion of their briefings to the Security Council, the President and the Prosecutor of the Tribunal participated in meetings of the informal working group on the international tribunals of the Security Council. This allowed for broad and open discussions with the legal advisers of the members of the Security Council on all relevant issues.",
"A. Activities of coordination mechanisms",
"1. Coordinating Council",
"10. The Coordinating Council, composed of the President, the Prosecutor and the Registrar, met regularly to discuss issues affecting the entire Tribunal, such as the completion strategy, staffing and budgetary matters.",
"4. Bureau",
"11. The Bureau, composed of the President, the Vice-President and the Presidents of the three Trial Chambers, received consultations of the President at regular meetings and correspondence on matters related to the functioning of the Tribunal.",
"5. Plenary meetings",
"12. During the period under review, the judges of the Tribunal met in plenary on 1 April 2011 to discuss various issues. The plenary approved a change in rule 11 bis, allowing a Chamber, acting on its own motion, to monitor and revoke a case that has been referred to a national jurisdiction.",
"6. Rules of procedure",
"13. The Rules of Procedure Committee submits or reviews draft amendments to the Rules of Procedure and Evidence. It is currently composed of Judges Joensen (President), Tuzmukhamedov and Park and is assisted by Legal Officers in the Chambers. With regard to matters related to the general development of trials, the Committee met in its expanded form, with the support of representatives of the Office of the Prosecutor and the defence lawyers. The Committee met periodically to review the amendment to rule 11 bis and worked, in close cooperation with the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, providing comments on the draft rules of procedure and evidence of the residual mechanism to the Office of Legal Affairs.",
"A. Activities of the Chambers",
"1. Composition of the Chambers",
"14. The Chambers - two Trial Chambers and one Appeals Chamber - are currently composed of 12 permanent judges and 10 ad litem judges.",
"15. Five of the permanent judges and all ad litem judges are part of the two Trial Chambers. A permanent judge, the judge. Asoka de Silva (Sri Lanka) and two ad litem judges, Judges Joseph Masanche (United Republic of Tanzania) and Taghrid Hikmet (Jordan), left the Tribunal once their final cases were completed. Judge Robert Fremr (Czech Republic), ad litem judge, returned to the Tribunal in September 2010.",
"16. The Appeals Chamber consists of seven permanent judges. Two of them, Mehmet Güney (Turkey) and Andrésia Vaz (Senegal), come from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda; the other five judges come from the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.",
"17. Judges Khalida Rachid Khan (Pakistan), Dennis Byron (Saint Kitts and Nevis), William H. Sekule (United Republic of Tanzania), Arlette Ramaroson (Madagascar) and Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov (Russian Federation), as permanent judges, and Solomy Balungi Bossa (Uganda), Lee Gacu",
"18. The Appeals Chamber consists of Judges Patrick Robinson (Jamaica), as President, Mehmet Güney (Turkey), Fausto Pocar (Italy), Liu Daqun (China), Andrésia Vaz (Senegal), Theodor Meron (United States) and Carmel Agius (Malta).",
"19. The Tribunal takes note of General Assembly resolution 65/258 (2011) revising the conditions of service and remuneration of ad litem judges serving in the ad hoc tribunals and granting a single ex gratia payment to ad litem judges serving for an uninterrupted period of more than three years, and thanks the General Assembly for its efforts in this regard.",
"7. Main activities of the Trial Chambers and the Appeals Chamber",
"(a) Trial Chamber I",
"20. This Trial Chamber has completed its work.",
"(b) Trial Chamber II",
"21. During the reporting period, Trial Chamber II delivered judgement in four cases, and continued to draft judgements in two cases with five accused. A single-accused trial is under way.",
"Judgment in Nyiramasuhuko and others (“Butare”)",
"22. On 24 June 2011, the Chamber, composed of Judges Sekule (judged President), Ramaroson and Bossa, rendered a judgement in the Butare case. In the trial there were six accused: Pauline Nyiramasuhuko (former Minister of Family and Women ' s Development); Arsène Shalom Ntahobali (supposed leader of an Interahamwe group in Butare in April 1994); Sylvain Nsabimana (Butarey prefect from 19 April to 17 June 1994); Alphonse Nteziryayo The Chamber found the six accused guilty of various crimes, including genocide and crimes against humanity, and sentenced Nyiramasuhuko, Ntahobali, and Ndayambaje to life imprisonment, Nsabimana to 25 years in prison, Kanyabashi to 35 years in prison and Nteziryayo to 30 years in prison. During the trial, the Chamber received statements from 189 witnesses for 714 days of hearings.",
"Judgement in the Ndindiliyimana and others (“Militar II”)",
"23. On 17 May 2011, a Chamber composed of the judges of Silva (judged President), Hikmet and Park delivered a judgement in Military II. The case concerned four defendants, François-Xavier Nzuwonemeye (former commander of the Recognition Battalion of the Rwandan Army); Augustin Bizimungu (former head of the Rwandan Army); Augustin Ndindiliyimana (former head of state of the National Gendarmerie), and Innocent Sagahutu (former commander of Squad A, Army Recognition Battalion). Ndindiliyimana was sentenced to prison for the time of detention already completed and his immediate release was issued. Bizimungu was sentenced to 30 years in prison and Nzuwonemeye and Sagahutu were sentenced to 20 years in prison each. The Chamber received statements from 217 witnesses for 393 days of hearings. The Chamber received the final arguments of the parties on 24, 25 and 26 June 2009.",
"Sentence in the Hategekimana Case",
"24. On 6 December 2010, a Chamber composed of Judges Ramaroson (judged President), Hikmet and Masanche delivered judgement in the case of the Prosecutor v. Ildephonse Hategekimana, former commander of the Ngoma Military Camp. Hategekimana was found guilty of genocide and murder and rape as crimes against humanity and was sentenced to life imprisonment. The accused was declared innocent of complicity in genocide. During 43 days of hearings, the Chamber received statements from 40 witnesses. The final arguments were presented on 26 April 2010.",
"Judgment in Kanyarukiga",
"25. On 1 November 2010, a Chamber composed of Judges Hikmet (judged President), Park and Masanche rendered judgement in the case of the Prosecutor v. Gaspard Kanyarukiga, an entrepreneur. Kanyarukiga was found guilty of genocide and extermination as a crime against humanity and was sentenced to 30 years in prison. The accused was acquitted of complicity in genocide. During the course of 28 days of hearings, the Chamber received statements from 34 witnesses. The final arguments were presented on 24 May 2010.",
"A case involving several defendants in judgement drafting stage: Bizimungu et al. (“Government II”)",
"26. The Government II case, considered by a Chamber composed of Judges Khan (judged President), Muthoga and Short, refers to four former Rwandan Ministers of the Interim Government of 9 April 1994 – Casimir Bizimungu, Justin Mugenzi, Prosper Mugiraneza and Jérôme-Clément Bicamumpaka. The trial was extended for 404 days of hearings, during which 171 witnesses were delivered and more than 8,000 pages of evidence were incorporated into the record. During the reporting period, the Chamber has participated in deliberations and judgement drafting and has rendered 6 decisions and decisions. The judgement is expected to be delivered on the second half of 2011.",
"Trial in the Ngirabatware case",
"27. A Chamber composed of Judges Sekule (judged President), Bossa and Rajohnson are considering the case of Augustin Ngirabatware (former Minister of Planning). It is expected that the Defence will conclude its argument at the end of 2011 and that the judgement will be delivered in the first quarter of 2012. During the reporting period, the Chamber received statements from 23 witnesses and rendered 43 decisions.",
"(c) Trial Chamber III",
"28. During the reporting period, Trial Chamber III delivered two judgements, completed the trial proceedings in a case involving several accused, commenced proceedings in two other cases, made preparations for the trial in two cases and commenced trial hearings.",
"Sentence in the Ntawukulilyayo Case",
"29. On 3 August 2010, a Chamber composed of Judges Khan (judged President), Muthoga and Akay delivered a ruling in the case of the former sub-prefect of Gisagara, Dominique Ntawukulilyayo. The Chamber found the accused guilty of genocide and sentenced him to 25 years ' imprisonment and acquitted him from direct and public incitement to commit genocide. The Trial Chamber received statements from 35 witnesses during 33 days of hearings. The final arguments were presented on 14 June 2010. During the course of the proceedings, the Chamber rendered 38 decisions.",
"Sentence in the Gatete Case",
"30. On 29 March 2011, a Chamber composed of Judges Khan (judged President), Muthoga and Akay delivered judgement in the Prosecutor v. Jean-Baptiste Gatete, director at the Ministry of Women and Family Affairs of Rwanda in 1994, and formerly a quartermaster of the Murambi commune. The Chamber sentenced Gatete to life imprisonment for genocide and extermination as a crime against humanity. The final arguments were presented on 8 November 2010. During the course of the trial, 49 witnesses were received for 30 days of hearings.",
"A cause pending final arguments: Karemera and others",
"31. In the Karemera et al. case, the Chamber, composed of Judges Byron, Kam and Joensen, continued to receive evidence concerning Édouard Karemera, former Minister of the Interior, and Matthieu Ngirumpatse, former President of the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND). The Chamber received the presentation of Matthieu Ngirumpatse ' s argument between 23 August 2010 and 18 February 2011. During the reporting period, the Chamber held 57 days of hearings, received statements from 39 witnesses and rendered 95 decisions. The final arguments will be received from 22 August 2011. The judgement is expected to be delivered in December 2011.",
"Three ongoing trials: Nzabonimana, Ndahimana and Nizeyimana",
"32. A Chamber composed of Judges Bossa (judged President), Tuzmukhamedov and Rajohnson, continued to receive evidence in the case against Callixte Nzabonimana, former Minister of Youth. During the reporting period, the Trial Chamber received statements from 19 witnesses and issued 41 written decisions. The judgement is expected to be delivered in December 2011.",
"33. Another Chamber, composed of Judges Arrey (judged President), Tuzmukhamedov and Akay, began to receive evidence in the case against Grégoire Ndahimana, a former bourgmaestre, on 6 September 2010. During the reporting period, the Trial Chamber received statements from 45 witnesses and rendered 14 written decisions. The judgement is expected to be delivered in November 2011.",
"34. A Chamber composed of Judges Muthoga (judged President), Park and Fremr began in 1994 to receive evidence in the case against Ildéphonse Nizeyimana, a former second commander in charge of military intelligence and operations at the Sub-office School. The Prosecution ' s argument began on 17 January and ended on 25 February 2011. The Defence argument began on 9 May 2011 and ended on 13 June 2011. The Prosecutor ' s Office will present its rebuttal argument on 7 or 8 September 2011, or approximately on those dates. During the reporting period, the Chamber received statements from 76 witnesses and rendered 74 decisions. The judgement is expected to be delivered in the first quarter of 2012.",
"Preliminary questions",
"35. During the reporting period, the Pre-Trial Chamber, composed of Judges Byron (judged President), Kam and Joensen, began its work on the case against Jean Uwinkindi, and rendered five decisions.",
"36. Bernard Munyagishari was arrested in the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 25 May 2011 and transferred to Arusha on 14 June 2011. Munyagishari made his initial appearance before Judge Byron on 20 June 2011, in which he pleaded innocent of the five charges against him.",
"Applications for remission and trial preservation hearings",
"37. A Chamber composed of Judges Arrey (judged President), Short and Fremr issued on 29 June 2011 a decision referring the case against Jean Uwinkindi to the Rwandan courts. Another Chamber, composed of Judges Joensen (judged President), Kam and Rajohnson, postponed consideration of applications for referral of fugitives Charles Sikubwabo and Fulgence Kayishema until the accused were arrested or until a final decision was made in the Uwinkindi case.",
"38. In the case of the Prosecutor v. Félicien Kabuga began hearings for the preservation of evidence in accordance with rule 71 bis. It is expected that by the end of 2011 hearings will begin with two other high-ranking fugitives.",
"(d) Appeals Chamber",
"39. During the reporting period, the Appeals Chamber heard appeals of 12 judgements concerning 17 persons, 10 interlocutory appeals and 10 requests for review or reconsideration. The Appeals Chamber rendered 4 judgements, 9 interlocutory appeals decisions, 7 decisions relating to review or reconsideration and 131 pre-appeal decisions and decisions.",
"Appeals: Rukundo, Kalimanzira, Renzaho and Muvunyi",
"40. On 27 February 2009, Trial Chamber II found Emmanuel Rukundo, a military chaplain, guilty of genocide and murder and extermination as crimes against humanity and sentenced him to 25 years ' imprisonment. The Appeals Chamber considered appeals by the parties on 15 June 2010. In its judgement of 20 October 2010, the Appeals Chamber confirmed Rukundo ' s conviction for genocide and for murder and extermination as crimes against humanity, but did so on the basis of his responsibility for complicity in those crimes and not for having committed them, as determined by the Trial Chamber. In addition, the Appeals Chamber reversed Rukundo ' s conviction for genocide in relation to serious injury to mental integrity. The Appeals Chamber reduced Rukundo ' s conviction to 23 years ' imprisonment.",
"41. On 22 June 2009, Trial Chamber III declared Callixte Kalimanzira, a former senior official of the Ministry of the Interior, guilty of genocide and direct and public incitement to commit genocide. The Appeals Chamber considered the parties ' appeals on 14 June 2010 and on 20 October 2010 confirmed Kalimanzira ' s conviction for complicity in genocide. On the other hand, the Appeals Chamber reversed Kalimanzira ' s remaining guilty statements and consequently reduced his sentence from 30 to 25 years ' imprisonment.",
"42. On 14 July 2009, Trial Chamber I declared Tharcisse Renzaho, a former Prefect of the Prefecture of Kigali-ciudad, guilty of genocide and murder and rape as crimes against humanity, as well as serious violations of article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol II to those Conventions. The Trial Chamber sentenced Renzaho to imprisonment for the rest of her life. The Appeals Chamber considered Renzaho ' s appeal on 16 June 2010. On 1 April 2011, the Appeals Chamber reversed some of Renzaho ' s convictions, but confirmed the conviction of genocide and murder as a crime against humanity and a serious violation of article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol II to those Conventions. The Appeals Chamber also confirmed Renzaho ' s conviction.",
"43. On 11 February 2010, following a new trial, Trial Chamber III declared Tharcisse Muvunyi, a former lieutenant colonel of the Rwandan Army, guilty of direct and public incitement to commit genocide, and sentenced him to 15 years ' imprisonment. The Appeals Chamber considered the appeals of the parties on 21 October 2010 and, in its judgement of 1 April 2011, confirmed the conviction and conviction.",
"Other appeals against judgements",
"44. Théoneste Bagosora, Aloys Ntabakuze and Anatole Nsengiyumva appealed against the trial judgement in their case. The Appeals Chamber considered the appeals of Bagosora and Nsengiyumva between 30 March and 1 April 2011. Since Ntabakuze ' s counsel was unable to appeal to the hearing, the Appeals Chamber separated its case and decided to consider its appeal later. Discussions are currently under way in the Bagosora and Nsengiyumva case. The Appeals Chamber is also deliberating on the appeals of the parties to the Setako and Munyakazi cases, which it considered in March 2011. The Appeals Chamber is also hearing appeals in the Ntawukulilyayo, Kanyarukiga, Hategekimana, and Gatete cases, which are being prepared for the hearings, and the Ndindiliyimana case and others, where the submission of the appeals has not yet been initiated.",
"A. Activities of the Office of the Prosecutor",
"45. The Office of the Prosecutor has continued to focus its efforts on the completion of the trials under way, the commencement of a new trial and the preparation of another trial, concerning the two newly detained fugitives, the transfer of fugitive cases to national jurisdictions in accordance with rule 11 bis and the conduct of evidence preservation procedures in accordance with rule 71 bis with respect to three high-ranking fugitives: Félicien Kabuga, Pro In addition, the Office of the Prosecutor continues to intensify tracking efforts to arrest the remaining fugitives, the handling of interlocutory appeals or final judgements, the management of archives and files to be transferred to the Residual Mechanism and the provision of assistance to national prosecution authorities in respect of cases investigated or prosecuted.",
"46. Through rigorous tracing activities, on 25 May 2011, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in cooperation with officials of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda tracking team, succeeded in arresting fugitive Bernard Munyagishari. Efforts continue to ensure the arrest of the nine fugitives, especially the three high-ranking fugitives to be tried at the Tribunal. The Prosecutor trusts that the continued cooperation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo will facilitate the detention of these fugitives, most of whom are believed to be in that territory.",
"47. In conjunction with its efforts to strengthen international cooperation between the States Members of the region and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Prosecutor held constructive consultations with the Executive Secretary of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region. However, since November 2010, the work of the joint task force between the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the Kenyan Police has been reactivated and progress on the Félicien Kabuga record remains slow. The Prosecutor continues to urge the Government of Kenya to accelerate efforts to track and arrest this high-ranking fugitive. A concerted effort by the Member States of the Great Lakes Region in collaboration with the Tribunal promises to ensure that the remaining fugitives face their responsibilities.",
"48. As part of the implementation of the referral strategy of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Prosecutor visited several European States in April 2011 and held discussions with senior officials to encourage their Governments to consider accepting cases of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to prosecute them. A positive response will be of great help to enable the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to realize its goal of speedy completion of its mandate. In the meantime, many efforts have been devoted to the three requests for referral to Rwanda of the cases of Uwinkindi and the Sikubwabo and Kayishema fugitives submitted in November 2010. The Prosecutor also continued to assist Rwanda in its efforts to prosecute the other 25 suspects who were investigated but not prosecuted by the Tribunal and their files were handed over to Rwanda in 2010.",
"49. Pursuant to Security Council resolution 1966 (2010), pursuant to which the Arusha Branch of the Residual Mechanism was established on 1 July 2012, the Office of the Prosecutor has focused on preparations for a smooth transition to an efficient and effective mechanism. In addition to system-wide coordination within each Tribunal and between the Tribunals, the Offices of the Prosecutor of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda have also formed a coordination team between the Offices that have reached an agreement on the structure and staffing of the Office of the Common Prosecutor, in line with the objectives of the resolution to achieve an agile and effective Mechanism.",
"50. During the reporting period, there has been a positive signal for international cooperation against impunity and for accountability at the highest levels. Several Member States have continued to intensify their efforts to bring Rwandan suspects on the INTERPOL roster to trial in their national jurisdictions. To ensure the effective prosecution of such suspects, the Office of the Prosecutor continues to carry out its mutual legal assistance activities and to provide information to national prosecution authorities. As a result, requests to the Prosecutor for information from the comprehensive database of his Office have increased substantially.",
"A. Activities of the Secretariat",
"1. Office of the Secretary",
"51. The Office of the Registrar continued to act as a means of communication between the organs of the Tribunal and as a diplomatic arm of the Tribunal. In this capacity, the Office of the Registrar maintained high-level diplomatic contacts with Member States and international organizations, as well as with non-governmental organizations. During the reporting period, the Office of the Registrar transmitted more than 540 notes verbales and other communications relating to the operations of the Tribunal, in particular to obtain the support and cooperation of Member States with regard to the trials under way. The Secretariat received an increasing number of inquiries and requests for judicial assistance from national jurisdictions.",
"52. Rwanda continued its cooperation with the Tribunal by facilitating the movement of Kigali witnesses to Arusha and providing relevant documents for judicial proceedings.",
"53. An agreement on the enforcement of sentences was signed with the Republic of Senegal on 22 November 2010. On 18 July 2010, the Tribunal transferred a convicted person to a Member State to serve the remainder of his sentence. The Secretariat is taking the necessary steps to implement four decisions issued in May 2011 by the President, which provide for the transfer of sentenced persons to another Member State. Two other decisions are expected to be taken as soon as possible. The relocation of convicted persons who have served their sentences remains a source of concern and an increasing cooperation from Member States is required for their solution.",
"54. Similarly, the issue of the relocation of persons acquitted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda remains a source of serious concern to the Tribunal. To date, three acquitted persons remain in Arusha under the protection of the Tribunal and lack appropriate immigration status while awaiting relocation to a safe country. The difficulties in relocation are the unfortunate result of the lack of a formal mechanism to ensure that Member States accept such persons in their territories. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda considers that the relocation of persons acquitted by an international criminal court is a fundamental manifestation of the rule of law and is deeply concerned about the consequences of non-compliance with that obligation. This view was shared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) at an expert meeting of UNHCR and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda organized in Arusha in April 2011. One of the conclusions of the joint expert meeting recognized that the plight of acquitted persons is the responsibility of the Security Council and that the Tribunal has no choice but to seek the assistance of the Council in finding a sustainable solution to this issue.",
"55. The Strategic Planning and External Relations Section managed to raise voluntary contributions to the Trust Fund, enabling the Tribunal to carry out its capacity-building and outreach activities. Such activities constitute an important part of the Tribunal ' s mandate and legacy and are a key mechanism for overcoming the lack of information channels between the Tribunal and the people of Rwanda at the base level.",
"56. The Tribunal received a total of 3,073 visitors, including senior United Nations and Government officials, as well as members of the general public, academia, civil society and non-governmental organizations. During the current phase of reduction, the Tribunal has attracted more visitors.",
"57. The Kigali Information Centre (Umusanzu) and 10 provincial information centres in different locations in Rwanda continue to play a key role in disseminating information, improving communications and accessing the jurisprudence of the Tribunal and other legal materials. The centres are visited daily by students, researchers and members of the Rwandan judiciary and the public, who are provided with information materials and are given access to briefings, training activities, library services and video exhibits, as well as the Internet. During the reporting period, the Kigali Information Centre received approximately 36,000 visitors, and the provincial information centres received approximately 18,000 visitors.",
"58. During the reporting period, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda conducted a number of outreach activities. One of the main outreach projects relates to youth awareness and education for the prevention of genocide in the Great Lakes region, through a trial and drawing contest for East African students, sponsored by the Federal Republic of Germany. Students were asked to address issues related to international justice, the fight against impunity and the Tribunal ' s contribution to national reconciliation. The winners were proclaimed in October 2010. The youth awareness project also includes the publication of a comic book on the work of the Tribunal. The comic book is expected to be completed shortly before the end of 2011. The Tribunal launched the 2011 Official Sensitization Programme in the Huye District, Southern Rwanda Region, on 28 and 29 April 2011. The program included the exhibition of the panels of the Exhibition on Genocide and of posters with the winning essays and drawings.",
"59. In addition, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, in collaboration with the National Commission to Combat Genocide and the Kigali Memorial Centre, organized an exhibition commemorating the seventeenth anniversary of the Rwandan Genocide from 4 to 15 April 2011. From May to July 2011, with funds from the Department of Public Information in New York, six large prisons in various locations in Rwanda successfully conducted awareness-raising programmes on lessons learned from the 1994 genocide. Approximately 29,799 prisoners and officials attended. The Tribunal has continued to carry out capacity-building activities for 700 law practitioners in Rwanda, with the aim of further strengthening the country ' s justice sector in areas such as investigation, witness protection, evidence management and oral and written information and techniques of the legal profession. These activities were mainly organized to provide the Rwandan judiciary with the necessary tools to be in a position to substantiate the cases referred by the Tribunal. Examples of the numerous initiatives implemented by the Tribunal were the training of law students in online legal research and two similar training activities for members of the Rwandan judiciary at the Institute of Legal Practice and Development and the Huye Intermediate Court. The Tribunal organized a training session for trainers in Rwanda on strengthening library collections through the use of online resources. In May 2011, the fourth Training and Trial Contest Workshop was held for members of the Kigali Bar Association.",
"60. In summary, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda has continued to actively organize workshops and training to strengthen the capacity of the Rwandan judiciary and raise awareness of the work of the Tribunal by the Rwandan public. During the reporting period, other capacity-building and outreach programmes have been planned in several communes in Rwanda for approximately 5,000 participants, as well as for over 28,000 students and teachers in Rwandan schools, whose implementation will depend on the availability of funds, which are extrabudgetary.",
"61. Through its Communications Group, the Strategic Planning and External Relations Section has ensured a wide dissemination of information on the activities of the Tribunal through press meetings, newsletters and press releases, as well as using the website, films and information leaflets in English, French and Kinyarwanda. The unit conducted numerous inquiries by local and international media and transmitted several court proceedings through satellite. It organized presentations on the work of the Tribunal in East Africa, the Gambia and Senegal, as well as film screenings, colloquiums and discussions in various African capitals and parts of Rwanda. A constant link of communications with universities and other educational institutions in the region is maintained.",
"62. During the reporting period, the gender coordination unit prepared proposals for funding to replenish the exhausted resources of the Witness Support Programme Trust Fund. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda established a witness clinic through voluntary contributions from Member States to ensure the provision of physical and psychological assistance to witnesses residing in Rwanda, particularly those living with HIV/AIDS as a result of sexual violence during the genocide. During the reporting period, the campaign received a contribution from the Government of Spain. Unfortunately, the funds have been exhausted and, if there is no immediate injection of resources, the clinic will be forced to interrupt its services and its treatment that saves lives. In addition, witnesses residing in Rwanda continued to benefit from gender counselling from specialist psychology and nursing staff at the ICTR clinic.",
"63. During the reporting period, the Internship Programme hosted 197 interns in the Tribunal, 165 of whom were assigned to the Chambers or the Office of the Prosecutor. The Free Legal Investigators Programme was also able to use the services of four qualified lawyers in the Chambers and the Office of the Prosecutor. In addition, 15 legal investigators from 12 African countries benefited from the funding provided by the European Union and were able to assist in the work of the Tribunal. However, since donors have stopped funding this programme, no new legal investigators will be available to assist the Tribunal. These programmes have helped to implement the completion strategy, especially after the abolition of established posts throughout the Tribunal.",
"64. The Legal Services Unit and the Internship Programme also continued to play an important legal advisory role on issues related to the proper application and interpretation of United Nations administrative rules and on matters relating to immunities and privileges of officials in relation to civil and criminal cases, in addition to interpreting and reviewing the agreements. During the reporting period, the Unit merged and resolved 21 cases between law enforcement officials and local offices, as well as domestic service employees.",
"8. Judicial and Legal Services Division",
"65. The Tribunal ' s Administration Section provided support services to the Tribunal ' s judicial processes, including through the support of eye inspections in Rwanda, certification of witness statements, depositions and video hearings from several countries. As part of the Tribunal ' s capacity-building activities, the Section continued to organize training sessions for representatives of different African countries on the Tribunal ' s system for instant transcription production. In addition, it organized specialized training sessions to strengthen the capacity of the Rwandan judicial sector. As an important component of the Tribunal ' s preparations for the transition to the residual mechanism, the Section contributed to the drafting of policies and guidelines for records and archives to be transferred to be managed by the Mechanism. It also continued its work in drafting and digitizing the collection of audio-visual recordings of the Tribunal ' s proceedings.",
"66. The Bar and Detention Management Section continued to provide and improve essential support services for the Secretariat, the Chambers and the Prosecutor. The Section has improved support services for detainees, prisoners and their lawyers to ensure the right of detainees and prisoners to legal aid. The legal aid programme proved to be efficient, effective and economical. During the reporting period, the electronic billing system was tested, which proved to be viable.",
"67. During the reporting period, the Trial and Appeals Chambers of the Tribunal rendered judgements in respect of 18 accused. Among them, a detainee was sentenced to imprisonment for the time of detention already completed and was immediately released. During the same period, the United Nations Detention Facility hosted 19 detained witnesses from Rwanda and a detained witness from Mali who were summoned to testify in various trials.",
"68. On 18 July 2010, a prisoner was transferred to a Member State to serve his sentence. On 1 July 2010, a detainee died in a hospital in Arusha after a long illness. A detainee who had been arrested in the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 25 May 2011 was transferred to the United Nations Penitentiary Pavilion, which he entered on 14 June 2011.",
"69. As at 30 June 2011, the total number of prisoners in the United Nations Detention Facility was 36 (12 detainees and 24 convicted).",
"70. The International Committee of the Red Cross visited the United Nations Detention Facility on 15 June 2011 and interviewed detainees. The Committee commended the administration of the establishment for achieving its goals, in particular the good condition of detention.",
"71. During the reporting period, the Witness and Victims Support Section ensured that 216 witnesses were available at the appropriate time from 21 countries. Threat assessments were developed for some witnesses. In accordance with the protection measures provided by the Trial Chambers, transcripts were purged before they were made public in order to delete the information that might permit the identification of witnesses or their relatives. The Section intensified its post-trial monitoring activities in the countries of residence of witnesses who had appeared before the Tribunal. Several witnesses residing in Rwanda benefited from a wide range of assistance measures aimed at improving their medical and psychological rehabilitation. The Section was assisted by a number of Member States, which provided interim travel documents for witnesses to travel on duty and origin in Arusha, and the offices of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in several African countries, which helped facilitate the movement and protection of witnesses. Some States also assisted in accompanying witnesses. The Section organized two training activities for the protection of witnesses for Rwandan judiciary and Tanzanian judicial and police officers.",
"72. The Language Services Section provided interpretation, translation and reproduction services to the Chambers, the parties and the Secretariat. During the reporting period, seven trial judgements and four appeal judgements and a significant number of decisions, as well as other documents, such as pre-trial writings, final arguments and petitions, were translated. The list of translators, interpreters and proofreaders was maintained to avoid any possible interruption of the trials, which was used on one occasion to include two interpreters-translators of kinyarwanda. In addition, the translation of certain documents was contracted to other translators and independent reviewers were hired to mitigate the heavy workload of the Section.",
"73. The Legal and Reference Library Section continues to play a key role in providing the necessary legal materials to support judicial activities. In addition, the Legal Library published in a format that allows the search for full texts of the new versions of “ICTR basic documents and case law”, covering the period 1995-2010 in the case of the DVD and the year 2010 in the case of the CD-ROM.",
"9. Administrative Support Services Division",
"74. The reduction process continued to pose significant challenges to all the activities of the Tribunal. The Administrative Support Services Division continued to respond to such problems in a dynamic and flexible manner.",
"75. The staff of the Tribunal come from 72 countries and, as at 29 June 2011, the Tribunal had 666 staff members of a total of 827 authorized posts, with 161 vacant posts, i.e. a vacancy rate of 19 per cent. As staff continue to seek more stable posts outside the Tribunal, the vacancy rate is expected to exceed 20 per cent by the end of 2011. 64 per cent of staff are male and 36 per cent female.",
"76. During the reduction phase, attracting and retaining competent staff remains a major challenge. The short duration of staff contracts has contributed to increased uncertainty and continues to adversely affect staff productivity. The Division initiated measures to retain staff and is consulting with the Office of Human Resources Management on the modalities of preparing contracts that are in line with the judicial calendar in order to provide longer-term contracts to staff whose services are still required. At the same time, the consultative staff retention activity continues to be carried out to determine the number and composition of staff to be maintained until the completion of the work of the Tribunal. It should be noted that the current limitation of the duration of temporary appointments may have a negative impact on the completion strategy. The administration of the Tribunal is consulting with the Office of Human Resources Management with the aim of instituting flexibility measures to address this concern.",
"77. The Career Resource Centre organized several workshops and training sessions to support the professional aspirations of staff. The Human Resources Planning Section continues to assist staff members separating from the Tribunal in obtaining employment. In May 2011, a series of presentations and individual consultations were organized in collaboration with the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund to inform staff about their pension rights. The Section also organized another employment fair in June 2011, and reissued a compendium of skills (electronic information sheets) with the intention of supporting staff in all categories to obtain employment after their service period at the Tribunal. The Section also continues to provide advice to staff and judges on separation benefits and the implications of new recruitment regimes and staff regulations.",
"78. The Security and Safety Section continued to update and test its various emergency plans to ensure the safety of staff, premises, assets and activities of the Tribunal through more specific interaction with the security services of the host country and with the Office of the Security Adviser of the United Republic of Tanzania. During the reporting period, no serious incidents occurred. The United Nations safety guidelines were fully implemented and systematic and timely information on security and safety was provided to staff.",
"79. The Information Technology Services Section continued to provide vital support to the Tribunal. The Electronic Data Processing Unit maintains the Tribunal ' s information and technology infrastructure, which involves supporting the various institutional units and addressing their computer needs. During the reporting period, several systems of the institutional process were set up online, thereby improving the effectiveness and timelines of the regular administrative procedures of the Division of Administrative Support Services. Infrastructure improvements were made in the network and data centre to replace obsolete equipment and increase capacity in support of audio-visual digitalization, which is of fundamental importance, as well as other projects related to the Tribunal ' s succession. The Audiovisual Media Unit videotapes all judicial proceedings and provides videoconferencing services for witness statements and distance meetings. The Telecommunications Unit supports the operation and maintenance of the telephone network, two terrestrial satellite stations, rural telephone connections and radio reception and broadcasting networks, as well as telephone billing services and telephone operators.",
"80. The Health Services Unit provided curative, preventive and post-traumatic advice and performed medical-administrative functions for the benefit of judges and officials and their dependants, as well as for the benefit of detainees, witnesses and victims. The Unit monitored customer health through four sub-units: two in Kigali and two in Arusha. In Kigali, witnesses received full medical examination and received medical assistance prior to their transfer to Arusha to testify. In Arusha, the United Nations Detention Facility sub-unit served detainees, prisoners and witnesses in prison. In the headquarters ambulatory, the clients were provided free of charge with medicines, laboratory services and immunization services.",
"81. The Advisory and Welfare Unit addressed the psychosocial needs of staff members and their dependants and carried out activities for the welfare of all staff. In addition, the Unit continued to provide post-traumatic advice to witnesses and professional psychological support to staff and their families. Staff adviser services could be accessed 24 hours a day.",
"82. In the area of resource management, the Budget Unit continued to provide its expertise in planning, monitoring and monitoring the use of available resources in a timely manner. The Finance Section provided timely and reliable services to Tribunal staff and clients",
"83. The General Services Section and the Procurement Section provided vital support to the Tribunal. The Buildings Management Service, in accordance with the completion strategy, began to relocate surplus accommodation containers from Kigali to Arusha to use them as offices, allowing the owner to return part of the regular rental space. The Property Management Service improved the receipt and inspection of property purchased by the Tribunal. Efforts were being made to introduce the Galileo inventory management system. In addition, the Service accelerated the process of disposing old and obsolete property. The newly acquired warehouse facilities in the context of the reduction of the Tribunal ' s operations are operating as a central point for commercial disposal of the assets written off. In order to monitor and control the use of official vehicles, the Transport Services Unit adapted to almost all vehicles of the Tribunal the global positioning system, which provides real-time information on the use of fuel, the exact location of a vehicle and the speed at which it moves. This not only improved road discipline, but also enabled the rapid recovery of a stolen official vehicle. The Central Registration/Correspondence/validity services and archives continued to serve the entire Tribunal. The Central Archives Service continued to archive files generated by Division sections and dependencies and scan and include metadata in the total record information management database. A functional archiving structure was established in Kigali for the records of the Administrative Support Services Division in that city. The Procurement Section continued to ensure that the goods and services required for the Tribunal to effectively carry out its activities are received in time and within the budget. He also worked closely with other units, such as the Transport Unit, to determine the possibility of outsourcing services such as repair and maintenance of vehicles. The Section also successfully implemented the commercial provision of some furniture, vehicles and equipment of the Tribunal.",
"Conclusions and recommendations",
"84. Over the past year, the Tribunal has made considerable progress towards achieving the goals of the completion strategy, despite the heavy workload. Six trial judgements were handed down in cases involving 14 accused. At the first instance, it is expected that before the end of 2011 judgement will be rendered in all remaining cases, with the exception of two.",
"85. The cooperation of States remains the cornerstone of the Tribunal ' s ability to complete its mandate and the Tribunal appreciates the continued confidence and support of Member States.",
"86. With the close cooperation of Member States, a fugitive was arrested during the reporting period in the region. However, the Tribunal and Member States will have to continue their efforts to ensure that the remaining nine fugitives are arrested, in particular the three high-ranking accused to be tried by the Tribunal and who have evaded justice for more than 17 years.",
"87. The Tribunal reiterates its call for urgent aid measures to find recipient countries for the three acquitted persons who remain under the protection of the Tribunal in a security house in Arusha. For one of those persons, more than four years have passed since the confirmation of their acquittal by the Appeals Chamber. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda considers that the relocation of persons acquitted by an international criminal court is a fundamental manifestation of the rule of law and is concerned about the consequences of non-compliance with that obligation.",
"88. Finally, the maintenance of a sufficient number of experienced staff remains the main challenge for the Tribunal as an organization approaching the end of its mandate. The Tribunal appreciates all the support provided by Member States for efforts to address this pressing situation.",
"89. The Tribunal has been working directly on the Rwandan genocide for more than 17 years. The genocide has deeply affected everyone in the Tribunal, and the search for justice for victims continues to drive our commitment to the goal of bringing atrocities such as those to life again. We call on the international community to support us by providing the necessary resources to fulfil our mandate and we hope that our work will pave the way for the ongoing fight against impunity."
] |
[
"Carta de fecha 27 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Secretario General",
"Tengo el honor de referirme a la terminación del mandato de la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en el Sudán (UNMIS), que ha comenzado su proceso de liquidación de acuerdo con la resolución 1997 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad. Tras celebrar las consultas habituales, tengo la intención de nombrar al Sr. Haile Menkerios (Sudáfrica) como mi Enviado Especial para el Sudán y Sudán del Sur, con efectos a partir del 1 de agosto de 2011.",
"El Sr. Menkerios ha sido mi Representante Especial para el Sudán desde el 1 de marzo de 2010 y, en su nuevo cargo, continuará ayudando a las partes a alcanzar una solución negociada para los problemas pendientes relacionados con el Acuerdo General de Paz y posteriores a la secesión.",
"Le agradecería que tuviera a bien señalar este asunto a la atención de los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad.",
"(Firmado) BAN Ki-moon"
] | [
"Letter dated 27 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council",
"I have the honour to refer to the end of the mandate of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS), which has started its liquidation process in accordance with Security Council resolution 1997 (2011). Following the usual consultations, it is my intention to appoint Mr. Haile Menkerios (South Africa) as my Special Envoy for the Sudan and South Sudan, as of 1 August 2011.",
"Mr. Menkerios has served as my Special Representative for the Sudan since 1 March 2010, and will, in his new capacity, continue to assist the parties reach a negotiated settlement to residual Comprehensive Peace Agreement and post-secession issues.",
"I should be grateful if you would bring this matter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.",
"(Signed) BAN Ki-moon"
] | S_2011_474 | [
"Letter dated 27 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council",
"I have the honour to refer to the termination of the mandate of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS), which has begun its liquidation process in accordance with Security Council resolution 1997 (2011). After the usual consultations, I intend to appoint Mr. Haile Menkerios (South Africa) as my Special Envoy for the Sudan and South Sudan, with effect from 1 August 2011.",
"Mr. Menkerios has been my Special Representative for the Sudan since 1 March 2010 and, in his new position, will continue to assist the parties in reaching a negotiated solution to the outstanding issues related to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement and beyond the secession.",
"I should be grateful if you would bring this matter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.",
"(Signed) BAN Ki-moon"
] |
[
"Carta de fecha 29 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad",
"Tengo el honor de informarlo de que su carta de fecha 27 de julio de 2011 (S/2011/474), relativa a su decisión de nombrar al Sr. Haile Menkerios (Sudáfrica) Enviado Especial suyo para el Sudán y Sudán del Sur, se ha señalado a la atención de los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad, que toman nota de la decisión que allí figura.",
"(Firmado) Peter Wittig Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad"
] | [
"Letter dated 29 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General",
"I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 27 July 2011 (S/2011/474) concerning your decision to appoint Mr. Haile Menkerios (South Africa) as your Special Envoy for the Sudan and South Sudan has been brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council. They take note of the decision contained in your letter.",
"(Signed) Peter Wittig President of the Security Council"
] | S_2011_475 | [
"Letter dated 29 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General",
"I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 27 July 2011 (S/2011/474) concerning your decision to appoint Mr. Haile Menkerios (South Africa) Special Envoy for the Sudan and South Sudan, the attention of the members of the Security Council has been drawn to take note of the decision contained therein.",
"(Signed) Peter Wittig President of the Security Council"
] |
[
"Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones",
"* A/66/150.",
"Tema 28 b) del programa provisional*",
"Adelanto de la mujer: aplicación de los resultados de la Cuarta Conferencia Mundial sobre la Mujer y del vigésimo tercer período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General",
"Medidas adoptadas y progresos alcanzados en el seguimiento de la aplicación de la Declaración y la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing y de los resultados del vigésimo tercer período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General",
"Informe del Secretario General",
"Resumen",
"En el presente informe, elaborado en cumplimiento de la resolución 65/191 de la Asamblea General, se pasa revista al seguimiento y la aplicación de la Declaración y la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing y de los resultados del vigésimo tercer período extraordinario de sesiones. El informe se centra en determinados procesos de los órganos intergubernamentales y en él se evalúa la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en la labor de dichos órganos. Por último, se ofrecen recomendaciones para la adopción de nuevas medidas que potencien la ejecución de los mandatos en materia de igualdad entre los géneros.",
"I. Introducción",
"1. El presente informe se ha preparado en cumplimiento de la resolución 65/191 de la Asamblea General, en que esta solicitó al Secretario General que le siguiera presentando informes anuales sobre el seguimiento y los progresos realizados en la aplicación de la Declaración y la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing y de los resultados del vigésimo tercer período extraordinario de sesiones, con una evaluación de los progresos realizados en la incorporación de la perspectiva de género, información sobre los logros principales, la experiencia adquirida y las buenas prácticas, y recomendaciones sobre nuevas medidas para mejorar la aplicación. El informe también se presenta en atención a la solicitud formulada por el Consejo Económico y Social en su resolución 2006/9, de que el Secretario General incluyera en el informe una evaluación de los efectos del aporte de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer a las deliberaciones celebradas en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas.",
"2. El informe se centra en determinados procesos intergubernamentales de las Naciones Unidas, y en él se evalúa en qué medida se incorpora en dichos procesos la perspectiva de género[1]. El informe se divide en siete secciones. Después de la introducción, en la sección II se analizan los fundamentos para la integración de la perspectiva de género en la labor de los órganos intergubernamentales. En la sección III se describe la metodología utilizada en el informe. En la sección IV figuran las conclusiones del análisis sobre el grado en que queda reflejada la perspectiva de género en los informes del Secretario General a la Asamblea General, al Consejo Económico y Social y las comisiones orgánicas del Consejo. En esa sección también se evalúa en qué medida se han incorporado las perspectivas de género en las resoluciones aprobadas por esos órganos. En la sección V se examina la atención prestada a las cuestiones relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros en los preparativos y, si procede, los documentos finales de tres eventos intergubernamentales de alto nivel: la Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados en 2011, la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible en 2012 y el examen y evaluación del Plan de Acción Internacional de Madrid sobre el Envejecimiento en 2013. En la sección VI se analizan específicamente las contribuciones de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer y en la sección VII se presentan un resumen y las conclusiones del informe y se formulan recomendaciones para la adopción de nuevas medidas.",
"II. Fundamentos para la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en los procesos intergubernamentales",
"3. La Asamblea General ha afirmado en repetidas ocasiones el papel del proceso intergubernamental de las Naciones Unidas en la promoción de la igualdad entre los géneros y el empoderamiento de la mujer. En su resolución 65/191, reafirmó que la incorporación de la perspectiva de género era una estrategia universalmente aceptada para promover el empoderamiento de la mujer y lograr la igualdad entre los géneros mediante la transformación de las estructuras de desigualdad. También reafirmó el compromiso de fomentar activamente la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en la preparación, aplicación, supervisión y evaluación de políticas y programas en todos los ámbitos políticos, económicos y sociales, así como el compromiso de reforzar la capacidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas en materia de igualdad entre los géneros. En el párrafo 15 de la resolución, la Asamblea exhortó a todos los órganos de las Naciones Unidas a que incorporaran plenamente la perspectiva de género en todas las cuestiones que examinaran y que estuvieran comprendidas en sus mandatos, así como en todas las cumbres y conferencias de las Naciones Unidas y los períodos extraordinarios de sesiones y en sus procesos de seguimiento, incluidos la Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados de 2011, la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible de 2012 y el examen y evaluación del Plan de Acción Internacional de Madrid sobre el Envejecimiento, 2002, que se realizaría en el 51° período de sesiones de la Comisión de Desarrollo Social, en 2013.",
"4. De particular pertinencia para el enfoque del presente informe es el párrafo 18 de la resolución 65/191, en que la Asamblea solicitó que en los informes que el Secretario General presentara a la Asamblea General y al Consejo Económico y Social y a sus órganos subsidiarios se incorporara sistemáticamente la perspectiva de género mediante la inclusión de análisis cualitativos, datos desglosados por sexo y edad y, si los hubiere, datos cuantitativos, en particular conclusiones y recomendaciones concretas sobre nuevas medidas en materia de igualdad entre los géneros y empoderamiento de la mujer, con miras a facilitar la elaboración de políticas que tuvieran en cuenta las cuestiones de género.",
"5. El proceso intergubernamental de las Naciones Unidas es complejo. Los órganos intergubernamentales difieren en sus mandatos y reciben y examinan documentación muy diversa, incluidos informes del Secretario General, de los Estados Miembros, de otros órganos intergubernamentales y de enviados y relatores especiales, entre otros. Los informes varían ampliamente en su forma, contenido y alcance. Pueden consolidar aportaciones de varios colaboradores, normalmente los Estados Miembros y las entidades de las Naciones Unidas, pero también de organizaciones intergubernamentales, regionales o no gubernamentales. Los informes son la base de los debates de los Estados Miembros, que se pueden celebrar en el marco de debates generales, mesas redondas y otros eventos. Las reuniones intergubernamentales permiten a los responsables de políticas intercambiar información sobre progresos, problemas y buenas prácticas, y contribuyen a afianzar el compromiso de los gobiernos en lo que respecta al empoderamiento de la mujer. A menudo, aunque no siempre, la labor de los órganos intergubernamentales cristaliza en documentos finales, como declaraciones, resoluciones y decisiones, o, en el caso del Consejo de Seguridad, declaraciones de la Presidencia. En los documentos finales se incluyen en muchos casos recomendaciones para la adopción de medidas respecto de determinada cuestión. Dichas recomendaciones pueden ser orientaciones de carácter normativo dirigidas a los Estados miembros y otras partes interesadas, o nuevos mandatos para seguir examinando y analizando una situación o para convocar nuevas reuniones o un evento de alto nivel sobre las cuestiones de que se trate. Los aportes, eventos y productos del proceso intergubernamental brindan oportunidades para incorporar una perspectiva de género en todas las cuestiones que son objeto de examen por los respectivos órganos intergubernamentales, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en la resolución 65/191.",
"III. Metodología del presente informe",
"6. En el presente informe se examina una serie de aportes, eventos y productos del proceso intergubernamental, mediante un análisis de sus contenidos, para demostrar el grado de incorporación efectiva de la perspectiva de género, que viene determinado por la presencia de las palabras siguientes: género, sexo, mujer, hombre, niña, niño, femenino, masculino, sexual, reproductiva y materna (incluidas sus formas en plural). Se consideró que se tenía en cuenta la perspectiva de género en los documentos en que aparecía al menos una de las palabras clave. Se descartaron resultados positivos falsos, como la expresión inglesa man-made disaster (desastre de origen humano).",
"7. Aunque de la lista de palabras seleccionadas se excluyen algunas que, bien podría aducirse, reflejan la perspectiva de género, las palabras seleccionadas son las que aparecen con mayor frecuencia en los informes y documentos que abordan cuestiones relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros. Para asegurar que la evaluación de la inclusión de la perspectiva de género fuera más allá de la mera mención de esas palabras clave, se analizaron en mayor detalle los documentos que pasaron ese primer filtro para evaluar hasta qué punto reflejaban de hecho la perspectiva de género.",
"8. Se examinaron todos los informes del Secretario General a la Asamblea General en su sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones, y al Consejo Económico y Social y sus comisiones orgánicas en sus períodos de sesiones de 2010, así como las resoluciones aprobadas en dichos períodos de sesiones. También se examinaron los tres eventos mencionados en la resolución 65/191: la Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados de 2011, la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible de 2012 y el examen y evaluación de 2013 del Plan de Acción Internacional de Madrid sobre el Envejecimiento de 2002. Se prestó especial atención al análisis de los documentos preparatorios y de los documentos finales, si existían. Se examinaron los documentos disponibles al 15 de junio 2011 en el Sistema de Archivo de Documentos de las Naciones Unidas. Se examinaron los informes del Secretario General y las resoluciones incluso si pertenecían a un tema o subtema del programa centrado específicamente en cuestiones de igualdad entre los géneros. En el caso de documentos presentados a más de un órgano intergubernamental, se contaron los ejemplos repetidos, por considerarse que el examen de la cuestión por cada uno de esos órganos brindaba una oportunidad adicional para incorporar las cuestiones relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros en el proceso intergubernamental.",
"IV. Resultados",
"A. Sinopsis",
"9. Habida cuenta del número de resoluciones y de informes del Secretario General presentados a la Asamblea General, al Consejo Económico y Social y a las comisiones orgánicas del Consejo, hubo numerosas oportunidades para incorporar la perspectiva de género en la labor de esos órganos intergubernamentales. Solo la Asamblea recibió y examinó 244 informes del Secretario General y aprobó 270 resoluciones. En su período de sesiones de 2010, el Consejo recibió y examinó 20 informes del Secretario General y aprobó 38 resoluciones. Una lista parcial de los informes y las resoluciones de las comisiones orgánicas indica que hubo al menos 38 informes y 38 resoluciones[2]. Aunque claramente se aprovecharon algunas de esas oportunidades, como demuestran las conclusiones del presente informe, en muchos casos no se llegó a realizar el potencial que tenían de catalizar la plena aplicación de la Declaración y Plataforma de Acción de Beijing y los resultados del vigésimo tercer período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General, promoviendo la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en la labor del sistema de las Naciones Unidas.",
"1. Asamblea General",
"a) Resoluciones",
"10. Del análisis de las resoluciones del sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General se desprende que se tuvo en cuenta la perspectiva de género en casi una tercera parte de las resoluciones. En el cuadro 1 figuran datos sobre la inclusión de la perspectiva de género en las resoluciones de la Asamblea y los informes del Secretario General presentados a la misma, desglosados por Comisión Principal. La Tercera Comisión, que se ocupa de cuestiones sociales, humanitarias y culturales, fue la más propensa a integrar la dimensión de género en sus resoluciones. La Segunda Comisión, responsable de asuntos económicos y financieros, y el pleno de la Asamblea General también reflejaron perspectivas de género y tendieron a integrar esa preocupación en más de una tercera parte de sus respectivas resoluciones. La perspectiva de género se incluyó en una de cada cinco resoluciones de la Cuarta Comisión, encargada de examinar cuestiones políticas especiales y de descolonización.",
"11. La Quinta Comisión, responsable de asuntos administrativos y presupuestarios, y en particular la Primera Comisión y la Sexta Comisión, que se ocupan respectivamente de cuestiones de desarme y seguridad internacional y cuestiones jurídicas, rara vez aprobaron resoluciones en las que se hiciera referencia a cuestiones relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros. Pese a ello, hay que destacar que la Primera Comisión aprobó su proyecto de resolución sobre “La mujer, el desarme, la no proliferación y el control de armamentos”, primero que aprueba dicha Comisión en relación con ese tema (véase la resolución 65/69 de la Asamblea General).",
"Cuadro 1 Número y distribución porcentual de las resoluciones de la Asamblea General y los informes del Secretario General presentados a la Asamblea en que queda reflejada la perspectiva de género, desglosados por Comisión Principal",
"Númeroderesoluciones\tNúmeroderesolucionesenqueseincluyelaperspectivadegénero\tProporciónderesolucionesenque seincluyelaperspectivadegénero(porcentaje)\tNúmerodeinformesdelSecretarioGeneral\tNúmerodeinformesdelSecretarioGeneralen queseincluyelaperspectivadegénero\tProporcióndeinformesdelSecretarioGeneralen queseincluyelaperspectivadegénero(porcentaje) \nAsambleaGeneral\t270\t85\t31\t244\t146\t60\n Pleno 55 20 36 46 36 78 \nPrimeraComisión\t55\t4\t7\t28\t11\t39\nSegundaComisión\t39\t15\t38\t25\t15\t60\nTerceraComisión\t55\t37\t67\t48\t36\t75\nCuartaComisión\t25\t5\t20\t24\t13\t54\nQuintaComisión\t24\t3\t13\t87\t44\t51\nSextaComisión\t17\t1\t6\t16\t6\t38",
"Nota: De los 244 informes del Secretario General presentados a la Asamblea General, algunos se examinaron en relación con más de un tema del programa, y algunos temas del programa se asignaron a más de una Comisión. Por tanto, el desglose por Comisión no coincide con el número total de informes del Secretario General presentados a la Asamblea.",
"12. En el gráfico I se muestra cómo se distribuyen entre las Comisiones Principales todas las resoluciones de la Asamblea General en que se incluye la perspectiva de género. Aunque la Tercera Comisión solo produjo el 20% de las resoluciones de la Asamblea General, le correspondió casi la mitad de las resoluciones de la Asamblea en que se reflejaron perspectivas de género. Por tanto, la Tercera Comisión compensó las carencias de las demás Comisiones (Primera, Cuarta, Quinta y Sexta) a ese respecto, puesto que en su caso era mucho menos probable que aprobaran un proyecto de resolución en que quedara reflejada la perspectiva de género. El desglose por Comisión se corresponde con los resultados de años anteriores y demuestra que, pese a los reiterados llamamientos de la Asamblea General para que se incorpore la perspectiva de género en todas las cuestiones, las cuestiones relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros siguen sin tener suficiente eco en resoluciones sobre cuestiones no relacionadas con la problemática social y económica.",
"Gráfico I Distribución de todas las resoluciones de la Asamblea General que reflejan la perspectiva de género, desglosadas según la Comisión Principal en que se aprobó la resolución",
"[]",
"13. En cuanto a las tendencias, en comparación con años anteriores[3], la proporción general de las resoluciones de la Asamblea General que integran la perspectiva de género ha aumentado poco (véase el gráfico II). Esa proporción se ha mantenido relativamente baja en los sucesivos períodos de sesiones de la Asamblea General, aunque se observa la tendencia a un ligero aumento.",
"Gráfico II Tendencias en el porcentaje de documentos de la Asamblea General en que se incluye la perspectiva de género",
"[]",
"b) Informes del Secretario General",
"14. La probabilidad de encontrar la perspectiva de género fue mayor en los informes del Secretario General que en las resoluciones. La perspectiva de género se incluyó en el 60% de los informes. Sin embargo, hubo variaciones entre las Comisiones Principales que se corresponden con las variaciones observadas en las resoluciones. La perspectiva de género tendió a aparecer más en los informes presentados al pleno de la Asamblea General, a la Segunda Comisión y la Tercera Comisión, y menos en los informes presentados a la Primera Comisión y la Sexta Comisión.",
"15. Con respecto a las tendencias, entre los períodos de sesiones sexagésimo quinto y sexagésimo sexto, el número de informes del Secretario General en que se incluyó la perspectiva de género aumentó en 10 puntos porcentuales (véase el gráfico II). Ello tal vez se deba a la celebración de varios eventos importantes en 2010 relacionados con la igualdad entre los géneros y el empoderamiento de la mujer, entre ellos el examen al cabo de 15 años de la aplicación de la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing que se realizó durante el 54º período de sesiones de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer, el examen ministerial anual del Consejo Económico y Social sobre el cumplimiento de los objetivos y compromisos convenidos internacionalmente con respecto a la igualdad entre los géneros y al empoderamiento de la mujer, la Reunión Plenaria de Alto Nivel de la Asamblea General sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y el décimo aniversario de la aprobación de la resolución 1325 (2000) del Consejo de Seguridad sobre la mujer, la paz y la seguridad. Además, el debate en la Asamblea General de las propuestas sobre una nueva entidad en materia de igualdad entre los géneros y en último término la aprobación de la resolución 64/289, de 2 de julio de 2010, contribuyeron a generar impulso para la inclusión de la perspectiva de género en la labor de los órganos intergubernamentales.",
"2. El Consejo Económico y Social y sus comisiones orgánicas",
"a) Resoluciones",
"16. La perspectiva de género quedó reflejada en la mitad de las resoluciones aprobadas por el Consejo Económico y Social en su período de sesiones de 2010 (véase el cuadro 2), y en casi una tercera parte de las resoluciones de sus comisiones orgánicas, excluida la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer. Si bien existen grandes variaciones entre las comisiones orgánicas, el tamaño reducido de la muestra dificulta la interpretación de los datos.",
"Cuadro 2",
"Número y distribución porcentual de las resoluciones del Consejo Económico y Social y sus comisiones orgánicas y de los informes del Secretario General presentados al Consejo y a dichas comisiones en el período de sesiones de 2010 en los que se incluye la perspectiva de género",
"Número Número de Proporción Número Número de Proporción de resoluciones de de informes informes de informes resoluciones en que se resoluciones del del del Secretario incluye la en que se Secretario Secretario General en que perspectiva incluye la General General en se incluye la de género perspectiva que perspectiva de género se incluye de género (porcentaje) la (porcentaje) perspectiva de género",
"Consejo Económico y 38 19 50 20 17 85 Social",
"Comisiones orgánicas 38 12 32 38 24 63 del Consejo Económico y Social^(a)",
"Comisión de 13 4 31 6 4 67 Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal",
"Comisión de 17 1 6 3 1 33 Estupefacientes^(b)",
"Comisión de Población 1 1 100 4 4 100 y Desarrollo",
"Comisión de Ciencia y 2 2 100 4 4 100 Tecnología para el Desarrollo",
"Comisión de 5 4 80 4 4 100 Desarrollo Social",
"Comisión sobre el 0 – – 9 6 67 Desarrollo Sostenible",
"Comisión de 0 – – 8 1 13 Estadística",
"^(a) No se incluyen en los resultados ni la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer (dedicada exclusivamente a cuestiones de género) ni el Foro de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Bosques (que no celebró un período de sesiones en 2010).",
"^(b) La Comisión de Estupefacientes examina informes de la Secretaría, que fueron analizados en lugar de informes del Secretario General.",
"17. En cuanto a las tendencias (véase el gráfico III), al comparar los períodos de sesiones de 2009 y 2010 del Consejo Económico y Social (véase A/65/204) se observa que la proporción de resoluciones en que quedó reflejada la perspectiva de género aumentó en solo un 4%. Este aumento mínimo es similar a la tendencia observada en las resoluciones de la Asamblea General. No se pudo llevar a cabo una comparación similar en el caso de las comisiones orgánicas, debido a la falta de datos comparables correspondientes a 2009.",
"Gráfico III",
"Porcentaje de los documentos del Consejo Económico y Social en que se incluye la perspectiva de género (períodos de sesiones de 2009 y 2010)",
"[]",
"b) Informes del Secretario General",
"18. De modo análogo a los resultados observados en el caso de la Asamblea General, la probabilidad de que quedara reflejada la perspectiva de género fue mayor en los informes del Secretario General presentados al Consejo Económico y Social y sus comisiones orgánicas que en las resoluciones. La perspectiva de género quedó reflejada en la mayoría (el 85%) de los informes del Secretario General presentados al Consejo Económico y Social, y en casi dos terceras partes (el 63%) de los informes presentados a las comisiones orgánicas.",
"19. Se constata la tendencia a una mayor inclusión de la perspectiva de género en los informes del Secretario General presentados al Consejo Económico y Social, con un aumento de ocho puntos porcentuales durante el año. Este resultado se corresponde con la tendencia observada en los informes del Secretario General presentados a la Asamblea General. La disponibilidad limitada de datos no permitió analizar las tendencias en las comisiones orgánicas.",
"B. Análisis pormenorizado",
"20. Aunque la perspectiva de género tal como se define en el presente informe puede quedar reflejada en informes y resoluciones, a menudo existen grandes variaciones en el grado de atención que reciben en dichos documentos las cuestiones relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros. En la presente sección se examina la ubicación de las referencias a dichas cuestiones en los informes y las resoluciones que incluyen la perspectiva de género y se analiza la fuerza cualitativa del lenguaje en dichas referencias.",
"1. Ubicación",
"21. La ubicación de las referencias a cuestiones de género en los documentos de carácter intergubernamental determina su importancia y la probabilidad de que se adopten medidas al respecto. En los informes del Secretario General se presta más atención a las cuestiones relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros cuando dichas cuestiones se mencionan no solo en la parte principal del informe, sino también en la conclusión y en las recomendaciones. Las resoluciones dan mayor relieve a esas cuestiones cuando se refieren a ellas en el preámbulo y en la parte dispositiva. Al abordar dichas cuestiones en el preámbulo y en la parte dispositiva de las resoluciones, primero se enmarca la cuestión y luego se indica una medida o recomendación específica en respuesta a la misma.",
"22. En un 20% y un 17% de las resoluciones aprobadas por la Asamblea General y el Consejo Económico y Social, respectivamente, se incluyeron referencias al género solo en el preámbulo, sin que figurase recomendación alguna al respecto en los párrafos de la parte dispositiva[4]. Sin embargo, la tendencia a reflejar la perspectiva de género tanto en el preámbulo como en la parte dispositiva de la resolución fue mayor en el Consejo Económico y Social que en la Asamblea General: el 45% de las resoluciones de la Asamblea contenía referencias al género en las dos partes, en comparación con el 61% de las resoluciones del Consejo.",
"23. También en los informes del Secretario General se observan diferencias en cuanto a la ubicación de las cuestiones relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros. De los 123 informes presentados a la Asamblea General que incluían una conclusión o recomendaciones para la adopción de medidas ulteriores, solo el 28% combinó la perspectiva de género en la parte principal del informe con una referencia en las conclusiones o recomendaciones. La probabilidad de mención de cuestiones de género en la parte principal del informe y en la conclusión o las recomendaciones fue mayor en los informes presentados al Consejo Económico y Social: de los 14 informes presentados al Consejo con una sección de conclusiones o recomendaciones, 9 (es decir, el 64%) incluían referencias en la parte principal del informe y en una o ambas secciones.",
"2. Evaluación cualitativa",
"24. Aunque la igualdad entre los géneros puede incorporarse en secciones clave de un informe o una resolución, el efecto de dicha incorporación depende de la fuerza del lenguaje utilizado en la referencia. En un intento de captar esa dimensión, se examinaron los documentos intergubernamentales comparándolos con variables cualitativas. Los informes del Secretario General se evaluaron cualitativamente en comparación con dos variables: la “cobertura” de las cuestiones de igualdad entre los géneros y la “calidad” del tratamiento de la problemática de género. El análisis se realizó solo con documentos de la Asamblea General, porque su número era adecuado para apoyar el análisis.",
"25. Con respecto a la cobertura, se consideró que esta era alta cuando el informe incluía una sección específica sobre la igualdad entre los géneros, así como varias referencias en el resto del informe. Se definió como cobertura baja la presencia de una sola referencia o de unas pocas referencias breves. La cobertura media se definió como un punto intermedio.",
"26. En el análisis de la calidad de los informes, se caracterizaron como referencias de baja calidad las de carácter superficial, como la expresión “incluidas las mujeres”, mientras que la calidad de los informes que facilitaban datos precisos, entre ellos datos cuantitativos desglosados por sexo y análisis basado en el género, oscilaba entre media y alta. Por ejemplo, el pasaje de un informe que se reproduce a continuación se consideró de alta calidad, porque analizaba los efectos de un acontecimiento en las mujeres y los hombres, teniendo en cuenta sus diversas circunstancias: “Es probable que las mujeres representen el mayor porcentaje de víctimas, por cuanto muchas se hallaban en su casa cuando tuvo lugar el seísmo, mientras que los hombres se encontraban en el trabajo y los niños estaban de camino a casa después de la escuela” (A/65/335, párr. 4). Otro ejemplo que se consideró de alta calidad fue el siguiente: “Reuniones mensuales de la Representante Especial del Secretario General con los dirigentes nacionales de los partidos políticos, y reuniones trimestrales con mujeres representantes de partidos políticos y organizaciones de la sociedad civil, incluidas organizaciones de mujeres” (A/65/746, a continuación del párrafo 29).",
"27. Las resoluciones, que tienden a ser más cortas que los informes, se analizaron comparándolas con una sola variable, y se clasificaron atendiendo al enfoque en materia de igualdad entre los géneros: bajo, medio o alto. Se consideró que una resolución tenía un enfoque alto en materia de igualdad entre los géneros si en ella aparecía una palabra clave en más de un párrafo o si contenía lenguaje específico sobre la situación y las necesidades de las mujeres y las niñas. Se consideró que las resoluciones que incluían una sola referencia superficial reflejaban un enfoque bajo.",
"a) Informes del Secretario General",
"28. En el gráfico IV figura la distribución de los informes del Secretario General presentados a la Asamblea General en función de dos variables, su cobertura y su calidad. El 30% de los informes (45 de 146) fueron de cobertura y calidad altas, mientras que el 21% fueron de cobertura y calidad bajas. Aunque en los informes se observaron amplias variaciones tanto en la cobertura de las cuestiones relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros como en las características de esas inclusiones, tiende a existir una correlación general entre la cobertura y la calidad. En general, se observó en los informes la tendencia a una cobertura media o alta de las cuestiones relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros; el 49% de los informes fueron calificados de cobertura alta/alta o media/alta, en comparación con la proporción de informes calificados de cobertura baja/media o baja/baja, que fue del 30%.",
"Gráfico IV",
"Cobertura y calidad de las referencias de género en los informes del Secretario General presentados a la Asamblea General, según su frecuencia",
"[]",
"29. Profundizando en el examen, se observó que aproximadamente en un 40% de los informes se incluían datos cuantitativos desglosados por sexo. Sin embargo, se observaron variaciones en el nivel de precisión de los datos facilitados. Algunos informes facilitaban cifras absolutas (por ejemplo, el número de representantes políticos que eran mujeres sin especificar el número total de representantes), mientras que otros presentaban datos relativos (por ejemplo, el porcentaje de mujeres beneficiarias de un programa). En algunos casos, los informes indicaban que no se disponía de datos cuantitativos. Por ejemplo, en el informe titulado “Composición de la Secretaría: personal proporcionado gratuitamente, jubilados y consultores” (A/65/350/Add.1), que ofrece numerosos datos desglosados por sexo y otras variables, se indica escrupulosamente en qué casos no se dispone de datos desglosados por sexo, y en relación con qué oficina y cuántas personas.",
"b) Resoluciones",
"30. Aunque la perspectiva de género quedó reflejada solo en una tercera parte de las resoluciones de la Asamblea General, las 85 resoluciones en que fue así tendieron a reflejar esa perspectiva de una manera bastante clara. En casi el 80% de dichas resoluciones la atención a cuestiones relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros fue alta o media (véase el gráfico V). Esto significa que las palabras clave que indicaban la perspectiva de género se encontraron en más de un párrafo o que el texto contenía lenguaje específico sobre la situación y las necesidades de las mujeres y las niñas.",
"Gráfico V",
"Grado de atención a cuestiones relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros en las resoluciones de la Asamblea General que incluyen la perspectiva de género",
"[]",
"31. En muchas de las resoluciones con enfoque medio y alto se incluyen párrafos en que se reconoce la situación específica de las mujeres y las niñas y se proponen medidas para tener en cuenta sus necesidades. Por ejemplo, en la resolución 65/220 de la Asamblea General sobre el derecho a la alimentación, la Asamblea expresó su preocupación porque las mujeres y las niñas se vieran desproporcionadamente afectadas por el hambre, la inseguridad alimentaria y la pobreza, en parte debido a la desigualdad entre los géneros y la discriminación, y solicitó medidas para asegurar la realización plena e igualitaria del derecho a la alimentación y para asegurar a las mujeres la igualdad de acceso a los recursos, como ingresos, tierras y agua y su propiedad, así como el acceso pleno y en condiciones de igualdad a la educación, la ciencia y la tecnología, para que pudieran alimentarse y alimentar a sus familias.",
"32. A pesar de los progresos realizados en la incorporación de una perspectiva de género en los informes del Secretario General y las resoluciones de la Asamblea General y del Consejo Económico y Social y sus comisiones orgánicas, en muchos informes se siguen analizando los problemas del desarrollo en las comunidades con un enfoque neutral desde el punto de vista del género. Por ejemplo, en un gran número de casos en que se hacía referencia a formas de violencia, en particular la explotación y los abusos sexuales y la trata de personas, se omitió especificar el sexo de las víctimas y de los autores. Se utilizaron por lo general términos neutrales desde el punto de vista del género, como “personas”, “niños” (en referencia a ambos géneros), o “personal humanitario y de mantenimiento de la paz”, borrando de esa manera pautas relacionadas con el sexo y ocultando posibles cambios a lo largo del tiempo. Es fundamental saber cuáles son los grupos afectados, y en qué proporción, a fin de que los órganos intergubernamentales puedan formular respuestas adecuadas en materia de políticas.",
"33. En pocos informes y resoluciones en que quedó reflejada la perspectiva de género se hizo referencia a los hombres y los niños varones. Integrar la perspectiva de género significa evaluar la situación y las necesidades de las mujeres y los hombres, y de las niñas y los niños, así como las consecuencias de las medidas previstas para cada uno de esos grupos[5]. Asegurar que el análisis de las cuestiones de género no solo se centre en las mujeres, sino que también examine las cuestiones desde la perspectiva masculina, puede contribuir a ampliar el apoyo a un enfoque basado en el género.",
"34. Cabe señalar también la ausencia frecuente de una dimensión de edad. En las resoluciones y los informes normalmente se hacía referencia a las mujeres o a los niños, pero rara vez de manera más específica a edades o grupos de edad, y en muchos casos no se hacía referencia específica a las niñas. Las niñas son objeto de formas particulares de discriminación y su identificación en los informes, si procede, contribuiría a una intervención más incisiva en materia de políticas. Del mismo modo, en los documentos en que se hacía referencia a los jóvenes rara vez se facilitaron datos desglosados por sexo o edad, lo cual dificulta la formulación de políticas eficaces sobre esas cuestiones.",
"35. Aunque el enfoque de las evaluaciones cualitativas utilizado en la presente sección tiene sin duda sus limitaciones, estos resultados constituyen un paso importante para comprender los progresos en la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en la labor de los órganos intergubernamentales y de las Naciones Unidas en su conjunto.",
"V. Los eventos intergubernamentales de alto nivel de las Naciones Unidas como oportunidades para la incorporación de la perspectiva de género",
"36. Aparte de los informes del Secretario General y las resoluciones que son productos de los períodos de sesiones ordinarios de los órganos intergubernamentales, en las Naciones Unidas también se celebra una serie de eventos de alto nivel cada año. Estos eventos (cumbres, conferencias y períodos extraordinarios de sesiones), así como sus procesos de seguimiento, brindan importantes oportunidades para promover la igualdad entre los géneros y el empoderamiento de la mujer. Su preparación ofrece muchas posibilidades para poner de relieve cuestiones relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros, y los eventos pueden ser ocasión para que los gobiernos asuman compromisos visibles en relación con el empoderamiento de la mujer, o en el caso de procesos de seguimiento, para que renueven compromisos anteriores.",
"37. En la presente sección se examinan esas oportunidades a la luz de los tres eventos de alto nivel mencionados en la resolución 65/191: la Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados, celebrada en 2011, la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible, que se celebrará en 2012, y el examen y evaluación de 2013 del Plan de Acción Internacional de Madrid sobre el Envejecimiento, 2002.",
"38. La Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados fue una ocasión importante para fomentar una mayor conciencia sobre las necesidades de las mujeres y las niñas que viven en la pobreza. Asistieron a la conferencia, que se celebró en Estambul del 9 al 13 de mayo de 2011, numerosos Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno, así como parlamentarios, jefes de entidades de las Naciones Unidas y altos representantes de organizaciones no gubernamentales y del sector privado. La Secretaria General Adjunta y Directora Ejecutiva de la Entidad de las Naciones Unidas para la Igualdad entre los Géneros y el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres (ONU-Mujeres) pronunció un discurso en la sesión inaugural de la conferencia y uno de los seis debates temáticos interactivos de alto nivel se centró en el desarrollo humano y social, la igualdad entre los géneros y el empoderamiento de la mujer.",
"39. Además, 5 de los 45 eventos especiales se centraron específicamente en cuestiones relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros y su relación con el comercio, el desarrollo sostenible, el empoderamiento económico, los trabajadores migrantes y las migraciones y las remesas. El material disponible en la Conferencia incluía una serie de mensajes clave elaborados por ONU-Mujeres en los que se abordaban las diversas cuestiones a debate desde la perspectiva de género.",
"40. En la Conferencia se aprobó el Programa de Acción en favor de los países menos adelantados para el decenio 2011-2020 (véase A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1), que incluye varias referencias a cuestiones relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros. En ese documento final, aprobado por la Asamblea General en su resolución 65/280, se describen las nuevas medidas y estrategias para el desarrollo sostenible de los países menos adelantados.",
"41. Es importante destacar que en la segunda sección del documento final, en que se examina la ejecución del anterior programa de acción, se informa de los progresos alcanzados en la esfera del empoderamiento de la mujer, y se señala como enseñanza adquirida la importancia que el género y otras cuestiones generales tienen para la erradicación de la pobreza. En la tercera sección, titulada una alianza renovada y fortalecida para el desarrollo, se menciona la igualdad entre los géneros como uno de los objetivos del nuevo programa de acción y uno de los principios para su ejecución. En la cuarta sección se enuncian ocho esferas de acción prioritarias, de las cuales cinco contienen referencias a la igualdad entre los géneros. En la esfera prioritaria titulada desarrollo humano y social, una subsección está dedicada a la igualdad entre los géneros y al empoderamiento de la mujer.",
"42. Por otra parte, en el Programa de Acción para el decenio 2001-2010, que la Asamblea General hizo suyo en su resolución 55/279, se incluyeron referencias a la igualdad entre los géneros en sus siete esferas prioritarias. También se incluyeron referencias a la igualdad entre los géneros en las subsecciones relativas al comercio, el cambio climático y la mitigación de los desastres. En el programa de acción 2011-2020 no se mencionan las mujeres en las esferas prioritarias sobre el “comercio”, los “productos básicos” y las “crisis múltiples y otros retos incipientes”. A ese respecto, el documento final de la Cuarta Conferencia no es del todo satisfactorio, y podía haber tenido más en cuenta la perspectiva de género.",
"43. La próxima Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible y el examen y evaluación del Plan de Acción Internacional de Madrid sobre el Envejecimiento, 2002, brindan una oportunidad para incorporar más plenamente la perspectiva de género. Esos dos eventos están todavía en su etapa preparatoria: la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible se celebrará en junio de 2012 en Río de Janeiro (Brasil), y el examen y evaluación del Plan de Acción Internacional de Madrid sobre el Envejecimiento, 2002, se realizará en el 51° período de sesiones de la Comisión de Desarrollo Social, en 2013.",
"44. El grado de atención prestada a las cuestiones relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros en el documento final de un evento de alto nivel depende en gran medida de la inclusión de la perspectiva de género en la preparación del evento. El proceso preparatorio de la Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados se inició en 2009 e incluyó un gran número de actividades para evaluar los resultados del anterior programa de acción y formular nuevas medidas y estrategias para el desarrollo sostenible de los países menos adelantados. Sin embargo, al examinar los documentos del proceso preparatorio se observa que la dimensión de género no siempre queda sólidamente reflejada. Además, ninguno de los 16 eventos temáticos previos a la Conferencia se centró exclusivamente en cuestiones relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros, y en el documento en que se resumen los resultados de 15 de dichos eventos (A/CONF.219/IPC/10) se hace referencia a la igualdad entre los géneros en solo dos de ellos.",
"45. Las entidades de las Naciones desempeñan un papel esencial en la organización y coordinación de las actividades preparatorias, y por tanto pueden aprovechar esa oportunidad para promover la inclusión de la perspectiva de género en eventos de alto nivel. En particular, tienen la oportunidad de influir en el proceso en la etapa inicial, como la preparación para el segundo examen y evaluación mundiales del Plan de Acción Internacional de Madrid sobre el Envejecimiento, 2002. En diciembre de 2010, el Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas, con la colaboración del Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales de la Secretaría y la Organización Mundial de la Salud, organizó una reunión de un grupo de expertos para elaborar un conjunto de indicadores que pudieran utilizar los países a la hora de preparar sus informes para el proceso de examen y evaluación. En esa lista de indicadores, casi todos los que evalúan la calidad de vida de las personas de edad exigen datos desglosados por sexo[6]. Esa inclusión es importante, ya que los datos facilitados influirán en actividades preparatorias e informes posteriores.",
"46. La participación de los grupos de la sociedad civil que trabajan en la promoción de los derechos de la mujer también puede ser un elemento decisivo en la inclusión de la perspectiva de género en procesos preparatorios y eventos de alto nivel. Las muchas actividades que se realizan normalmente a nivel nacional, regional e internacional para recabar aportes y fomentar conciencia antes de un evento sirven de plataformas a esas organizaciones para hacer oír su voz e influir en el documento final.",
"47. Las iniciativas específicas emprendidas para aprovechar la contribución de la sociedad civil producen los mejores resultados en su nivel de participación. En la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible participan oficialmente nueve grupos principales (véase la resolución 64/236 de la Asamblea General), uno de ellos las mujeres. Esto ha contribuido a asegurar la participación de las organizaciones de mujeres en el proceso preparatorio. Por ejemplo, las organizaciones de mujeres estuvieron bien representadas entre los grupos principales en las reuniones del Comité Preparatorio celebradas en mayo de 2010 y marzo de 2011 e hicieron numerosas intervenciones. El grupo principal de mujeres también presentó un documento de posición sobre uno de los dos temas de las conferencias, La economía ecológica en el contexto del desarrollo sostenible y la erradicación de la pobreza. Aunque los preparativos de la Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados se basan en tres resoluciones de la Asamblea General (resoluciones 65/171, 64/213 y 63/227) en que se pide la participación de la sociedad civil, no se hace mención específica a grupos de mujeres, lo cual posiblemente limita su influencia en el documento final.",
"48. El establecimiento de ONU-Mujeres, con su mandato de dirigir y coordinar la labor de las Naciones Unidas en materia de igualdad entre los géneros, puede servir de puente que asegure la plena incorporación de la perspectiva de género en los procesos intergubernamentales de alto nivel. ONU-Mujeres ha participado en el proceso preparatorio de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible y ha colaborado con el Comité Directivo del grupo principal de las mujeres. Además, se ha previsto una serie de actividades para mantener la igualdad entre los géneros en el primer plano de los debates del proceso preparatorio y de la Conferencia.",
"VI. Aportación de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer",
"49. En el párrafo 3 de su resolución 65/191, la Asamblea General reconoció el papel catalizador de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer en la promoción de la igualdad entre los géneros y del empoderamiento de la mujer, sobre la base de la plena aplicación de la Declaración y la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing y de los resultados del vigésimo tercer período extraordinario de sesiones, y en la promoción y vigilancia de la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas. Aunque no se incluyó a la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer en el análisis de los contenidos que figura en el presente informe para evitar resultados sesgados, habida cuenta de su dedicación exclusiva a cuestiones relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros, la Comisión es el principal órgano responsable del seguimiento de la Cuarta Conferencia Mundial sobre la Mujer y sigue desempeñando un papel importante en la promoción de la estrategia de incorporación de la perspectiva de género.",
"50. La Comisión observó en su 54º período de sesiones el 15º aniversario de la Cuarta Conferencia Mundial sobre la Mujer y contribuyó notablemente a los trabajos del Consejo Económico y Social. La Comisión transmitió resúmenes de su mesa redonda de alto nivel y de otras tres mesas redondas al Consejo como aporte al examen ministerial anual sobre el cumplimiento de los objetivos y compromisos convenidos internacionalmente con respecto a la igualdad entre los géneros y el empoderamiento de la mujer. El informe del Secretario General sobre el examen de la aplicación de la Declaración y Plataforma de Acción de Beijing y los resultados del vigésimo tercer período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General y su contribución a formular una perspectiva de género para la realización de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (E/2010/4-E/CN.6/2010/2), presentado originalmente a la Comisión, también sirvió como base para la serie de sesiones de alto nivel del Consejo Económico y Social. La declaración ministerial de 2010 aprobada por el Consejo Económico y Social se basó directamente en las conclusiones y recomendaciones de dicho informe. A ese respecto, la labor de la Comisión influyó sin duda en la medida en que la perspectiva de género se incorporó en la labor de otros organismos y en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas en su conjunto, en respuesta a la resolución 2006/9 del Consejo.",
"51. Está previsto que ONU-Mujeres, que desempeña la función de secretaría sustantiva de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer, fortalezca aun más la capacidad de la Comisión para jugar un papel catalizador en la promoción de la perspectiva de género. En particular, la mayor presencia de ONU-Mujeres en los países debería enriquecer los informes que el Secretario General presente a la Comisión y a la Asamblea General, incorporando las perspectivas de la labor operacional y contribuyendo así a subsanar el desfase entre la orientación normativa elaborada por la Comisión y la labor de ejecución sobre el terreno.",
"52. Por tanto, la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer sigue siendo una instancia fundamental cuya labor puede ayudar a que se preste mayor atención a la igualdad entre los géneros en eventos de alto nivel. En el marco de su función de promoción de la estrategia de incorporación de la perspectiva de género, la Comisión organizó en marzo de 2011, durante su 55º período de sesiones, una mesa redonda interactiva sobre la igualdad entre los géneros y el desarrollo sostenible, como aporte a los preparativos de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible. En ese período de sesiones la Comisión también aprobó su primera resolución sobre la incorporación de la igualdad entre los géneros y la promoción del empoderamiento de la mujer en las políticas y estrategias relativas al cambio climático (véase E/2011/27, resolución 55/1), que puede servir como base a futuros trabajos sobre el tema.",
"VII. Conclusiones y recomendaciones",
"53. La labor intergubernamental de las Naciones Unidas sigue ofreciendo múltiples oportunidades para la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en las actividades de la Organización y los Estados Miembros. El análisis que figura en el presente informe indica que se han hecho algunos progresos para incorporar la perspectiva de género en esos procesos intergubernamentales. Se ha avanzado especialmente en asegurar que la perspectiva de género quede reflejada en los informes del Secretario General a la Asamblea General y al Consejo Económico y Social. En cuanto a las resoluciones, los progresos han sido más limitados. Los eventos de alto nivel siguen ofreciendo buenas oportunidades para incorporar la perspectiva de género en los procesos intergubernamentales y para que esta quede reflejada en los principales documentos finales. Además, el examen pormenorizado de los documentos de los órganos intergubernamentales llevado a cabo como parte del análisis que figura en el presente informe indica que en la mayoría de los casos, la inclusión de la perspectiva de género, definida por la mención de las palabras clave, refleja un interés auténtico en cuestiones relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros.",
"54. Pese a esos logros, no se han utilizado de manera óptima los procesos intergubernamentales para incorporar la perspectiva de género en todas las cuestiones que examinan los órganos intergubernamentales y en sus mandatos. El porcentaje de resoluciones de la Asamblea General, del Consejo Económico y Social y de las comisiones orgánicas del Consejo en las que se refleja la perspectiva de género sigue siendo bajo, e incluso en eventos de alto nivel no siempre se presta suficiente atención a cuestiones relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros, aunque dichos eventos entrañan un período más prolongado de planificación y deliberación y por ello ofrecen más oportunidades para la inclusión de la perspectiva de género. Las referencias a cuestiones relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros y al empoderamiento de la mujer siguen siendo más abundantes en los procesos intergubernamentales centrados en cuestiones sociales y económicas. Por tanto, en la Asamblea General, la perspectiva de género tiende a aparecer con más frecuencia en los procesos de la Segunda Comisión y la Tercera Comisión.",
"55. Teniendo en cuenta la función decisiva de los órganos intergubernamentales en la promoción y el seguimiento de los avances logrados en la consecución de los compromisos mundiales sobre igualdad entre los géneros, la Asamblea General tal vez desee:",
"a) Reiterar su llamamiento a todos los órganos intergubernamentales de las Naciones Unidas para que incorporen plenamente la perspectiva de género en todas las cuestiones que examinen y que estén comprendidas en sus mandatos, así como en todas las cumbres y conferencias de las Naciones Unidas y los períodos extraordinarios de sesiones y en sus procesos de seguimiento; y exhortarlos a que pidan sistemáticamente que se incluya la perspectiva de género cuando soliciten informes del Secretario General y otros aportes al proceso intergubernamental;",
"b) Solicitar al Secretario General que vele por que en sus informes a los órganos intergubernamentales se incluya de manera sistemática la perspectiva de género mediante el análisis basado en el género y la inclusión de datos cuantitativos desglosados por sexo y edad, en particular conclusiones y recomendaciones concretas sobre nuevas medidas en materia de igualdad entre los géneros y empoderamiento de la mujer, y, a este respecto, comunique a todos los colaboradores que hacen aportes a sus informes la importancia de que quede reflejada en ellos la perspectiva de género;",
"c) Alentar a los gobiernos a que mejoren la reunión, el análisis y la difusión de datos desglosados por sexo y edad; y a que mejoren el desarrollo de capacidad a este respecto y elaboren indicadores específicos de género en apoyo de la formulación de políticas;",
"d) Poner de relieve la importancia del papel y la contribución de la sociedad civil, en particular las organizaciones no gubernamentales y las organizaciones de mujeres, en la aplicación de la Declaración y la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing y de los resultados del vigésimo tercer período extraordinario de sesiones;",
"e) Exhortar a los gobiernos y al sistema de las Naciones Unidas a que alienten y apoyen la participación de los grupos de mujeres y las organizaciones no gubernamentales especializadas en cuestiones relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros en los procesos intergubernamentales aumentado las actividades de extensión, la financiación y la capacitación.",
"[1] El presente informe complementa el informe anual al Consejo Económico y Social sobre la incorporación de una perspectiva de género en todas las políticas y programas del sistema de las Naciones Unidas (véase E/2011/114), y el informe anual a la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer sobre las medidas adoptadas por los Estados Miembros para la incorporación de una perspectiva de género a nivel nacional (véase E/CN.6/2011/5).",
"[2] Se excluyen la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer (dedicada exclusivamente a cuestiones de género) y el Foro de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Bosques (que no celebró un período de sesiones en 2010).",
"[3] Los resultados de años anteriores se basan en el análisis realizado para informes previos del Secretario General, a saber: A/62/178, A/63/217, A/64/218 y A/65/204. Cabe señalar que los resultados hasta el sexagésimo tercer período de sesiones de la Asamblea General no son totalmente comparables, ya que el análisis de los contenidos se basó en una lista de las palabras más reducida (género, sexo, mujer, niña, femenino y sexual).",
"[4] Las conclusiones sobre los párrafos del preámbulo y la parte dispositiva se basan en el análisis de 82 resoluciones de la Asamblea General y 18 del Consejo, del cual quedaron excluidas las resoluciones en que se había aprobado o refrendado una declaración o un documento final de un evento de alto nivel.",
"[5] Este entendimiento se basa en las conclusiones convenidas 1997/2 del Consejo Económico y Social sobre la perspectiva de género.",
"[6] Véase http://social.un.org/index/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=rxM-regd7PM%3d&tabid=1261."
] | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"* A/66/150.",
"Item 28 (b) of the provisional agenda*",
"Advancement of women: implementation of the outcome of the Fourth World Conference on Women and of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly",
"Measures taken and progress achieved in follow-up to the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly",
"Report of the Secretary-General",
"Summary",
"The present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/191, provides a review of the follow-up to and implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session. It focuses on selected intergovernmental processes of the United Nations and assesses the extent to which they integrate a gender perspective in their work. The report concludes with recommendations for further measures to enhance the implementation of gender equality mandates.",
"I. Introduction",
"1. The present report responds to General Assembly resolution 65/191, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to continue to report annually to it on the follow-up to and progress made in the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session, with an assessment of progress in gender mainstreaming, including information on key achievements, lessons learned and good practices, and recommendations on further measures to enhance implementation. The report also responds to the request of the Economic and Social Council, in resolution 2006/9, that the Secretary-General include in the report an assessment of the impact of the input of the Commission on the Status of Women to discussions within the United Nations system.",
"2. The report focuses on selected intergovernmental processes of the United Nations, and assesses the extent to which they integrate a gender perspective.[1] The report is divided into seven sections. Following the introduction, section II discusses the rationale for integrating a gender perspective in intergovernmental work. Section III outlines the methodology used in the report. Section IV presents the findings of the analysis on the extent to which a gender perspective has been reflected in reports of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and its functional commissions. The section also assesses the extent to which gender perspectives have been mainstreamed in the resolutions adopted by these bodies. Section V examines the attention given to gender equality issues in the preparations for, and when applicable, the outcomes of three high-level intergovernmental events: the 2011 Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, and the 2013 review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing. Section VI specifically addresses the contributions of the Commission on the Status of Women and section VII provides a summary and conclusion of the report and outlines recommendations for further action.",
"II. Rationale for mainstreaming a gender perspective in intergovernmental processes",
"3. The General Assembly has repeatedly affirmed the role of the intergovernmental process of the United Nations in promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women. In its resolution 65/191, the Assembly reaffirmed that gender mainstreaming was a globally accepted strategy for promoting the empowerment of women and achieving gender equality by transforming structures of inequality. It also reaffirmed the commitment to actively promote the mainstreaming of a gender perspective into the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and social spheres, as well as the commitment to strengthen the capabilities of the United Nations system in the area of gender equality. In paragraph 15 of the resolution, the Assembly called upon all bodies of the United Nations to fully mainstream a gender perspective into all issues under their consideration and within their mandates, as well as in all United Nations summits, conferences and special sessions and in their follow-up processes, including the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries in 2011, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 and the review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002, at the fifty-first session of the Commission for Social Development, in 2013.",
"4. Of particular relevance to the focus of the present report is paragraph 18 of resolution 65/191, in which the Assembly requested that reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council and their subsidiary bodies systematically address gender perspectives through qualitative gender analysis, sex- and age-disaggregated data and, where available, quantitative data, in particular through concrete conclusions and recommendations for further action on gender equality and the empowerment of women, in order to facilitate gender-sensitive policy development.",
"5. The United Nations intergovernmental process is complex. Intergovernmental bodies differ in their mandates, and they receive and examine a diverse set of written inputs, including reports of the Secretary-General, Member States, other intergovernmental bodies, special envoys and rapporteurs, among others. Reports vary widely in form, content and coverage. They may integrate submissions from several contributors — typically Member States and United Nations entities — but also intergovernmental, regional, or non-governmental organizations. Reports feed into the discussions of Member States, which may be conducted through general debates, panel discussions and other events. Intergovernmental meetings allow policymakers to exchange information on progress, challenges and good practices, and help to heighten Governments’ commitment to empowering women. Intergovernmental work often, but not always, results in outcome documents such as declarations, resolutions and decisions, or in the case of the Security Council, presidential statements. Outcome documents often provide recommendations for action on an issue. These could be policy guidance for Member States and other stakeholders, or additional mandates to continue to examine and analyse a situation, or to convene further meetings or a high-level event on the issues at stake. Inputs, events and outputs of the intergovernmental process all thus present opportunities to mainstream a gender perspective into all issues under the consideration of respective intergovernmental bodies, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/191.",
"III. Methodology of the present report",
"6. Through a content analysis, the present report reviews a number of inputs, events and outputs of the intergovernmental process for evidence of the incorporation of a gender perspective, as determined by the presence of the words: gender, sex, woman, man, girl, boy, female, male, sexual, reproductive and maternal (including their plural forms). Documents with at least one occurrence of a keyword were considered to have included a gender perspective. False positive results, for instance “man-made disaster”, were discounted.",
"7. While the list of words selected excludes others that could be argued to reflect a gender perspective, the selected words are those most often found in reports and documents that address gender equality issues. To ensure that the assessment of the inclusion of a gender perspective went beyond the mere mention of these keywords, documents that passed this first filter were analysed in more depth to assess the extent to which a gender perspective was indeed reflected.",
"8. All reports of the Secretary-General for, and resolutions of, the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly and the 2010 sessions of the Economic and Social Council and its functional commissions were examined. The three events cited in General Assembly resolution 65/191 — the 2011 Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, and the 2013 review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002 — were also examined. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of preparatory documentation, and when applicable, outcomes. Documents available in the United Nations Official Document System as at 15 June 2011 were examined. Resolutions and reports of the Secretary-General were considered even if they belonged to an agenda item or sub-item which focused specifically on gender equality issues. Where documents were submitted to more than one intergovernmental body, each occurrence was counted since the consideration by each intergovernmental body was considered as an additional opportunity for mainstreaming gender equality issues in the intergovernmental process.",
"IV. Findings",
"A. Overview",
"9. Based on the number of resolutions and Secretary-General’s reports before the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and functional commissions, there were multiple opportunities for the incorporation of gender perspectives into the work of these intergovernmental bodies. The Assembly alone received and reviewed 244 reports of the Secretary-General and adopted 270 resolutions. The Council at its 2010 session received and reviewed 20 reports of the Secretary-General and adopted 38 resolutions. A partial list of the reports and resolutions of the functional commissions suggests there were at least 38 reports and 38 resolutions.[2] While a number of these opportunities were clearly used, as demonstrated in the findings of the present report, many remained as untapped potential to catalyse the full implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session by promoting gender mainstreaming in the work of the United Nations system.",
"1. General Assembly",
"(a) Resolutions",
"10. The analysis of resolutions of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly revealed a gender perspective in nearly a third of all resolutions. Table 1 sets out the distribution of resolutions of, and Secretary-General’s reports to, the Assembly that include a gender perspective, by Main Committee. The Third Committee, which focuses on social, humanitarian and cultural issues, was the most likely to integrate a gender dimension in its resolutions. The Second Committee, responsible for economic and financial matters, as well as the General Assembly meeting in plenary, also reflected gender perspectives, with over a third of their respective resolutions likely to integrate such a concern. A gender perspective was found in every fifth resolution of the Fourth Committee, which examines special political and decolonization issues.",
"11. The Fifth Committee, responsible for administrative and budgetary matters, and particularly the First and Sixth Committees, which respectively handle disarmament and international security and legal questions, seldom adopted resolutions that integrated references to gender equality issues. Despite this, it is noteworthy that the First Committee adopted a draft resolution on “Women, disarmament, non‑proliferation and arms control”, the first it ever adopted on this topic (see General Assembly resolution 65/69).",
"Table 1 Number and percentage distribution of resolutions of, and Secretary-General’s reports to, the General Assembly that include a gender perspective, by Main Committee",
"Number of Number of Proportion of Number of Number of Proportion of resolutions resolutions resolutions reports of the reports of the reports of the that include that include a Secretary-General Secretary-General Secretary-General a gender gender that include a that include a perspective perspective gender perspective gender perspective (percentage) (percentage)",
"General 270 85 31 244 146 60 Assembly",
"Plenary 55 20 36 46 36 78",
"First 55 4 7 28 11 39 Committee",
"Second 39 15 38 25 15 60 Committee",
"Third 55 37 67 48 36 75 Committee",
"Fourth 25 5 20 24 13 54 Committee",
"Fifth 24 3 13 87 44 51 Committee",
"Sixth 17 1 6 16 6 38 Committee",
"Note: Out of the 244 reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the General Assembly, some were considered under more than one agenda item, and some agenda items were allocated to more than one committee. The breakdown by committee thus does not match the total number of Secretary-General’s reports submitted to the Assembly.",
"12. Figure I indicates how all General Assembly resolutions that have a gender perspective are distributed across the Main Committees. Although the Third Committee was responsible for only 20 per cent of all resolutions of the General Assembly, it accounted for nearly half of all resolutions of the Assembly that reflected gender perspectives. The Third Committee thus compensated for the much lower likelihood of other committees (First, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth) to adopt a draft resolution that reflects a gender perspective. The breakdown by committee is consistent with findings from past years and shows that despite repeated calls by the General Assembly for a gender perspective to be mainstreamed into all issues, gender equality issues continue to be little reflected in resolutions dealing with other issues than social and economic matters.",
"Figure I Distribution of all General Assembly resolutions which reflect a gender perspective, by Main Committee in which the resolution was adopted",
"[]",
"13. With respect to trends, compared to previous years,[3] there has been little growth in the overall share of General Assembly resolutions that integrate a gender perspective (see figure II). This share has remained fairly low across sessions of the General Assembly, although there is a slight upward trend.",
"Figure II Trends in percentage of General Assembly documents that include a gender perspective",
"[]",
"(b) Reports of the Secretary-General",
"14. A gender perspective was more likely to be found in reports of the Secretary-General than in resolutions. Sixty per cent of reports included a gender perspective. However, there were variations between the Main Committees that match the variations found for resolutions. Reports submitted to the General Assembly meeting in plenary and to the Second and Third Committees were most likely to include a gender perspective, while reports submitted to the First and Sixth Committees were least likely to do so.",
"15. With respect to trends, between the sixty-fifth and the sixty-sixth sessions, there was a 10 percentage point increase in the number of reports of the Secretary-General that included a gender perspective (see figure II). The concentration of high-profile events related to gender equality and the empowerment of women which took place in 2010 may account for this. These include the 15-year review of the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action held during the fifty-fourth session of the Commission on the Status of Women, the annual ministerial review of the Economic and Social Council on implementing the internationally agreed goals and commitments in regard to gender equality and empowerment of women, the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals and the tenth anniversary of Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) on women, peace and security. Further, the General Assembly’s discussion of proposals on a new gender equality entity and the eventual adoption of resolution 64/289 on 2 July 2010 helped to create a momentum for the inclusion of a gender perspective in the work of intergovernmental bodies.",
"2. Economic and Social Council and its functional commissions",
"(a) Resolutions",
"16. The Economic and Social Council at its 2010 session reflected a gender perspective in half of its resolutions (see table 2). The functional commissions of the Council together, excluding the Commission on the Status of Women, reflected a gender perspective in nearly a third of their resolutions. While there are wide variations among the functional commissions, the small size of the sample makes it difficult to interpret the data.",
"Table 2 Number and percentage distribution of resolutions of, and Secretary-General’s reports to, the 2010 session of the Economic and Social Council and functional commissions that include a gender perspective",
"Number of Number of Proportion of Number of Number of reports Proportion of resolutions resolutions resolutions reports of the of the reports of the that include that include a Secretary-General Secretary-General Secretary-General a gender gender that include a that include a perspective perspective gender perspective gender perspective (percentage) (percentage)",
"Economic and 38 19 50 20 17 85 Social Council",
"Functional 38 12 32 38 24 63 commissions of the Economic and Social Council^(a)",
"Commission on 13 4 31 6 4 67 Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice",
"Commission on 17 1 6 3 1 33 Narcotic Drugs^(b)",
"Commission on 1 1 100 4 4 100 Population and Development",
"Commission on 2 2 100 4 4 100 Science and Technology for Development",
"Commission for 5 4 80 4 4 100 Social Development",
"Commission on 0 — — 9 6 67 Sustainable Development",
"Statistical 0 — — 8 1 13 Commission",
"^(a) These results do not include the Commission on the Status of Women, owing to its exclusive focus on gender issues, or the United Nations Forum on Forests, which did not have a session in 2010.",
"^(b) The Commission on Narcotics Drugs considers reports of the Secretariat, which were analysed in lieu of reports of the Secretary-General.",
"17. With respect to trends (see figure III), a comparison of the 2010 with the 2009 session of the Economic and Social Council (see A/65/204) reveals only a 4 per cent increase in the share of resolutions that included a gender perspective. This minimal increase is similar to the trend identified for General Assembly resolutions. A similar comparison could not be carried out for the functional commissions owing to the lack of comparable data for 2009.",
"Figure III Percentage of Economic and Social Council documents that include a gender perspective (2009 and 2010 sessions)",
"[]",
"(b) Reports of the Secretary-General",
"18. Similar to findings for the General Assembly, reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the Economic and Social Council and its functional commissions were more likely than resolutions to include a gender perspective. Most (85 per cent) reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the Council, and close to two thirds (63 per cent) of reports to the functional commissions, included a gender perspective.",
"19. There is a trend towards an increased reflection of a gender perspective in reports of the Secretary-General that were submitted to the Economic and Social Council with an eight percentage point increase over the year. This finding is consistent with the trend identified for reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the General Assembly. Limited data did not permit an analysis of trends for the functional commissions.",
"B. In-depth analysis",
"20. While reports and resolutions may reflect a gender perspective as defined for the present report, they often vary greatly in the level of attention they give to gender equality issues. Focusing on the reports and resolutions that did include a gender perspective, the present section examines the placement of references within documents, and then considers the qualitative strength of the language in those references.",
"1. Placement",
"21. The placement of references to gender issues within intergovernmental documents determines their prominence and the likelihood of follow-up actions. Reports of the Secretary-General draw more attention to gender equality issues when they mention them not only in the body of the report, but also in the conclusion and the recommendations. Resolutions give more emphasis to gender equality issues by referring to them in both preambular and operative paragraphs. By addressing gender equality issues in both preambular and operative paragraphs, resolutions first frame the issue, and then indicate a specific action or recommendation to address it.",
"22. Twenty and 17 per cent, respectively, of the resolutions adopted by the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council included references to gender in their preamble only, with no gender-related recommendation being made in operative paragraphs.[4] However, the Council was more likely than the Assembly to reflect a gender perspective in both the preambular and the operative parts of resolutions: 45 per cent of Assembly resolutions included references to gender in both parts, compared with 61 per cent of Council resolutions.",
"23. Reports of the Secretary-General also differ in the placement of gender equality issues. Of the 123 reports to the General Assembly that included a conclusion and/or recommendations for further action, only 28 per cent combined a gender perspective in the body of the report with a reference in the conclusions and/or the recommendations. Reports submitted to the Economic and Social Council were much more likely to have gender issues mentioned in both the body and conclusion/recommendations of the report: 64 per cent, or 9 of the 14 reports to the Council that had a conclusion and/or recommendations section, included references in the body and in one or both of these parts.",
"2. Qualitative assessment",
"24. Although gender equality issues may be incorporated in key sections of a report or resolution, their impact depends on the strength of the language used in the reference. In an attempt to capture this dimension, intergovernmental documents were reviewed against qualitative variables. Reports of the Secretary-General were assessed qualitatively against two variables: “coverage” of gender equality issues, and the “quality” of the gender discussion. The analysis was carried out on General Assembly documents only, because there was an adequate number to support the analysis.",
"25. With respect to coverage, reports that included a specific section on gender equality issues as well as several references throughout the rest of the report were considered to have high coverage. A single reference or a few short references were defined as low coverage. Medium coverage fell somewhere in between.",
"26. The quality analysis of reports characterized cursory references such as “including women” as low quality, while reports that provided precise facts, including sex-disaggregated quantitative data, and/or gender analysis ranged from medium to high quality. For instance, the following excerpt from a report was considered high quality, as it analyses the impact of an event on women and men, taking into account their different circumstances: “It is likely that females represented the greatest share of casualties, as many women were at home when the earthquake struck, whereas men were at work and children were on their way home from school” (A/65/335, para. 4). Another example considered to be of high quality is as follows: “Monthly meetings of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General with national leaders of political parties, quarterly meetings with female political party representatives and civil society organizations including women’s organizations” (A/65/746, following para. 29).",
"27. Resolutions, which tend to be shorter than reports, were analysed against one variable only, and categorized as having a low, medium or high focus on gender equality issues. A resolution considered to have a high focus on gender equality issues was identified by the occurrence of a keyword in more than one paragraph and/or with specific language on the situation and needs of women and girls. Resolutions that included a single, superficial reference were considered to reflect a low focus.",
"(a) Reports of the Secretary-General",
"28. Figure IV sets out the distribution of reports of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly across the two variables, coverage and quality. Thirty per cent of reports (45 out of 146) were of both high coverage and quality, while 21 per cent were of both low coverage and quality. While the reports varied widely both in the coverage of gender equality issues and in the characteristics of these inclusions, there tended to be a general correlation between coverage and quality. Overall, reports were more likely than not to have medium or high coverage of gender equality issues; 49 per cent of reports were rated as high/high or medium/high, compared with the 30 per cent of reports considered as low/low or medium/low.",
"Figure IV Coverage and quality of gender references in reports of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly, by frequency",
"[]",
"29. Further review showed that about 40 per cent of reports included sex-disaggregated quantitative data. The level of precision of the data provided, however, varied. Some reports provided absolute numbers (for example, the number of female political representatives without specifying the total number of representatives) while others presented relative data (for example, the share of women who benefited from a programme). In some cases, reports drew attention to the fact that quantitative data were not available. For example, the report entitled “Composition of the Secretariat: gratis personnel, retirees and consultants” (A/65/350/Add.1), which provides extensive data disaggregated by sex and other variables, scrupulously indicates when, for which office and for how many persons sex-disaggregated data are missing.",
"(b) Resolutions",
"30. While only a third of General Assembly resolutions included a gender perspective, the 85 resolutions that did tended to do so in a fairly clear manner. Nearly 80 per cent of those resolutions integrated a high or medium focus on gender equality issues (see figure V). This means that the keywords indicating a gender perspective were found in more than one paragraph and/or there was specific language on the situation and needs of women and girls.",
"Figure V",
"Extent of focus on gender equality issues in General Assembly resolutions that include a gender perspective",
"[]",
"31. Many of the medium- and high-focus resolutions included paragraphs expressing recognition of the specific situation of women and girls and containing proposals for actions to take into account their needs. For example, in General Assembly resolution 65/220 on the right to food, the Assembly expressed concern that women and girls are disproportionately affected by hunger, food insecurity and poverty, in part as a result of gender inequality and discrimination, and called for measures to ensure the full and equal realization of the right to food and ensuring that women have equal access to resources, including income, land and water and their ownership, as well as full and equal access to education, science and technology, to enable them to feed themselves and their families.",
"32. Notwithstanding the progress made in mainstreaming a gender perspective in reports of the Secretary-General and resolutions of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council and functional commissions, many reports continue to address development challenges within communities in a gender-neutral way. For example, a large number of references to forms of violence, in particular sexual exploitation and abuse, and trafficking in persons, omitted to specify the sex of the victims and of the perpetrators. Gender-neutral terms such as “persons”, “children”, or “humanitarian and peacekeeping personnel” were generally used, obliterating sex-related patterns and hiding possible changes over time. Knowing which groups are affected, and in which proportion, is key for intergovernmental bodies to devise appropriate policy responses.",
"33. Few of the reports and resolutions integrating a gender perspective included references to men and boys. Integrating a gender perspective means assessing the situation and needs of women and men, and girls and boys, as well as the implications of planned action on each of these groups.[5] Ensuring that gender-sensitive analysis not only focuses on women, but also considers issues from a male perspective, can help to broaden support for a gender-based approach.",
"34. The frequent absence of an age dimension is also worth noting. Resolutions and reports typically referred to women or to children, but rarely had more specific references to ages or age groups; specific reference to girls was often not made. Girls face particular forms of discrimination, and their identification in reports, when applicable, would help to sharpen policy intervention. Similarly documents that referred to youth rarely broke the term down by sex or age, rendering effective policymaking on the issues addressed difficult.",
"35. While the approach to the qualitative assessments used in the present section undoubtedly has limitations, these findings constitute an important step in understanding progress in incorporating a gender perspective in the work of intergovernmental bodies and the United Nations, as a whole.",
"V. United Nations high-level intergovernmental events as opportunities for mainstreaming a gender perspective",
"36. Apart from the resolutions and Secretary-General’s reports which are products of the regular sessions of intergovernmental bodies, the United Nations also holds a number of high-level events each year. These events — summits, conferences and special sessions, as well as their follow-up processes — provide important opportunities to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women. Their preparation offers many prospects for highlighting gender equality issues, and the events can be occasions for Governments to make visible commitments to women’s empowerment, or in the case of follow-up processes, to renew earlier commitments.",
"37. The present section examines these opportunities in light of the three high-level events cited in General Assembly resolution 65/191: the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in 2011; the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in 2012; and the review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002, to be held in 2013.",
"38. The Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries was an important occasion to raise awareness of the needs of women and girls living in poverty. Held from 9 to 13 May 2011 in Istanbul, the Conference attracted many Heads of State and Government, as well as Members of Parliament, heads of United Nations entities, and senior representatives from non-governmental organizations and the private sector. The Under-Secretary-General and Executive Director of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN‑Women) addressed the opening session of the Conference, and one of the six high-level interactive thematic debates focused on human and social development, gender equality and empowerment of women.",
"39. In addition, 5 of 45 special events focused specifically on gender equality issues, in connection to trade, sustainable development, economic empowerment, migrant care workers, and migration and remittances. Among the material available at the Conference was a set of key messages drafted by UN-Women, which provided a gender perspective on the various issues under discussion.",
"40. The Conference resulted in the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020 (see A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1), which includes several references to gender equality issues. That outcome document, endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/280, outlines new measures and strategies for the sustainable development of the least developed countries.",
"41. Importantly, the second section of the outcome document, which reviews the implementation of the previous programme of action, reports on progress made in empowering women, and notes as a lesson learned the relevance of gender and other broad issues to poverty eradication. The third section, entitled “renewed and strengthened partnership for development”, lists gender equality among both the objectives of the new programme of action and the principles to implement it. The fourth section sets out eight priority areas for action, five of which integrate references to gender equality issues. Under the “human and social development” priority area, a specific subsection is dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of women.",
"42. In comparison, the 2001-2010 programme of action, endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolution 55/279, incorporated references to gender equality in all of its seven priority areas. It also included references to gender equality issues in subsections discussing trade, climate change and disaster mitigation. In the 2011‑2020 programme of action, the priority areas on “trade”, “commodities” and “multiple crises and other emerging challenges” make no mention of women. In that respect, the outcome document of the Fourth Conference fell somewhat short, and it could have included a stronger gender perspective.",
"43. The upcoming United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and the review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002, provide an opportunity for a fuller incorporation of a gender perspective. These two events are still in their preparatory phase: the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development will be held in June 2012 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and the review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002, will take place during the fifty-first session of the Commission for Social Development, in 2013.",
"44. The level of attention given to gender equality issues in the outcome document of a high-level event depends to a large extent on the inclusion of a gender perspective throughout the preparation of the event. The preparatory process of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries started in 2009 and included a large number of activities to assess the results of the previous programme of action and to devise new measures and strategies for the sustainable development of the least developed countries. However, a review of preparatory documents shows that the gender dimension was not always strongly reflected. In addition, none of the 16 pre-conference thematic events focused exclusively on gender equality issues, and the document summarizing the outcomes of 15 of these events (A/CONF.219/IPC/10) refers to gender equality issues in only two events.",
"45. United Nations entities play a key role in organizing and coordinating preparatory activities, and as such can use that opportunity to promote the inclusion of a gender perspective in high-level events. In particular, they have the opportunity to influence the process at an early stage, as the preparation for the second global review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002, illustrates. In December 2010, the United Nations Population Fund, with the cooperation of the Department for Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat and the World Health Organization, convened an expert group meeting to elaborate a set of indicators that countries could use in their reporting of progress for the review and appraisal exercise. In this list, nearly all of the indicators that assess the quality of life of older persons call for data disaggregated by sex.[6] This inclusion is significant, as the data provided will influence the subsequent preparatory activities and reports.",
"46. The participation of civil society groups active in promoting women’s rights can also be a decisive element in the inclusion of a gender perspective in preparatory processes and high-level events. The many activities that are typically undertaken at the national, regional and international level to gather inputs and raise awareness ahead of the event provide many avenues for these organizations to make their voices heard and influence the outcome document.",
"47. Specific efforts to harness the contribution of civil society yield the best results in their level of engagement. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development formally engages nine recognized major groups (see General Assembly resolution 64/236), one of which is women. This has helped to ensure the participation of women’s organizations in the preparatory process. For instance, women’s organizations were well-represented among major groups at the May 2010 and March 2011 meetings of the Preparatory Committee and delivered numerous interventions. The women’s major group also provided a position paper on one of the two themes of the conferences, “a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication”. Although the preparation for the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries was guided by three General Assembly resolutions (resolutions 65/171, 64/213 and 63/227) that called for the participation of civil society, women’s groups were not specifically mentioned, thus possibly limiting their impact on the outcome document.",
"48. The establishment of UN-Women, with its mandate to lead and coordinate the United Nations system work on gender equality can serve as a bridge to ensuring the full incorporation of a gender perspective in high-level intergovernmental processes. UN-Women has been involved in the preparatory process of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and has collaborated with the Steering Committee of the women’s major group. In addition, it has planned a number of activities to keep gender equality issues at the forefront of discussions in the preparatory process and at the Conference.",
"VI. Contribution of the Commission on the Status of Women",
"49. In paragraph 3 of its resolution 65/191, the General Assembly acknowledged the catalytic role of the Commission on the Status of Women in promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women based on the full implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session and in promoting and monitoring gender mainstreaming within the United Nations system. While the Commission on the Status of Women was not included in the content analysis reported in the present report to avoid biasing the results, given the Commission’s exclusive focus on gender equality issues, this body holds the primary responsibility for the follow-up to the Fourth World Conference on Women and has continued to play a major role in promoting the strategy of gender mainstreaming.",
"50. At its fifty-fourth session, the Commission commemorated the fifteenth anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women and contributed significantly to the work of the Economic and Social Council. The Commission transmitted summaries of its high-level round table and of three panel discussions to the Council as an input to the annual ministerial review on implementing the internationally agreed goals and commitments in regard to gender equality and empowerment of women. The report of the Secretary-General on the review of the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session and its contribution to shaping a gender perspective towards the realization of the Millennium Development Goals (E/2010/4-E/CN.6/2010/2), originally submitted to the Commission, also served as a basis for the high-level segment of the Economic and Social Council. The 2010 ministerial declaration that the Economic and Social Council adopted directly drew on the findings and recommendations of that report. In those respects, the Commission’s work undoubtedly influenced the extent to which a gender perspective was incorporated in the work of other bodies and in the United Nations system as a whole, in response to Council resolution 2006/9.",
"51. UN-Women, which serves as the substantive secretariat to the Commission on the Status of Women, is expected to further strengthen the Commission’s capacity to play a catalytic role in promoting gender mainstreaming. In particular, the strengthened country presence of UN-Women should lead to the enrichment of the reports of the Secretary-General to the Commission, as well as the General Assembly, by bringing in the perspectives from the operational work, and thus contributing to bridging the gap between the normative guidance elaborated by the Commission, and implementation work on the ground.",
"52. The Commission on the Status of Women thus remains a crucial actor whose work can help to increase attention to gender equality issues in high-level events. In the exercise of its role in promoting the strategy of gender mainstreaming, it held an interactive panel discussion on gender equality and sustainable development, during its fifty-fifth session in March 2011, as an input to the preparation of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. It also adopted at that session its first-ever resolution on mainstreaming gender equality and promoting empowerment of women in climate change policies and strategies (see E/2011/27, resolution 55/1), which can serve as a basis for further work on the topic.",
"VII. Conclusions and recommendations",
"53. The intergovernmental work of the United Nations continues to provide multiple opportunities for mainstreaming a gender perspective into the work of the Organization and that of Member States. The analysis contained in the present report suggests that there has been some progress in incorporating a gender perspective in these intergovernmental processes. There has been particular progress in ensuring that reports of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly and to the Economic and Social Council reflect a gender perspective. With respect to resolutions, progress has been more limited. High-level events continue to offer good opportunities for incorporating a gender perspective in intergovernmental processes and for reflecting them in major outcome documents. In addition, the in‑depth review of intergovernmental documents conducted as part of the analysis for the report suggests that in the majority of cases, the inclusion of a gender perspective, as defined by the mention of the keywords, reflects a genuine focus on gender equality issues.",
"54. Despite these positive steps, intergovernmental processes have not been optimally used to mainstream a gender perspective into all issues under the consideration of intergovernmental bodies and within their mandates. The share of resolutions of the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, and the functional commissions of the Economic and Social Council that include a gender perspective remains low, and even high-level events which entail longer advance planning and discussion, thus providing more opportunities to include a gender perspective, do not always give sufficient attention to gender equality issues. References to gender equality and the empowerment of women issues continue to be most strongly evidenced in the intergovernmental processes focusing on social and economic issues. Within the General Assembly, therefore, a gender perspective continues to be most likely to be found in the processes of the Second and Third Committees.",
"55. In light of the progress and the constraints noted in the present report, and taking into account the critical role of intergovernmental bodies in promoting and monitoring progress in the achievement of global commitments on gender equality, the General Assembly may wish to:",
"(a) Reiterate its call to all intergovernmental bodies of the United Nations to fully mainstream a gender perspective into all issues under their consideration and within their mandates, as well as in all United Nations summits, conferences and special sessions and in their follow-up processes; and call on them to systematically ask for the inclusion of a gender perspective when requesting reports of the Secretary-General and other inputs to the intergovernmental process;",
"(b) Request the Secretary-General to ensure that his reports to intergovernmental bodies systematically include a gender perspective through gender analysis and the provision of sex- and age-disaggregated quantitative data, in particular through concrete conclusions and recommendations for further action on gender equality and the empowerment of women, and in this regard to convey the importance of reflecting a gender perspective to all contributors who provide inputs to his reports;",
"(c) Encourage Governments to improve the collection, analysis and dissemination of data disaggregated by sex, and age; enhance capacity-development in this regard; and develop relevant gender-sensitive indicators to support policymaking;",
"(d) Emphasize the important role and contribution of civil society, in particular non-governmental organizations and women’s organizations, in the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session;",
"(e) Call upon Governments and the United Nations system to encourage and support the participation of women’s groups and non-governmental organizations specialized in gender equality issues in intergovernmental processes through increased outreach, funding and capacity-development.",
"[1] The present report complements the annual report to the Economic and Social Council on mainstreaming a gender perspective into all policies and programmes of the United Nations system (E/2011/114), and the annual report to the Commission on the Status of Women focused on actions of Member States for gender mainstreaming at the national level (see E/CN.6/2011/5).",
"[2] The Commission on the Status of Women (owing to its exclusive focus on gender issues) and the United Nations Forum on Forests (which did not have a session in 2010) are excluded.",
"[3] These earlier findings are based on the analysis carried out for previous reports of the Secretary-General: A/62/178, A/63/217, A/64/218 and A/65/204. It must be noted that results up to the sixty-third session of the General Assembly are not fully comparable, as the content analysis relied on a smaller list of words (gender, sex, woman, girl, female and sexual).",
"[4] The findings on preambular and operative paragraphs pertain to 82 resolutions of the Assembly and 18 resolutions of the Council, as the analysis did not apply to resolutions in which a declaration or an outcome document from a high-level event was adopted or endorsed.",
"[5] This understanding is based on the agreed conclusion 1997/2 of the Economic and Social Council on gender mainstreaming.",
"[6] See http://social.un.org/index/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=rxM-regd7PM%3d&tabid=1261."
] | A_66_211 | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"* A/66/150.",
"Item 28 (b) of the provisional agenda*",
"Advancement of women: implementation of the outcome of the Fourth World Conference on Women and of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly",
"Follow-up to the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly",
"Report of the Secretary-General",
"Summary",
"The present report, prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/191, reviews the follow-up to and implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session. The report focuses on specific processes of intergovernmental bodies and assesses gender mainstreaming in the work of such bodies. Finally, recommendations are made for further action to enhance the implementation of gender equality mandates.",
"I. Introduction",
"1. 1. The present report has been prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/191, in which it requested the Secretary-General to continue to submit annual reports on the follow-up to and progress made in the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session, with an assessment of progress made in gender mainstreaming, information on key achievements, lessons learned and good practices, and recommendations on further action. The report is also submitted in response to the request made by the Economic and Social Council in its resolution 2006/9 that the Secretary-General include in the report an assessment of the impact of the Commission on the Status of Women ' s contribution to the deliberations of the United Nations system.",
"2. The report focuses on specific United Nations intergovernmental processes and assesses the extent to which the gender perspective is incorporated into those processes[1]. The report is divided into seven sections. After the introduction, section II discusses the basis for gender mainstreaming in the work of intergovernmental bodies. Section III describes the methodology used in the report. Section IV contains the findings of the analysis on the extent to which the gender perspective is reflected in the reports of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the functional commissions of the Council. This section also assesses the extent to which gender perspectives have been incorporated into resolutions adopted by those bodies. Section V reviews the focus on gender equality issues in preparations and, where appropriate, final documents for three high-level intergovernmental events: the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries in 2011, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 and the review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing in 2013. Section VI specifically analyses the contributions of the Commission on the Status of Women and section VII presents a summary and conclusions of the report and makes recommendations for further action.",
"II. Basics for gender mainstreaming in intergovernmental processes",
"3. The General Assembly has repeatedly affirmed the role of the United Nations intergovernmental process in promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women. In its resolution 65/191, it reaffirmed that gender mainstreaming was a universally accepted strategy to promote women ' s empowerment and achieve gender equality through the transformation of inequality structures. It also reaffirmed the commitment to actively promote gender mainstreaming in the development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and social fields, as well as the commitment to strengthening the capacity of the United Nations system in the field of gender equality. In paragraph 15 of the resolution, the Assembly called upon all United Nations bodies to fully incorporate the gender perspective into all issues under review and within their mandates, as well as at all United Nations summits and conferences and special sessions and in their follow-up processes, including the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries in 2011, the United Nations Sustainable Development Plan and the United Nations",
"4. Of particular relevance to the approach to the present report is paragraph 18 of resolution 65/191, in which the Assembly requested that the reports of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council and its subsidiary bodies systematically incorporate gender perspectives through the inclusion of qualitative analysis, sex- and age-disaggregated data and, if any, quantitative data, including specific conclusions and recommendations on new gender-equality measures, with a view to providing gender-equality policies.",
"5. The United Nations intergovernmental process is complex. Intergovernmental bodies differ in their mandates and receive and review very diverse documentation, including reports of the Secretary-General, Member States, other intergovernmental bodies, envoys and special rapporteurs, among others. Reports vary widely in their form, content and scope. They can consolidate inputs from a number of partners, usually Member States and United Nations entities, but also from intergovernmental, regional or non-governmental organizations. The reports are the basis for the discussions of Member States, which can be held in the context of general discussions, round tables and other events. Intergovernmental meetings allow policymakers to exchange information on progress, challenges and good practices, and help to strengthen the commitment of Governments to women ' s empowerment. Often, although not always, the work of intergovernmental bodies crystallizes in final documents, such as statements, resolutions and decisions, or, in the case of the Security Council, presidential statements. The final documents often include recommendations for action on a given issue. Such recommendations may be policy guidance to Member States and other stakeholders, or new mandates for further consideration and analysis of a situation or for convening new meetings or a high-level event on the issues concerned. The inputs, events and outputs of the intergovernmental process provide opportunities for mainstreaming a gender perspective into all issues under consideration by the respective intergovernmental bodies, in accordance with resolution 65/191.",
"III. Methodology of the present report",
"6. The present report reviews a number of inputs, events and outputs of the intergovernmental process, through an analysis of their contents, to demonstrate the degree of effective gender mainstreaming, which is determined by the presence of the following words: gender, sex, woman, man, girl, child, female, male, sexual, reproductive and maternal (including their plural forms). The gender perspective was considered in the documents in which at least one keyword appeared. False positive results were discarded, such as the English man-made disaster (disaster of human origin).",
"7. While the list of selected words excludes some that may well be argued, reflect the gender perspective, the words selected are those that most frequently appear in reports and documents addressing gender equality issues. In order to ensure that the evaluation of the inclusion of a gender perspective was beyond the mere mention of those keywords, more detailed analysis was made of the documents that passed that first filter to assess the extent to which the gender perspective was actually reflected.",
"8. All reports of the Secretary-General were considered to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session, and to the Economic and Social Council and its functional commissions at its 2010 sessions, as well as resolutions adopted at those sessions. The three events mentioned in resolution 65/191 were also discussed: the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries of 2011, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development of 2012 and the 2013 review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing of 2002. Special attention was paid to the analysis of preparatory documents and final documents, if available. Documents available as at 15 June 2011 were reviewed in the United Nations Official Document System. The reports of the Secretary-General and resolutions were considered even if they belonged to an agenda item or sub-item focused specifically on gender equality issues. In the case of documents submitted to more than one intergovernmental body, repeated examples were counted, since the consideration of the issue by each of those bodies provided an additional opportunity to incorporate gender equality issues into the intergovernmental process.",
"IV. Results",
"A. Overview",
"9. In view of the number of resolutions and reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the functional commissions of the Council, there were numerous opportunities to incorporate a gender perspective into the work of those intergovernmental bodies. Only the Assembly received and considered 244 reports of the Secretary-General and adopted 270 resolutions. At its 2010 session, the Council received and considered 20 reports of the Secretary-General and adopted 38 resolutions. A partial list of reports and resolutions of functional commissions indicates that there were at least 38 reports and 38 resolutions[2]. While some of those opportunities were clearly exploited, as demonstrated by the conclusions of the present report, the potential for catalysing the full implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly, promoting gender mainstreaming in the work of the United Nations system, was often not realized.",
"1. General Assembly",
"(a) Resolutions",
"10. The analysis of the resolutions of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly shows that the gender perspective was taken into account in almost one third of the resolutions. Table 1 contains data on the inclusion of a gender perspective in the resolutions of the Assembly and the reports of the Secretary-General submitted to it, disaggregated by Main Committee. The Third Committee, which deals with social, humanitarian and cultural issues, was the most likely to integrate the gender dimension in its resolutions. The Second Committee, responsible for economic and financial matters, and the plenary of the General Assembly also reflected gender perspectives and tended to integrate that concern into more than one third of their respective resolutions. The gender perspective was included in one of every five resolutions of the Fourth Committee, dealing with special political and decolonization issues.",
"11. The Fifth Committee, responsible for administrative and budgetary matters, and in particular the First Committee and the Sixth Committee, dealing respectively with disarmament and international security issues and legal issues, rarely adopted resolutions referring to gender equality issues. It should be noted, however, that the First Committee adopted its draft resolution on " Women, disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control " (see General Assembly resolution 65/69).",
"Table 1 Number and percentage distribution of General Assembly resolutions and reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the Assembly reflecting the gender perspective, disaggregated by Main Committee",
"Number of resolutions Number of resolutions included in the scope of the report of the Secretary-General Number of reports of the Secretary-General, which included the scope of the report of the Second Committee 36",
"Note: Of the 244 reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the General Assembly, some were considered under more than one agenda item, and some agenda items were allocated to more than one Committee. The breakdown by Committee therefore does not coincide with the total number of reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the Assembly.",
"12. Figure I shows how all General Assembly resolutions including a gender perspective are circulated among the Main Committees. Although the Third Committee had produced only 20 per cent of General Assembly resolutions, it had accounted for almost half of Assembly resolutions reflecting gender perspectives. The Third Committee therefore compensated the shortcomings of the other Committees (First, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth) in that regard, since it was much less likely, if any, to adopt a draft resolution reflecting the gender perspective. The breakdown by Commission corresponds to the results of previous years and demonstrates that, despite repeated calls by the General Assembly for the mainstreaming of a gender perspective on all issues, gender equality issues remain insufficiently reflected in resolutions on non-social and economic issues.",
"Figure I Distribution of all General Assembly resolutions reflecting a gender perspective, broken down by the Main Committee that adopted the resolution",
"[]",
"13. As for trends, compared to previous years[3], the overall proportion of General Assembly resolutions that integrate a gender perspective has increased little (see figure II). This proportion has remained relatively low at successive sessions of the General Assembly, although the trend towards a slight increase is noted.",
"Figure II Trends in the percentage of General Assembly documents including gender perspective",
"[]",
"(b) Reports of the Secretary-General",
"14. The likelihood of finding a gender perspective was greater in the reports of the Secretary-General than in resolutions. The gender perspective was included in 60 per cent of the reports. However, there were variations between the Main Committees that correspond to the variations observed in the resolutions. The gender perspective tended to appear more in the reports submitted to the plenary of the General Assembly, the Second Committee and the Third Committee, and less in the reports submitted to the First Committee and the Sixth Committee.",
"15. With regard to trends, between the sixty-fifth and sixty-sixth sessions, the number of reports of the Secretary-General including the gender perspective increased by 10 percentage points (see figure II). This may be due to the holding of several major events in 2010 related to gender equality and the empowerment of women, including the 15-year review of the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action that was held during the fifty-fourth session of the Commission on the Status of Women, the annual ministerial review of the Economic and Social Council on the implementation of the internationally agreed goals and commitments on gender equality, In addition, the General Assembly ' s debate on proposals for a new entity on gender equality and ultimately the adoption of resolution 64/289 of 2 July 2010 helped to generate momentum for the inclusion of a gender perspective in the work of intergovernmental bodies.",
"2. The Economic and Social Council and its functional commissions",
"(a) Resolutions",
"16. The gender perspective was reflected in half of the resolutions adopted by the Economic and Social Council at its 2010 session (see table 2), and in almost one third of the resolutions of its functional commissions, excluding the Commission on the Status of Women. While there are large variations between functional commissions, the small size of the sample makes it difficult to interpret the data.",
"Table 2",
"Number and percentage distribution of resolutions of the Economic and Social Council and its functional commissions and of the reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the Council and to those commissions at the 2010 session, including a gender perspective",
"Number of Proportion Number of Proportion of resolutions of reports of reports of resolutions in which resolutions of the Secretary include that of the Secretary-General in which perspective the General includes gender perspective gender mainstreaming (percentage) gender perspective (percentage) gender perspective",
"Economic and Social Council",
"Organizational commissions 38 12 32 38 24 63 of the Economic and Social Council^(a)",
"Commission of 13 4 31 6 4 67 Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice",
"Commission of 17 1 6 3 1 33 Narcotics^(b)",
"Commission on Population 1 1 100 4 100",
"Commission on Science and 2 100 4 100",
"Commission of 5 4 80 4 100 Social Development",
"Commission on 0 - - 9 6 67 Sustainable Development",
"Commission 0 - - 8 1 13 Statistics",
"^(a) They are not included in the outcomes or the Commission on the Status of Women (only gender-based) or the United Nations Forum on Forests (which did not hold a session in 2010).",
"^(b) The Commission on Narcotic Drugs reviews reports of the Secretariat, which were analysed rather than reports of the Secretary-General.",
"17. With regard to trends (see figure III), comparing the 2009 and 2010 sessions of the Economic and Social Council (see A/65/204), it is noted that the proportion of resolutions reflecting the gender perspective increased by only 4 per cent. This minimal increase is similar to the trend observed in General Assembly resolutions. A similar comparison could not be made in the case of functional commissions, owing to the lack of comparable data for 2009.",
"Figure III",
"Percentage of documents of the Economic and Social Council including gender perspective (2009 and 2010 sessions)",
"[]",
"(b) Reports of the Secretary-General",
"18. Similar to the results observed in the case of the General Assembly, the likelihood of gender reflection was greater in the reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the Economic and Social Council and its functional commissions than in resolutions. The gender perspective was reflected in the majority (85 per cent) of the reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the Economic and Social Council, and in almost two thirds (63 per cent) of the reports submitted to the functional commissions.",
"19. The trend towards greater inclusion of a gender perspective in the reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the Economic and Social Council, with an increase of eight percentage points during the year, is noted. This result corresponds to the trend observed in the reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the General Assembly. Limited availability of data did not allow the analysis of trends in functional commissions.",
"B. Detailed analysis",
"20. While the gender perspective as defined in the present report may be reflected in reports and resolutions, there are often significant variations in the degree of attention given to gender equality issues. The present section examines the location of references to such issues in reports and resolutions that include a gender perspective and discusses the qualitative force of language in such references.",
"1. Location",
"21. The location of references to gender issues in in intergovernmental documents determines their importance and the likelihood of action. The Secretary-General ' s reports pay more attention to gender equality issues when these issues are mentioned not only in the main part of the report, but also in the conclusion and recommendations. The resolutions give greater emphasis to those issues when they relate to them in the preamble and in the operative part. In dealing with those issues in the preamble and in the operative part of the resolutions, the issue is first framed and then a specific measure or recommendation is indicated in response to it.",
"22. In 20 and 17 per cent of the resolutions adopted by the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council, respectively, gender references were included in the preamble only, without any recommendation in the operative paragraphs[4]. However, the tendency to reflect the gender perspective in both the preamble and the operative part of the resolution was greater in the Economic and Social Council than in the General Assembly: 45 per cent of the resolutions of the Assembly contained gender references in the two parties, compared with 61 per cent of the resolutions of the Council.",
"23. The reports of the Secretary-General also show differences in the location of gender equality issues. Of the 123 reports submitted to the General Assembly that included a conclusion or recommendations for further action, only 28 per cent combined the gender perspective in the main part of the report with a reference to conclusions or recommendations. The probability of mention of gender issues in the main part of the report and the conclusion or recommendations was greater in the reports submitted to the Economic and Social Council: of the 14 reports submitted to the Council with a section of conclusions or recommendations, 9 (i.e. 64 per cent) included references in the main part of the report and in one or both sections.",
"2. Qualitative evaluation",
"24. Although gender equality can be incorporated into key sections of a report or a resolution, the effect of such incorporation depends on the force of the language used in the reference. In an attempt to capture that dimension, intergovernmental documents were examined by comparing them with qualitative variables. The Secretary-General ' s reports were qualitatively evaluated in comparison with two variables: the “covering” of gender equality issues and the “quality” of the treatment of gender issues. The analysis was conducted only with documents of the General Assembly, because its number was adequate to support the analysis.",
"25. With regard to coverage, this was considered high when the report included a specific section on gender equality, as well as several references in the rest of the report. The presence of a single reference or a few short references was defined as low coverage. The average coverage was defined as an intermediate point.",
"26. In the analysis of the quality of the reports, superficial references were characterized as low-quality references, such as the term " including women " , while the quality of reports that provided accurate data, including gender-disaggregated quantitative data and gender-based analysis, ranged between average and high. For example, the passage from a report reproduced below was considered of high quality, as it analysed the effects of an event on women and men, taking into account their various circumstances: “Women are likely to represent the highest percentage of victims, as many were at home when the earthquake took place, while men were at work and children were on their way home after school” (A/65/335, para. 4). Another example that was considered to be of high quality was: " Monthly meetings of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General with national political party leaders, and quarterly meetings with women representatives of political parties and civil society organizations, including women ' s organizations " (A/65/746, following paragraph 29).",
"27. Resolutions, which tend to be shorter than reports, were analysed by comparing them with a single variable, and were classified according to the gender equality approach: low, medium or high. A resolution was considered to have a high focus on gender equality if a key word appeared in more than one paragraph or whether it contained specific language on the situation and needs of women and girls. Resolutions including a single superficial reference were considered to reflect a low approach.",
"(a) Reports of the Secretary-General",
"28. Figure IV shows the distribution of the reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the General Assembly according to two variables, their coverage and their quality. 30% of the reports (45 out of 146) were high coverage and quality, while 21% were low coverage and quality. While the reports noted wide variations in both gender equality coverage and the characteristics of such inclusions, there tends to be a general correlation between coverage and quality. In general, the reports noted the trend towards average or high coverage of gender equality issues; 49 per cent of the reports were classified as high/high/high/high coverage, compared with the proportion of qualified low/average/low/low coverage reports, which was 30 per cent.",
"Figure IV",
"Coverage and quality of gender references in the reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the General Assembly, as often as",
"[]",
"29. Deepening the review, it was noted that approximately 40 per cent of the reports included quantitative data disaggregated by sex. However, variations were observed in the accuracy level of the data provided. Some reports provided absolute figures (e.g. the number of political representatives who were women without specifying the total number of representatives), while others presented relative data (e.g. the percentage of women beneficiaries of a programme). In some cases, the reports indicated that no quantitative data was available. For example, in the report entitled “Composition of the Secretariat: gratis personnel, retirees and consultants” (A/65/350/Add.1), which provides numerous sex-disaggregated data and other variables, it is scrupulously indicated in what cases sex-disaggregated data are not available, and in which office and how many persons.",
"(b) Resolution",
"30. Although the gender perspective was reflected only in one third of General Assembly resolutions, the 85 resolutions thus tended to reflect that perspective in a fairly clear manner. In nearly 80 per cent of those resolutions, attention to gender equality issues was high or medium (see figure V). This means that the key words indicating the gender perspective were found in more than one paragraph or that the text contained specific language on the situation and needs of women and girls.",
"Figure V",
"Grade of attention to gender equality issues in General Assembly resolutions including a gender perspective",
"[]",
"31. Many of the resolutions with a medium and high focus include paragraphs recognizing the specific situation of women and girls and proposing measures to address their needs. For example, in General Assembly resolution 65/220 on the right to food, the Assembly expressed concern that women and girls were disproportionately affected by hunger, food insecurity and poverty, partly because of gender inequality and discrimination, and called for measures to ensure full and equal realization of the right to food and to ensure women equal access to resources, such as property, land and land",
"32. Despite the progress made in gender mainstreaming in the reports of the Secretary-General and resolutions of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council and its functional commissions, many reports continue to analyse the problems of development in communities with a gender-neutral approach. For example, in a large number of cases involving forms of violence, including sexual exploitation and abuse and trafficking in persons, it was omitted to specify the sex of victims and perpetrators. Generally speaking, gender neutral terms, such as “persons”, “children” (referring to both genders), or “humanitarian and peacekeeping personnel”, were used to erase gender-related patterns and to conceal possible changes over time. It is essential to know which groups are affected, and to what extent, so that intergovernmental bodies can formulate appropriate policy responses.",
"33. A few reports and resolutions reflecting the gender perspective referred to men and boys. Integrating the gender perspective means assessing the situation and needs of women and men, and of girls and boys, as well as the impact of the measures envisaged for each of these groups[5]. Ensuring that gender analysis not only focuses on women, but also examines gender issues, can help to broaden support for a gender-based approach.",
"34. The frequent absence of an age dimension should also be noted. Resolutions and reports normally referred to women or boys, but rarely more specific to ages or age groups, and in many cases no specific reference was made to girls. Girls are subject to particular forms of discrimination and their identification in the reports, where appropriate, would contribute to a more incisive policy intervention. Similarly, documents referring to young people rarely provided sex- and age-disaggregated data, making it difficult to formulate effective policies on those issues.",
"35. While the approach of qualitative assessments used in this section undoubtedly has its limitations, these results constitute an important step towards understanding progress in gender mainstreaming in the work of intergovernmental and United Nations bodies as a whole.",
"V. High-level intergovernmental events of the United Nations as opportunities for gender mainstreaming",
"36. Apart from the reports of the Secretary-General and the resolutions that are the outputs of the regular sessions of intergovernmental bodies, a number of high-level events are also held at the United Nations each year. These events (days, conferences and special sessions), as well as their follow-up processes, provide important opportunities to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women. Its preparation offers many possibilities for highlighting gender equality issues, and events can be an occasion for Governments to make visible commitments in relation to women ' s empowerment, or in the case of follow-up processes, to renew previous commitments.",
"37. The present section reviews these opportunities in the light of the three high-level events mentioned in resolution 65/191: the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in 2011, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in 2012, and the 2013 review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002.",
"38. The Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries was an important occasion to raise awareness of the needs of women and girls living in poverty. The conference, held in Istanbul from 9 to 13 May 2011, was attended by numerous Heads of State and Government, as well as parliamentarians, heads of United Nations entities and senior representatives of non-governmental organizations and the private sector. The Under-Secretary-General and Executive Director of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) delivered a speech at the opening session of the conference and one of the six high-level interactive thematic discussions focused on human and social development, gender equality and women ' s empowerment.",
"39. In addition, 5 of the 45 special events focused specifically on gender equality issues and their relationship with trade, sustainable development, economic empowerment, migrant workers and migrations and remittances. The material available at the Conference included a number of key messages produced by UN-Women that addressed the various issues to gender debate.",
"40. The Conference adopted the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020 (see A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1), which includes several references to gender equality issues. This outcome document, adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/280, describes new measures and strategies for the sustainable development of the least developed countries.",
"41. It is important to note that the second section of the outcome document, which reviews the implementation of the previous programme of action, reports on progress in the area of women ' s empowerment, and notes as lessons learned the importance that gender and other general issues have for poverty eradication. The third section, entitled a renewed and strengthened partnership for development, mentions gender equality as one of the objectives of the new programme of action and one of the principles for its implementation. The fourth section sets out eight priority areas of action, five of which contain references to gender equality. In the priority area entitled human and social development, a subsection is dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of women.",
"42. Moreover, the Programme of Action for the Decade 2001-2010, endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolution 55/279, included references to gender equality in its seven priority areas. References to gender equality in trade, climate change and disaster mitigation subsections were also included. The 2011-2020 programme of action does not mention women in the priority areas of “commercial”, “basic products” and “multiple crises and other emerging challenges”. In that regard, the outcome document of the Fourth Conference was not entirely satisfactory, and could have taken more into account the gender perspective.",
"43. The forthcoming United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and the review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002, provide an opportunity for more fully mainstreaming the gender perspective. These two events are still at the preparatory stage: the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development will be held in June 2012 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and the review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002, will be held at the fifty-first session of the Commission for Social Development in 2013.",
"44. The degree of attention paid to gender equality issues in the outcome document of a high-level event largely depends on the inclusion of a gender perspective in the preparation of the event. The preparatory process for the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries began in 2009 and included a large number of activities to assess the results of the previous programme of action and to develop new measures and strategies for the sustainable development of the least developed countries. However, in considering the documents of the preparatory process, it is noted that the gender dimension is not always solidly reflected. Furthermore, none of the 16 pre-Conference thematic events focused exclusively on gender equality issues, and the document summarizing the results of 15 such events (A/CONF.219/IPC/10) referred to gender equality in only two of them.",
"45. United Nations entities play an essential role in organizing and coordinating preparatory activities, and can therefore take this opportunity to promote gender mainstreaming at high-level events. In particular, they have the opportunity to influence the process at the initial stage, such as preparing for the second global review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002. In December 2010, the United Nations Population Fund, with the collaboration of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat and the World Health Organization, organized an expert group meeting to develop a set of indicators that could be used by countries in preparing their reports for the review and appraisal process. In that list of indicators, almost all who evaluate the quality of life of older persons require sex-disaggregated data[6]. This inclusion is important, as the data provided will influence preparatory activities and subsequent reports.",
"46. The participation of civil society groups working in the promotion of women ' s rights can also be a critical element in the inclusion of a gender perspective in preparatory processes and high-level events. The many activities normally carried out at the national, regional and international levels to gather inputs and raise awareness before an event serve as platforms for those organizations to make their voices heard and influence the outcome document.",
"47. Specific initiatives undertaken to leverage the contribution of civil society produce the best results at their level of participation. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development officially includes nine major groups (see General Assembly resolution 64/236), one of them women. This has contributed to ensuring the participation of women ' s organizations in the preparatory process. For example, women ' s organizations were well represented among the major groups at the Preparatory Committee meetings in May 2010 and March 2011 and made numerous interventions. The main group of women also presented a position paper on one of the two topics of conferences, the green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication. While the preparations for the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries are based on three General Assembly resolutions (resolutions 65/171, 64/213 and 63/227) calling for the participation of civil society, no specific mention is made of women ' s groups, possibly limiting their influence on the outcome document.",
"48. The establishment of UN-Women, with its mandate to lead and coordinate the work of the United Nations on gender equality, can serve as a bridge to ensure full gender mainstreaming in high-level intergovernmental processes. UN-Women has participated in the preparatory process for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and has collaborated with the Steering Committee of the main group of women. In addition, a number of activities are planned to maintain gender equality at the forefront of the discussions of the preparatory process and the Conference.",
"VI. Contribution of the Commission on the Status of Women",
"49. In paragraph 3 of its resolution 65/191, the General Assembly recognized the catalytic role of the Commission on the Status of Women in the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of women, on the basis of the full implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session, and in the promotion and monitoring of gender mainstreaming in the United Nations system. While the Commission on the Status of Women was not included in the analysis of the contents contained in the present report to avoid biased results, given its full commitment to gender equality issues, the Commission is the main body responsible for the follow-up to the Fourth World Conference on Women and continues to play an important role in promoting the gender mainstreaming strategy.",
"50. The Commission noted at its fifty-fourth session the fifteenth anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women and contributed significantly to the work of the Economic and Social Council. The Commission transmitted summaries of its high-level panel and three other round tables to the Council as a contribution to the annual ministerial review on the implementation of the internationally agreed goals and commitments on gender equality and the empowerment of women. The report of the Secretary-General on the review of the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly and its contribution to the development of a gender perspective for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (E/2010/4-E/CN.6/2010/2), originally submitted to the Commission, also served as a basis for the high-level segment of the Economic and Social Council. The 2010 ministerial declaration adopted by the Economic and Social Council was based directly on the conclusions and recommendations of that report. In that regard, the work of the Commission undoubtedly influenced the extent to which the gender perspective was incorporated into the work of other agencies and the United Nations system as a whole, in response to Council resolution 2006/9.",
"51. UN-Women, which serves as the substantive secretariat of the Commission on the Status of Women, is expected to further strengthen the Commission ' s capacity to play a catalytic role in promoting a gender perspective. In particular, the increased presence of UN-Women in countries should enrich the reports that the Secretary-General submits to the Commission and to the General Assembly, incorporating the perspectives of operational work and thus contribute to addressing the gap between the normative guidance developed by the Commission and the field implementation work.",
"52. The Commission on the Status of Women, therefore, remains a critical body whose work can help to pay greater attention to gender equality at high-level events. As part of its role in promoting the gender mainstreaming strategy, the Commission organized an interactive panel discussion on gender equality and sustainable development at its fifty-fifth session in March 2011, as a contribution to the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. At that session, the Commission also adopted its first resolution on gender equality and the promotion of women ' s empowerment in climate change policies and strategies (see E/2011/27, resolution 55/1), which can serve as a basis for future work on the topic.",
"VII. Conclusions and recommendations",
"53. The intergovernmental work of the United Nations continues to offer multiple opportunities for gender mainstreaming in the activities of the Organization and Member States. The analysis contained in the present report indicates that some progress has been made in mainstreaming gender into these intergovernmental processes. Particular progress has been made in ensuring that the gender perspective is reflected in the reports of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council. In terms of resolutions, progress has been more limited. High-level events continue to provide good opportunities to mainstream gender into intergovernmental processes and to reflect it in major outcome documents. In addition, the detailed review of the documents of intergovernmental bodies carried out as part of the analysis contained in the present report indicates that in most cases, the inclusion of a gender perspective, defined by the reference to the keywords, reflects an authentic interest in gender equality issues.",
"54. Despite these achievements, intergovernmental processes have not been optimally utilized to mainstream gender into all issues discussed by intergovernmental bodies and their mandates. The percentage of resolutions of the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the functional commissions of the Council reflecting a gender perspective remains low, and even high-level events do not always give sufficient attention to gender equality issues, although such events involve a longer period of planning and deliberation and thus provide more opportunities for gender mainstreaming. References to gender equality and women ' s empowerment issues remain more abundant in intergovernmental processes focusing on social and economic issues. In the General Assembly, therefore, the gender perspective tends to appear more frequently in the processes of the Second Committee and the Third Committee.",
"55. Taking into account the critical role of intergovernmental bodies in promoting and monitoring progress in achieving global commitments on gender equality, the General Assembly may wish:",
"(a) Reiterate its call to all United Nations intergovernmental bodies to fully incorporate the gender perspective into all issues under review and within their mandates, as well as at all United Nations summits and conferences and special sessions and in their follow-up processes; and call upon them to systematically request the inclusion of a gender perspective when requesting reports of the Secretary-General and other inputs to the intergovernmental process;",
"(b) To request the Secretary-General to ensure that his reports to intergovernmental bodies systematically include a gender perspective through gender-based analysis and the inclusion of gender- and age-disaggregated quantitative data, including concrete conclusions and recommendations on new gender equality and women ' s empowerment measures, and, in this regard, to communicate to all contributors to their reports the importance of gender mainstreaming;",
"(c) Encourage Governments to improve the collection, analysis and dissemination of gender- and age-disaggregated data; and to improve capacity-building in this regard and to develop gender-specific indicators in support of policy-making;",
"(d) Emphasize the importance of the role and contribution of civil society, in particular non-governmental organizations and women ' s organizations, in the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session;",
"(e) Call upon Governments and the United Nations system to encourage and support the participation of women ' s groups and non-governmental organizations specialized in gender equality issues in in intergovernmental processes increased outreach, funding and training.",
"[1] The present report complements the annual report to the Economic and Social Council on gender mainstreaming in all policies and programmes of the United Nations system (see E/2011/114), and the annual report to the Commission on the Status of Women on measures taken by Member States for gender mainstreaming at the national level (see E/CN.6/2011/5).",
"[2] The Commission on the Status of Women (only gender) and the United Nations Forum on Forests (which did not hold a session in 2010) are excluded.",
"[3] The results of previous years are based on the analysis of previous reports of the Secretary-General, namely: A/62/178, A/63/217, A/64/218 and A/65/204. It should be noted that the results up to the sixty-third session of the General Assembly are not fully comparable, as the analysis of the contents was based on a list of the lowest words (gender, sex, woman, girl, female and sexual).",
"[4] The conclusions on the preambular and operative paragraphs are based on the analysis of 82 General Assembly and 18 Council resolutions, of which the resolutions in which a declaration or outcome document of a high-level event had been adopted or endorsed were excluded.",
"[5] This understanding is based on Economic and Social Council agreed conclusions 1997/2 on a gender perspective.",
"[6] See http://social.un.org/index/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=rxM-regd7PM%3d strangertabid=1261."
] |
[
"Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones",
"Tema 28 a) del programa provisional*",
"Adelanto de la mujer: adelanto de la mujer",
"Violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias",
"Informe del Secretario General",
"* A/66/150.",
"Resumen",
"Este informe, presentado de conformidad con la resolución 64/139 de la Asamblea General, da a conocer las medidas adoptadas por los Estados Miembros y por el sistema de las Naciones Unidas para hacer frente a la violencia y la discriminación contra las trabajadoras migratorias. Al final del informe se formulan recomendaciones con miras a la adopción de medidas.",
"Índice",
"Página\nI.Introducción 3\nII.Contexto 3III.Medidas 5 adoptadas por los Estados \nMiembros A.Instrumentos 6 \ninternacionales B.Reunión 7 y examen de \ndatos \nC.Legislación 8\nD. Políticas 9E.Medidas 9 preventivas, formación y fomento de la \ncapacidad F.Protección 11 y \nasistencia G.Cooperación 11 bilateral, regional, internacional y de otra \níndole IV.Actividades 12 del sistema de las Naciones \nUnidas A. Evolución 12 jurídica y normativa a nivel \nmundial B.Iniciativas 16 de las entidades de las Naciones Unidas y la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones en apoyo de las actividades \nnacionales V.Conclusiones 18 y \nrecomendaciones",
"I. Introducción",
"1. En su resolución 64/139, relativa a la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias, la Asamblea General solicitó al Secretario General que en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones la informara sobre la aplicación de esa resolución y pidió a los gobiernos que adoptaran medidas para proteger los derechos humanos de las trabajadoras migratorias, hicieran frente a la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias y la impidiesen, proporcionasen asistencia y protección a las víctimas, reforzasen las medidas de prevención, castigasen a los culpables y mejorasen la reunión de datos y la cooperación bilateral, regional e internacional.",
"2. El presente informe, que responde a las peticiones de adopción de medidas de la resolución 64/139, abarca el período de dos años comprendido entre junio de 2009 y junio de 2011, esto es, desde la presentación del informe anterior sobre el tema (A/64/152). El informe incluye las comunicaciones remitidas por 23 Estados Miembros[1], cinco entidades de las Naciones Unidas[2] y la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM). Además, se consultaron las observaciones finales y las recomendaciones y los comentarios generales de los órganos creados en virtud de tratados de derechos humanos y los informes del sistema de procedimientos especiales del Consejo de Derechos Humanos.",
"3. En el informe se expone el contexto en el que cabe examinar el tema de las trabajadoras migratorias; se resumen las medidas adoptadas por los Estados Miembros, el sistema de las Naciones Unidas y la OIM para aplicar la resolución 64/139 de la Asamblea General; y se formulan conclusiones y se recomiendan medidas para impedir la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias y protegerlas de la violencia.",
"II. Contexto",
"4. A nivel mundial, el número de migrantes internacionales en 2010 se estimaba en 214 millones[3], de los que el 93% eran migrantes económicos[4]. Las mujeres representan el 49% de los migrantes internacionales. La proporción más elevada de mujeres migrantes corresponde a Europa (el 52,3%), a la que siguen la región de Oceanía (el 51,2%) y América Latina y el Caribe y América del Norte (ambas regiones con el 50,1%). En las otras dos grandes regiones, el número de hombres migrantes es superior al de mujeres: en 2010, en Asia representaban el 55,4% de los migrantes y en África el 53,2%[5]. Hay un gran número de mujeres que se desplazan de manera independiente como trabajadoras migratorias temporarias para la realización de actividades concretas de prestación de servicios, incluidos los sectores del servicio doméstico y de la prestación de cuidados, así como el espectáculo[6].",
"5. La migración internacional puede resultar una experiencia de empoderamiento para la mujer: las mujeres salen de situaciones en que cuentan con limitadas opciones para pasar a otras en que disponen de una mayor autonomía sobre sus vidas, lo que redunda en su propio beneficio y en el de sus familias y comunidades[7]. No obstante, muchas mujeres que emigran, por razones tales como la búsqueda de trabajo, corren el riesgo de ser víctimas de la violencia basada en el género, la discriminación y la explotación.",
"6. En su recomendación general núm. 26 sobre las trabajadoras migratorias, el Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación contra la Mujer resumió esos riesgos[8]. El Comité destacó la vulnerabilidad de las trabajadoras migratorias a la violencia física y sexual por parte de sus empleadores y el riesgo añadido de la violencia doméstica y los abusos, así como la explotación de carácter económico, a la que eran particularmente vulnerables las que se encontraban en una situación irregular en materia de inmigración, y observó que el acceso a la justicia de las trabajadoras migratorias podía verse limitado, lo que les impedía obtener una reparación por discriminación o violencia en el empleo. Por otra parte, cuando había medios de reparación y servicios disponibles, las trabajadoras migratorias podían tropezar con obstáculos para su acceso, lo que incluía la falta de información o de conocimiento de idiomas, las restricciones a la libertad de circulación impuestas por los empleadores y el temor a la pérdida de la situación que tenían en materia de inmigración o de residencia. Los migrantes pueden comenzar su vida en los países de destino en una situación de endeudamiento, dificultades económicas y dependencia de resultas de los elevados honorarios que han de pagar por su contratación. Los deficientes servicios de reintegración, en particular los que se caracterizan por no tener en cuenta el género, pueden entrañar nuevas penalidades para las mujeres migrantes después de su regreso a su país de origen[9].",
"7. Las trabajadoras migratorias del servicio doméstico se enfrentan a problemas y preocupaciones especiales como consecuencia de su aislamiento y de su dependencia del empleo. Las lagunas jurídicas y prácticas de que adolece la protección de este grupo de migrantes fueron destacadas por el Comité de Protección de los Derechos de Todos los Trabajadores Migratorios y de sus Familiares en su observación general núm. 1 sobre los trabajadores domésticos migratorios[10]. Ambos Comités han formulado recomendaciones a los Estados partes para que velen por el cumplimiento de las obligaciones contraídas en virtud de tratados.",
"8. Las trabajadoras migratorias participan activamente en el desarrollo de los países de origen y de destino[11]. La violencia y la discriminación contra ellas constituyen violaciones de los derechos humanos y entrañan costos para las trabajadoras migratorias, sus familias, sus comunidades y los Estados[12], por lo que afectan negativamente al desarrollo económico y social y al logro de la igualdad de género y al empoderamiento de la mujer.",
"9. En las secciones III y IV infra se examinan las medidas adoptadas por los Estados para empoderar a las trabajadoras migratorias e impedir y reducir su vulnerabilidad a la violencia y los abusos, así como las actividades del sistema de las Naciones Unidas en apoyo de tales esfuerzos a nivel nacional.",
"III. Medidas adoptadas por los Estados Miembros",
"10. En sus contribuciones al presente informe, los Estados Miembros destacaron diferentes medidas adoptadas para luchar contra la discriminación y la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias, incluidas actividades en ámbitos tales como los de la reunión y el examen de datos, la legislación, las medidas normativas, las medidas preventivas y la protección y asistencia, así como la cooperación bilateral y multilateral y la observancia de las disposiciones de instrumentos internacionales. Los Estados, teniendo en cuenta los vínculos existentes entre la discriminación y la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias y la trata de mujeres y niños, también facilitaron información sobre las políticas y los programas de lucha contra la trata[13].",
"A. Instrumentos internacionales[14]",
"11. El marco jurídico internacional orienta a los Estados en relación con la protección de las trabajadoras migratorias y establece un entorno de colaboración a tal efecto. Desde el informe de 2009 (A/64/152), ha aumentado el número de Estados partes en instrumentos internacionales de lucha contra la discriminación y la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias. En junio de 2011, 161 Estados habían ratificado la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional o se habían adherido a ella[15] (frente a 149 en 2009), 144 Estados habían ratificado el Protocolo para prevenir, reprimir y sancionar la trata de personas, especialmente mujeres y niños, que complementa la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional, o se habían adherido a él[16] (frente a 130) y 127 Estados habían ratificado el Protocolo contra el tráfico ilícito de migrantes por tierra, mar y aire, que complementa la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional, o se habían adherido a él[17] (frente a 119). Entre los Estados que facilitaron información, Alemania, la Argentina, Bosnia y Herzegovina, Chipre, Eslovaquia, la Federación de Rusia, Filipinas, Grecia, Indonesia, el Líbano, Lituania, Malta, México, Portugal, Serbia, Trinidad y Tabago, Turkmenistán y el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte eran partes en la Convención y sus dos Protocolos, en tanto que el Chad, los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Jordania y Qatar eran partes en la Convención y en el Protocolo para prevenir, reprimir y sancionar la trata de personas, especialmente mujeres y niños.",
"12. Al 10 de junio de 2011, 44 Estados eran partes en la Convención Internacional sobre la protección de los derechos de todos los trabajadores migratorios y de sus familiares[18] (frente a 41). Entre los Estados Miembros que facilitan información, la Argentina, Bosnia y Herzegovina, Filipinas y México habían pasado a ser partes en esa Convención. Muchos de los Estados que realizaron aportaciones al presente informe eran partes en los convenios pertinentes de la OIT, incluidos el Convenio núm. 97 sobre los trabajadores migrantes (Alemania, Bosnia y Herzegovina, Chipre, Filipinas, Portugal, Serbia, Trinidad y Tabago y Reino Unido); el Convenio núm. 111 sobre la discriminación (empleo y ocupación) (Alemania, Argentina, Bosnia y Herzegovina, Chad, Chipre, Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Eslovaquia, Federación de Rusia, Filipinas, Grecia, Indonesia, Jordania, Líbano, Lituania, Malta, México, Portugal, Qatar, Serbia, Trinidad y Tabago, Turkmenistán y Reino Unido); y el Convenio núm. 182 sobre la prohibición de las peores formas de trabajo infantil (Alemania, Argentina, Bosnia y Herzegovina, Chad, Chipre, Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Eslovaquia, Federación de Rusia, Filipinas, Grecia, Indonesia, Japón, Jordania, Líbano, Lituania, Malta, México, Portugal, Qatar, Serbia, Trinidad y Tabago, Turkmenistán y Reino Unido).",
"13. El 16 de junio de 2011, la Conferencia General de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo aprobó un nuevo instrumento internacional de especial importancia para las trabajadoras migratorias: el Convenio sobre el trabajo decente para las trabajadoras y los trabajadores domésticos, junto con la correspondiente Recomendación. El Convenio propone medidas para garantizar la protección efectiva de las trabajadoras y los trabajadores domésticos contra toda forma de abuso, acoso y violencia, incluso de las agencias de empleo; y promueve y protege sus derechos humanos y laborales, incluidos los correspondientes al salario justo, el descanso semanal y las vacaciones pagadas, las condiciones de trabajo decentes, la protección de la seguridad y la salud y la disponibilidad de mecanismos de queja, las inspecciones de trabajo y las sanciones contra los empleadores que cometen abusos. En el Convenio se alienta a los Estados a concertar acuerdos bilaterales, regionales multilaterales para seguir brindando protección a las trabajadoras y los trabajadores domésticos en el extranjero. El nuevo Convenio entrará en vigor una vez que lo hayan ratificado dos países.",
"14. La adhesión a instrumentos regionales que se ocupan de la violencia contra la mujer también puede contribuir a prevenir y combatir la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias. Tal es, por ejemplo, el caso de la Convención Interamericana para Prevenir, Sancionar y Erradicar la Violencia contra la Mujer (Convención de Belém do Pará) (Argentina y Trinidad y Tabago) y el Convenio para prevenir y combatir la violencia contra las mujeres y la violencia doméstica, recientemente aprobado por el Comité de Ministros del Consejo de Europa (Alemania).",
"B. Reunión y examen de datos",
"15. Los datos son esenciales para elaborar políticas y programas adecuados para hacer frente a la discriminación y a la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias. No obstante, se recibió poca información sobre el alcance y la disponibilidad de datos concretos. Algunos Estados observaron que faltaban datos sobre casos de violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias y datos desglosados por sexo sobre los trabajadores migratorios. Únicamente Bosnia y Herzegovina y Portugal destacaron los datos disponibles sobre la trata de mujeres migrantes y la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias. La Federación de Rusia reunió datos sobre las trabajadoras migratorias, en tanto que la Argentina desglosó datos sobre los migrantes en función de variables tales como el sexo, la nacionalidad y la edad. Indonesia recogió datos sobre los trabajadores que regresaban y los migrantes indocumentados. Varios Estados, entre los que figuraban el Japón, México y Trinidad y Tabago, acompañaron sus datos con información sobre la violencia contra la mujer en general.",
"16. A fin de reforzar la base de conocimientos, algunos Estados establecieron procedimientos o encomendaron a diferentes instituciones la realización de actividades de reunión y examen de datos sobre el empleo de los migrantes, incluidas las trabajadoras migratorias. Por ejemplo, Grecia estableció un observatorio sobre el empleo de los migrantes para informar sobre las políticas de inmigración. Los Emiratos Árabes Unidos anunciaron el establecimiento de un Centro de estadística que se espera que, además, proporcione información sobre los problemas con que tropiezan los trabajadores del servicio doméstico.",
"17. Prosiguieron los esfuerzos para mejorar las actividades de investigación y análisis sobre las preocupaciones de las trabajadoras migratorias. Por ejemplo, la Argentina había ejecutado dos proyectos de investigación respaldados por el UNFPA: uno sobre la situación de los trabajadores migratorios del servicio doméstico procedentes del Paraguay y otro sobre los problemas con que tropezaban las mujeres migrantes bolivianas en el sistema de salud de la Argentina. México llevó a cabo un estudio sobre los servicios asistenciales que prestaban a la sazón sus consulados en los Estados Unidos de América a las migrantes mexicanas víctimas de la violencia doméstica.",
"C. Legislación",
"18. Los Estados han puesto en marcha diferentes medidas jurídicas de carácter general que pueden servir para proteger a las trabajadoras migratorias de la discriminación y de la violencia y para castigar a los culpables. El derecho constitucional y las leyes contra la discriminación, de fomento del empleo, de igualdad de trato, de igualdad de oportunidades y de regulación del trabajo y de la migración pueden proteger a las trabajadoras migratorias de la discriminación, los abusos y el acoso. Destacaron ejemplos de esas medidas de protección la Argentina, el Chad, Eslovaquia, la Federación de Rusia, Filipinas, Grecia, el Japón, Lituania, México, Portugal, Qatar, Turkmenistán, Serbia y Trinidad y Tabago. Paralelamente, las disposiciones de los códigos penales destinadas a combatir y sancionar las agresiones y abusos sexuales, la explotación sexual y la violencia doméstica también podían brindar protección a las trabajadoras migratorias, tal como destacaron el Japón, Portugal y Qatar. Además de sus marcos jurídicos generales, algunos países (Argentina, Chipre, Emiratos Árabes Unidos, México, Portugal y Serbia) cuentan con leyes concretas para proteger y apoyar a todas las mujeres, incluidas las trabajadoras migratorias, frente a delitos tales como la violencia sexual y doméstica, la esclavitud y la trata de seres humanos. Algunos Estados (Filipinas e Indonesia) facilitaron información sobre leyes destinadas a proteger a sus nacionales cuando emigraban al extranjero, aunque no iban dirigidas específicamente a la mujer.",
"19. Algunos países informaron sobre leyes de inmigración y sobre legislación, decisiones ministeriales, reglamentos y acuerdos de carácter laboral que protegían a los trabajadores del servicio doméstico, incluidos los migratorios. Por ejemplo, la legislación laboral de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos protegía a las trabajadoras del servicio doméstico de las condiciones de trabajo peligrosas, al tiempo que la legislación laboral de Jordania establecía para los trabajadores del servicio doméstico la misma protección jurídica reconocida a otros trabajadores. Los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Jordania y el Líbano han establecido modelos de contratos laborales en los que se especifican los derechos de los trabajadores del servicio doméstico, como los relativos al salario, las horas de trabajo, las vacaciones pagadas, la atención de la salud y las responsabilidades de los empleadores. Además, varios Estados han reforzado la regulación de las agencias de contratación y de los empleadores en el sentido de que imponen sanciones y penas por los abusos cometidos contra los trabajadores migrantes (Líbano) y reconocen a los trabajadores el derecho a buscar otro empleador (Jordania). Por otra parte, la legislación del Reino Unido en materia de inmigración se refiere expresamente a la explotación de las trabajadoras migratorias del servicio doméstico.",
"20. El fomento de la migración legal es una prioridad para Grecia, cuya legislación en materia de inmigración promueve el empleo legal de los extranjeros y la regularización de los migrantes irregulares. Los organismos de inspección del trabajo desempeñan un importante papel en la supervisión de la aplicación y del cumplimiento por los empleadores.",
"21. En tanto que las leyes y los reglamentos conexos son elementos clave para prevenir y combatir la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias, la información recibida apenas mostraba cuáles habían sido la aplicación o las repercusiones de las disposiciones legales vigentes de carácter general a los efectos de hacer frente a la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias. No se explicaba si ciertos grupos de trabajadoras migratorias, como las del servicio doméstico, podían tropezar problemas cuando intentaban obtener la protección de la legislación contra la discriminación y la violencia.",
"D. Políticas",
"22. Algunos países, como la Argentina, Malta y Portugal, subrayaron la importancia de contar con políticas que tuvieran en cuenta las cuestiones de género y los derechos humanos, habida cuenta del creciente número de mujeres migrantes, incluidas las trabajadoras migratorias. A tal efecto, algunos Estados han incluido medidas para hacer frente a la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias en diferentes planes de acción y estrategias nacionales. Chipre, Eslovaquia, el Japón, Portugal y Serbia incluyeron a las trabajadoras migratorias dentro del ámbito de las políticas sobre la violencia contra la mujer y la trata de seres humanos. Otros Estados abordaron la cuestión de la violencia contra las mujeres migrantes, pero sin concentrarse concretamente en las trabajadoras migratorias. Por ejemplo, varios de los planes nacionales de Portugal, entre los que figuraban los relativos a la violencia doméstica, incluían medidas contra la violencia contra las mujeres migrantes, como las actividades de sensibilización para las comunidades de inmigrantes, la formación especializada para las autoridades y la prestación de servicios para las supervivientes. El plan de acción de Eslovaquia contra la violencia contra la mujer incluía actividades de prevención destinadas a satisfacer las necesidades especiales de las mujeres migrantes.",
"23. Si bien se señaló que la falta de una asignación presupuestaria concreta constituía un obstáculo para la debida ejecución de los planes, apenas se mencionaron otros problemas ni los efectos o resultados positivos que se habían logrado al hacer frente a la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias mediante la aplicación de tales políticas y planes.",
"E. Medidas preventivas, formación y fomento de la capacidad",
"24. Si bien la prevención forma parte de las actividades encaminadas a hacer frente a la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias, las medidas de prevención sobre las que informaron Chipre, Eslovaquia, Grecia, el Japón, Malta, México y Serbia se centraban de manera más general en la eliminación de la violencia contra la mujer y la trata de seres humanos. En esos países, las medidas preventivas incluían actividades de sensibilización, difusión de información y educación por conducto de conferencias, seminarios, publicaciones y folletos. Tales iniciativas se emprendían frecuentemente con socios y en múltiples idiomas. En Portugal, las actividades de sensibilización sobre la violencia contra la mujer y los derechos de las mujeres migrantes víctimas de la violencia iban destinadas concretamente a las comunidades de inmigrantes.",
"25. La información fácilmente accesible a los migrantes sobre sus derechos y los procedimientos de inmigración puede servir para lograr que disminuyan los riesgos de abusos y explotación. Con ese fin, México estableció un portal para mujeres migrantes con información sobre los procesos migratorios y los derechos de las mujeres migrantes. En Lituania, la información sobre los procedimientos de inmigración puede consultarse en varios idiomas. El Líbano y Jordania prepararon guías y folletos sobre los derechos y obligaciones relacionados con el empleo de trabajadores del servicio doméstico. Además, los Estados informaron sobre las actividades de sensibilización destinadas a sus nacionales que emigraban al extranjero en relación con las ventajas y los riesgos de la migración en el marco de campañas anuales (Filipinas) y las actividades de formación previas a la salida del país (Indonesia).",
"26. Las mujeres migrantes, incluidas las trabajadoras migratorias, pueden ser víctimas de la xenofobia y el racismo mediante, por ejemplo, el modo en que aparecen representadas en los medios de comunicación. Varios Estados han adoptado medidas para contrarrestar tales riesgos mediante actividades de sensibilización dirigidas a los medios de comunicación (Grecia) y el control de los programas de radio y de televisión que promueven estereotipos racistas o sexistas (Argentina), haciendo especial hincapié a este respecto en el modo de representar a las mujeres migrantes.",
"27. Además de las actividades de sensibilización, varios Estados (Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Eslovaquia, Indonesia, Japón, Líbano, México, Portugal y Qatar) han organizado programas de formación para funcionarios públicos, la policía, la judicatura, el personal médico y otros proveedores de servicios a fin de lograr que se tengan en cuenta las cuestiones de género en la aplicación de las políticas y en la prestación de servicios en el contexto de la violencia contra la mujer, la trata de seres humanos, la igualdad entre los géneros, la protección de los trabajadores migratorios y otras cuestiones conexas. Portugal ha organizado programas de formación para los centros de apoyo a la dotación de personal y ha establecido servicios telefónicos de ayuda a los inmigrantes. El Líbano y Qatar han organizado programas de formación para los inspectores de trabajo a fin de garantizar la observancia de la legislación laboral. Los Emiratos Árabes Unidos han establecido un centro de formación para funcionarios públicos en relación contra la violencia contra la mujer, la trata de seres humanos y la inmigración ilegal.",
"28. Indonesia adoptó medidas para reforzar las capacidades nacionales en apoyo de los trabajadores migratorios en el extranjero, lo que abarcaba la protección y la asistencia a las trabajadoras migratorias víctimas de la violencia. Ello incluía también el establecimiento de una dependencia especial en su Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores.",
"F. Protección y asistencia",
"29. Las mujeres migrantes que son víctimas de la violencia requieren diversos servicios para ayudarlas a recuperarse del trauma de su experiencia y garantizar que no se repite la violencia. Varios Estados (Argentina, Bosnia y Herzegovina, Chipre, Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Eslovaquia, Federación de Rusia, Grecia, Indonesia, Japón, Jordania, Líbano, Portugal y Qatar) informaron sobre la protección y la asistencia disponibles para este grupo de mujeres, que incluían albergues, servicios telefónicos de urgencia, asistencia jurídica, servicios psicológicos y médicos y suministro de información sobre los servicios, la formación profesional y los medios de reparación existentes. Ese apoyo se prestaba frecuentemente en varios idiomas y en cooperación con organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG). No obstante, no se facilitaron datos sobre el número o los casos de trabajadoras migratorias víctimas de la violencia que habían usado los servicios disponibles. Además, los Estados destacaron el problema persistente de la falta o de la insuficiencia de servicios para las mujeres víctimas de la violencia en general.",
"30. Siguen realizándose avances en la prestación de protección y apoyo en el marco de las leyes de inmigración y de las normas sobre permisos de trabajo para extranjeros, que también pueden redundar en beneficio de las trabajadoras migratorias víctimas de la violencia. Portugal informó de que las inmigrantes supervivientes de la violencia doméstica podían obtener un permiso de residencia independientemente de sus esposos. La Argentina, Eslovaquia, Grecia, el Líbano, México y Portugal destacaron disposiciones de sus leyes laborales y de inmigración en las que se permitía el acceso de los extranjeros a la atención de la salud, la educación y las ayudas económicas. Además, Portugal hace extensivas la atención de la salud y la educación a los hijos de los migrantes indocumentados. Eslovaquia, Filipinas, Grecia, el Líbano, Lituania, Malta y Qatar informaron de que disponían de mecanismos de reparación destinados a recibir, investigar y considerar denuncias de discriminación y de violencia contra los trabajadores migratorios, incluidos los trabajadores del servicio doméstico. Eslovaquia, Filipinas, Indonesia, el Japón y Trinidad y Tabago informaron de que supervisaban e inspeccionaban los centros de trabajo para asegurarse de que cumplían la legislación laboral.",
"31. Filipinas e Indonesia prestaban servicios en relación con la reintegración a los nacionales que regresaban. En el aeropuerto internacional de Indonesia hay una terminal especial cuya función es proporcionar asistencia.",
"G. Cooperación bilateral, regional, internacional y de otra índole",
"32. La cooperación bilateral y multilateral es clave para luchar contra la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias. Varios Estados (Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Indonesia, Jordania, Líbano y Qatar) informaron sobre los acuerdos bilaterales y memorandos de entendimiento concertados entre los países de origen y destino con el fin de mejorar la protección de los trabajadores migratorios. Esos acuerdos y memorandos abarcaban diversas cuestiones, incluidas la regulación de las agencias de contratación y de empleo y la protección de los posibles migrantes frente a las agencias que actuaban ilegalmente, la utilización de contratos oficiales de empleo y las escalas salariales de los trabajadores migratorios.",
"33. La cooperación regional incluía un proyecto que abarcaba a la Federación de Rusia, Kazajstán y Tayikistán con el fin de prestar servicios a los migrantes. El proyecto contaba con el apoyo del Reino Unido y era ejecutado por la Entidad de las Naciones Unidas para la Igualdad entre los Géneros y el Empoderamiento de la Mujer (ONU-Mujeres), la OIM y el Banco Mundial. Varios Estados daban acogida a conferencias regionales e internacionales sobre la migración y la lucha contra la violencia contra la mujer y la trata de seres humanos o participaban en ellas.",
"34. Eslovaquia informó de que colaboraba con la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR) en relación con la protección de las mujeres migrantes frente a los abusos; e Indonesia informó de que colaboraba con la OIM a fin de impartir formación a los funcionarios públicos sobre cuestiones de protección que afectaban a los migrantes.",
"IV. Actividades del sistema de las Naciones Unidas",
"35. Los procesos intergubernamentales, las reuniones mundiales y los órganos de expertos seguían abordando la discriminación y la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias. Las entidades de las Naciones Unidas y la OIM se esforzaban por promover y proteger los derechos de las trabajadoras migratorias en apoyo de las actividades que se realizaban a nivel nacional.",
"A. Evolución jurídica y normativa a nivel mundial",
"1. Resoluciones y recomendaciones",
"36. Prosiguió la evolución jurídica y normativa mediante las resoluciones y recomendaciones aprobadas por los órganos intergubernamentales y de expertos de las Naciones Unidas. En su sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones, la Asamblea General aprobó la resolución 65/228, relativa al fortalecimiento de las respuestas en materia de prevención del delito y justicia penal a la violencia contra la mujer, en la que la Asamblea puso de relieve la importancia de prevenir la violencia contra las mujeres migrantes mediante el reconocimiento de las necesidades y las vulnerabilidades especiales de las mujeres migrantes y la aplicación de medidas para combatir el racismo, la xenofobia y las formas conexas de intolerancia.",
"37. Desde el último informe, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos ha aprobado varias resoluciones en que también se aborda la situación de las mujeres y los niños migrantes, así como la de las trabajadoras migratorias. Entre ellas cabe mencionar las siguientes: la resolución 15/16, relativa a los derechos humanos de los trabajadores migrantes (véase el documento A/65/53/Add.1, cap. I), en la que se pedía la promoción y protección efectivas de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales de todos los migrantes, incluido, en particular, el derecho a la vida y a la integridad física, especialmente de las mujeres y los niños, y campañas de información para permitir la adopción de decisiones con conocimiento de causa y reducir la vulnerabilidad a la trata de seres humanos, la introducción ilegal de migrantes a nivel internacional y las redes de delincuentes; la resolución 15/23, relativa a la eliminación de la discriminación contra la mujer (véase el documento A/65/53/Add.1, cap. I), en la que se abordaba la cuestión de la eliminación de la discriminación contra la mujer en situaciones vulnerables, como el caso de las mujeres migrantes; la resolución 14/12, relativa a acelerar los esfuerzos para eliminar todas las formas de violencia contra la mujer (véase el documento A/65/53 y Corr.1, cap. III.A), en la que se pedía que se ejerciera la debida diligencia en materia de prevención, la lucha contra todas las formas de discriminación, como el racismo, la discriminación racial, la xenofobia y la intolerancia conexa y las formas múltiples o agravadas de discriminación y de desventaja que podían dar lugar a que fueran víctimas de la violencia o vulnerables a ella algunas mujeres y niñas, como las mujeres migrantes; la resolución 13/20, relativa a los derechos del niño (véase el documento A/65/53 y Corr.1, cap. II.A), en la que se instaba a que se protegiera a los niños migrantes de la violencia y los abusos sexuales y se brindara a las víctimas una protección y una asistencia especiales; y la resolución 12/6, relativa a los derechos humanos de los migrantes: la migración y los derechos humanos del niño (véase el documento A/65/53 y Corr.1, cap. I.A), en la que se exhortaba a garantizar a los niños migrantes, independientemente de su situación jurídica, el disfrute de todos los derechos humanos y se instaba a integrar una perspectiva de género en las políticas y programas sobre migración a fin de proteger mejor a las niñas migrantes.",
"38. Del mismo modo, la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer también ha aprobado conclusiones convenidas y resoluciones en las que se aborda la situación de las mujeres y las niñas que son trabajadoras migratorias. En las conclusiones convenidas sobre el acceso y la participación de la mujer y la niña en la educación, la capacitación y la ciencia y la tecnología, incluso para la promoción de la igualdad de acceso de la mujer al pleno empleo y a un trabajo decente (E/2011/27, cap. I.A), aprobadas por la Comisión en su 55º período de sesiones (12 de marzo de 2010, 22 de febrero a 4 de marzo y 14 de marzo de 2011), se pedía que se procediera a poner en práctica políticas y programas que tuvieran en cuenta las cuestiones de género para las trabajadoras migrantes y proporcionar canales seguros y legales que reconocieran sus habilidades y su educación, facilitar su empleo productivo y trabajo decente, así como su integración en la fuerza de trabajo, entre otras cosas en la educación y en la ciencia y la tecnología, y asegurar que todas las mujeres, entre ellas las que prestasen cuidados, estuvieran legalmente protegidas contra la violencia y la explotación. En su resolución 54/4, relativa al empoderamiento económico de la mujer (véase el documento E/2010/27 y Corr.1, cap. I.D), aprobada por la Comisión en su 54º período de sesiones (13 de marzo y 14 de octubre de 2009 y 1 a 12 de marzo de 2010), la Comisión exhortó a los Estados de origen, tránsito y destino a que incorporasen una perspectiva de género en todas las políticas y programas sobre migración, promoviesen el pleno goce de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales por las mujeres migrantes y combatiesen la discriminación, todas las formas de explotación y maltrato, las condiciones peligrosas de trabajo y la violencia, incluida la violencia sexual y la trata de mujeres y niñas. En la resolución 54/7, relativa a la eliminación de la mutilación genital femenina (véase el documento E/2010/27 y Corr.1, cap. I.D), la Comisión instó a los Estados a adoptar medidas dirigidas específicamente a las refugiadas y las migrantes y sus comunidades, con el fin de proteger a las niñas de la mutilación genital femenina, incluso cuando esa práctica tuviera lugar fuera del país de residencia.",
"39. Los órganos creados en virtud de tratados internacionales de derechos humanos siguieron ocupándose de la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias. En su 13º período de sesiones (22 de noviembre a 3 de diciembre de 2010), el Comité de Protección de los Derechos de Todos los Trabajadores Migratorios y de sus Familiares aprobó su Observación general núm. 1, sobre los trabajadores domésticos migratorios, en la que se examinaban en general las violaciones de sus derechos sociales, económicos, culturales, civiles, políticos y laborales. En la Observación general se exhortaba a que se promoviesen y protegiesen los derechos de los trabajadores domésticos a todos los niveles, el trabajo decente para los trabajadores domésticos y la adecuada regulación de ese trabajo por la legislación laboral nacional a fin de garantizar que los trabajadores domésticos disfrutasen del mismo grado de protección que otros trabajadores y a hacer efectivo el acceso a la justicia y los medios de reparación.",
"40. Durante el período que abarca el presente informe, el Comité contra la Tortura, en particular en sus períodos de sesiones 43º y 44º, destacó en sus observaciones finales sobre los informes de los Estados partes la difícil situación de las mujeres migrantes indocumentadas que eran víctimas de la violencia basada en el género; la generalización de los abusos físicos, psicológicos y sexuales de las trabajadoras migratorias dedicadas al servicio doméstico; el caso de las mujeres migrantes víctimas de la violencia doméstica, quienes no solían pedir protección por temor a la pérdida de su situación en materia de residencia; y la falta de datos generales o desglosados sobre las denuncias, las investigaciones, los procesamientos y las condenas en los casos de malos tratos de los trabajadores migratorios (véase el documento A/65/44). En consecuencia, el Comité instó a los Estados partes a prevenir la violencia y los abusos contra las trabajadoras migratorias, para lo cual había de garantizar su derecho a interponer demandas, e imponer sanciones a los empleadores abusivos; e instó asimismo a los Estados partes a considerar la posibilidad de promulgar legislación que permitiese a las mujeres víctimas de la violencia pedir protección sin perder su permiso de residencia y reunir datos estadísticos desglosados e información sobre los casos de malos tratos de trabajadores migrantes.",
"41. Los relatores especiales del Consejo de Derechos Humanos destacaron la vulnerabilidad de las trabajadoras migratorias frente a la violencia y su vinculación al ejercicio de otros derechos. El Relator Especial sobre los derechos humanos de los migrantes destacó que los migrantes sufrían frecuentemente actos de violencia, lo que constituía una amenaza para su salud y su seguridad, y que disponían de escasa información sobre los riesgos y el acceso a los servicios de salud (A/HRC/14/30). Los trabajadores migrantes del servicio doméstico eran especialmente vulnerables a esa violencia debido a su exclusión de las modalidades de protección jurídica (ibid., párrs. 29 y 30). El Relator Especial recordó el vínculo existente entre la violencia y el derecho a una vivienda adecuada y señaló que las trabajadoras internas del servicio doméstico rara vez denunciaban los abusos, dado que corrían el riesgo de deportación, pérdida de empleo, pérdida de alojamiento y vulnerabilidad a nuevos actos de violencia, como la explotación sexual y la trata de seres humanos (ibid., párr. 55). El Relator Especial recomendó que los Estados proporcionasen a los migrantes información y asesoramiento gratuitos sobre las leyes y las políticas pertinentes para ayudarlos a ejercer sus derechos (ibid., párr. 74); asistencia médica suficiente, adecuada y especializada (ibid., párr. 82); y alojamiento a los que deseen abandonar a sus empleadores abusivos (ibid., párr. 90). Además, recomendó que se estableciesen mecanismos para supervisar las condiciones laborales. El Relator Especial subrayó la importancia de proteger a los niños migrantes, especialmente a las niñas, habida cuenta de su número y de su especial vulnerabilidad a la violencia sexual y a las violaciones de los derechos humanos por motivos de género (A/HRC/17/33, párr. 32), lo que hizo también en sus informes sobre sus misiones al Japón (A/HRC/17/33/Add.3), Rumania (A/HRC/14/30/Add.2) y el Reino Unido (A/HRC/14/30/Add.3).",
"42. En su informe sobre su misión a Zambia, la Relatora Especial sobre la violencia contra la mujer, sus causas y consecuencias destacó que las trabajadoras migratorias eran frecuentemente víctimas de abusos sexuales, pese a lo cual no solían ponerse en contacto con los funcionarios encargados de hacer cumplir la ley ni con los trabajadores de la salud para obtener asistencia como consecuencia de su situación irregular (véase el documento A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, párr. 28).",
"43. La Relatora Especial sobre la trata de personas, en especial de mujeres y niños, recomendó que se prestara asistencia especializada a las personas víctimas de la trata independientemente de su situación en materia de inmigración y que la concesión del permiso de residencia y el acceso a los servicios no dependieran de su participación en actuaciones penales (A/HRC/14/32).",
"2. Reuniones intergubernamentales",
"44. El Foro Mundial sobre la Migración y el Desarrollo es un órgano integrado por Estados y establecido a raíz de la celebración del Diálogo de alto nivel sobre la migración internacional y el desarrollo en 2006. Durante el período abarcado por el presente informe, el Foro celebró dos reuniones a saber, en Ginebra en 2009 y en México en 2010. En las reuniones se destacaron la importancia de proteger los derechos humanos de las trabajadoras migratorias y de garantizar políticas de migración y desarrollo que tuviesen en cuenta las cuestiones de género. Las principales recomendaciones formuladas en esas reuniones se centraron en la reunión de datos desglosados por sexo y la formulación de directrices que tuviesen en cuenta las cuestiones de género con destino a las políticas, los programas y los presupuestos, con las metas y los indicadores pertinentes. En septiembre de 2010, ONU-Mujeres organizó conjuntamente con el Gobierno de México (que desempeñaba la Presidencia del Foro Mundial en 2010), antes de la cuarta reunión del Foro Mundial, una consulta de alto nivel sobre la promoción y la protección de los derechos de las trabajadoras migratorias que contribuyó a que produjera resultados la reunión de mesa redonda organizada en 2010 por el Foro Mundial sobre el género, la familia, la migración y el desarrollo. ONU-Mujeres redactó junto con la OIM el anexo del documento de referencia oficial del Gobierno para la reunión de mesa redonda, titulado “Develando los vínculos entre género, familia, migración y desarrollo: las cadenas y la economía mundiales del cuidado de personas”. Además, en esa reunión de mesa redonda ONU-Mujeres presentó juntamente con el Gobierno de Portugal un documento sobre los derechos laborales de las trabajadoras migratorias y respaldó activamente la participación de la sociedad civil. La Presidencia del Foro Mundial en 2011 (Suiza) ha establecido para el año en curso un subtema sobre los trabajadores asistenciales a nivel mundial en la interfaz de la migración y el desarrollo dentro del tema de la movilidad laboral. Además, la Presidencia ha pedido a ONU-Mujeres que proporcione asistencia técnica y de organización en apoyo de las tres reuniones regionales sobre este tema, haciendo especial hincapié en la ampliación de las buenas prácticas, reuniones que se están organizando en colaboración con la OIM y la OIT. La Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados, que tuvo lugar en Estambul del 9 al 13 de mayo de 2011, incluyó las remesas de los migrantes y las inversiones de la diáspora en pro del desarrollo y la protección de los trabajadores migratorios como prioridades clave de su Programa de Acción en favor de los países menos adelantados para el decenio 2011-2020[19].",
"B. Iniciativas de las entidades de las Naciones Unidas y la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones en apoyo de las actividades nacionales",
"1. Examen y reunión de datos",
"45. Las Naciones Unidas y entidades conexas son partidarias de que aumente la disponibilidad de datos sobre las mujeres migrantes y la violencia contra ellas. El UNFPA prestó apoyo a las instituciones nacionales de Bosnia y Herzegovina para que reunieran datos desglosados por sexo y edad sobre la migración y datos sobre la violencia basada en el género. ONU-Mujeres prestó apoyo a las autoridades nacionales de la India para que generaran datos sobre la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias; también en la India, el UNFPA apoyará las investigaciones sobre la violencia contra las mujeres y los niños migrantes.",
"46. ONU-Mujeres prestó apoyo al Ministerio de Asuntos Indios en el Extranjero para que encargara un estudio de investigación destinado a analizar las tendencias y la evolución de las actividades de las trabajadoras migratorias de Asia meridional en los Estados árabes y del Golfo a fin de obtener información para la formulación de políticas de género y basadas en derechos, incluido un programa de orientación previo a la salida del país en relación con la sensibilización y el fomento de la capacidad. La UNESCO promovió investigaciones sobre la situación de los derechos humanos de las trabajadoras migratorias y publicó ensayos sobre la prevención de la trata y la protección de las víctimas. La Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) realizó estudios monográficos sobre poblaciones migrantes a lo largo de las fronteras de 10 países de América Latina y el Caribe para contribuir a la formulación de políticas basadas en derechos que protegieran especialmente a las mujeres y a los jóvenes migrantes frente a la violencia. La OIM realizó investigaciones sobre la migración laboral internacional de las mujeres, la trata y la violencia basada en el género.",
"47. En una publicación de 2010 de la OIT sobre la migración laboral internacional se destacaba, entre otras cosas, la vulnerabilidad de las trabajadoras migratorias del servicio doméstico y de las mujeres y los jóvenes que eran trabajadores migratorios temporarios. En un informe de 2011 de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito (UNODC) relativo a la participación de grupos delictivos organizados en la introducción ilegal de migrantes de África occidental en la Unión Europea (UE), se destacaba la superposición que a veces existía entre la trata de personas y el tráfico ilícito de migrantes y que indudablemente eran sobre todo las mujeres las víctimas de la trata de personas.",
"2. Apoyo al desarrollo legislativo y normativo",
"48. Diversas entidades del sistema de las Naciones Unidas han colaborado con las autoridades nacionales para establecer mecanismos destinados a mejorar las leyes y normas de lucha contra la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias y promover sus derechos humanos. ONU-Mujeres y la CEPAL organizaron una reunión de un grupo de expertos en septiembre de 2010 en Trinidad y Tabago, que dio lugar a la preparación de un marco modelo para los planes nacionales de acción en materia de violencia contra las mujeres. En él figuraban recomendaciones acompañadas de comentarios explicativos y ejemplos de buena práctica para ayudar a los Estados a revisar, formular o actualizar los planes pertinentes[20]. En el marco se destaca que los planes nacionales de acción deben reconocer que la experiencia de la mujer en materia de violencia está basada en numerosas variantes, incluida la condición de migrante o refugiada, y que las estrategias y actuaciones deben abordar preocupaciones concretas que enfrentan diferentes grupos de mujeres con el propósito de lograr los mismos resultados para todas las mujeres.",
"49. La OIM realizó actividades para fomentar el diálogo y la cooperación entre Estados a fin de proteger a las trabajadoras migratorias. Juntamente con la Organización para la Seguridad y Cooperación en Europa (OSCE), la OIM ejecutó un proyecto destinado a elevar el grado de sensibilización sobre el género en las futuras políticas de los Estados miembros de la OSCE en materia de migración laboral. A tal efecto, la OIM, la OSCE y la OIT facilitaron la organización de cursos prácticos en Kazajstán, Suecia y Austria. ONU-Mujeres respaldó la incorporación de una perspectiva de género en las políticas y la gestión de la migración en Nepal y Viet Nam. En Nepal, ONU-Mujeres facilitó asistencia a los socios nacionales para formular el nuevo proyecto de política migratoria y, además, está prestando asistencia para la inclusión de las preocupaciones de las trabajadoras migratorias en la preparación de la estrategia y el plan nacional de acción quinquenales del Ministerio de Trabajo y Gestión del Transporte, así como una estrategia para examinar formas de empleo decente fuera del trabajo doméstico. En Viet Nam, ONU-Mujeres prestó apoyo al Departamento de Trabajo en el Extranjero para incorporar una perspectiva de género y orientada al desarrollo en la gestión de la migración, lo que incluía iniciativas que abarcaban, entre otras cosas, actividades de formación y servicios antes de la salida del país, el reforzamiento de los servicios telefónicos de urgencia y de alojamiento y la facilitación del envío de ahorros y remesas mediante los servicios bancarios oficiales.",
"3. Sensibilización, fomento de la capacidad y otras medidas de prevención",
"50. Diversas entidades del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y la OIM prestaron asistencia para la realización de actividades de promoción, sensibilización y fomento de la capacidad a fin de impulsar los derechos de las trabajadoras migratorias. Por ejemplo, la OIM sensibilizó a comunidades de migrantes en Zimbabwe en relación con la violencia basada en el género y las prácticas laborales abusivas y organizó campañas para promover la migración legal y en condiciones de seguridad. El UNFPA ejecutó un proyecto para impedir los abusos en materia de derechos de reproducción y la violencia basada en el género contra las mujeres migrantes a lo largo de las fronteras de 10 países de América Latina y el Caribe. ONU-Mujeres respaldó actividades de sensibilización sobre la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias en la República Democrática Popular Lao; sensibilizó a periodistas de Tailandia sobre la discriminación y la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias en todas las etapas de la migración; y respaldó la difusión de información sobre la migración en condiciones de seguridad de posibles mujeres migrantes por conducto de la radio comunitaria en Indonesia y recomendó medidas en caso de amenaza de violencia.",
"51. Diversas entidades del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y la OIM realizaron o respaldaron actividades de formación para diferentes interesados en relación con la protección de los derechos humanos de las trabajadoras migratorias. En 2010 las cinco comisiones regionales y el Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales de la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas pusieron en marcha un proyecto encaminado a reforzar las capacidades nacionales a fin de hacer frente a la migración internacional y, en particular, obtener los máximos beneficios posibles del desarrollo y reducir al mínimo los efectos negativos de ese fenómeno. El problema de la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias se está abordando en diferentes monografías nacionales que se están preparando. En varios países de Asia, como Bangladesh, Camboya, Indonesia y Viet Nam, ONU-Mujeres se asoció con diferentes ministerios, organizaciones no gubernamentales y entidades de las Naciones Unidas para incrementar la capacidad y generar sensibilización; y en Camboya contribuyó a la preparación de manuales de formación para antes de la salida del país que abordaban, entre otras cosas, cuestiones relacionadas con la violencia basada en el género y el acceso de las mujeres migrantes a la justicia. La OIM puso en marcha programas sobre la protección de los derechos humanos de las mujeres migrantes víctimas de abusos y de la trata de seres humanos para funcionarios encargados de hacer cumplir la ley, funcionarios de inmigración, funcionarios de fronteras, fiscales, proveedores de servicios y organizaciones no gubernamentales en numerosos países. En 2009, la OIT preparó una guía en varios idiomas para los trabajadores del servicio doméstico en Tailandia. La guía tiene por objeto promover los derechos y responsabilidades de los trabajadores del servicio doméstico, explica las ventajas y los riesgos vinculados al trabajo doméstico y ofrece a los trabajadores asesoramiento sobre cómo interactuar con sus empleadores para establecer un entorno de trabajo mutuamente satisfactorio y un sistema de remuneración y de prestaciones para los trabajadores.",
"4. Protección y apoyo a las víctimas de la violencia",
"52. Las Naciones Unidas y entidades conexas prestaron apoyo a las actividades nacionales encaminadas a incrementar la protección y los servicios para las mujeres migrantes víctimas de la violencia, que en algunas ocasiones iban concretamente dirigidos a las trabajadoras migratorias. Por ejemplo, la OIM, en colaboración con diferentes interesados de numerosos países, proporcionó alojamiento, asesoramiento, servicios jurídicos y médicos y medios para desarrollar aptitudes. La Organización ayudó a establecer planes de repatriación y reintegración para las mujeres víctimas de abusos que regresaban a sus países y las mujeres víctimas de la trata. ONU-Mujeres ayudó a organizaciones de base comunitaria de Indonesia a documentar casos de violaciones de derechos y de violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias con miras a incrementar su acceso a la asistencia jurídica.",
"V. Conclusiones y recomendaciones",
"53. Se han adoptado medidas a nivel nacional, regional e internacional para luchar contra la violencia y la discriminación contra las trabajadoras migratorias. El número de Estados partes en los instrumentos internacionales pertinentes ha aumentado. La aprobación del Convenio sobre el trabajo decente para las trabajadoras y los trabajadores domésticos constituye un importante factor que se agrega al marco internacional de los derechos humanos relacionado con la protección de las trabajadoras migratorias.",
"54. Los Estados, en ocasiones con el apoyo de las entidades del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y la OIM, han seguido reforzando los marcos jurídicos, las políticas, los planes nacionales de acción y las estrategias que contribuyen a impedir la violencia y la discriminación contra las trabajadoras migratorias. Son particularmente esperanzadores los hechos siguientes: la ampliación de la legislación laboral para abarcar a los trabajadores del servicio doméstico, la adopción de disposiciones contractuales homogéneas para los trabajadores domésticos, la regulación y la supervisión de las agencias de contratación para impedir prácticas abusivas e ilegales, la difusión de información a posibles mujeres migrantes para promover la migración legal, la formación de funcionarios, el aumento del grado de sensibilización para luchar contra la violencia, el racismo y la xenofobia contra las trabajadoras migratorias y la prestación de servicios a las trabajadoras migratorias que son víctimas de la violencia. Los acuerdos y la cooperación de carácter bilateral y multilateral constituyen una sólida base para hacer frente a la discriminación y la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias.",
"55. Al mismo tiempo, persisten importantes lagunas en la aplicación de marcos normativos y de políticas a nivel mundial en relación con la protección de las trabajadoras migratorias contra la discriminación, la violencia y las violaciones de sus derechos. Si bien este grupo de mujeres puede beneficiarse de los marcos legales y de políticas de carácter general sobre la migración, la igualdad entre los géneros, la violencia contra la mujer y las actividades laborales, faltan medidas específicas para hacer concretamente frente a la discriminación y la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias. La base de conocimientos sigue siendo inadecuada y siguen existiendo deficiencias en relación con la reunión y difusión de datos y la investigación y el análisis necesarios para sustentar las intervenciones a nivel de políticas y programas. Por la misma razón, cuando se han puesto en marcha leyes, políticas y otras medidas, apenas se informa sobre las repercusiones de las medidas adoptadas y los resultados alcanzados en relación con las trabajadoras migratorias. Las trabajadoras migratorias indocumentadas siguen siendo especialmente vulnerables a la violencia, la explotación y la discriminación.",
"56. En estas circunstancias, los Estados deben seguir ratificando y aplicando los instrumentos internacionales, haciendo especial hincapié en la pronta ratificación del Convenio sobre el trabajo decente para las trabajadoras y los trabajadores domésticos y su Recomendación. Los Estados deben mejorar la reunión, las investigaciones, los análisis y la difusión de datos que se hagan eco de las cuestiones de género sobre los perfiles de la migración y sobre la violencia y las violaciones de los derechos de las mujeres migrantes en todas las etapas del proceso migratorio; sobre la contribución de las trabajadoras migratorias al desarrollo; sobre las remesas (tomando como base datos macroeconómicos); y sobre los costos de la violencia contra las trabajadoras migratorias a los efectos de la formulación y ejecución de políticas y programas apropiados.",
"57. La legislación laboral nacional debe proteger a las trabajadoras migratorias, incluidas las del servicio doméstico, y establecer sólidos mecanismos de supervisión e inspección en consonancia con los Convenios pertinentes de la OIT y otros instrumentos a fin de garantizar el cumplimiento por los Estados partes de sus obligaciones internacionales. Las leyes de inmigración deben incorporar perspectivas de género para impedir la discriminación contra la mujer, en particular en relación con la migración independiente, y permitir que las mujeres migrantes víctimas de la violencia soliciten permisos de residencia independientemente de sus empleadores o cónyuges abusivos.",
"58. Los Estados deben garantizar una coherencia normativa entre las políticas y los programas en materia de migración, trabajo y lucha contra la trata de personas, políticas y programas que deben tener en cuenta las cuestiones de género y basarse en derechos. Deben promover la migración legal y en condiciones de seguridad, impedir la violencia y proteger los derechos humanos de todas las trabajadoras migratorias durante todo el proceso de la migración. Esas políticas deben basarse en datos y análisis adecuados y el compromiso institucionalizado de las trabajadoras migratorias durante todo el proceso normativo; contar con recursos suficientes; incluir metas e indicadores medibles, así como calendarios y mecanismos de supervisión y de rendición de cuentas, en particular en el caso de las empresas de contratación y empleo, los empleadores y los funcionarios públicos; y prever la realización de evaluaciones de sus efectos y garantizar una coordinación multisectorial dentro de los países de origen, tránsito y destino y entre dichos países mediante mecanismos apropiados.",
"59. Los Estados deben seguir concertando y aplicando acuerdos bilaterales y multilaterales para garantizar la protección de los derechos de todas las trabajadoras migratorias y facilitar la adopción de medidas eficaces en relación con el cumplimiento de la ley, el procesamiento judicial, la prevención, el fomento de la capacidad, la protección y el apoyo a las víctimas, el intercambio de información y las buenas prácticas para combatir la violencia y la discriminación contra las trabajadoras migratorias. Los Estados deben esforzarse por reducir los costos de transacción de las remesas; facilitar modos de transferencia y de recepción que sean adecuados para la mujer, seguros, convenientes y eficaces; y fomentar el establecimiento de cauces de inversión productiva que tengan en cuenta las cuestiones de género. Además, deben ampliar la disponibilidad de los servicios globales de reintegración y apoyo respecto de las trabajadoras migrantes y sus familias.",
"60. Deben proseguir en los países de origen y destino, de forma apropiada para los grupos a que vayan dirigidos, los programas de educación, las actividades de sensibilización y otras actividades de prevención dirigidas a las mujeres migrantes, las empresas de contratación y empleo, los empleadores, los medios de comunicación, los funcionarios públicos y la población en general. Deben incluir como centro de atención la promoción y protección de los derechos de las trabajadoras migratorias, destacar las leyes vigentes y el apoyo a las mujeres migrantes, subrayar las oportunidades y los riesgos de la migración y ser plurilingües cuando proceda. La orientación previa a la salida del país y la formación de las posibles trabajadoras migratorias deben tener en cuenta las cuestiones de género, basarse en derechos y centrarse en la protección de los derechos y en las obligaciones. Los programas de formación que tengan en cuenta las cuestiones de género y vayan dirigidos a la policía, los funcionarios de inmigración, el personal judicial y los trabajadores sociales y sanitarios deben reforzarse e institucionalizarse para responder eficazmente a la violencia y la discriminación contra las trabajadoras migratorias, cuyos derechos humanos han de respetarse plenamente. Tales programas deben regirse por procedimientos homogéneos e incluir criterios para medir la ejecución que tengan en cuenta las cuestiones de género con miras a que sean mayores sus repercusiones.",
"61. Los Estados deben reforzar los sistemas de apoyo a las víctimas de la violencia y garantizar su acceso a ellas de conformidad con las normas de derechos humanos, independientemente de su situación en materia de inmigración. Ese apoyo debe ser apropiado desde el punto de vista lingüístico y cultural e incluir información sobre los derechos de las trabajadoras migratorias, su acceso a los recursos judiciales, la asistencia jurídica, psicológica, médica y social, el acceso a los albergues y las indemnizaciones por los daños y perjuicios causados. Las trabajadoras migratorias no deben ser penalizadas por incoar demandas.",
"62. El sistema de las Naciones Unidas y las entidades conexas han proporcionado apoyo a las autoridades nacionales y a la sociedad civil para luchar contra la violencia y la discriminación contra las trabajadoras migratorias. Esos esfuerzos deben proseguir y coordinarse de manera que sirvan de apoyo a la aplicación eficaz, intensifiquen sus efectos y refuercen los resultados positivos para las trabajadoras migratorias.",
"[1] Dieciséis comunicaciones recibidas al 10 de junio de 2011 (de Alemania, Chipre, Eslovaquia, la Federación de Rusia, Filipinas, Jordania, el Japón, el Líbano, Lituania, Malta, México, Portugal, Qatar, el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, Trinidad y Tabago y Turkmenistán) y siete comunicaciones recibidas después de transcurrido el plazo para su inclusión en el informe anterior (A/64/152) (de la Argentina, Bosnia y Herzegovina, el Chad, los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Grecia, Indonesia y Serbia).",
"[2] La Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), la Comisión Económica y Social para Asia y el Pacífico (CESPAP), la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO), la Entidad de las Naciones Unidas para la Igualdad entre los Géneros y el Empoderamiento de la Mujer (ONU-Mujeres) y el Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas (UNFPA). La información sobre la labor de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) y la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito (UNODC) se obtuvo de sus respectivos sitios web.",
"[3] Véase Informe del Secretario General sobre migración internacional y desarrollo (A/65/203).",
"[4] Véase Dilip Ratha, “Leveraging the migration and remittances for development” (Banco Mundial, 17 de mayo de 2011); puede consultarse en: http://www.globalmigrationgroup.org/uploads/news/2011-symposium/Migration_and_Youth_Ratha.pdf.",
"[5] Véase “Trends in international migrant stock: the 2008 revision”, documentación en CD-ROM (2009), base de datos de las Naciones Unidas (POB/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2008). Puede consultarse en: http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/migration/UN_MigStock_2008.pdf.",
"[6] Véase Jayati Ghosh, “Migration and gender empowerment: recent trends and emerging issues”, Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo: documento de investigación núm. 2009/4 (abril de 2009). Puede consultarse en: http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2009/papers/HDRP_2009_04.pdf.",
"[7] Véase Estudio mundial sobre el papel de la mujer en el desarrollo 2004: La mujer y la migración internacional (publicación de las Naciones Unidas, número de venta: S.04.IV.4). Puede consultarse en http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/WorldSurvey2004-Women&Migration-ES.pdf. Véase también Fondo de Desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas para la Mujer (UNIFEM), Claim and Celebrate Women Migrants’ Human Rights through CEDAW: The Case of Women Migrant Workers; UNIFEM, documento informativo preparado por Jean D’Cunha (2005).",
"[8] A/64/38, parte I, anexo I.",
"[9] Ibid., véanse, en particular, los párrafos 9 a 22.",
"[10] CMW/C/GC/1.",
"[11] Véase UNIFEM, Cruzando Fronteras II; Migración y desarrollo desde una perspectiva de género (publicación de las Naciones Unidas, número de venta: S.09.III.C.2 P); y “Las dimensiones de género de las remesas: estudio de las trabajadoras domésticas de Indonesia en Asia oriental y del sureste” (2009).",
"[12] En relación con los costos de la violencia contra la mujer en general, véase el estudio a fondo del Secretario General sobre todas las formas de violencia contra la mujer (A/61/122/Add.1 y Corr.1).",
"[13] Cada dos años se presentan informes separados del Secretario General a la Asamblea General sobre la trata de mujeres y niñas, tal como se hizo por última vez en su sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones (véanse los documentos A/65/209, A/63/215, A/59/185 y Corr.1, A/57/170 y A/55/322). El próximo informe sobre la trata de mujeres y niñas se presentará a la Asamblea en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones, tal como se pidió en la resolución 65/190.",
"[14] La información de la presente sección procede de comunicaciones de los gobiernos, el sitio web sobre tratados multilaterales de la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos y los sitios web de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo y la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito.",
"[15] Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 2225, núm. 39574.",
"[16] Ibid., Treaty Series, vol. 2237, núm. 39574.",
"[17] Ibid., Treaty Series, vol. 2241, núm. 39574.",
"[18] Ibid., Treaty Series, vol. 2220, núm. 39481.",
"[19] A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1.",
"[20] Véase http://www.unwomen.org/es/publications/handbook-for-national-action-plans-on-violence-against-women/."
] | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"* A/66/150.",
"Item 28 (a) of the provisional agenda*",
"Advancement of women: advancement of women",
"Violence against women migrant workers",
"Report of the Secretary-General",
"Summary",
"The present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/139, provides information on measures taken by Member States and the United Nations system to address violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. It concludes with recommendations for future action.",
"Contents",
"Page\nI.Introduction 3II.The 3 \ncontext III.Measures 5 reported by Member \nStates A. International 5 \ninstruments B.Data 7 collection and \nresearch \nC.Legislation 7\nD.Policies 8E.Preventive 9 measures, training and \ncapacity-building F.Protection 9 and \nassistance G.Bilateral, 10 regional, international and other \ncooperation IV. Activities 11 of the United Nations \nsystem A.Global 11 legal and policy \ndevelopment B.Initiatives 14 of United Nations entities and the International Organization for Migration in support of national \nefforts V.Conclusions 16 and \nrecommendations",
"I. Introduction",
"1. In its resolution 64/139 on violence against women migrant workers, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of that resolution; and called on Governments to take measures to protect the human rights of women migrant workers, address and prevent violence against women migrant workers, provide victims with assistance and protection, strengthen preventive efforts, punish perpetrators, and enhance data collection and bilateral, regional and international cooperation.",
"2. The present report, which responds to the calls for action contained in resolution 64/139, covers the two-year period from June 2009 to June 2011 following the submission of the previous report on this topic (A/64/152). It incorporates submissions from 23 Member States,[1] 5 United Nations entities,[2] and the International Organization for Migration (IOM). Concluding observations and general recommendations and comments of human rights treaty bodies and reports of the Human Rights Council special procedures system were also consulted.",
"3. The report provides the context within which the subject of women migrant workers may be considered; summarizes measures taken by Member States, the United Nations system and IOM to implement General Assembly resolution 64/139; and draws conclusions and recommends measures for preventing violence against women migrant workers and protecting them from violence.",
"II. The context",
"4. Globally, the number of international migrants in 2010 has been estimated at 214 million,[3] of which 93 per cent are economic migrants.[4] Women constitute 49 per cent of the international migrants. The proportion of female migrants is highest in Europe (52.3 per cent), followed by Oceania (51.2 per cent) and Latin America and the Caribbean and North America (50.1 per cent in both regions). In the other two major areas, male migrants still outnumber female migrants: in 2010, in Asia, they constituted 55.4 per cent of migrants and in Africa, 53.2 per cent.[5] Large numbers of women move independently as temporary migrant workers for specific service activities, including in the domestic work and care sectors, as well as for entertainment work.[6]",
"5. International migration can be an empowering experience for women: women may leave situations where they have limited options for ones where they exercise greater autonomy over their own lives, thereby benefiting themselves as well as their families and communities.[7] However, many women who migrate for reasons including work find themselves at risk for gender-based violence, discrimination and exploitation.",
"6. Those risks were summarized by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in its general recommendation No. 26 on women migrant workers.[8] The Committee highlighted women migrant workers’ vulnerability to physical and sexual violence by their employers, and the added risk of domestic violence, as well as economic abuse and exploitation, to which those with an irregular immigration status are particularly vulnerable; and noted that access to justice for women migrant workers may be limited, thereby preventing them from obtaining remedies for employment discrimination or violence. On the other hand, where remedies and services are available, migrant women workers may face barriers to accessing them, including lack of information or language skills, restrictions on freedom of movement by employers, and fear of loss of immigration or residence status. Migrants may start off their lives in destination countries in a state of debt, financial hardship and dependency owing to high recruitment fees. Poor reintegration services, especially those characterized by a lack of gender sensitivity, may lead to further hardship for women migrants after they return to their country of origin.[9]",
"7. Migrant domestic workers face special issues and concerns owing to the isolation and dependence associated with their employment. The legal and practical gaps in protection of this group of migrants were highlighted by the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families in its general comment No. 1, on migrant domestic workers.[10] Both Committees have addressed recommendations to States parties with respect to ensuring compliance with treaty obligations.",
"8. Women migrant workers are active contributors to development in countries of origin and destination.[11] Violence and discrimination against them constitute a human rights violation, and imposes costs on individual women migrant workers, their families, communities and States,[12] thereby adversely affecting economic and social development and the achievement of gender equality and women’s empowerment.",
"9. Sections III and IV below review the steps and measures taken by States to empower women migrant workers and prevent and reduce their vulnerability to violence and abuse, as well as the activities of the United Nations system undertaken to support such national efforts.",
"III. Measures reported by Member States",
"10. In their contributions to the present report, Member States highlighted a range of measures taken to combat discrimination and violence against women migrant workers, including efforts in areas such as data collection and research, legislation, policy measures, preventive measures, and protection and assistance, as well as bilateral and multilateral cooperation and adherence to the provisions of international instruments. Noting the links between discrimination and violence against women migrant workers and trafficking in women and girls, States also provided information on anti-trafficking policies and programmes.[13]",
"A. International instruments[14]",
"11. The international legal framework guides States on protecting women migrant workers and establishes a framework for collaboration towards this end. Since the 2009 report (A/64/152), the number of States parties to international instruments relevant to combating discrimination and violence against women migrant workers has increased. As at June 2011, 161 States had ratified or acceded to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime[15] (up from 149 in 2009), 144 States had ratified or acceded to the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime[16] (up from 130), and 127 States had ratified or acceded to the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime[17] (up from 119). Among the reporting States, Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, Mexico, the Philippines, Portugal, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland are parties to the Convention and the two Protocols thereto and Chad, Jordan, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates are parties to the Convention and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children.",
"12. As at 10 June 2011, 44 States were party to the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families[18] (up from 41). Of the reporting Member States, Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mexico and the Philippines had become parties to that Convention. Many of the States providing input to the present report are party to relevant ILO conventions, including Convention No. 97 concerning Migration for Employment (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Germany, the Philippines, Portugal, Serbia, Trinidad and Tobago and the United Kingdom); Convention No. 111 concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation (Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chad, Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Jordan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, Mexico, the Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom); and Convention No. 182 concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chad, Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, Mexico, the Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom).",
"13. A new international instrument of particular significance for migrant women workers was adopted by the General Conference of the International Labour Organization on 16 June 2011: the Convention concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers and the accompanying Recommendation. The Convention proposes measures to ensure effective protection of domestic workers against all forms of abuse, harassment and violence, including by employment agencies; and promotion and protection of their human and labour rights, including fair wages, weekly rest and paid leave, decent working conditions, protection of security and health, and the availability of complaint mechanisms, labour inspections and sanctions against abusive employers. It encourages States to conclude bilateral, regional or multilateral agreements to further protect overseas domestic workers. The new Convention will come into force after two countries have ratified it.",
"14. Adherence to regional instruments addressing violence against women can also contribute to preventing and addressing violence against women migrant workers. This is, for example, the case for the Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women (Convention of Belém do Pará) (Argentina and Trinidad and Tobago) and the Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, recently adopted by the Committee of Ministers at the Council of Europe (Germany).",
"B. Data collection and research",
"15. Data are critical for developing sound policies and programmes addressing discrimination and violence against women migrant workers. However, little information about the scope and availability of specific data was received. Some States noted a lack of data on cases of violence against women migrant workers and of sex-disaggregated data on migrant workers. Only Bosnia and Herzegovina and Portugal drew attention to available data on trafficking of migrant women and violence against women migrant workers. The Russian Federation collected data on women migrant workers, while Argentina disaggregated data on migrants by variables such as sex, nationality and age. Indonesia collected data on returnees and undocumented migrants. Several States, including Japan, Mexico and Trinidad and Tobago, reported on their data on violence against women in general.",
"16. In order to strengthen the knowledge base, some States had introduced procedures or tasked institutions with data collection and research related to the employment of migrants, including women migrant workers. Greece, for example, had established an observatory on employment for migrants to inform immigration policies. The United Arab Emirates announced the establishment of a statistics centre, which is also expected to provide information on the problems encountered by domestic workers.",
"17. Efforts to enhance research and analysis on women migrant workers’ concerns continued. Argentina, for example, had implemented two UNFPA-supported research projects, one on the situation of migrant domestic workers from Paraguay and the other on the challenges Bolivian migrant women encounter with respect to Argentina’s health system. Mexico carried out a study on care services currently provided by its consulates in the United States of America to Mexican migrant women who were victims of domestic violence.",
"C. Legislation",
"18. States have in place a range of general legal measures that can be used to protect women migrant workers from discrimination and violence and to penalize perpetrators. Constitutional law, anti-discrimination and employment acts, equal treatment and equal opportunities laws, and labour and migration laws can protect women migrant workers from discrimination, abuse and harassment. Examples of such protection were noted by Argentina, Chad, Greece, Japan, Jordan, Lithuania, Mexico, the Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, the Russian Federation, Turkmenistan, Serbia, Slovakia and Trinidad and Tobago. Similarly, provisions in penal codes established to address and punish sexual assault and abuse, sexual exploitation and domestic violence can also offer protection for women migrant workers, as was noted by Japan, Portugal and Qatar. In addition to their general legal frameworks, some countries (Argentina, Cyprus, Mexico, Portugal, Serbia and the United Arab Emirates) have in place specific laws designed to protect and support all women, including women migrant workers, against crimes such as sexual and domestic violence, slavery and human trafficking. Some States (Indonesia and the Philippines) reported on laws that aim to protect a country’s own nationals who migrate overseas, without specifically targeting women.",
"19. Some countries reported immigration laws and labour legislation, ministerial decisions, regulations and agreements that protect domestic workers, including migrant domestic workers. For example, the labour law of the United Arab Emirates protects female domestic workers from hazardous working conditions, while Jordan’s labour law provides domestic workers with the same legal protection granted to other workers. Jordan, Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates have introduced standard labour contracts specifying the rights of domestic workers, such as wages, working hours, paid leave and health care, and the responsibilities of employers. States have also strengthened regulation of recruitment agencies and employers by imposing sanctions and penalties for abuse of migrant workers (Lebanon) and by granting workers the right to find another employer (Jordan). The immigration legislation of the United Kingdom, on the other hand, specifically addresses exploitation of women migrant domestic workers.",
"20. The promotion of legal migration is a priority for Greece, whose immigration law promotes legal employment of foreigners and the regularization of irregular migrants. Labour inspectorates play a significant role in monitoring implementation, and compliance by employers.",
"21. While legislation and related regulations are key elements in preventing and addressing violence against women migrant workers, the information received gave little indication of the application, or impact, of existing general legal provisions for addressing violence against migrant women workers. There was no discussion of any particular challenges that certain groups of women migrant workers, such as domestic workers, may face when seeking the protection of the law against discrimination and violence.",
"D. Policies",
"22. Some countries, including Argentina, Malta and Portugal, emphasized the importance, given the growing numbers of migrant women, including women migrant workers, of having in place gender-sensitive and human rights-based policies. Towards this end, some States have included measures to address violence against women migrant workers in various national action plans and strategies. Cyprus, Japan, Portugal, Serbia and Slovakia included women migrant workers within the scope of policies on violence against women and trafficking. Other States addressed violence against migrant women but without a specific focus on women migrant workers. For example, a number of Portugal’s national plans, including those on domestic violence, incorporated measures on violence against migrant women such as awareness-raising for immigrant communities, specialized training for authorities and services for survivors. Slovakia’s action plan on violence against women included prevention activities targeting the special needs of migrant women.",
"23. While lack of a specific budget allocation was reported as an obstacle to the effective implementation of plans, there was little mention of other challenges, nor of positive impacts or results achieved in addressing violence against women migrant workers through the implementation of such policies and plans.",
"E. Preventive measures, training and capacity-building",
"24. While prevention is integral to efforts addressing violence against women migrant workers, reported prevention measures, in Cyprus, Greece, Malta, Mexico, Japan, Serbia and Slovakia, focused more broadly on eliminating violence against women and on human trafficking. In those countries, preventive measures included general awareness-raising, information dissemination and education through conferences, seminars, publications and brochures. These initiatives were often undertaken with partners, and in multiple languages. In Portugal, awareness-raising activities on violence against women and the rights of migrant women who were victims of violence specifically targeted immigrant communities.",
"25. Information on the rights of migrants and immigration procedures that is easily accessible to migrants can help diminish risks of abuse and exploitation. To that end, Mexico created a women migrants portal providing information on migration processes and the rights of migrant women. In Lithuania, information on immigration procedures is available in several languages. Lebanon and Jordan produced guides and brochures on the rights and responsibilities related to the employment of domestic workers. States also reported on awareness-raising for their nationals migrating overseas with regard to the benefits and risks of migration through annual campaigns (the Philippines) and pre-departure training sessions (Indonesia).",
"26. Migrant women, including women migrant workers, can become victims of xenophobia and racism, for example, through media portrayals. A number of States have taken steps to counter such risks by sensitizing the media (Greece) and monitoring radio and television programmes that promote negative, racist or sexist stereotypes (Argentina), and in this regard, focusing especially on the portrayal of migrant women.",
"27. In addition to awareness-raising, States (Indonesia, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Portugal, Qatar, Slovakia and the United Arab Emirates) have conducted training programmes for government officials, the police, the judiciary, medical staff and other service providers to ensure gender-sensitive policy implementation and service provision in the context of violence against women, human trafficking, gender equality, protection of migrant workers and other related issues. Portugal has implemented training for personnel staffing support centres and helplines for immigrants. Lebanon and Qatar have organized training programmes for labour inspectors so as to ensure compliance with labour legislation. The United Arab Emirates established a centre for training of governmental officials on violence against women, trafficking and illegal immigration.",
"28. Indonesia undertook steps to strengthen institutional capacities in support of migrant workers abroad, including the protection of and assistance to women migrant workers who were victims of violence. This involved the establishment as well of a dedicated unit within its Ministry of Foreign Affairs.",
"F. Protection and assistance",
"29. Migrant women who are victims of violence need a range of services to help them recover from the trauma of their experience and to ensure that violence is not repeated. A number of States (including Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Greece, Indonesia, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Portugal, Qatar, the Russian Federation, Slovakia and the United Arab Emirates) reported on the protection and assistance available to this group of women, including shelters, hotlines, legal assistance, psychological and medical services, and the provision of information on services, vocational training and redress. This support was often available in several languages and was provided in cooperation with non-governmental organizations. However, no data were provided on the numbers or cases of women migrant workers victims of violence who used available services. In addition, States drew attention to the persistent challenge of the lack of or insufficient services for women victims of violence in general.",
"30. Progress continues to be made in providing protection and support under immigration laws and work-permit arrangements for foreign nationals, which can also be of benefit to women migrant workers who are victims of violence. Portugal reported that immigrant women survivors of domestic violence can acquire a residence permit independently from their husbands. Argentina, Greece, Lebanon, Mexico, Portugal and Slovakia highlighted provisions in labour and immigration laws providing foreign nationals with access to medical care, education and economic aid. Portugal also extends medical care and education to the children of undocumented migrants. Greece, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, the Philippines, Qatar and Slovakia reported having redress mechanisms for receiving, investigating and addressing complaints of discrimination and violence against migrant workers, including domestic workers. Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, Slovakia and Trinidad and Tobago reported monitoring and inspecting workplaces to ensure compliance with labour laws.",
"31. Indonesia and the Philippines provided reintegration services to returnees. A special terminal exists at Indonesia’s international airport whose function is to provide assistance.",
"G. Bilateral, regional, international and other cooperation",
"32. Bilateral and multilateral cooperation is key to addressing violence against women migrant workers. A number of States (Indonesia, Jordan, Lebanon, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates) reported on bilateral agreements and memorandums of understanding between countries of origin and countries of destination aimed at improving protection of migrant workers. Such agreements and memorandums covered a range of issues, including the regulation of recruitment and employment agencies and the protection of potential migrants from illegally operating agencies, the use of official employment contracts, and wage scales of migrant workers.",
"33. Regional cooperation included a project involving Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and Tajikistan, which aimed at providing services to migrants. The project was supported by the United Kingdom, and implemented by the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), IOM and the World Bank. Several States hosted or participated in regional and international conferences on migration, combating violence against women and human trafficking.",
"34. Slovakia reported collaboration with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) on protecting migrant women from abuse; and Indonesia reported collaboration with IOM on training government officials to deal with protection issues affecting migrants.",
"IV. Activities of the United Nations system",
"35. Intergovernmental processes, global meetings and expert bodies continue to address discrimination and violence against women migrant workers. United Nations entities and IOM work to promote and protect the rights of women migrant workers in support of national efforts.",
"A. Global legal and policy development",
"1. Resolutions and recommendations",
"36. Legal and policy development continued through resolutions and recommendations adopted by United Nations intergovernmental and expert bodies. At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly adopted resolution 65/228 on strengthening crime prevention and criminal justice responses to violence against women, in which the Assembly emphasized the importance of preventing violence against migrant women by recognizing the needs and special vulnerabilities of migrant women and implementing measures to combat racism, xenophobia and related forms of intolerance.",
"37. Since the finalization of the previous report, the Human Rights Council has adopted several resolutions that also address the situation of migrant women and children, and of women migrant workers. These include: resolution 15/16 on the human rights of all migrants (see A/65/53/Add.1, chap. I), calling for the effective promotion and protection of the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all migrants, including, in particular, the right to life and physical integrity, especially that of women and children, and information campaigns to enable informed decision-making and reduce vulnerability to trafficking, transnational organized smuggling and criminal networks; resolution 15/23 on the elimination of discrimination against women (see A/65/53/Add.1, chap. I), addressing elimination of discrimination against women in vulnerable situations, such as migrant women; resolution 14/12 on accelerating efforts to eliminate all forms of violence against women (see A/65/53 and Corr.1, chap. III.A), calling for ensuring due diligence in preventing and addressing all forms of discrimination, including racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and multiple or aggravated forms of discrimination and disadvantage that can lead to targeting or vulnerability to violence of some women and girls, including migrant women; resolution 13/20 on the rights of the child (see A/65/53 and Corr.1, chap. II.A), urging protection of migrant children from sexual violence and abuse and providing victims with special protection and assistance; and resolution 12/6 on human rights of migrants: migration and human rights of the child (see A/65/53 and Corr.1, chap. I.A), calling for ensuring that migrant children, regardless of their legal status, enjoy all human rights and urging integration of a gender perspective into migration policies and programmes so as to better protect migrant girls.",
"38. Along the same lines, the Commission on the Status of Women has adopted agreed conclusions and resolutions that address the situation of women and girl migrant workers. The agreed conclusions on women’s and girls’ access to and participation in education, training and science and technology, including for the promotion of women’s equal access to full employment and decent work (E/2011/27, chap. I.A), adopted by the Commission at its fifty-fifth session (12 March 2010, 22 February-4 March and 14 March 2011), called for the implementation of gender-sensitive policies and programmes for women migrant workers, the provision of safe and legal migration channels which recognize their skills and education, the facilitation of their productive employment, decent work and labour-force integration, including in the fields of education, science and technology, and steps to ensure that all women, including care workers, are legally protected against violence and exploitation. In its resolution 54/4 on women’s economic empowerment (see E/2010/27 and Corr.1, chap. I.D), adopted by the Commission at its fifty-fourth session (13 March and 14 October 2009 and 1-12 March 2010), the Commission urged countries of origin, transit and destination to incorporate gender perspectives into migration policies and programmes, promote the full enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms by women migrants, and address discrimination, all forms of exploitation, ill treatment, unsafe working conditions and violence, including sexual violence and trafficking in women and girls. In resolution 54/7 on ending female genital mutilation (see E/2010/27 and Corr.1, chap. I.D), the Commission urged States to take targeted measures for refugee and migrant women and their communities in order to protect girl children from female genital mutilation, including when the practice occurs outside the country of residence.",
"39. The human rights treaty bodies established under the international human rights treaties continued to address violence against women migrant workers. At its thirteenth session (22 November-3 December 2010), the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families adopted General Comment No. 1, on migrant domestic workers, comprehensively addressing social, economic, cultural, civil, political and labour rights violations against them. The General Comment called for the promotion and protection of the rights of domestic workers at all stages, decent work for domestic workers, and proper regulation of such work by national labour legislation so as to ensure that domestic workers enjoy the same level of protection as other workers, and have effective access to justice and remedies.",
"40. During the period covered in the present report, the Committee against Torture, at its forty-third and forty-fourth sessions, highlighted, in particular, in its concluding observations on the reports of States parties, the dire situation of undocumented migrant women who were victims of gender-based violence; the widespread physical, psychological and sexual abuse of women migrant domestic workers; migrant women victims of domestic violence who seldom sought protection for fear of losing residence status; and the absence of comprehensive or disaggregated data on complaints, investigations, prosecutions and convictions in cases of ill treatment of migrant workers (see A/65/44). The Committee consequently urged States parties to prevent violence and abuse against women migrant workers by ensuring their right to lodge complaints and the imposition of sanctions against abusive employers; and also urged States parties to consider enacting legislation that would enable migrant women victims of violence to seek protection without forfeiting their residence permit, and to compile disaggregated statistical data and information on cases of ill treatment of migrant workers.",
"41. Special rapporteurs of the Human Rights Council highlighted the vulnerability of women migrant workers to violence and links to the exercise of other rights. The Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants pointed out that migrants were often subject to violence, threatening their health and safety, with limited information about risks and access to health services (see A/HRC/14/30). Migrant domestic workers were especially vulnerable to such violence owing to their exclusion from forms of legal protection (ibid., paras. 29-30). The Special Rapporteur posited a link between violence and the right to adequate housing, noting that live-in migrant domestic workers seldom reported abuse, as they thereby risked deportation, loss of employment, homelessness and vulnerability to further violence, such as sexual exploitation and trafficking (ibid., para. 55). The Special Rapporteur recommended that States provide migrants with free information and advice on relevant laws and policies to help them exercise their rights (ibid., para. 74); adequate, appropriate and specialized medical assistance (ibid., para. 82); and accommodation for those wanting to leave abusive employers (ibid., para. 90). He also recommended that mechanisms be put in place to monitor workplace conditions. The Special Rapporteur emphasized the importance of protection for migrant children, especially girls, considering their numbers and high vulnerability to sexual violence and gendered human rights violations (A/HRC/17/33 para. 32), including in his reports on his missions to Japan (A/HRC/17/33/Add.3), Romania (A/HRC/14/30/Add.2) and the United Kingdom (A/HRC/14/30/Add.3).",
"42. In her report on her mission to Zambia, the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, pointed out that women migrant workers were often sexually abused, but seldom approached law enforcers and health workers for assistance because of their irregular status (see A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 28).",
"43. The Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, recommended that specialized assistance should be given to trafficked persons regardless of their immigration status, and that the granting of residency status and access to services should not depend on their participation in criminal proceedings (A/HRC/14/32).",
"2. Intergovernmental meetings",
"44. The Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD) is a State-led process established following the General Assembly High-level Dialogue on International Migration and Development held in 2006. During the period covered by this report, the Forum held two meetings, in Greece in 2009 and in Mexico in 2010. These meetings underscored the importance of protecting the human rights of women migrant workers and ensuring gender-sensitive migration and development policies. Key recommendations adopted at these meetings focused on the collection of sex-aggregated data and the development of gender-sensitive guidelines for policies, programmes and budgets, with appropriate targets and indicators. In September 2010, UN-Women co-organized with the Government of Mexico (Global Forum Chair in 2010), a pre-Forum IV high-level consultation on promoting and protecting the rights of women migrant workers, which contributed to the outcomes of the Forum 2010 round table on gender, family, migration and development. UN‑Women co-wrote with IOM the annex to the official Government background paper for the round table, entitled “Uncovering the interfaces between gender, family, migration and development: the global care economy and chains”. Also, at this round table, UN‑Women co‑presented with the Government of Portugal a paper on women migrant workers’ labour rights, and actively supported civil society participation. The Chair of the 2011 Global Forum (Switzerland) has identified “Global care workers at the interface of migration and development” as a sub-theme under “Labour mobility” for the current year. The Chair has further requested UN‑Women to provide technical and organizational assistance in support of three regional meetings on this theme, with a focus on expanding good practices, which are being organized in partnership with IOM and ILO. The Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, which was held in Istanbul from 9 to 13 May 2011, included migrant remittances and diaspora investment for development and the protection of migrant workers as key priorities in its Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020.[19]",
"B. Initiatives of United Nations entities and the International Organization for Migration in support of national efforts",
"1. Research and data collection",
"45. United Nations and related entities support the increased availability of data on migrant women and on the violence directed against them. UNFPA supported the collection by national institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina of sex- and age-disaggregated migration data and data on gender-based violence. UN-Women supported the generation by national authorities in India of data on violence against women migrant workers; also in India, UNFPA will support research on violence against migrant women and children.",
"46. UN-Women supported the Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs in its commissioning of a research study on analysing the trends and patterns in the activities of South Asian women migrant workers in the Gulf and Arab States, designed to inform gender-sensitive and rights-based policy formation, including a pre-departure orientation programme for awareness-raising and capacity-building. UNESCO promoted research on the human rights situation of women migrant workers and published essays on prevention of trafficking and on victim protection. The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) undertook case studies on migrant populations along the borders of 10 Latin American and Caribbean countries with a view to informing rights-based policy formulation aimed at protecting migrants, especially women and youth, from violence. IOM conducted research on women’s international labour migration, trafficking and gender-based violence.",
"47. A 2010 ILO publication on international labour migration highlighted, among other issues, the vulnerability of women migrant domestic workers and the vulnerability of women and young temporary migrant workers. A 2011 report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) on the involvement of organized criminal groups in the smuggling of migrants from West Africa to the European Union (EU) area noted the sometimes overlapping nature of trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants, and the fact that those who were most clearly victims of trafficking were overwhelmingly women.",
"2. Support for legislative and policy development",
"48. Entities of the United Nations system have collaborated with national authorities in developing tools supporting improvement of laws and policies that address violence against women migrant workers and promote their human rights. UN-Women and ECLAC organized an expert group meeting in September 2010 in Trinidad and Tobago, which resulted in the creation of a model framework for national action plans on violence against women. Set out therein were recommendations accompanied by explanatory commentaries and good practice examples designed to assist States in revising, developing or updating relevant plans.[20] The framework stresses that national action plans should recognize that women’s experience of violence is shaped by many variables, including migrant or refugee status, and that strategies and actions should address the specific concerns faced by different groups of women, while aiming for equality of outcomes for all women.",
"49. IOM undertook efforts to foster inter-State dialogue and cooperation on protecting women migrant workers. Jointly with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), IOM implemented a project aimed at increasing gender sensitivity in future labour migration policies of OSCE member States. Towards this end, IOM, OSCE and ILO facilitated training workshops in Kazakhstan, Sweden and Austria. UN-Women supported the incorporation of a gender perspective in migration policies and management in Nepal and Viet Nam. In Nepal, UN-Women supported the development by national partners of the new draft migration policy and is also supporting the inclusion of women migrant workers’ concerns in the development of the five-year national strategy and plan of action of the Ministry of Labour and Transport Management, and a strategy to explore alternative forms of decent employment outside domestic work. In Viet Nam, UN‑Women supported the incorporation by the Department of Overseas Labour of a gender-sensitive, development-oriented perspective in migration management, including initiatives covering, inter alia, pre-departure training and services, strengthening hotline and shelter services and facilitating savings and remittances through official banking services.",
"3. Awareness-raising, capacity-building and other prevention measures",
"50. Entities of the United Nations system and IOM supported advocacy, awareness-raising and capacity-building efforts to promote the human rights of women migrant workers. For example, IOM sensitized migrant communities in Zimbabwe on gender-based violence and abusive labour practices and organized campaigns promoting safe and regular migration. UNFPA implemented a project to prevent reproductive rights abuses and gender-based violence against migrant women along the borders of 10 Latin American and Caribbean countries. UN‑Women supported awareness-raising on violence against women migrant workers in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic; sensitized journalists in Thailand on discrimination and violence against women migrant workers at all stages of migration; and supported information dissemination on safe migration for potential women migrants through community radio in Indonesia, and recommended measures to be taken when there is a threat of violence.",
"51. Entities of the United Nations system and IOM provided or supported training for different stakeholders on protecting women migrant workers’ human rights. In 2010, the five regional commissions and the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat launched a project aimed at strengthening national capacities to deal with international migration and, in particular, at maximizing development benefits and minimizing negative impact of the phenomenon. The issue of violence against women migrant workers is being addressed in a number of national case studies that are currently under preparation. In several countries in Asia, including Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia and Viet Nam, UN-Women partnered with different government ministries, non‑governmental organizations and United Nations entities to increase capacity and generate awareness; and in Cambodia, contributed to the production of pre‑departure training manuals which addressed, inter alia, gender-based violence and women migrants’ access to justice issues. IOM ran training programmes on protecting the human rights of women migrant victims of abuse and trafficking for law enforcement, immigration and border officials, prosecutors, service providers and non-governmental organizations in many countries. In 2009, ILO produced a guidebook, available in several languages, for domestic workers in Thailand. The guidebook aims at promoting the rights and responsibilities of domestic workers, explains the benefits and risks associated with domestic work and offers workers advice on how to interact with their employer so as to establish a mutually satisfactory working environment and system of remuneration and benefits for the worker.",
"4. Protection and support for victims of violence",
"52. United Nations and related entities supported national efforts to increase protection and services for women migrants who were victims of violence, which in some instances were targeted specifically at women migrant workers. For example, IOM, in partnership with several stakeholders in many countries, provided accommodation, counselling, legal and medical services, and skills-building. The Organization helped establish repatriation and reintegration schemes for abused women returnees and trafficked women. UN-Women supported community-based organizations in Indonesia in documenting cases of rights violations and violence against women migrant workers, with a view to increasing their access to legal assistance.",
"V. Conclusions and recommendations",
"53. Action has been taken nationally, regionally and internationally to address violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. The number of States parties to relevant international instruments has increased. The adoption of the Convention concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers has resulted in a major addition to the international human rights framework relevant to the protection of women migrant workers.",
"54. States, sometimes with the support of the entities of the United Nations system and IOM, have continued to strengthen legal frameworks, policies, national action plans and strategies that contribute to preventing violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. Particularly promising actions in this regard include: extending labour laws so as to cover domestic workers, introducing standardized contractual arrangements for domestic workers, regulating and monitoring recruitment agencies in order to prevent abusive and illegal practices, disseminating information to potential migrant women so as to promote legal migration, training officials, raising public awareness with respect to combating violence, racism and xenophobia against women migrant workers, and providing services to women migrant workers who are victims of violence. Bilateral and multilateral agreements and cooperation provide a strong basis for addressing discrimination and violence against women migrant workers.",
"55. At the same time, key gaps persist in respect of implementing global normative and policy frameworks related to protecting women migrant workers against discrimination, violence and violations of their rights. While this group of women may benefit from existing general legal and policy frameworks governing migration, gender equality, violence against women and labour, there is a lack of targeted measures to specifically address discrimination and violence against women migrant workers. The knowledge base remains inadequate, and gaps persist in data collection and dissemination, and in the research and analysis needed to inform policy and programme interventions. By the same token, where laws, policies and other measures are in place, there is little reporting on the impact of measures taken and results achieved in regard to women migrant workers. Undocumented women migrant workers remain particularly vulnerable to violence, exploitation and discrimination.",
"56. Against this background, States should continue to ratify and implement international instruments, with a special focus on early ratification of the Convention concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers and the Recommendation related thereto. States should enhance gender-sensitive data collection, research, analysis and dissemination on migration profiles, and on violence and violations of migrant women’s rights at all stages of the migration process; on migrant women workers’ contribution to development; on remittances (based on macrodata); and on costs of violence against women migrant workers, for appropriate policy and programme formulation and implementation.",
"57. National labour laws should protect women migrant workers, including domestic workers, and should include robust monitoring and inspection mechanisms in line with relevant ILO Conventions and other instruments, so as to ensure compliance of States parties with their international obligations. Immigration laws should incorporate gender perspectives so as to prevent discrimination against women, in particular in regard to independent migration, and should permit migrant women victims of violence to apply for residency permits independently of abusive employers and spouses.",
"58. States should ensure policy coherence among migration, labour and anti‑trafficking policies and programmes that are gender-sensitive and rights-based. They should promote safe and legal migration, prevent violence and protect the human rights of all women migrant workers throughout the migration process. Such policies should be based on good data and analysis and the institutionalized engagement of women migrant workers throughout the policy process; should be adequately resourced; should include measurable targets and indicators, timetables, and monitoring and accountability measures, in particular for recruiting and employment agencies, employers and public officials; and should provide for impact assessments and ensure multisector coordination within and among countries of origin, transit and destination through appropriate mechanisms.",
"59. States should continue to conclude and implement bilateral and multilateral arrangements to ensure the protection of the rights of all women migrant workers and facilitate effective action in law enforcement and prosecution, prevention, capacity-building, victim protection and support, exchange of information and good practices that combat violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. They should work to reduce the transaction costs of remittances; facilitate woman-friendly, safe, convenient and efficient modes of transfer and receipt; and encourage the establishment of gender-sensitive channels of productive investment. They should also expand the availability of comprehensive reintegration and support services for women migrant workers and their families.",
"60. Education programmes, awareness-raising and other prevention efforts directed at migrant women, recruiting and employment agencies, employers, the media, public officials and the population in general, should continue in origin and destination countries, and should be conducted in ways that are appropriate to the target groups. They should include a focus on promoting and protecting the rights of women migrant workers, draw attention to existing laws and support for migrant women, highlight the opportunities and risks of migration, and be multilingual, where appropriate. Pre-departure orientation and training for potential women migrant workers should be gender-sensitive and rights-based, and should focus on rights protection and obligations. Gender-sensitive training programmes for police, immigration officials, judicial personnel, and social and health workers should be strengthened and institutionalized, to ensure effective responses to violence and discrimination against women migrant workers, with full respect for their human rights. Such programmes should be governed by standardized procedures, and include gender-sensitive performance criteria, for greater impact.",
"61. States should strengthen support systems for victims of violence and ensure their access to them in accordance with human rights standards, irrespective of their immigration status. Such support should be linguistically and culturally appropriate, and should include provision of information on women migrant workers’ rights, their access to redress, legal, psychological, medical and social assistance, access to shelters and compensation for damages. Women migrant workers should not be penalized for lodging complaints.",
"62. The United Nations system and related entities have provided support to national authorities and civil society in addressing violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. They should continue these efforts and coordinate them in such a way as to support effective implementation, enhance their impact and strengthen positive outcomes for women migrant workers.",
"[1] Sixteen submissions received by 10 June 2011 (from Cyprus, Germany, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, Mexico, the Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, the Russian Federation, Slovakia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) and 7 submissions received after the deadline for submission for the previous report (A/64/152) (from Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chad, Greece, Indonesia, Serbia and the United Arab Emirates).",
"[2] The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Information about the work of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) was retrieved from their websites.",
"[3] See the report of the Secretary-General on international migration and development (A/65/203).",
"[4] See Dilip Ratha, “Leveraging the migration and remittances for development” (World Bank, 17 May 2011). Available from http://www.globalmigrationgroup.org/uploads/news/2011-symposium/Migration_and_Youth_Ratha.pdf.",
"[5] See “Trends in international migrant stock: the 2008 revision”, CD-ROM documentation (2009), United Nations database (POB/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2008). Available from http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/migration/UN_MigStock_2008.pdf.",
"[6] See Jayati Ghosh, “Migration and gender empowerment: recent trends and emerging issues”, United Nations Development Programme Human Development Research Paper, No. 2009/4 (April 2009). Available from http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2009/papers/ HDRP_2009_04.pdf.",
"[7] See 2004 World Survey on the Role of Women in Development: Women and International Migration (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.04.IV.4). Available from http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/WorldSurvey2004-Women&Migration.pdf. See also United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), Claim and Celebrate Women Migrants’ Human Rights through CEDAW: The Case of Women Migrant Workers, UNIFEM Briefing Paper prepared by Jean D’Cunha (2005).",
"[8] A/64/38, part one, annex I.",
"[9] Ibid.; see, in particular, paras. 9-22.",
"[10] CMW/C/GC/1.",
"[11] See Crossing Borders II; Migration and Development from a Gender Perspective (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.III.C.2 P); and UNIFEM, “The gender dimensions of remittances: a study of Indonesian domestic workers in East and Southeast Asia” (2009).",
"[12] For the costs of violence against women in general, see the Secretary-General’s in-depth study on all forms of violence against women (A/61/122/Add.1 and Corr.1).",
"[13] Separate reports of the Secretary-General on trafficking in women and girls have been submitted to the General Assembly on a biennial basis, most recently at its sixty-fifth session (see A/65/209, A/63/215, A/59/185 and Corr.1, A/57/170 and A/55/322). The next report on trafficking in women and girls will be submitted to the Assembly at its sixty-seventh session, as requested in resolution 65/190.",
"[14] Information in the present section is taken from Government submissions, the multilateral treaties website of the Office of Legal Affairs and the websites of the International Labour Organization and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.",
"[15] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2225, No. 39574.",
"[16] Ibid., vol. 2237, No. 39574.",
"[17] Ibid., vol. 2241, No. 39574.",
"[18] Ibid., vol. 2220, No. 39481.",
"[19] A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1.",
"[20] See http://www.unwomen.org/publications/handbook-for-national-action-plans-on-violence-against-women/."
] | A_66_212 | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"Item 28 (a) of the provisional agenda*",
"Advancement of women: advancement of women",
"Violence against women migrant workers",
"Report of the Secretary-General",
"* A/66/150.",
"Summary",
"This report, submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/139, discloses the measures taken by Member States and the United Nations system to address violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. Recommendations for action are made at the end of the report.",
"Contents",
"Page I. Introduction 3 II.Context 3III.Measurements 5 adopted by Member States A.Instruments 6 international B.Meeting 7 and data review C.Legislation 8 D. Policies 9E.Measures 9 preventive, training and capacity-building F.Protection 11 and assistance G.Cooperation 11 bilateral, regional, international and other IV.Activities 12 of the United Nations system Evolution 12 legal and policy at the global level B. Initiatives 16 of United Nations entities and the International Organization for Migration in support of national activities V.Conclusions 18 and recommendations",
"I. Introduction",
"1. In its resolution 64/139, on violence against women migrant workers, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of that resolution, and requested Governments to take measures to protect the human rights of women migrant workers, address violence against women migrant workers and prevent them from bilaterally providing assistance and protection to victims, strengthen regional prevention measures, punish and punish them.",
"2. The present report, which responds to requests for action in resolution 64/139, covers the two-year period from June 2009 to June 2011, that is, since the submission of the previous report on the item (A/64/152). The report includes communications sent by 23 Member States[1], five United Nations entities[2] and the International Organization for Migration (IOM). In addition, the concluding observations and recommendations and general comments of the human rights treaty bodies and the reports of the special procedures system of the Human Rights Council were consulted.",
"3. The report outlines the context in which the issue of women migrant workers can be considered; summarizes the measures taken by Member States, the United Nations system and IOM to implement General Assembly resolution 64/139; and draws conclusions and recommends measures to prevent and protect women migrant workers from violence.",
"II. Context",
"4. At the global level, the number of international migrants in 2010 was estimated at 214 million[3], of which 93 per cent were economic migrants.[4] Women account for 49 per cent of international migrants. The highest proportion of migrant women is Europe (52.3 per cent), followed by the Oceania region (51.2 per cent) and Latin America and the Caribbean and North America (both regions with 50.1 per cent). In the other two major regions, the number of migrant men is higher than that of women: in 2010 in Asia accounted for 55.4 per cent of migrants and in Africa for 53.2 per cent.[5] There are a large number of women who move independently as temporary migrant workers for specific service delivery activities, including the domestic service and the provision of care, as well as the show.[6]",
"5. International migration can be an empowering experience for women: women emerge from situations where they have limited options to move to others where they have greater autonomy over their lives, which is for their own benefit and for their families and communities.[7] However, many women who migrate, for reasons such as job search, are at risk of being victims of gender-based violence, discrimination and exploitation.",
"6. In its general recommendation No. 26 on women migrant workers, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women summarized those risks.[8] The Committee highlighted the vulnerability of women migrant workers to physical and sexual violence by their employers and the added risk of domestic violence and abuse, as well as economic exploitation, to which they were particularly vulnerable, and noted that access to justice for women migrant workers could be limited, preventing them from obtaining redress for discrimination or violence in employment. Moreover, when there were available means of redress and services, women migrant workers could face obstacles to their access, including lack of information or language knowledge, restrictions on the freedom of movement imposed by employers and fear of loss of their immigration or residence status. Migrants may begin their lives in countries of destination in a situation of indebtedness, economic difficulties and dependency as a result of the high fees to be paid for their recruitment. Inadequate reintegration services, particularly those characterized by non-recognition of gender, may entail further penalties for migrant women after their return to their country of origin.[9]",
"7. Women migrant domestic workers face special problems and concerns as a result of their isolation and dependence on employment. The legal and practical gaps in the protection of this group of migrants were highlighted by the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families in its general comment No. 1 on migrant domestic workers[10]. Both Committees have made recommendations to States parties to ensure compliance with their treaty obligations.",
"8. Migrant workers are actively involved in the development of countries of origin and destination.[11] Violence and discrimination against them constitute human rights violations and entail costs for women migrant workers, their families, their communities and States[12], thus adversely affecting economic and social development and the achievement of gender equality and the empowerment of women.",
"9. Sections III and IV below discuss measures taken by States to empower women migrant workers and to prevent and reduce their vulnerability to violence and abuse, as well as activities of the United Nations system in support of such efforts at the national level.",
"III. Action taken by Member States",
"10. In their contributions to the present report, Member States highlighted different measures taken to combat discrimination and violence against women migrant workers, including activities in such areas as data collection and review, legislation, policy measures, preventive measures and protection and assistance, as well as bilateral and multilateral cooperation and compliance with the provisions of international instruments. States, taking into account the links between discrimination and violence against women migrant workers and trafficking in women and children, also provided information on policies and programmes to combat trafficking.[13]",
"A. International instruments[14]",
"11. The international legal framework guides States in relation to the protection of women migrant workers and establishes a collaborative environment for this purpose. Since the 2009 report (A/64/152), the number of States parties to international instruments to combat discrimination and violence against women migrant workers has increased. In June 2011, 161 States had ratified or acceded to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime[15] (compared to 149 in 2009), 144 States had ratified or acceded to the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing or acceding to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime [16] (comparing to 130) and 127 States had ratified the Organized Crime Protocol. Among the States that provided information, Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, the Russian Federation, Greece, Indonesia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, Mexico, Portugal, Serbia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland were parties to the Convention and its two Protocols, while Chad, the United Arab Emirates, Jordan and Qatar were parties to the Convention and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Persons.",
"12. As at 10 June 2011, 44 States were parties to the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families[18] (compared to 41). Among the Member States providing information, Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Philippines and Mexico had become parties to that Convention. Many of the States that contributed to the present report were parties to the relevant ILO conventions, including Convention No. 97 on migrant workers ( Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Portugal, Serbia, Trinidad and Tobago and the United Kingdom); Convention No. 111 on Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) (Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chad, Cyprus, Greece, Indonesia, Jordan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, Mexico, Portugal, Qatar, Serbia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan and the United Kingdom); and Convention No. 182 concerning the prohibition of the worst forms of child labour (Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chad, Cyprus, the Russian Federation, Greece, Indonesia, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, Mexico, Portugal, Qatar, Serbia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan and the United Kingdom).",
"13. On 16 June 2011, the General Conference of the International Labour Organization adopted a new international instrument of special importance for women migrant workers: the Convention on Decent Work for Domestic Workers, together with the corresponding Recommendation. The Convention proposes measures to ensure the effective protection of women domestic workers against all forms of abuse, harassment and violence, including employment agencies; and promotes and protects their human and labour rights, including those relating to fair wages, weekly rest and paid leave, decent working conditions, safety and health protection and the availability of complaint mechanisms, labour inspections and sanctions against employers who commit. The Convention encourages States to conclude bilateral, multilateral regional agreements to continue to provide protection to domestic workers abroad. The new Convention shall enter into force once two countries have ratified it.",
"14. Accession to regional instruments dealing with violence against women can also help prevent and combat violence against women migrant workers. This is, for example, the case of the Inter-American Convention to Prevent, Punish and Eradicate Violence against Women (Convention of Belém do Pará) (Argentina and Trinidad and Tobago) and the Convention to Prevent and Combat Violence against Women and Domestic Violence, recently adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe (Germany).",
"B. Data collection and review",
"15. Data are essential to develop appropriate policies and programmes to address discrimination and violence against women migrant workers. However, little information was received on the scope and availability of specific data. Some States noted the lack of data on cases of violence against women migrant workers and sex-disaggregated data on migrant workers. Only Bosnia and Herzegovina and Portugal highlighted available data on trafficking in migrant women and violence against women migrant workers. The Russian Federation collected data on women migrant workers, while Argentina disaggregated data on migrants based on variables such as sex, nationality and age. Indonesia collected data on returnees and undocumented migrants. Several States, including Japan, Mexico and Trinidad and Tobago, accompanied their data with information on violence against women in general.",
"16. In order to strengthen the knowledge base, some States established procedures or instructed different institutions to undertake data collection and review activities on the employment of migrants, including women migrant workers. For example, Greece established an observatory on the use of migrants to report on immigration policies. The United Arab Emirates announced the establishment of a Statistics Centre which is expected to also provide information on the problems faced by domestic workers.",
"17. Efforts continued to improve research and analysis on the concerns of women migrant workers. For example, Argentina had implemented two UNFPA-supported research projects: one on the situation of migrant domestic workers from Paraguay and one on the problems faced by Bolivian migrant women in the Argentine health system. Mexico conducted a study on the assistance services provided by its consulates in the United States of America to Mexican migrants victims of domestic violence.",
"C. Legislation",
"18. States have put in place different legal measures of a general nature that can serve to protect women migrant workers from discrimination and violence and to punish perpetrators. The constitutional right and anti-discrimination, employment promotion, equal treatment, equal opportunities and labour and migration regulations can protect women migrant workers from discrimination, abuse and harassment. Examples of such protection measures were highlighted by Argentina, Chad, the Russian Federation, Greece, Japan, Lithuania, Mexico, Portugal, Qatar, Turkmenistan, Serbia and Trinidad and Tobago. At the same time, the provisions of the penal codes aimed at combating and punishing sexual assault and abuse, sexual exploitation and domestic violence could also provide protection to women migrant workers, as highlighted by Japan, Portugal and Qatar. In addition to their general legal frameworks, some countries (Argentina, Cyprus, the United Arab Emirates, Mexico, Portugal and Serbia) have specific laws to protect and support all women, including women migrant workers, from crimes such as sexual and domestic violence, slavery and human trafficking. Some States (Philippines and Indonesia) provided information on laws aimed at protecting their nationals when they migrated abroad, although they were not targeted specifically at women.",
"19. Some countries reported on immigration laws and legislation, ministerial decisions, labour regulations and agreements protecting domestic workers, including migrants. For example, United Arab Emirates labour legislation protected domestic workers from hazardous working conditions, while Jordan ' s labour legislation provided for domestic workers the same legal protection as other workers. The United Arab Emirates, Jordan and Lebanon have established models of labour contracts specifying the rights of domestic workers, such as wages, working hours, paid leave, health care and employer responsibilities. In addition, a number of States have strengthened the regulation of recruitment agencies and employers that impose sanctions and penalties for abuses against migrant workers (Lebanon) and recognize workers the right to seek another employer (Jordan). On the other hand, the United Kingdom ' s immigration legislation explicitly refers to the exploitation of women migrant domestic workers.",
"20. The promotion of legal migration is a priority for Greece, whose immigration legislation promotes the legal employment of foreigners and the regularization of irregular migrants. Labour inspection agencies play an important role in monitoring implementation and compliance by employers.",
"21. While the related laws and regulations are key elements in preventing and combating violence against women migrant workers, the information received showed little of the application or impact of existing general legal provisions to address violence against women migrant workers. It was not explained whether certain groups of women migrant workers, such as domestic workers, could face problems when attempting to obtain protection from anti-discrimination and violence legislation.",
"D. Policy",
"22. Some countries, such as Argentina, Malta and Portugal, stressed the importance of gender-sensitive policies and human rights, given the growing number of migrant women, including women migrant workers. To that end, some States have included measures to address violence against women migrant workers in different national action plans and strategies. Cyprus, Japan, Portugal, Slovakia and Serbia included women migrant workers within the framework of policies on violence against women and trafficking in human beings. Other States addressed the issue of violence against migrant women, but did not specifically focus on women migrant workers. For example, several of Portugal ' s national plans, including those relating to domestic violence, included measures against violence against migrant women, such as awareness-raising for immigrant communities, specialized training for authorities and provision of services for survivors. Slovakia ' s plan of action against violence against women included prevention activities aimed at meeting the special needs of migrant women.",
"23. While it was pointed out that the lack of a specific budget allocation constituted an obstacle to the proper implementation of the plans, only mention was made of other problems and the positive impact or results that had been achieved in addressing violence against women migrant workers through the implementation of such policies and plans.",
"E. Preventive measures, training and capacity-building",
"24. While prevention is part of efforts to address violence against women migrant workers, prevention measures on which Cyprus, Greece, Japan, Malta, Mexico and Serbia reported focused more generally on the elimination of violence against women and trafficking in human beings. In those countries, preventive measures included awareness-raising, information dissemination and education through conferences, seminars, publications and brochures. Such initiatives were often undertaken with partners and in multiple languages. In Portugal, awareness-raising activities on violence against women and the rights of migrant women victims of violence specifically targeted immigrant communities.",
"25. Easily accessible information to migrants on their immigration rights and procedures can help to reduce the risks of abuse and exploitation. To that end, Mexico established a portal for migrant women with information on migration processes and the rights of migrant women. In Lithuania, information on immigration procedures is available in several languages. Lebanon and Jordan prepared guides and brochures on the rights and obligations related to the employment of domestic workers. In addition, States reported on awareness-raising activities for their nationals who migrated abroad in relation to the benefits and risks of migration within the framework of annual campaigns (Philippines) and pre-exit training activities (Indonesia).",
"26. Migrant women, including women migrant workers, may be victims of xenophobia and racism through, for example, the way they are represented in the media. Several States have taken measures to counter such risks through media awareness-raising (Greece) and control of radio and television programmes that promote racist or sexist stereotypes (Argentina), with particular emphasis on how to represent migrant women.",
"27. In addition to awareness-raising activities, a number of States (United Arab Emirates, Indonesia, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Portugal and Qatar) have organized training programmes for public officials, the police, the judiciary, medical personnel and other service providers to ensure that gender issues are taken into account in the implementation of policies and in the provision of services in the context of violence against women, trafficking in human beings, gender equality, related workers Portugal has organized training programmes for staff support centres and has established telephone support services for immigrants. Lebanon and Qatar have organized training programmes for labour inspectors to ensure compliance with labour legislation. The United Arab Emirates has established a training centre for public officials on violence against women, human trafficking and illegal immigration.",
"28. Indonesia took steps to strengthen national capacities in support of migrant workers abroad, including protection and assistance to women migrant workers victims of violence. This also included the establishment of a special unit in its Ministry of Foreign Affairs.",
"F. Protection and assistance",
"29. Migrant women who are victims of violence require various services to help them recover from the trauma of their experience and ensure that violence is not repeated. Several States (Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, the Russian Federation, Greece, Indonesia, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Portugal and Qatar) reported on the protection and assistance available to this group of women, including shelters, emergency telephone services, legal aid, psychological and medical services and provision of information on existing services, vocational training and means of redress. Such support was frequently provided in several languages and in cooperation with non-governmental organizations (NGOs). However, no data was provided on the number or cases of women migrant workers victims of violence who had used available services. In addition, States highlighted the persistent problem of the lack or inadequacy of services for women victims of violence in general.",
"30. Progress continues to be made in the provision of protection and support under immigration laws and regulations on work permits for foreigners, which may also benefit women migrant workers who are victims of violence. Portugal reported that immigrant survivors of domestic violence could obtain a residence permit irrespective of their husbands. Argentina, Greece, Lebanon, Mexico and Portugal highlighted provisions of their labour and immigration laws allowing foreigners to access health care, education and economic aid. In addition, Portugal extends health care and education to the children of undocumented migrants. Greece, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta and Qatar reported that they had redress mechanisms to receive, investigate and consider complaints of discrimination and violence against migrant workers, including domestic workers. Slovakia, Indonesia, Japan and Trinidad and Tobago reported that they monitored and inspected workplaces to ensure that they complied with labour legislation.",
"31. The Philippines and Indonesia provided reintegration services to returning nationals. At the Indonesian International Airport there is a special terminal whose function is to provide assistance.",
"G. bilateral, regional, international and other cooperation",
"32. Bilateral and multilateral cooperation is key to combating violence against women migrant workers. Several States (United Arab Emirates, Indonesia, Jordan, Lebanon and Qatar) reported on bilateral agreements and memorandums of understanding between countries of origin and destination in order to improve the protection of migrant workers. These agreements and memorandums covered a number of issues, including the regulation of recruitment and employment agencies and the protection of potential migrants from illegal agencies, the use of official employment contracts and the wage scales of migrant workers.",
"33. Regional cooperation included a project covering the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan to provide services to migrants. The project was supported by the United Kingdom and implemented by the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), IOM and the World Bank. Several States hosted or participated in regional and international conferences on migration and combating violence against women and trafficking in human beings.",
"34. Slovakia reported that it was working with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) on the protection of migrant women from abuse; and Indonesia reported that it was working with IOM to train public officials on protection issues affecting migrants.",
"IV. Activities of the United Nations system",
"35. Intergovernmental processes, global meetings and expert bodies continued to address discrimination and violence against women migrant workers. United Nations entities and IOM worked to promote and protect the rights of women migrant workers in support of national efforts.",
"A. Global legal and policy developments",
"1. Resolutions and recommendations",
"36. Legal and policy developments continued through resolutions and recommendations adopted by United Nations intergovernmental and expert bodies. At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly adopted resolution 65/228, on strengthening crime prevention and criminal justice responses to violence against women, in which the Assembly emphasized the importance of preventing violence against migrant women through the recognition of the special needs and vulnerabilities of migrant women and the implementation of measures to combat racism, xenophobia and related intolerance.",
"37. Since the last report, the Human Rights Council has adopted a number of resolutions addressing the situation of migrant women and children, as well as that of women migrant workers. HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS",
"38. Similarly, the Commission on the Status of Women has also adopted agreed conclusions and resolutions addressing the situation of women and girls who are migrant workers. The agreed conclusions on women ' s and girls ' access to and participation in education, training and science and technology, including for the promotion of women ' s equal access to full employment and decent work (E/2011/27, chap. I.A), adopted by the Commission at its fifty-fifth session (12 March 2010, 22 February-4 March and 14 March 2011), called for the implementation of labour-intensive training, In its resolution 54/4 on the economic empowerment of women (see E/2010/27 and Corr.1, chap. I.D), adopted by the Commission at its fifty-fourth session (13 March and 14 October 2009 and 1-12 March 2010), the Commission called upon States of origin, transit and destination to incorporate a gender perspective into all policies and programmes on migration, to promote the full enjoyment of human rights and to combat the abuse of women In resolution 54/7 on the elimination of female genital mutilation (see E/2010/27 and Corr.1, chap. I.D), the Commission urged States to take measures specifically targeting refugees and migrants and their communities, in order to protect girls from female genital mutilation, even when such practice took place outside the country of residence.",
"39. The international human rights treaty bodies continued to deal with violence against women migrant workers. At its thirteenth session (22 November-3 December 2010), the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families adopted its general comment No. 1, on migrant domestic workers, which examined in general the violations of their social, economic, cultural, civil, political and labour rights. The general comment called for the promotion and protection of the rights of domestic workers at all levels, decent work for domestic workers and the proper regulation of such work by national labour legislation in order to ensure that domestic workers enjoy the same degree of protection as other workers and to ensure that access to justice and remedies are effective.",
"40. During the reporting period, the Committee against Torture, in particular at its forty-third and forty-fourth sessions, highlighted in its concluding observations on the reports of States parties the plight of undocumented migrant women who were victims of gender-based violence; the generalization of physical, psychological and sexual abuses of women migrant workers engaged in domestic service; the case of migrant women who were victims of domestic violence, those who were not at all concerned. Accordingly, the Committee urged States parties to prevent violence and abuse against women migrant workers, thereby guaranteeing their right to file complaints, and imposing sanctions on abusive employers; and also urged States parties to consider enacting legislation that would allow women victims of violence to seek protection without losing their residence permit and collecting disaggregated statistical data and information on cases of ill-treatment of migrant workers.",
"41. The special rapporteurs of the Human Rights Council highlighted the vulnerability of women migrant workers to violence and their links to the exercise of other rights. The Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants stressed that migrants frequently suffered from violence, which constituted a threat to their health and safety, and that they had little information on risks and access to health services (A/HRC/14/30). Migrant domestic workers were particularly vulnerable to such violence because of their exclusion from legal protection (ibid., paras. 29 and 30). The Special Rapporteur recalled the link between violence and the right to adequate housing and noted that domestic domestic domestic workers rarely reported abuses, as they risked deportation, loss of employment, loss of accommodation and vulnerability to new acts of violence, such as sexual exploitation and trafficking in human beings (ibid., para. 55). The Special Rapporteur recommended that States provide migrants with free information and advice on relevant laws and policies to help them exercise their rights (ibid., para. 74); adequate, adequate and specialized medical assistance (ibid., para. 82); and accommodation to those wishing to leave their abusive employers (ibid., para. 90). It also recommended that mechanisms be established to monitor working conditions. The Special Rapporteur stressed the importance of protecting migrant children, especially girls, in view of their number and their particular vulnerability to sexual violence and gender-based human rights violations (A/HRC/17/33, para. 32), which he also made in his reports on his missions to Japan (A/HRC/17/33/Add.3), Romania (A/HRC/14/30/Add.2) and the United Kingdom (A/HRC/14/30/Add.3).",
"42. In her report on her mission to Zambia, the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences stressed that women migrant workers were often victims of sexual abuse, despite which they did not often contact law enforcement officials or health workers for assistance as a result of their irregular situation (see A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 28).",
"43. The Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, recommended that specialized assistance be provided to victims of trafficking irrespective of their immigration status and that the granting of residence permit and access to services should not depend on their participation in criminal proceedings (A/HRC/14/32).",
"2. Intergovernmental meetings",
"44. The Global Forum on Migration and Development is a State-based body established following the High-level Dialogue on International Migration and Development in 2006. During the period covered by the present report, the Forum held two meetings in Geneva in 2009 and Mexico in 2010. The meetings highlighted the importance of protecting the human rights of women migrant workers and ensuring gender-sensitive migration and development policies. The main recommendations made at those meetings focused on the collection of sex-disaggregated data and the development of gender-sensitive guidelines for policies, programmes and budgets, with relevant targets and indicators. In September 2010, UN-Women organized jointly with the Government of Mexico (which was chairing the Global Forum in 2010), before the fourth meeting of the Global Forum, a high-level consultation on the promotion and protection of the rights of women migrant workers, which contributed to the outcome of the 2010 round-table meeting organized by the Global Forum on Gender, Family, Migration and Development. UN-Women worked together with IOM on the annex to the Government ' s official reference document for the round-table meeting, entitled “Developing the linkages between gender, family, migration and development: the global chains and economy of care”. In addition, at that round-table meeting, UN-Women presented a paper on the labour rights of women migrant workers with the Government of Portugal and actively supported the participation of civil society. The presidency of the Global Forum in 2011 (Switzerland) has established a sub-item for the current year on global assistance workers in the migration and development interface within the theme of labour mobility. In addition, the Chair has requested UN-Women to provide technical and organizational assistance in support of the three regional meetings on this subject, with particular emphasis on the expansion of good practices, meetings being organized in collaboration with IOM and ILO. The Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul from 9 to 13 May 2011, included remittances from migrants and diaspora investments for the development and protection of migrant workers as key priorities of its Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020[19].",
"B. Initiatives by United Nations entities and the International Organization for Migration in support of national activities",
"1. Review and data collection",
"45. The United Nations and related entities are in favour of increasing the availability of data on and violence against migrant women. UNFPA supported national institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina to collect sex- and age-disaggregated data on migration and gender-based violence data. UN-Women supported national authorities in India to generate data on violence against women migrant workers; also in India, UNFPA will support research on violence against women and migrant children.",
"46. UN-Women supported the Ministry of Indian Foreign Affairs to undertake a research study to analyse trends and developments in the activities of women migrant workers in South Asia in the Arab and Gulf States in order to obtain information for gender and rights-based policymaking, including a country-driven guidance programme on awareness-raising and capacity-building. UNESCO promoted research on the human rights situation of women migrant workers and published essays on the prevention of trafficking and the protection of victims. The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) conducted case studies on migrant populations along the borders of 10 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to contribute to the formulation of rights-based policies that especially protect women and young migrants from violence. IOM conducted research on international labour migration of women, trafficking and gender-based violence.",
"47. A 2010 ILO publication on international labour migration highlighted, inter alia, the vulnerability of women migrant workers in domestic service and women and youth who were temporary migrant workers. A 2011 report of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) on the involvement of organized criminal groups in the illegal introduction of West African migrants in the European Union (EU), highlighted the overlap that sometimes existed between trafficking in persons and the smuggling of migrants and that women were undoubtedly the victims of trafficking in persons.",
"2. Support for legislative and policy development",
"48. Several entities of the United Nations system have worked with national authorities to establish mechanisms to improve laws and standards to combat violence against women migrant workers and to promote their human rights. UN-Women and ECLAC organized a meeting of an expert group in September 2010 in Trinidad and Tobago, which led to the preparation of a model framework for national action plans on violence against women. It contained recommendations accompanied by explanatory comments and examples of good practice to assist States in reviewing, formulating or updating relevant plans[20]. The framework emphasizes that national action plans must recognize that women ' s experience in violence is based on many variants, including migrant or refugee status, and that strategies and actions must address specific concerns faced by different groups of women in order to achieve the same results for all women.",
"49. IOM undertook activities to promote dialogue and cooperation among States in order to protect women migrant workers. Together with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), IOM implemented a project aimed at raising gender awareness in future policies of OSCE member States on labour migration. To that end, IOM, OSCE and ILO facilitated the organization of workshops in Kazakhstan, Sweden and Austria. UN-Women supported gender mainstreaming in migration policies and management in Nepal and Viet Nam. In Nepal, UN-Women provided assistance to national partners to formulate the new migration policy project and is also assisting in the inclusion of the concerns of women migrant workers in the preparation of the five-year national strategy and action plan of the Ministry of Labour and Transport Management, as well as a strategy to examine decent forms of employment outside domestic work. In Viet Nam, UN-Women supported the Department of Labour Abroad to mainstream a gender-based and development-oriented approach to migration management, including initiatives covering, inter alia, training and services prior to the departure of the country, the strengthening of emergency telephone and accommodation services and the facilitation of savings and remittances through official banking services.",
"3. Sensitization, capacity-building and other preventive measures",
"50. A number of entities of the United Nations system and IOM assisted in advocacy, awareness-raising and capacity-building to promote the rights of women migrant workers. For example, IOM sensitized migrant communities in Zimbabwe regarding gender-based violence and abusive labour practices and organized campaigns to promote legal and safe migration. UNFPA implemented a project to prevent reproductive rights abuse and gender-based violence against migrant women across the borders of 10 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. UN-Women supported awareness-raising activities on violence against women migrant workers in the Lao People ' s Democratic Republic; sensitized journalists from Thailand on discrimination and violence against women migrant workers at all stages of migration; and supported the dissemination of information on safe migration of potential migrant women through community radio in Indonesia and recommended measures in the event of a threat of violence.",
"51. Several entities of the United Nations system and IOM conducted or supported training for different stakeholders on the protection of the human rights of women migrant workers. In 2010, the five regional commissions and the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat launched a project aimed at strengthening national capacities to address international migration and, in particular, maximizing the potential benefits of development and minimizing the negative impact of that phenomenon. The problem of violence against women migrant workers is being addressed in different national monographs being prepared. In several countries in Asia, such as Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia and Viet Nam, UN-Women partnered with different ministries, non-governmental organizations and United Nations entities to increase capacity and raise awareness; and in Cambodia it contributed to the preparation of training manuals for prior to the departure of the country that addressed, inter alia, issues related to gender-based violence and access to justice for migrant women. IOM launched programmes on the protection of the human rights of migrant women victims of abuse and human trafficking for law enforcement officials, immigration officials, border officials, prosecutors, service providers and non-governmental organizations in many countries. In 2009, ILO prepared a guide in several languages for domestic workers in Thailand. The guide aims to promote the rights and responsibilities of domestic workers, explains the advantages and risks associated with domestic work, and provides workers with advice on how to interact with their employers to establish a mutually satisfactory working environment and pay and benefits system for workers.",
"4. Protection and support for victims of violence",
"52. The United Nations and related entities supported national efforts to increase protection and services for migrant women victims of violence, which sometimes targeted migrant women. For example, IOM, in collaboration with different stakeholders from many countries, provided accommodation, counselling, legal and medical services and means of developing skills. The Organization helped to establish repatriation and reintegration plans for women victims of abuse returning to their countries and women victims of trafficking. UN-Women helped Indonesian community-based organizations document cases of violations of rights and violence against women migrant workers with a view to increasing their access to legal aid.",
"V. Conclusions and recommendations",
"53. Measures have been taken at the national, regional and international levels to combat violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. The number of States parties to relevant international instruments has increased. The adoption of the Convention on Decent Work for Domestic Workers is an important factor in addition to the international human rights framework related to the protection of women migrant workers.",
"54. States, sometimes supported by the entities of the United Nations system and IOM, have continued to strengthen legal frameworks, policies, national action plans and strategies that contribute to preventing violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. The following facts are particularly hopeful: the expansion of labour legislation to cover domestic workers, the adoption of homogenous contractual provisions for domestic workers, the regulation and supervision of recruitment agencies to prevent abusive and illegal practices, the dissemination of information to potential migrant women to promote legal migration, the training of officials, the increase in awareness of violence, racism and xenophobia against women migrant workers. Bilateral and multilateral agreements and cooperation constitute a solid basis for addressing discrimination and violence against women migrant workers.",
"55. At the same time, significant gaps remain in the implementation of global policy and policy frameworks for the protection of women migrant workers from discrimination, violence and violations of their rights. While this group of women can benefit from general legal and policy frameworks on migration, gender equality, violence against women and labour activities, specific measures to address discrimination and violence against women migrant workers are lacking. The knowledge base remains inadequate and gaps remain in the collection and dissemination of data and the research and analysis needed to support policy and programme interventions. For the same reason, when laws, policies and other measures have been put in place, there is little information on the impact of measures taken and the results achieved in relation to women migrant workers. Undocumented migrant workers remain particularly vulnerable to violence, exploitation and discrimination.",
"56. Under these circumstances, States should continue to ratify and implement international instruments, with particular emphasis on the early ratification of the Decent Work Convention for Domestic Workers and its Recommendation. States should improve the collection, research, analysis and dissemination of gender-responsive data on migration profiles and on violence and violations of the rights of migrant women at all stages of the migration process; on the contribution of women migrant workers to development; on remittances (based on macro-economic data); and on the costs of violence against women migrant workers in the development of appropriate policies and programmes.",
"57. National labour legislation should protect women migrant workers, including domestic workers, and establish strong monitoring and inspection mechanisms in line with the relevant ILO Conventions and other instruments to ensure compliance by States parties with their international obligations. Immigration laws must incorporate gender perspectives to prevent discrimination against women, particularly in relation to independent migration, and allow migrant women victims of violence to apply for residence permits irrespective of their employers or abusive spouses.",
"58. States should ensure policy coherence between migration, labour and counter-trafficking policies, policies and programmes that should take gender into account and build rights. They should promote legal and safe migration, prevent violence and protect the human rights of all women migrant workers throughout the migration process. Such policies should be based on appropriate data and analysis and the institutionalized commitment of women migrant workers throughout the policy process; adequate resources; include measurable targets and indicators, as well as timetables and monitoring and accountability mechanisms, in particular for recruitment and employment companies, employers and public officials; and provide for evaluations of their impact and ensure multisectoral coordination within countries of origin, transit and destination.",
"59. States should continue to conclude and implement bilateral and multilateral agreements to ensure the protection of the rights of all women migrant workers and facilitate effective law enforcement, judicial prosecution, prevention, capacity-building, protection and support for victims, the exchange of information and good practices to combat violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. States should strive to reduce the transaction costs of remittances; facilitate transfer and reception modes that are suitable for women, insurance, convenient and effective; and encourage the establishment of gender-sensitive productive investment channels. In addition, they should expand the availability of comprehensive reintegration and support services for migrant workers and their families.",
"60. They should continue in countries of origin and destination, appropriately for target groups, education programmes, awareness-raising activities and other prevention activities targeting migrant women, recruitment and employment companies, employers, the media, public officials and the general population. They should include the promotion and protection of the rights of women migrant workers, highlight existing laws and support for migrant women, underline the opportunities and risks of migration and be multilingual as appropriate. Prior guidance to the departure of the country and the training of potential women migrant workers should take into account gender issues, build on rights and focus on the protection of rights and obligations. Gender-sensitive training programmes for police, immigration officials, judicial personnel and social and health workers must be strengthened and institutionalized to respond effectively to violence and discrimination against women migrant workers whose human rights must be fully respected. Such programmes should be guided by homogeneous procedures and include criteria for measuring gender-sensitive implementation with a view to enhancing their impact.",
"61. States should strengthen support systems for victims of violence and ensure their access to them in accordance with human rights standards, regardless of their immigration status. Such support should be linguistically and culturally appropriate and include information on the rights of women migrant workers, their access to judicial remedies, legal, psychological, medical and social assistance, access to shelters and compensation for damages caused. Migrant workers should not be penalized for filing complaints.",
"62. The United Nations system and related entities have provided support to national authorities and civil society to combat violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. Such efforts should continue and be coordinated to support effective implementation, enhance their impact and strengthen positive outcomes for women migrant workers.",
"[1] Sixteen communications received as at 10 June 2011 (from Germany, Cyprus, the Russian Federation, Jordan, Japan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, Mexico, Portugal, Qatar, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Trinidad and Tobago and Turkmenistan) and seven communications received after the deadline for their inclusion in the previous report (A/64/152) (from Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chad, Indonesia, the United Arab Emirates, Greece and Serbia).",
"[2] The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Information on the work of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) was obtained from their respective websites.",
"[3] See Report of the Secretary-General on international migration and development (A/65/203).",
"[4] See Dilip Ratha, “Leveraging the migration and remittances for development” (World Bank, 17 May 2011); http://www.globalmigrationgroup.org/uploads/news/2011-symposium/Migration_and_Youth_Ratha.pdf.",
"[5] See “Trends in international migrant stock: the 2008 revision”, documentation on CD-ROM (2009), United Nations database (POB/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2008). Available at http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/migration/UN_MigStock_2008.pdf.",
"[6] See Jayati Ghosh, “Migration and gender empowerment: recent trends and emerging issues”, United Nations Development Programme: research paper No. 2009/4 (April 2009). Available at http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2009/papers/HDRP_2009_04.pdf.",
"[7] See World Survey on the Role of Women in Development 2004: Women and International Migration (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.04.IV.4). Available at http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/WorldSurvey2004-Women strangerMigration-ES.pdf. See also United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), Claim and Celebrate Women Migrants’ Human Rights through CEDAW: The Case of Women Migrant Workers; UNIFEM, an information document prepared by Jean D’Cunha (2005).",
"[8] A/64/38, part I, annex I.",
"[9] Ibid., see, in particular, paragraphs 9 to 22.",
"[10] CMW/C/GC/1.",
"[11] See UNIFEM, Crossing Borders II; Gender-based Migration and Development (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.III.C.2 P); and “The Gender Dimensions of Remittances: Study of Indonesian Domestic Workers in East Asia and Southeast” (2009).",
"[12] With regard to the costs of violence against women in general, see the Secretary-General ' s in-depth study on all forms of violence against women (A/61/122/Add.1 and Corr.1).",
"[13] Separate reports of the Secretary-General are submitted to the General Assembly on trafficking in women and girls every two years, as last took place at its sixty-fifth session (see A/65/209, A/63/215, A/59/185 and Corr.1, A/57/170 and A/55/322). The next report on trafficking in women and girls will be submitted to the Assembly at its sixty-seventh session, as called for in resolution 65/190.",
"[14] The information in this section comes from communications from Governments, the multilateral treaty website of the Office of Legal Affairs and the websites of the International Labour Organization and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.",
"[15] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2225, No. 39574.",
"[16] Ibid., Treaty Series, vol. 2237, No. 39574.",
"[17] Ibid., Treaty Series, vol. 2241, No. 39574.",
"[18] Ibid., Treaty Series, vol. 2220, No. 39481.",
"[19] A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1.",
"[20] See http://www.unwomen.org/en/publications/handbook-for-national-action-plans-on-violence-against-women/."
] |
[
"Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones",
"Tema 82 del programa provisional*",
"Informe del Comité Especial de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y del fortalecimiento del papel de la Organización",
"* A/66/150.",
"Aplicación de las disposiciones de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas relativas a la asistencia a terceros Estados afectados por la aplicación de sanciones",
"Informe del Secretario General",
"Resumen",
"Este informe se presenta de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el párrafo 16 de la resolución 65/31 de la Asamblea General. En él se destacan las disposiciones aplicadas en la Secretaría en relación con la asistencia a terceros Estados afectados por la aplicación de sanciones; los cambios operacionales que se han producido por la reorientación del Consejo de Seguridad y sus comités de sanciones hacia las sanciones selectivas; y los recientes aspectos de interés relacionados con el papel de la Asamblea y el Consejo Económico y Social en materia de asistencia a terceros Estados afectados por la aplicación de sanciones.",
"I. Introducción",
"1. En su resolución 65/31, la Asamblea General solicitó al Secretario General que en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones le presentara un informe sobre la aplicación de las disposiciones de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas relativas a la asistencia a terceros Estados afectados por la aplicación de sanciones. El presente informe se ha preparado en cumplimiento de esa solicitud.",
"II. Medidas encaminadas a mejorar los procedimientos y los métodos de trabajo del Consejo de Seguridad y de sus comités de sanciones en relación con la asistencia a terceros Estados afectados por la aplicación de sanciones",
"2. Como se señala en informes anteriores del Secretario General (A/62/206 y Corr.1, A/63/224, A/64/225 y A/65/217), el Presidente del Grupo de Trabajo oficioso del Consejo de Seguridad sobre cuestiones generales relativas a las sanciones transmitió el informe del Grupo de Trabajo al Consejo de Seguridad (S/2006/997, anexo). Varias de las recomendaciones y mejores prácticas contenidas en ese informe se referían a la mejor elaboración y supervisión de las sanciones, pero el informe no contenía ninguna recomendación explícita sobre las formas de ayudar a terceros Estados afectados por los efectos no deseados de las sanciones. En su resolución 1732 (2006), el Consejo decidió que el Grupo de Trabajo había cumplido su mandato, descrito en el documento S/2005/841, tomó nota con interés de los métodos y mejores prácticas mencionados en el informe del Grupo de Trabajo y pidió a sus órganos subsidiarios que hicieran lo mismo.",
"3. Durante el período que se examina, y en consonancia con la reorientación del Consejo de Seguridad hacia la aplicación de sanciones selectivas en lugar de sanciones económicas generales, no hubo informes de evaluación previa ni informes de evaluación en curso relativos a los efectos no deseados probables o reales de las sanciones para terceros Estados.",
"4. En un informe periódico presentado al Consejo el 24 de junio 2011, el Presidente del Comité establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) relativa a la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia señaló que el Comité había respondido, o estaba por responder, a un total de 15 solicitudes de orientación en cuanto al alcance y la aplicación de la congelación de activos[1]. En varias de ellas se solicitaba asesoramiento al Comité sobre cómo minimizar las consecuencias no intencionadas de esa medida en terceros Estados.",
"5. En casi todos los casos en que el Consejo de Seguridad ha decidido que los Estados congelen los bienes de propiedad o bajo control de personas o entidades designadas, el Consejo ha previsto también excepciones que permiten que los Estados señalen al comité de sanciones pertinente su intención de autorizar el acceso a fondos congelados para diversos gastos básicos y extraordinarios[2]. Esos gastos pueden incluir el pago de impuestos, primas de seguros y gastos de agua y electricidad; el pago de honorarios profesionales de un importe razonable y el reembolso de gastos relacionados con la prestación de servicios jurídicos; y tasas o cargos, de conformidad con las leyes nacionales, por servicios de tenencia o mantenimiento de fondos congelados u otros activos financieros y recursos económicos.",
"6. Además, en el párrafo 15 de su resolución 1737 (2006) y en el párrafo 21 de su resolución 1970 (2011) el Consejo de Seguridad decidió que la congelación de activos impuesta por esas resoluciones no impediría que una persona o entidad designada efectuara los pagos a que hubiera lugar en virtud de contratos suscritos con anterioridad a la inclusión de esa persona o entidad en la lista, siempre y cuando se hubiesen cumplido ciertas condiciones y siempre que los Estados correspondientes hubieran notificado al Comité establecido en virtud de la resolución 1737 (2006) y al Comité establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011), respectivamente, su intención de efectuar o recibir dichos pagos o de autorizar, cuando procediese, el desbloqueo de fondos, otros activos financieros o recursos económicos con ese fin, 10 días hábiles antes de la fecha de dicha autorización.",
"7. Hasta la fecha, por medio de sus informes trimestrales, el Presidente del Comité establecido en virtud de la resolución 1737 (2006) ha informado al Consejo de un total de 48 notificaciones recibidas[3]. Del mismo modo, en un informe periódico al Consejo, el Presidente del Comité establecido en virtud de la resolución 1970 (2011) informó al Consejo de un total de 25 notificaciones[4]. Por lo tanto, las disposiciones contenidas en el párrafo 15 de la resolución 1737 (2006) y en el párrafo 21 de su resolución 1970 (2011), así como las excepciones respecto de la congelación de activos para gastos básicos y extraordinarios², pueden ayudar a mitigar las cargas económicas derivadas de la aplicación de la congelación de activos impuesta por el Consejo de Seguridad.",
"III. Recientes aspectos de interés relacionados con el papel de la Asamblea General y el Consejo Económico y Social en materia de asistencia a terceros Estados afectados por la aplicación de sanciones",
"8. En cumplimiento del párrafo 7 de la resolución 59/45 de la Asamblea General, la Asamblea y el Consejo Económico y Social han seguido desempeñando sus respectivas funciones en la movilización y vigilancia, según proceda, de la asistencia económica suministrada por la comunidad internacional y el sistema de las Naciones Unidas a terceros Estados afectados por la aplicación de sanciones.",
"A. Asamblea General",
"9. El Comité Especial de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y del fortalecimiento del papel de la Organización se reunió del 28 de febrero al 4 de marzo y el 7 y el 9 de marzo de 2011. En el informe del Comité Especial se resumen las deliberaciones sobre la cuestión de la aplicación de las disposiciones de la Carta relativas a la asistencia a terceros Estados afectados por la aplicación de sanciones (A/66/33, cap. III.A).",
"B. Consejo Económico y Social",
"10. En la sesión de apertura del período de sesiones sustantivo de 2011, celebrada el 4 de julio de 2011, el Consejo Económico y Social aprobó el programa de trabajo (E/2011/L.12) y decidió incluir en el programa de la serie de sesiones de carácter general del período de sesiones el subtema 13 j), titulado “Asistencia a terceros Estados afectados por la aplicación de sanciones”. No se solicitó documentación anticipada. El Consejo examinó el asunto el 27 de julio de 2011, pero no tomó ninguna medida relacionada con ese subtema.",
"IV. Disposiciones aplicadas en la Secretaría en relación con la asistencia a terceros Estados afectados por la aplicación de sanciones",
"11. De conformidad con las resoluciones pertinentes de la Asamblea General[5], las dependencias competentes de la Secretaría han mantenido su capacidad para vigilar y evaluar la información sobre los problemas económicos especiales que afrontan ciertos Estados como consecuencia de la aplicación de medidas preventivas o coercitivas adoptadas por el Consejo de Seguridad, ofrecer soluciones a los problemas económicos especiales de esos Estados y evaluar las solicitudes formuladas al Consejo de Seguridad por dichos terceros Estados en virtud de lo dispuesto en el Artículo 50 de la Carta de la Naciones Unidas.",
"12. Uno de los objetivos de tales ejercicios de vigilancia y evaluación es desarrollar y fortalecer la capacidad dentro del Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales para precisar y mejorar las modalidades, los procedimientos técnicos y las directrices para la coordinación de la asistencia técnica a los terceros Estados afectados (A/64/225, párr. 12). Como se señaló en informes anteriores, la reorientación hacia la aplicación de sanciones selectivas en lugar de sanciones generales, ocurrida en los últimos años ha reducido la incidencia de problemas económicos adversos no intencionados en terceros Estados. De hecho, no se han transmitido al Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales solicitudes oficiales de vigilancia o evaluación desde junio de 2003.",
"13. Las sanciones selectivas eficaces son sanciones especiales financieras y relativas a viajes y embargos de armas que tienen por objeto reducir al mínimo, siempre que se apliquen adecuadamente, los efectos económicos, sociales y humanitarios en los países, tanto en los que son objeto de ellas como los que no lo son. La reorientación hacia la aplicación de sanciones selectivas ha conllevado la necesidad de introducir cambios en los enfoques metodológicos utilizados para evaluar los problemas económicos provocados por este tipo de sanciones en terceros Estados. Estos cambios se refieren a la necesidad de evaluar detenidamente caso por caso las sanciones selectivas y sus posibles efectos negativos de orden económico, social y humanitario en los distintos países, tanto en los que son objeto de las sanciones como en los que no lo son, que tendrán que evaluarse utilizando como base de referencia las tendencias históricas recientes en la situación humanitaria en el país o región[6].",
"14. Se ha podido avanzar poco en la elaboración y aplicación de metodologías específicas para realizar dichas evaluaciones, puesto que solo puede elaborasen adecuadamente caso por caso. Las evaluaciones solo pueden iniciarse tras recibir las solicitudes correspondientes de terceros Estados. Como se ha mencionado anteriormente, no se ha hecho ningún llamamiento en ese sentido al Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales desde junio de 2003. Sin embargo, el Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales seguirá buscando oportunidades de colaboración con otras secciones pertinentes de la Secretaría y otras organizaciones internacionales e instituciones académicas para mantenerse al tanto de metodologías semejantes y conexas de evaluación de los efectos de las sanciones más en general y estar preparado para actuar cuando se reciban solicitudes.",
"[1] Véase S/PV.6566.",
"[2] Véanse las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad 1452 (2002) (enmendada por la resolución 1735 (2006)), 1532 (2004), 1572 (2004), 1591 (2005), 1596 (2005), 1636 (2005), 1718 (2006), 1737 (2006), 1844 (2008), 1907 (2009) y 1970 (2011).",
"[3] Véanse S/PV.5702, 5743, 5807, 5853, 5909, 5973, 6142, 6235, 6280, 6384, 6442, 6502 y 6563. El informe trimestral de 9 de septiembre de 2009, que también viene al caso, no se presentó en una reunión pública, pero el texto puede consultarse en el sitio web del Comité, www.un.org/sc/committees/1737.",
"[4] Véase S/PV.6566.",
"[5] Véanse las resoluciones 50/51, 51/208, 52/162, 53/107, 54/107, 55/157, 56/87, 57/25, 58/80, 59/45, 60/23, 61/38, 62/69, 63/127, 64/115 y 65/31.",
"[6] Con relación a la metodología para diseñar, aplicar y evaluar sanciones, véase el Informe del Grupo de Trabajo (S/2006/997, anexo) y el Sanctions Assessment Handbook, publicado por la Oficina de Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios, que puede consultarse en www.humanitarianinfo.org/sanctions/handbook/docs_handbook/iascsanchb.pdf."
] | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"* A/66/150.",
"Item 82 of the provisional agenda*",
"Report of the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization",
"Implementation of the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations related to assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions",
"Report of the Secretary-General",
"Summary",
"The present report is submitted in compliance with paragraph 16 of General Assembly resolution 65/31. It highlights arrangements in the Secretariat related to assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions; the operational changes that have occurred in the light of the shift in focus in the Security Council and its sanctions committees towards targeted sanctions; and recent developments concerning the activities of the Assembly and the Economic and Social Council in the area of assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions.",
"I. Introduction",
"1. In its resolution 65/31, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations related to assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions. The present report has been prepared in compliance with that request.",
"II. Measures for further improvement of the procedures and working methods of the Security Council and its sanctions committees related to assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions",
"2. As noted in previous reports of the Secretary-General (A/62/206 and Corr.1, A/63/224, A/64/225 and A/65/217), the Chair of the Security Council Informal Working Group on General Issues of Sanctions transmitted the report of the Working Group (S/2006/997, annex) to the Security Council. Several of the recommendations and best practices set out in that report related to improved sanctions design and monitoring, but the report did not contain any recommendations that explicitly referred to ways to assist third States affected by the unintended impact of sanctions. By its resolution 1732 (2006), the Council decided that the Working Group had fulfilled its mandate as contained in document S/2005/841, took note with interest of the best practices and methods set out in the report of the Working Group and requested its subsidiary bodies to take note of them also.",
"3. During the period under review, and in keeping with the shift of the Security Council from comprehensive economic sanctions to targeted sanctions, there were no pre-assessment reports or ongoing assessment reports concerning the likely or actual unintended impact of sanctions on third States.",
"4. In a periodic report delivered to the Council on 24 June 2011, the Chair of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya stated that the Committee had answered, or was in the process of answering, a total of 15 requests for guidance concerning the scope and implementation of the assets freeze.[1] In several of those requests, the Committee’s advice was sought on how to minimize the potential unintended consequences of that measure in third States.",
"5. In nearly every case in which the Security Council has decided that States shall freeze the assets owned or controlled by designated individuals and entities, the Council has also adopted exceptions by which States can signal to the relevant sanctions committee their intention to authorize access to frozen funds for a variety of basic and extraordinary expenses.[2] Such expenses can include tax payments, insurance premiums and public utility charges; reasonable professional fees and reimbursement of expenses associated with the provision of legal services; and fees or service charges, in accordance with national laws, for routine holding or maintenance of frozen funds, other financial assets and economic resources.",
"6. Furthermore, in paragraph 15 of its resolution 1737 (2006), and paragraph 21 of its resolution 1970 (2011), the Security Council decided that the assets freeze imposed under those resolutions would not prevent a designated person or entity from making payment due under a contract entered into prior to the listing of such a person or entity, provided that certain conditions had been met, and after notification by the relevant States to, respectively, the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1737 (2006) and the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) of the intention to make or receive such payments or to authorize, where appropriate, the unfreezing of funds, other financial assets or economic resources for that purpose, 10 working days prior to such authorization.",
"7. To date, through his 90-day reports to the Security Council, the Chair of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1737 (2006) has informed the Council of a total of 48 such notifications received.[3] Similarly, in a periodic report to the Council, the Chair of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) informed the Council of a total of 25 notifications received.[4] Thus the provisions of paragraph 15 of resolution 1737 (2006) and paragraph 21 of resolution 1970 (2011), as well as the exceptions to the assets freeze for basic and extraordinary expenses,² can help to mitigate economic burdens arising from the implementation of Council assets freezes.",
"III. Recent developments related to the role of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council in the area of assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions",
"8. Pursuant to paragraph 7 of General Assembly resolution 59/45, the Assembly and the Economic and Social Council have continued to play their respective roles in mobilizing and monitoring, as appropriate, the economic assistance efforts of the international community and the United Nations system on behalf of third States affected by the application of sanctions.",
"A. General Assembly",
"9. The Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization met from 28 February to 4 March and on 7 and 9 March 2011. The report of the Special Committee contains a summary of the discussions on the question of the implementation of the Charter provisions related to assistance to third States affected by sanctions (A/66/33, chap. III.A).",
"B. Economic and Social Council",
"10. At the opening meeting of its substantive session of 2011, on 4 July 2011, the Economic and Social Council approved its programme of work (E/2011/L.12) and decided to include in the agenda of the general segment of the session a sub-item, 13 (j), entitled “Assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions”. No advance documentation was requested. The Council considered the matter on 27 July 2011 but took no action under that sub-item.",
"IV. Arrangements in the Secretariat related to assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions",
"11. In accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly,[5] the competent units within the Secretariat have maintained their capacity to monitor and evaluate information pertaining to any special economic problems arising from the carrying out of preventive or enforcement measures imposed by the Security Council, to identify solutions to the special economic problems of those States, and to evaluate any appeals to the Security Council made by such affected third States under the provisions of Article 50 of the Charter of the United Nations.",
"12. One of the objectives of such monitoring and evaluation exercises is to develop and strengthen capacity within the Department of Economic and Social Affairs to refine and improve the modalities, technical procedures and guidelines for the coordination of technical assistance to affected third States (A/64/225, para. 12). As mentioned in previous reports, the shift from comprehensive to targeted sanctions in recent years has reduced the incidence of unintended harm to third States. In fact, no official appeals have been conveyed to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs to monitor or evaluate since June 2003.",
"13. Effective and targeted sanctions are focused financial and travel sanctions and arms embargoes which are designed to minimize the potential economic, social and humanitarian impact in targeted as well as non-targeted countries, if they are implemented properly. The shift to targeted sanctions has implied that changes need be introduced to the methodological approaches used to assess the economic problems of third States caused by this type of sanction. These changes would involve detailed case-by-case assessments of targeted sanctions and the possible adverse economic, social and humanitarian impact in individual countries, both those that were targeted and those that were not, which would need to be evaluated against the baseline assessments drawn from recent historical trends in humanitarian conditions in the country or region.[6]",
"14. Little progress could be made in developing and applying specific methodologies to make such assessments, since these can be elaborated properly only on a case-by-case basis. Assessments can be initiated only following corresponding requests by third States. As mentioned above, no such appeals have been referred to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs since June 2003. The Department of Economic and Social Affairs, however, will continue to seek opportunities for collaborative work with other relevant parts of the Secretariat, as well as with other international organizations and academic institutions, so as to keep abreast of similar and related methodologies assessing the impact of sanctions more in general and to be responsive when appeals are made.",
"[1] See S/PV.6566.",
"[2] See Security Council resolutions 1452 (2002) (as amended by resolution 1735 (2006)), 1532 (2004), 1572 (2004), 1591 (2005), 1596 (2005), 1636 (2005), 1718 (2006), 1737 (2006), 1844 (2008), 1907 (2009) and 1970 (2011).",
"[3] See S/PV.5702, 5743, 5807, 5853, 5909, 5973, 6142, 6235, 6280, 6384, 6442, 6502 and 6563. The 90-day report of 9 September 2009, which is also relevant, was not delivered at a public meeting; the text is however available on the Committee’s website: www.un.org/sc/committees/1737.",
"[4] See S/PV.6566.",
"[5] See resolutions 50/51, 51/208, 52/162, 53/107, 54/107, 55/157, 56/87, 57/25, 58/80, 59/45, 60/23, 61/38, 62/69, 63/127, 64/115 and 65/31.",
"[6] For the methodology for designing, implementing and evaluating sanctions, see the report of the Working Group (S/2006/997, annex), and the Sanctions Assessment Handbook published by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, available from www.humanitarianinfo.org/ sanctions/handbook/docs_handbook/iascsanchb.pdf."
] | A_66_213 | [
"Sixty-sixth session",
"Item 82 of the provisional agenda*",
"Report of the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization",
"* A/66/150.",
"Implementation of the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations concerning assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions",
"Report of the Secretary-General",
"Summary",
"The present report is submitted in accordance with paragraph 16 of General Assembly resolution 65/31. It highlights the provisions in the Secretariat regarding assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions; the operational changes that have taken place by the reorientation of the Security Council and its sanctions committees towards targeted sanctions; and the recent aspects of interest related to the role of the Assembly and the Economic and Social Council in assisting third States affected by the application of sanctions.",
"I. Introduction",
"1. In its resolution 65/31, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a report on the implementation of the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations concerning assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions. The present report has been prepared pursuant to that request.",
"II. Measures to improve the procedures and working methods of the Security Council and its sanctions committees in relation to assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions",
"2. As noted in previous reports of the Secretary-General (A/62/206 and Corr.1, A/63/224, A/64/225 and A/65/217), the Chairman of the Informal Working Group on General Issues on Sanctions transmitted the report of the Working Group to the Security Council (S/2006/997, annex). Several of the recommendations and best practices contained in that report concerned the better development and monitoring of sanctions, but the report did not contain any explicit recommendations on ways to assist third States affected by the unintended effects of sanctions. In its resolution 1732 (2006), the Council decided that the Working Group had fulfilled its mandate, as described in document S/2005/841, took note with interest of the methods and best practices mentioned in the report of the Working Group and requested its subsidiary bodies to do the same.",
"3. During the period under review, and in line with the reorientation of the Security Council towards the implementation of targeted sanctions rather than general economic sanctions, there were no pre-assessment reports or ongoing evaluation reports on the likely or actual unintended effects of third-State sanctions.",
"4. In a periodic report submitted to the Council on 24 June 2011, the Chairman of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya noted that the Committee had responded or was to respond to a total of 15 requests for guidance on the scope and application of the asset freeze[1]. Several of them requested advice from the Committee on how to minimize the unintended consequences of such action on third States.",
"5. In almost all cases where the Security Council has decided that States freeze property or under the control of designated individuals or entities, the Council has also provided for exceptions that allow States to signal to the relevant sanctions committee their intention to authorize access to frozen funds for various basic and extraordinary expenses[2]. These costs may include the payment of taxes, insurance premiums and water and electricity costs; the payment of professional fees of a reasonable amount and the reimbursement of expenses related to the provision of legal services; and fees or charges, in accordance with national laws, for tenure or maintenance of frozen funds or other financial assets and economic resources.",
"6. In addition, in paragraph 15 of its resolution 1737 (2006) and in paragraph 21 of its resolution 1970 (2011), the Security Council decided that the assets freeze imposed by those resolutions would not prevent a designated person or entity from making payments under contracts signed prior to the inclusion of such person or entity on the list, provided that certain conditions had been met and provided that the relevant States had notified the Committee in its decision 17 days.",
"7. To date, through its quarterly reports, the Chairman of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1737 (2006) has informed the Council of a total of 48 notifications received[3]. Similarly, in a periodic report to the Council, the Chairman of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) informed the Council of a total of 25 notifications[4]. Therefore, the provisions contained in paragraph 15 of resolution 1737 (2006) and paragraph 21 of its resolution 1970 (2011), as well as exceptions to the freezing of assets for basic and extraordinary expenses,2 can help mitigate the economic burdens arising from the application of the assets freeze imposed by the Security Council.",
"III. Recent aspects of interest related to the role of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council in assisting third States affected by the application of sanctions",
"8. Pursuant to paragraph 7 of General Assembly resolution 59/45, the Assembly and the Economic and Social Council have continued to carry out their respective responsibilities in mobilizing and monitoring, as appropriate, the economic assistance provided by the international community and the United Nations system to third States affected by the application of sanctions.",
"A. General Assembly",
"9. The Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization met from 28 February to 4 March and on 7 and 9 March 2011. The report of the Special Committee summarizes the discussions on the question of the implementation of the provisions of the Charter relating to assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions (A/66/33, chap. III.A).",
"B. Economic and Social Council",
"10. At the opening meeting of the substantive session of 2011, on 4 July 2011, the Economic and Social Council adopted the programme of work (E/2011/L.12) and decided to include in the agenda of the general segment of the session sub-item 13 (j), entitled “Assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions”. No advance documentation was requested. The Council considered the matter on 27 July 2011, but took no action under that sub-item.",
"IV. Arrangements in the Secretariat for assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions",
"11. In accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly[5], the relevant units of the Secretariat have maintained their capacity to monitor and evaluate information on the special economic problems facing certain States as a result of the implementation of preventive or coercive measures adopted by the Security Council, to provide solutions to the special economic problems of those States and to assess the requests made to the Security Council by those third States under Article 50 of the Charter of the United Nations.",
"12. One of the objectives of such monitoring and evaluation exercises is to develop and strengthen capacity within the Department of Economic and Social Affairs to identify and improve the modalities, technical procedures and guidelines for the coordination of technical assistance to affected third States (A/64/225, para. 12). As noted in previous reports, the reorientation towards the application of targeted sanctions rather than general sanctions, which has occurred in recent years, has reduced the incidence of unintended adverse economic problems in third States. In fact, official monitoring or evaluation requests have not been transmitted to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs since June 2003.",
"13. Effective targeted sanctions are special financial and travel sanctions and arms embargoes aimed at minimizing, where appropriate, the economic, social and humanitarian effects in countries, both in which they are subjected and those that are not. Reorientation towards the implementation of targeted sanctions has led to the need for changes in methodological approaches used to assess the economic problems caused by such sanctions in third States. These changes relate to the need to carefully assess, on a case-by-case basis, selective sanctions and their potential adverse effects of economic, social and humanitarian order in individual countries, both in which they are subject to sanctions and in which they are not, which will have to be assessed using as a baseline recent historical trends in the humanitarian situation in the country or region.[6]",
"14. Little progress has been made in the development and implementation of specific methodologies for such evaluations, since they can only be adequately developed on a case-by-case basis. Evaluations can only be initiated upon receipt of the corresponding requests of third States. As mentioned above, no appeal has been made to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs since June 2003. However, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs will continue to seek opportunities for collaboration with other relevant sections of the Secretariat and other international organizations and academic institutions to keep abreast of similar and related methodologies for assessing the impact of sanctions more generally and to be prepared to act when requests are received.",
"[1] See S/PV.6566.",
"[2] See Security Council resolutions 1452 (2002) (as amended by resolution 1735 (2006)), 1532 (2004), 1572 (2004), 1591 (2005), 1596 (2005), 1636 (2005), 1718 (2006), 1737 (2006), 1844 (2008), 1907 (2009) and 1970 (2011).",
"[3] See S/PV.5702, 5743, 5807, 5853, 5909, 5973, 6142, 6235, 6280, 6384, 6442, 6502 and 6563. The quarterly report of 9 September 2009, which also comes to the case, was not presented at a public meeting, but the text is available on the Committee ' s website, www.un.org/sc/committees/1737.",
"[4] See S/PV.6566.",
"[5] See resolutions 50/51, 51/208, 52/162, 53/107, 54/107, 55/157, 56/87, 57/25, 58/80, 59/45, 60/23, 61/38, 62/69, 63/127, 64/115 and 65/31.",
"[6] With regard to the methodology for designing, implementing and evaluating sanctions, see the Report of the Working Group (S/2006/997, annex) and the Sanctions Assessment Handbook, published by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, available at www.humanitarianinfo.org/sanctions/handbook/docs_handbook/iascsanchb.pdf."
] |
[
"Sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones",
"Tema 107 del programa",
"Medidas para eliminar el terrorismo internacional",
"Carta de fecha 27 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Encargado de Negocios interino de la Misión Permanente de Cuba ante las Naciones Unidas",
"Tengo el honor de dirigirme a usted para informarle sobre la declaración emitida por el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República de Cuba con motivo de los actos de violencia perpetrados en Noruega el pasado 22 de julio, copia de la cual se adjunta (véase el anexo).",
"Le solicito que haga distribuir la presente carta y su anexo como documento de la Asamblea General bajo el tema 107.",
"(Firmado) Rodolfo Benítez Versón Embajador Encargado de Negocios interino de Cuba ante las Naciones Unidas",
"Anexo de la carta de fecha 27 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Encargado de Negocios interino de la Misión Permanente de Cuba ante las Naciones Unidas",
"Declaración del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba",
"La Habana, 23 de julio de 2011",
"Cuba repudia enérgicamente los actos de violencia perpetrados en Noruega, el pasado 22 de julio, contra el complejo gubernamental de Oslo y contra los jóvenes reunidos en la isla de Utoya, que han dejado hasta el momento 92 víctimas fatales.",
"El pueblo cubano, que ha sufrido las consecuencias del terrorismo por más de 50 años, condena este flagelo en todas sus formas y manifestaciones.",
"El Gobierno y pueblo cubanos, extienden sus condolencias al Gobierno, al pueblo noruego y particularmente a los familiares de las víctimas, por las pérdidas de vidas humanas y daños ocasionados por estas acciones criminales, al tiempo que expresan su solidaridad y apoyo."
] | [
"Sixty-fifth session",
"Agenda item 107",
"Measures to eliminate international terrorism",
"Letter dated 27 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General",
"I have the honour to inform you that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cuba has issued a statement concerning the acts of violence perpetrated in Norway on 22 July 2011, a copy of which is attached hereto (see annex).",
"I should be grateful if you would have this letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly under agenda item 107.",
"(Signed) Rodolfo Benítez Versón Ambassador Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations",
"Annex to the letter dated 27 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General",
"Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cuba",
"Havana, 23 July 2011",
"Cuba strongly repudiates the acts of violence perpetrated in Norway on 22 July 2011 against the Government compound in Oslo and against the youths on the island of Utøya, which have thus far resulted in 92 fatalities.",
"The Cuban people, which has suffered the consequences of terrorism for more than 50 years, condemns this scourge in all its forms and manifestations.",
"The Cuban Government and people extend their condolences to the Norwegian Government and people, particularly the families of the victims, for the loss of life and the damage caused by these criminal actions, while expressing their solidarity and support."
] | A_65_916 | [
"Sixty-fifth session",
"Agenda item 107",
"Measures to eliminate international terrorism",
"Letter dated 27 July 2011 from the Chargé d ' affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General",
"I have the honour to inform you of the statement issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cuba on the occasion of the acts of violence perpetrated in Norway on 22 July, a copy of which is attached (see annex).",
"I request that the present letter and its annex be circulated as a document of the General Assembly under item 107.",
"(Signed) Rodolfo Benítez Versón Ambassador-in-Charge of Business of Cuba to the United Nations",
"Annex to the letter dated 27 July 2011 from the Chargé d ' affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General",
"Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cuba",
"Havana, 23 July 2011",
"Cuba strongly repudiates the acts of violence perpetrated in Norway, on 22 July, against the Oslo government complex and against young people gathered on the island of Utoya, who have left 92 fatalities to date.",
"The Cuban people, who have suffered the consequences of terrorism for more than 50 years, condemn this scourge in all its forms and manifestations.",
"The Cuban Government and people extend their condolences to the Government, the Norwegian people and particularly to the relatives of the victims, for the loss of human lives and damage caused by these criminal actions, while expressing their solidarity and support."
] |
[
"* A/66/150.",
"Asamblea General Consejo de Seguridad Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones Sexagésimo sexto año Temas 74 del programa provisional* \nInforme del Tribunal Internacionalpara el enjuiciamiento de lospresuntos responsables de lasviolaciones graves del derechointernacional humanitario cometidasen el territorio de la ex Yugoslaviadesde 1991",
"Informe del Tribunal Internacional para la ex Yugoslavia",
"Nota del Secretario General",
"El Secretario General tiene el honor de transmitir a los miembros de la Asamblea General y del Consejo de Seguridad el 18º informe anual del Tribunal Internacional para el enjuiciamiento de los presuntos responsables de las violaciones graves del derecho internacional humanitario cometidas en el territorio de la ex Yugoslavia desde 1991, presentado por el Presidente del Tribunal Internacional de conformidad con el artículo 34 de su Estatuto (véase el documento S/25704 y Corr.1, anexo), que dice así:",
"“El Presidente del Tribunal Internacional presentará un informe anual al Consejo de Seguridad y a la Asamblea General.”",
"Carta de envío",
"31 de julio de 2011",
"Excelentísimos señores:",
"De conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 34 del Estatuto del Tribunal Internacional para el enjuiciamiento de los presuntos responsables de las violaciones graves del derecho internacional humanitario cometidas en el territorio de la ex Yugoslavia desde 1991, tengo el honor de presentar a la Asamblea General y al Consejo de Seguridad el 18º informe anual del Tribunal Internacional de fecha 31 de julio de 2011.",
"Aprovecho la oportunidad para reiterarles las seguridades de mi consideración más distinguida.",
"(Firmado) Patrick L. Robinson Presidente",
"Presidente de la Asamblea General Naciones Unidas Nueva York",
"Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad Naciones Unidas Nueva York",
"Decimoctavo informe anual del Tribunal Internacional para el enjuiciamiento de los presuntos responsables de las violaciones graves del derecho internacional humanitario cometidas en el territorio de la ex Yugoslavia desde 1991",
"Resumen",
"El 18º informe anual del Tribunal Internacional para el enjuiciamiento de los presuntos responsables de las violaciones graves del derecho internacional humanitario cometidas en el territorio de la ex Yugoslavia abarca el período comprendido entre el 1 de agosto de 2010 y el 31 de julio de 2011.",
"El Tribunal siguió centrándose en concluir todos los juicios y recursos. Al concluir el período sobre el que se informa, se encontraban en apelación causas relativas a 16 personas, en primera instancia causas relativas a 14 personas y en fase de instrucción causas relativas a otras 5. La Sala de Primera Instancia dictó fallos en las causas Gotovina y otros y Đorđević. La Sala de Apelaciones dictó un fallo en un recurso de revisión relativo a la causa Šljivančanin y un fallo en un recurso de apelación relativo a la causa Hartmann.",
"El Presidente, Patrick Robinson (Jamaica), el Vicepresidente, O-Gon Kwon (República de Corea), el Fiscal, Serge Brammertz, y el Secretario, John Hocking, siguieron desempeñando sus funciones en el Tribunal.",
"La Oficina del Fiscal realizó progresos a los efectos de la conclusión del mandato del Tribunal en lo concerniente a los juicios en primera instancia y en apelación. La Oficina siguió interactuando con las autoridades de los Estados constitutivos de la ex Yugoslavia para fomentar la cooperación con el Tribunal y prestar apoyo a los procesamientos por crímenes de guerra en esos países.",
"Bajo la autoridad del Presidente, la Secretaría del Tribunal siguió desempeñando un papel fundamental en la prestación de apoyo administrativo y judicial al Tribunal. La Secretaría propiamente dicha coordinó la labor de las distintas secciones de la Secretaría y se ocupó de una gran cantidad de asuntos jurídicos, normativos y operacionales, incluidas las disposiciones prácticas necesarias para poner en marcha el Mecanismo Residual Internacional de los Tribunales Penales y mejorar la capacidad de ejecución de las sentencias dictadas por el Tribunal. El Servicio de Comunicaciones llevó a cabo diversas actividades con miras a lograr que el Tribunal cobrara un mayor protagonismo y dar a conocer sus fallos a las comunidades pertinentes. La Sección de Servicios de Administración y Apoyo del Tribunal prestó apoyo en 10 juicios de primera instancia, cinco recursos y cuatro causas por desacato. La Sección de Servicios de Conferencia e Idiomas siguió prestando servicios de gran calidad en materia de interpretación, traducción y transcripción de las vistas en los idiomas de trabajo del Tribunal, así como en bosnio/croata/serbio, macedonio y albanés. La Sección de Víctimas y Testigos facilitó y financió el desplazamiento de cerca de 500 testigos a La Haya para prestar declaración. La Oficina de Asistencia Letrada y Cuestiones Relativas a la Detención prestó servicios a numerosos equipos de defensa en distintas causas en las fases de instrucción, juicio y apelación, así como a amici curiae designados por las Salas y proporcionó instalaciones para los acusados que se representaban a sí mismos en cooperación con otras secciones de la Secretaría. La Dependencia de Detención de las Naciones Unidas siguió manteniendo un intenso nivel de actividad y proporcionó servicios de seguridad y asistencia de la máxima calidad respecto de todos los detenidos. La División de Servicios de Apoyo Administrativo coordinó la preparación de las estimaciones revisadas para el bienio 2010-2011 y el proyecto de presupuesto para el bienio 2012-2013, participó intensamente en la preparación del primer presupuesto del Mecanismo Residual Internacional de los Tribunales Penales, siguió interviniendo activamente en la puesta en práctica del proceso de reducción de las dimensiones del Tribunal y de examen comparativo y colaboró estrechamente con representantes de los funcionarios para poner en práctica el segundo proceso de examen comparativo.",
"Todos los órganos del Tribunal se enfrentaron a importantes problemas durante el período sobre el que se informa a los efectos de cumplir los objetivos de la estrategia de conclusión como consecuencia de los efectos devastadores de la eliminación natural de puestos. En respuesta a ello, el Presidente instó al Consejo de Seguridad a adoptar medidas para ayudar al Tribunal a encontrar soluciones viables para hacer frente a este problema a medida que el Tribunal se aproximaba a la conclusión de su labor.",
"Hasta la fecha, el Tribunal ha concluido las actuaciones contra 126 de los 161 imputados. En el informe que sigue se detallan las actividades del Tribunal durante el período sobre el que se informa y se pone de manifiesto la firme determinación del Tribunal de cumplir su objetivo de concluir sus actuaciones lo antes posible con pleno respeto de las debidas garantías procesales.",
"Índice",
"Página\nI.Introducción 6II.Actividades 6 en que participó todo el \nTribunal \nA.Presidente 6\nB.Mesa 8C.Consejo 8 de \nCoordinación D.Sesiones 9 \nplenarias E.Comité 9 de \nReglas III. Actividad 9 de las \nSalas A.Composición 9 de las \nSalas B.Principales 10 actividades de las Salas de Primera \nInstancia C.Principales 14 actividades de la Sala de \nApelaciones IV.Actividades 15 de la Oficina del \nFiscal A.Terminación 15 de los juicios y de las \napelaciones \nB.Cooperación 16C.Traslado 18 de causas y expedientes de \ninvestigación D. Apoyo 19 a los procesos que se celebran en las jurisdicciones \nnacionales V. Actividad 19 de la \nSecretaría A.Oficina 19 del \nSecretario B. Secciones 20 encargadas de servicios de apoyo \njudicial C.División 22 de \nAdministración",
"I. Introducción",
"1. El 18º informe anual del Tribunal Internacional para el enjuiciamiento de los presuntos responsables de las violaciones graves del derecho internacional humanitario cometidas en el territorio de la ex Yugoslavia desde 1991 describe las actividades del Tribunal durante el período comprendido entre el 1 de agosto de 2010 y el 31 de julio de 2011.",
"2. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, el Tribunal siguió aplicando su estrategia de conclusión, refrendada por el Consejo de Seguridad en su resolución 1503 (2003). El Tribunal siguió centrándose en la terminación de todos los juicios en primera instancia y en apelación. Al concluir el período sobre el informe, se encontraban en apelación causas relativas a 16 personas, en primera instancia causas relativas a 14 personas y en fase de instrucción causas relativas a otras 5. La Sala de Apelaciones dictó fallos en las causas Gotovina y otros y Đorđević. La Sala de Apelaciones dictó un fallo en un recurso de revisión relativo a la causa Šljivančanin y un fallo en un recurso de apelación relativo a la causa Hartmann. Hasta la fecha, el Tribunal ha concluido sus actuaciones contra 126 de los 161 imputados.",
"3. El Presidente, Patrick Robinson (Jamaica), el Vicepresidente, O-Gon Kwon (República de Corea), el Fiscal, Serge Brammertz, y el Secretario, John Hocking, siguieron desempeñando sus funciones en el Tribunal.",
"4. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, se adoptaron medidas para reformar los procedimientos del Tribunal a fin de que tuvieran la máxima eficacia posible.",
"5. El ritmo de los juicios en primera instancia y en apelación del Tribunal siguió viéndose afectado por la falta de personal y la pérdida de funcionarios con gran experiencia. El problema persiste a pesar de las resoluciones de la Asamblea General y del Consejo de Seguridad sobre la cuestión de la retención del personal. En respuesta, el Presidente instó al Consejo de Seguridad a adoptar medidas para ayudar al Tribunal a encontrar soluciones viables para hacer frente a este problema a medida que el Tribunal se aproximaba a la conclusión de su labor. Si no se adoptan medidas prácticas y eficaces para la retención del personal, tal vez haya que revisar las estimaciones correspondientes a la conclusión de la labor básica del Tribunal.",
"II. Actividades en que participó todo el Tribunal",
"A. Presidente",
"6. El Presidente Robinson siguió centrando su labor en las actividades básicas del Tribunal (juicios en primera instancia y en apelación). Además, llevó a cabo reformas internas, puso en marcha proyectos relacionados con el fomento de la capacidad y el legado, desarrolló relaciones diplomáticas y desempeñó funciones judiciales por conducto de la Oficina del Presidente.",
"1. Reformas internas",
"7. El Tribunal modificó la regla 94 B) para aclarar la normativa relativa al conocimiento de oficio de los hechos reconocidos a fin de garantizar la utilización eficaz de las Reglas por las partes en las actuaciones.",
"8. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, el Presidente constituyó de nuevo el Grupo de Trabajo sobre aceleración de los juicios con el fin de que éste llevase a cabo el tercer examen de las prácticas del Tribunal a los efectos de determinar si podían efectuarse mejoras en la labor de las Salas. El Grupo de Trabajo presentó su informe el 21 de mayo de 2010 y recomendó varias reformas en los procedimientos del Tribunal. El 7 de junio de 2010, los magistrados aprobaron esas recomendaciones y decidieron integrarlas en las actuaciones en curso. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, los magistrados siguieron cumpliendo las recomendaciones del Grupo de Trabajo en sus actuaciones.",
"9. Se ha aplicado una nueva metodología más empírica en las proyecciones de las apelaciones, cuyo objetivo es establecer puntualmente la celebración de recursos de apelación que, tal como se espera, seguirán siendo en buena medida los mismos hasta que concluya la labor del Tribunal. Además, la Sala de Apelaciones ha puesto en marcha varias reformas de su metodología de trabajo a fin de aumentar la eficacia de sus actuaciones, lo que incluye la limitación de las modificaciones de los motivos de los recursos de apelación, la organización de la redacción de los fallos y la priorización de su labor.",
"2. Fomento de la capacidad y legado del Tribunal",
"10. El Presidente siguió promoviendo el fomento de la capacidad de las jurisdicciones nacionales como una prioridad de la estrategia del Tribunal para preservar su legado. El 28 de septiembre de 2010, el Tribunal, la Oficina de Instituciones Democráticas y Derechos Humanos de la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa y el Instituto Interregional de las Naciones Unidas para Investigaciones sobre la Delincuencia y la Justicia pusieron en marcha en Belgrado el proyecto conjunto de 18 meses de duración sobre justicia de crímenes de guerra. Alentado por los fructíferos resultados de la conferencia del Tribunal sobre la evaluación del legado del Tribunal para la ex Yugoslavia, en la que se examinaron aspectos de ese legado, particularmente en la ex Yugoslavia, el Tribunal convocará una segunda conferencia los días 15 y 16 de noviembre de 2011, centrada en el legado mundial del Tribunal. Además, éste se encuentra preparando el establecimiento de centros de información de titularidad local en la ex Yugoslavia.",
"3. Relaciones diplomáticas",
"11. El Presidente Robinson participó activamente en actividades de cooperación, divulgación e información a fin de obtener apoyo para la labor del Tribunal e incrementar su protagonismo a nivel internacional.",
"12. El 1 de septiembre de 2010, el Presidente dio la bienvenida a un grupo de jueces y fiscales de Serbia que realizaban una visita de estudios de tres días al Tribunal. La visita se enmarcaba dentro de las actividades que realizaba el Tribunal para reforzar la cooperación y el intercambio de conocimientos con los miembros de la judicatura de la ex Yugoslavia. El Presidente Robinson y otros magistrados del Tribunal se reunieron con los visitantes de la judicatura de Serbia para examinar diversos temas, como los de la protección de los testigos, la negociación de los cargos y la condena, la práctica en materia de imposición de penas, la gestión de causas, el proceso de las apelaciones y las normas jurídicas en los juicios por crímenes de guerra.",
"13. El 28 de septiembre, el Presidente puso en marcha en Belgrado el proyecto sobre justicia de crímenes de guerra para facilitar la transmisión a las jurisdicciones de la región de los conocimientos institucionales y especializados de que disponía exclusivamente el Tribunal y para velar por que tales jurisdicciones tuviesen acceso al material del Tribunal en un formato utilizable.",
"14. El 8 de octubre, el Presidente pronunció una alocución ante la Asamblea General en relación con el 17º informe anual del Tribunal (A/65/205-S/2010/413).",
"15. El 6 de diciembre, el Presidente pronunció una alocución ante el Consejo de Seguridad en relación con el 14º informe del Tribunal y su estrategia de conclusión (S/2010/588).",
"16. El 6 de junio de 2011, el Presidente pronunció una alocución ante el Consejo de Seguridad en relación con el 15º informe del Tribunal y su estrategia de conclusión (S/2011/316).",
"17. Los días 21 y 22 de junio de 2011, el Presidente Robinson y el Secretario, John Hocking, asistieron en Zagreb a una reunión de dos días de duración del Grupo de trabajo consultivo oficioso sobre el establecimiento de centros de información en la ex Yugoslavia. El objetivo de la reunión era seguir examinando el establecimiento de centros de información y documentación en toda la región, así como el acceso a los archivos judiciales del Tribunal.",
"4. Actividad judicial",
"18. En virtud de las facultades que le conferían el Estatuto, las Reglas y las Directrices prácticas del Tribunal, el Presidente dictó numerosas resoluciones en las que asignaba causas a las Salas y examinó varias decisiones del Secretario. Además, accedió a dos solicitudes de indulto, conmutación de pena y puesta en libertad anticipada de personas condenadas por el Tribunal y desestimó otras siete solicitudes.",
"B. Mesa",
"19. De conformidad con la regla 23, la Mesa está integrada por el Presidente, el Vicepresidente y los Presidentes de las Salas de Primera Instancia. El Presidente consultó a la Mesa sobre cuestiones relacionadas con solicitudes de indulto, conmutación de pena y puesta en libertad anticipada de personas que estaban cumpliendo condena.",
"C. Consejo de Coordinación",
"20. De conformidad con la regla 23 bis, el Consejo de Coordinación está integrado por el Presidente, el Fiscal y el Secretario. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, el Consejo se reunió para examinar, entre otras cosas, cuestiones relacionadas con la retención del personal, el fomento de la capacidad, el legado y la contribución del Tribunal a la creación del Mecanismo Residual Internacional de los Tribunales Penales y su implantación sin tropiezos.",
"D. Sesiones plenarias",
"21. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, los magistrados celebraron dos sesiones plenarias ordinarias. En la 39ª sesión plenaria, celebrada el 8 de diciembre de 2010, los magistrados derogaron la regla 23 ter, relativa al Comité de Gestión; modificaron la regla 15 ter C), relativa a los magistrados de reserva; aprobaron las nuevas reglas 75 bis, relativa a la solicitud de asistencia al Tribunal para la obtención de declaraciones, y 75 ter, relativa al traslado de personas con fines de prestación de declaración en actuaciones no pendientes ante el Tribunal; y modificaron la regla 94 B), relativa a las notificaciones judiciales. En la 40ª sesión plenaria, celebrada el 16 de junio de 2011, los magistrados examinaron propuestas de modificación de las reglas 65, 75 bis y 75 ter.",
"E. Comité de Reglas",
"22. Los miembros judiciales del Comité de Reglas son el Magistrado Carmel Agius (Presidente), el Presidente, Patrick Robinson, el Vicepresidente, O-Gon Kwon y los Magistrados Alphons Orie y Christoph Flügge. Los miembros sin derecho a voto son el Fiscal, el Secretario y un representante de la Asociación de Abogados Defensores. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, el Comité de Reglas se reunió en tres ocasiones en las fechas que se indican a continuación para examinar propuestas de reglas y formular recomendaciones a los magistrados: 5 de octubre de 2010 y 4 de febrero y 5 de abril de 2011.",
"III. Actividad de las Salas",
"A. Composición de las Salas",
"23. En la actualidad el Tribunal cuenta con 25 magistrados procedentes de 23 países. Las Salas están integradas por 13 magistrados permanentes, 2 magistrados permanentes del Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda asignados a la Sala de Apelaciones y 10 magistrados ad litem.",
"24. Los Magistrados permanentes son Patrick Robinson (Presidente, Jamaica), O‑Gon Kwon (Vicepresidente, República de Corea), Christoph Flügge (Alemania), Alphons Orie (Países Bajos), Fausto Pocar (Italia), Liu Daqun (China), Theodor Meron (Estados Unidos de América), Carmel Agius (Malta), Jean-Claude Antonetti (Francia), Bakone Justice Moloto (Sudáfrica), Burton Hall (Bahamas), Howard Morrison (Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte) y Guy Delvoie (Bélgica). Los Magistrados permanentes del Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda asignados a la Sala de Apelaciones son Mehmet Güney (Turquía), y Andrésia Vaz (Senegal). El Magistrado Kevin Parker (Australia) también fue Magistrado permanente durante el período sobre el que se informa, pero renunció a su cargo en el Tribunal el 28 de febrero de 2011.",
"25. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, los Magistrados ad litem fueron los siguientes: Árpád Prandler (Hungría), Stefan Trechsel (Suiza), Antoine Kesia-Mbe Mindua (República Democrática del Congo), Frederik Harhoff (Dinamarca), Flavia Lattanzi (Italia), Pedro David (Argentina), Michèle Picard (Francia), Elizabeth Gwaunza (Zimbabwe), Melville Baird (Trinidad y Tabago) y Prisca Matimba Nyambe (Zambia). El Magistrado Uldis Ķinis (Letonia) también fue Magistrado ad litem durante el período sobre el que se informa, pero renunció a su cargo en el Tribunal el 18 de abril de 2011.",
"26. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, las Salas de Primera Instancia estuvieron integradas por los Magistrados siguientes: Kwon (Presidente de Sala), Parker (Presidente de Sala), Flügge (Presidente de Sala), Orie (Presidente de Sala), Antonetti (Presidente de Sala), Moloto (Presidente de Sala), Hall (Presidente de Sala), Morrison, Delvoie, Prandler, Trechsel, Mindua, Harhoff, Lattanzi, David, Picard, Ķinis, Gwaunza, Baird y Nyambe.",
"27. La Sala de Apelaciones está integrada por los Magistrados Robinson (Presidente), Güney, Pocar, Liu, Vaz, Meron y Agius.",
"B. Principales actividades de las Salas de Primera Instancia",
"1. Sala de Primera Instancia I",
"a) Actuaciones preliminares",
"Mladić",
"28. Ratko Mladić fue detenido el 26 de mayo de 2011 y trasladado a la sede del Tribunal el 31 de mayo de 2011. La comparecencia inicial tuvo lugar ante los Magistrados Orie (Presidente), Flügge y Moloto el 3 de junio. El acusado no contestó en ese momento a la acusación. El 4 de julio se celebró una nueva comparecencia, en la que el Presidente de la Sala presentó una declaración judicial de no culpabilidad en nombre del acusado.",
"b) Juicios",
"Gotovina, Čermak y Markač",
"29. El fallo fue dictado el 15 de abril de 2011. La Sala de Primera Instancia declaró culpables a Ante Gotovina y Mladen Markač de ocho cargos por crímenes de lesa humanidad y violaciones de las leyes y usos de la guerra y los condenó a 24 y 18 años de privación de libertad, respectivamente. La Sala de Primera Instancia absolvió a Ivan Čermak de todos los cargos.",
"Perišić",
"30. A Momčilo Perišić se le imputan crímenes de lesa humanidad y violaciones de las leyes y usos de la guerra cometidos presuntamente en Sarajevo y Srebrenica (Bosnia y Herzegovina) y Zagreb (Croacia) entre agosto de 1993 y noviembre de 1995. La Sala de Primera Instancia está integrada por los Magistrados Moloto (Presidente) David y Picard. El juicio comenzó el 2 de octubre de 2008. El Fiscal terminó de presentar cargos el 25 de enero de 2010. La defensa comenzó a presentar sus argumentos el 22 de febrero de 2010 y los concluyó el 11 de enero de 2011. Los escritos finales se presentaron el 4 de marzo de 2011 y los argumentos finales se expusieron el 28 de marzo de 2011. La causa se encuentra actualmente en la etapa de redacción del fallo.",
"J. Stanišić y Simatović",
"31. A Jovica Stanišić y Franko Simatović se les imputan crímenes de lesa humanidad y violaciones de las leyes y usos de la guerra presuntamente cometidos en Croacia y Bosnia y Herzegovina entre abril de 1991 y diciembre de 1995. La Sala de Primera Instancia está integrada por los Magistrados Orie (Presidente), Picard y Gwaunza. El juicio comenzó el 28 de abril de 2008 pero se aplazó en virtud de una orden de la Sala de Apelaciones de 16 de mayo de 2008 como consecuencia del estado de salud de Stanišić. El juicio se reanudó el 2 de junio de 2009. La acusación concluyó su exposición el 5 de abril de 2011. La defensa de Stanišić comenzó a exponer sus argumentos el 14 de junio de 2011.",
"c) Causa por desacato",
"Kabashi",
"32. El 5 de junio de 2007, la Sala de Primera Instancia dictó una orden en sustitución de un auto de procesamiento contra Shefqet Kabashi. El 11 de diciembre de 2007, la Sala de Primera Instancia remitió la causa al Fiscal para que se siguiera investigando y realizando actuaciones al respecto. El 18 de febrero de 2008, la Sala de Primera Instancia concedió permiso al Fiscal para que modificara el auto de procesamiento. El juicio no ha dado comienzo, dado que el acusado está prófugo.",
"2. Sala de Primera Instancia II",
"a) Actuaciones preliminares",
"Nuevo juicio de Haradinaj y otros",
"33. El 21 de julio de 2010, la Sala de Apelaciones accedió a la petición del Fiscal de que se anulara el fallo de la Sala de Primera Instancia de absolver a Ramush Haradinaj, Idriz Balaj y Lahi Brahimaj de ciertos cargos del auto de procesamiento y ordenase la celebración de un nuevo juicio en relación con parte de la causa. En el auto de procesamiento relacionado con el nuevo juicio, confirmado por la Sala de Apelaciones, se imputan a los acusados seis cargos de crímenes de guerra cometidos en Kosovo en 1998. La Sala de Primera Instancia está integrada por los Magistrados Moloto (Presidente), Hall y Delvoie. Está previsto que el nuevo juicio comience el 18 de agosto de 2011.",
"Hadžić",
"34. Goran Hadžić fue detenido el 20 de julio de 2011 y trasladado a la sede del Tribunal el 22 de julio de 2011. El 21 de julio de 2011, el Presidente del Tribunal había asignado la causa al grupo de Magistrados siguiente: Delvoie (Presidente), Hall y Mindua. El 25 de julio de 2011, tuvo lugar la comparecencia inicial. La causa se encuentra en las primeras etapas de preparación de las actuaciones previas al juicio.",
"b) Juicios",
"Đorđević",
"35. A Vlastimir Đorđević se le imputaron crímenes de lesa humanidad y violaciones de las leyes y usos de la guerra presuntamente cometidos en Kosovo en 1999. Đorđević fue detenido el 17 de junio de 2007 y su juicio comenzó el 27 de enero de 2009. La Sala de Primera Instancia, integrada por los Magistrados Parker (Presidente), Flügge y Baird, dictó su fallo el 23 de febrero de 2011. Declaró a Đorđević culpable de cinco cargos de crímenes de lesa humanidad y violaciones de las leyes y usos de la guerra cometidos mediante su participación en una organización criminal y de haber contribuido al asesinato de 724 albanokosovares, citados expresamente en el anexo del fallo, la deportación y el traslado por la fuerza de centenares de miles de albanokosovares de más de 60 localidades mencionadas en el fallo y la destrucción de bienes religiosos y culturales de albanokosovares. La Sala condenó al acusado a 27 años de privación de libertad.",
"M. Stanišić y Župljanin",
"36. A Mico Stanišić y Stojan Župlijanin se les imputan 10 cargos por concepto de crímenes de lesa humanidad y violaciones de las leyes y usos de la guerra presuntamente cometidos de abril a diciembre de 1992 en Bosnia y Herzegovina. La Sala de Primera Instancia está integrada por los Magistrados Hall (Presidente), Delvoie y Harhoff. El juicio comenzó el 14 de septiembre de 2009 y el Fiscal concluyó sus argumentos el 2 de febrero de 2011. La defensa de Mićo Stanišić inició sus argumentos el 11 de abril de 2011 y se prevé que los concluya en breve, tras la cual intervendrá la defensa de Župljanin.",
"Tolimir",
"37. A Zdravko Tolimir se le imputan genocidio, conspiración para cometer genocidio, crímenes de lesa humanidad y violación de las leyes y usos de la guerra presuntamente cometidos en Bosnia y Herzegovina, en 1995. La Sala de Primera Instancia está integrada por los Magistrados Flügge (Presidente), Mindua y Nyambe. El juicio comenzó el 26 de febrero de 2010 y está a punto de concluir la presentación de cargos por el Fiscal.",
"c) Causas por desacato",
"Šešelj",
"38. El 3 de febrero de 2010, la Sala de Primera Instancia dictó una orden en sustitución de un auto de procesamiento por la que imputaba a Vojislav Šešelj desacato por haber divulgado en un libro información que podría servir para identificar a 11 testigos protegidos en violación de las órdenes de una Sala. Las actuaciones judiciales comenzaron el 22 de febrero de 2011 y concluyeron el 8 de junio de 2011. Se está preparando el fallo.",
"Šešelj",
"39. El 9 de mayo de 2011, la Sala de Primera Instancia dictó una orden en sustitución de un auto de procesamiento por la que imputaba a Vojislav Šešelj desacato por no haber eliminado de su sitio web información confidencial en violación de una orden de una Sala. La Sala entenderá del asunto por sí misma. La comparecencia inicial tuvo lugar el 6 de julio de 2011.",
"3. Sala de Primera Instancia III",
"a) Actuaciones preliminares",
"40. No hay actuaciones preliminares pendientes de realización respecto de ninguna causa ante la Sala de Primera Instancia III.",
"b) Juicios",
"Karadžić",
"41. A Radovan Karadžić se le imputan 11 cargos por concepto de genocidio, crímenes de lesa humanidad y violaciones de las leyes y usos de la guerra presuntamente cometidos en Bosnia y Herzegovina entre 1992 y 1995. La Sala de Primera Instancia está integrada por los Magistrados Kwon (Presidente), Morrison, Baird y Lattanzi (Magistrada de reserva). El juicio comenzó el 26 de octubre de 2009. Actualmente el Fiscal está exponiendo cargos en relación con la causa.",
"Šešelj",
"42. A Vojislav Šešelj se le imputan crímenes de lesa humanidad y violaciones de las leyes y usos de la guerra presuntamente cometidos en Croacia, Bosnia y Herzegovina y Vojvodina (Serbia) entre agosto de 1991 y septiembre de 1993. La Sala de Primera Instancia está integrada por los Magistrados Antonetti (Presidente), Harhoff y Lattanzi. El juicio dio comienzo el 7 de noviembre de 2007, pero se suspendió el 11 de febrero de 2009. El juicio se reanudó el 12 de enero de 2010. Una vez que hubo concluido la exposición de cargos por el Fiscal, el 4 de mayo de 2011 la Sala determinó, de conformidad con la regla 98 bis, que había pruebas suficientes en apoyo de los cargos que se imputaban en el auto de procesamiento. El 9 de junio de 2011, la Sala ordenó que el acusado presentase las listas de testigos cuya comparecencia deseaba pedir y los documentos que su defensa tenía previsto utilizar como pruebas. Se espera que se proceda a ello en la primera semana de agosto de 2011, tras de lo cual la defensa comenzará a exponer sus argumentos.",
"Prlić y otros",
"43. A Jadranko Prlić, Bruno Stojić, Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petković, Valentin Ćorić y Berislav Pušic se les imputan graves violaciones de los Convenios de Ginebra, crímenes de lesa humanidad y violaciones de las leyes y usos de la guerra presuntamente cometidos entre noviembre de 1991 y abril de 1994 en Bosnia y Herzegovina. La Sala de Primera Instancia está integrada por los Magistrados Antonetti (Presidente), Prandler, Trechsel y Mindua (Magistrado de reserva). El juicio dio comienzo el 26 de abril de 2006 y la defensa terminó de exponer sus argumentos en mayo de 2010. El 7 de enero de 2011, las partes presentaron sus escritos finales. La exposición de los argumentos finales comenzó el 7 de febrero y concluyó el 2 de marzo de 2011. Se está preparando el fallo.",
"c) Causa por desacato",
"Rašić",
"44. A Jelena Rašić, exmiembro del equipo de la defensa de Milan Lukić, se le imputa desacato del Tribunal por haber conseguido presuntamente falsas declaraciones a cambio de dinero de tres personas que iban a ser llamadas a comparecer como testigos de la defensa de Milan Lukić en la causa El Fiscal c. Milan Lukić y Sredoje Lukić (causa núm. IT-98-32/1-T). La Sala de Primera Instancia está integrada por los Magistrados Morrison (Presidente), Hall y Delvoie. El 22 de septiembre de 2010, Rašić se declaró no culpable de todos los cargos del auto de procesamiento. Está previsto que el juicio comience a principios del otoño de 2011.",
"4. Sección de Remisión prevista en la regla 11 bis",
"45. La Sección de Remisión prevista en la regla 11 bis ha procedido a transferir a todos los acusados de bajo y mediano nivel que figuraban en su lista de causas pendientes de conformidad con la resolución 1503 (2003) del Consejo de Seguridad.",
"5. Sección prevista en la regla 75 H)",
"46. La Sección prevista en la regla 75 H), integrada por los Magistrados Moloto (Presidente), Flügge y Morrison, continuó funcionando con eficacia y dictó 23 resoluciones durante el período sobre el que se informa en relación con solicitudes formuladas en virtud de la regla 75 G) y H) a los efectos del suministro de información confidencial para su utilización en acciones judiciales nacionales y de conformidad con la regla 75 bis respecto de personas sometidas a la autoridad del Tribunal con miras a que testificaran en acciones judiciales nacionales.",
"C. Principales actividades de la Sala de Apelaciones",
"Apelaciones interlocutorias",
"47. Se adoptaron 13 decisiones sobre apelaciones interlocutorias en las causas siguientes: Haradinaj y otros (4); Prlić y otros (3); Stanišić y Simatović (2); Gotovina y otros (1); Šešelj (1); Stanišić y Župljanin (2).",
"Apelaciones relativas a causas por desacato",
"48. Se emitió un fallo en la apelación en la causa por desacato Hartmann.",
"Apelaciones relativas a cuestiones de fondo",
"49. La Sala de Apelaciones no dictó ninguna sentencia firme durante el período sobre el que se informa.",
"50. La Sala de Apelaciones tiene actualmente pendientes tres recursos —Šainović y otros, Lukić y Lukić y Popović y otros— procedentes de períodos anteriores sobre los que se informó y se interpusieron ante la Sala dos nuevos recursos de apelación contra los fallos Đorđević y Gotovina y Markač. En relación con esas causas se están llevando a cabo actividades previas a la apelación.",
"51. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, se dictaron 75 resoluciones previas a la apelación.",
"Revisión",
"52. La Sala de Apelaciones dictó un fallo en relación con la revisión de la causa Šljivančanin.",
"Otras apelaciones",
"53. La Sala de Apelaciones dictó un fallo en relación con la causa Borovčanin.",
"IV. Actividades de la Oficina del Fiscal",
"A. Terminación de los juicios y de las apelaciones",
"54. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, se realizaron importantes avances en la atribución de responsabilidad por los crímenes cometidos durante las guerras de la ex Yugoslavia. Destacan principalmente las detenciones de Ratko Mladić el 26 de mayo de 2011 y Goran Hadžić el 20 de julio de 2011. Durante 16 años, Ratko Mladić había conseguido no ser aprehendido ni trasladado a La Haya. Goran Hadžić fue prófugo de la justicia durante siete años. Eran los últimos prófugos de las 161 personas contra las que el Tribunal había dictado auto de procesamiento. El Fiscal manifestó su compromiso de agilizar los juicios.",
"55. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, el Fiscal concluyó una parte importante de su labor judicial. Al concluir el período, el Fiscal había terminado de presentar sus cargos en todas las causas menos en cuatro (Mladić, Karadžić, Tolimir y el nuevo juicio de Haradinaj y otros). Había tres causas que se encontraban en la etapa de exposición de argumentos de la defensa (Šešelj, (Jovica) Stanišić y Simatović y (Mićo) Stanišić y Župljanin) y dos causas habían concluido y se estaba a la espera del fallo (Prlić y otros y Perišić). Estos avances se habían logrado a pesar de los problemas que entrañaba la eliminación natural de puestos en la Oficina del Fiscal, en la que los funcionarios que quedaban habían de hacer frente a una carga de trabajo excesivamente pesada. El Fiscal expresó preocupación por el hecho de que era probable que las dificultades de plantilla aumentasen durante el próximo período sobre el que se informara, dada la falta de incentivos del personal para permanecer en sus puestos.",
"56. La Oficina del Fiscal comenzó a centrar su atención y sus recursos en la etapa de apelación de las actuaciones para conseguir estar en condiciones de hacer frente a las próximas apelaciones. Al concluir el período sobre el que se informa, había cinco recursos de apelación pendientes (Šainović y otros, Lukić y Lukić, Popović y otros, Đorđević y Gotovina y Markač). La División de Apelaciones también absorbió trabajo del nuevo juicio de Haradinaj y otros y del juicio por desacato de Rašić.",
"57. Las diferentes actuaciones por desacato que estaban teniendo lugar ante el Tribunal, particularmente las relativas a la causa Šešelj, siguieron generando un importante volumen de trabajo adicional para la Oficina del Fiscal. El incumplimiento por parte de Šešelj de las resoluciones judiciales exigía una supervisión constante para garantizar la protección de los testigos, consumía recursos del Tribunal y representaba un problema para el funcionamiento eficaz del Tribunal.",
"58. La Oficina del Fiscal trabajó a pleno rendimiento para finalizar los restantes juicios en primera instancia y apelaciones. El Fiscal reevaluó constantemente sus métodos de trabajo a fin de delimitar métodos para agilizar las actuaciones. Se aplicó una metodología sistemática en todas las causas a fin de simplificar la presentación de pruebas judiciales. Esa metodología se centró en precisar lo más posible las cuestiones sobre las que existían divergencias con los equipos de defensa y en presentar pruebas escritas. Se utilizaron eficazmente las pruebas clave que figuraban en los cuadernos de la época de la guerra y las cintas grabadas conexas de Ratko Mladić, que fueron localizados por las autoridades serbias en febrero de 2010. La Oficina del Fiscal constituyó un equipo de tareas para gestionar de manera uniforme y ágil todas las cuestiones relacionadas con el material de Mladić.",
"59. Una vez concluidas las actividades judiciales, la Oficina del Fiscal suprimió los puestos correspondientes y procedió a la reducción de la Oficina. Al mismo tiempo, comenzaron los preparativos para la transferencia de funciones al Mecanismo Residual Internacional de los Tribunales Penales de conformidad con la resolución 1966 (2010) del Consejo de Seguridad.",
"B. Cooperación",
"1. Cooperación internacional",
"60. La Oficina del Fiscal siguió dependiendo de la plena cooperación de los Estados para cumplir su mandato. La cooperación de los Estados que integraban la ex Yugoslavia siguió siendo vital en las siguientes esferas: a) el acceso a los archivos, documentos y testigos, b) la protección de los testigos y c) los esfuerzos por localizar, detener y trasladar a las personas que seguían prófugas, así como la adopción de medidas por el Tribunal contra quienes las apoyaban.",
"2. Cooperación de Serbia",
"61. Con la detención de Ratko Mladić el 26 de mayo de 2011 y su traslado al Tribunal el 31 de mayo de 2011 y la detención de Goran Hadžić el 20 de julio de 2011 y su traslado el 22 de julio de 2011, Serbia cumplió una obligación clave con el Tribunal. La Oficina del Fiscal reconoció la importante labor realizada por las autoridades serbias, quienes habían promovido las detenciones, particularmente el Consejo de Seguridad Nacional, el Equipo de Acción establecido para seguir la pista de los prófugos y los servicios de seguridad mediante sus operativos. Tras esas detenciones, el Fiscal reconoció que Serbia había mantenido verdaderamente su compromiso de cooperar con el Tribunal. Además, alentó a Serbia a facilitar información sobre el modo en que los prófugos habían podido eludir la acción de la justicia durante tanto tiempo y a ayudar a explicar a la opinión pública por qué habían de ser juzgados.",
"62. Antes de la detención de Mladić, el Fiscal había alentado firmemente a Serbia a reevaluar de manera crítica su estrategia de aprehensión de los prófugos, que no había tenido éxito. Instó a Serbia a subsanar todas las deficiencias operacionales y a ampliar el ámbito de la investigación. Se pusieron en práctica algunas recomendaciones, lo que contribuyó a la detención de Mladić y Hadžić.",
"63. Se pidió nuevamente al Gobierno de Serbia que intensificara las medidas contra los integrantes de las redes que habían apoyado a los prófugos del Tribunal, incluidos Mladić y Hadžić. El Fiscal acogió favorablemente la declaración de Serbia de que investigaría y perseguiría a las redes que habían apoyado a Mladić y Hadžić durante el tiempo que habían permanecido ocultos. El 10 de mayo de 2011, el Departamento de Crímenes de Guerra del Tribunal Superior de Belgrado aceptó las confesiones de culpabilidad de seis personas que había prestado ayuda a Stojan Župljanin mientras era prófugo del Tribunal. Al margen de eso, las medidas adoptadas contra los acusados de haber prestado ayuda a los prófugos arrojaron escasos resultados.",
"64. En relación con las causas en curso del Tribunal, las respuestas de Serbia a las solicitudes de acceso de la Oficina del Fiscal a documentos, archivos y testigos fueron generalmente oportunas y adecuadas. El Consejo Nacional de Cooperación continuó intensificando la cooperación entre los diferentes órganos de la administración que se ocupaban de las solicitudes de la Oficina del Fiscal. El Consejo dio facilidades al Fiscal respecto de solicitudes de que se reclasificasen como documentos públicos los documentos del Consejo Supremo de Defensa en la causa Perišić. Por ello, en marzo de 2011, el Fiscal informó a la Sala de Primera Instancia que se ocupaba de la causa Perišić de que los documentos del Consejo Supremo de Defensa podían hacerse públicos. La Oficina del Fiscal seguirá recabando la asistencia de Serbia para tener acceso a documentos y archivos del Gobierno y facilitar el acceso de los testigos durante los juicios en primera instancia y las apelaciones.",
"3. Cooperación de Croacia",
"65. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, Croacia fue generalmente receptiva a las solicitudes formuladas por la Oficina del Fiscal. No obstante, las solicitudes de larga data de la Oficina respecto de importantes documentos militares de la Operación Tormenta —solicitados para la causa Gotovina y otros— siguieron pendientes. Prosiguió su investigación administrativa el equipo de tareas interinstitucional establecido en octubre de 2009 para localizar los documentos perdidos o averiguar lo sucedido con ellos. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, el Fiscal pidió a Croacia que hiciese frente a varias incongruencias y cuestiones que habían quedado sin resolver en relación con las conclusiones del equipo de tareas.",
"66. El 15 de abril de 2011, la Sala de Primera Instancia emitió su fallo en la causa Gotovina y otros y determinó que Gotovina y Markač eran culpables de delitos sobre la base de las pruebas presentadas en el juicio. El Fiscal expresó su decepción por el hecho de que, a raíz del fallo, las más altas autoridades del Estado no se habían pronunciado objetivamente sobre las conclusiones de la causa.",
"4. Cooperación de Bosnia y Herzegovina",
"67. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, las autoridades de Bosnia y Herzegovina respondieron sin dilación y adecuadamente a las solicitudes de documentos y de acceso a los archivos y testigos.",
"68. Se pidió a las autoridades de Bosnia y Herzegovina que intensificaran sus esfuerzos contra las redes de prófugos.",
"69. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, la Oficina del Fiscal siguió apoyando la labor del Fiscal del Estado y del Departamento de Crímenes de Guerra en lo concerniente a la tramitación de las causas y los expedientes de investigación transferidos por el Tribunal. No obstante, las dificultades estructurales obstaculizaron la puesta en práctica de la estrategia nacional para los crímenes de guerra. Suscitaron honda preocupación las iniciativas políticas de Bosnia y Herzegovina que pretendían menoscabar la labor de la Oficina del Fiscal del Estado y del Tribunal estatal de crímenes de guerra.",
"5. Cooperación entre los Estados integrantes de la ex Yugoslavia en asuntos judiciales",
"70. La cooperación en asuntos judiciales entre los Estados integrantes de la ex Yugoslavia siguió siendo esencial para dar cumplimiento al mandato del Tribunal. Las instituciones judiciales de la ex Yugoslavia siguieron tropezando con problemas para coordinar sus actividades, lo que, a su vez, puso en peligro el estado de derecho y la reconciliación en la región. Hubo algunas mejoras en lo concerniente al suministro de información sobre crímenes de guerra y al intercambio de pruebas entre los fiscales de Bosnia y Herzegovina, Croacia y Serbia. No obstante, los obstáculos jurídicos a la extradición de sospechosos y a la transferencia de pruebas entre Estados, así como las investigaciones paralelas, siguieron obstruyendo la realización de actuaciones eficaces. Los fiscales regionales manifestaron su compromiso de abordar el problema de las investigaciones paralelas, al tiempo que el Fiscal pidió que se adoptaran medidas urgentes también a nivel político y operacional.",
"6. Cooperación de otros Estados y organizaciones",
"71. La Oficina del Fiscal siguió recurriendo a los Estados y organizaciones internacionales para que proporcionaran documentos, información y testigos para los juicios en primera instancia y las apelaciones.",
"72. La Oficina del Fiscal manifestó agradecimiento por el apoyo de los Estados y las organizaciones internacionales y regionales, como la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa, el Consejo de Europa y la Unión Europea. La detención de Ratko Mladić puso de manifiesto la posibilidad de aplicar políticas de condicionalidad para promover resultados positivos en pro de la justicia internacional. El apoyo de organizaciones no gubernamentales, incluidas las que realizaban actividades en la ex Yugoslavia, siguió facilitando la labor de la Oficina.",
"C. Traslado de causas y expedientes de investigación",
"73. Ha concluido el traslado de todas las causas del Tribunal a Bosnia y Herzegovina y Croacia de conformidad con la regla 11 bis. El fallo de la última de esas causas —contra Milorad Trbić, quien había sido declarado culpable de genocidio y condenado a 30 años de privación de libertad— fue confirmado en apelación el 14 de enero de 2011.",
"74. La causa Kovačević, que fue trasladada del Tribunal a Serbia, siguió en suspenso debido al estado de salud del acusado. No se indicó cuándo estaría en condiciones el acusado de comparecer en juicio ni si lo haría. La Oficina del Fiscal siguió examinando de cerca la situación.",
"75. El hecho de que Radovan Stanković, criminal de guerra convicto (trasladado del Tribunal a Bosnia y Herzegovina en virtud de la regla 11 bis) siga prófugo casi cuatro años después de que escapara de la prisión de Foča se consideró un grave motivo de preocupación. El Fiscal alentó a las autoridades de Bosnia y Herzegovina y a los Estados vecinos, particularmente Serbia, a adoptar todas las medidas necesarias para capturar a Stanković y sancionar a quienes habían facilitado su huida.",
"D. Apoyo a los procesos que se celebran en las jurisdicciones nacionales",
"76. La Oficina del Fiscal siguió trabajando intensamente para fortalecer la capacidad de las autoridades nacionales de ocuparse debidamente de las restantes causas por crímenes de guerra. A tal efecto, la Oficina mantuvo un diálogo constante con sus homólogas en la ex Yugoslavia. Además, prestó apoyo en materia de formación, desarrollo de mejores prácticas e intercambio de información.",
"77. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, la Oficina del Fiscal siguió respaldando los procesos que se celebraban en las jurisdicciones nacionales, para lo cual facilitó el acceso al material de investigación y a las pruebas de los expedientes de las causas sustanciadas ante el Tribunal, así como su base de datos en La Haya. Además, el proyecto “fiscales de enlace”, financiado por la Unión Europea, constituyó un mecanismo clave para reforzar las relaciones de trabajo entre las Oficinas del Fiscal del Estado en Bosnia y Herzegovina y Croacia y la Oficina del Fiscal para crímenes de guerra en Serbia.",
"V. Actividad de la Secretaría",
"78. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, la Secretaría siguió desempeñando sus funciones reglamentarias, para lo cual prestó apoyo operacional a las Salas y la Oficina del Fiscal, prestó asistencia a la defensa y proporcionó apoyo diplomático y administrativo al Tribunal.",
"A. Oficina del Secretario",
"79. La Secretaría propiamente dicha prestó asistencia al Secretario y al Secretario Adjunto para formular las orientaciones estratégicas para los Servicios de Apoyo Judicial y la División de Administración y para coordinar y supervisar su labor. Respaldó al Secretario en su papel de coordinador de las relaciones diplomáticas y mantuvo contacto con embajadas, Estados Miembros, las Naciones Unidas y otras organizaciones internacionales. Eso incluía las relaciones con el Estado anfitrión. Además, la Oficina negoció acuerdos con Estados para hacer cumplir las sentencias del Tribunal, lo que garantizaba que los condenados por el Tribunal serían trasladados a los efectos de que cumplieran su condena. Se realizaron actividades concentradas en elevar el nivel de sensibilización de los Estados Miembros en relación con la carencia existente de una capacidad suficiente a los efectos de hacer cumplir la ley y el consiguiente riesgo con miras a que concluyera felizmente el mandato del Tribunal.",
"80. A raíz de la aprobación de la resolución 1966 (2010) del Consejo de Seguridad, en la que el Consejo estableció el Mecanismo Residual Internacional de los Tribunales Penales, la Secretaría propiamente dicha ha participado activamente en la adopción de las medidas prácticas necesarias para poner en marcha el Mecanismo. Bajo la dirección de la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos, los dos Tribunales Internacionales colaboran entre sí para establecer una propuesta presupuestaria para el bienio 2012-2013, una propuesta sobre un régimen de seguridad de la información y de acceso respecto de los archivos de los Tribunales y el Mecanismo y las Reglas de Procedimiento y Prueba del Mecanismo. En las próximas etapas se hará hincapié en armonizar las políticas, los procedimientos y las actividades de los dos Tribunales a fin de que el Mecanismo pueda ponerse en marcha el 1 de julio de 2012.",
"81. El Servicio de Comunicaciones del Tribunal gestionó importantes acontecimientos en los medios de comunicación, como la detención de Ratko Mladić, que generó gran interés en los medios de comunicación, las víctimas, la comunidad diplomática, los intelectuales y la opinión pública en general.",
"82. La divulgación y las comunicaciones con audiencias de la ex Yugoslavia constituyen prioridades estratégicas de la Secretaría para el bienio en curso. Desde finales de 2010, en el marco del programa de divulgación se está aplicando una nueva estrategia centrada en promover los logros del Tribunal y su legado positivo mediante diferentes actos. En el último año, el programa ha coordinado más de 20 visitas de la región, incluidos más de 400 visitantes y 230 visitas de grupos internacionales (que abarcaban a más de 5.700 visitantes) y ha participado en la celebración y organización de 35 conferencias y actos en la región. Siguió haciéndose hincapié en la participación de los jóvenes mediante una serie de presentaciones en 13 escuelas secundarias de Kosovo en las que había más de 680 estudiantes. En el marco del programa de divulgación, se preparó y distribuyó en los idiomas de la región una publicación titulada “Evaluación del legado del Tribunal para la ex Yugoslavia”. Además, el programa amplió su alcance para llegar a las audiencias de la región y de todo el mundo mediante informaciones oficiales del Tribunal en YouTube y Twitter. La popularidad de esos sitios se ha visto confirmada por más de 2.000 seguidores en Twitter y más de 300.000 visitas en YouTube, casi la mitad de las cuales procedía de la región. El Tribunal depende de la financiación externa para ejecutar su programa de divulgación. Una cuantiosa contribución de la Comisión Europea para el próximo bienio ha garantizado la continuación de la existencia del programa de divulgación y Finlandia ya ha proporcionado un generoso apoyo a proyectos de educación de la juventud. Además, el Tribunal toma nota del generoso apoyo y la cooperación de la Misión en Serbia de la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa. De conformidad con la resolución 65/253 de la Asamblea General, aprobada el 24 de diciembre de 2010, en la que la Asamblea reiteró la importancia de poner en práctica un programa eficaz de divulgación y alentó al Secretario General a que siguiera examinando medidas para obtener las contribuciones voluntarias adecuadas para financiar el programa de divulgación, el Tribunal se pondrá en contacto con Estados Miembros y otros donantes en los próximos meses para recabar más financiación.",
"83. El sitio web del Tribunal siguió siendo un mecanismo clave para las comunicaciones estratégicas. En el mes de mayo de 2011 el sitio web del Tribunal llegó a un nivel sin precedente, con 400.000 visitas, es decir, el número más elevado desde su puesta marcha en 2008. El portal de comunicaciones internas Tribunet también se desarrolló como plataforma de referencia sobre todas las cuestiones relacionadas con la estrategia de conclusión y la reducción de personal.",
"B. Secciones encargadas de servicios de apoyo judicial",
"84. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, la Sección de Servicios de Administración y Apoyo del Tribunal prestó asistencia en 10 juicios en primera instancia (incluidos el nuevo juicio de Haradinaj y otros y las causas de Mladić y Hadžić, que se encuentran actualmente en la etapa preliminar), cinco apelaciones y cuatro causas por desacato. Proporcionó apoyo mediante oficiales de justicia para siete enlaces de videoconferencias, nueve misiones de conformidad con la regla 92 bis y tres visitas in situ. La Sección también prestó apoyo por intermedio de sus oficiales de enlace jurídico pro se a tres acusados que habían asumido su propia defensa, facilitando la solución de cuestiones que surgían durante los procesos. Los auxiliares de expedientes, oficiales de justicia y ujieres dieron curso a 6.922 escritos (aproximadamente 92.000 páginas) presentados por las partes y por terceros en procesos celebrados ante el Tribunal.",
"85. La Sección de Servicios de Conferencias y de Idiomas continuó prestando servicios de interpretación, traducción y transcripción de las vistas para todos los órganos del Tribunal. Las Dependencias de Traducción tradujeron aproximadamente 66.000 páginas al inglés, francés, bosnio/croata/serbio, albanés y macedonio. En la Dependencia de Interpretación se registraron cerca de 4.500 jornadas de intérprete de conferencias. Los servicios de transcripción produjeron más de 88.000 páginas. También se prestaron servicios de interpretación para reuniones oficiales, sesiones para examen de testigos y visitas fuera de la sede del Tribunal, algunas de ellas en la región.",
"86. La Sección de Víctimas y Testigos está compuesta por tres dependencias principales. La Dependencia de Operaciones y la Dependencia de Apoyo de la Sección prestaron asistencia a 494 y a las personas de apoyo que los acompañaban para que se desplazasen a La Haya a fin de prestar declaración. La Dependencia de Protección coordinó las respuestas profesionales a un número cada vez mayor de casos de amenazas a testigos antes, durante y después de que comparecieran ante el Tribunal. Cuando fue necesario, hizo gestiones para reubicar a los testigos protegidos.",
"87. La Oficina de Asistencia Letrada y Cuestiones Relativas a la Detención siguió gestionando el sistema de asistencia letrada del Tribunal a los efectos de prestar servicio a más de 470 miembros de equipos de defensa, lo que garantizó que se respetara el derecho de los acusados a la defensa. La mayoría de los acusados que se encuentran a disposición del Tribunal reciben asistencia letrada. La Oficina gestionó las facilidades brindadas a los miembros de los equipos de defensa de todas las causas sustanciadas ante el Tribunal; de esas causas, el 60% tenía el máximo nivel de complejidad. La Oficina siguió garantizando los derechos de los acusados, para lo cual respondió a las quejas y preocupaciones de las personas recluidas en la Dependencia de Detención de las Naciones Unidas, tramitó las visitas a la Dependencia y actuó de enlace entre los abogados defensores y el Tribunal. La Oficina facilitó instalaciones a los acusados que se representaban a sí mismos en cooperación con la Oficina de Enlace Jurídico Pro Se y la Dependencia de Detención de las Naciones Unidas y gestionó la asignación de investigadores y fiscales en calidad de amicus curiae y de los recursos correspondientes.",
"88. La Dependencia de Detención de las Naciones Unidas siguió proporcionando servicios de seguridad y asistencia respecto de 37 detenidos bajo la autoridad del Tribunal. Muchos de los detenidos necesitaban asistencia médica, incluida la de especialistas. La Dependencia facilitó la presencia en las vistas ante el Tribunal de los detenidos en persona o mediante videoconferencia. Facilitó la materialización de un gran número de solicitudes de libertad provisional de diferente duración, siguiendo las soluciones de las Salas. Facilitó el ejercicio del derecho de los acusados a representarse a sí mismos, para lo cual proporcionó espacio adicional de almacenamiento y de oficina para los acusados que se representaban a sí mismos, permitió el acceso a computadoras y bases de datos adecuados a un lugar de detención y facilitó las entrevistas de testigos y la práctica de pruebas en circunstancias excepcionales. La Dependencia proporcionó alojamiento a los testigos detenidos y a los acusados de desacato del Tribunal y facilitó los contactos entre los detenidos y los medios de comunicación cuando fue pertinente.",
"C. División de Administración",
"89. En su resolución 65/253, la Asamblea General, después de haber examinado los informes del Secretario General y la Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto sobre las estimaciones presupuestarias revisadas para el bienio 2010 -2011, decidió consignar en la Cuenta Especial para el Tribunal la suma de 320.511.800 dólares en cifras brutas (290.087.500 dólares en cifras netas) para el bienio 2010-2011.",
"90. En el bienio 2010-2011, los recursos extrapresupuestarios se estimaron en 3.319.900 dólares, que se utilizarían para diversas actividades del Tribunal. Al 15 de junio de 2011, se habían recibido donaciones en efectivo por valor de unos 48,9 millones de dólares para el Fondo de contribuciones voluntarias en apoyo de las actividades del Tribunal. Para el período comprendido entre el 15 de junio de 2010 y el 15 de junio de 2011, el Tribunal recibió y administró 2.393.376 dólares en contribuciones voluntarias en efectivo.",
"91. La División de Administración sigue participando activamente en la aplicación del proceso de reducción del Tribunal y en el proceso de examen comparativo, en la forma establecida en las consultas realizadas con los representantes del personal. En el bienio 2010-2011, el Tribunal eliminó 170 puestos. La División de Administración está colaborando estrechamente con los representantes del personal en la aplicación del segundo proceso de examen comparativo.",
"92. La División de Administración coordinó la preparación de las estimaciones revisadas para el bienio 2010-2011 y el proyecto de presupuesto para el bienio 2012-2013. La División participó activamente en la preparación del primer presupuesto del Mecanismo Residual Internacional de los Tribunales Penales. A raíz del cierre de uno de los tres edificios de oficinas de La Haya, la División de Administración ultimó un plan maestro de asignación de espacios de oficina a fin de velar por la reubicación sin trabas del personal y de los archivos en los dos restantes edificios del Tribunal."
] | [
"General Assembly Security Council Sixty-sixth session Sixty-sixth year Item 74 of the provisional agenda* \nReport of the International Tribunalfor the Prosecution of PersonsResponsible for Serious Violations ofInternational Humanitarian LawCommitted in the Territory of theFormer Yugoslavia since 1991",
"Report of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia",
"* A/66/150.",
"Note by the Secretary-General",
"The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly and the members of the Security Council the eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, submitted by the President of the International Tribunal in accordance with article 34 of the statute of the Tribunal (see S/25704 and Corr.1, annex), which states that:",
"The President of the International Tribunal shall submit an annual report of the International Tribunal to the Security Council and to the General Assembly.",
"Letter of Transmittal",
"31 July 2011",
"Excellencies,",
"I have the honour to submit the eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, dated 31 July 2011, to the General Assembly and the Security Council, pursuant to article 34 of the statute of the International Tribunal.",
"Please accept, Excellencies, the assurances of my highest consideration.",
"(Signed) Patrick Robinson",
"President",
"President of the General Assembly",
"United Nations",
"New York",
"President of the Security Council",
"United Nations",
"New York",
"Eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia Since 1991",
"Summary",
"The eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 covers the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011.",
"The Tribunal continued to focus upon the completion of all trials and appeals. At the close of the reporting period, 16 persons are in appeal proceedings, 14 persons are on trial, and 5 are at the pretrial stage. The Trial Chambers delivered judgements in the Gotovina et al. and Đorđević cases. The Appeals Chamber delivered one Judgement on review in the Šljivančanin case and one appeal Judgement in the Hartmann case.",
"President Patrick Robinson (Jamaica); Vice-President O-Gon Kwon (Republic of Korea); the Prosecutor, Serge Brammertz; and the Registrar, John Hocking, continued to fulfil their duties at the Tribunal.",
"The Office of the Prosecutor made progress towards the completion of the Tribunal’s mandate at both the trial and appellate levels. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to further develop interaction with the authorities of the States of the former Yugoslavia to encourage cooperation with the Tribunal and support domestic war crimes prosecutions.",
"Under the authority of the President, the Registry continued to play a crucial role in the provision of administrative and judicial support to the Tribunal. The Immediate Office of the Registrar coordinated the work of the various Registry sections and dealt with a vast range of legal, policy and operational matters, including the practical arrangements necessary for the commencement of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals and the enhancement of the capacity for the enforcement of sentences imposed by the Tribunal. The Communications Service carried out a diverse range of activities with a view to increasing the profile of the Tribunal and bringing its judgements to the relevant communities. The Court Management and Support Services Section supported 10 cases at trial, five cases on appeal, and four contempt cases. The Conference and Language Services Section continued to provide interpretation, translation, and court reporting services of the highest quality in the working languages of the Tribunal, as well as the Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian, Macedonian and Albanian languages. The Victims and Witnesses Section facilitated and supported close to 500 witnesses travelling to The Hague to give evidence. The Office for Legal Aid and Detention Matters serviced multiple defence teams in cases in pretrial, trial and appellate proceedings, as well as amici curiae appointed by Chambers, and provided facilities to self-represented accused in cooperation with other sections of the Registry. The United Nations Detention Unit continued to operate at a high level of activity and provided the highest levels of security and custodial care to all detained persons. The Division of Administration coordinated the preparation of the revised budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 and the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013, was heavily involved in the formulation of the first budget of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, remained actively engaged in the implementation of the downsizing and comparative review process, and worked closely with staff representatives in the implementation of the second comparative review exercise.",
"All organs of the Tribunal faced significant challenges during the reporting period in meeting the objectives of the completion strategy owing to the devastating impact of staff attrition. In response, the President urged the Security Council to take measures to help the Tribunal to find practicable solutions to address this issue as the Tribunal approaches the completion of its work.",
"To date, the Tribunal has concluded proceedings against 126 of the 161 persons indicted by the Tribunal. The report that follows details the activities of the Tribunal during the reporting period and demonstrates the Tribunal’s focus on its goal of completing its proceedings as soon as possible, without sacrificing due process.",
"Contents",
"Page\nI.Introduction 5II. Activities 5 involving the entire \nTribunal \nA. President 5\nB.Bureau 7C.Coordination 7 \nCouncil D.Plenary 7 \nsessions E. Rules 7 \nCommittee III.Activity 8 of \nChambers A.Composition 8 of the \nChambers B. Principal 8 activity of the Trial \nChambers C. Principal 12 activity of the Appeals \nChamber IV.Activity 13 of the Office of the \nProsecutor A.Completion 13 of trials and \nappeals \nB.Cooperation 14C.Transfer 16 of cases and investigative \nfiles D.Supporting 16 national \nprosecutions V.Activity 17 of the \nRegistry A.Office 17 of the \nRegistrar B.Judicial 18 support services \nsections C.Division 19 of \nAdministration",
"I. Introduction",
"1. The eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 outlines the activities of the Tribunal for the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011.",
"2. During the reporting period, the Tribunal continued to implement its completion strategy endorsed by the Security Council in resolution 1503 (2003). The Tribunal continued to focus on the completion of all trials and appeals. At the close of the reporting period, 16 persons are in appeal proceedings, 14 persons are on trial, and 5 are at the pretrial stage. The Trial Chambers delivered Judgements in the Gotovina et al. and Đorđević cases. The Appeals Chamber delivered one Judgement on review in the Šljivančanin case and one appeal Judgement in the Hartmann case. To date, the Tribunal has concluded proceedings against 126 of the 161 persons indicted by the Tribunal.",
"3. President Patrick Robinson (Jamaica); Vice-President O-Gon Kwon (Republic of Korea); the Prosecutor, Serge Brammertz; and the Registrar, John Hocking, continued to fulfil their duties at the Tribunal.",
"4. Measures were taken during the reporting period to reform the Tribunal’s procedures in order to maximize efficiency.",
"5. The pace of the Tribunal’s trials and appeals continued to be affected by staffing shortages and the loss of highly experienced staff members. Despite resolutions by the General Assembly and the Security Council on the issue of staff retention, this problem persists. In response, the President urged the Security Council to take measures to help the Tribunal to find practicable solutions to address this issue as the Tribunal approaches the completion of its work. Without practical and effective staff retention measures, the estimates for the completion of the core work of the Tribunal may have to be revised.",
"II. Activities involving the entire Tribunal",
"A. President",
"6. President Robinson continued to focus his efforts on the core functions of the Tribunal — trial and appeals. He also instituted internal reforms, pursued capacity-building and legacy projects, conducted diplomatic relations, and carried out the judicial responsibilities of the Office of the President.",
"1. Internal reforms",
"7. The Tribunal amended rule 94 (B) in order to clarify the law pertaining to the judicial notice of adjudicated facts, in order to ensure efficient use of the Rules by the parties to the proceedings.",
"8. During the last reporting period, the President reconstituted the Working Group on Speeding Up Trials to undertake a third review of the Tribunal’s practices in order to assess whether further improvements could be implemented into the work of the Chambers. The Working Group submitted its report on 21 May 2010 and recommended a number of reforms to the Tribunal’s procedures. On 7 June 2010, the Judges adopted those recommendations and decided to integrate them into the ongoing proceedings. During this reporting period, the Judges continued to implement the recommendations of the Working Group into their proceedings.",
"9. A new, more empirical methodology has been applied to appeal projections, the aim of which is to generate timelines for appeals that, it is hoped, will largely remain the same until the end of the work of the Tribunal. Moreover, the Appeals Chamber has implemented a number of reforms of its working methodology in order to augment the efficiency of its proceedings, including the limitation of amendments to grounds of appeal, the organization of Judgement drafting, and the prioritization of work.",
"2. Capacity-building and legacy",
"10. The President continued to advance the capacity-building of national jurisdictions as a priority of the Tribunal’s legacy strategy. On 28 September 2010, the Tribunal, the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute officially launched the joint 18‑month “War Crimes Justice Project” in Belgrade. Encouraged by the fruitful outcome of the Tribunal’s conference “Assessing the Legacy of the ICTY”, which explored aspects of the Tribunal’s legacy, particularly in the former Yugoslavia, the Tribunal will convene a second conference on 15 and 16 November 2011, concentrating on the Tribunal’s global legacy. The Tribunal is also preparing for the establishment of information centres under local ownership in the former Yugoslavia.",
"3. Diplomatic relations",
"11. President Robinson was actively involved in cooperation, outreach and reporting activities to secure support for the Tribunal’s work and increase its international profile.",
"12. On 1 September 2010, the President welcomed a group of judges and prosecutors from Serbia on a three-day study visit to the Tribunal. The visit was part of the Tribunal’s ongoing efforts to strengthen cooperation and knowledge-sharing with members of the judiciary in the former Yugoslavia. President Robinson and other Tribunal Judges met with the visiting members of the Serbian judiciary to discuss topics including witness protection, plea bargaining, sentencing practice, case management, the appeals process, and legal standards in war crimes adjudication.",
"13. On 28 September, the President launched the “War Crimes Justice Project” in Belgrade to facilitate transfer of the Tribunal’s unique institutional knowledge and specialized skills to jurisdictions in the region and ensure that those jurisdictions have access to the Tribunal’s materials in a useable format.",
"14. On 8 October, the President addressed the General Assembly regarding the Tribunal’s seventeenth annual report (A/65/205-S/2010/413).",
"15. On 6 December, the President addressed the Security Council regarding the fourteenth report of the Tribunal on its completion strategy (S/2010/588).",
"16. On 6 June 2011, the President addressed the Security Council regarding the fifteenth report of the Tribunal on its completion strategy (S/2011/316).",
"17. On 21 and 22 June 2011, President Robinson and the Registrar, John Hocking, attended a two-day meeting in Zagreb of the Informal Consultative Working Group on the Establishment of Information Centres in the Former Yugoslavia. The goal of the meeting was to further discuss the establishment of information and documentation centres across the region, as well as access to the Tribunal’s judicial archives.",
"4. Judicial activity",
"18. By virtue of the powers vested in him by the statute, the Rules, and the Practice Directions of the Tribunal, the President issued numerous orders assigning cases to Chambers and reviewed several decisions of the Registrar. The President also granted two requests for pardon, commutation of sentence, and early release of persons convicted by the Tribunal, and rejected seven such applications.",
"B. Bureau",
"19. Pursuant to rule 23 of the Rules, the Bureau is composed of the President, the Vice-President and the Presiding Judges of the Trial Chambers. The President consulted the Bureau on requests for pardon, commutation of sentence, and early release of convicted persons serving their sentences.",
"C. Coordination Council",
"20. Pursuant to rule 23 bis of the Rules, the Coordination Council consists of the President, the Prosecutor and the Registrar. During the reporting period, the Council met to discuss, inter alia, staff retention, capacity-building and legacy activities, and the Tribunal’s contribution to the creation of and smooth transition to the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals.",
"D. Plenary sessions",
"21. During the reporting period, the Judges held two regular plenary sessions. At the 39th plenary session, on 8 December 2010, the Judges repealed rule 23 ter, the Management Committee; amended rule 15 ter (C), Reserve Judges; adopted new rules 75 bis, Requests for Assistance of the Tribunal in Obtaining Testimony, and 75 ter, Transfer of Persons for the Purpose of Testimony in Proceedings Not Pending Before the Tribunal; and amended rule 94 (B), Judicial Notice. At the 40th plenary session, on 16 June 2011, the Judges discussed proposed amendments to rules 65, 75 bis and 75 ter.",
"E. Rules Committee",
"22. The judicial membership of the Rules Committee comprises Judge Carmel Agius (Chair), President Patrick Robinson, Vice-President O-Gon Kwon, and Judges Alphons Orie and Christoph Flügge. The non-voting members include the Prosecutor, the Registrar and a representative of the Association of Defence Counsel. During the reporting period, the Rules Committee met three times on the following dates to discuss proposals to the Rules and make recommendations to the Judges: 5 October 2010 and 4 February and 5 April 2011.",
"III. Activity of Chambers",
"A. Composition of the Chambers",
"23. The Tribunal currently has 25 Judges from 23 countries. The Chambers are composed of 13 permanent Judges, 2 permanent Judges from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda serving in the Appeals Chamber, and 10 ad litem Judges.",
"24. The permanent Judges are Patrick Robinson (President, Jamaica), O-Gon Kwon (Vice-President, Republic of Korea), Christoph Flügge (Germany), Alphons Orie (Netherlands), Fausto Pocar (Italy), Liu Daqun (China), Theodor Meron (United States of America), Carmel Agius (Malta), Jean-Claude Antonetti (France), Bakone Justice Moloto (South Africa), Burton Hall (Bahamas), Howard Morrison (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), and Guy Delvoie (Belgium). The permanent Judges from the Tribunal serving in the Appeals Chamber are Mehmet Güney (Turkey) and Andrésia Vaz (Senegal). Judge Kevin Parker (Australia) also served as a permanent Judge during the reporting period, but resigned from the Tribunal on 28 February 2011.",
"25. During the reporting period, the following have served as ad litem Judges: Árpád Prandler (Hungary), Stefan Trechsel (Switzerland), Antoine Kesia-Mbe Mindua (Democratic Republic of the Congo), Frederik Harhoff (Denmark), Flavia Lattanzi (Italy), Pedro David (Argentina), Michèle Picard (France), Elizabeth Gwaunza (Zimbabwe), Melville Baird (Trinidad and Tobago) and Prisca Matimba Nyambe (Zambia). Judge Uldis Ķinis (Latvia) also served as an ad litem Judge during the reporting period, but resigned from the Tribunal on 18 April 2011.",
"26. The following Judges served in the Trial Chambers during the reporting period: Judges Kwon (presiding), Parker (presiding), Flügge (presiding), Orie (presiding), Antonetti (presiding), Moloto (presiding), Hall (presiding), Morrison, Delvoie, Prandler, Trechsel, Mindua, Harhoff, Lattanzi, David, Picard, Ķinis, Gwaunza, Baird and Nyambe.",
"27. The Appeals Chamber is composed of Judges Robinson (presiding), Güney, Pocar, Liu, Vaz, Meron and Agius.",
"B. Principal activity of the Trial Chambers",
"1. Trial Chamber I",
"(a) Pretrial",
"Mladić",
"28. Ratko Mladić was arrested on 26 May 2011 and transferred to the seat of the Tribunal on 31 May 2011. The initial appearance was held before Judges Orie (presiding), Flügge and Moloto on 3 June. The accused did not enter a plea at that time. A further appearance was held on 4 July, at which the Presiding Judge entered a plea of not guilty on the accused’s behalf.",
"(b) Trial",
"Gotovina, Čermak and Markač",
"29. The Judgement was rendered on 15 April 2011. The Trial Chamber convicted Ante Gotovina and Mladen Markač on eight counts of crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war and sentenced them to 24 and 18 years’ imprisonment, respectively. The Trial Chamber acquitted Ivan Čermak on all counts.",
"Perišić",
"30. Momčilo Perišić is charged with crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed in Sarajevo and Srebrenica (Bosnia and Herzegovina), as well as in Zagreb (Croatia) between August 1993 and November 1995. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Moloto (presiding), David and Picard. The trial commenced on 2 October 2008. The Prosecution concluded its case on 25 January 2010. The Defence started its case on 22 February 2010 and concluded its case on 11 January 2011. Final briefs were filed on 4 March 2011, and final arguments were heard on 28 March 2011. The case is currently in Judgement drafting.",
"J. Stanišić and Simatović",
"31. Jovica Stanišić and Franko Simatović are charged with crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina between April 1991 and December 1995. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Orie (presiding), Picard and Gwaunza. The trial commenced on 28 April 2008, but was adjourned by order of the Appeals Chamber of 16 May 2008 because of the health of Stanišić. The trial recommenced on 2 June 2009. The Prosecution concluded its case on 5 April 2011. The Stanišić Defence started its case on 14 June 2011.",
"(c) Contempt",
"Kabashi",
"32. On 5 June 2007, the Trial Chamber issued an order in lieu of indictment against Shefqet Kabashi. On 11 December 2007, the Trial Chamber referred the case to the Prosecution to further investigate and prosecute the matter. On 18 February 2008, the Trial Chamber granted the Prosecution leave to amend the indictment. No trial has started since the accused is at large.",
"2. Trial Chamber II",
"(a) Pretrial",
"Haradinaj et al. retrial",
"33. On 21 July 2010, the Appeals Chamber granted the Prosecution’s request for a reversal of the Trial Chamber’s decision to acquit Ramush Haradinaj, Idriz Balaj and Lahi Brahimaj on certain counts in the indictment and ordered a partial retrial of the case. The retrial indictment, as confirmed by the Appeals Chamber, charges the accused with six counts of war crimes committed in Kosovo in 1998. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Moloto (presiding), Hall and Delvoie. The retrial is scheduled to commence on 18 August 2011.",
"Hadžić",
"34. Goran Hadžić was arrested on 20 July 2011 and transferred to the seat of the Tribunal on 22 July 2011. On 21 July 2011, the President of the Tribunal had assigned the case to a bench consisting of Judge Delvoie (presiding), Hall and Mindua. On 25 July 2011, the initial appearance was held. The case is in the very early stages of pretrial preparation.",
"(b) Trial",
"Đorđević",
"35. Vlastimir Đorđević was charged with crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed in Kosovo in 1999. Đorđević was arrested on 17 June 2007, and the trial commenced on 27 January 2009. The Trial Chamber, composed of Judges Parker (presiding), Flügge and Baird, issued its Judgement on 23 February 2011. It found Đorđević guilty of five counts of crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war committed through his participation in a joint criminal enterprise and for having aided and abetted the murder of 724 Kosovo Albanians, specifically named in the schedule to the Judgement, the deportation and forcible transfer of hundreds of thousands of Kosovo Albanians from more than 60 locations listed in the Judgement, and the destruction of Kosovo Albanian religious and cultural property. The Chamber sentenced the accused to 27 years’ imprisonment.",
"M. Stanišić and Župljanin",
"36. Mićo Stanišić and Stojan Župljanin are both charged with 10 counts of crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed in April through December 1992 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Hall (presiding), Delvoie and Harhoff. Trial commenced on 14 September 2009, and the Prosecution closed its case on 2 February 2011. The Defence of Mićo Stanišić opened its case on 11 April 2011 and is expected to close shortly, to be followed by the Župljanin defence case.",
"Tolimir",
"37. Zdravko Tolimir is charged with genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, crimes against humanity, and a violation of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1995. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Flügge (presiding), Mindua and Nyambe. The trial commenced on 26 February 2010, and the Prosecution’s case-in-chief is now close to completion.",
"(c) Contempt",
"Šešelj",
"38. On 3 February 2010, the Trial Chamber issued an order in lieu of indictment charging Vojislav Šešelj with contempt for having disclosed in a book information which may identify 11 protected witnesses in violation of orders of a Chamber. The trial proceedings began on 22 February 2011 and ended on 8 June 2011. The Judgement is being prepared.",
"Šešelj",
"39. On 9 May 2011, the Trial Chamber issued an order in lieu of indictment charging Vojislav Šešelj with contempt for failing to remove from his website confidential information in violation of an order of a Chamber. The Chamber will prosecute the matter itself. The initial appearance was held on 6 July 2011.",
"3. Trial Chamber III",
"(a) Pretrial",
"40. There are no pretrial cases pending before Trial Chamber III.",
"(b) Trial",
"Karadžić",
"41. Radovan Karadžić is charged under 11 counts with genocide, crimes against humanity, and violations of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Kwon (presiding), Morrison, Baird and Lattanzi (reserve). The trial commenced on 26 October 2009. The case is currently hearing the Prosecution’s case-in-chief.",
"Šešelj",
"42. Vojislav Šešelj is charged with crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Vojvodina (Serbia) between August 1991 and September 1993. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Antonetti (presiding), Harhoff and Lattanzi. The trial started anew on 7 November 2007, but then was adjourned on 11 February 2009. The trial resumed on 12 January 2010. After the close of the Prosecution’s case-in-chief, the Trial Chamber on 4 May 2011 ruled under rule 98 bis that there was enough evidence to support the counts alleged in the indictment. On 9 June 2011, the Trial Chamber ordered the accused to file the lists of witnesses he intends to call and exhibits he intends to tender as evidence during his defence case. These are expected to be filed the first week of August 2011, with the defence case expected to start thereafter.",
"Prlić et al.",
"43. Jadranko Prlić, Bruno Stojić, Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petković, Valentin Ćorić and Berislav Pušić are charged with grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, crimes against humanity, and violations of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed between November 1991 and April 1994 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Antonetti (presiding), Prandler, Trechsel and Mindua (reserve). The trial commenced on 26 April 2006, and the defence case was completed in May 2010. On 7 January 2011, the parties filed their final briefs. The presentation of closing arguments began on 7 February and ended on 2 March 2011. The Judgement is being prepared.",
"(c) Contempt",
"Rašić",
"44. Jelena Rašić, a former member of the Milan Lukić defence team, is charged with contempt of the Tribunal for allegedly procuring false statements in exchange for money from three persons to be called as witnesses for the Milan Lukić defence in Prosecutor v. Milan Lukić and Sredoje Lukić (Case No. IT-98-32/1-T). The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Morrison (presiding), Hall and Delvoie. On 22 September 2010, Rašić pleaded not guilty on all counts of the indictment. The trial is expected to be held in early autumn 2011.",
"4. Rule 11 bis Referral Bench",
"45. The Rule 11 bis Referral Bench has transferred all low- and mid-level accused from its trial docket in accordance with Security Council resolution 1503 (2003).",
"5. Rule 75 (H) Bench",
"46. The Rule 75 (H) Bench, composed of Judges Moloto (presiding), Flügge and Morrison, continued to function in an efficient manner, rendering 23 decisions during the reporting period on requests under rule 75 (G) and (H) for confidential information for use in national proceedings and under rule 75 bis for persons under the authority of the Tribunal to testify in national proceedings.",
"C. Principal activity of the Appeals Chamber",
"Interlocutory appeals",
"47. Thirteen decisions on interlocutory appeals were issued in the following cases: Haradinaj et al. (4); Prlić et al. (3); Stanišić and Simatović (2); Gotovina et al. (1); Šešelj (1); and Stanišić and Župljanin (2).",
"Contempt appeals",
"48. One contempt appeal Judgement was rendered in the Hartmann case.",
"Appeals on the merits",
"49. The Appeals Chamber did not render any final Judgements during the reporting period.",
"50. There are three appeals — Šainović et al., Lukić and Lukić, and Popović et al. — currently pending before the Appeals Chamber from previous reporting periods, and two new appeals from Judgements were filed before the Appeals Chamber in the Đorđević and Gotovina and Markač cases. Pre-appeal activity is ongoing in these cases.",
"51. A total of 75 pre-appeal decisions and orders were issued during the reporting period.",
"Review",
"52. The Appeals Chamber rendered a Judgement on review in the Šljivančanin case.",
"Other appeals",
"53. The Appeals Chamber rendered one decision in the Borovčanin case.",
"IV. Activity of the Office of the Prosecutor",
"A. Completion of trials and appeals",
"54. During the reporting period, significant advances were made in establishing accountability for the crimes committed during the wars in the former Yugoslavia. Foremost among them were the arrests of Ratko Mladić on 26 May 2011 and Goran Hadžić on 20 July 2011. Ratko Mladić had evaded for 16 years capture and transfer to The Hague. Goran Hadžić was a fugitive of justice for seven years. Both were the last fugitives remaining at large out of the 161 persons indicted by the Tribunal. The Prosecution expressed its commitment to moving ahead expeditiously with the trials.",
"55. During the reporting period, the Prosecution finalized a large component of its trial work. By the end of the period, the presentation of the Prosecution’s case-in-chief had been completed in all but four cases (Mladić, Karadžić, Tolimir, and the Haradinaj et al. retrial). Three cases were in the defence phase of the proceedings (Šešelj, (Jovica) Stanišić and Simatović, and (Mićo) Stanišić and Župljanin), and two cases had concluded and were awaiting Judgement (Prlić et al. and Perišić). That progress was achieved notwithstanding problematic rates of staff attrition in the Office of the Prosecutor, which has left remaining staff to shoulder unsustainably heavy burdens. The Prosecutor expressed concern that staffing difficulties would likely escalate in the next reporting period given the absence of incentives for staff to remain.",
"56. The Office of the Prosecutor began shifting the focus of its attention and resources to the appeals phase of proceedings to ensure that it is effectively positioned to deal with the upcoming appellate caseload. By the end of the reporting period, there were five cases on appeal (Šainović et al., Lukić and Lukić, Popović et al., Đorđević, and Gotovina and Markač). The Appeals Division also absorbed work arising out of the Haradinaj et al. retrial and the Rašić contempt trial.",
"57. The multiple contempt proceedings ongoing before the Tribunal, particularly those concerning the Šešelj case, continued to generate a significant amount of additional work for the Office of the Prosecutor. Šešelj’s lack of compliance with court orders required continuous monitoring to ensure the protection of witnesses, constituted a drain on the Tribunal’s resources, and presented a challenge for the Tribunal’s effective functioning.",
"58. The Office of the Prosecutor worked at full capacity to finalize the remaining trials and appeals. The Prosecution continuously re-evaluated its working methods to identify ways to further expedite the proceedings. A consistent methodology was applied across all cases for streamlining the presentation of evidence in court. That methodology focused on narrowing the issues in dispute with defence teams as much as possible and presenting evidence in written form. Efficient use was made of key evidence contained in the wartime notebooks and associated tapes of Ratko Mladić, which were located by the Serbian authorities in February 2010. The Office of the Prosecutor established a task force to uniformly and expeditiously handle all issues related to the Mladić materials.",
"59. With the completion of trial activities, the Office of the Prosecutor abolished corresponding posts and proceeded with downsizing the Office. At the same time, preparations began for the transition of functions to the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals in accordance with Security Council resolution 1966 (2010).",
"B. Cooperation",
"1. International cooperation",
"60. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to depend on the full cooperation of States to fulfil its mandate. The cooperation of the States of the former Yugoslavia remained especially vital in the areas of (a) access to archives, documents and witnesses; (b) the protection of witnesses; and (c) efforts to locate, arrest and transfer the remaining fugitive as well as taking measures against those who have supported fugitives from the Tribunal.",
"2. Cooperation of Serbia",
"61. With the arrest of Ratko Mladić on 26 May 2011 and his transfer to the Tribunal on 31 May 2011 and the arrest of Goran Hadžić on 20 July 2011 and his transfer on 22 July 2011, Serbia met a key obligation towards the Tribunal. The Office of the Prosecutor acknowledged the important work done by the Serbian authorities who brought about the arrests, particularly the National Security Council, the Action Team established to track the fugitives, and the operatives from the security services. With those arrests, the Prosecutor recognized Serbia’s genuine commitment to cooperating with the Tribunal. He also encouraged Serbia to provide information on how the fugitives were able to evade justice for so long and help the public to understand why they must stand trial.",
"62. Prior to Mladić’s arrest, the Prosecutor had strongly encouraged Serbia to critically reassess its failing strategy for apprehending the fugitives. He urged Serbia to address all operational shortcomings and to widen the scope of the investigation. Certain recommendations were implemented, which contributed to the arrests of Mladić and Hadžić.",
"63. The Government of Serbia was further asked to intensify action against individuals in the networks that have supported fugitives from the Tribunal, including Mladić and Hadžić. The Prosecutor welcomed Serbia’s statement that it would investigate and prosecute the networks that supported Ratko Mladić during his time in hiding. On 10 May 2011, the War Crimes Department of Belgrade’s High Court accepted guilty pleas from six people who helped Stojan Župljanin while he was a fugitive from the Tribunal. Aside from that, action taken against individuals accused of helping the fugitives yielded few results.",
"64. Concerning the Tribunal’s ongoing cases, Serbia’s responses to the requests of the Office of the Prosecutor for access to documents, archives and witnesses were generally timely and adequate. Serbia’s National Council for Cooperation continued to improve cooperation among different government bodies handling requests from the Office of the Prosecutor. The Council facilitated Prosecution requests to reclassify Supreme Defence Council documents in the Perišić case as public documents. As a result, in March 2011, the Prosecutor informed the Perišić Trial Chamber that the Supreme Defence Council documents could be made public. The Office of the Prosecutor will continue to seek the assistance of Serbia in providing access to government documents and archives and facilitating the access of witnesses during trials and appeals.",
"3. Cooperation of Croatia",
"65. During the reporting period, Croatia was generally responsive to requests made by the Office of the Prosecutor. However, the Office’s long-standing request for important military documents relating to Operation Storm — requested for the Gotovina et al. case — remained outstanding. The inter-agency task force established in October 2009 to locate or account for the missing documents continued its administrative investigation. During the reporting period, the Prosecutor asked Croatia to address a number of inconsistencies and questions in connection with the Task Force’s findings, which remained unresolved.",
"66. On 15 April 2011, the Trial Chamber rendered its Judgement in Gotovina et al. and found Gotovina and Markač guilty of crimes based on the evidence submitted at trial. The Prosecutor expressed disappointment that, in the aftermath of the Judgement, the highest State officials had failed to comment objectively on the outcome of the case.",
"4. Cooperation of Bosnia and Herzegovina",
"67. During the reporting period, the authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina responded promptly and adequately to requests for documents as well as access to archives and witnesses.",
"68. The authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina were asked to step up efforts against fugitive networks.",
"69. Throughout the reporting period, the Office of the Prosecutor continued to support the work of the State Prosecutor and the Special Department for War Crimes in processing cases and investigative files transferred by the Tribunal. However, structural difficulties impeded the implementation of the National War Crimes Strategy. Political initiatives in Bosnia and Herzegovina that sought to undermine the work of the State Prosecutor’s Office and the State War Crimes Court were of deep concern.",
"5. Cooperation between States of the former Yugoslavia in judicial matters",
"70. Cooperation in judicial matters between the States of the former Yugoslavia remained critical to completing the Tribunal’s mandate. Judicial institutions in the former Yugoslavia continued to face challenges in coordinating their activities, which in turn imperilled the rule of law and reconciliation in the region. There were some improvements in war crimes information and evidence-sharing between prosecutors in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia. However, legal barriers to the extradition of suspects and the transfer of evidence across State borders, as well as parallel investigations, continued to obstruct effective proceedings. While regional prosecutors expressed a commitment to addressing the problem of parallel investigations, the Prosecutor called for urgent action at the political and operational levels as well.",
"6. Cooperation of other States and organizations",
"71. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to rely on States and international organizations to provide documents, information and witnesses for trials and appeals.",
"72. The Office of the Prosecutor expressed appreciation for the support of States as well as international and regional organizations, such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Council of Europe and the European Union. The arrest of Ratko Mladić underscored the potential of conditionality policies to promote positive outcomes for international justice. The support of non-governmental organizations, including those active in the former Yugoslavia, continued to facilitate the work of the Office.",
"C. Transfer of cases and investigative files",
"73. All cases transferred from the Tribunal to Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia pursuant to rule 11 bis have been finalized. The Judgement in the last of these cases — against Milorad Trbić, who was convicted of genocide and sentenced to 30 years’ imprisonment — was confirmed on appeal on 14 January 2011.",
"74. The Kovačević case, which was transferred from the Tribunal to Serbia, remained suspended owing to the ill health of the accused. There was no indication of when, or if, the accused would be fit to stand trial. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to monitor the situation.",
"75. The fact that convicted war criminal Radovan Stanković (transferred from the Tribunal to Bosnia and Herzegovina pursuant to rule 11 bis) remains at large almost four years after he escaped from prison in Foča was identified as a serious concern. The Prosecutor encouraged the authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as neighbouring States, particularly Serbia, to take all necessary steps to capture Stanković and to sanction those who facilitated his escape.",
"D. Supporting national prosecutions",
"76. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to work actively on strengthening the capacity of national authorities to handle the remaining war crimes cases effectively. To that end, the Office engaged in ongoing dialogue with its counterparts throughout the former Yugoslavia. It also supported training, the development of best practices, and information exchanges.",
"77. During the reporting period, the Office of the Prosecutor continued to support national prosecutions by facilitating access to investigative material and evidence from Tribunal case files as well as its database in The Hague. In addition, the “liaison prosecutors” project funded by the European Union was a key mechanism for strengthening working relationships between the State Prosecutor’s Offices in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia and the War Crimes Prosecutor’s Office in Serbia.",
"V. Activity of the Registry",
"78. During the reporting period, the Registry continued to discharge its statutory responsibilities by providing operational support to the Chambers and the Office of the Prosecutor, assisting the defence, and providing diplomatic and administrative support for the Tribunal.",
"A. Office of the Registrar",
"79. The Immediate Office of the Registrar assisted the Registrar and the Deputy Registrar in formulating the strategic direction for the Judicial Support Services and the Division of Administration, and in coordinating and supervising their work. It supported the Registrar in his role as focal point for diplomatic relations, and maintained contact with embassies, Member States, the United Nations and other international organizations. That included relations with the host State. The Office also negotiated agreements for the enforcement of the Tribunal’s sentences with States, thereby ensuring that persons convicted by the Tribunal were transferred to serve their sentences. Focused efforts were made to raise the awareness of Member States regarding the current lack of sufficient enforcement capacity and the ensuing risk to a successful completion of the Tribunal’s mandate.",
"80. Following the adoption of Security Council resolution 1966 (2010), in which the Council established the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, the Immediate Office of the Registrar has been heavily involved in the practical arrangements necessary for the commencement of the Mechanism’s operations. Under the direction of the Office of Legal Affairs, the two International Tribunals worked jointly to develop a budget proposal for the biennium 2012-2013, a proposal for an information security and access regime for the archives of the Tribunals and the Mechanism, and the Rules of Procedure and Evidence for the Mechanism. The next steps will focus on harmonizing the policies, procedures and operations of the two Tribunals in order to ensure that the Mechanism is able to commence its work on 1 July 2012.",
"81. The Tribunal’s Communications Service managed major media events, such as the arrest of Ratko Mladić, which brought about increased interest from the media, victims, diplomatic community, academics and the general public.",
"82. Outreach and communication with audiences in the former Yugoslavia is one of the Registry’s strategic priorities for the current biennium. Since the end of 2010, the outreach programme has been implementing a new strategy that focuses on promoting the Tribunal’s achievements and its positive legacy through a wide range of events. In the past year, the programme has coordinated more than 20 visits from the region, including more than 400 visitors and 230 international group visits (comprising more than 5,700 visitors), and has participated in and organized 35 conferences and events across the region. The focus on engaging young people continued with a round of presentations in 13 Kosovo high schools involving more than 680 students. The outreach programme produced and distributed a publication entitled “Assessing the Legacy of the ICTY” in languages of the region. The programme furthermore expanded its reach to the region and international audiences through the Tribunal’s official accounts on YouTube and Twitter. The popularity of these sites has been confirmed with over 2,000 followers on Twitter and over 300,000 views on YouTube, of which almost half come from the region. The Tribunal depends upon external funding in order to implement its outreach programme. A munificent contribution from the European Commission for the next biennium has ensured the continued existence of the outreach programme, and Finland has already generously supported youth education projects. The Tribunal also notes the generous support and cooperation of the Mission to Serbia of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/253, adopted on 24 December 2010, in which the Assembly reiterated the importance of carrying out an effective outreach programme and encouraged the Secretary-General to continue to explore measures to raise adequate voluntary resources, the Tribunal will be approaching Member States and other donors in the coming months for more support.",
"83. The Tribunal’s website continued to be a key strategic communications tool. The month of May 2011 was a record breaker for the Tribunal’s website — with 400,000 page views, the site’s highest ever monthly total since its launch in 2008. The internal communication portal Tribunet was further developed as a reference platform on all issues related to the completion strategy and staff downsizing.",
"B. Judicial support services sections",
"84. In the reporting period, the Court Management and Support Services Section supported 10 cases at trial (including the Haradinaj et al. retrial and the Mladić and Hadžić cases, which are currently in the pre-trial phase), five cases on appeal, and four contempt cases. It provided Court Officer support for seven videoconference links, nine rule 92 bis missions, and three site visits. The Section also provided support through its Pro Se Legal Liaison Officers for three self-representing accused, facilitating solutions to issues arising in the course of the proceedings. The Court Records Assistants, Court Officers and Court Ushers processed 6,922 filings (approximately 92,000 pages) submitted by parties and others in proceedings before the Tribunal.",
"85. The Conference and Language Services Section continued to provide interpretation, translation, and court reporting services for all the organs of the Tribunal. The Translation Units translated approximately 66,000 pages into English, French, Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian, Albanian and Macedonian. The Interpretation Unit registered approximately 4,500 conference interpreter days. The Court Reporting Services produced over 88,000 pages of transcript. Interpretation services were also provided for official meetings, witness proofing sessions, and missions away from the seat of the Tribunal, including in the region.",
"86. The Victims and Witnesses Section consists of three main units. The Section’s Operations and Support Units assisted 494 witnesses, and accompanying support persons, travelling to The Hague to give evidence. The Protection Unit coordinated professional responses to an increased number of threats to witnesses before, during and after their appearances to give evidence in Tribunal proceedings. Under appropriate circumstances, the Protection Unit worked to relocate protected witnesses.",
"87. The Office for Legal Aid and Detention Matters continued to manage the legal aid system of the Tribunal in serving over 470 defence team members, thereby ensuring that the accused’s right to counsel was respected. The majority of accused who are in the Tribunal’s custody receive legal aid. The Office managed facilities granted to defence team members of all cases tried at the Tribunal; of those cases, 60 per cent were of the highest complexity level. The Office continued to ensure the rights of the accused by responding to complaints and concerns of detainees held at the United Nations Detention Unit, processing visits to the Unit and acting as a liaison between defence counsel and the Tribunal. The Office provided facilities to self-represented accused in cooperation with the Pro Se Legal Liaison Office and the United Nations Detention Unit and managed the assignment of amicus curiae investigators and prosecutors and the resources provided thereto.",
"88. The United Nations Detention Unit continued to provide security and care to the 37 detainees under the authority of the Tribunal. Many of the detainees required medical care, including specialist medical care. The Unit facilitated the detainees’ presence at court hearings, whether in person or through videoconference link. It facilitated a large number of requests for provisional releases of various durations, as ordered by the Chambers. It facilitated the right of accused persons to self‑represent by providing extra storage and office space to self-representing accused, granting computer and database access suited to a detention environment, and allowing for witness interviews and proofing in exceptional circumstances. The Unit accommodated detained witnesses and detainees charged with contempt of the Tribunal, and it facilitated contact between detainees and the media, where appropriate.",
"C. Division of Administration",
"89. By resolution 65/253, the General Assembly, having considered the reports of the Secretary-General and the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions on the revised estimates under the budget for the biennium 2010-2011, decided to appropriate to the Special Account for the Tribunal a total amount of $320,511,800 gross ($290,087,500 net) for the biennium 2010-2011.",
"90. During the biennium 2010-2011, extrabudgetary resources are estimated at $3,319,900 to be utilized for a variety of Tribunal activities. As of 15 June 2011, cash donations of approximately $48.9 million had been received for the Voluntary Fund to support the activities of the Tribunal. For the period from 15 June 2010 to 15 June 2011, the Tribunal received and administered $2,393,376 in voluntary cash contributions.",
"91. The Division of Administration remained actively engaged in the implementation of the downsizing and comparative review process, which was formulated in consultation with staff representatives. During the biennium 2010-2011, the Tribunal downsized 170 posts. The Division of Administration is currently working closely with staff representatives in the implementation of the second comparative review exercise.",
"92. The Division of Administration coordinated the preparation of the revised estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 and the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The Division was heavily involved in the formulation of the first budget of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals. Following the closure of one of the three office buildings in The Hague, the Division of Administration finalized an office space allocation master plan in order to ensure the smooth relocation of personnel and archives to the remaining two buildings of the Tribunal."
] | A_66_210 | [
"* A/66/150.",
"Sixty-sixth session Sixty-sixth year Items 74 of the provisional agenda* Report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991",
"Report of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia",
"Note by the Secretary-General",
"The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly and the Security Council the eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, submitted by the President of the International Tribunal in accordance with article 34 of its Statute (see S/25704 and Corr.1, annex), which reads as follows:",
"“The President of the International Tribunal will submit an annual report to the Security Council and the General Assembly. ”",
"Letter of transmittal",
"31 July 2011",
"His Excellency:",
"Pursuant to article 34 of the Statute of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, I have the honour to submit to the General Assembly and the Security Council the eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal dated 31 July 2011.",
"I take this opportunity to reiterate the assurances of my highest consideration.",
"(Signed) Patrick L. Robinson President",
"President of the United Nations General Assembly New York",
"President of the United Nations Security Council New York",
"Eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991",
"Summary",
"The eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia covers the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011.",
"The Tribunal continued to focus on concluding all trials and remedies. At the end of the reporting period, cases involving 16 persons were on appeal, in the first instance cases involving 14 persons and in the phase of instruction cases involving 5 others. The Trial Chamber rendered judgements in Gotovina et al. and Đorđević cases. The Appeals Chamber rendered a judgement in a review appeal relating to the Šljivančanin case and a judgement in an appeal against the Hartmann case.",
"The President, Patrick Robinson (Jamaica), the Vice-President, O-Gon Kwon (Republic of Korea), the Prosecutor, Serge Brammertz, and the Registrar, John Hocking, continued to serve in the Tribunal.",
"The Office of the Prosecutor made progress towards the completion of the Tribunal ' s mandate in respect of trials at first instance and on appeal. The Office continued to interact with the authorities of the constituent States of the former Yugoslavia to promote cooperation with the Tribunal and support war crimes prosecutions in those countries.",
"Under the authority of the President, the Registry of the Tribunal continued to play a key role in providing administrative and judicial support to the Tribunal. The Secretariat itself coordinated the work of the various sections of the Secretariat and dealt with a large number of legal, policy and operational matters, including practical arrangements necessary to implement the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals and to enhance the capacity to execute the judgements rendered by the Tribunal. The Communications Service carried out a number of activities with a view to making the Tribunal more prominent and publicizing its judgements to the relevant communities. The Tribunal ' s Management and Support Services Section provided support in 10 trial trials, five appeals and four contempt cases. The Conference and Language Services Section continued to provide high-quality interpretation, translation and transcription of hearings in the working languages of the Tribunal, as well as in Bosnian/croat/Serbian, Macedonian and Albanian. The Victims and Witnesses Section facilitated and funded the movement of nearly 500 witnesses to The Hague to testify. The Office of Legal Assistance and Detention Matters provided services to numerous defence teams in various cases at the stages of investigation, trial and appeal, as well as to amici curiae designated by the Chambers and provided facilities for the accused representing themselves in cooperation with other sections of the Secretariat. The United Nations Detention Unit continued to maintain an intense level of activity and provided high-quality security and assistance for all detainees. The Administrative Support Services Division coordinated the preparation of the revised estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 and the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013, participated intensively in the preparation of the first budget of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, continued to actively engage in the implementation of the process of reducing the dimensions of the Tribunal and of comparative review and worked closely with staff representatives to implement the second comparative review process.",
"All organs of the Tribunal faced significant challenges during the reporting period to meet the objectives of the completion strategy as a result of the devastating effects of the natural elimination of posts. In response, the President urged the Security Council to take steps to help the Tribunal find viable solutions to address this problem as the Tribunal approached the completion of its work.",
"To date, the Tribunal has completed proceedings against 126 of the 161 accused. The following report details the activities of the Tribunal during the reporting period and highlights the Tribunal ' s firm determination to meet its objective of concluding its proceedings as soon as possible with full respect for due process.",
"Contents",
"Page I. Introduction 6II.Activities 6 in which the entire Tribunal A.President 6 B.Mesa 8C.Council 8 Coordination D.Sections 9 plenary E.Committee 9 of Rules III. Activity 9 of Chambers A.Composition 9 of Chambers B. Principal 10 activities of Trial Chambers C. Principal 14 activities of Appeals Chamber IV.Activities 15 of the Office of the Prosecutor A. Issue 15 of the trials and appeals B.Cooperation 16C.Trased 18 of cases and investigation files D. Support 19 to national jurisdictions. Activity 19 of Secretariat A.Office 19 of Secretary B. Sections 20 Judicial Support Services Sections C.Division 22",
"I. Introduction",
"1. The eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 describes the activities of the Tribunal for the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011.",
"2. During the reporting period, the Tribunal continued to implement its completion strategy, endorsed by the Security Council in its resolution 1503 (2003). The Tribunal continued to focus on the completion of all trials in first instance and on appeal. At the end of the reporting period, cases involving 16 persons were on appeal, in the first instance cases involving 14 persons and in the pretrial phase cases involving 5 others. The Appeals Chamber rendered judgements in Gotovina et al. and Đorđević cases. The Appeals Chamber rendered a judgement in a review appeal relating to the Šljivančanin case and a judgement in an appeal against the Hartmann case. To date, the Tribunal has completed its proceedings against 126 of the 161 accused.",
"3. The President, Patrick Robinson (Jamaica), the Vice-President, O-Gon Kwon (Republic of Korea), the Prosecutor, Serge Brammertz, and the Registrar, John Hocking, continued to serve in the Tribunal.",
"4. During the reporting period, steps were taken to reform the Tribunal ' s procedures in order to make them as effective as possible.",
"5. The pace of trials in the first instance and on appeal of the Tribunal continued to be affected by the lack of staff and the loss of experienced staff. The problem persists despite General Assembly and Security Council resolutions on the issue of staff retention. In response, the President urged the Security Council to take steps to help the Tribunal find viable solutions to address this problem as the Tribunal approached the completion of its work. In the absence of practical and effective measures for staff retention, estimates for completion of the core work of the Tribunal may need to be reviewed.",
"II. Activities in which the entire Tribunal participated",
"A. Chairman",
"6. President Robinson continued to focus on the core activities of the Tribunal (judges in first instance and appeal). In addition, it carried out internal reforms, implemented capacity-building and legacy projects, developed diplomatic relations and performed judicial functions through the Office of the President.",
"1. Internal reform",
"7. The Tribunal amended rule 94 (B) to clarify the rules relating to ex officio knowledge of the facts recognized in order to ensure the effective use of the Rules by the parties to the proceedings.",
"8. During the reporting period, the President again constituted the Working Group on Acceleration of Trials to conduct the third review of the Tribunal ' s practices in order to determine whether improvements could be made in the work of the Chambers. The Working Group submitted its report on 21 May 2010 and recommended several reforms in the Tribunal ' s proceedings. On 7 June 2010, the judges adopted those recommendations and decided to integrate them into the ongoing proceedings. During the reporting period, the judges continued to comply with the recommendations of the Working Group in their proceedings.",
"9. A new, more empirical methodology has been applied in the appeals projections, the aim of which is to establish timely appeals which, as expected, will remain largely the same until the work of the Tribunal is completed. In addition, the Appeals Chamber has implemented several reforms of its working methodology to enhance the effectiveness of its proceedings, including the limitation of the modifications of the grounds for appeals, the organization of judgement drafting and the prioritization of its work.",
"2. Capacity-building and legacy of the Tribunal",
"10. The President continued to promote capacity-building in national jurisdictions as a priority of the Tribunal ' s strategy to preserve its legacy. On 28 September 2010, the Tribunal, the Office of Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute launched the joint 18-month project on war crimes justice in Belgrade. Encouraged by the fruitful results of the Tribunal ' s conference on the assessment of the legacy of the Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, which examined aspects of that legacy, particularly in the former Yugoslavia, the Tribunal will convene a second conference on 15 and 16 November 2011, focusing on the Tribunal ' s global legacy. It is also preparing the establishment of locally owned information centres in the former Yugoslavia.",
"3. Diplomatic relations",
"11. President Robinson participated actively in cooperation, outreach and information activities in order to obtain support for the work of the Tribunal and to increase its international role.",
"12. On 1 September 2010, the President welcomed a group of judges and prosecutors from Serbia who conducted a three-day study visit to the Tribunal. The visit was part of the Tribunal ' s activities to strengthen cooperation and knowledge-sharing with members of the Judiciary of the former Yugoslavia. President Robinson and other judges of the Tribunal met with the visitors of the Serbian judiciary to discuss various topics, such as witness protection, prosecution and conviction, sentencing practice, case management, the appeals process and legal standards in war crimes trials.",
"13. On 28 September, the President launched the war crimes justice project in Belgrade to facilitate the transfer to the jurisdictions of the region of the institutional and expertise available exclusively to the Tribunal and to ensure that such jurisdictions have access to the material of the Tribunal in a usable format.",
"14. On 8 October, the President addressed the General Assembly in connection with the seventeenth annual report of the Tribunal (A/65/205-S/2010/413).",
"15. On 6 December, the President addressed the Security Council in connection with the fourteenth report of the Tribunal and its completion strategy (S/2010/588).",
"16. On 6 June 2011, the President addressed the Security Council in connection with the fifteenth report of the Tribunal and its completion strategy (S/2011/316).",
"17. On 21 and 22 June 2011, President Robinson and Secretary John Hocking attended a two-day meeting of the informal consultative working group on the establishment of information centres in the former Yugoslavia in Zagreb. The purpose of the meeting was to further examine the establishment of information and documentation centres throughout the region, as well as access to the Tribunal ' s judicial archives.",
"4. Judicial activity",
"18. Pursuant to the powers conferred upon him by the Statute, the Rules and Practical Guidelines of the Tribunal, the President issued numerous resolutions in which he assigned cases to the Chambers and considered several decisions of the Registrar. In addition, it granted two applications for pardon, commutation of sentence and early release of persons convicted by the Tribunal and dismissed seven other applications.",
"B. Bureau",
"19. In accordance with rule 23, the Bureau is composed of the President, the Vice-President and the Presidents of the Trial Chambers. The President consulted the Bureau on issues related to requests for pardon, commutation of sentence and early release of persons serving sentences.",
"C. Coordinating Council",
"20. In accordance with rule 23 bis, the Coordinating Council is composed of the President, the Prosecutor and the Registrar. During the reporting period, the Council met to discuss, inter alia, issues related to staff retention, capacity-building, the legacy and contribution of the Tribunal to the establishment and implementation of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals.",
"D. Plenary meetings",
"21. During the reporting period, the judges held two regular plenary meetings. At the 39th plenary meeting, on 8 December 2010, the judges repealed rule 23 ter, concerning the Management Committee; amended rule 15 ter C, concerning the reserve judges; adopted new rules 75 bis, concerning the request for assistance to the Tribunal for the obtaining of statements, and 75 ter, concerning the transfer of persons for the purpose of providing a statement in non-resolved proceedings to the Tribunal; and amended rule 94 B, on the transfer of persons to the Tribunal. At the 40th plenary meeting, on 16 June 2011, the judges considered proposals for amendments to rules 65, 75 bis and 75 ter.",
"E. Rules Committee",
"22. The judicial members of the Rule Committee are Judge Carmel Agius (President), President, Patrick Robinson, Vice-President, O-Gon Kwon and Judges Alphons Orie and Christoph Flügge. Members without the right to vote are the Prosecutor, the Registrar and a representative of the Association of Advocates. During the reporting period, the Rules Committee met on three occasions on the following dates to consider draft rules and make recommendations to the judges: 5 October 2010 and 4 February and 5 April 2011.",
"III. Activity of the Chambers",
"A. Composition of the Chambers",
"23. The Tribunal currently has 25 judges from 23 countries. The Chambers consist of 13 permanent judges, 2 permanent judges of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda assigned to the Appeals Chamber and 10 ad litem judges.",
"24. The Permanent Judges are Patrick Robinson (President, Jamaica), O‐Gon Kwon (Vice-President, Republic of Korea), Christoph Flügge (Germany), Alphons Orie (Netherlands), Fausto Pocar (Italy), Liu Daqun (China), Theodor Meron (United States of America), Carmel Agius (Malta), Jean-Claude AntonBalie (France), Bakone Justice Molo The permanent judges of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda assigned to the Appeals Chamber are Mehmet Güney (Turkey), and Andrésia Vaz (Senegal). Judge Kevin Parker (Australia) was also a permanent judge during the reporting period, but resigned from his post at the Tribunal on 28 February 2011.",
"25. During the reporting period, Judges ad litem were as follows: Árpád Prandler (Hungary), Stefan Trechsel (Switzerland), Antoine Kesia-Mbe Mindua (Democratic Republic of the Congo), Frederik Harhoff (Denmark), Flavia Lattanzi (Italy), Pedro David (Argentina), Michèle Picard (France), Elizabeth Gwaunza (Zimbardwe), Melville) Judge Uldis ōtiinis (Latvia) was also Judge ad litem during the reporting period, but resigned from his post at the Tribunal on 18 April 2011.",
"26. During the reporting period, the Trial Chambers were composed of the following Judges: Kwon (President of Chamber), Parker (President of Chamber), Flügge (President of Chamber), Orie (President of Chamber), Antonetti (President of Chamber), Moloto (President of Chamber), Hall (President of Chamber), Morrison, Delvoie, Prandler, Baitwa, Mind",
"27. The Appeals Chamber is composed of Judges Robinson (President), Güney, Pocar, Liu, Vaz, Meron and Agius.",
"B. Main activities of Trial Chambers",
"1. Trial Chamber I",
"(a) Preliminary actions",
"Mladić",
"28. Ratko Mladić was arrested on 26 May 2011 and transferred to the seat of the Tribunal on 31 May 2011. The initial appearance took place before Judges Orie (President), Flügge and Moloto on 3 June. The defendant did not answer the charge at that time. On 4 July, a new appearance was held, in which the President of the Chamber made a statement of non-confidence on behalf of the accused.",
"(b) Trials",
"Gotovina, Čermak and Markač",
"29. The judgement was rendered on 15 April 2011. The Trial Chamber found Ante Gotovina and Mladen Markač guilty of eight counts for crimes against humanity and violations of the laws and customs of war and sentenced them to 24 and 18 years ' imprisonment, respectively. The Trial Chamber acquitted Ivan Čermak of all charges.",
"Perišić",
"30. Momčilo Perišić is charged with crimes against humanity and violations of the laws and customs of war allegedly committed in Sarajevo and Srebrenica (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and Zagreb (Croatia) between August 1993 and November 1995. The Trial Chamber consists of Judges Moloto (President) David and Picard. The trial commenced on 2 October 2008. The Prosecutor finished filing charges on 25 January 2010. The defence began to present its arguments on 22 February 2010 and concluded them on 11 January 2011. The final writings were presented on 4 March 2011 and the final arguments were presented on 28 March 2011. The case is currently at the judgement drafting stage.",
"J. Stanišić and Simatović",
"31. Jovica Stanišić and Franko Simatović are charged with crimes against humanity and violations of the laws and customs of war allegedly committed in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina between April 1991 and December 1995. The Trial Chamber consists of Judges Orie (President), Picard and Gwaunza. The trial commenced on 28 April 2008 but was postponed under an order of the Appeals Chamber of 16 May 2008 as a result of Stanišić ' s state of health. The trial resumed on 2 June 2009. The indictment ended on 5 April 2011. The defence of Stanišić began to present its arguments on 14 June 2011.",
"(c) Cause for contempt",
"Kabashi",
"32. On 5 June 2007, the Trial Chamber issued an order replacing a indictment against Shefqet Kabashi. On 11 December 2007, the Trial Chamber referred the case to the Prosecutor for further investigation and prosecution. On 18 February 2008, the Trial Chamber granted permission to the Prosecutor to amend the indictment. The trial has not begun, since the accused is fugitive.",
"2. Trial Chamber II",
"(a) Preliminary actions",
"New trial of Haradinaj and others",
"33. On 21 July 2010, the Appeals Chamber agreed to the Prosecutor ' s request for annulment of the Trial Chamber ' s judgement of acquitting Ramush Haradinaj, Idriz Balaj and Lahi Brahimaj from certain indictment charges and ordering a new trial in relation to part of the case. In the indictment relating to the new trial, confirmed by the Appeals Chamber, the accused are charged six war crimes charges in Kosovo in 1998. The Trial Chamber consists of Judges Moloto (President), Hall and Delvoie. The new trial is scheduled to begin on 18 August 2011.",
"Hadžić",
"34. Goran Hadžić was arrested on 20 July 2011 and transferred to the Tribunal headquarters on 22 July 2011. On 21 July 2011, the President of the Tribunal had assigned the case to the following panel of Judges: Delvoie (Chair), Hall and Mindua. The initial appearance took place on 25 July 2011. The case is in the early stages of pre-trial proceedings.",
"(b) Trials",
"Đorđević",
"35. Vlastimir Đorđević was charged with crimes against humanity and violations of the laws and customs of war allegedly committed in Kosovo in 1999. Đorđević was arrested on 17 June 2007 and his trial began on 27 January 2009. The Trial Chamber, composed of Judges Parker (President), Flügge and Baird, rendered its judgement on 23 February 2011. He declared Đorđević guilty of five counts of crimes against humanity and violations of the laws and customs of war committed through his participation in a criminal organization and of contributing to the murder of 724 Kosovo Albanians, expressly cited in the annex to the judgment, deportation and forcibly transfer of hundreds of thousands of Albanians from more than 60 localities mentioned in the Judgment and Destruction of Religious and Albanians. The Chamber sentenced the accused to 27 years ' imprisonment.",
"M. Stanišić and Župljanin",
"36. Mico Stanišić and Stojan Župlijanin are charged with 10 counts for crimes against humanity and violations of the laws and customs of war allegedly committed from April to December 1992 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Trial Chamber consists of Judges Hall (President), Delvoie and Harhoff. The trial commenced on 14 September 2009 and the Prosecutor concluded his case on 2 February 2011. The defence of Mićo Stanišić began its arguments on 11 April 2011 and is expected to conclude them shortly after which the defence of Župljanin will intervene.",
"Tolimir",
"37. Zdravko Tolimir is charged with genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, crimes against humanity and violation of the laws and customs of war allegedly committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1995. The Trial Chamber consists of Judges Flügge (President), Mindua and Nyambe. The trial commenced on 26 February 2010 and is about to conclude the indictment by the Prosecutor.",
"(c) Causes for contempt",
"Šešelj",
"38. On 3 February 2010, the Trial Chamber issued an order replacing a indictment involving Vojislav Šešelj in contempt for having disclosed in a book information that could serve to identify 11 protected witnesses in violation of a Chamber ' s orders. Judicial proceedings began on 22 February 2011 and ended on 8 June 2011. The ruling is being prepared.",
"Šešelj",
"39. On 9 May 2011, the Trial Chamber issued an order replacing a indictment involving Vojislav Šešelj in contempt for failure to remove confidential information from its website in violation of a Chamber order. The Chamber will understand the matter by itself. The initial appearance took place on 6 July 2011.",
"3. Trial Chamber III",
"(a) Preliminary actions",
"40. There are no pending preliminary proceedings in respect of any case before Trial Chamber III.",
"(b) Trials",
"Karadžić",
"41. Radovan Karadžić is charged with 11 counts of genocide, crimes against humanity and violations of the laws and customs of war allegedly committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Kwon (Chair), Morrison, Baird and Lattanzi (Preservation Magistrate). The trial commenced on 26 October 2009. The Prosecutor is currently filing charges in connection with the case.",
"Šešelj",
"42. Vojislav Šešelj is charged with crimes against humanity and violations of the laws and customs of war allegedly committed in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Vojvodina (Serbia) between August 1991 and September 1993. The Trial Chamber consists of Judges Antonetti (President), Harhoff and Lattanzi. The trial commenced on 7 November 2007, but was suspended on 11 February 2009. The trial resumed on 12 January 2010. Following the completion of the indictment by the Prosecutor, on 4 May 2011, the Chamber determined, in accordance with rule 98 bis, that there was sufficient evidence in support of the charges charged in the indictment. On 9 June 2011, the Chamber ordered the accused to submit the lists of witnesses he wished to request and the documents that his defence intended to use as evidence. This is expected to take place in the first week of August 2011, after which the defence will begin to present its arguments.",
"Prlić et al.",
"43. Jadranko Prlić, Bruno Stojić, Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petković, Valentin Ćorić and Berislav Pušic are charged with serious violations of the Geneva Conventions, crimes against humanity and violations of the laws and customs of war allegedly committed between November 1991 and April 1994 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Trial Chamber consists of Judges Antonetti (President), Prandler, Trechsel and Mindua (Procurity Magistrate). The trial commenced on 26 April 2006 and the defence ended its arguments in May 2010. On 7 January 2011, the parties submitted their final submissions. The presentation of the final arguments began on 7 February and ended on 2 March 2011. The ruling is being prepared.",
"(c) Cause for contempt",
"Rašić",
"44. Jelena Rašić, a former member of the Milan Lukić defence team, is charged with contempt of the Tribunal for allegedly obtaining false statements in exchange for money from three persons who were to be called to appear as witnesses of the Milan Lukić defence in the El Fiscal v case. Milan Lukić and Sredoje Lukić (case No. IT-98-32/1-T). The Trial Chamber consists of Judges Morrison (President), Hall and Delvoie. On 22 September 2010, Rašić pleaded not guilty to all indictment charges. The trial is scheduled to begin in early autumn 2011.",
"4. Referral section provided for in rule 11 bis",
"45. The Referral Section provided for in rule 11 bis has proceeded to transfer all low- and medium-level accused on its list of pending cases in accordance with Security Council resolution 1503 (2003).",
"5. Rule 75 (H) Section",
"46. The Section provided for in rule 75 (H), composed of Judges Moloto (President), Flügge and Morrison, continued to operate effectively and issued 23 resolutions during the reporting period in respect of requests under rule 75 (G) and H) for the purpose of providing confidential information for use in national judicial actions and in accordance with rule 75 bis for persons under the authority of the Tribunal with a view to testifying to national actions.",
"C. Main activities of the Appeals Chamber",
"interlocutory appeals",
"47. Thirteen interlocutory appeal decisions were taken in the following cases: Haradinaj et al. (4); Prlić et al. (3); Stanišić et Simatović (2); Gotovina et al. (1); Šešelj (1); Stanišić et Župljanin (2).",
"Appeals for contempt cases",
"48. An appeal judgement was issued in the Hartmann contempt case.",
"Appeals on substantive matters",
"49. The Appeals Chamber did not issue any final judgement during the reporting period.",
"50. The Appeals Chamber currently has three appeals — Šainović et al., Lukić et Lukić et Popović et al. — from prior periods on which two new appeals against Đorđević and Gotovina and Markač judgements were reported and filed with the Chamber. In relation to these cases, pre-appeal activities are under way.",
"51. During the reporting period, 75 pre-appeal resolutions were issued.",
"Review",
"52. The Appeals Chamber rendered a judgement on the review of the Šljivančanin case.",
"Other appeals",
"53. The Appeals Chamber rendered a judgement in respect of the Borovčanin case.",
"IV. Activities of the Office of the Prosecutor",
"A. Termination of trials and appeals",
"54. During the reporting period, significant progress was made in attributing responsibility for crimes committed during the wars of the former Yugoslavia. They highlight the arrests of Ratko Mladić on 26 May 2011 and Goran Hadžić on 20 July 2011. For 16 years, Ratko Mladić had managed not to be apprehended or transferred to The Hague. Goran Hadžić was a victim of justice for seven years. They were the last fugitives of the 161 persons against whom the Tribunal had issued a indictment. The Prosecutor expressed his commitment to expedite trials.",
"55. During the reporting period, the Prosecutor completed an important part of his judicial work. At the end of the period, the Prosecutor had completed his charges in all cases less than four (Mladić, Karadžić, Tolimir and the new trial of Haradinaj and others). There were three cases at the defence arguments stage (Šešelj, (Jovica) Stanišić and Simatović and (Mićo) Stanišić and Župljanin) and two cases were completed and awaiting trial (Prlić et al. and Perišić). These progress had been made despite the problems of the natural elimination of posts in the Office of the Prosecutor, in which the remaining staff would face an excessively heavy workload. The Prosecutor expressed concern that staffing difficulties were likely to increase during the next reporting period, given the lack of staff incentives to remain in their posts.",
"56. The Office of the Prosecutor began to focus its attention and resources on the appeal stage of the proceedings in order to be able to deal with the upcoming appeals. At the end of the reporting period, there were five pending appeals (Šainović et al., Lukić and Lukić, Popović et al., Đorđević and Gotovina and Markač). The Appeals Division also absorbed work from the new Haradinaj et al. trial and the Rašić contempt trial.",
"57. The different contempt proceedings before the Tribunal, particularly those relating to the Šešelj case, continued to generate a significant additional workload for the Office of the Prosecutor. Šešelj ' s failure to comply with the judicial resolutions required constant monitoring to ensure the protection of witnesses, summed up the Tribunal ' s resources and posed a problem for the effective functioning of the Tribunal.",
"58. The Office of the Prosecutor worked fully to complete the remaining trial and appeals. The Prosecutor constantly re-evaluated his working methods in order to delineate methods to expedite the proceedings. A systematic methodology was applied in all cases in order to simplify the presentation of judicial evidence. This methodology focused on identifying as much as possible the issues of divergence with defence teams and presenting written evidence. The key evidence contained in the notebooks of the time of war and the related recorded tapes of Ratko Mladić, which were located by the Serbian authorities in February 2010, was effectively used. The Office of the Prosecutor constituted a task force to manage all Mladić material issues uniformly and expeditiously.",
"59. Following the completion of judicial activities, the Office of the Prosecutor abolished the corresponding posts and resulted in the reduction of the Office. At the same time, preparations for the transfer of functions to the International Residual Mechanism of Criminal Tribunals in accordance with Security Council resolution 1966 (2010) began.",
"B. Cooperation",
"1. International cooperation",
"60. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to rely on the full cooperation of States in fulfilling its mandate. The cooperation of States comprising the former Yugoslavia remained vital in the following areas: (a) access to archives, documents and witnesses, (b) protection of witnesses and (c) efforts to locate, arrest and transfer those who remained fugitives, as well as action by the Tribunal against those who supported them.",
"2. Cooperation of Serbia",
"61. With the arrest of Ratko Mladić on 26 May 2011 and his transfer to the Tribunal on 31 May 2011 and the detention of Goran Hadžić on 20 July 2011 and his transfer on 22 July 2011, Serbia fulfilled a key obligation to the Tribunal. The Office of the Prosecutor recognized the important work done by the Serbian authorities, who had promoted detentions, particularly the National Security Council, the Action Team established to track fugitives and security services through their operations. Following these arrests, the Prosecutor recognized that Serbia had truly maintained its commitment to cooperate with the Tribunal. It also encouraged Serbia to provide information on how fugitives had been able to circumvent justice for so long and to help explain to the public why they were to be tried.",
"62. Before Mladić ' s arrest, the Prosecutor had strongly encouraged Serbia to critically re-evaluate its fugitive apprehension strategy, which had not been successful. It urged Serbia to address all operational deficiencies and to expand the scope of the research. Some recommendations were implemented, which contributed to the detention of Mladić and Hadžić.",
"63. The Serbian Government was again requested to intensify measures against the members of the networks that had supported the fugitives of the Tribunal, including Mladić and Hadžić. The Prosecutor welcomed Serbia ' s statement that it would investigate and prosecute networks that had supported Mladić and Hadžić for the time they had remained hidden. On 10 May 2011, the War Crimes Department of the Belgrade High Court accepted the confessions of guilt of six people who had assisted Stojan Župljanin while he was a fugitive of the Tribunal. Apart from that, the measures taken against those accused of providing aid to the fugitives yielded little results.",
"64. With regard to the Tribunal ' s ongoing cases, Serbia ' s responses to requests for access to documents, files and witnesses were generally timely and appropriate. The National Cooperation Council continued to intensify cooperation among the various administrative bodies dealing with requests from the Office of the Prosecutor. The Council provided facilities to the Prosecutor regarding requests for the reclassification of the documents of the Supreme Defence Council in the Perišić case as public documents. Accordingly, in March 2011, the Prosecutor informed the Trial Chamber that it dealt with the Perišić case that the documents of the Supreme Defence Council could be made public. The Office of the Prosecutor will continue to seek assistance from Serbia in accessing Government documents and archives and facilitating access to witnesses during trial and appeals.",
"3. Cooperation of Croatia",
"65. During the reporting period, Croatia was generally receptive to requests made by the Office of the Prosecutor. However, the Office ' s long-standing requests for major military documents of Operation Storm — which were appealed for the Gotovina case and others — remained pending. The inter-agency task force established in October 2009 to locate lost documents or find out what happened to them continued its administrative investigation. During the reporting period, the Prosecutor requested Croatia to address a number of inconsistencies and unresolved issues regarding the findings of the task force.",
"66. On 15 April 2011, the Trial Chamber issued its judgement in the Gotovina et al. case and found that Gotovina and Markač were guilty of crimes on the basis of evidence in the trial. The Prosecutor expressed his disappointment at the fact that, following the judgement, the highest authorities of the State had not objectively pronounced on the findings of the case.",
"4. Cooperation of Bosnia and Herzegovina",
"67. During the reporting period, the authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina responded promptly and adequately to requests for documents and access to archives and witnesses.",
"68. The Bosnia and Herzegovina authorities were asked to intensify their efforts against fugitive networks.",
"69. During the reporting period, the Office of the Prosecutor continued to support the work of the State Prosecutor and the War Crimes Department in handling cases and investigation files transferred by the Tribunal. However, structural difficulties hampered the implementation of the national strategy for war crimes. The political initiatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina aimed at undermining the work of the State Prosecutor ' s Office and the State Court of War Crimes were deeply concerned.",
"5. Cooperation among States members of the former Yugoslavia in judicial matters",
"70. Cooperation in judicial matters between the States members of the former Yugoslavia remained essential to the fulfilment of the mandate of the Tribunal. The judicial institutions of the former Yugoslavia continued to face challenges in coordinating their activities, which in turn jeopardized the rule of law and reconciliation in the region. There were some improvements in the provision of information on war crimes and the exchange of evidence among prosecutors in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia. However, legal obstacles to the extradition of suspects and the transfer of evidence between States, as well as parallel investigations, continued to obstruct effective proceedings. Regional prosecutors expressed their commitment to addressing the problem of parallel investigations, while the Prosecutor called for urgent action also at the political and operational levels.",
"6. Cooperation of other States and organizations",
"71. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to use States and international organizations to provide documents, information and witnesses for trial and appeals.",
"72. The Office of the Prosecutor expressed appreciation for the support of States and international and regional organizations, such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Council of Europe and the European Union. Ratko Mladić ' s detention revealed the possibility of applying conditionality policies to promote positive results for international justice. The support of non-governmental organizations, including those active in the former Yugoslavia, continued to facilitate the work of the Office.",
"C. Transfer of cases and investigation files",
"73. The transfer of all cases of the Tribunal to Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia has been completed in accordance with rule 11 bis. The ruling of the last of these cases, against Milorad Trbić, who had been convicted of genocide and sentenced to 30 years ' imprisonment, was confirmed on appeal on 14 January 2011.",
"74. The Kovačević case, which was transferred from the Tribunal to Serbia, remained suspended due to the health of the accused. It was not indicated when the accused would be in a position to appear in trial or if he would. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to examine the situation closely.",
"75. The fact that Radovan Stanković, a convicted war criminal (from the Tribunal to Bosnia and Herzegovina under rule 11 bis) remains fugitive almost four years after he escaped from Foča prison was considered a serious concern. The Prosecutor encouraged the authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina and neighbouring States, particularly Serbia, to take all necessary measures to capture Stanković and punish those who had facilitated his flight.",
"D. Support for proceedings in national jurisdictions",
"76. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to work intensively to strengthen the capacity of national authorities to adequately address the remaining war crimes cases. To that end, the Office maintained a constant dialogue with its counterparts in the former Yugoslavia. It also supported training, development of best practices and exchange of information.",
"77. During the reporting period, the Office of the Prosecutor continued to support the proceedings in national jurisdictions, thereby facilitating access to the investigation material and evidence of cases before the Tribunal, as well as its database in The Hague. In addition, the European Union-funded “link bridges” project was a key mechanism for strengthening working relations between the Offices of the State Prosecutor in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia and the Office of the Prosecutor for War Crimes in Serbia.",
"V. Activity of the Secretariat",
"78. During the reporting period, the Secretariat continued to carry out its regulatory functions, for which it provided operational support to the Chambers and the Office of the Prosecutor, assisted the defence and provided diplomatic and administrative support to the Tribunal.",
"A. Office of the Secretary",
"79. The Secretariat itself assisted the Registrar and the Under-Secretary in formulating strategic guidance for the Judicial Support Services and the Division of Administration and in coordinating and monitoring their work. It supported the Secretary in his role as coordinator of diplomatic relations and liaised with embassies, Member States, the United Nations and other international organizations. That included relations with the host State. In addition, the Office negotiated agreements with States to enforce the judgements of the Tribunal, which ensured that those convicted by the Tribunal would be transferred for the purpose of serving their sentence. Concentrated efforts were made to raise the level of awareness among Member States regarding the lack of sufficient capacity for law enforcement and the consequent risk with a view to the successful completion of the Tribunal ' s mandate.",
"80. Following the adoption of Security Council resolution 1966 (2010), in which the Council established the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, the Secretariat itself has actively participated in the adoption of the practical measures necessary to implement the Mechanism. Under the direction of the Office of Legal Affairs, the two International Tribunals work together to establish a budget proposal for the biennium 2012-2013, a proposal on an information security and access regime for the archives of the Tribunals and the Mechanism and the Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the Mechanism. The next steps will focus on harmonizing the policies, procedures and activities of the two Tribunals so that the Mechanism can be launched on 1 July 2012.",
"81. The Court ' s Communications Service managed major media events, such as the arrest of Ratko Mladić, which generated great interest in the media, victims, the diplomatic community, intellectuals and public opinion in general.",
"82. Outreach and communications with hearings from the former Yugoslavia constitute strategic priorities of the Secretariat for the current biennium. Since the end of 2010, a new strategy focusing on promoting the achievements of the Tribunal and its positive legacy through different actions has been being implemented under the outreach programme. Over the past year, the programme has coordinated more than 20 visits from the region, including more than 400 visitors and 230 visits from international groups (covering more than 5,700 visitors) and has participated in the holding and organization of 35 conferences and events in the region. Youth participation continued to be emphasized through a series of presentations in 13 Kosovo secondary schools with over 680 students. Under the outreach programme, a publication entitled “Assessment of the legacy of the Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia” was prepared and distributed in the languages of the region. In addition, the programme expanded its scope for hearings in the region and around the world through official information from the Tribunal on YouTube and Twitter. The popularity of these sites has been confirmed by more than 2,000 followers on Twitter and more than 300,000 visits on YouTube, almost half of which came from the region. The Tribunal relies on external funding to implement its outreach programme. A substantial contribution of the European Commission for the next biennium has ensured the continuation of the outreach programme and Finland has already provided generous support to youth education projects. In addition, the Tribunal notes the generous support and cooperation of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Mission in Serbia. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/253, adopted on 24 December 2010, in which the Assembly reiterated the importance of implementing an effective outreach programme and encouraged the Secretary-General to continue to consider measures to obtain appropriate voluntary contributions to finance the outreach programme, the Tribunal will contact Member States and other donors in the coming months to seek further funding.",
"83. The Tribunal ' s website remained a key mechanism for strategic communications. In May 2011, the Tribunal ' s website reached an unprecedented level, with 400,000 visits, i.e. the highest number since its launch in 2008. The Tribunet internal communications portal also developed as a reference platform on all issues related to the completion strategy and staff reduction.",
"B. Judicial support services sections",
"84. During the reporting period, the Tribunal ' s Management and Support Services Section assisted in 10 trials at first instance (including the new trial of Haradinaj et al. and the cases of Mladić and Hadžić, currently at the preliminary stage), five appeals and four contempt cases. It provided support through justice officers for seven videoconferencing links, nine missions in accordance with rule 92 bis and three on-site visits. The Section also provided support through its pro-legal liaison officers to three accused who had taken up their own defence, facilitating the resolution of issues arising during the trials. Records assistants, justice officers and ujieres conducted 6,922 written (approximately 92,000 pages) submitted by the parties and by third parties in proceedings before the Tribunal.",
"85. The Conference and Language Services Section continued to provide interpretation, translation and transcription of hearings for all Tribunal bodies. The Translation Units translated approximately 66,000 pages into English, French, Bosnian/croat/Serbian, Albanian and Macedonian. Nearly 4,500 conference interpreter days were recorded in the Interpretation Unit. The transcription services produced more than 88,000 pages. Interpretation services were also provided for official meetings, witness review sessions and visits outside the seat of the Tribunal, some of them in the region.",
"86. The Victims and Witnesses Section consists of three main units. The Operations Unit and the Section Support Unit assisted 494 and the support staff accompanying them to move to The Hague to provide a statement. The Protection Unit coordinated professional responses to an increasing number of cases of threats to witnesses before, during and after they appeared before the Tribunal. When necessary, he made arrangements to relocate protected witnesses.",
"87. The Office of Legal Assistance and Detention Matters continued to manage the Tribunal ' s legal aid system to serve more than 470 members of defence teams, which ensured that the accused ' s right to defence was respected. Most of the accused at the Tribunal are assisted by counsel. The Office managed the facilities provided to members of the defence teams of all cases before the Tribunal; of those cases, 60 per cent had the highest level of complexity. The Office continued to guarantee the rights of the accused, for which it responded to complaints and concerns of persons held in the United Nations Detention Unit, processed visits to the Unit and acted as a liaison between defence lawyers and the Tribunal. The Office provided facilities to the accused representing themselves in cooperation with the Pro Se Legal Liaison Office and the United Nations Detention Unit and managed the allocation of investigators and prosecutors as amicus curiae and the corresponding resources.",
"88. The United Nations Detention Unit continued to provide security and assistance services for 37 detainees under the authority of the Tribunal. Many of the detainees needed medical assistance, including that of specialists. The Unit facilitated the presence of detainees in person or videoconferencing in court hearings. It facilitated the realization of a large number of requests for provisional release of different duration, following the solutions of the Chambers. It facilitated the exercise of the right of the accused to represent themselves, for which it provided additional storage and office space for the defendants representing themselves, allowed access to appropriate computers and databases to a place of detention and facilitated interviews of witnesses and the practice of evidence in exceptional circumstances. The Unit provided shelter to detained witnesses and those accused of contempt of the Tribunal and facilitated contacts between detainees and the media when relevant.",
"C. Division of Administration",
"89. In its resolution 65/253, the General Assembly, having considered the reports of the Secretary-General and the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions on the revised budget estimates for the biennium 2010 - 2011, decided to appropriate to the Special Account for the Tribunal the amount of $320,511,800 gross ($29,087,500 net) for the biennium 2010-2011.",
"90. In the biennium 2010-2011, extrabudgetary resources were estimated at $3,319,900, to be used for various activities of the Tribunal. As at 15 June 2011, some $48.9 million in cash had been received for the Voluntary Fund in support of the activities of the Tribunal. For the period from 15 June 2010 to 15 June 2011, the Tribunal received and administered $2,393,376 in voluntary cash contributions.",
"91. The Division of Administration continues to participate actively in the implementation of the Tribunal ' s reduction process and in the comparative review process, as set out in consultations with staff representatives. In the biennium 2010-2011, the Tribunal eliminated 170 posts. The Division of Administration is working closely with staff representatives in the implementation of the second comparative review process.",
"92. The Division of Administration coordinated the preparation of the revised estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 and the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The Division actively participated in the preparation of the first budget of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals. Following the closure of one of the three office buildings in The Hague, the Division of Administration finalized a master plan for the allocation of office space to ensure unhindered relocation of staff and archives in the two remaining buildings of the Tribunal."
] |
[
"Comité de Conferencias",
"Período de sesiones sustantivo de 2011",
"6 a 12 de septiembre de 2011",
"Tema 2 b) del programa*",
"Calendario de conferencias y reuniones",
"Aprobación del proyecto de calendario bienal de conferencias y reuniones para 2012 y 2013",
"* A/AC.172/2011/1.",
"Nota de la Secretaría",
"1. En el presente documento figura el proyecto de calendario bienal de conferencias y reuniones de las Naciones Unidas, en que se indican las reuniones de los órganos de las Naciones Unidas, sus órganos subsidiarios, las conferencias especiales y los grupos de expertos (véase el anexo). También se enumeran, a título informativo, las conferencias y reuniones de los principales órganos legislativos y ejecutivos de los organismos especializados, del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica y de los órganos establecidos en virtud de tratados bajo los auspicios de las Naciones Unidas.",
"2. Tras su examen por el Comité de Conferencias en su período de sesiones sustantivo, el proyecto de calendario bienal se incluirá en el informe del Comité a la Asamblea General, junto con cualquier actualización u observación.",
"3. El Consejo Económico y Social examinó y aprobó el calendario provisional de conferencias y reuniones en las esferas económica y social y esferas conexas (E/2011/L.10) en su 41^(a) sesión, celebrada el 22 de julio de 2011. Cabe señalar que el período de sesiones sustantivo de 2011 terminó el 29 de julio, fecha de presentación del presente documento, por lo que los nuevos mandatos y los cambios a los mandatos existentes aprobados por el Consejo en su período de sesiones sustantivo de 2011 figurarán en el proyecto de calendario actualizado, como se menciona en el párrafo 2.",
"Anexo",
"Proyecto de calendario de conferencias y reuniones para 2012 y 2013 de las Naciones Unidas y los principales órganos de los organismos especializados, del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica y los órganos establecidos en virtud de tratados bajo los auspicios de las Naciones Unidas",
"En el presente anexo se utilizan las siguientes abreviaturas:",
"En la columna titulada “Órgano”",
"ACNUR Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados",
"CAPI Comisión de Administración Pública Internacional",
"CEPA Comisión Económica para África",
"CEPAL Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe",
"CEPE Comisión Económica para Europa",
"CESPAO Comisión Económica y Social para Asia Occidental",
"CESPAP Comisión Económica y Social para Asia y el Pacífico",
"CNUDMI Comisión de las Naciones Unidas para el Derecho Mercantil Internacional",
"FAO Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura",
"FIDA Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo Agrícola",
"FMI Fondo Monetario Internacional",
"OACI Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional",
"OIEA Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica",
"OIT Organización Internacional del Trabajo",
"OMI Organización Marítima Internacional",
"OMM Organización Meteorológica Mundial",
"OMPI Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual",
"OMS Organización Mundial de la Salud",
"OMT Organización Mundial del Turismo",
"ONUDI Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial",
"ONU-Hábitat Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos",
"ONU-Mujeres Entidad de las Naciones Unidas para la Igualdad de Género y el Empoderamiento de la Mujer",
"OOPS Organismo de Obras Públicas y Socorro de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados de Palestina en el Cercano Oriente",
"PMA Programa Mundial de Alimentos",
"PNUD Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo",
"PNUMA Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente",
"UIT Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones",
"UNCTAD Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo",
"UNESCO Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura",
"UNFPA Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas",
"UNICEF Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia",
"UNITAR Instituto de las Naciones Unidas para Formación Profesional e Investigaciones",
"UNOPS Oficina de las Naciones Unidas de Servicios para Proyectos",
"UPU Unión Postal Universal",
"En la columna titulada “Composición”",
"G Gobiernos",
"E Expertos",
"S Secretaría o secretarías",
"En la columna titulada “Servicios”",
"I Interpretación",
"T Traducción",
"AL Actas literales",
"AR Actas resumidas",
"A Árabe",
"C Chino",
"E Español",
"F Francés",
"I Inglés",
"R Ruso",
"A. Proyecto de calendario de conferencias y reuniones de las Naciones Unidas para 2012",
"(al 29 de julio de 2011)",
"Órgano\tFechas(2012)\tLugar\tComposición\tServicio^(a) Periodicidad \n1.\tComité de EstadoMayor [Carta]\t6 deenero,despuésquincenalmente\tNuevaYork\t5G\tI(CFIR)\tT\tAL\tViernesalternos\n2.\tJunta Ejecutiva delPNUD, el UNFPA y elUNOPS, elección de laMesa [resoluciones dela Asamblea General2029 (XX), 48/162 y65/176 y decisión2007/221 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\t9 deenero\tNuevaYork\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n3.\tConsejo Económico ySocial, elección dela Mesa [Carta]\t11deenero\tNuevaYork\t54G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n4.\tComité de Concesióndel Premio dePoblación de lasNaciones Unidas,reunión deorganización[resolución 36/201 dela Asamblea General]\t11deenero\tNuevaYork\t10G\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\t\n5.\tTrigésima Reunión delos Estados Partes enel PactoInternacional deDerechos Civiles yPolíticos [resolución2200 A (XXI) de laAsamblea General]^(b)\t16deenero\tNuevaYork\t145G\tI(AEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n6.\tComité de losDerechos del Niño,59° período desesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General44/25, 47/112 y49/211]^(b)\t16deeneroa3 defebrero\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n7.\tConferencia de lasPartes en laConvención de lasNaciones Unidascontra laDelincuenciaOrganizadaTransnacional, Grupode Trabajo sobre elExamen de laAplicación de laConvención de lasNaciones Unidascontra laDelincuenciaOrganizadaTransnacional y susprotocolos, segundoperíodo de sesiones[resolución 5/5 de laConferencia de lasPartes]^(b)\t23 a27deenero\tViena\t160G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n8.\tONU-Mujeres, JuntaEjecutiva, primerperíodo ordinario desesiones [resoluciónde la AsambleaGeneral 64/289]^(c)\t23 a27deenero\tNuevaYork\t41G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n9.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre elexamen periódicouniversal, 13ºperíodo de sesiones[decisión 1/103 yresolución 5/1 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\t23deeneroa3 defebrero\tGinebra\t47G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño10.\tConferencia deDesarme, primeraparte [resolucionesde la AsambleaGeneral 1722 (XVI),S-10/2 y 34/83 L]\t23deeneroa30demarzo\tGinebra\t61G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAL\tUnperíododesesionesporañoentres \n partes\n11.\tComisión Consultivaen AsuntosAdministrativos y dePresupuesto[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 14(I), 173 (II), 32/103y 64/243]\t24deeneroa27deabril\tNuevaYork\t16E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n12.\tJunta Ejecutiva delPNUD, el UNFPA y elUNOPS, primer períodoordinario de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 2029(XX), 48/162 y65/176]\t30deeneroa2 defebrero\tNuevaYork\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n13.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre lasSituaciones, novenoperíodo de sesiones[resolución 5/1 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\t30deeneroa3 defebrero\tGinebra\t5G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n14.\tJunta Internacionalde Fiscalización deEstupefacientes, 103°período de sesiones[artículo 11 de laConvención Única de1961 sobreEstupefacientes]^(b)\t30deeneroa3 defebrero\tViena\t13E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosotresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n15.\tComité encargado delas organizaciones nogubernamentales,período ordinario desesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 3 (II) y 1296(XLIV) y decisiones1995/304 y 1997/297]\t30deeneroa8 defebrero\tNuevaYork\t19G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n16.\tComisión deDesarrollo Social,50° período desesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 10 (II), 1139(XLI) y 1996/7]\t1 a10defebrero\tNuevaYork\t46G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n17.\tReunión conjunta delas Juntas Ejecutivasdel PNUD, el UNFPA,el UNOPS, el UNICEF,el PMA y ONU-Mujeres[resoluciones de laAsamblea General52/12 B y 65/176]\t3 y6 defebrero\tNuevaYork\t36G/36G/36G/41G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n18.\tComité de losDerechos del Niño,grupo de trabajoanterior al períodode sesiones, 60ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General44/25, 47/112 y49/211]^(b)\t6 a10defebrero\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n19.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo II (Arbitrajey Conciliación), 56ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 33/92 dela Asamblea General]\t6 a10defebrero\tNuevaYork\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n20.\tFondo decontribucionesvoluntarias de lasNaciones Unidas paralos pueblosindígenas, Junta deSíndicos, 25º períodode sesiones[resolución 40/131 dela Asamblea General]\t6 a10defebrero\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n21.\tFondo decontribucionesvoluntarias de lasNaciones Unidas paralas víctimas de latortura, Junta deSíndicos, 36º períodode sesiones[resolución 36/151 dela Asamblea General]\t6 a10defebrero\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n22.\tPMA, Junta Ejecutiva,primer períodoordinario de sesiones[decisión 1995/227del Consejo Económicoy Social y resolución50/8 de la AsambleaGeneral]^(c)\t6 a10defebrero\tRoma\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n23.\tComisión sobre laUtilización delEspacioUltraterrestre conFines Pacíficos,Subcomisión deAsuntos Científicos yTécnicos, 49° períodode sesiones[resolución 1472 A(XIV) de la AsambleaGeneral]\t6 a17defebrero\tViena\t69G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n24.\tComité para laEliminación de laDiscriminación contrala Mujer, Grupo deTrabajo sobre lascomunicacionespresentadas conarreglo al ProtocoloFacultativo de laConvención, 22ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General55/70 y 62/218]^(b)\t7 a10defebrero\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n25.\tConsejo Económico ySocial, período desesiones deorganización [Carta]\t7 a10defebrero\tNuevaYork\t54G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n26.\tUNICEF, JuntaEjecutiva, primerperíodo ordinario desesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General48/162 y 57 (I)]\t7 a10defebrero\tNuevaYork\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n27.\tComité de Concesióndel Premio dePoblación de lasNaciones Unidas,primera reuniónordinaria [resolución36/201 de la AsambleaGeneral]\t10defebrero\tNuevaYork\t10G\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\t\n28.\tComité preparatoriode la Conferencia delas Naciones Unidasrelativa al Tratadosobre el Comercio deArmas, cuarto períodode sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General63/240 y 64/48]\t13 a15defebrero\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n29.\tComité para laEliminación de laDiscriminación contrala Mujer, 51º períodode sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General34/180 y 62/218]^(b)\t13defebreroa2 demarzo\tGinebra\t23E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n30.\tComité para laEliminación de laDiscriminaciónRacial, 80° períodode sesiones[resolución 2106 A(XX) de la AsambleaGeneral]^(b)\t13defebreroa9 demarzo\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n31.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo IV (ComercioElectrónico), 45ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 33/92 dela Asamblea General]\t13 a17defebrero\tNuevaYork\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n32.\tComité Asesor deAuditoríaIndependiente, 17ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 61/275 dela Asamblea General]\t15 a17defebrero\tNuevaYork\t5E\tI(IR)\tT\t–\tCuatroperíodosdesesionesporaño\n33.\tUNCTAD, Comisión deInversión, Empresa yDesarrollo, cuartoperíodo de sesiones[sección B de laparte IV del Acuerdode Accra aprobado enel 12° período desesiones de laUNCTAD, celebrado enAccra del 20 al 25 deabril de 2008]\t20 a21defebrero\tGinebra\t^(d)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n34.\tPNUMA, Consejo deAdministración/ForoAmbiental MundialMinisterial, 12°períodoextraordinario desesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 2997(XXVII), 42/185 y53/242]\t20 a22defebrero\tNairobi\t58G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesordinarioy unperíododesesionesextraordinarioenañosalternos\n35.\tComité contra laTortura, Subcomitépara la Prevención dela Tortura y otrosTratos o PenasCrueles, Inhumanos oDegradantes, 16°período de sesiones[artículo 2 de laprimera parte delProtocolo Facultativode la Convencióncontra la Tortura yOtros Tratos o PenasCrueles, Inhumanos oDegradantes e informedel Consejo deDerechos Humanos(A/61/53)]^(b)\t20 a24defebrero\tGinebra\t25E\tI(EFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n36.\tComité Asesor delConsejo de DerechosHumanos, octavoperíodo de sesiones[resolución 5/1 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\t20 a24defebrero\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n37.\tComité Especial deOperaciones deMantenimiento de laPaz y su Grupo deTrabajo, período desesiones sustantivo[resolución 2006(XIX) de la AsambleaGeneral]\t21defebreroa 16demarzo\tNuevaYork\t144G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n38.\tJunta Consultiva enAsuntos de Desarme,57º período desesiones [resolución37/99 K de laAsamblea General]\t22 a24defebrero\tNuevaYork\t15E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n39.\tUNCTAD, Comisión deComercio yDesarrollo, cuartoperíodo de sesiones[sección B de laparte IV del Acuerdode Accra aprobado enel 12° período desesiones de laUNCTAD, celebrado enAccra del 20 al 25 deabril de 2008]\t23 y24defebrero\tGinebra\t^(d)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n40.\tComisión dePrevención del Delitoy Justicia Penal,reunión del Grupo deExpertos sobreciberdelincuencia,segundo período desesiones [resolución65/230 de la AsambleaGeneral y resolución2010/18 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\t27defebreroa 2demarzo\tViena\t40G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n41.\tGrupo de Trabajosobre la cuestión dela discriminacióncontra la mujer en lalegislación y en lapráctica [resolución15/23 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\t27defebreroa 2demarzo(porconfirmar)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n42.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, 19º períodode sesiones[resolución 60/251 dela Asamblea General]\t27defebreroa 23demarzo\tGinebra\t47G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tNomenosdetresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n43.\tComisión de laCondición Jurídica ySocial de la Mujer,56° período desesiones [decisión1999/257 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\t27defebreroa 9demarzo\tNuevaYork\t45G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n44.\tCAPI, 74º período desesiones [resolución3357 (XXIX) de laAsamblea General]\t27defebreroa 9demarzo\tBangkok\t15E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n45.\tComisión deEstadística, 43°período de sesiones[resolución 1999/8del Consejo Económicoy Social]\t28defebreroa 2demarzo\tNuevaYork\t24G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n46.\tComité de Inversiones[resolución 248 (III)de la AsambleaGeneral]\tFebrero(1día)\tPordeterminar\t11a12E\t–\t–\t–\tCuatroocincoreunionesporaño\n47.\tComité Especialencargado de examinarla situación conrespecto a laaplicación de laDeclaración sobre laconcesión de laindependencia a lospaíses y puebloscoloniales[resolución 1654(XVI) de la AsambleaGeneral]\tFebrero/marzo\tNuevaYork\t28G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR^(e)\t\n48.\tUNCTAD, Grupo deTrabajo sobre elMarco Estratégico yel Presupuesto porProgramas, 61ºperíodo de sesiones(presupuesto porprogramas)[resolución 114 (V)de la UNCTAD ydecisión 156 (XVII)de la Junta deComercio yDesarrollo]\t5 y6 demarzo\tGinebra\t^(d)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n49.\tComité para laEliminación de laDiscriminación contrala Mujer, Grupo deTrabajo anterior alperíodo de sesiones,53° período desesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General45/124, 47/94 y62/218]^(b)\t5 a9 demarzo\tGinebra\t4E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n50.\tComité de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobreComunicacionesanterior al períodode sesiones,104º período desesiones [resolución2200 A (XXI) de laAsamblea General]^(b)\t5 a9 demarzo\tNuevaYork\t9E\tI(EFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n51.\tComité deRepresentantesPermanentes ante elONU-Hábitat, 44ªreunión [resolución56/206 de la AsambleaGeneral]\t7 demarzo\tNairobi\t^(f)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tCuatroreunionesporaño\n52.\tComité de Concesióndel Premio dePoblación de lasNaciones Unidas,segunda reuniónordinaria [resolución36/201 de la AsambleaGeneral]\t8 demarzo\tNuevaYork\t10G\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\t\n53.\tComité de Políticasde Desarrollo, 14ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 1998/46del Consejo Económicoy Social]\t12 a16demarzo\tNuevaYork\t24E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n54.\tComisión deEstupefacientes, 55°período de sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 9 (I) y1991/39]\t12 a16demarzo\tViena\t53G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n55.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobreDesaparicionesForzadas oInvoluntarias, 96ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 7/12 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\t12 a16demarzo\tGinebra\t5E\tI(AEFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n56.\tComité de DerechosHumanos, 104° períodode sesiones[resolución 2200 A(XXI) de la AsambleaGeneral]^(b)\t12 a30demarzo\tNuevaYork\t18E\tI(AEFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n57.\tReunión especial dealto nivel delConsejo Económico ySocial con lasinstituciones deBretton Woods, laOrganización Mundialdel Comercio y laUNCTAD [resolucionesde la AsambleaGeneral 50/227 y61/16 y decisión2005/211 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\t13 y14demarzo\tNuevaYork\t54G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR^(e)\t\n58.\tComisión sobre laUtilización delEspacioUltraterrestre conFines Pacíficos,Subcomisión deAsuntos Jurídicos,51° período desesiones [resolución1472 (XIV) de laAsamblea General]\t19 a23demarzo\tViena\t69G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR^(e)\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n59.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre lautilización demercenarios comomedio de violar losderechos humanos yobstaculizar elejercicio del derechode los pueblos a lalibre determinación,15º período desesiones [resolución7/21 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\t19 a23demarzo\tGinebra\t5E\tI(AEIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n60.\tComisión Preparatoriade la Conferencia delas Naciones Unidaspara examinar losprogresos alcanzadosen la ejecución delPrograma de Acciónpara prevenir,combatir y eliminarel tráfico ilícito dearmas pequeñas yligeras en todos susaspectos [resolución65/64 de la AsambleaGeneral]\t19 a23demarzo\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n61.\tTercera reuniónoficiosa celebradaentre períodos desesiones parapreparar laConferencia de lasNaciones Unidas sobreel DesarrolloSostenible[resolución 65/152 dela Asamblea General]\t26 y27demarzo\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n62.\tComité contra laDesaparición Forzada,segundo período desesiones [resolución61/177 de la AsambleaGeneral]\t26 a30demarzo(porconfirmar)\tGinebra\t10E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n63.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo de Expertossobre losAfrodescendientes,11º período desesiones[resoluciones delConsejo de DerechosHumanos 5/1 y 9/14]\t26 a30demarzo\tGinebra\t5E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n64.\tComisión de Límitesde la PlataformaContinental,29º período desesiones [párrafo 5del artículo 2 delanexo II de laConvención de lasNaciones Unidas sobreel Derecho del Mar]\t26demarzoa 5deabril\tNuevaYork\t21E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n65.\tCEPA, Conferencia deMinistros Africanosde Hacienda,Planificación yDesarrollo Económico,45° período desesiones de laComisión [resolución671 (XXV) del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\tMarzo\tAddisAbeba\t53G\tI(AFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n66.\tCEPA, Comité deExpertos de laConferencia deMinistros Africanosde Finanzas,Planificación yDesarrollo Económico,31ª reunión[resolución 671 (XXV)del Consejo Económicoy Social]\tMarzo\tAddisAbeba\t53G\tI(AFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n67.\tAsamblea General,Quinta Comisión,continuación delperíodo de sesiones[Carta]\tMarzo(4semanas)\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n68.\tPNUMA, Comité deRepresentantesPermanentes,118ª reunión[decisión 19/32 delConsejo deAdministración]\tMarzo\tNairobi\t^(g)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tCuatroreunionesporaño\n69.\tReunión internacionalsobre la Cuestión dePalestina organizadapor las NacionesUnidas [resolucionesde la AsambleaGeneral 65/13 y65/14]\tMarzo/abril^(h)(3días)\tGinebra\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n70.\tConferencia de lasPartes en laConvención de lasNaciones Unidascontra laDelincuenciaOrganizadaTransnacional, Grupode Trabajo sobre elExamen de laAplicación de laConvención de lasNaciones Unidascontra laDelincuenciaOrganizadaTransnacional y susprotocolos,continuación delsegundo período desesiones [resolución5/5 de la Conferenciade las Partes]^(b)\t2 a5 deabril\tViena\t160G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n71.\tComisión de Desarme[resolución S-10/2 dela Asamblea General]\t2 a20deabril^(h)\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAL\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n72.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo V (Régimen dela insolvencia), 41ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 33/92 dela Asamblea General]\t9 a12deabril\tNuevaYork\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n73.\tComité Asesor deAuditoríaIndependiente, 18ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 61/275 dela Asamblea General]\t10 a12deabril\tNuevaYork\t5E\tI(IR)\tT\t–\tCuatroperíodosdesesionesporaño\n74.\tComité de Expertos enAdministraciónPública, 11° períodode sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 2001/45 y2003/60]\t16 a20deabril\tNuevaYork\t24E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n75.\tGrupo de expertosgubernamentales delos Estados partes enla Convención sobreprohibiciones orestricciones delempleo de ciertasarmas convencionalesque puedanconsiderarseexcesivamente nocivaso de efectosindiscriminados[decisión de losEstados partes,diciembre de2001]^(c)\t16 a20deabril\tGinebra\t114E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tHasta25díasdereunionesa lolargodelaño\n76.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobreComunicaciones,décimo período desesiones [resolución5/1 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\t16 a20deabril\tGinebra\t5E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n77.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo I(Adquisiciones),22º período desesiones [resolución33/92 de la AsambleaGeneral]\t16 a20deabril\tNuevaYork\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n78.\tComité de protecciónde los derechos detodos lostrabajadoresmigratorios y de susfamiliares, 16°período de sesiones[resolución 45/158 dela AsambleaGeneral]^(b)\t16 a27deabril\tGinebra\t10E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño79.\tUNCTAD, 13º períodode sesiones[resolución 60/184 dela Asamblea General]\t21 a26deabril\tDoha\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionescada \n cuatroaños\n80.\tGrupo de expertos delos Estados partes enel Protocolo IIenmendado y reuniónde expertos de losEstados partes en elProtocolo V de laConvención sobreprohibiciones orestricciones delempleo de ciertasarmas convencionalesque puedanconsiderarseexcesivamente nocivaso de efectosindiscriminados[CCW/AP.II/CONF.12/6yCCW/P.V/CONF/2010/11]^(c)\t23 y24deabril\tGinebra\t92E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n81.\tComisión dePrevención del Delitoy Justicia Penal,21° período desesiones [resolución1992/1 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\t23 a27deabril\tViena\t40G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n82.\tComisión de Poblacióny Desarrollo, 45°período de sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 150 (VII), 87(LVII) y 1995/55]\t23 a27deabril\tNuevaYork\t47G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n83.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo decomposición abiertasobre el derecho aldesarrollo,13° período desesiones [resolución9/3 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\t23 a27deabril\tGinebra\tPordeterminar\tI(ACEFIR)\tT Unperíododesesionesporaño\n84.\tFondo deContribucionesVoluntarias para laCooperación Técnicaen materia deDerechos Humanos,Junta de Síndicos,36º período desesiones [decisión1993/283 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\t23 a27deabril\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n85.\tComité deInformación, 34ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 33/115 Cde la AsambleaGeneral]\t23deabrila 4demayo\tNuevaYork\t112G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n86.\tGrupo de expertosgubernamentales delos Estados partes enel Protocolo V de laConvención sobreprohibiciones orestricciones delempleo de ciertasarmas convencionalesque puedanconsiderarseexcesivamente nocivaso de efectosindiscriminados[decisión de losEstados partes,diciembre de2001]^(c)\t25 a27deabril\tGinebra\t72E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tHasta25díasdereunionesa lolargodelaño\n87.\tComité del Programa yde la Coordinación,período de sesionesde organización[resolución 2008 (LX)del Consejo Económicoy Social y resolución31/93 de la AsambleaGeneral]\t26deabril\tNuevaYork\t34G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n88.\tConsejo Económico ySocial, continuacióndel período desesiones deorganización [Carta]\t26 y27deabril\tNuevaYork\t54G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n89.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre ladetención arbitraria,63° período desesiones [resolución6/4 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\t30deabrila 4demayo\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n90.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre elExamen PeriódicoUniversal, 14°período de sesiones[decisión 1/103 yresolución 5/1 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\t30deabrila 11demayo\tGinebra\t47G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n91.\tComité de DerechosEconómicos, Socialesy Culturales, 48ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1982/33,1985/17 y 1995/39]\t30deabrila 18demayo(porconfirmar)\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n92.\tComité Preparatoriode la Conferencia delas Partes de 2015encargada del examendel Tratado sobre lano proliferación delas armas nucleares,primer período desesiones [resolución55/33 D]^(b, c)\t30deabrila 11demayo\tViena\t190G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n93.\tComité sobre losDerechos de lasPersonas conDiscapacidad, séptimoperíodo de sesiones[resolución 61/106 dela Asamblea General yartículo 34 de laConvención sobre losderechos de laspersonas condiscapacidad]^(b)\tAbril^(h)(1semana)\tGinebra\t12E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n94.\tComisión dePrevención del Delitoy Justicia Penal,reunión del Grupo deExpertos sobre nuevasformas y dimensionesde la delincuenciaorganizadatransnacional[resolución 24/4 delComité de Prevencióndel Delito y JusticiaPenal y resolución5/6 de la Conferenciade los Estados Partesen las Convención delas Naciones Unidascontra la Corrupción]\tAbril^(h)(porconfirmar)\tViena\t40G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n95.\tConferencia de lasPartes en laConvención de lasNaciones Unidascontra laDelincuenciaOrganizadaTransnacional, Grupode Trabajo sobre lasarmas de fuego[resolución 55/255 dela Asamblea General yresolución 5/4 de laConferencia de lasPartes]\tAbril^(h)(porconfirmar)\tViena\t160G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n96.\tComité de Pensionesdel Personal de lasNaciones Unidas[resolución 248 (III)de la AsambleaGeneral]\tAbril/mayo^(h)(unareunión)\tNuevaYork\t12E\t–\t–\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesdeunareunióncadaunoporaño\n97.\tJunta de los jefesejecutivos delsistema de lasNaciones Unidas parala coordinación,primer períodoordinario de sesiones[decisión 2001/321del Consejo Económicoy Social]\tAbril/mayo^(h)\tPordeterminar\t26ST\tI(FI)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n98.\tCESPAP, 68° períodode sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 37 (IV), 69(V) y 723 B (XXVIII)]\tAbril/mayo^(h)\tBangkok\t53G\tI(CFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n99.\tConsejo de Seguridad,Consejo deAdministración de laComisión deIndemnización de lasNaciones Unidasestablecida en virtudde la resolución 692(1991) del Consejo deSeguridad, 71°período de sesiones\t1 a3 demayo\tGinebra\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tHastacuatrosesionesconuntotalde12díaslaborablesporaño\n100.\tJunta Internacionalde Fiscalización deEstupefacientes, 104°período de sesiones[artículo 11 de laConvención Única de1961 sobreEstupefacientes]^(b)\t7 a18demayo\tViena\t13E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosotresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n101.\tForo Permanente paralas CuestionesIndígenas,11° período desesiones [resolución2000/22 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\t7 a18demayo\tNuevaYork\t16E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n102.\tComité contra laTortura, 48º períodode sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General39/46 y 65/204]^(b)\t7 demayoa 1dejunio\tGinebra\t10E\tI(EFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n103.\tComisión de DerechoInternacional, 64ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 174 (II)de la AsambleaGeneral]\t7 demayoa 20dejulio\tGinebra\t34E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tUnperíododesesionesporaño104.\tConferencia deDesarme, segundaparte [resolucionesde la AsambleaGeneral 1722 (XVI),S-10/2 y 34/83 L]\t14demayoa 29dejunio\tGinebra\t61G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAL\tUnperíododesesionesporañoentres \n partes\n105.\tComité Internacionalde Coordinación deInstitucionesNacionales para laPromoción yProtección de losDerechos Humanos, 25ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 1994/54de la Comisión deDerechos Humanos]\t14 a16demayo\tGinebra\t92G\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n106.\tReunión de expertosgubernamentales departicipación abiertacon objeto deexaminar problemas yoportunidades clavepara la ejecuciónrelacionados concuestiones y temasparticulares, como lacooperación y laasistenciainternacionales[resolución 63/72 dela Asamblea General]\t14 a18demayo\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n107.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo VI (Garantíasreales), 21º períodode sesiones[resolución 33/92 dela Asamblea General]\t14 a18demayo\tNuevaYork\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño108.\tComisión Consultivaen AsuntosAdministrativos yde Presupuesto[resoluciones de laAsamblea General14 (I), 173 (II),32/103 y 64/243]\t15demayoa 30dejunio\tNuevaYorkyotroslugares\t16E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño dedestino de las Naciones \n Unidas \n109.\tComité de DerechosEconómicos, Socialesy Culturales, grupode trabajo anterioral período desesiones, 49º períodode sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1982/33,1985/17 y 1995/39]\t21 a25demayo(porconfirmar)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n110.\tComisión de Ciencia yTecnología para elDesarrollo, 15ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 46/235 dela Asamblea General yresoluciones 2002/37y 2006/46 y decisión2003/291 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\t21 a25demayo\tGinebra\t43G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n111.\tGrupo de trabajointergubernamental decomposición abiertaencargado de estudiarla posibilidad deelaborar un marconormativointernacional para laregulación, elseguimiento y lasupervisión de lasactividades de lasempresas militares yde seguridadprivadas, segundoperíodo de sesiones[resolución 15/26 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\t21 a25demayo(porconfirmar)\tGinebra\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n112.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo III(Resolución decontroversias enlínea), 25º períodode sesiones[resolución 33/92 dela Asamblea General]\t21 a25demayo\tNuevaYork\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n113.\tComité Científico delas Naciones Unidaspara el Estudio delos Efectos de lasRadiaciones Atómicas,59° período desesiones [resolución913 (X) de laAsamblea General]\t21 a25demayo\tViena\t21G\tI(CEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n114.\tComité encargado delas organizaciones nogubernamentales,continuación delperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones 3 (II)y 1296 (XLIV) ydecisiones 1995/304 y1997/297 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\t21 a30demayo\tNuevaYork\t19G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n115.\tTercera reunión delComité preparatoriode composiciónabierta para laConferencia de lasNaciones Unidas sobreel DesarrolloSostenible[resolución 64/236 dela Asamblea General]\t28 a30demayo\tRíodeJaneiro(Brasil)\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n116.\tConvención Marco delas Naciones Unidassobre el CambioClimático, reunionesde los órganossubsidiarios de laConferencia de lasPartes en laConvención[resolución 62/86 dela Asamblea General]\t29demayoa 9dejunio\tBonn(Alemania)\t189G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n117.\tComité de losDerechos del Niño,60° período desesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General44/25, 47/112 y49/211]^(b)\t29demayoa 15dejunio\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n118.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, 20º períodode sesiones[resolución 60/251 dela Asamblea General]\t29demayoa 15dejunio\tGinebra\t47G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tNomenosdetresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n119.\tCESPAO, 26° períodode sesionesministerial[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1818 (LV),2089 (LXIII) y1994/26]\tMayo\tBeirut\t13G\tI(AFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n120.\tAsamblea General,Quinta Comisión,continuación delperíodo de sesiones[Carta]\tMayo(4semanas)\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n121.\tComité de Inversiones[resolución 248 (III)de la AsambleaGeneral]\tMayo(1día)\tNuevaYork\t11a12E\t–\t–\t–\tCuatroocincoreunionesporaño\n122.\tSeminario regionalpara examinar lasituación en losterritorios noautónomos en el marcodel Segundo DecenioInternacional para laEliminación delColonialismo[resoluciones de laAsamblea General54/91 y 63/110]\tMayo(3días)\tPordeterminar\t28G\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño123.\tConferencia de lasNaciones Unidas sobreel DesarrolloSostenible[resolución 64/236 dela Asamblea General]\t4 a6 dejunio\tRíodeJaneiro\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT \n (Brasil) \n124.\tPMA, Junta Ejecutiva,período de sesionesanual [decisión1995/227 del ConsejoEconómico y Social yresolución 50/8 de laAsamblea General]^(c)\t4 a8 dejunio\tRoma\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n125.\tReunión de losEstados partes en laConvención de lasNaciones Unidas sobreel Derecho del Mar,22ª reunión[resoluciones de laAsamblea General37/66, 49/28 y65/37]^(b)\t4 a15dejunio\tNuevaYork\t138G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnoodosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n126.\tComisión de Cuotas,72º período desesiones [resolución14 (I), sección A, dela Asamblea General]\t4 a22dejunio\tNuevaYork\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n127.\tComisión sobre laUtilización delEspacioUltraterrestre conFines Pacíficos, 55°período de sesiones[resolución 1472 A(XIV) de la AsambleaGeneral]\t11 a15dejunio\tViena\t69G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n128.\tUNICEF, JuntaEjecutiva, período desesiones anual[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 57(I) y 48/162]\t11 a15dejunio\tNuevaYork\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n129.\tComité del Programa yde la Coordinación,52º período desesiones [resolución2008 (LX) del ConsejoEconómico y Social yresolución 31/93 dela Asamblea General]\t11dejunioa6 dejulio\tNuevaYork\t34G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n130.\tComité contra laTortura, Subcomitépara la Prevención dela Tortura y otrosTratos o PenasCrueles, Inhumanos oDegradantes, 17ºperíodo de sesiones[artículo 2 de laparte I del ProtocoloFacultativo de laConvención contra laTortura y OtrosTratos o PenasCrueles, Inhumanos oDegradantes e informedel Consejo deDerechos Humanos(A/61/53)]^(b)\t18 a22dejunio\tGinebra\t25E\tI(EFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n131.\tComité de losDerechos del Niño,grupo de trabajoanterior al períodode sesiones, 61ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General44/25, 47/112 y49/211]^(b)\t18 a22dejunio\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n132.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre lasDesaparicionesForzadas oInvoluntarias, 97ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 7/12 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\t18 a22dejunio\tGinebra\t5E\tI(AEFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n133.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre lasSituaciones, décimoperíodo de sesiones[resolución 5/1 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\t18 a22dejunio\tGinebra\t5G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n134.\tConferencia de losEstados Partes en laConvención de lasNaciones Unidascontra la Corrupción,Grupo sobre el examende la aplicación dela Convención de lasNaciones Unidascontra la Corrupción,tercera reunión[resolución 58/4 dela Asamblea General yresolución 3/1 de laConferencia de losEstados Partes]\t18 a22dejunio\tViena\t144G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n135.\tProceso abierto delas Naciones Unidasde consultasoficiosas sobre losocéanos y el derechodel mar, 13ª reunión[resoluciones de laAsamblea General60/30, 63/111 y65/37]\t18 a22dejunio\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n136.\tJunta Ejecutiva delPNUD, el UNFPA y laUNOPS, período desesiones anual[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 2029(XX), 48/162 y65/176]\t18 a29dejunio\tGinebra\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n137.\tComisión dePrevención del Delitoy Justicia Penal,reunión del Grupo deExpertos sobreprotección contra eltráfico de bienesculturales[resolución 2010/19del Consejo Económicoy Social]\t25 a29dejunio\tViena\t40G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n138.\tReunión de laspresidencias de losórganos creados envirtud de tratados dederechos humanos, 24ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General46/111 y 49/178]\t25 a29dejunio\tGinebra\t8E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n139.\tReuniones derelatoresespeciales/representantesespeciales/expertosindependientes ypresidentes de losgrupos de trabajo delConsejo de DerechosHumanos, 19º períodode sesiones[resolución 2002/84 ydecisión 2005/113 dela Comisión deDerechos Humanos]\t25 a29dejunio\tGinebra\tPordeterminar\t(EFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n140.\tSubcomité de Expertosen Transporte deMercaderíasPeligrosas, 41ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1989/104 y1999/65]\t25dejunioa 4dejulio\tGinebra\t23G\tI(CEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnoodosperíodosdesesionesporaño141.\tConsejo Económico ySocial, período desesiones sustantivo[Carta]\t25dejunioa 20de\tNuevaYork\t54G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR \n julio \n142.\tDecimoséptima reuniónde los Estados partesen la Convenciónsobre la eliminaciónde todas las formasde discriminacióncontra la mujer[resolución 34/180 dela Asamblea General]b\t26dejunio\tNuevaYork\t186G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n143.\tComité deRepresentantesPermanentes ante elONU-Hábitat, 45ªreunión [resolución56/206 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tJunio\tNairobi\t^(f)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tCuatroreunionesporaño\n144.\tCEPAL, 34° período desesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 106 (VI) y2010/4, y decisión1985/188]\tJunio\tElSalvador\t42G\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n145.\tPNUMA, Comité deRepresentantesPermanentes,119ª reunión[decisión 19/32 delConsejo deAdministración]\tJunio\tNairobi\t^(g)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tCuatroreunionesporaño\n146.\tONU-Mujeres, JuntaEjecutiva, período desesiones anual[resolución 64/289 dela AsambleaGeneral]^(c)\tJunio(1semana)\tNuevaYork\t41G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n147.\tJunta Consultiva enAsuntos de Desarme,58º período desesiones [resolución37/99 K de laAsamblea General]\tJunio-julio(3días)\tNuevaYork\t23E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n148.\tCNUDMI, 45º períodode sesiones[resolución 2205(XXI) de la AsambleaGeneral]\tJunio-julio(3semanas)\tNuevaYork\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n149.\tGrupo de trabajo decomposición abiertapara el cuartoperíodoextraordinario desesiones de laAsamblea Generaldedicado al desarme,sesiones deorganización[resolución65/66]^(i)\tJunio/julio(1día)\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n150.\tComité Especialencargado de examinarla situación conrespecto a laaplicación de laDeclaración sobre laconcesión de laindependencia a lospaíses y puebloscoloniales[resolución 1654(XVI) de la AsambleaGeneral]\tJunio/julio(hasta20reuniones)\tNuevaYork\t28G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR^(e)\t\n151.\tComité de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre lasComunicacionesanterior al períodode sesiones,105º período desesiones [resolución2200 A (XXI) de laAsamblea General]^(b)\t2 a6 dejulio\tGinebra\t9E\tI(EFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n152.\tComité para laEliminación de laDiscriminación contrala Mujer, Grupo deTrabajo sobre lascomunicacionespresentadas conarreglo al ProtocoloFacultativo de laConvención, 23ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General55/70 y 62/218]^(b)\t3 a6 dejulio\tNuevaYork\t5E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n153.\tSubcomité de Expertosen el SistemaMundialmenteArmonizado deClasificación yEtiquetado deProductos Químicos,23º período desesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1989/104 y1999/65]\t4 a6 dejulio\tGinebra\t23G\tI(CEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnoodosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n154.\tUNCTAD, GrupoIntergubernamental deExpertos en Derecho yPolítica de laCompetencia, 12ºperíodo de sesiones[decisión adoptadapor la Junta deComercio y Desarrolloen su 13ª reuniónejecutiva (8 de juliode 1996) y resolución51/167 de la AsambleaGeneral]\t9 a12dejulio\tGinebra\tPordeterminar\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n155.\tGrupo de expertosgubernamentales delos Estados partes enla Convención sobreprohibiciones orestricciones delempleo de ciertasarmas convencionalesque puedanconsiderarseexcesivamente nocivaso de efectosindiscriminados[decisión de losEstados partes,diciembre de2001]^(c)\t9 a13dejulio\tGinebra\t114E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tHasta25díasdereunionesa lolargodelaño\n156.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Mecanismo deexpertos sobre losderechos de lospueblos indígenas,quinto período desesiones [resolución6/36 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\t9 a13dejulio\tGinebra\t5E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n157.\tComité para laEliminación de laDiscriminación contrala Mujer, 52º períodode sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General34/180 y 62/218]^(b)\t9 a27dejulio\tNuevaYork\t23E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n158.\tComité de DerechosHumanos, 105º períodode sesiones[resolución 2200 A(XXI) de la AsambleaGeneral]^(b)\t9 a27dejulio\tGinebra\t18E\tI(AEFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n159.\tJunta de Auditores delas Naciones Unidas,66º período ordinariode sesiones[resolución 74 (I) dela Asamblea General]\t10 a12dejulio\tNuevaYork\t3E\tI(CFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n160.\tComité Asesor deAuditoríaIndependiente, 19ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 61/275 dela Asamblea General]\t16 a18dejulio\tNuevaYork\t5E\tI(IR)\tT\t–\tCuatroperíodosdesesionesporaño\n161.\tCAPI, 75º período desesiones [resolución3357 (XXIX) de laAsamblea General]\t16 a27dejulio\tNuevaYork\t15E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n162.\tGrupo de expertosgubernamentales sobrelas medidas detransparencia yfomento de laconfianza en lasactividades relativasal espacioultraterrestre,primer período desesiones [resolución65/68]\t23 a27dejulio\tNuevaYork\t15E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n163.\tGrupo de Trabajosobre la cuestión dela discriminacióncontra la mujer en lalegislación y en lapráctica [resolución15/23 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\t23 a27dejulio\tNuevaYork\t5E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n164.\tComité para laEliminación de laDiscriminación contrala Mujer, grupo detrabajo anterior alperíodo de sesiones54° período desesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General45/124, 47/94 y62/218]^(b)\t30dejulioa 3deagosto\tNuevaYork\t4E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n165.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre lautilización demercenarios comomedio de violar losderechos humanos yobstaculizar elejercicio del derechode los pueblos a lalibre determinación,16º período desesiones [resolución7/21 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\t30dejulioa 3deagosto\tNuevaYork\t5E\tI(AEIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n166.\tComisión de Límitesde la PlataformaContinental,30º período desesiones [párrafo 5del artículo 2 delanexo II de laConvención de lasNaciones Unidas sobreel Derecho del Mar]\t30dejulioa10deagosto\tNuevaYork\t21E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño167.\tConferencia deDesarme, terceraparte [resolucionesde la AsambleaGeneral 1722 (XVI),S-10/2 y 34/83 L]\t30dejulioa14deseptiembre\tGinebra\t61G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAL\tUnperíododesesionesporañoentres \n partes\n168.\tSeminario de DerechoInternacional[resolución 49/51 dela Asamblea General]\tJulio(3semanas)\tGinebra\t30E\tI(EFI)\t–\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n169.\tComité de Inversiones[resolución 248 (III)de la AsambleaGeneral]\tJulio(1día)\tNuevaYork\t11a12E\t–\t–\t–\tCuatroocincoreunionesporaño\n170.\tComité Mixto dePensiones delPersonal de lasNaciones Unidas, 59ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 248(III), 46/200 y61/240]\tJulio\tNuevaYork\t33E\tI(FI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n171.\tComité Mixto dePensiones delPersonal de lasNaciones Unidas,Comité de Actuarios[resolución 1561 (XV)de la AsambleaGeneral, artículoXXIX]\tJulio\tNuevaYork\t5E\tI(FI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n172.\tComité Mixto dePensiones delPersonal de lasNaciones Unidas,Comité Permanente[resolución 248 (III)de la AsambleaGeneral]\tJulio(1reunión)\tNuevaYork\t15E\tI(FI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n173.\tGrupo de Expertos delas Naciones Unidasen NombresGeográficos, 27ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 715 A (XXVII)y 1314 (XLIV)]\t6 a17deagosto\tNuevaYork\t80E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n174.\tGrupo de expertosgubernamentales sobreacontecimientos en laesfera de lainformación y lastelecomunicaciones enel contexto de laseguridadinternacional, primerperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General61/54, 62/17, 63/37,64/25 y 65/41]\t6 a10deagosto\tNuevaYork\t15E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n175.\tComité Asesor delConsejo de DerechosHumanos, novenoperíodo de sesiones[resolución 5/1 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\t6 a10deagosto\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n176.\tComité para laEliminación de laDiscriminaciónRacial, 81° períodode sesiones[resolución 2106 A(XX) de la AsambleaGeneral]^(b)\t6 a31deagosto\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n177.\tDécima Conferencia delas Naciones Unidassobre laNormalización de losNombres Geográficos[decisión 2008/241del Consejo Económicoy Social]\t7 a16deagosto\tNuevaYork\t195G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionescadacincoaños\n178.\tConferencia de losEstados Partes en laConvención de lasNaciones Unidascontra la Corrupción,Grupo de Trabajointergubernamental decomposición abiertasobre la prevenciónde la corrupción,segunda reunión[resolución 58/4 dela Asamblea General yresolución 3/2 de laConferencia de losEstados Partes en laConvención de lasNaciones Unidascontra la Corrupción]\t27 a29deagosto\tViena\t144G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n179.\tConferencia de lasNaciones Unidas paraexaminar losprogresos alcanzadosen la ejecución delPrograma de Acciónpara prevenir,combatir y eliminarel tráfico ilícito dearmas pequeñas yligeras en todos susaspectos [resolución65/64 de la AsambleaGeneral]\t27deagostoa7 deseptiembre\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n180.\tConferencia de losEstados Partes en laConvención de lasNaciones Unidascontra la Corrupción,Grupo de Trabajointergubernamental decomposición abiertasobre la recuperaciónde activos, cuartareunión [resolución58/4 de la AsambleaGeneral y resolución3/3 de la Conferenciade los Estados Partesen la Convención delas Naciones Unidascontra la Corrupción]\t30 y31deagosto\tViena\t144G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n181.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre ladetención arbitraria,64º período desesiones [resolución6/4 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\t27 a31deagosto\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n182.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobreComunicaciones, 11°período de sesiones[resolución 5/1 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\t27 a31deagosto\tGinebra\t5E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n183.\tJunta Ejecutiva delPNUD, el UNFPA y laUNOPS, segundoperíodo ordinario desesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 2029(XX), 48/162 y65/176]\t4 a7 deseptiembre\tNuevaYork\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n184.\tComisión Consultivaen AsuntosAdministrativos y dePresupuesto[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 14(I), 173 (II), 32/103y 64/243]\t4 deseptiembrea14dediciembre\tNuevaYork\t16E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n185.\tUNCTAD, Grupo deTrabajo sobre elMarco Estratégico yel Presupuesto porProgramas(cooperacióntécnica), 62° períodode sesiones[resolución 114 (V)de la UNCTAD ydecisión 156 (XVII)de la Junta deComercio yDesarrollo]\t5 a9 deseptiembre\tGinebra\t^(d)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n186.\tTrigésima primeraReunión de losEstados Partes en elPacto Internacionalde Derechos Civiles yPolíticos [resolución2200 A (XXI) de laAsamblea General]^(b)\t6 deseptiembre\tNuevaYork\t145G\tI(AEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n187.\tUNICEF, JuntaEjecutiva, segundoperíodo ordinario desesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 57(I) y 48/162]\t10 a13deseptiembre\tNuevaYork\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n188.\tComité de protecciónde los derechos detodos lostrabajadoresmigratorios y de susfamiliares, 17°período de sesiones[resolución 45/158 dela AsambleaGeneral]^(b)\t10 a14deseptiembre\tGinebra\t10E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n189.\tFondo Fiduciario deContribucionesVoluntarias de lasNaciones Unidas paraLuchar contra lasFormas Contemporáneasde la Esclavitud,Junta de Síndicos,17º período desesiones [resolución46/122 de la AsambleaGeneral]\t10 a14deseptiembre\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n190.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, 21° períodode sesiones[resolución 60/251 dela Asamblea General]\t10 a28deseptiembre\tGinebra\t47G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tNomenosdetresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n191.\tONU-Mujeres, JuntaEjecutiva, segundoperíodo ordinario desesiones [resoluciónde la AsambleaGeneral 64/289]^(c)\t17 a19deseptiembre^(j)\tNuevaYork\t41G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n192.\tUNCTAD, Junta deComercio yDesarrollo, 59°período de sesiones[resolución 1995(XIX) de la AsambleaGeneral y resolución114 (V) de la UNCTAD]\t17 a28deseptiembre\tGinebra\t153G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n193.\tComité de losDerechos del Niño,61° período desesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General44/25, 47/112 y49/211]^(b)\t17deseptiembrea 5deoctubre\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n194.\tAsamblea General,sexagésimo séptimoperíodo de sesiones[Carta]\t18deseptiembre-diciembre\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAL/AR^(k)\t\n195.\tComité para laEliminación de laDiscriminación contrala Mujer, Grupo deTrabajo sobre lascomunicacionespresentadas conarreglo al ProtocoloFacultativo de laConvención, 24ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General55/70 y 62/218]^(b)\t26 a28deseptiembre\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n196.\tComité deConferencias, períodode sesionessustantivo[resolución 43/222 Bde la AsambleaGeneral]\tSeptiembre(5días)\tNuevaYork\t21G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n197.\tComité deRepresentantesPermanentes ante elONU-Hábitat, 46ªreunión [resolución56/206 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tSeptiembre\tNairobi\t^(f)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tCuatroreunionesporaño\n198.\tComité sobre losDerechos de lasPersonas conDiscapacidad, octavoperíodo de sesiones[resolución 61/106 dela Asamblea General yartículo 34 de laConvención sobre losderechos de laspersonas condiscapacidad]^(b)\tSeptiembre(1semana)\tGinebra\t12E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n199.\tPNUMA, Comité deRepresentantesPermanentes,120ª reunión[decisión 19/32 delConsejo deAdministración]\tSeptiembre\tNairobi\t^(g)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tCuatroreunionesporaño\n200.\tOOPS, ComisiónAsesora [resolución302 (IV) de laAsamblea General]\tSeptiembre(1día)\tAmmán\t10G\tI(AFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n201.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, foro entreperíodos de sesionesacerca de losderechos económicos,sociales y culturales(Foro Social), quintoperíodo de sesiones[resolución 6/13 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\t1 a3 deoctubre\tGinebra\t10E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n202.\tACNUR, ComitéEjecutivo, 63ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 1166(XII) y 62/123]\t1 a5 deoctubre\tGinebra\t78G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n203.\tGrupo de Trabajosobre la cuestión dela discriminacióncontra la mujer en lalegislación y en lapráctica [resolución15/23 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\t1 a5 deoctubre\tGinebra\t5E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n204.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre elExamen PeriódicoUniversal, 15ºperíodo de sesiones[decisión 1/103 yresolución 5/1 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\t1 a12deoctubre\tGinebra\t47G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n205.\tComité para laEliminación de laDiscriminación contrala Mujer, 53º períodode sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General34/180 y 62/218]^(b)\t1 a19deoctubre\tGinebra\t23E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n206.\tComité de losDerechos del Niño,grupo de trabajoanterior al períodode sesiones, 62ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General44/25, 47/112 y49/211]^(b)\t8 a12deoctubre\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n207.\tComité de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre lasComunicacionesanterior al períodode sesiones,106º período desesiones [resolución2200 A (XXI) de laAsamblea General]^(b)\t8 a12deoctubre\tGinebra\t9E\tI(EFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n208.\tUNCTAD, GrupoIntergubernamental deTrabajo de Expertosen NormasInternacionales deContabilidad yPresentación deInformes, 29º períodode sesiones[resolución 1982/67del Consejo Económicoy Social]\t15 a18deoctubre\tGinebra\t34E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n209.\tConferencia de lasPartes en laConvención de lasNaciones Unidascontra laDelincuenciaOrganizadaTransnacional, sextoperíodo de sesiones[resolución 55/25 dela Asamblea General yartículo 32 de laConvención de lasNaciones Unidascontra laDelincuenciaOrganizadaTransnacional]^(b)\t15 a19deoctubre\tViena\t160G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n210.\tFondo decontribucionesvoluntarias de lasNaciones Unidas paralas víctimas de latortura, Junta deSíndicos, 37º períodode sesiones[resolución 36/151 dela Asamblea General]\t15 a19deoctubre\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n211.\tComité Especial delConsejo de DerechosHumanos encargado deelaborar normascomplementarias enmateria de racismo,quinto período desesiones [decisión3/103 y resolución6/21 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\t15 a26deoctubre\tGinebra\tPordeterminar\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n212.\tComité de DerechosHumanos, 106º períodode sesiones[resolución 2200 A(XXI) de la AsambleaGeneral]^(b)\t15deoctubrea2 denoviembre\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n213.\tComité para laEliminación de laDiscriminación contrala Mujer, 55° períodode sesiones, grupo detrabajo anterior alperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General45/124, 47/94 y62/218]^(b)\t22 a26deoctubre\tGinebra\t4E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n214.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre lautilización demercenarios comomedio de violar losderechos humanos yobstaculizar elejercicio del derechode los pueblos a lalibre determinación,17º período desesiones [resolución7/21 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\t22 a26deoctubre\tGinebra\t5E\tI(AEIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n215.\tFondo deContribucionesVoluntarias para laCooperación Técnicaen materia deDerechos Humanos,Junta de Síndicos,37º período desesiones [decisión1993/283 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\t29deoctubrea2 denoviembre\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n216.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajointergubernamentalsobre la aplicaciónefectiva de laDeclaración y elPrograma de Acción deDurban, 10° períodode sesiones[resolución 1/5 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\t29deoctubrea9 denoviembre\tGinebra\tPordeterminar\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n217.\tComité contra laTortura, 49° períodode sesiones[resolución39/46]^(b)\t29deoctubrea23denoviembre\tGinebra\t10E\tI(EFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n218.\tJunta Internacionalde Fiscalización deEstupefacientes, 105°período de sesiones[artículo 11 de laConvención Únicasobre Estupefacientesde 1961]^(b)\t30deoctubrea16denoviembre\tViena\t13E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosotresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n219.\tComité de Expertossobre CooperaciónInternacional enCuestiones deTributación, octavoperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1273 (XLIII),1765 (LIV) y 2004/69]\tOctubre(1semana)\tGinebra\t25E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n220.\tConferencia de lasPartes en laConvención de lasNaciones Unidascontra laDelincuenciaOrganizadaTransnacional, Grupode Trabajo sobreAsistencia Técnica,sexto período desesiones [resolución2/6 de la Conferenciade las Partes]^(b)\tOctubre(porconfirmar)\tViena\t160G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n221.\tConferencia de lasPartes en laConvención de lasNaciones Unidascontra laDelincuenciaOrganizadaTransnacional, Grupode Trabajo decomposición abiertade ExpertosGubernamentales sobreExtradición,Asistencia JurídicaMutua y CooperaciónInternacional parafines de Decomiso,cuarto período desesiones[resoluciones 2/2 y3/2 de la Conferenciade las Partes]^(b)\tOctubre(porconfirmar)\tViena\t160G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n222.\tConferencia de lasPartes en laConvención de lasNaciones Unidascontra laDelincuenciaOrganizadaTransnacional, Grupode Trabajo sobre elTráfico Ilícito deMigrantes, primerperíodo de sesiones[resolución 5/3 de laConferencia de lasPartes]^(b)\tOctubre(porconfirmar)\tViena\t160G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n223.\tConferencia de lasPartes en laConvención de lasNaciones Unidascontra laDelincuenciaOrganizadaTransnacional, Grupode Trabajo sobre laTrata de Personas,primer período desesiones [resolución5/2 de la Conferenciade las Partes]^(b)\tOctubre(porconfirmar)\tViena\t160G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n224.\tCuarta reunión de losEstados partes en elProtocolo Facultativode la Convencióncontra la Tortura yOtros Tratos o PenasCrueles, Inhumanos oDegradantes [parte I,artículo 2, delProtocolo Facultativode la Convencióncontra la Tortura yOtros Tratos o PenasCrueles, Inhumanos oDegradantes e informedel Consejo deDerechos Humanos(A/61/53)]^(b)\tOctubre(1día)\tGinebra\t57G\tI(EFIR)\tT\tAR\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n225.\tConsejo de Seguridad,Consejo deAdministración de laComisión deIndemnización de lasNaciones Unidasestablecida en virtudde la resolución 692(1991) del Consejo deSeguridad, 72°período de sesiones\tOctubre/noviembre(3semanas)\tGinebra\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tHastacuatrosesionesconuntotalde12díaslaborablesporaño\n226.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo II (Arbitrajey Conciliación), 57ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 33/92 dela Asamblea General]\tOctubre\tViena\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n227.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo IV (ComercioElectrónico), 46ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 33/92 dela Asamblea General]\tOctubre(porconfirmar)\tViena\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n228.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo I(Adquisiciones),23º período desesiones [resolución33/92 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tOctubre(porconfirmar)\tViena\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n229.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo V (Régimen dela insolvencia), 42ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 33/92 dela Asamblea General]\tOctubre/noviembre(porconfirmar)\tViena\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n230.\tComité de Pensionesdel Personal de lasNaciones Unidas[resolución 248 (III)de la AsambleaGeneral]\tOctubre/noviembre(1reunión)\tNuevaYork\t12E\t–\t–\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesdeunareunióncadaunoporaño\n231.\tJunta de los jefesejecutivos delsistema de lasNaciones Unidas parala coordinación,segundo períodoordinario de sesiones[decisión 2001/321del Consejo Económicoy Social]\tOctubre/noviembre\tNuevaYork\t26ST\tI(FI)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n232.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobreDesaparicionesForzadas oInvoluntarias, 98ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 7/12 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\t1 a9 denoviembre\tGinebra\t5E\tI(AEFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n233.\tComisión de Desarme,período de sesionesde organización[resolución S-10/2 dela Asamblea General]\t5 denoviembre^(j)\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAL\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n234.\tComité contra laDesaparición Forzada,tercer período desesiones [resolución61/177 de la AsambleaGeneral]\t5 a9 denoviembre(porconfirmar)\tGinebra\t10E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n235.\tConferencia de losEstados Partes en laConvención de lasNaciones Unidascontra la Corrupción,Grupo sobre el examende la aplicación dela Convención de lasNaciones Unidascontra la Corrupción,continuación deltercer período desesiones [resolución58/4 de la AsambleaGeneral y resolución3/1 de la Conferenciade los EstadosPartes]\t5 a9 denoviembre\tViena\t144G\t(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n236.\tPMA, Junta Ejecutiva,segundo períodoordinario de sesiones[decisión 1995/227del Consejo Económicoy Social y resolución50/8 de la AsambleaGeneral]^(c)\t5 a9 denoviembre\tRoma\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n237.\tConferencia Anual delas Altas PartesContratantes en elProtocolo V enmendadode la Convenciónsobre prohibiciones orestricciones delempleo de ciertasarmas convencionalesque puedanconsiderarseexcesivamente nocivaso de efectosindiscriminados[artículo 10 delProtocoloenmendado]^(c)\t9 y10denoviembre\tGinebra\t72G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT \n238.\tConferencia de lasNaciones Unidas sobrePromesas deContribuciones paralas Actividades deDesarrollo[resolución 32/197 dela Asamblea General]\t12denoviembre\tNuevaYork\t195G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n239.\tComité contra laTortura, Subcomitépara la Prevención dela Tortura y otrosTratos o PenasCrueles, Inhumanos oDegradantes, 18ºperíodo de sesiones[artículo 2 de laparte I del ProtocoloFacultativo de laConvención contra laTortura y OtrosTratos o PenasCrueles, Inhumanos oDegradantes e informedel Consejo deDerechos Humanos(A/61/53)]^(b)\t12 a16denoviembre\tGinebra\t25E\tI(EFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n240.\tComité de DerechosEconómicos, Socialesy Culturales, 49°período de sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1982/33,1985/17 y 1995/39]\t12 a30denoviembre(porconfirmar)\tGinebra\t18E\tI(AEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n241.\tDecimocuartaConferencia Anual delas Altas PartesContratantes en elProtocolo IIenmendado de laConvención sobreprohibiciones orestricciones delempleo de ciertasarmas convencionalesque puedanconsiderarseexcesivamente nocivaso de efectosindiscriminados[párrafo 1 delartículo 13 delProtocoloenmendado]^(c)\t14denoviembre\tGinebra\t92G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n242.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre ladetención arbitraria,65º período desesiones [resolución6/4 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\t14 a23denoviembre\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n243.\tReunión anual de losEstados partes en laConvención sobreprohibiciones orestricciones delempleo de ciertasarmas convencionalesque puedanconsiderarseexcesivamente nocivaso de efectosindiscriminados[Convención]^(c)\t15 y16denoviembre\tGinebra\t114G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n244.\tUNCTAD, Grupo deTrabajo sobre elMarco Estratégico yel Presupuesto porProgramas, 63°período de sesiones[resolución 114 (V)de la UNCTAD ydecisión 156 (XVII)de la Junta deComercio yDesarrollo]\t19 a23denoviembre\tGinebra\t^(d)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n245.\tConvención Marco delas Naciones Unidassobre el CambioClimático,Conferencia de lasPartes en laConvención, 18ºperíodo de sesiones,y reuniones de losórganos subsidiarios[resolución 62/86 dela Asamblea General]\t27denoviembrea 8dediciembre\tPordeterminar\t189G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n246.\tComité para elejercicio de losderechos inalienablesdel pueblo palestino,Reuniónextraordinaria enobservancia del DíaInternacional deSolidaridad con elPueblo Palestino[resoluciones de laAsamblea General32/40 B y 33/28]\t29denoviembre\tNuevaYork\t25G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAL\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n247.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Foro sobreCuestiones de lasMinorías, quintoperíodo de sesiones[resolución 6/15 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\t29 a30denoviembre\tGinebra\t5E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n248.\tComité Consultivo delPrograma deasistencia de lasNaciones Unidas parala enseñanza, elestudio, la difusióny una comprensión másamplia del derechointernacional, 45ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 2099 (XX)de la AsambleaGeneral]\tNoviembre(2días)\tNuevaYork\t25G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n249.\tComité de Inversiones[resolución 248 (III)de la AsambleaGeneral]\tNoviembre(1día)\tNuevaYork\t11a12E\t–\t–\t–\tCuatroocincoreunionesporaño\n250.\tEstados partes en laConvención sobreMuniciones en Racimo,tercera reunión[resolución 64/36 dela AsambleaGeneral]^(c)\tNoviembre(1semana)\tPordeterminar\t59G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n251.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo III(Resolución decontroversias enlínea), 26º períodode sesiones[resolución 33/92 dela Asamblea General]\tNoviembre\tViena\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n252.\tReunión de losEstados partes en laConvención sobre laprohibición deldesarrollo, laproducción y elalmacenamiento dearmas bacteriológicas(biológicas) ytoxínicas y sobre sudestrucción [decisiónde los Estados Partesen su sextaConferencia deexamen]^(c)\tNoviembre/diciembre(1semana)\tGinebra\t164G\tACEFIR\tT \n253.\tGrupo de AuditoresExternos de lasNaciones Unidas, losorganismosespecializados y elOrganismoInternacional deEnergía Atómica[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 347(IV) y 1438 (XIV)]\tNoviembre/diciembre\tPordeterminar\t9E\tI(CFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n254.\tEstados Partes en laConvención sobre laprohibición delempleo,almacenamiento,producción ytransferencia deminas antipersonal ysobre su destrucción,12° período desesiones [párrafo 2del artículo 11 de laConvención]^(c)\tNoviembre/diciembre(1día)\tPordeterminar\t156G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n255.\tJunta de Auditores delas Naciones Unidas,períodoextraordinario desesiones [resolución74 (I) de la AsambleaGeneral]\tNoviembre/diciembre\tPordeterminar\t3E\tI(CFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n256.\tComité de DerechosEconómicos, Socialesy Culturales, grupode trabajo anterioral período desesiones, 50º períodode sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1982/33,1985/17 y 1995/39]\t3 a7 dediciembre(porconfirmar)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n257.\tSubcomité de Expertosen Transporte deMercaderíasPeligrosas, 42ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1989/104 y1999/65]\t3 a11dediciembre\tGinebra\t22G\tI(CEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnoodosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n258.\tComisión Especial dela Asamblea Generalpara el anuncio decontribucionesvoluntarias al OOPS[resolución 1729(XVI) de la AsambleaGeneral]\t4 dediciembre^(j)\tNuevaYork\t195G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnareuniónporaño\n259.\tComisión deEstupefacientes,reanudación del55º período desesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 9 (I) y1991/39]\t6 dediciembre\tViena\t53G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n260.\tComisión dePrevención del Delitoy Justicia Penal,continuación del 21°período de sesiones[decisión 2009/251del Consejo Económicoy Social]\t7 dediciembre\tViena\t40G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n261.\tComisión Especial dela Asamblea Generalpara el anuncio decontribucionesvoluntarias alPrograma del ACNUR[resolución 55/75 dela Asamblea General]\t11dediciembre\tGinebra\t195G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnareuniónporaño\n262.\tSubcomité de Expertosen el SistemaMundialmenteArmonizado deClasificación yEtiquetado deProductos Químicos,24º período desesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1989/104 y1999/65]\t12 a14dediciembre\tGinebra\t23G\tI(CEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnoodosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n263.\tComité de Expertos enTransporte deMercancías Peligrosasy en el SistemaGlobalmenteArmonizado deClasificación yEtiquetado deProductos Químicos,sexto período desesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1989/104 y1999/65]\t14dediciembre\tGinebra\t23G\tI(CEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n264.\tEstados partes en laConvención sobre losDerechos del Niño,14ª reunión[resolución 44/25 dela AsambleaGeneral]^(b)\t18dediciembre^(j)\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n265.\tComité Asesor deAuditoríaIndependiente, 20ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 61/275 dela Asamblea General]\t18 a20dediciembre^(j)\tNuevaYork\t5E\tI(IR)\tT\t–\tCuatroperíodosdesesionesporaño\n266.\tComité deRepresentantesPermanentes ante elONU-Hábitat, 47ªreunión [resolución56/206 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tDiciembre\tNairobi\t^(f)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tCuatroreunionesporaño\n267.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo VI (Garantíasreales), 22º períodode sesiones[resolución 33/92 dela Asamblea General]\tDiciembre\tViena\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n268.\tPNUMA, Comité deRepresentantesPermanentes,121ª reunión[decisión 19/32 delConsejo deAdministración]\tDiciembre\tNairobi\t^(g)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tCuatroperíodosdesesionesporaño\n269.\tUNU, Consejo, 59ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 3081(XXVIII) de laAsamblea General]\tDiciembre(1semana)\tTokio\t28E\tI(FI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n270.\tComité deConferencias[resolución 43/222 Bde la AsambleaGeneral]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t21G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n271.\tComité de Relacionescon el País Anfitrión[resolución 2819(XXVI) de la AsambleaGeneral]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t19G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n272.\tComité para elejercicio de losderechos inalienablesdel pueblo palestino[resolución 3376(XXX) de la AsambleaGeneral]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t25G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n273.\tCEPE, comités ygrupos de trabajo[resolución 36 (IV)del Consejo Económicoy Social]\tSegúnseanecesario\tGinebra\t55G\tPordeterminar\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n274.\tConsejo Económico ySocial, sesionesoficiales/oficiosas[Carta y resolucionesde la AsambleaGeneral 50/227 y61/16]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t54G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR^(e)\tSegúnseanecesario\n275.\tJunta Ejecutiva delPNUD, el UNFPA y laUNOPS, reunionesinformativas yconsultas oficiosas[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 2020(XX), 48/162 y65/176]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n276.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, reuniones deorganización y entreperíodos de sesionesy períodosextraordinarios desesiones [resolución60/251 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tSegúnseanecesario\tGinebra\t47G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR^(e)\tSegúnseanecesario\n277.\tTribunal PenalInternacional para elenjuiciamiento de lospresuntosresponsables degenocidio y otrasgraves violacionesdel derechointernacionalhumanitario cometidasen el territorio deRwanda y de losciudadanos rwandesespresuntamenteresponsables degenocidio y otrasviolaciones de esanaturaleza cometidasen el territorio deEstados vecinos entreel 1 de enero y el 31de diciembre de 1994[resolución 955(1994) del Consejo deSeguridad]\tSegúnseanecesario\tArusha(RepúblicaUnidadeTanzanía)\t11E\tI(FI)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n278.\tTribunalInternacional para elenjuiciamiento de lospresuntosresponsables de lasviolaciones gravesdel derechointernacionalhumanitario cometidasen el territorio dela ex Yugoslaviadesde 1991[resolución 808(1993) del Consejo deSeguridad yresolución 47/235 dela Asamblea General]\tSegúnseanecesario\tLaHaya\t11E\tI(FI)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n279.\tComisión deConsolidación de laPaz [resolución60/180 de la AsambleaGeneral y resolución1645 (2005) delConsejo de Seguridad]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t31G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n280.\tConsejo de Seguridad[Carta]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAL\tSegúnseanecesario\n281.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de lasresoluciones 1267(1999) y 1989 (2011)relativas a Al-Qaiday personas yentidades asociadas\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n282.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1373(2001) relativa a lalucha contra elterrorismo\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n283.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1518(2003)\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n284.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1521(2003) relativa aLiberia\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n285.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1533(2004) relativa a laRepública Democráticadel Congo\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n286.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1540(2004)\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n287.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1572(2004) relativa aCôte d’Ivoire\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n288.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1591(2005) relativa alSudán\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n289.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1636(2005)\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n290.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1718(2006)\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n291.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1737(2006)\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n292.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1970(2011) relativa a laJamahiriya ÁrabeLibia\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n293.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1988(2011)\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n294.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 751 (1992)relativa a Somalia\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n295.\tComité de Expertosdel Consejo deSeguridad [decisiónadoptada por elConsejo de Seguridaden su primera sesión,1946]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n296.\tConsejo de Seguridad,Comité para lasreuniones del Consejofuera de la Sede[decisión adoptadapor el Consejo deSeguridad en su 1625ªsesión]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n297.\tConsejo de Seguridad,Comité de Admisión deNuevos Miembros[decisión adoptadapor el Consejo deSeguridad en su 42ªsesión, 1946]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n298.\tConsejo de Seguridad,Consejo deAdministración de laComisión deIndemnización de lasNaciones Unidasestablecida en virtudde la resolución 692(1991) del Consejo deSeguridad\tSegúnseanecesario\tGinebra\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n299.\tGrupo de TrabajoEspecial del Consejode Seguridad sobre laprevención y lasolución deconflictos en África(S/2002/207)\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n300.\tGrupo de Trabajo delConsejo de Seguridadestablecido en virtudde la resolución 1566(2004) (Al-Qaida ylos talibanes)\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n301.\tGrupo de Trabajo delConsejo de Seguridadsobre los niños y losconflictos armadosestablecido en virtudde la resolución 1612(2005)\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n302.\tGrupo de Trabajo delConsejo de Seguridadsobre las Operacionesde Mantenimiento dela Paz establecido envirtud deS/PRST/2001/3\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n303.\tComité Especial deOperaciones deMantenimiento de laPaz y su Grupo deTrabajo [resolución2006 (XIX) de laAsamblea General]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t144G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n304.\tConsejo deAdministraciónFiduciaria (y comitésde redacción) [Carta]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t5G\tI(CFIR)\tT\tAL^(e)\tSegúnseanecesario\n305.\tUNCTAD, consultas delSecretario General ydel Presidente de laJunta de Comercio yDesarrollo [decisiónadoptada por la Juntade Comercio yDesarrollo en su 13ªreunión ejecutiva (8de julio de 1996) yresolución 51/167 dela Asamblea General]\tSegúnseanecesario(hasta30reuniones)\tGinebra\t^(d)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n306.\tUNCTAD, reunionesejecutivas de laJunta de Comercio yDesarrollo [decisiónadoptada por la Juntade Comercio yDesarrollo en su 13ªreunión ejecutiva (8de julio de 1996) yresolución 51/167 dela Asamblea General]\tSegúnseanecesario(3días)\tGinebra\t^(d)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n307.\tUNCTAD, otrasconferencias yreuniones sobreproductos básicos[decisión adoptadapor la Junta deComercio y Desarrolloen su 13ª reuniónejecutiva (8 de juliode 1996) y resolución51/167 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tSegúnseanecesario(hasta30reuniones)\tGinebra\t^(d)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n308.\tUNCTAD, seminarios ygrupos de estudio[decisión adoptadapor la Junta deComercio y Desarrolloen su 13ª reuniónejecutiva (8 de juliode 1996) y resolución51/167 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tSegúnseanecesario(hasta20reuniones)\tGinebra\t^(d)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n309.\tUNICEF, JuntaEjecutiva, reunionesde información yconsultas oficiosas[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 57(I) y 48/162]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n310.\tComisión deConciliación de lasNaciones Unidas paraPalestina [resolución194 (III) de laAsamblea General]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t3G\tI(FI)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n311.\tComité Especial delOcéano Índico[resoluciones 299(XXVIII) y 62/14 dela Asamblea General]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t43G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n312.\tConferencia de lasNaciones Unidas enrelación con elTratado sobre elComercio de Armas[resolución 63/309 dela Asamblea General]\tPordeterminar(4semanas)\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t313.\tComisión deEstupefacientes, 22ªReunión de Jefes delos OrganismosNacionales Encargadosde Combatir elTráfico Ilícito deDrogas, África[resolución 1985/11del Consejo Económicoy Social]\tPordeterminar\tAddisAbebaounacapital\t53G\tI(AFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño de la \n región 314.\tComisión deEstupefacientes, 36ªReunión de Jefes delos OrganismosNacionales Encargadosde Combatir elTráfico Ilícito deDrogas, Asia y elPacífico[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1985/11 y1988/15]\tPordeterminar\tBangkokounacapitaldela\t51G\tI(CFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño \n región 315.\tComisión deEstupefacientes, 22ªReunión de Jefes delos OrganismosNacionales Encargadosde Combatir elTráfico Ilícito deDrogas, AméricaLatina y el Caribe[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1987/34 y1988/15]\tPordeterminar\tSantiagouotracapitaldela\t41G\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño \n región \n316.\tComisión deEstupefacientes,Subcomisión sobreTráfico Ilícito deDrogas y AsuntosConexos en el CercanoOriente y el OrienteMedio, 47º período desesiones [resolución1776 (LIV) delConsejo Económico ySocial]\tPordeterminar\tUnacapitaldelaregión\t23G\tI(AIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n317.\tComité deConferencias, períodode sesiones deorganización[resolución 43/222 Bde la AsambleaGeneral]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t21G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n318.\tComité encargado delas organizaciones nogubernamentales,período de sesionesde organización[resoluciones 3 (II)y 1296 (XLIV) ydecisiones 1995/304 y1997/297 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t19G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n319.\tAsamblea General,sexagésimo séptimoperíodo de sesiones,Primera Comisión[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 173(II) y 47/233]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAL^(k)\t\n320.\tAsamblea General,sexagésimo séptimoperíodo de sesiones,Segunda Comisión[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 173(II) y 47/233]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n321.\tAsamblea General,sexagésimo séptimoperíodo de sesiones,Tercera Comisión[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 173(II) y 47/233]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n322.\tAsamblea General,sexagésimo séptimoperíodo de sesiones,Cuarta Comisión[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 173(II) y 47/233]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n323.\tAsamblea General,sexagésimo séptimoperíodo de sesiones,Quinta Comisión[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 173(II) y 47/233]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n324.\tAsamblea General,sexagésimo séptimoperíodo de sesiones,Sexta Comisión[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 173(II) y 47/233]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n325.\tReunión general sobrela cooperación entrelos representantes delas secretarías delsistema de lasNaciones Unidas y laSecretaría General dela Liga de losEstados Árabes y susorganizacionesespecializadas[resolución de laAsamblea General61/14]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\tPordeterminar\tI(AFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n326.\tReunión general delas organizaciones yorganismos delsistema de lasNaciones Unidas y laOrganización de laCooperación Islámicay sus órganossubsidiarios[resolución 61/49 dela Asamblea General]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\tPordeterminar\tI(AFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n327.\tGrupo de expertosgubernamentalesencargado de examinarel funcionamiento yperfeccionamiento delRegistro de ArmasConvencionales,primer período desesiones [resolución64/54 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tPordeterminar(5días)\tGinebra\t15E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n328.\tGrupo de ExpertosGubernamentales en laConvención sobre laprohibición deldesarrollo, laproducción y elalmacenamiento dearmas bacteriológicas(biológicas) ytoxínicas y sobre sudestrucción [decisiónde los Estados Partesen su sextaConferencia deexamen]^(c)\tPordeterminar(2semanas)\tGinebra\t164G\tACEFIR \n329.\tGrupo de Trabajo dealto nivel ycomposición abiertaencargado de examinarla situaciónfinanciera de lasNaciones Unidas[resolución 49/143 dela AsambleaGeneral]^(i)\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n330.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo de Expertossobre las personas deascendencia africana,12º período desesiones[resoluciones delConsejo de DerechosHumanos 5/1 y 9/14]\tPordeterminar\tGinebra\t5E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n331.\tGrupo de Trabajooficioso decomposición abiertasobre el Programa dePaz y sus subgrupos[resolución 47/120 dela AsambleaGeneral]^(i)\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n332.\tDecimonovenaConferenciaCartográfica Regionalde las NacionesUnidas para Asia y elPacífico (decisión2010/240 del ConsejoEconómico y Social)\tPordeterminar\tBangkok\t51G\tI(CFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionescadatresaños\n333.\tGrupo de trabajo decomposición abiertapara el cuartoperíodoextraordinario desesiones de laAsamblea Generaldedicado al desarme,primer período desesiones [resolución65/66]^(i)\tPordeterminar(5días)\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n334.\tConvención de lasNaciones Unidas deLucha contra laDesertificación,Comité de Examen dela Aplicación de laConvención, 11°período de sesiones[resolución 62/193 dela AsambleaGeneral]^(b)\tPordeterminar(8días)\tPordeterminar\t185G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n335.\tUNCTAD, reunión deexpertos de laComisión deInversión, Empresa yDesarrollo [parte IV,sección B,del Acuerdo de Accraaprobado en el 12°período de sesionesde la UNCTAD,celebrado en Accradel 20 al 25 de abrilde 2008]\tPordeterminar(3días)\tGinebra\tPordeterminar\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n336.\tUNCTAD, reunión deexpertos de laComisión de Comercioy Desarrollo [parteIV, sección B, delAcuerdo de Accraaprobado en el 12°período de sesionesde la UNCTAD,celebrado en Accradel 20 al 25 de abrilde 2008]\tPordeterminar(3días)\tGinebra\tPordeterminar\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n337.\tUNITAR, Junta deConsejeros, 51°período de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 1934(XVIII) y 47/227]^(c)\tPordeterminar(2 a3días)\tGinebra\t28E\tI(AEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n338.\tTribunal deApelaciones de lasNaciones Unidas[resoluciones de laAsamblea General61/261, 62/228,63/253, 64/233 y65/251]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork/Ginebra/Nairobi\tPordeterminar\tPordeterminar\tT\t–\t\n339.\tTribunalContencioso-Administrativode las NacionesUnidas [resolucionesde la AsambleaGeneral 61/261,62/228, 63/253,64/233 y 65/251]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork/Ginebra/Nairobi\tPordeterminar\tPordeterminar\tT\t–\t\n340.\tSeminario de lasNaciones Unidas sobreasistencia al pueblopalestino[resoluciones de laAsamblea General65/13 y 65/14]\tPordeterminar(2días)\tPordeterminar\t193G\tPordeterminar\tT\t–\t\n341.\tReunión de Asia y elPacífico sobre laCuestión de Palestinaorganizada por lasNaciones Unidas[resoluciones de laAsamblea General65/13 y 65/14]\tPordeterminar(3días)\tPordeterminar\t193G\tEI\tT\t–\t\n342.\tReunión internacionalde las NacionesUnidas en apoyo alproceso de paz entreIsrael y Palestina[resoluciones 65/13 y65/14 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tPordeterminar(3días)\tPordeterminar\t193G\tI(AEFI)\tT\t–",
"^(a) Se indican los idiomas en que se proporcionará interpretación. Los idiomas en que se proporcionarán traducciones y actas de las sesiones varían según el reglamento aplicable al órgano pertinente y, en el caso de algunos grupos de trabajo y órganos similares, según las necesidades reales, cuando estas son menores de lo que se estipula en el reglamento.",
"^(b) Órganos de tratados.",
"^(c) Los servicios de conferencias se financian con recursos extrapresupuestarios.",
"^(d) Abierta a la participación de todos los Estados miembros de la UNCTAD interesados (resolución 80 (III), párrafo 9, de la UNCTAD).",
"^(e) Únicamente para las sesiones plenarias.",
"^(f) De conformidad con la resolución 19/1 del Consejo de Administración del ONU-Hábitat, el Comité de Representantes Permanentes estará abierto a todos los representantes permanentes de los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas y miembros de sus organismos especializados acreditados ante el ONU-Hábitat.",
"^(g) De conformidad con el párrafo h) de la decisión 19/32 del Consejo de Administración del PNUMA, el Comité de Representantes Permanentes estará integrado por representantes de todos los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas y miembros de sus organismos especializados, y la Unión Europea, acreditados ante el PNUMA, residan o no en Nairobi.",
"^(h) En cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en el párrafo 4 de la resolución 53/208 A de la Asamblea General, y como ya había decidido anteriormente la Asamblea, se ruega a los organismos intergubernamentales que eviten celebrar reuniones el Viernes Santo Ortodoxo, en 2012 se celebra el 13 de abril.",
"^(i) Los servicios de conferencias serán parte de los asignados a la Asamblea General.",
"^(j) Sujeto a la aprobación de la Asamblea General.",
"^(k) Se redactan actas literales de las sesiones plenarias de la Asamblea General y la Primera Comisión.",
"B. Lista de órganos cuyos mandatos se someterán a la Asamblea General en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones para su prórroga",
"Órgano\tFechas(2012)\tLugar\tComposición\tServicio^(a) Periodicidad \n1.\tComité Especialestablecido en virtudde la resolución51/210 de la AsambleaGeneral [resoluciones59/46 y 65/34 de laAsamblea General]\t9 a12deabril\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n2.\tGrupo de TrabajoEspecial oficioso decomposición abiertasobre la diversidadbiológica marina[resoluciones 19/24 y65/37 de la AsambleaGeneral]\t10 a14deseptiembre\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT \n3.\tGrupo de TrabajoEspecial sobre laRevitalización de laAsamblea General[resolución 63/309 dela Asamblea General]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n4.\tComité Especial sobrela exigencia deresponsabilidadespenales a losfuncionarios y losexpertos de lasNaciones Unidas enmisión [resolución62/63 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tPor determinar\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n5.\tGrupo de Trabajo decomposición abiertasobre la cuestión dela representaciónequitativa en elConsejo de Seguridady del aumento delnúmero de susmiembros y otrosasuntos relativos alConsejo de Seguridad[resolución 48/26 dela AsambleaGeneral]^(b)\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n6.\tComité Especialencargado deinvestigar lasprácticas israelíesque afecten a losderechos humanos delpueblo palestino yotros habitantesárabes de losterritorios ocupados[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 2443(XXIII) y 62/106]\tPordeterminar\tGinebra\t3G\tI(AFI)\tT\tAL^(c)\t\n7.\tComité Especial de laCarta de las NacionesUnidas y delfortalecimiento delpapel de laOrganización[resoluciones 3349(XXIX) y 65/31 de laAsamblea General]\t21defebreroa 2demarzo\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n8.\tGrupo de Trabajoencargado de estudiarla financiación delOrganismo de ObrasPúblicas y Socorro delas Naciones Unidaspara los Refugiadosde Palestina en elCercano Oriente[resolución 2656(XXV) de la AsambleaGeneral]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t9G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–",
"^(a) Se indican los idiomas en que se proporcionará interpretación. Los idiomas en que se proporcionarán traducciones y actas de las sesiones varían según el reglamento aplicable al órgano pertinente y, en el caso de algunos grupos de trabajo y órganos similares, según las necesidades reales, cuando estas son menores de lo que se estipula en el reglamento.",
"^(b) Los servicios de conferencias serán parte de los asignados a la Asamblea General.",
"^(c) Únicamente para las audiencias orales.",
"C. Proyecto de calendario de conferencias y reuniones de las Naciones Unidas para 2013",
"(al 29 de julio de 2011)",
"Órgano\tFechas(2013)\tLugar\tComposición\tServicio^(a) Periodicidad \n1.\tComité de EstadoMayor [Carta]\t4 deenero,despuésquincenalmente\tNuevaYork\t5G\tI(CFIR)\tT\tAL\tViernesalternos\n2.\tJunta Ejecutiva delPNUD, el UNFPA y elUNOPS, elección de laMesa [resoluciones dela Asamblea General2029 (XX), 48/162 y65/176 y decisión2007/221 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\t7 deenero\tNuevaYork\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n3.\tGrupo de expertosgubernamentales sobreel desarrollo de lainformación y lastelecomunicaciones enel contexto de laseguridadinternacional,segundo período desesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General61/54, 62/17, 63/37,64/25 y 65/41]\t14 a18deenero\tNuevaYork\t15E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n4.\tConsejo Económico ySocial, elección dela Mesa [Carta]\t15deenero\tNuevaYork\t54G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n5.\tONU-Mujeres, JuntaEjecutiva, primerperíodo ordinario desesiones [resoluciónde la AsambleaGeneral 64/289]^(b)\t21 a25deenero\tNuevaYork\t41G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n6.\tComité encargado delas organizaciones nogubernamentales,período ordinario desesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 3 (II) y 1296(XLIV) y decisiones1995/304 y 1997/297]\t21 a30deenero\tNuevaYork\t19G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n7.\tComisión Consultivaen AsuntosAdministrativos y dePresupuesto[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 14(I), 173 (II), 32/103y 64/243]\t22deeneroa 26deabril\tNuevaYork\t16E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n8.\tComité de Concesióndel Premio dePoblación de lasNaciones Unidas,reunión deorganización[resolución 36/201 dela Asamblea General]\t23deenero\tNuevaYork\t10G\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\t\n9.\tJunta Ejecutiva delPNUD, el UNFPA y elUNOPS, primer períodoordinario de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 2029(XX), 48/162 y65/176]\t28 a31deenero\tNuevaYork\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n10.\tComité de losDerechos del Niño,62° período desesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General44/25, 47/112 y49/211]^(c)\tEnero(3semanas)\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n11.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre lasSituaciones, 11°período de sesiones[resolución 5/1 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\tEnero(1semana)\tGinebra\t5G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n12.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre elExamen PeriódicoUniversal, 16ºperíodo de sesiones[decisión 1/103 yresolución 5/1 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\tEnero(2semanas)\tGinebra\t47G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño13.\tConferencia deDesarme, primeraparte [resolucionesde la AsambleaGeneral 1722 (XVI),S-10/2 y 34/83 L]\tEnero-abril(10semanas)\tGinebra\t61G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAL\tUnperíododesesionesporañoen tres \n partes\n14.\tReunión conjunta delas Juntas Ejecutivasdel PNUD, el UNFPA,la UNOPS, el UNICEF,el PMA y elONU-Mujeres[resoluciones de laAsamblea General52/12 B y 65/176]\t1 y4 defebrero\tNuevaYork\t36G/36G/36G/41G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n15.\tJunta Internacionalde Fiscalización deEstupefacientes, 106°período de sesiones[artículo 11 de laConvención Únicasobre Estupefacientesde 1961]^(c)\t4 a8 defebrero\tViena\t13E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosotresperíodosde sesionesporaño\n16.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo II (Arbitrajey Conciliación), 58ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 33/92 dela Asamblea General]\t4 a8 defebrero\tNuevaYork\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n17.\tComité de Concesióndel Premio dePoblación de lasNaciones Unidas,primera reuniónordinaria [resolución36/201 de la AsambleaGeneral]\t5 defebrero\tNuevaYork\t10G\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\t\n18.\tUNICEF, JuntaEjecutiva, primerperíodo ordinario desesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General48/162 y 57 (I)]\t5 a8 defebrero\tNuevaYork\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n19.\tComisión deDesarrollo Social,51° período desesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 10 (II), 1139(XLI) y 1996/7]\t6 a15defebrero\tNuevaYork\t46G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n20.\tGrupo de expertosgubernamentalesencargado de examinarel funcionamiento yperfeccionamiento delRegistro de ArmasConvencionales,segundo período desesiones [resolución64/54 de la AsambleaGeneral]^(c)\t11 a15defebrero\tNuevaYork\t15E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n21.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo IV (ComercioElectrónico), 47ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 33/92 dela Asamblea General]\t11 a15defebrero\tNuevaYork\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n22.\tConsejo Económico ySocial, período desesiones deorganización [Carta]\t12 a15defebrero\tNuevaYork\t54G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n23.\tComisión sobre laUtilización delEspacioUltraterrestre conFines Pacíficos,Subcomisión deAsuntos Científicos yTécnicos, 50° períodode sesiones[resolución 1472 A(XIV) de la AsambleaGeneral]\t12 a22defebrero(porconfirmar)\tViena\t69G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n24.\tComité Asesor deAuditoríaIndependiente, 21ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 61/275 dela Asamblea General]\t13 a15defebrero\tNuevaYork\t5E\tI(IR)\tT\t–\tCuatroperíodosdesesionesporaño\n25.\tPNUMA, Consejo deAdministración/ForoMinisterial Mundialsobre el MedioAmbiente, 27° períodode sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 2997(XXVII), 42/185 y53/242]\t18 a22defebrero\tNairobi\t58G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesordinarioy unperíododesesionesextraordinarioenañosalternos\n26.\tComité Especial deOperaciones deMantenimiento de laPaz y su Grupo deTrabajo, período desesiones sustantivo[resolución 2006(XIX) de la AsambleaGeneral]\t19defebreroa 15demarzo\tNuevaYork\t144G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n27.\tComisión deEstadística, 44°período de sesiones[resolución 1999/8del Consejo Económicoy Social]\t26defebreroa 1demarzo\tNuevaYork\t24G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n28.\tComité contra laTortura, Subcomitépara la Prevención dela Tortura y otrosTratos o PenasCrueles, Inhumanos oDegradantes, 19ºperíodo de sesiones[artículo 2 de laparte I del ProtocoloFacultativo de laConvención contra laTortura y OtrosTratos o PenasCrueles, Inhumanos oDegradantes e informedel Consejo deDerechos Humanos(A/61/53)]^(c)\tFebrero(1semana)\tGinebra\t25E\tI(EFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n29.\tComité para laEliminación de laDiscriminación contrala Mujer, Grupo deTrabajo sobre lascomunicacionespresentadas conarreglo al ProtocoloFacultativo de laConvención, 25ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General55/70 y 62/218]^(c)\tFebrero(4días)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n30.\tComité de losDerechos del Niño,grupo de trabajoanterior al períodode sesiones, 63ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General44/25, 47/112 y49/211]^(c)\tFebrero(1semana)\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n31.\tComité Asesor delConsejo de DerechosHumanos, décimoperíodo de sesiones[resolución 5/1 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\tFebrero(1semana)\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n32.\tComité de Inversiones[resolución 248 (III)de la AsambleaGeneral]\tFebrero\tNuevaYork\t11a12E\t–\t–\t–\tCuatroocincoreunionesporaño\n33.\tFondo decontribucionesvoluntarias de lasNaciones Unidas paralos pueblosindígenas, Junta deSíndicos, 26º períodode sesiones[resolución 40/131 dela Asamblea General]\tFebrero(1semana)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n34.\tFondo decontribucionesvoluntarias de lasNaciones Unidas paralas víctimas de latortura, Junta deSíndicos, 38º períodode sesiones[resolución 36/151 dela Asamblea General]\tFebrero(1semana)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n35.\tPMA, Junta Ejecutiva,primer períodoordinario de sesiones[decisión 1995/227del Consejo Económicoy Social y resolución50/8 de la AsambleaGeneral]^(b)\tFebrero\tRoma\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n36.\tGrupo de Trabajosobre la cuestión dela discriminacióncontra la mujer en lalegislación y en lapráctica [resolución15/23 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\tFebrero(1semana)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n37.\tJunta Consultiva enAsuntos de Desarme,59º período desesiones [resolución37/99 K de laAsamblea General]\tFebrero/marzo\tNuevaYork\t15E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n38.\tComité para laEliminación de laDiscriminación contrala Mujer, 54º períodode sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General34/180 y 62/218]^(c)\tFebrero/marzo(3semanas)\tGinebra\t23E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n39.\tComité para laEliminación de laDiscriminaciónRacial, 82° períodode sesiones[resolución 2106 A(XX) de la AsambleaGeneral]^(b)\tFebrero/marzo(4semanas)\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n40.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, 22º períodode sesiones[resolución 60/251 dela Asamblea General]\tFebrero/marzo(4semanas)\tGinebra\t47G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tNomenosdetresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n41.\tComité Especialencargado de examinarla situación conrespecto a laaplicación de laDeclaración sobre laconcesión de laindependencia a lospaíses y puebloscoloniales[resolución 1654(XVI) de la AsambleaGeneral]\tFebrero/marzo\tNuevaYork\t28G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR^(d)\t\n42.\tComité de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre lasComunicacionesanterior al períodode sesiones,107º período desesiones [resolución2200 A (XXI) de laAsamblea General]^(c)\t4 a8 demarzo\tNuevaYork\t9E\tI(EFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n43.\tComisión de laCondición Jurídica ySocial de la Mujer,57° período desesiones [decisión1999/257 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\t4 a15demarzo\tNuevaYork\t45G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n44.\tComité de Concesióndel Premio dePoblación de lasNaciones Unidas,segunda sesiónordinaria [resolución36/201 de la AsambleaGeneral]\t7 demarzo\tNuevaYork\t10G\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\t\n45.\tComité de DerechosHumanos, 107º períodode sesiones[resolución 2200 A(XXI) de la AsambleaGeneral]^(c)\t11 a28demarzo\tNuevaYork\t18E\tI(AEFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n46.\tReunión especial dealto nivel delConsejo Económico ySocial con lasinstituciones deBretton Woods, laOrganización Mundialdel Comercio y laUNCTAD [resolucionesde la AsambleaGeneral 50/227 y61/16 y decisión2005/211 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\t14 a15demarzo\tNuevaYork\t54G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR^(d)\t\n47.\tComisión deEstupefacientes, 56°período de sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 9 (I) y1991/39]\t8 y11 a15demarzo\tViena\t53G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n48.\tComité de Políticasde Desarrollo, 15ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 1998/46del Consejo Económicoy Social]\t18 a22demarzo\tNuevaYork\t24E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n49.\tComisión de Límitesde la PlataformaContinental,31º período desesiones [párrafo 5del artículo 2 delanexo II de laConvención de lasNaciones Unidas sobreDerecho del Mar]\t25demarzoa 5deabril\tNuevaYork\t21E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n50.\tComité deRepresentantesPermanentes ante elONU-Hábitat, 48ªreunión [resolución56/206 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tMarzo\tNairobi\t^(e)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tCuatroreunionesporaño\n51.\tComité contra laDesaparición Forzada,cuarto período desesiones [resolución61/177 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tMarzo(1semana)\tGinebra\t10E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n52.\tComité para laEliminación de laDiscriminación contrala Mujer, grupo detrabajo anterior alperíodo de sesiones,56º período desesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General45/124, 47/94 y62/218]^(c)\tMarzo(1semana)\tGinebra\t4E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n53.\tCEPA, Conferencia deMinistros Africanosde Finanzas,Planificación yDesarrollo Económico,46° período desesiones de laComisión [resolución671 (XXV) del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\tMarzo\tAddisAbeba\t53G\tI(AFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n54.\tCEPA, Comité deExpertos de laConferencia deMinistros Africanosde Finanzas,Planificación yDesarrollo Económico,32ª reunión[resolución 671 (XXV)del Consejo Económicoy Social]\tMarzo\tAddisAbeba\t53G\tI(AFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n55.\tAsamblea General,Quinta Comisión,continuación delperíodo de sesiones[Carta]\tMarzo(4semanas)\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n56.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo de Expertossobre las personas deascendencia africana,12º período desesiones[resoluciones delConsejo de DerechosHumanos 5/1 y 9/14]\tMarzo(1semana)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n57.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobreDesaparicionesForzadas oInvoluntarias, 99ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 7/12 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\tMarzo(1semana)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(AEFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n58.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre lautilización demercenarios comomedio de violar losderechos humanos yobstaculizar elejercicio del derechode los pueblos a lalibre determinación,18º período desesiones [resolución7/21 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\tMarzo(1semana)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(AEIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n59.\tCAPI, 76º período desesiones [resolución3357 (XXIX) de laAsamblea General]\t21demarzoa 1deabril\tNuevaYork\t15E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n60.\tUNCTAD, Grupo deTrabajo sobre elMarco Estratégico yel Presupuesto porProgramas, 64ºperíodo de sesiones(presupuesto porprogramas)[resolución 114 (V)de la UNCTAD ydecisión 156 (XVII)de la Junta deComercio yDesarrollo]\tMarzo(3días)\tGinebra\t^(f)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n61.\tPNUMA, Comité deRepresentantesPermanentes,122ª reunión[decisión 19/32 delConsejo deAdministración]\tMarzo\tNairobi\t^(g)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tCuatroreunionesporaño\n62.\tCEPE, 65º período desesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 36 (IV) y2006/38]\tMarzo/abril(3días)\tGinebra\t55G\tI(FIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n63.\tGrupo de expertosgubernamentales sobrelas medidas detransparencia yfomento de laconfianza en lasactividades relativasal espacioultraterrestre,segundo período desesiones [resolución65/68]\t1 a5 deabril\tGinebra\t15E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n64.\tComisión de Desarme[resolución S-10/2 dela Asamblea General]\t1 a19deabril\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAL\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n65.\tGrupo de expertosgubernamentalesencargado de examinarel funcionamiento yperfeccionamiento delRegistro de ArmasConvencionales,tercer período desesiones [resolución64/54 de la AsambleaGeneral]\t8 a12deabril\tNuevaYork\t15E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n66.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo I(Adquisiciones),24º período desesiones [resolución33/92 de la AsambleaGeneral]\t8 a12deabril\tNuevaYork\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n67.\tComisión sobre laUtilización delEspacioUltraterrestre conFines Pacíficos,Subcomisión deAsuntos Jurídicos,52° período desesiones [resolución1472 (XIV) de laAsamblea General]\t8 a19deabril(porconfirmar)\tViena\t69G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR^(d)\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n68.\tForo de las NacionesUnidas sobre losBosques, décimoperíodo de sesiones[proyecto de decisiónII, contenido en eldocumento E/2011/42,aprobado por elConsejo el miércoles27 de julio en su 46ªsesión]\t8 a19deabril\tEstambul(Turquía)\t195G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n69.\tComité Asesor deAuditoríaIndependiente, 22ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 61/275 dela Asamblea General]\t9 a11deabril\tNuevaYork\t5E\tI(IR)\tT\t–\tCuatroperíodosdesesionesporaño\n70.\tComité de Expertos enAdministraciónPública, 12° períodode sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 2001/45 y2003/60]\t15 a19deabril\tNuevaYork\t24E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n71.\tConsejo deAdministración delONU-Hábitat,24º período desesiones [resolución1978/1 del ConsejoEconómico y Social yresolución 56/206 dela Asamblea General]\t15 a19deabril\tNairobi\t58G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n72.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo V (Régimen dela insolvencia), 43ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 33/92 dela Asamblea General]\t15 a19deabril\tNuevaYork\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n73.\tComisión dePrevención del Delitoy Justicia Penal,22° período desesiones [resolución1992/1 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\t19 y22 a26deabril\tViena\t40G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n74.\tComisión de Poblacióny Desarrollo, 46°período de sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 150 (VII), 87(LVII) y 1995/55]\t22 a26deabril\tNuevaYork\t47G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n75.\tComité deInformación, 35ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 33/115 Cde la AsambleaGeneral]\t22deabrila3 demayo\tNuevaYork\t112G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n76.\tComité del Programa yde la Coordinación,período de sesionesde organización[resolución 2008 (LX)del Consejo Económicoy Social y resolución31/93 de la AsambleaGeneral]\t25deabril\tNuevaYork\t34G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n77.\tConsejo Económico ySocial, continuacióndel período desesiones deorganización [Carta]\t25 y26deabril\tNuevaYork\t54G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n78.\tComité de protecciónde los derechos detodos lostrabajadoresmigratorios y de susfamiliares,18° período desesiones [resolución45/158 de la AsambleaGeneral]^(b)\tAbril(1semana)\tGinebra\t10E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n79.\tComité sobre losDerechos de lasPersonas conDiscapacidad, novenoperíodo de sesiones[resolución 61/106 dela Asamblea General yartículo 34 de laConvención sobre losderechos de laspersonas condiscapacidad]^(c)\tAbril(1semana)\tGinebra\t12E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n80.\tGrupo de expertos delos Estados partes enel Protocolo IIenmendado y reuniónde expertos de losEstados partes en elProtocolo V de laConvención sobreprohibiciones orestricciones delempleo de ciertasarmas convencionalesque puedanconsiderarseexcesivamente nocivaso de efectosindiscriminados[CCW/AP.II/CONF.12/6yCCW/P.V/CONF/2010/11]^(b)\tAbril(1semana)\tGinebra\t92E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n81.\tGrupo de expertosgubernamentales delos Estados partes enla Convención sobreprohibiciones orestricciones delempleo de ciertasarmas convencionalesque puedanconsiderarseexcesivamente nocivaso de efectosindiscriminados[decisión de losEstados partes,diciembre de2001]^(b)\tAbril(1semana)\tGinebra\t114E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n82.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo decomposición abiertasobre el derecho aldesarrollo,14° período desesiones [resolución9/3 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\tAbril(1semana)\tGinebra\tPordeterminar\tI(ACEFIR)\tT Unperíododesesionesporaño\n83.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobreComunicaciones, 12ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 5/1 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\tAbril(1semana)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n84.\tFondo deContribucionesVoluntarias para laCooperación Técnicaen materia deDerechos Humanos,Junta de Síndicos,38º período desesiones [decisión1993/283 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\tAbril(1semana)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n85.\tComité de DerechosEconómicos, Socialesy Culturales, 50°período de sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1982/33,1985/17 y 1995/39]\tAbril/mayo^(h)(3semanas)(porconfirmar)\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n86.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre ladetención arbitraria,66º período desesiones [resolución6/4 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\tAbril/mayo^(h)(1semana)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n87.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre elExamen PeriódicoUniversal, 17ºperíodo de sesiones[decisión 1/103 yresolución 5/1 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\tAbril/mayo^(h)(2semanas)\tGinebra\t47G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño88.\tConsejo de Seguridad,Consejo deAdministración de laComisión deIndemnización de lasNaciones Unidasestablecida en virtudde la resolución 692(1991) del Consejo deSeguridad, 75°período de sesiones\tAbril/mayo^(h)(3días)\tGinebra\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tHastaunmáximodecuatrosesionesconun \n totalde12díaslaborablesporaño\n89.\tUNCTAD, Comisión deInversión, Empresa yDesarrollo, quintoperíodo de sesiones[parte IV, sección B,del Acuerdo de Accraaprobado en el 12°período de sesionesde la UNCTAD,celebrado en Accradel 20 al 25 de abrilde 2008]\tAbril/mayo^(h)(2días)\tGinebra\t^(f)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n90.\tUNCTAD, Comisión deComercio yDesarrollo, quintoperíodo de sesiones[parte IV, sección B,del Acuerdo de Accraaprobado en el 12°período de sesionesde la UNCTAD,celebrado en Accradel 20 al 25 de abrilde 2008]\tAbril/mayo^(h)(2días)\tGinebra\t^(f)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n91.\tComité de Pensionesdel Personal de lasNaciones Unidas[resolución 248 (III)de la AsambleaGeneral]\tAbril/mayo^(h)(1reunión)\tNuevaYork\t12E\t–\t–\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesdeunareunióncadaunoporaño\n92.\tJunta de los jefesejecutivos delsistema de lasNaciones Unidas parala coordinación,primer períodoordinario de sesiones[decisión 2001/321del Consejo Económicoy Social]\tAbril/mayo^(h)\tPordeterminar\t26ST\tI(FI)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n93.\tComité de alto nivelsobre la cooperaciónSur-Sur, período desesiones deorganización[resoluciones de laAsamblea General33/134 y 58/220]\t2 demayo\tNuevaYork\t195G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n94.\tJunta Internacionalde Fiscalización deEstupefacientes, 107°período de sesiones[artículo 11 de laConvención Únicasobre Estupefacientesde 1961]^(c)\t6 a17demayo\tViena\t13E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosotresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n95.\tComisión de DerechoInternacional, 65ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 174 (II)de la AsambleaGeneral]\t6 demayoa 19dejulio\tGinebra\t34E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n96.\tReunión de expertosgubernamentales departicipación abiertacon objeto deexaminar problemas yoportunidades clavepara la ejecuciónrelacionados concuestiones y temasparticulares, como lacooperación y laasistenciainternacionales[resolución 63/72 dela Asamblea General]\t13 a17demayo\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n97.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo VI (Garantíasreales), 23º períodode sesiones[resolución 33/92 dela Asamblea General]\t13 a17demayo\tNuevaYork\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n98.\tComisión Consultivaen AsuntosAdministrativos y dePresupuesto[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 14(I), 173 (II), 32/103y 64/243]\t14demayoa 26dejulio\tNuevaYork\t16E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n99.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo III(Resolución decontroversias enlínea), 27º períodode sesiones[resolución 33/92 dela Asamblea General]\t20 a24demayo\tNuevaYork\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n100.\tComité encargado delas organizaciones nogubernamentales,continuación delperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones 3 (II)y 1296 (XLIV) ydecisiones 1995/304 y1997/297 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\t20 a29demayo\tNuevaYork\t19G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n101.\tForo Permanente paralas CuestionesIndígenas,12° período desesiones [resolución2000/22 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\t20 a31demayo\tNuevaYork\t16E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n102.\tComité Científico delas Naciones Unidaspara el Estudio delos Efectos de lasRadiaciones Atómicas,58° período desesiones [resolución913 (X) de laAsamblea General]\t23 a27demayo(porconfirmar)\tViena\t21G\tI(CEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n103.\tEstados partes en laConvenciónInternacional para laprotección de todaslas personas contralas desaparicionesforzadas, segundareunión [resolución65/209 de la AsambleaGeneral]^(c)\t28demayo\tNuevaYork\tPordeterminar\tI(ACEFIR)\t–\tAR\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n104.\tComisión de Ciencia yTecnología para elDesarrollo,16º período desesiones [resolución46/235 de la AsambleaGeneral yresoluciones 2002/37y 2006/46 y decisión2003/291 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\tMayo^(h)(1semana)\tGinebra\t43G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n105.\tComité contra laTortura, 50º períodode sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General39/46 y 65/204]^(c)\tMayo^(h)(4semanas)\tGinebra\t10E\tI(EFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n106.\tComité de DerechosEconómicos, Socialesy Culturales, grupode trabajo anterioral período desesiones, 51º períodode sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1982/33,1985/17 y 1995/39]\tMayo^(h)(1semana)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n107.\tComisión sobre elDesarrolloSostenible, 20°período de sesiones[decisiones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1993/207 y2005/228]\tMayo^(h)(2semanas)\tNuevaYork\t53G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n108.\tCESPAP, 69° períodode sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 37 (IV), 69(V) y 723 B (XXVIII)]\tMayo^(h)\tBangkok\t53G\tI(CFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n109.\tAsamblea General,Quinta Comisión,continuación delperíodo de sesiones[Carta]\tMayo^(h)(4semanas)\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n110.\tComité Internacionalde Coordinación deInstitucionesNacionales para laPromoción yProtección de losDerechos Humanos, 26ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 1994/54de la Comisión deDerechos Humanos]\tMayo^(h)(3semanas)\tGinebra\t92G\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n111.\tComité de Inversiones[resolución 248 (III)de la AsambleaGeneral]\tMayo^(h)(1día)\tNuevaYork\t11a12E\t–\t–\t–\tCuatroocincoreunionesporaño\n112.\tGrupo de trabajointergubernamental decomposición abiertaencargado de estudiarla posibilidad deelaborar un marconormativointernacional para laregulación, elseguimiento y lasupervisión de lasactividades de lasempresas militares yde seguridadprivadas, tercerperíodo de sesiones[resolución 15/26 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\tMayo^(h)(1semana)\tGinebra\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n113.\tSeminario regionalpara examinar lasituación en losterritorios noautónomos en el marcodel Segundo DecenioInternacional para laEliminación delColonialismo[resoluciones de laAsamblea General54/91 y 63/110]\tMayo^(h)(3días)\tPordeterminar\t28G\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño114.\tConferencia deDesarme, segundaparte [resolucionesde la AsambleaGeneral 1722 (XVI),S-10/2 y 34/83 L]\tMayo^(h)(7semanas)\tGinebra\t61G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAL\tUnperíododesesionesporañoentres \n partes\n115.\tComité de losDerechos del Niño,63° período desesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General44/25, 47/112 y49/211]^(c)\tMayo/junio^(h)(3semanas)\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n116.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, 23º períodode sesiones[resolución 60/251 dela Asamblea General]\tMayo/junio^(h)(3semanas)\tGinebra\t47G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tNomenosdetresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n117.\tGrupo de expertosgubernamentales sobreel desarrollo de lainformación y lastelecomunicaciones enel contexto de laseguridadinternacional, tercerperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General61/54, 62/17, 63/37,64/25 y 65/41]\t3 a7 dejunio\tNuevaYork\t15E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n118.\tJunta Ejecutiva delPNUD, el UNFPA y laUNOPS, período desesiones anual[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 2029(XX), 48/162 y65/176]\t3 a14dejunio\tNuevaYork\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n119.\tComisión de Cuotas,73º período desesiones [resolución14 (I), sección A, dela Asamblea General]\t3 a21dejunio\tNuevaYork\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n120.\tConvención Marco delas Naciones Unidassobre el CambioClimático, reunionesde los órganossubsidiarios de laConferencia de lasPartes en laConvención[resolución 62/86 dela Asamblea General]\t4 a15dejunio\tBonn(Alemania)\t189G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n121.\tJunta de Auditores delas Naciones Unidas,67º período ordinariode sesiones[resolución 74 (I) dela Asamblea General]\t9 a11dejulio\tNuevaYork\t3E\tI(CFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n122.\tComisión sobre laUtilización delEspacioUltraterrestre conFines Pacíficos, 56°período de sesiones[resolución 1472 A(XIV) de la AsambleaGeneral]\t10 a21dejunio(porconfirmar)\tViena\t69G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n123.\tReunión de losEstados partes en laConvención de lasNaciones Unidas sobreel Derecho del Mar,22ª reunión[resoluciones de laAsamblea General37/66, 49/28 y65/37]^(c)\t10 a21dejunio\tNuevaYork\t138G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnoodosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n124.\tComité del Programa yde la Coordinación,53º período desesiones [resolución2008 (LX) del ConsejoEconómico y Social yresolución 31/93 dela Asamblea General]\t10dejunioa 5dejulio\tNuevaYork\t34G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n125.\tUNICEF, JuntaEjecutiva, período desesiones anual[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 57(I) y 48/162]\t17 a21dejunio\tNuevaYork\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n126.\tProceso abierto deconsultas oficiosassobre los océanos yel derecho del mar,14ª reunión[resoluciones de laAsamblea General60/30, 63/111 y65/37]\t24 a28dejunio\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n127.\tSubcomité de Expertosen Transporte deMercaderíasPeligrosas, 43ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1989/104 y1999/65]\t24 a28dejunio\tGinebra\t23G\tI(CEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnoodosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n128.\tONU-Mujeres, JuntaEjecutiva, período desesiones anual[resolución 64/289 dela AsambleaGeneral]^(b)\t24 a28dejunio\tNuevaYork\t41G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n129.\tComité contra laTortura, Subcomitépara la Prevención dela Tortura y otrosTratos o PenasCrueles, Inhumanos oDegradantes, 20ºperíodo de sesiones[artículo 2 de laparte I del ProtocoloFacultativo de laConvención contra laTortura y OtrosTratos o PenasCrueles, Inhumanos oDegradantes e informedel Consejo deDerechos Humanos(A/61/53)]^(c)\tJunio(1semana)\tGinebra\t25E\tI(EFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n130.\tComité deRepresentantesPermanentes ante elONU-Hábitat, 49ªreunión [resolución56/206 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tJunio\tNairobi\t^(e)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tCuatroreunionesporaño\n131.\tComité de losDerechos del Niño,grupo de trabajoanterior al períodode sesiones, 64ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General44/25, 47/112 y49/211]^(c)\tJunio(1semana)\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n132.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobreDesaparicionesForzadas oInvoluntarias, 100ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 7/12 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\tJunio(1semana)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(AEFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n133.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre lassituaciones, 12ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 5/1 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\tJunio(1semana)\tGinebra\t5G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n134.\tReunión de laspresidencias de losórganos creados envirtud de tratados dederechos humanos, 25ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General46/111 y 49/178]\tJunio(1semana)\tGinebra\t8E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n135.\tReunión de relatoresespeciales,representantesespeciales, expertosindependientes ypresidentes de losgrupos de trabajo delConsejo de DerechosHumanos, 20º períodode sesiones[resolución 2002/84 ydecisión 2005/113 dela Comisión deDerechos Humanos]\tJunio(1semana)\tGinebra\tPordeterminar\t(EFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n136.\tPNUMA, Comité deRepresentantespermanentes,123º reunión[decisión 19/32 delConsejo deAdministración]\tJunio\tNairobi\t^(g)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tCuatroreunionesporaño\n137.\tPMA, Junta Ejecutiva,período de sesionesanual [decisión1995/227 del ConsejoEconómico y Social yresolución 50/8 de laAsamblea General]^(b)\tJunio\tRoma\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n138.\tJunta Consultiva enAsuntos de Desarme,60º período desesiones [resolución37/99 K de laAsamblea General]\tJunio-julio(3días)\tNuevaYork\t23E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n139.\tCNUDMI, 46º períodode sesiones[resolución 2205(XXI) de la AsambleaGeneral]\tJunio-julio\tViena\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n140.\tSeminario de DerechoInternacional[resolución 49/51 dela Asamblea General]\tJunio-julio(3semanas)\tGinebra\t30E\tI(EFI)\t–\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n141.\tComité Especialencargado de examinarla situación conrespecto a laaplicación de laDeclaración sobre laconcesión de laindependencia a lospaíses y puebloscoloniales[resolución 1654(XVI) de la AsambleaGeneral]\tJunio/julio(unmáximode20reuniones)\tNuevaYork\t28G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR^(d)\t\n142.\tComité Asesor deAuditoríaIndependiente, 23ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 61/275 dela Asamblea General]\t1 a3 dejulio\tNuevaYork\t5E\tI(IR)\tT\t–\tCuatroperíodosdesesionesporaño\n143.\tSubcomité de Expertosen el SistemaMundialmenteArmonizado deClasificación yEtiquetado deProductos Químicos,25º período desesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1989/104 y1999/65]\t1 a3 dejulio\tGinebra\t23G\tI(CEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnoodosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n144.\tComité para laEliminación de laDiscriminación contrala Mujer, Grupo deTrabajo sobre lascomunicacionespresentadas conarreglo al ProtocoloFacultativo de laConvención, 26ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General55/70 y 62/218]^(c)\t2 a5 dejulio\tNuevaYork\t5E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n145.\tGrupo de expertosgubernamentales sobrelas medidas detransparencia yfomento de laconfianza en lasactividades relativasal espacioultraterrestre,tercer período desesiones [resolución65/68]\t8 a12dejulio\tNuevaYork\t15E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n146.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre lautilización demercenarios comomedio de violar losderechos humanos yobstaculizar elejercicio del derechode los pueblos a lalibre determinación,19º período desesiones [resolución7/21 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\t8 a12dejulio\tNuevaYork\t5E\tI(AEIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n147.\tComité para laEliminación de laDiscriminación contrala Mujer, 55º períodode sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General34/180 y 62/218]^(c)\t8 a26dejulio\tNuevaYork\t23E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n148.\tComité para laEliminación de laDiscriminación contrala Mujer, grupo detrabajo anterior alperíodo de sesiones,57º período desesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General45/124, 47/94 y62/218]^(c)\t29dejulioa 2deagosto\tNuevaYork\t4E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n149.\tConsejo Económico ySocial, período desesiones sustantivo[Carta]\tJulio(4semanas)\tGinebra\t54G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n150.\tComité de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre lasComunicacionesanterior al períodode sesiones,108º período desesiones [resolución2200 A (XXI) de laAsamblea General]^(c)\tJulio(1semana)\tGinebra\t9E\tI(EFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n151.\tComité de DerechosHumanos, 108º períodode sesiones[resolución 2200 A(XXI) de la AsambleaGeneral]^(c)\tJulio(3semanas)\tGinebra\t18E\tI(AEFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n152.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Mecanismo deexpertos sobre losderechos de lospueblos indígenas,sexto período desesiones [resolución6/36 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\tJulio(1semana)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n153.\tCAPI, 77º período desesiones [resolución3357 (XXIX) de laAsamblea General]\tJulio\tPordeterminar\t15E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n154.\tComité de Inversiones[resolución 248 (III)de la AsambleaGeneral]\tJulio(1día)\tNuevaYork\t11a12E\t–\t–\t–\tCuatroocincoreunionesporaño\n155.\tComité Mixto dePensiones delPersonal de lasNaciones Unidas, 59ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 248(III), 46/200 y61/240]\tJulio\tNuevaYork\t33E\tI(FI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n156.\tComité Mixto dePensiones delPersonal de lasNaciones Unidas,Comité de Actuarios[resolución 1561 (XV)de la AsambleaGeneral, artículoXXIX]\tJulio\tNuevaYork\t5E\tI(FI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n157.\tComité Mixto dePensiones delPersonal de lasNaciones Unidas,Comité Permanente[resolución 248 (III)de la AsambleaGeneral]\tJulio(1reunión)\tNuevaYork\t15E\tI(FI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n158.\tGrupo de Trabajosobre la cuestión dela discriminacióncontra la mujer en lalegislación y en lapráctica [resolución15/23 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\tJulio(1semana)\tNuevaYork\t5E\tI(ACEFIR) Tresperíodosdesesionesporaño159.\tConferencia deDesarme, terceraparte [resolucionesde la AsambleaGeneral 1722 (XVI),S-10/2 y 34/83 L]\tJulio-septiembre(7semanas)\tGinebra\t61G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAL\tUnperíododesesionesporañoentres \n partes\n160.\tComisión de Límitesde la PlataformaContinental,32º período desesiones [párrafo 5del artículo 2 delanexo II de laConvención de lasNaciones Unidas sobreel Derecho del Mar]\t5 a16deagosto\tNuevaYork\t21E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n161.\tComité para laEliminación de laDiscriminaciónRacial, 83° períodode sesiones[resolución 2106 A(XX) de la AsambleaGeneral]^(c)\tAgosto(4semanas)\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n162.\tGrupo de expertosgubernamentales delos Estados partes enla Convención sobreprohibiciones orestricciones delempleo de ciertasarmas convencionalesque puedanconsiderarseexcesivamente nocivaso de efectosindiscriminados[decisión de losEstados partes,diciembre de2001]^(b)\tAgosto(1semana)\tGinebra\t114E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tHasta25díasdereunionesa lolargodelaño\n163.\tComité Asesor delConsejo de DerechosHumanos, 11° períodode sesiones[resolución 5/1 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\tAgosto(1semana)\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n164.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre ladetención arbitraria,67º período desesiones [resolución6/4 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\tAgosto(1semana)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n165.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobreComunicaciones, 13ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 5/1 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\tAgosto(1semana)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n166.\tJunta Ejecutiva delPNUD, el UNFPA y laUNOPS, segundoperíodo ordinario desesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 2029(XX), 48/162 y65/176]\t3 a6 deseptiembre\tNuevaYork\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n167.\tComisión Consultivaen AsuntosAdministrativos y dePresupuesto[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 14(I), 173 (II), 32/103y 64/243]\t3 deseptiembrea 13dediciembre\tNuevaYork\t16E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n168.\tConferencia de losEstados Partes en laConvención sobre losderechos de laspersonas condiscapacidad, quintoperíodo de sesiones[resolución 61/106 dela Asamblea General yartículo 40 de laConvención sobre losderechos de laspersonas condiscapacidad]^(c)\t4 a6 deseptiembre\tNuevaYork\t96G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n169.\tUNICEF, JuntaEjecutiva, segundoperíodo ordinario desesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 57(I) y 48/162]\t9 a12deseptiembre\tNuevaYork\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n170.\tONU-Mujeres, JuntaEjecutiva, segundoperíodo ordinario desesiones [resoluciónde la AsambleaGeneral 64/289]^(b)\t16 a18deseptiembre^(i)\tNuevaYork\t41G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n171.\tAsamblea General,sexagésimo octavoperíodo de sesiones[Carta]\t17deseptiembre-diciembre\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAL/AR^(j)\t\n172.\tACNUR, ComitéEjecutivo, 64ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 1166(XII) y 62/123]\t30deseptiembrea 4deoctubre\tGinebra\t78G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n173.\tComité deConferencias, períodode sesionessustantivo[resolución 43/222 Bde la AsambleaGeneral]\tSeptiembre(5días)\tNuevaYork\t21G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n174.\tComité deRepresentantesPermanentes ante elONU-Hábitat, 50°reunión [resolución56/206 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tSeptiembre\tNairobi\t^(e)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tCuatroreunionesporaño\n175.\tComité para laEliminación de laDiscriminación contrala Mujer, Grupo deTrabajo sobre lascomunicacionespresentadas conarreglo al ProtocoloFacultativo de laConvención, 27ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General55/70 y 62/218]^(c)\tSeptiembre(3días)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n176.\tComité de Protecciónde los Derechos deTodos losTrabajadoresMigratorios y susFamilias, 19º períodode sesiones[resolución45/158]^(c)\tSeptiembre(1semana)\tGinebra\t10E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n177.\tComité sobre losDerechos de lasPersonas conDiscapacidad, décimoperíodo de sesiones[resolución 61/106 dela Asamblea General yartículo 34 de laConvención sobre losderechos de laspersonas condiscapacidad]^(c)\tSeptiembre(1semana)(porconfirmar)\tGinebra\t12E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n178.\tReunión de alto nivelde la AsambleaGeneral sobre elEstado de derecho enlos planos nacional einternacional[resolución65/32]^(k, l)\tSeptiembre\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAL\t\n179.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, 24º períodode sesiones[resolución 60/251 dela Asamblea General]\tSeptiembre(3semanas)\tGinebra\t47G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tNomenosdetresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n180.\tUNCTAD, Junta deComercio yDesarrollo, 60°período de sesiones[resolución 1995(XIX) de la AsambleaGeneral y resolución114 (V) de la UNCTAD]\tSeptiembre(2semanas)\tGinebra\t153G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n181.\tUNCTAD, Grupo deTrabajo sobre elMarco Estratégico yel Presupuesto porProgramas(cooperacióntécnica), 65° períodode sesiones[resolución 114 (V)de la UNCTAD ydecisión 156 (XVII)de la Junta deComercio yDesarrollo]\tSeptiembre(3días)\tGinebra\t^(f)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n182.\tPNUMA, Comité deRepresentantesPermanentes,124ª reunión[decisión 19/32 delConsejo deAdministración]\tSeptiembre\tNairobi\t^(g)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tCuatroreunionesporaño\n183.\tFondo Fiduciario deContribucionesVoluntarias de lasNaciones Unidas paraLuchar contra lasFormas Contemporáneasde la Esclavitud,Junta de Síndicos,18º período desesiones [resolución46/122 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tSeptiembre(1semana)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n184.\tOOPS, ComisiónAsesora [resolución302 (IV) de laAsamblea General]\tSeptiembre(1día)\tAmmán\t10G\tI(AFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n185.\tComité para laEliminación de laDiscriminación contrala Mujer, 56º períodode sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General34/180 y 62/218]^(c)\tSeptiembre/octubre(3semanas)\tGinebra\t23E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n186.\tComité de losDerechos del Niño,64° período desesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General44/25, 47/112 y49/211]^(c)\tSeptiembre/octubre(3semanas)\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n187.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre elExamen PeriódicoUniversal, 18ºperíodo de sesiones[decisión 1/103 yresolución 5/1 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\tSeptiembre/octubre(2semanas)\tGinebra\t47G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n188.\tJunta Internacionalde Fiscalización deEstupefacientes, 108°período de sesiones[artículo 11 de laConvención Únicasobre Estupefacientesde 1961]^(c)\t28deoctubrea15denoviembre\tViena\t13E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosotresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n189.\tComité Especial delConsejo de DerechosHumanos encargado deelaborar normascomplementarias enmateria de racismo,sexto período desesiones [decisión3/103 y resolución6/21 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\tOctubre(2semanas)\tGinebra\tPordeterminar\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n190.\tComité de Expertossobre CooperaciónInternacional enCuestiones deTributación, novenoperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1273 (XLIII),1765 (LIV) y 2004/69]\tOctubre(1semana)\tGinebra\t25E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n191.\tComité para laEliminación de laDiscriminación contrala Mujer, grupo detrabajo anterior alperíodo de sesiones,58º período desesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General45/124, 47/94 y62/218]^(c)\tOctubre(1semana)\tGinebra\t4E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n192.\tComité de losDerechos del Niño,grupo de trabajoanterior al períodode sesiones, 65ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General44/25, 47/112 y49/211]^(c)\tOctubre(1semana)\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n193.\tDecimocuarta Reuniónde los Estados Partesen la Convencióncontra la Tortura yOtros Tratos o PenasCrueles, Inhumanos oDegradantes[resolución 39/46 Ade la AsambleaGeneral]^(c)\tOctubre(1día)\tGinebra\t139G\tI(EFIR)\tT\tAR\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n194.\tComité de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre lasComunicacionesanterior al períodode sesiones,109º período desesiones [resolución2200 A (XXI) de laAsamblea General]^(c)\tOctubre(1semana)\tGinebra\t9E\tI(EFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n195.\tComité de DerechosHumanos, 109º períodode sesiones[resolución 2200 A(XXI) de la AsambleaGeneral]^(c)\tOctubre(3semanas)\tGinebra\t18E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n196.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, foro entreperíodos de sesionesacerca de losderechos económicos,sociales y culturales(Foro Social), sextoperíodo de sesiones[resolución 6/13 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\tOctubre(3días)\tGinebra\t10E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n197.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre lautilización demercenarios comomedio de violar losderechos humanos yobstaculizar elejercicio del derechode los pueblos a lalibre determinación,20º período desesiones [resolución7/21 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\tOctubre(1semana)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(AEIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n198.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo II (Arbitrajey Conciliación), 59ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 33/92 dela Asamblea General]\tOctubre\tViena\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n199.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo IV (ComercioElectrónico), 48ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 33/92 dela Asamblea General]\tOctubre\tViena\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n200.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo I(Adquisiciones),25º período desesiones [resolución33/92 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tOctubre(porconfirmar)\tViena\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n201.\tJunta de los jefesejecutivos delsistema de lasNaciones Unidas parala coordinación,segundo períodoordinario de sesiones[decisión 2001/321del Consejo Económicoy Social]\tOctubre\tNuevaYork\t26ST\tI(FI)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n202.\tFondo decontribucionesvoluntarias de lasNaciones Unidas paralas víctimas de latortura, Junta deSíndicos, 39º períodode sesiones[resolución 36/151 dela Asamblea General]\tOctubre(1semana)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n203.\tFondo deContribucionesVoluntarias para laCooperación Técnicaen materia deDerechos Humanos,Junta de Síndicos,39º período desesiones [decisión1993/283 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\tOctubre(1semana)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n204.\tGrupo de Trabajosobre la cuestión dela discriminacióncontra la mujer en lalegislación y en lapráctica [resolución15/23 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\tOctubre(1semana)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n205.\tComité contra laTortura, 51º períodode sesiones[resolución 39/46 dela AsambleaGeneral]^(c)\tOctubre/noviembre(4semanas)\tGinebra\t10E\tI(EFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n206.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajointergubernamentalsobre la aplicaciónefectiva de laDeclaración y elPrograma de Acción deDurban, 11° períodode sesiones[resolución 1/5 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\tOctubre/noviembre(2semanas)\tGinebra\tPordeterminar\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n207.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobreDesaparicionesForzadas oInvoluntarias, 101ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 7/12 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\tOctubre/noviembre(1semana)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(AEFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño208.\tConsejo de Seguridad,Consejo deAdministración de laComisión deIndemnización de lasNaciones Unidasestablecida en virtudde la resolución 692(1991) del Consejo deSeguridad, 76°período de sesiones\tOctubre/noviembre(3días)\tGinebra\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT Hastaunmáximodecuatrosesionesconun \n totalde12díaslaborablesporaño\n209.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo V (Régimen dela insolvencia), 44ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 33/92 dela Asamblea General]\tOctubre/noviembre(porconfirmar)\tViena\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n210.\tComité de Pensionesdel Personal de lasNaciones Unidas[resolución 248 (III)de la AsambleaGeneral]\tOctubre/noviembre(1reunión)\tNuevaYork\t12E\t–\t–\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesdeunareunióncadaunoporaño\n211.\tConferencia de lasNaciones Unidas sobrePromesas deContribuciones paralas Actividades deDesarrollo[resolución 32/197 dela Asamblea General]\t11denoviembre\tNuevaYork\t195G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n212.\tConvención Marco delas Naciones Unidassobre el CambioClimático,Conferencia de lasPartes en laConvención, 19ºperíodo de sesiones,y reuniones de losórganos subsidiarios[resolución 62/86 dela Asamblea General]\t12 a23denoviembre\tPordeterminar\t189G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n213.\tSubcomité de Expertosen Transporte deMercaderíasPeligrosas, 44ºperíodo de sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1989/104 y1999/65]\t25denoviembrea 4dediciembre\tGinebra\t22G\tI(CEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnoodosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n214.\tComité Consultivo delPrograma deasistencia de lasNaciones Unidas parala enseñanza, elestudio, la difusióny una comprensión másamplia del derechointernacional, 46ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 2099 (XX)de la AsambleaGeneral]\tNoviembre(2días)\tNuevaYork\t25G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n215.\tReunión anual de losEstados partes en laConvención sobreprohibiciones orestricciones delempleo de ciertasarmas convencionalesque puedanconsiderarseexcesivamente nocivaso de efectosindiscriminados[Convención]^(b)\tNoviembre(2días)\tGinebra\t114G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n216.\tComité contra laTortura, Subcomitépara la Prevención dela Tortura y otrosTratos o PenasCrueles, Inhumanos oDegradantes, 21ºperíodo de sesiones[artículo 2 de laparte I del ProtocoloFacultativo de laConvención contra laTortura y OtrosTratos o PenasCrueles, Inhumanos oDegradantes e informedel Consejo deDerechos Humanos(A/61/53)]^(c)\tNoviembre(1semana)\tGinebra\t25E\tI(EFIR)\tT\tAR\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n217.\tComité de DerechosEconómicos, Socialesy Culturales, 51°período de sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1982/33,1985/17 y 1995/39]\tNoviembre(3semanas)\tGinebra\t18E\tI(AEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n218.\tComité contra laDesaparición Forzada,quinto período desesiones [resolución61/177 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tNoviembre(1semana)\tGinebra\t10E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n219.\tConferencia Anual delas Altas PartesContratantes en elProtocolo V enmendadode la Convenciónsobre prohibiciones orestricciones delempleo de ciertasarmas convencionalesque puedanconsiderarseexcesivamente nocivaso de efectosindiscriminados[artículo 10 delProtocoloenmendado]^(b)\tNoviembre(2días)\tGinebra\t72G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT Unperíododesesionesporaño\n220.\tDecimoquintaConferencia Anual delas Altas PartesContratantes en elProtocolo IIenmendado de laConvención sobreprohibiciones orestricciones delempleo de ciertasarmas convencionalesque puedanconsiderarseexcesivamente nocivaso de efectosindiscriminados[párrafo 1 delartículo 13 delProtocoloenmendado]^(b)\tNoviembre(1día)\tGinebra\t92G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n221.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Foro sobreCuestiones de lasMinorías, sextoperíodo de sesiones[resolución 6/15 delConsejo de DerechosHumanos]\tNoviembre(2días)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n222.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo sobre ladetención arbitraria,68º período desesiones [resolución6/4 del Consejo deDerechos Humanos]\tNoviembre(1semana)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n223.\tComité de Inversiones[resolución 248 (III)de la AsambleaGeneral]\tNoviembre^(i)(1día)\tNuevaYork\t11a12E\t–\t–\t–\tCuatroocincoreunionesporaño\n224.\tEstados partes en laConvención sobreMuniciones en Racimo,cuarta reunión[resolución 64/36 dela AsambleaGeneral]^(b)\tNoviembre(1semana)\tPordeterminar\t59G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n225.\tUNCTAD, Grupo deTrabajo sobre elMarco Estratégico yel Presupuesto porProgramas, 66°período de sesiones[resolución 114 (V)de la UNCTAD ydecisión 156 (XVII)de la Junta deComercio yDesarrollo]\tNoviembre(3días)\tGinebra\t^(f)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n226.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo III(Resolución decontroversias enlínea), 28º períodode sesiones[resolución 33/92 dela Asamblea General]\tNoviembre\tViena\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n227.\tPMA, Junta Ejecutiva,segundo períodoordinario de sesiones[decisión 1995/227del Consejo Económicoy Social y resolución50/8 de la AsambleaGeneral]^(b)\tNoviembre\tRoma\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tTresperíodosdesesionesporaño\n228.\tEstados partes en laConvención sobre laprohibición delempleo,almacenamiento,producción ytransferencia deminas antipersonal ysobre su destrucción,13° período desesiones [párrafo 2del artículo 11 de laConvención]^(b)\tNoviembre-diciembre(1semana)\tPordeterminar\t156G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n229.\tReunión de losEstados partes en laConvención sobre laprohibición deldesarrollo, laproducción y elalmacenamiento dearmas bacteriológicas(biológicas) ytoxínicas y sobre sudestrucción [decisiónde los Estados partesen su sextaConferencia deexamen]^(b)\tNoviembre/diciembre(1semana)\tGinebra\t164G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT \n230.\tGrupo de AuditoresExternos de lasNaciones Unidas, losorganismosespecializados y elOrganismoInternacional deEnergía Atómica[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 347(IV) y 1438 (XIV)]\tNoviembre/diciembre\tPordeterminar\t9E\tI(CFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n231.\tJunta de Auditores delas Naciones Unidas,períodoextraordinario desesiones [resolución74 (I) de la AsambleaGeneral]\tNoviembre/diciembre\tPordeterminar\t3E\tI(CFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n232.\tComisión de Desarme,período de sesionesde organización[resolución S-10/2 dela Asamblea General]\t4 denoviembre^(i)\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAL\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n233.\tSubcomité de Expertosen el SistemaMundialmenteArmonizado deClasificación yEtiquetado deProductos Químicos,26º período desesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1989/104 y1999/65]\t4 a6 dediciembre\tGinebra\t23G\tI(CEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnoodosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n234.\tComisión deEstupefacientes,reanudación del56º período desesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 9 (I) y1991/39]\t12dediciembre(porconfirmar)\tViena\t53G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n235.\tComisión Especial dela Asamblea Generalpara el anuncio decontribucionesvoluntarias alPrograma del AltoComisionado de lasNaciones Unidas paralos Refugiados[resolución 55/75 dela Asamblea General]\t10dediciembre\tGinebra\t195G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnareuniónporaño\n236.\tComisión dePrevención del Delitoy Justicia Penal,reanudación del 22°período de sesiones[decisión 2009/251del Consejo Económicoy Social]\t13dediciembre(porconfirmar)\tViena\t40G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n237.\tComité Asesor deAuditoríaIndependiente, 24ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 61/275 dela Asamblea General]\t17 a19dediciembre^(i)\tNuevaYork\t5E\tI(IR)\tT\t–\tCuatroperíodosdesesionesporaño\n238.\tComisión Especial dela Asamblea Generalpara el anuncio decontribucionesvoluntarias al OOPS[resolución 1729(XVI) de la AsambleaGeneral]\t3 dediciembre^(i)\tNuevaYork\t195G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnareuniónporaño\n239.\tComité deRepresentantesPermanentes ante elONU-Hábitat, 51ªreunión [resolución56/206 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tDiciembre\tNairobi\t^(e)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tCuatroreunionesporaño\n240.\tComité de DerechosEconómicos, Socialesy Culturales, grupode trabajo anterioral período desesiones, 52º períodode sesiones[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1982/33,1985/17 y 1995/39]\tDiciembre(1semana)\tGinebra\t5E\tI(EFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n241.\tEstados partes en laConvenciónInternacional sobrela protección de losderechos de todos lostrabajadoresmigratorios y de susfamiliares, sextareunión [resolución57/218 de la AsambleaGeneral]^(c)\tDiciembrei\tNuevaYork\tPordeterminar\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n242.\tCNUDMI, Grupo deTrabajo VI (Garantíasreales), 24º períodode sesiones[resolución 33/92 dela Asamblea General]\tDiciembre(porconfirmar)\tViena\t60G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n243.\tPNUMA, Comité deRepresentantesPermanentes,125ª reunión[decisión 19/32 delConsejo deAdministración]\tDiciembre\tNairobi\t^(g)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tCuatroperíodosdesesionesporaño\n244.\tUNU, Consejo, 60ºperíodo de sesiones[resolución 3081(XXVIII) de laAsamblea General]\tDiciembre(1semana)\tTokio\t28E\tI(FI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n245.\tComité deConferencias[resolución 43/222 Bde la AsambleaGeneral]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t21G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n246.\tComité de Relacionescon el País Anfitrión[resolución 2819(XXVI) de la AsambleaGeneral]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t19G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n247.\tComité para elejercicio de losderechos inalienablesdel pueblo palestino[resolución 3376(XXX) de la AsambleaGeneral]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t25G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n248.\tCEPE, comités ygrupos de trabajo[resolución 36 (IV)del Consejo Económicoy Social]\tSegúnseanecesario\tGinebra\t55G\tPordeterminar\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n249.\tConsejo Económico ySocial, sesionesoficiales/oficiosas[Carta y resolucionesde la AsambleaGeneral 50/227 y61/16]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t54G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n250.\tJunta Ejecutiva delPNUD, el UNFPA y laUNOPS, reunionesinformativas yconsultas oficiosas[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 2020(XX), 48/162 y65/176]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n251.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, reuniones deorganización y entreperíodos de sesionesy períodosextraordinarios desesiones [resolución60/251 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tSegúnseanecesario\tGinebra\t47G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n252.\tTribunal PenalInternacional para elenjuiciamiento de lospresuntosresponsables degenocidio y otrasgraves violacionesdel derechointernacionalhumanitario cometidasen el territorio deRwanda y de losciudadanos rwandesespresuntamenteresponsables degenocidio y otrasviolaciones de esanaturaleza cometidasen el territorio deEstados vecinos entreel 1 de enero y el 31de diciembre de 1994[resolución 955(1994) del Consejo deSeguridad]\tSegúnseanecesario\tArusha(RepúblicaUnidadeTanzanía)\t11E\tI(FI)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n253.\tTribunalInternacional para elenjuiciamiento de lospresuntosresponsables de lasviolaciones gravesdel derechointernacionalhumanitario cometidasen el territorio dela ex Yugoslaviadesde 1991[resolución 808(1993) del Consejo deSeguridad yresolución 47/235 dela Asamblea General]\tSegúnseanecesario\tLaHaya\t11E\tI(FI)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n254.\tComisión deConsolidación de laPaz [resolución60/180 de la AsambleaGeneral y resolución1645 (2005) delConsejo de Seguridad]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t31G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n255.\tConsejo de Seguridad[Carta]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAL\tSegúnseanecesario\n256.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de lasresoluciones 1267(1999) y 1989 (2011)relativas a Al-Qaiday personas yentidades asociadas\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n257.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1373(2001) relativa a lalucha contra elterrorismo\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n258.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1518(2003)\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n259.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1521(2003) relativa aLiberia\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n260.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1533(2004) relativa a laRepública Democráticadel Congo\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n261.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1540(2004)\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n262.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1572(2004) relativa aCôte d’Ivoire\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n263.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1591(2005) relativa alSudán\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n264.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1636(2005)\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n265.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1718(2006)\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n266.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1737(2006)\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n267.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1970(2011) relativa a laJamahiriya ÁrabeLibia\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n268.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 1988(2011)\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n269.\tComité del Consejo deSeguridad establecidoen virtud de laresolución 751 (1992)relativa a Somalia\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n270.\tComité de Expertosdel Consejo deSeguridad [decisiónadoptada por elConsejo de Seguridaden su primera sesión,1946]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n271.\tConsejo de Seguridad,Comité para lasreuniones del Consejofuera de la Sede[decisión adoptadapor el Consejo deSeguridad en su 1625ªsesión]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n272.\tConsejo de Seguridad,Comité de Admisión deNuevos Miembros[decisión adoptadapor el Consejo deSeguridad en su 42ªsesión, 1946]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n273.\tConsejo de Seguridad,Consejo deAdministración de laComisión deIndemnización de lasNaciones Unidasestablecida en virtudde la resolución 692(1991) del Consejo deSeguridad\tSegúnseanecesario\tGinebra\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tSegúnseanecesario\n274.\tGrupo de TrabajoEspecial del Consejode Seguridad sobre laprevención y lasolución deconflictos en África(S/2002/207)\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n275.\tGrupo de Trabajo delConsejo de Seguridadestablecido en virtudde la resolución 1566(2004) (Al-Qaida ylos talibanes)\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n276.\tGrupo de Trabajo delConsejo de Seguridadsobre los niños y losconflictos armadosestablecido en virtudde la resolución 1612(2005)\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n277.\tGrupo de Trabajo delConsejo de Seguridadsobre las operacionesde mantenimiento dela paz establecido envirtud del documentoS/PRST/2001/3\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t15G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n278.\tComité Especial deOperaciones deMantenimiento de laPaz y su Grupo deTrabajo [resolución2006 (XIX) de laAsamblea General]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t144G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n279.\tConsejo deAdministraciónFiduciaria (y comitésde redacción) [Carta]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t5G\tI(CFIR)\tT\tAL\tSegúnseanecesario\n280.\tUNCTAD, consultas delSecretario General ydel Presidente de laJunta de Comercio yDesarrollo [decisiónadoptada por la Juntade Comercio yDesarrollo en su 13ªreunión ejecutiva (8de julio de 1996) yresolución 51/167 dela Asamblea General]\tSegúnseanecesario(hasta30reuniones)\tGinebra\t^(f)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n281.\tUNCTAD, reunionesejecutivas de laJunta de Comercio yDesarrollo [decisiónadoptada por la Juntade Comercio yDesarrollo en su 13ªreunión ejecutiva (8de julio de 1996) yresolución 51/167 dela Asamblea General]\tSegúnseanecesario(3días)\tGinebra\t^(f)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n282.\tUNCTAD, otrasconferencias yreuniones sobreproductos básicos[decisión adoptadapor la Junta deComercio y Desarrolloen su 13ª reuniónejecutiva (8 de juliode 1996) y resolución51/167 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tSegúnseanecesario(hasta30reuniones)\tGinebra\t^(f)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n283.\tUNCTAD, seminarios ygrupos de estudio[decisión adoptadapor la Junta deComercio y Desarrolloen su 13ª reuniónejecutiva (8 de juliode 1996) y resolución51/167 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tSegúnseanecesario(hasta20reuniones)\tGinebra\t^(f)\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n284.\tUNICEF, JuntaEjecutiva, reunionesde información yconsultas oficiosas[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 57(I) y 48/162]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t36G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n285.\tComisión deConciliación de lasNaciones Unidas paraPalestina [resolución194 (III) de laAsamblea General]\tSegúnseanecesario\tNuevaYork\t3G\tI(FI)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n286.\tComité Especial delOcéano Índico[resoluciones 299(XXVIII) y 62/14 dela Asamblea General]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t43G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños287.\tComisión deEstupefacientes, 23ªReunión de Jefes delos OrganismosNacionales Encargadosde Combatir elTráfico Ilícito deDrogas, África[resolución 1985/11del Consejo Económicoy Social]\tPordeterminar\tAddisAbebaounacapital\t53G\tI(AFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño de la \n región 288.\tComisión deEstupefacientes, 37ªReunión de Jefes delos OrganismosNacionales Encargadosde Combatir elTráfico Ilícito deDrogas, Asia y elPacífico[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1985/11 y1988/15]\tPordeterminar\tBangkokounacapitaldela\t51G\tI(CFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño \n región 289.\tComisión deEstupefacientes, 23ªReunión de Jefes delos OrganismosNacionales Encargadosde Combatir elTráfico Ilícito deDrogas, AméricaLatina y el Caribe[resoluciones delConsejo Económico ySocial 1987/34 y1988/15]\tPordeterminar\tSantiagouotracapitaldela\t41G\tI(EFI)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño \n región \n290.\tComisión deEstupefacientes,Subcomisión sobreTráfico Ilícito deDrogas y AsuntosConexos en el CercanoOriente y el OrienteMedio, 48º período desesiones [resolución1776 (LIV) delConsejo Económico ySocial]\tPordeterminar\tUnacapitaldelaregión\t23G\tI(AIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n291.\tComisión deEstupefacientes,Décima Reunión deJefes de losOrganismos NacionalesEncargados deCombatir el TráficoIlícito de Drogas,Europa [resolución1993/36 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\tPordeterminar\tViena\t46G\tI(EFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n292.\tComité deConferencias, períodode sesiones deorganización[resolución 43/222 Bde la AsambleaGeneral]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t21G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n293.\tComité encargado delas organizaciones nogubernamentales,período de sesionesde organización[resoluciones 3 (II)y 1296 (XLIV) ydecisiones 1995/304 y1997/297 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t19G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n294.\tComité para elejercicio de losderechos inalienablesdel pueblo palestino,Reuniónextraordinaria enobservancia del DíaInternacional deSolidaridad con elPueblo Palestino[resoluciones de laAsamblea General32/40 B y 33/28]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t25G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAL\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n295.\tConferencia de losEstados Partes en laConvención de lasNaciones Unidascontra la Corrupción,Grupo sobre el examende la aplicación dela Convención de lasNaciones Unidascontra la Corrupción,cuarta reunión[resolución 58/4 dela Asamblea General yresolución 3/1 de laConferencia de losEstados Partes]\tPordeterminar\tViena\t144G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n296.\tConferencia de losEstados Partes en laConvención de lasNaciones Unidascontra la Corrupción,Grupo de Trabajointergubernamental decomposición abiertasobre la prevenciónde la corrupción,tercera reunión[resolución 58/4 dela Asamblea General yresolución 3/2 de laConferencia de losEstados Partes]\tPordeterminar\tViena\t144G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n297.\tConferencia de losEstados Partes en laConvención de lasNaciones Unidascontra la Corrupción,Grupo de Trabajointergubernamental decomposición abiertasobre la recuperaciónde activos, quintareunión [resolución58/4 de la AsambleaGeneral y resolución3/3 de la Conferenciade los EstadosPartes]\tPordeterminar\tViena\t144G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n298.\tConferencia de losEstados Partes en laConvención de lasNaciones Unidascontra la Corrupción,quinto período desesiones [resolución58/4 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tPordeterminar\tViena\t144G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n299.\tAsamblea General,sexto diálogo de altonivel sobre lafinanciación para eldesarrollo[resolución 65/145 dela Asamblea General]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAL\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n300.\tAsamblea General,sexagésimo octavoperíodo de sesiones,Primera Comisión[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 173(II) y 47/233]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAL^(j)\t\n301.\tAsamblea General,sexagésimo octavoperíodo de sesiones,Segunda Comisión[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 173(II) y 47/233]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n302.\tAsamblea General,sexagésimo octavoperíodo de sesiones,Tercera Comisión[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 173(II) y 47/233]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n303.\tAsamblea General,sexagésimo octavoperíodo de sesiones,Cuarta Comisión[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 173(II) y 47/233]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n304.\tAsamblea General,sexagésimo octavoperíodo de sesiones,Quinta Comisión[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 173(II) y 47/233]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n305.\tAsamblea General,sexagésimo octavoperíodo de sesiones,Sexta Comisión[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 173(II) y 47/233]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\t\n306.\tGrupo de ExpertosGubernamentales en laConvención sobre laprohibición deldesarrollo, laproducción y elalmacenamiento dearmas bacteriológicas(biológicas) ytoxínicas y sobre sudestrucción [decisiónde los Estados partesen su sextaConferencia deexamen]^(b)\tPordeterminar(2semanas)\tGinebra\t164G\tACEFIR \n307.\tComité de Alto Nivelsobre la CooperaciónSur-Sur, 18º períodode sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General33/134 y 58/220]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t195G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n308.\tReunión de alto nivelde la AsambleaGeneral sobre elexamen amplio de losprogresos realizadosen la aplicación dela Declaración decompromiso en lalucha contra elVIH/SIDA y laDeclaración políticasobre el VIH/SIDA(resoluciones 60/262y 65/180)\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t195G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAL\t\n309.\tGrupo de Trabajo dealto nivel ycomposición abiertaencargado de examinarla situaciónfinanciera de lasNaciones Unidas[resolución 49/143 dela AsambleaGeneral]^(k)\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n310.\tConsejo de DerechosHumanos, Grupo deTrabajo de Expertossobre las personas deascendencia africana,13º período desesiones[resoluciones delConsejo de DerechosHumanos 5/1 y 9/14]\tPordeterminar\tGinebra\t5E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tDosperíodosdesesionesporaño\n311.\tGrupo de Trabajooficioso decomposición abiertasobre el Programa dePaz y sus subgrupos[resolución 47/120 dela AsambleaGeneral]^(k)\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n312.\tConvención de lasNaciones Unidas deLucha contra laDesertificación,Conferencia de lasPartes en laConvención, 11°período de sesiones,y reuniones de losórganos subsidiarios[resolución 62/193 dela AsambleaGeneral]^(c)\tPordeterminar\tBonn(Alemania)\t185G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños\n313.\tEstados partes en laConvenciónInternacional sobrela Eliminación detodas las Formas deDiscriminaciónRacial, 25ª reunión[resolución 2106 (XX)de la AsambleaGeneral]^(c)\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t155G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\tAR\tUnperíododesesionescadadosaños314.\tDécima ConferenciaCartográfica Regionalde las NacionesUnidas para lasAméricas [decisión2010/240 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\tPordeterminar\tNuevaYork\t41G\tI(EFI)\tT Unperíododesesionescada \n cuatroaños\n315.\tUNCTAD, GrupoIntergubernamental deExpertos en Derecho yPolítica de laCompetencia, 13ºperíodo de sesiones[decisión adoptadapor la Junta deComercio y Desarrolloen su 13ª reuniónejecutiva (8 de juliode 1996) y resolución51/167 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tPordeterminar(1semana)\tGinebra\tPordeterminar\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n316.\tUNCTAD, GrupoIntergubernamental deTrabajo de Expertosen NormasInternacionales deContabilidad yPresentación deInformes [resolución1982/67 del ConsejoEconómico y Social]\tPordeterminar(4días)\tGinebra\t34E\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n317.\tUNCTAD, reunión deexpertos de laComisión deInversión, Empresa yDesarrollo [parte IV,sección B, delAcuerdo de Accraaprobado en el 12°período de sesionesde la UNCTAD,celebrado en Accradel 20 al 25 de abrilde 2008]\tPordeterminar(3días)\tGinebra\tPordeterminar\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n318.\tUNCTAD, reunión deexpertos de laComisión de Comercioy Desarrollo [parteIV, sección B, delAcuerdo de Accraaprobado en el 12°período de sesionesde la UNCTAD,celebrado en Accradel 20 al 25 de abrilde 2008]\tPordeterminar(3días)\tGinebra\tPordeterminar\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n319.\tUNITAR, Junta deConsejeros, 52°período de sesiones[resoluciones de laAsamblea General 1934(XVIII) y 47/227]^(b)\tPordeterminar(2 a3días)\tGinebra\t28E\tI(AEFIR)\tT\t–\tUnperíododesesionesporaño\n320.\tTribunal deApelaciones de lasNaciones Unidas[resoluciones de laAsamblea General61/261, 62/228,63/253, 64/233 y65/251]\tPordeterminar\tPordeterminar\tPordeterminar\tPordeterminar\tT\t–\t\n321.\tTribunalContencioso-Administrativode las NacionesUnidas [resolucionesde la AsambleaGeneral 61/261,62/228, 63/253,64/233 y 65/251]\tPordeterminar\tGinebra\tPordeterminar\tPordeterminar\tT\t–\tSegúnseanecesario\n322.\tConferenciaInternacional de lasNaciones Unidas de lapoblación civil enapoyo de la paz entreIsrael y Palestina[resoluciones de laAsamblea General65/13 y 65/14]\tPordeterminar(3días)\tPordeterminar\t193G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\t\n323.\tReunión internacionalde las NacionesUnidas en apoyo alproceso de la pazentre Israel yPalestina[resoluciones 65/13 y65/14 de la AsambleaGeneral]\tPordeterminar(2días)\tPordeterminar\t193G\tPordeterminar\tT\t–\t\n324.\tReunión de lasNaciones Unidas paraAmérica Latina y elCaribe en apoyo a lapaz israelo-palestina[resoluciones de laAsamblea General65/13 y 65/14]\tPordeterminar\tPordeterminar\t193G\tI(EI)\tT\t–\t\n325.\tSeminario de lasNaciones Unidas sobreasistencia al pueblopalestino[resoluciones de laAsamblea General65/13 y 65/14]\tPordeterminar\tPordeterminar\t193G\tI(AEFI)\tT\t–\t\n326.\tGrupo de expertosgubernamentales delos Estados partes enla Convención sobreprohibiciones orestricciones delempleo de ciertasarmas convencionalesque puedanconsiderarseexcesivamente nocivaso de efectosindiscriminados[decisión de losEstados partes,diciembre de2001]^(b)\tPordeterminar\tGinebra\t90G\tI(ACEFIR)\tT\t–\tHasta25díasdereunionesa lolargodelaño",
"^(a) Se indican los idiomas en que se proporcionará interpretación. Los idiomas en que se proporcionarán traducciones y actas de las sesiones varían según el reglamento aplicable al órgano pertinente y, en el caso de algunos grupos de trabajo y órganos similares, según las necesidades reales, cuando estas son menores de lo que se estipula en el reglamento.",
"^(b) Los servicios de conferencias se financian con recursos extrapresupuestarios.",
"^(c) Órganos de tratados.",
"^(d) Únicamente para las sesiones plenarias.",
"^(e) De conformidad con la resolución 19/1 del Consejo de Administración del ONU-Hábitat, el Comité de Representantes Permanentes estará abierto a todos los representantes permanentes de los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas y miembros de sus organismos especializados acreditados ante el ONU-Hábitat.",
"^(f) Abierta a la participación de todos los Estados miembros de la UNCTAD interesados (párrafo 9 de la resolución 80 (III) de la UNCTAD).",
"^(g) De conformidad con el párrafo h) de la decisión 19/32 del Consejo de Administración, el Comité de Representantes Permanentes estará integrado por representantes de todos los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas y miembros de sus organismos especializados, y la Comunidad Europea, acreditados ante el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, residan o no en Nairobi.",
"^(h) En cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en el párrafo 4 de la resolución 53/208 A de la Asamblea General, y como ya había decidido anteriormente la Asamblea, se ruega a los organismos intergubernamentales que eviten celebrar reuniones el Viernes Santo Ortodoxo, que en 2013 se celebra el 3 de mayo de 2013.",
"^(i) Sujeto a la aprobación de la Asamblea General.",
"^(j) Se redactan actas literales de las sesiones plenarias de la Asamblea General y la Primera Comisión.",
"^(k) Los servicios de conferencias serán parte de los asignados a la Asamblea General.",
"^(l) Las modalidades se ultimarán durante el sexagésimo sexto período de la Asamblea General.",
"D. Proyecto de calendario de conferencias y reuniones para 2012 de los principales órganos de los organismos especializados, del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica y de los órganos establecidos en virtud de tratados bajo los auspicios de las Naciones Unidas",
"Órgano\tFechas(2012)\tLugar \n1.\tOMS, Consejo Ejecutivo, 130ª reunión\t16 a 23de enero\tGinebra \n2.\tOACI, Comité, 195° período de sesiones\tEnero afebrero\tMontreal(Canadá)\n3.\tComisión Preparatoria de laOrganización del Tratado deProhibición Completa de los EnsayosNucleares, Grupo de Trabajo B yreuniones oficiosas/de expertos, 38ºperíodo de sesiones\t6 a 24 defebrero(porconfirmar)\tViena4.\tOIEA, Junta de Gobernadores\t13 defebrero\tViena \n5.\tUPU, Consejo de Administración\t13 defebrero a2 demarzo\tBerna\n6.\tUPU, Consejo de Operaciones Postales\t13 defebrero a2 demarzo\tBerna7.\tFIDA, Consejo de Gobernadores, 35°período de sesiones\t20 a 24defebrero\tRoma \n8.\tOrganización para la Prohibición delas Armas Químicas, Consejo Ejecutivo,67° período de sesiones\tFebrero\tLaHaya \n9.\tOACI, Consejo, 195º período desesiones\tFebrero-marzo\tMontreal(Canadá)10.\tOIEA, Junta de Gobernadores\t5 y 9 demarzo\tViena \n11.\tOIT, Consejo de Administración y suscomités, 313ª reunión\t15 a 30de marzo\tGinebra \n12.\tFIDA, Junta Ejecutiva, 105° período desesiones\t9 a 13 deabril\tRoma \n13.\tUNESCO, Consejo Ejecutivo\tAbril\tParís \n14.\tONUDI, Junta de Desarrollo Industrial,40º período de sesiones\t14 a 18de mayo(por\tViena \n confirmar) 15.\tOIEA, Junta de Gobernadores, Comité dePrograma y de Presupuesto\t7 a 11 demayo\tViena \n16.\tOMS, 65ª Asamblea Mundial de la Salud\t21 demayo\tGinebra \n17.\tComisión Preparatoria de laOrganización del Tratado deProhibición Completa de los EnsayosNucleares, Grupo de Trabajo B yreuniones oficiosas/de expertos, 39ºperíodo de sesiones, primera parte\t21 a 25de mayo(porconfirmar)\tViena\n18.\tComisión Preparatoria de laOrganización del Tratado deProhibición Completa de los EnsayosNucleares, Grupo de Trabajo A yreuniones oficiosas/de expertos, 41ºperíodo de sesiones\t29 demayo a 8de junio(porconfirmar)\tViena19.\tOIT, Conferencia General, 101ª reunión\t30 demayo a 15de junio\tGinebra \n20.\tOACI, Comité, 196° período de sesiones\tMayo\tMontreal(Canadá)21.\tOrganización para la Prohibición delas Armas Químicas, Consejo Ejecutivo,68° período de sesiones\tMayo\tLaHaya \n22.\tOMS, Consejo Ejecutivo, 131ª reunión\tMayo\tGinebra \n23.\tOIEA, Junta de Gobernadores\t4 a 8 dejunio\tViena \n24.\tFAO, Consejo, 144° período de sesiones\t11 a 15de junio\tRoma \n25.\tComisión Preparatoria de laOrganización del Tratado deProhibición Completa de los EnsayosNucleares, 38° período de sesiones\t11 a 15de junio(porconfirmar)\tViena26.\tOIT, Consejo de Administración y suscomités, 314ª reunión\t15 dejunio\tGinebra \n27.\tOMM, Consejo Ejecutivo, 64° período desesiones\t17 a 27de junio\tGinebra \n28.\tOMI, Consejo, 108º período de sesiones\t18 a 22de junio\tLondres \n29.\tOACI, Consejo, 196º período desesiones\tJunio\tMontreal(Canadá)30.\tOMT, Consejo Ejecutivo, 93º período desesiones\tJunio\tPordeterminar \n31.\tAutoridad Internacional de los FondosMarinos, Asamblea, 18° período desesiones\t9 a 27 dejulio\tKingston \n32.\tOrganización para la Prohibición delas Armas Químicas, Consejo Ejecutivo,69° período de sesiones\tJulio\tLaHaya \n33.\tComisión Preparatoria de laOrganización del Tratado deProhibición Completa de los EnsayosNucleares, Grupo de Trabajo B yreuniones oficiosas/de expertos, 39ºperíodo de sesiones, segunda parte\tAgosto-septiembre\tViena\n34.\tFIDA, Junta Ejecutiva, 106° período desesiones\t10 a 14deseptiembre\tRoma35.\tONUDI, Comité de Programa y dePresupuesto, 28° período de sesiones\t5 a 6 deseptiembre\tViena \n36.\tOIEA, Junta de Gobernadores\t10 a 14deseptiembre\tViena\n37.\tOIEA, Conferencia General, 56ª reunión\t17 a 21deseptiembre\tViena38.\tOIEA, Junta de Gobernadores\t24 deseptiembre\tViena \n39.\tUIT, Consejo\tSeptiembre\tGinebra \n40.\tOACI, Comité, 197° período de sesiones\tSeptiembre-octubre\tMontreal(Canadá)\n41.\tOACI, Consejo, 197º período desesiones\tSeptiembre-octubre\tMontreal(Canadá)42.\tOMPI, Asambleas de Estados Miembros\tSeptiembre/octubre\tGinebra \n43.\tUNESCO, Conferencia General\tSeptiembre/octubre\tParís \n44.\tComisión Preparatoria de laOrganización del Tratado deProhibición Completa de los EnsayosNucleares, Grupo de Trabajo A yreuniones oficiosas/de expertos, 42ºperíodo de sesiones\t3 a 5 deoctubre(porconfirmar)\tViena45.\tFMI/Banco Mundial, reuniones anualesconjuntas de las Juntas deGobernadores\t12 a 14deoctubre\tWashington,D.C. \n46.\tOrganización para la Prohibición delas Armas Químicas, Consejo Ejecutivo,17° período de sesiones\tOctubre\tLaHaya \n47.\tComisión Preparatoria de laOrganización del Tratado deProhibición Completa de los EnsayosNucleares, 39° período de sesiones\tOctubre\tViena48.\tUNESCO, Consejo Ejecutivo\tOctubre\tParís \n49.\tUPU, Consejo de Administración\tOctubre-noviembre\tBerna \n50.\tOIT, Consejo de Administración y suscomités, 315ª reunión\t1 a 16 denoviembre\tGinebra \n51.\tONUDI, Junta de Desarrollo Industrial,41º período de sesiones\t19 a 23denoviembre(por\tViena \n confirmar) 52.\tFAO, Consejo, 145° período de sesiones\t26 a 30denoviembre\tRoma \n53.\tOIEA, Junta de Gobernadores, Comité deAsistencia y Cooperación Técnicas\t26 a 28denoviembre\tViena \n54.\tOIEA, Junta de Gobernadores\t29 a 30denoviembre\tViena \n55.\tOMI, Asamblea , 29° período desesiones\tNoviembre\tLondres \n56.\tOMI, Consejo, 109º período de sesiones\tNoviembre\tLondres \n57.\tOMT, Consejo Ejecutivo, 94º período desesiones\tOctubre/noviembre\tPordeterminar \n58.\tConferencia de los Estados Partes enla Convención sobre la Prohibición delas Armas Químicas, 17º período desesiones\tNoviembre-diciembre\tLaHaya59.\tFIDA, Junta Ejecutiva, 107° período desesiones\t10 a 14dediciembre\tRoma \n60.\tAsamblea de los Estados Partes en elEstatuto de Roma de la Corte PenalInternacional\tPordeterminar\tLaHaya \n61.\tAsamblea de los Estados Partes en elEstatuto de Roma de la Corte PenalInternacional, Comité de Presupuesto yFinanzas\tPordeterminar\tLaHaya\n62.\tConferencia sobre medidas parafacilitar la entrada en vigor delTratado de prohibición completa de losensayos nucleares\tPordeterminar\tViena",
"E. Proyecto de calendario de conferencias y reuniones para 2013 de los principales órganos de los organismos especializados, del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica y de los órganos establecidos en virtud de tratados bajo los auspicios de las Naciones Unidas",
"Órgano\tFechas(2013)\tLugar \n1.\tOMS, Junta Ejecutiva, 132° período desesiones\tEnero\tGinebra\n2.\tOACI, Comité, 198° período de sesiones\tEnero-febrero\tMontreal(Canadá)\n3.\tFIDA, Consejo de Gobernadores, 36°período de sesiones\t11 a 15defebrero\tRoma\n4.\tOIEA, Junta de Gobernadores, Comité dePrograma y de Presupuesto\tFebrero\tViena\n5.\tOrganización para la Prohibición delas Armas Químicas, Consejo Ejecutivo,71° período de sesiones\tFebrero\tLaHaya\n6.\tOACI, Consejo, 198º período desesiones\tFebrero-marzo\tMontreal(Canadá)\n7.\tComisión Preparatoria de laOrganización del Tratado deProhibición Completa de los EnsayosNucleares, Grupo de Trabajo B yreuniones oficiosas/de expertos, 40ºperíodo de sesiones\tFebrero-marzo\tViena\n8.\tUPU, Consejo de Administración\tFebrero-marzo\tBerna9.\tUPU, Consejo de Operaciones Postales\tFebrero-marzo\tBerna \n10.\tOIT, Consejo de Administración y suscomités, 316ª reunión\tMarzo\tGinebra \n11.\tOIEA, Junta de Gobernadores\tMarzo\tViena \n12.\tFIDA, Junta Ejecutiva, 108° período desesiones\t8 a 12 deabril\tRoma \n13.\tFAO, Consejo, 146º período de sesiones\t22 a 26de abril\tRoma \n14.\tUNESCO, Consejo Ejecutivo\tAbril\tParís \n15.\tONUDI, Comité de Programa y dePresupuesto, 29° período de sesiones\t21 a 24de mayo(por\tViena \n confirmar) 16.\tOIEA, Junta de Gobernadores, Comité dePrograma y de Presupuesto\tMayo\tViena \n17.\tOACI, Comité, 199° período de sesiones\tMayo\tMontreal(Canadá)18.\tOrganización para la Prohibición delas Armas Químicas, Consejo Ejecutivo,72° período de sesiones\tMayo\tLaHaya \n19.\tComisión Preparatoria de laOrganización del Tratado deProhibición Completa de los EnsayosNucleares, Grupo de Trabajo B yreuniones oficiosas/de expertos, 41ºperíodo de sesiones, primera parte\tMayo\tViena\n20.\tComisión Preparatoria de laOrganización del Tratado deProhibición Completa de los EnsayosNucleares, Grupo de Trabajo A yreuniones oficiosas/de expertos, 43ºperíodo de sesiones\tMayo\tViena21.\tOMS, 66ª Asamblea Mundial de la Salud\tMayo\tGinebra \n22.\tOMS, Junta Ejecutiva, 133° período desesiones\tMayo\tGinebra \n23.\tOIT, Conferencia General, 102ª reunión\tMayo-junio\tGinebra \n24.\tFAO, Conferencia, 38° período desesiones\t15 a 22de junio\tRoma \n25.\tFAO, Consejo, 147° período de sesiones\t24 a 25de junio\tRoma \n26.\tONUDI, Junta de Desarrollo Industrial,42º período de sesiones\t24 a 28de junio(por\tViena \n confirmar) 27.\tOIEA, Junta de Gobernadores\tJunio\tViena \n28.\tOACI, Consejo, 199º período desesiones\tJunio\tMontreal(Canadá)29.\tOIT, Consejo de Administración y suscomités, 317ª reunión\tJunio\tGinebra \n30.\tOMI, Consejo, 110º período de sesiones\tJunio\tLondres \n31.\tComisión Preparatoria de laOrganización del Tratado deProhibición Completa de los EnsayosNucleares, 40° período de sesiones\tJunio\tViena32.\tOMT, Consejo Ejecutivo, 95º período desesiones\tJunio\tPordeterminar \n33.\tOMM, Consejo Ejecutivo, 65° período desesiones\tJunio\tGinebra \n34.\tOrganización para la Prohibición delas Armas Químicas, Consejo Ejecutivo,73° período de sesiones\tJulio\tLaHaya \n35.\tAutoridad Internacional de los FondosMarinos, Asamblea, 19° período desesiones\tJulio/agosto\tKingston \n36.\tComisión Preparatoria de laOrganización del Tratado deProhibición Completa de los EnsayosNucleares, Grupo de Trabajo B yreuniones oficiosas/de expertos, 41ºperíodo de sesiones, segunda parte\tAgosto-septiembre\tViena\n37.\tFIDA, Junta Ejecutiva, 109° período desesiones\t16 a 20deseptiembre\tRoma38.\tOIEA, Junta de Gobernadores\tSeptiembre\tViena \n39.\tOIEA, Conferencia General, 57ª reunión\tSeptiembre\tViena \n40.\tOIEA, Junta de Gobernadores\tSeptiembre\tViena \n41.\tOACI, Comité, 200° período de sesiones\tSeptiembre-octubre\tMontreal(Canadá)42.\tOMPI, Asambleas de Estados Miembros\tSeptiembre/octubre\tGinebra \n43.\tUNESCO, Conferencia General\tSeptiembre/octubre\tParís \n44.\tFMI/Banco Mundial, reuniones anualesconjuntas de las Juntas deGobernadores\tOctubre\tWashington,D.C. \n45.\tUIT, Consejo\tOctubre\tGinebra \n46.\tOrganización para la Prohibición delas Armas Químicas, Consejo Ejecutivo,74° período de sesiones\tOctubre\tLaHaya \n47.\tComisión Preparatoria de laOrganización del Tratado deProhibición Completa de los EnsayosNucleares, Grupo de Trabajo A yreuniones oficiosas/de expertos, 44ºperíodo de sesiones\tOctubre\tViena\n48.\tComisión Preparatoria de laOrganización del Tratado deProhibición Completa de los EnsayosNucleares, 41° período de sesiones\tOctubre\tViena49.\tUNESCO, Consejo Ejecutivo\tOctubre\tParís \n50.\tOMT, Consejo Ejecutivo, 96º período desesiones\tOctubre/noviembre\tPordeterminar \n51.\tOMT, Asamblea General, 20° período desesiones\tOctubre/noviembre\tPordeterminar \n52.\tOMT, Consejo Ejecutivo, 97º período desesiones\tOctubre/noviembre\tPordeterminar \n53.\tUPU, Consejo de Administración\tOctubre-noviembre\tBerna \n54.\tOACI, Consejo, 200º período desesiones\tOctubre-noviembre\tMontreal(Canadá)55.\tFAO, Consejo, 148° período de sesiones\t25 a 29denoviembre\tRoma \n56.\tOIT, Consejo de Administración y suscomités, 318ª reunión\tNoviembre\tGinebra \n57.\tOIEA, Junta de Gobernadores, Comité deAsistencia y Cooperación Técnicas\tNoviembre\tViena \n58.\tOIEA, Junta de Gobernadores\tNoviembre\tViena \n59.\tOMI, Asamblea\tNoviembre\tLondres \n60.\tOMI, Consejo, 111º período de sesiones\tNoviembre\tLondres \n61.\tConferencia de los Estados Partes enla Convención sobre la Prohibición delas Armas Químicas, 18º período desesiones\tNoviembre-diciembre\tLaHaya\n62.\tONUDI, Conferencia General, 15ºperíodo de sesiones\t2 a 6 dediciembre(tentativo)\tViena63.\tFIDA, Junta Ejecutiva, 110° período desesiones\t9 a 13 dediciembre\tRoma \n64.\tAsamblea de los Estados Partes en elEstatuto de Roma de la Corte PenalInternacional\tPordeterminar\tLaHaya \n65.\tAsamblea de los Estados Partes en elEstatuto de Roma de la Corte PenalInternacional, Comité de Presupuesto yFinanzas\tPordeterminar\tLaHaya\n66.\tConferencia sobre medidas parafacilitar la entrada en vigor delTratado de prohibición completa de losensayos nucleares\tPordeterminar\tViena"
] | [
"Committee on Conferences",
"Substantive session of 2011",
"6-12 September 2011",
"* A/AC.172/2011/1.",
"Agenda item 2 (b)*",
"Calendar of conferences and meetings",
"Adoption of the draft biennial calendar of conferences and meetings for 2012 and 2013",
"Note by the Secretariat",
"1. The present document contains the draft biennial calendar of conferences and meetings of the United Nations, which includes meetings of organs of the United Nations, their subsidiary bodies, special conferences and expert groups (see annex). Conferences and meetings of the main legislative and executive bodies of the specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency and treaty bodies established under the auspices of the United Nations are also listed for information.",
"2. After review by the Committee on Conferences at its substantive session, the draft biennial calendar will be included in the report of the Committee to the General Assembly together with any updates and/or comments.",
"3. The Economic and Social Council considered and approved the provisional calendar of conferences and meetings in the economic, social and related fields (E/2011/L.10) at its 41st meeting, on 22 July 2011. As the 2011 substantive session concluded on 29 July, which is also the date of submission of the present document, new mandates or changes to existing mandates adopted by the Council at its 2011 substantive session will be reflected in the updated draft calendar as mentioned in paragraph 2 above.",
"Annex",
"Draft calendar of conferences and meetings of the United Nations and of the principal organs of the specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency and treaty bodies established under the auspices of the United Nations for 2012 and 2013",
"The following abbreviations are used in the present annex:",
"In the column headed “Organ”",
"ECA Economic Commission for Africa",
"ECE Economic Commission for Europe",
"ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean",
"ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific",
"ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia",
"FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations",
"IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency",
"ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization",
"ICSC International Civil Service Commission",
"IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development",
"ILO International Labour Organization",
"IMF International Monetary Fund",
"IMO International Maritime Organization",
"ITU International Telecommunication Union",
"UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification",
"UNCITRAL United Nations Commission on International Trade Law",
"UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development",
"UNDP United Nations Development Programme",
"UNEP United Nations Environment Programme",
"UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization",
"UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change",
"UNFPA United Nations Population Fund",
"UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme",
"UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees",
"UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund",
"UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization",
"UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research",
"UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services",
"UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East",
"UNU United Nations University",
"UN-Women United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women",
"UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization",
"UPU Universal Postal Union",
"WFP World Food Programme",
"WHO World Health Organization",
"WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization",
"WMO World Meteorological Organization",
"In the column headed “Membership”",
"G Governments",
"E Experts",
"ST Secretariat or secretariats",
"In the column headed “Servicing”",
"I Interpretation",
"T Translation",
"PV Verbatim records",
"SR Summary records",
"A Arabic",
"C Chinese",
"E English",
"F French",
"R Russian",
"S Spanish",
"A. Draft calendar of conferences and meetings of the United Nations, 2012",
"(as at 29 July 2011)",
"[TABLE]",
"^(a) The languages in which interpretation will be provided are indicated. Languages in which translation and meeting records will be provided vary according to the rules of procedure applicable to the body concerned and, in the case of some working groups and similar bodies, according to the actual requirements when these are less than would be provided under the rules of procedure.",
"^(b) Treaty bodies.",
"^(c) Conference services are funded from outside the regular budget of the United Nations.",
"^(d) Open to the participation of all interested States members of UNCTAD (UNCTAD resolution 80 (III), para. 9).",
"^(e) For plenary meetings only.",
"^(f) In accordance with resolution 19/1 of the Governing Council of UN-Habitat, the Committee of Permanent Representatives shall be open to all Permanent Representatives of States Members of the United Nations and members of the specialized agencies that are accredited to UN-Habitat.",
"^(g) In accordance with paragraph (h) of decision 19/32 of the Governing Council of UNEP, the Committee of Permanent Representatives shall consist of the representatives of all States Members of the United Nations and members of the specialized agencies, and the European Union, accredited to UNEP, whether based in Nairobi or elsewhere.",
"^(h) Pursuant to paragraph 4 of General Assembly resolution 53/208 A, and as decided by the Assembly previously, United Nations intergovernmental bodies are requested to avoid holding meetings on Orthodox Good Friday, which in 2012 falls on 13 April.",
"^(i) Conference services will be provided from those allocated to the General Assembly.",
"^(j) Subject to the approval of the General Assembly.",
"^(k) Verbatim records are provided for plenary meetings of the General Assembly and its First Committee.",
"B. List of bodies whose mandates are to be presented for renewal to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session",
"Organ\tDates(2012)\tLocation\tMembership\tServicing^(a) Periodicity \n1.\tAd Hoc Committeeestablished by GeneralAssembly resolution51/210 [General Assemblyresolutions 59/46 and65/34]\t9-12April\tNewYork\t193G\tI(ACEFRS)\tT\t—\t\n2.\tAd Hoc Open-EndedInformal Working Groupon Marine Biodiversity[General Assemblyresolutions 19/24 and65/37]\t10-14September\tNewYork\t193G\tI(ACEFRS)\tT \n3.\tAd Hoc Working Group onthe Revitalization ofthe General Assembly[General Assemblyresolution 63/309]\tTo bedetermined\tNewYork\t193G\tI(ACEFRS)\tT\t—\t\n4.\tAd Hoc Committee onCriminal Accountabilityof United NationsOfficials and Experts onMission [GeneralAssembly resolution62/63]\tTobe determined\tNewYork\t193G\tI(ACEFRS)\tT\t—\t\n5.\tOpen-ended Working Groupon the Question ofEquitable Representationon and Increase in theMembership of theSecurity Council andOther Matters Related tothe Security Council[General Assemblyresolution 48/26]^(b)\tTo bedetermined\tNewYork\t193G\tI(ACEFRS)\tT\t—\t\n6.\tSpecial Committee toInvestigate IsraeliPractices Affecting theHuman Rights of thePalestinian People andOther Arabs of theOccupied Territories[General Assemblyresolution 2443 (XXIII)and 62/106]\tTo bedetermined\tGeneva\t3G\tI(AEF)\tT\tPV^(c)\t\n7.\tSpecial Committee on theCharter of the UnitedNations and on theStrengthening of theRole of the Organization[General Assemblyresolution 3349 (XXIX)and 65/31]\t21February-2March\tNewYork\t193G\tI(ACEFRS)\tT\t—\t\n8.\tWorking Group on theFinancing of the UnitedNations Relief and WorksAgency for PalestineRefugees in the NearEast [General Assemblyresolution 2656 (XXV)]\tTo bedetermined\tNewYork\t9G\tI(ACEFRS)\tT\t—",
"^(a) The languages in which interpretation will be provided are indicated. Languages in which translation and meeting records will be provided vary according to the rules of procedure applicable to the body concerned and, in the case of some working groups and similar bodies, according to the actual requirements when these are less than would be provided under the rules of procedure.",
"^(b) Conference services will be provided from those allocated to the General Assembly.",
"^(c) For oral hearings only.",
"C. Draft calendar of conferences and meetings of the United Nations, 2013",
"(as at 29 July 2011)",
"[TABLE]",
"^(a) The languages in which interpretation will be provided are indicated. Languages in which translation and meeting records will be provided vary according to the rules of procedure applicable to the body concerned and, in the case of some working groups and similar bodies, according to the actual requirements when these are less than would be provided under the rules of procedure.",
"^(b) Conference services are funded from outside the regular budget of the United Nations.",
"^(c) Treaty bodies.",
"^(d) For plenary meetings only.",
"^(e) In accordance with resolution 19/1 of the Governing Council of UN-Habitat, the Committee of Permanent Representatives shall be open to all Permanent Representatives of States Members of the United Nations and members of the specialized agencies that are accredited to UN-Habitat.",
"^(f) Open to the participation of all interested States members of UNCTAD (UNCTAD resolution 80 (III), para. 9).",
"^(g) In accordance with paragraph (h) of Governing Council decision 19/32, the Committee of Permanent Representatives shall consist of the representatives of all States Members of the United Nations and members of its specialized agencies, and the European Community, accredited to the United Nations Environment Programme, whether based in Nairobi or outside.",
"^(h) Pursuant to paragraph 4 of General Assembly resolution 53/208 A, and as decided by the Assembly previously, United Nations intergovernmental bodies are requested to avoid holding meetings on Orthodox Good Friday, which in 2013 falls on 3 May.",
"^(i) Subject to the approval of the General Assembly.",
"^(j) Verbatim records are provided for plenary meetings of the General Assembly and its First Committee.",
"^(k) Conference services will be provided from those allocated to the General Assembly.",
"^(l) Modalities will be finalized during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.",
"D. Draft calendar of conferences and meetings of the principal organs of the specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency and treaty bodies established under the auspices of the United Nations, 2012",
"Organ\tDates(2012)\tLocation \n1.\tWHO, Executive Board, 130th session\t16-23January\tGeneva \n2.\tICAO, Committee, 195th session\tJanuary-February\tMontreal,Canada \n3.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group B and informal/expertmeetings, thirty-eight session\t6-24February(tentative)\tVienna4.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\t13February\tVienna \n5.\tUPU, Council of Administration\t13February-2March\tBern \n6.\tUPU, Postal Operations Council\t13February-2March\tBern \n7.\tIFAD, Governing Council, thirty-fifthsession\t20-24February\tRome \n8.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, sixty-seventhsession\tFebruary\tTheHague \n9.\tICAO, Council, 195th session\tFebruary-March\tMontreal,Canada \n10.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\t5-9 March\tVienna \n11.\tILO, Governing Body and its committees,313th session\t15-30March\tGeneva \n12.\tIFAD, Executive Board, 105th session\t9-13 April\tRome \n13.\tUNESCO, Executive Board\tApril\tParis \n14.\tUNIDO, Industrial Development Board,fortieth session\t14-18 May(tentative)\tVienna \n15.\tIAEA, Board of Governors, Programme andBudget Committee\t7-11 May\tVienna \n16.\tWHO, Sixty-fifth World Health Assembly\t21 May\tGeneva \n17.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group B and informal/expertmeetings, thirty-ninth session, first part\t21-25 May(tentative)\tVienna\n18.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group A and informal/expertmeetings, forty-first session\t29 May-8June(tentative)\tVienna19.\tILO, General Conference, 101st session\t30 May-15June\tGeneva \n20.\tICAO, Committee, 196th session\tMay\tMontreal,Canada \n21.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, sixty-eighthsession\tMay\tTheHague \n22.\tWHO, Executive Board, 131st session\tMay\tGeneva \n23.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\t4-8 June\tVienna \n24.\tFAO, Council, 144th session\t11-15 June\tRome \n25.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,thirty-eighth session\t11-15 June(tentative)\tVienna \n26.\tILO, Governing Body and its committees,314th session\t15 June\tGeneva \n27.\tWMO, Executive Council, sixty-fourth session\t17-27 June\tGeneva \n28.\tIMO, Council, 108th session\t18-22 June\tLondon \n29.\tICAO, Council, 196th session\tJune\tMontreal,Canada \n30.\tUNWTO, Executive Council, ninety-thirdsession\tJune\tTo bedetermined \n31.\tInternational Seabed Authority, Assembly,eighteenth session\t9-27 July\tKingston \n32.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, sixty-ninthsession\tJuly\tTheHague \n33.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group B and informal/expertmeetings, thirty-ninth session, second part\tAugust-September\tVienna34.\tIFAD, Executive Board, 106th session\t10-14September\tRome \n35.\tUNIDO, Programme and Budget Committee,twenty-eighth session\t5-6September\tVienna \n36.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\t10-14September\tVienna \n37.\tIAEA, General Conference, fifty-sixthsession\t17-21September\tVienna \n38.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\t24September\tVienna \n39.\tITU, Council\tSeptember\tGeneva \n40.\tICAO, Committee, 197th session\tSeptember-October\tMontreal,Canada \n41.\tICAO, Council, 197th session\tSeptember-October\tMontreal,Canada \n42.\tWIPO, Assemblies of Member States\tSeptember/October\tGeneva \n43.\tUNESCO, General Conference\tSeptember/October\tParis \n44.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group A and informal/expertmeetings, forty-second session\t3-5October(tentative)\tVienna45.\tAnnual meetings of the Boards of Governorsof the World Bank Group and IMF\t12-14October\tWashington,D.C. \n46.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, seventiethsession\tOctober\tTheHague \n47.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,thirty-ninth session\tOctober\tVienna \n48.\tUNESCO, Executive Board\tOctober\tParis \n49.\tUPU, Council of Administration\tOctober-November\tBern \n50.\tILO, Governing Body and its committees,315th session\t1-16November\tGeneva \n51.\tUNIDO, Industrial Development Board,forty-first session\t19-23November(tentative)\tVienna52.\tFAO, Council, 145th session\t26-30November\tRome \n53.\tIAEA, Board of Governors, TechnicalAssistance and Cooperation Committee\t26-28November\tVienna \n54.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\t29-30November\tVienna \n55.\tIMO, Assembly, 29th session\tNovember\tLondon \n56.\tIMO, Council, 109th session\tNovember\tLondon \n57.\tUNWTO, Executive Council, ninety-fourthsession\tOctober/November\tTo bedetermined \n58.\tConference of the States Parties to theConvention on the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons,seventeenth session\tNovember-December\tTheHague59.\tIFAD, Executive Board, 107th session\t10-14December\tRome \n60.\tAssembly of States Parties to the RomeStatute of the International Criminal Court\tTo bedetermined\tTheHague \n61.\tAssembly of States Parties to the RomeStatute of the International Criminal Court,Budget and Finance Committee\tTo bedetermined\tTheHague \n62.\tConference on Facilitating the Entry intoForce of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-BanTreaty\tTo bedetermined\tVienna",
"E. Draft calendar of conferences and meetings of the principal organs of the specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency and treaty bodies established under the auspices of the United Nations, 2013",
"Organ\tDates(2013)\tLocation \n1.\tWHO, Executive Board, 132nd session\tJanuary\tGeneva \n2.\tICAO, Committee, 198th session\tJanuary-February\tMontreal,Canada \n3.\tIFAD, Governing Council, thirty-sixthsession\t11-15February\tRome \n4.\tIAEA, Board of Governors, Programme andBudget Committee\tFebruary\tVienna \n5.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, seventy-firstsession\tFebruary\tTheHague \n6.\tICAO, Council, 198th session\tFebruary-March\tMontreal,Canada \n7.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group B and informal/expertmeetings, fortieth session\tFebruary-March\tVienna8.\tUPU, Council of Administration\tFebruary-March\tBern \n9.\tUPU, Postal Operations Council\tFebruary-March\tBern \n10.\tILO, Governing Body and its committees,316th session\tMarch\tGeneva \n11.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\tMarch\tVienna \n12.\tIFAD, Executive Board, 108th session\t8-12 April\tRome \n13.\tFAO, Council, 146th session\t22-26April\tRome \n14.\tUNESCO, Executive Board\tApril\tParis \n15.\tUNIDO, Programme and Budget Committee,twenty-ninth session\t21-24 May(tentative)\tVienna \n16.\tIAEA, Board of Governors, Programme andBudget Committee\tMay\tVienna \n17.\tICAO, Committee, 199th session\tMay\tMontreal,Canada \n18.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, seventy-secondsession\tMay\tTheHague \n19.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group B and informal/expertmeetings, forty-first session, first part\tMay\tVienna\n20.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group A and informal/expertmeetings, forty-third session\tMay\tVienna21.\tWHO, Sixty-sixth World Health Assembly\tMay\tGeneva \n22.\tWHO, Executive Board, 133rd session\tMay\tGeneva \n23.\tILO, General Conference, 102nd session\tMay-June\tGeneva \n24.\tFAO, Conference, thirty-eighth session\t15-22 June\tRome \n25.\tFAO, Council, 147th session\t24-25 June\tRome \n26.\tUNIDO, Industrial Development Board,forty-second session\t24-28 June(tentative)\tVienna \n27.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\tJune\tVienna \n28.\tICAO, Council, 199th session\tJune\tMontreal,Canada \n29.\tILO, Governing Body and its committees,317th session\tJune\tGeneva \n30.\tIMO, Council, 110th session\tJune\tLondon \n31.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,fortieth session\tJune\tVienna \n32.\tUNWTO, Executive Council, ninety-fifthsession\tJune\tTo bedetermined \n33.\tWMO, Executive Council, sixty-fifth session\tJune\tGeneva \n34.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, seventy-thirdsession\tJuly\tTheHague \n35.\tInternational Seabed Authority, Assembly,nineteenth session\tJuly/August\tKingston \n36.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group B and informal/expertmeetings, forty-first session, second part\tAugust-September\tVienna37.\tIFAD, Executive Board, 109th session\t16-20September\tRome \n38.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\tSeptember\tVienna \n39.\tIAEA, General Conference, fifty-seventhsession\tSeptember\tVienna \n40.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\tSeptember\tVienna \n41.\tICAO, Committee, 200th session\tSeptember-October\tMontreal,Canada \n42.\tWIPO, Assemblies of Member States\tSeptember/October\tGeneva \n43.\tUNESCO, General Conference\tSeptember/October\tParis \n44.\tAnnual meetings of the Boards of Governorsof the World Bank Group and IMF\tOctober\tWashington,D.C. \n45.\tITU, Council\tOctober\tGeneva \n46.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, seventy-fourthsession\tOctober\tTheHague \n47.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group A and informal/expertmeetings, forty-fourth session\tOctober\tVienna48.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,forty-first session\tOctober\tVienna \n49.\tUNESCO, Executive Board\tOctober\tParis \n50.\tUNWTO, Executive Council, ninety-sixthsession\tOctober/November\tTo bedetermined \n51.\tUNWTO, General Assembly, twentieth session\tOctober/November\tTo bedetermined \n52.\tUNWTO, Executive Council, ninety-seventhsession\tOctober/November\tTo bedetermined \n53.\tUPU, Council of Administration\tOctober-November\tBern \n54.\tICAO, Council, 200th session\tOctober-November\tMontreal,Canada \n55.\tFAO, Council, 148th session\t25-29November\tRome \n56.\tILO, Governing Body and its committees,318th session\tNovember\tGeneva \n57.\tIAEA, Board of Governors, TechnicalAssistance and Cooperation Committee\tNovember\tVienna \n58.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\tNovember\tVienna \n59.\tIMO, Assembly\tNovember\tLondon \n60.\tIMO, Council, 111th session\tNovember\tLondon \n61.\tConference of the States Parties to theConvention on the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, eighteenth session\tNovember-December\tTheHague \n62.\tUNIDO, General Conference, fifteenth session\t2-6December(tentative)\tVienna63.\tIFAD, Executive Board, 110th session\t9-13December\tRome \n64.\tAssembly of States Parties to the RomeStatute of the International Criminal Court\tTo bedetermined\tTheHague \n65.\tAssembly of States Parties to the RomeStatute of the International Criminal Court,Budget and Finance Committee\tTo bedetermined\tTheHague \n66.\tConference on Facilitating the Entry intoForce of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-BanTreaty\tTo bedetermined\tVienna"
] | A_AC.172_2011_L.2 | [
"Committee on Conferences",
"Substantive session of 2011",
"6-12 September 2011",
"Agenda item 2 (b)*",
"Calendar of conferences and meetings",
"Adoption of the draft biennial calendar of conferences and meetings for 2012 and 2013",
"♪ A/AC.172/2011/1.",
"Note by the Secretariat",
"1. The present document contains the draft biennial calendar of conferences and meetings of the United Nations, which identifies meetings of United Nations bodies, their subsidiary bodies, special conferences and expert groups (see annex). The conferences and meetings of the principal legislative and executive bodies of the specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency and the treaty bodies under the auspices of the United Nations are also listed for information.",
"2. Following its consideration by the Committee on Conferences at its substantive session, the draft biennial calendar will be included in the Committee ' s report to the General Assembly, together with any update or comment.",
"3. The Economic and Social Council considered and adopted the provisional calendar of conferences and meetings in the economic, social and related fields (E/2011/L.10) at its 41^(a) meeting, on 22 July 2011. It should be noted that the substantive session of 2011 ended on 29 July, the date of submission of the present document, and that the new mandates and changes to existing mandates approved by the Council at its substantive session of 2011 will be included in the updated draft timetable, as mentioned in paragraph 2.",
"Annex",
"Draft calendar of conferences and meetings for 2012 and 2013 of the United Nations and the principal organs of the specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency and the treaty bodies established under the auspices of the United Nations",
"The following abbreviations are used in this annex:",
"In the column entitled “Organo”",
"Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees",
"International Civil Service Commission",
"ECA Economic Commission for Africa",
"ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean",
"ECE Economic Commission for Europe",
"ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia",
"ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific",
"United Nations Commission on International Trade Law",
"FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations",
"IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development",
"International Monetary Fund",
"ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization",
"IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency",
"ILO International Labour Organization",
"IMO International Maritime Organization",
"World Meteorological Organization",
"WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization",
"WHO World Health Organization",
"WTO World Tourism Organization",
"UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization",
"UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme",
"UN-Women United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women",
"UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East",
"WFP World Food Programme",
"UNDP United Nations Development Programme",
"UNEP United Nations Environment Programme",
"ITU International Telecommunication Union",
"UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development",
"UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization",
"UNFPA United Nations Population Fund",
"UNICEF United Nations Children ' s Fund",
"UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research",
"UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services",
"UPU Universal Postal Union",
"In the column entitled “Composition”",
"G Governments",
"E Experts",
"S Secretariat or secretariats",
"In the column entitled “Services”",
"I Interpretation",
"T Translation",
"AL Verbatim records",
"AR Summary records",
"Arab",
"C Chinese",
"E English",
"F French",
"I English",
"R Russian",
"A. Draft calendar of United Nations conferences and meetings for 2012",
"(as at 29 July 2011)",
"Body Dates(2012) Composition Place Service^(a) Periodicity 1. Committee of StateMayor [Charter] 6 deenero, later New York 5G I(CFIR) T AL Fridayalternos 2. Executive Board of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS, election of the Mesa [General Assembly resolutions2029 (XX), 48/162 and65/176 and Council decision2007/221] 9 deenero NewYork 36G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddesperyear 3. Economic and Social Council, election of officers [Charter] 11-year New York 54G I(ACEFIR) T AR 4. Committee on the Granting of the United Nations Population Award, organizational meeting[General Assembly resolution 36/201] 11-year New York 10G I(EFI) T - 5. Thirtieth Meeting of the States Parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights [General Assembly resolution 2200 A (XXI)]^(b) 16 NewYork 145G I(AEFIR) T AR 6. Committee on the Rights of the Child, fifty-ninth session[General Assembly resolutions44/25, 47/112 and49/211]^(b) 16deeneroa3 defebrero Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T AR Tresperíodosdesperaño 7. Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Working Group on the Review of the Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocols, second session[Parts Conference resolution 5/5]^(b) 23-27deenero Vienna 160G UN-Women, executive board, first regular session [General Assembly resolution 64/289]^(c) 23 a27-year-old New York 41G I(ACEFIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesdespersionesporyear 9. Human Rights Council, Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, 13th session[Human Rights Council decision 1/103 and Human Rights Council resolution 5/1] 23rd February3 defebrero Geneva 47G I(ACEFIR) T – Threeperiodsdes per year10. Conference on Disarmament, first part [General Assembly resolutions 1722 (XVI),S-10/2 and 34/83 L] 23deeneroa30demarzo Geneva 61G I(ACEFIR) T AL Unperiododesperyearsbetween parts 11. Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions[General Assembly resolutions 14(I), 173 (II), 32/103 and 64/243] 24 January27 New York 16E I(ACEFIR) T – Three-periods for the year 12. UNDP Executive Board, UNFPA and UNOPS, first sessional session[General Assembly resolutions 2029(XX), 48/162 and 65/176] 30deeneroa2 defebrero New York 36G I(ACEFIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperyear 13. Human Rights Council, Working Group on Situations, ninth session[Human Rights Council resolution 5/1] 30 January3 defebrero Geneva 5G I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodosdespersionesporyear 14. International Committee for the Control of Persons, 103rd session[article 11 of the Single Convention of 1961 on Patients]^(b) 30deeneroa3 defebrero Vienna 13E I(ACEFIR) T – Dosotresperiodsdes for the year 15. Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations, Regular Period of Sessions[Economic and Social Council resolutions 3 (II) and 1296(XLIV) and decisions1995/304 and 1997/297] 30deeneroa8 defebrero NewYork 19G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperiododesperyear 16. Commission for Social Development, fiftieth session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 10 (II), 1139(XLI) and 1996/7] 1-10-February New York 46G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 17. Joint meeting of the Executive Boards of UNDP, UNFPA, UNOPS, UNICEF, WFP and UN-Women[General Assembly resolutions52/12 B and 65/176] 3 and6 defebrero New York 36G/36G/36G/41G I(ACEFIR) T - 18. Committee on the Rights of the Child, working group for the session, sixty-fifth session[General Assembly resolutions44/25, 47/112 and49/211]^(b) 6-10February Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperyear 19. UNCITRAL, Working Group II (Arbitrajey Conciliation), Fifty-sixth Sessions[General Assembly resolution 33/92] 6-10February New York 60G I(ACEFIR) T – Dossiersdesperation for the year 20. United Nations Voluntary Fund for Indigenous Peoples, Board of Trustees, twenty-fifth session[General Assembly resolution 40/131] 6-10 February Geneva 5E I(EFIR) T - Unperioddes for the year 21. United Nations Voluntary Fund for the Victims of Latorture, Board of Trustees, thirty-sixth session[General Assembly resolution 36/151] 6-10 February Geneva 5E I(EFI) T - Dossiersdes for the year 22. WFP, Executive Board, first session[Economic and Social Council decision 1995/227 and General Assembly resolution50/8]^(c) 6-10February Rome 36G I(ACEFIR) T – Three-periods for the year 23. Committee on the Use of SpaceUltraterrestrial with Pacific Fines, Subcommission of Scientific and Technical Subcommittees, forty-ninth session[General Assembly resolution 1472 A(XIV)] 6-17 February Vienna 69G I(ACEFIR) T - Unperiododesperiences for the year 24. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Working Group on Communications under the ProtocolFaculty of the Convention, twenty-second session[General Assembly resolutions55/70 and 62/218]^(b) 7 a10defebrero Ginebra 5E I(EFI) T – Tresperiodosdesdesdesdesperyear 25. Economic and Social Council, period of deorganization [Charter] 7 a10defebruary New York 54G I(ACEFIR) T AR 26. UNICEF, BoardExecutive, first regular session of sessions[General Assembly resolutions48/162 and 57 (I)] 7 a10defebrero New York 36G I(ACEFIR) T – Threeperiodsdes for the year 27. Committee on the Concession of the United Nations Population Award, first regular session [General Assembly resolution36/201] 10 defebrero NuevaYork 10G I(EFI) T - 28. Preparatory Committee for the United Nations Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty, fourth session[General Assembly resolutions63/240 and 64/48] 13 a15-February New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T - 29. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, fifty-first session[General Assembly resolutions34/180 and 62/218]^(b) 13defebreroa2 demarzo Geneva 23E I(ACEFIR) T AR Tresperíodosdesperaño 30. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, eightieth session[General Assembly resolution 2106 A(XX)]^(b) 13defebreroa9 demarzo Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T AR Dosperiodsperyear 31. UNCITRAL, Working Group IV (Electronic Commerce), forty-fifth session[General Assembly resolution 33/92] 13-17February New York 60G I (ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodsdes for the year 32. Advisory Committee on AuditingIndependent, seventeenth session[General Assembly resolution 61/275] 15-17 February, New York 5E I(IR) T - Four-periods for the year 33. UNCTAD, Commission on Investment, Enterprise and Development, fourth session[Part IV, section B, of the Accra Accord adopted at the twelfth session of UNCTAD, held inAccra from 20 to 25 April 2008] 20 to 21 February Geneva ^(d) I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddessperyear 34. UNEP, Governing Council/GlobalFriendly ForumMinisterial, Twelfth Extraordinary Period of Sessions[General Assembly resolutions 2997(XXVII), 42/185 and53/242] 20 a22defebrero Nairobi 58G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddesordinarioy unperioddesextraordinary 35. Committee against Torture, Sub-Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, sixteenth session[article 2 of the first part of the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, and report of the Human Rights Council (A/61/53)]^(b) Human Rights Council Advisory Committee, eighth session[Human Rights Council resolution 5/1] 20 a24-February Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T AR Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 37. Special Committee on the Maintainment of the Body and its Working Group, substantive session[General Assembly resolution 2006(XIX)] 21defebreroa 16demarzo NuevaYork 144G I(ACEFIR) T - 38. Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, fifty-seventh session [General Assembly resolution 37/99 K] 22 a24-defebruary New York 15E I (ACEFIR) T - Dosperiodsdes for the year 39. UNCTAD, Commission of Commerce and Development, fourth session[Part IV, section B, of the Accra Accord adopted at the twelfth session of UNCTAD, held at the Acronym of 20-25 April 2008] 23 and24 Geneva ^(d) I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 40. Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, meeting of the Group of Experts on Cybercrime, second session [General Assembly resolution 65/230 and Economic and Social Council resolution 2010/18] 27 defebreroa 2demarzo Vienna 40G I(ACEFIR) T- 41. Working Group on the Question of Discrimination against Women in Lalegislation and Practice [Human Rights Council resolution 15/23] 27 defebreroa 2demarzo (perconfirmation) Geneva 5E I(ACEFIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperyear 42. Human Rights Council, nineteenth session[General Assembly resolution 60/251] 27 defebreroa 23demarzo Ginebra 47G I(ACEFIR) T AR Nomenosdetresperíodosdesperíodosdesperaño 43. Commission on the Status of Women, fifty-sixth session [Economic and Social Council decision1999/257] 27 defebreroa 9demarzo NuevaYork 45G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperiododes per year 44. ICSC, seventy-fourth session [General Assembly resolution 3357 (XXIX)] 27 defebreroa 9demarzo Bangkok 15E I(ACEFIR) T - Dosperiodsdes for the year 45. Statistical Commission, forty-third session[Economic and Social Council resolution 1999/8] 28defebreroa 2demarzo NuevaYork 24G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddesperyear 46. Investments Committee[General Assembly resolution 248 (III)] February(1day) Determine 11a12E - - - Cuatroocincoreunionsperyear 47. Ad Hoc Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples[General Assembly resolution 1654(XVI)] February/March New York 28G I(ACEFIR) T AR^(e) 48. UNCTAD, Working Group on the Strategic Framework and the Programme Budget, sixty-first session(programme budget)[UNCTAD resolution 114 (V) and Trade and Development Board decision 156 (XVII)] 5 and 6 demarzo Geneva ^(d) I(ACEFIR) T – Ap. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Pre-session Working Group,53rd Session[General Assembly resolutions45/124, 47/94 and62/218]^(b) 5 a9 demarzo Geneva 4E I(EFI) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperaño 50. Committee on Human Rights, Working Group on Communications to the session,104th session [General Assembly resolution 2200 A (XXI)]^(b) 5-9 demarzo NewYork 9E I(EFIR) T - Three-periods of dissensions per year 51. Committee of RepresentativesPermanents to UN-Habitat, 44th meeting [General Assembly resolution56/206] 7 demarzo Nairobi ^(f) I(ACEFIR) T – Four meetings for the year 52. Committee on the Granting of the United Nations Population Award, second regular session [General Assembly resolution36/201] 8 demarzo NuevaYork 10G I(EFI) T - 53. Committee for Development Policy, fourteenth session[Economic and Social Council resolution 1998/46] 12-16th meeting New York 24E I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 54. Commission of Experts, fifty-fifth session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 9 (I) and 1991/39] 12-16th meeting Vienna 53G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddesperyear 55. Human Rights Council, Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, 96-period session[Human Rights Council resolution 7/12] 12-16th Geneva 5E I(AEFI) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperaño 56. Committee on Human Rights, 104th session[General Assembly resolution 2200 A(XXI)]^(b) 12-30th New York 18E I(AEFIR) T AR Tresperíodosdesperaño 57. Special meeting at the level of the Economic and Social Council with the institutions ofBretton Woods, the World Trade Organization and UNCTAD [General Assembly resolutions 50/227 and61/16 and Council decision2005/211Economic and Social Council] 13 and14demarzo NuevaYork 54G I(ACEFIR) T AR^(e) 58. Committee on the Utilization of the Ultraterrestrial Space with Pacific Fines, Legal Subcommittee,51st Sessions [General Assembly resolution1472 (XIV)] 19-23March Vienna 69G I(ACEFIR) T AR^(e) Unperioddesperyear 59. Human Rights Council, Working Group on the Use of Demercenarios as a means of violating human rights and obstructing the exercise of the right of peoples to free determination, fifteenth session [Human Rights Council resolution7/21] 19-23March Geneva 5E I(AEIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesdesperaño 60. Preparatory Commission for the United Nations Conference to Review Progress Made in the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate Illicit Traffic in Small Hazardous Guns in All Suspects [General Assembly resolution 65/64] 19-23March New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T - 61. Third informal meeting between periods of sessions to prepare the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development[General Assembly resolution 65/152] 26 and 27 New York 193G I (ACEFIR) T - 62. Committee against Enforced Disappearances, second session [General Assembly resolution 61/177] 26-30demarzo (perconfirmation) Geneva 10E I(ACEFIR) T AR Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 63. Human Rights Council, Working Group of Experts on Afrodescendants, eleventh session[Human Rights Council resolutions 5/1 and 9/14] 26-30th Geneva 5E I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodosdesdesdesperaño 64. Commission on Limits of the Continental Platform, twenty-ninth session [Article 2.5 of the Annex II of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea] 26demarzoa 5deabril NewYork 21E I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodosdesdesdesperyear 65. ECA, Conference of African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, forty-fifth session of the Commission [Economic and Social Council resolution671 (XXV)] March Addis Ababa 53G I(AFI) T – Unperioddes for the year 66. ECA, Committee of Experts of the Conference of African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, thirty-first meeting[Economic and Social Council resolution 671 (XXV)] March Addis Ababa 53G I(AFI) T – Unperioddes for the year 67. General Assembly, Fiftieth Committee, continuing to adjourn [Charter] March(4weeks) New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T AR 68. UNEP, Committee of Permanent Representatives,118th meeting[Management Council decision 19/32] March Nairobi ^(g) I(ACEFIR) T – Cuatroreunionesporyear 69. International Meeting on the Question ofPalestine organized by the United Nations [General Assembly resolutions 65/13 and65/14] March/April^(h)(3days) Geneva 193G I(ACEFIR) T – 70. Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Working Group on the Examination of the Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocols,continued period of sessions [General Assembly resolution 5/5]^(b) 2 to 715 Vienna Disarmament Commission[General Assembly resolution S-10/2] 2 to20deabril^(h) New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T AL Unperioddes for the year 72. UNCITRAL, Working Group V (Insolvency Law), forty-first session[General Assembly resolution 33/92] 9-12April New York 60G I (ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodsdesperyear 73. Advisory Committee on AuditingIndependent, eighteenth session[General Assembly resolution 61/275] 10-12 April New York 5E I(IR) T - Four-periods per year 74. Committee of Experts on Public Administration, eleventh session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 2001/45 and2003/60] 16 a20deabril New York 24E I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 75. Group of intergovernmental experts from the States parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be DeemedExcessively Injurious of Indiscriminate Effects[Decision of the States Parties,December 2001]^(c) 16 to20deabril Geneva 114E I(ACEFIR) T – Up to 25days of the 17th century. Human Rights Council, Working Group on Communications, eleventh session [Human Rights Council resolution5/1] 16-20 April Geneva 5E I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 77. UNCITRAL, Working Group I (Acquisitions), twenty-second session [General Assembly resolution 33/92] 16-20 April New York 60G I (ACEFIR) T - Dossiersdesperations for the year 78. Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, sixteenth session[General Assembly resolution 45/158]^(b) 16-27deApril Geneva 10E I(ACEFIR) T AR Dosperiodosdesdesperaño79. UNCTAD, thirteenth session[General Assembly resolution 60/184] 21 a26deApril Doha 193G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddescada cuatro años 80. Expert Group of the States Parties to the Amended Protocol and Meeting of Experts of the States Parties to Protocol V of the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious of Indiscriminate Effects[CCW/AP.II/CONF.12/6yCCW/P.V/CONFIR11]^ Commission on the Prevention of Crime and Criminal Justice, twenty-first session [Economic and Social Council resolution1992/1] 23-27April Vienna 40G I (ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 82. Commission on Population and Development, forty-fifth session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 150 (VII), 87(LVII) and 1995/55] 23-27 New York 47G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 83. Human Rights Council, Open-ended Working Group on the Right to Development, thirteenth session [Human Rights Council resolution9/3] 23-27 Geneva Determine I(ACEFIR) T Unperioddes for the year 84. Voluntary Fund for Technical Cooperation in the Field of Human Rights, Board of Trustees, thirty-sixth session [Economic and Social Council decision 1993/283] 23 a27deApril Geneva 5E I(EFI) T – Dosperiodsdes for the year 85. Committee on Information, thirty-fourth session[General Assembly resolution 33/115] 23deabrila 4demayo NuevaYork 112G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddesporyear 86. Group of intergovernmental experts from the States parties to Protocol V of the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be DeemedExcessively Injurious of Indiscriminate Effects[Decision of the States Parties,December 2001]^(c) 25 a27deApril Geneva 72E I(ACEFIR) T – Up to 25days of the year 87. Committee for Programme and Coordination, organizational session[Economic and Social Council resolution 2008 (LX) and General Assembly resolution31/93] 26April New York 34G I (ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 88. Economic and Social Council, continuation of the period of deorganizational sessions [Charter] 26 and27 New York 54G I(ACEFIR) T AR 89. Human Rights Council, Working Group on Arbitrary Detention,63rd Sessions [Human Rights Council resolution 6/4] 30Deabrila 4demayo Geneva 5E I(EFI) T – Tresperiodosdesdesdesperaño 90. Human Rights Council, Working Group on theUniversal Periodic Review, fourteenth session[decision 1/103 and Human Rights Council resolution 5/1] 30deabrila 11demayo Geneva 47G I(ACEFIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperaño 91. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, forty-eighth session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1982/33,1985/17 and 1995/39] 30deabrila 18demayo(perconfirm) Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T AR Dosperiodsdesperyear 92. Preparatory Committee for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, first session [resolution55/33 D]^(b, c) 30deabrila 11demayo Vienna 190G I(ACEFIR) T AR 93. Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disability, seventh session[General Assembly resolution 61/106 and Article 34 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]^(b) April^(h)(1semana) Geneva 12E I(ACEFIR) T AR Dosperiodsdesdesperiodsfor the year 94. Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, meeting of the Group of Experts on Newforms and Dimensions of Organized-Transnational Crime[Commission resolution 24/4 of the Committee on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and resolution5/6 of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption] April^(h)(to confirm) Vienna 40G I(ACEFIR) T - 95. Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Working Group on Firearms[General Assembly resolution 55/255 and General Assembly resolution 5/4 of the Conference of the Parties] April^(h)(perconfirm) Vienna 160G I(ACEFIR) T - 96. United Nations Staff Pension Committee[General Assembly resolution 248 (III)] April/May^(h)(one meeting) New York 12E - - - Dosperiodosdesdesdesdes de unareunioncadaunoporaño 97. United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, first sessional session[Economic and Social Council decision 2001/321] April/May^(h) Determine 26ST I(FI) T – Dosperiodosdesdesperyear 98. ESCAP, sixty-eighth session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 37 (IV), 69(V) and 723 B (XXVIII)] April/May^(h) Bangkok 53G I(CFIR) T – Unperioddesporyear 99. Security Council, Governing Council of the United Nations Compensation Commission established pursuant to Security Council resolution 692(1991), seventy-first session 1-3 May Geneva 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR Up to fourteen working days per year. International Committee for the Control of Persons, 104th session[article 11 of the Single Convention of 1961 on Survivors]^(b) 7-18ofMay Vienna 13E I(ACEFIR) T – Dosotresperiodosdesdesperaño 101. Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, eleventh session [Economic and Social Council resolution2000/22] 7 to18demayo NewYork 16E I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddesporyear 102. Committee against theTorture, forty-eighth session[General Assembly resolutions39/46 and 65/204]^(b) 7 demajor 1dejune Geneva 10E I(EFIR) T AR Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 103. International Law Commission, sixty-fourth session[General Assembly resolution 174 (II)] 7 demayoa 20dejulio Geneva 34E I(ACEFIR) T AR Unperiododesperaño104. Conference on Disarmament, second part [General Assembly resolutions 1722 (XVI),S-10/2 and 34/83 L] 14th day 29th of June Geneva 61G I(ACEFIR) T AL Unperioddes for years between parts 105. International Committee for the Coordination of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, twenty-fifth session [Commission on Human Rights resolution 1994/54] 14-16-May Geneva 92G I(EFI) T – Unperioddes for the year 106. Meeting of open-ended intergovernmental experts to discuss key yoportunities for implementation related concussions and sub-items, such as inter-country cooperation and consistency[General Assembly resolution 63/72] 14-18ofMay New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T - 107. UNCITRAL, Working Group VI (Garanteereal), twenty-first session[General Assembly resolution 33/92] 14-18May New York 60G I(ACEFIR) T - Dosperiodosdesdesperaño108. Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions[General Assembly resolutions14 (I), 173 (II),32/103 and 64/243] 15-May 30-June New Yorkotroslugars 16E I(ACEFIR) T – Three-periods per United Nations destiny year 109. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, pre-sessional working group, forty-ninth session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1982/33,1985/17 and 1995/39] 21 a25demayo(perconfirm) Geneva 5E I(EFIR) T – Dosperiodsdes per year 110. Commission on Science and Technology for Development, fifteenth session[General Assembly resolution 46/235 and General Assembly resolutions 2002/37y 2006/46 and Council decision2003/291Economic and Social Council] 21 a25-May Geneva 43G I(ACEFIR) T - Unperioddesperyear 111. Open-ended intergovernmental working group to study the possibility of developing an inter-country framework for the regulation, improvement and monitoring of the activities of military and private security companies, second session[Human Rights Council resolution 15/26] 21-25-May (be confirmed) Geneva 193G I(ACEFIR) T-Operiod. UNCITRAL, Working Group III (Online Dispute Resolution), twenty-fifth session[General Assembly resolution 33/92] 21 a25-May New York 60G I (ACEFIR) T - Dossier wishes for the year 113. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Raditions, fifty-ninth session [General Assembly resolution913 (X)] 21 a25-May Vienna 21G I (CEFIR) T - Unperioddes for the year 114. Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations,continued session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 3 (II) and 1296 (XLIV) and decisions 1995/304 and 1997/297] 21-30-May New York 19G I (ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 115. Third meeting of the Open-ended Preparatory Committee for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development[General Assembly resolution 64/236] 28-30demayo RiodeJaneiro(Brazil) 193G I(ACEFIR) T - 116. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, meetings of the subsidiary bodies of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention [General Assembly resolution 62/86] 29th June Bonn (Germany) 189G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 117. Committee on the Rights of the Child, sixtieth sessional period[General Assembly resolutions44/25, 47/112 and49/211]^(b) 29th June Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T AR Tresperíodosdesperaño 118. Human Rights Council, twentieth session[General Assembly resolution 60/251] 29th 15th June Geneva 47G I(ACEFIR) T AR Nomenosdetresperiodosdesperíodosdesperaño 119. ESCWA, twenty-sixth ministerial session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1818 (LV),2089 (LXIII) and1994/26] Mayo Beirut 13G I(AFI) T – Unperiododescadadoscadados años 120. General Assembly, Fiftieth Committee,continued session[Charter] May(4weeks) New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T AR 121. Investments Committee[General Assembly resolution 248 (III)] May(1day) New York 11a12E - - - Cuatroocincoreunions for the year 122. Regional seminar to examine the situation in the noautonomous territories in the framework of the Second International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism[General Assembly resolutions54/91 and 63/110] May(3days) Determine 28G I(EFI) T – Unperioddesperyear123. United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development[General Assembly resolution 64/236] 4 a6 dejunio RiodeJaneiro 193G I(ACEFIR) T (Brazil) 124. WFP, Executive Board, annual session [Economic and Social Council decision 1995/227 and General Assembly resolution 50/8]^(c) 4-8 dejunio Roma 36G I(ACEFIR) T – Tresperiodsdes for the year 125. Meeting of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, twenty-second meeting[General Assembly resolutions37/66, 49/28 and65/37]^(b) 4-15June New York 138G I(ACEFIR) T – Unodosperíodosdesperaño 126. Committee on Contributions,72nd session [General Assembly resolution14 (I), section A] 4-22June New York 18E I(ACEFIR) T - Unperioddes per year 127. Commission on the Utilization of the Ultraterrestrial Space with Pacific Fines, fifty-fifth session[General Assembly resolution 1472 A(XIV)] 11-15 June Vienna 69G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddesporyear 128. UNICEF, BoardExecutive, annual session[General Assembly resolutions 57(I) and 48/162] 11-15th June New York 36G I(ACEFIR) T – Tresperiodosdespersionesporyear 129. Committee for Programme and Coordination, fifty-second session [Economic and Social Council resolution 2008 (LX) and General Assembly resolution 31/93] 11dejunioa6 dejulio NuevaYork 34G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperiododesperyear 130. Committee against Torture, Sub-Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, seventeenth session[Part I, article 2, of the ProtocolFaculty of the Convention against Torture and Others or PenasCrueles, Inhuman or degrading treatment and report of the Human Rights Council (A/61/53)]^(b) Committee on the Rights of the Child, working group for the session, sixty-first session[General Assembly resolutions44/25, 47/112 and49/211]^(b) 18-22 June Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdespersionesporyear 132. Human Rights Council, Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, 97-fold session[Human Rights Council resolution 7/12] 18-22 June Geneva 5E I(AEFI) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperaño 133. Human Rights Council, Working Group on Situations, tenth session[Human Rights Council resolution 5/1] 18-22 June Geneva 5G I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodosdesdespersionesporyear 134. Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, Panel on the Review of the Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, third meeting[General Assembly resolution 58/4 and State party Conference resolution 3/1] 18-22 June Vienna 144G I(ACEFIR) T - Unperioddesporyear 135. United Nations open process of informal consultations on oceans and the law of the sea, thirteenth meeting[General Assembly resolutions60/30, 63/111 and65/37] 18-22June New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T - 136. Executive Board of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS, annual session[General Assembly resolutions 2029(XX), 48/162 and65/176] 18-29th Geneva 36G I(ACEFIR) T – Threeperiodsdes per year 137. Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, meeting of the Expert Group on Protection against the Traffic in Cultural Property[Economic and Social Council resolution 2010/19] 25-29 June Vienna 40G I(ACEFIR) T - 138. Meeting of the Presidencies of the Human Rights Treaties, Twenty-Fourth Sessions[General Assembly resolutions46/111 and 49/178] 25-29th June Geneva 8E I(EFI) T – Unperioddes for the year 139. Special/expert/independent meetings and chairpersons of the Human Rights Council working groups, nineteenth session[Commission on Human Rights resolution 2002/84 and decision 2005/113] 25-29th June Geneva Pordeterminar (EFI) T – Unperiododesdespite for the year 140. Sub-Committee of Experts on the Transport ofMercadesDangerous, forty-first session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1989/104 and 1999/65] 25th June 4th Geneva 23G I(CEFIR) T – Oneodosperiodsdesperyear141. Economic and Social Council, substantive session [Charter] 25th June 20th New York 54G I(ACEFIR) T AR July 142. Seventeenth Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women[General Assembly resolution 34/180]b 26-June New York 186G I(ACEFIR) T - Unperiododescadadoscadados años 143. Committee of RepresentativesPermanents to UN-Habitat, 45th meeting [General Assembly resolution56/206] June Nairobi ^(f) I(ACEFIR) T – Four meetings per year 144. ECLAC, thirty-fourth session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 106 (VI) and 2010/4, and decision1985/188] June ElSalvador 42G I(EFI) T – Unperioddescadadoscadados años 145. UNEP, Comité deRepresentantesPermanentes,119th meeting[Management Council decision 19/32] June Nairobi ^(g) I(ACEFIR) T – Cuatroreunionesporyear 146. UN-Women, Executive Board, annual session[General Assembly resolution 64/289]^(c) June(1seman) NewYork 41G I(ACEFIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperaño 147. Advisory Board on Disarmament Affairs, fifty-eighth session [General Assembly resolution 37/99 K] June-July(3days) New York 23E I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodosdesdesperimentsperyear 148. UNCITRAL, forty-fifth session[General Assembly resolution 2205(XXI)] June-July(3weeks) New York 60G I(ACEFIR) T AR Unperioddesporyear 149. Open-ended working group for the fourth-year period of sessions of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, deorganizational sessions[resolution65/66]^(i) June/July(1day) New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T – 150. Ad Hoc Committee on the Situation with regard to the Application of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples[General Assembly resolution 1654(XVI)] June/July(up to 20 meetings) New York 28G I(ACEFIR) T AR^(e) 151. Committee on Human Rights, Working Group on Communications to the session,105th session [General Assembly resolution 2200 A (XXI)]^(b) 2-6 dejulio Geneva 9E I(EFIR) T – Three-periods for the year 152. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Working Group on Communications under the ProtocolFaculty of the Convention, twenty-third session[General Assembly resolutions55/70 and 62/218]^(b) 3 a6 dejulio NuevaYork 5E I(EFI) T – Tresperiodosdesdesdesperaño 153. Sub-Committee of Experts on the SystemWorldly Harmonized ofQualification and Labeling of Chemicals, twenty-third session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1989/104 and 1999/65] 4 a6 dejulio Geneva 23G I(CEFIR) T – Unodosperíodosdesdesperaño 154. UNCTAD, Intergovernmental Group on Competition Law and Policy, twelfth session[Commerce and Development Board decision at its thirteenth executive session (8 July 1996) and Assembly resolution51/167] 9-12dejulio Geneva Determine I(ACEFIR) T – A.D. 155. Group of intergovernmental experts from the States parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be DeemedExcessively Injurious of Indiscriminate Effects[Decision of the States Parties,December 2001]^(c) 9 a13dejulio Geneva 114E I(ACEFIR) T – Up to25days of the 17th century. Human Rights Council, De-Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Fifteenth Period of Sessions [Human Rights Council resolution6/36] 9-13 Geneva 5E I(ACEFIR) T – Unperiododesporyear 157. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, fifty-second session[General Assembly resolutions34/180 and 62/218]^(b) 9 a27dejulio NuevaYork 23E I(ACEFIR) T AR Tresperiodosdesperaño 158. Human Rights Committee, 105th session[General Assembly resolution 2200 A(XXI)]^(b) 9 a27dejulio Ginebra 18E I(AEFIR) T AR Tresperiodosdesperaño 159. United Nations Board of Auditors, sixty-sixth regular session[General Assembly resolution 74 (I)] 10-12 New York 3E I(CFI) T - Unperioddes per year 160. Advisory Committee on AuditingIndependent, nineteenth session[General Assembly resolution 61/275] 16-18of July New York 5E I(IR) T - Four-periods for the year 161. ICSC, seventy-fifth session [General Assembly resolution 3357 (XXIX)] 16-27 New York 15E I (ACEFIR) T-T-T-T-Two-second sessions for the year 162. Group of intergovernmental experts on the measures of transparency and of the confidence in space-related activities, first period of sessions [resolution65/68] 23 a27dejulio NuevaYork 15E I(ACEFIR) T – 163. Working Group on the Question of Discrimination against Women in Lalegislation and Practice [Human Rights Council resolution 15/23] 23-27 New York 5E I (ACEFIR) T- Tresperiodosdesdesperaño 164. Committee for the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, pre-session working group54th session[General Assembly resolutions45/124, 47/94 and62/218]^(b) 30dejulioa 3deagosto NuevaYork 4E I(EFI) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperaño 165. Human Rights Council, Working Group on the Use of Demercenarios as a means of violating human rights and obstructing the exercise of the right of peoples to free determination,16th period of sessions [Human Rights Council resolution7/21] 30dejulioa 3deagosto NuevaYork 5E I(AEIR) T – TresperiodosdesDespite for the year 166. Commission on Limits of the Continental Platform, thirtieth session [Article 2.5 of the Annex II of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea] 30dejulioa10deagosto NewYork 21E I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodosdesdesperyear167. Conference on Disarmament, third party [General Assembly resolutions 1722 (XVI),S-10/2 and 34/83 L] 30dejulioa14deseptember Geneva 61G I(ACEFIR) T AL Unperioddestinations for the years between 168. International Law Seminar[General Assembly resolution 49/51] July(3weeks) Geneva 30E I(EFI) - - Unperioddesporyear 169. Investments Committee[General Assembly resolution 248 (III)] July(1day) New York 11a12E - - - Cuatroocincoreunions for the year 170. Joint Committee on the Personal of the United Nations, fifty-ninth session[General Assembly resolutions 248(III), 46/200 and 61/240] July New York 33E I(FI) T – Unperioddes for the year 171. Joint Committee on the Personal Thoughts of the United Nations, Committee of Actuaries[General Assembly resolution 1561 (XV), articleXXIX] July New York 5E I(FI) T - Unperioddes for the year 172. Joint Committee on the Personal of the United Nations, Standing Committee[General Assembly resolution 248 (III)] July(1 meeting) New York 15E I(FI) T – Unperioddes for the year 173. United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, 27-Year Sessions[Economic and Social Council resolutions 715 A (XXVII) and 1314 (XLIV)] 6-17Agosto NuevaYork 80E I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddescadados. Group of intergovernmental experts on developments in the area of information and telecommunications in the context of international security, first session[General Assembly resolutions61/54, 62/17, 63/37,64/25 and 65/41] 6 a10deagosto New York 15E I(ACEFIR) T - 175. Human Rights Council Advisory Committee, ninth session[Human Rights Council resolution 5/1] 6-10August Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T AR Dosperíodosdespersionesporaño 176. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, eighty-first session[General Assembly resolution 2106 A(XX)]^(b) 6 to31deagosto Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T AR Dosperiodosdesdesperyear 177. Tenth United Nations Conference on the Normalization of Geographical Names[Economic and Social Council decision 2008/241] 7-16August New York 195G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperiododescadacinco años 178. Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, Open-ended Intergovernmental Working Group on the Prevention of Corruption, second meeting[General Assembly resolution 58/4 and General Assembly resolution 3/2 of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption] 27-29August Vienna 144G I(ACEFIR) T - One-year-olds United Nations Conference to Review Progress Made in the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate Illicit Traffic in Small Hazardous Guns in All Suspects [General Assembly resolution 65/64] 27-August7-September New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T - 180. Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, Open-ended Intergovernmental Working Group on Asset Recovery, fourth session [General Assembly resolution58/4 and resolution3/3 of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption] 30 and 31 December Vienna 144G I (ACEFIR) T - Unperioddes per year 181. Human Rights Council, Working Group on Arbitrary Detention,64th Session [Human Rights Council resolution 6/4] 27-31August Geneva 5E I(EFI) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperaño 182. Human Rights Council, Working Group on Communications, eleventh session[Human Rights Council resolution 5/1] 27-31deagosto Geneva 5E I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodosdesdesdesperaño 183. UNDP Executive Board, UNFPA and UNOPS, second regular session of sessions[General Assembly resolutions 2029(XX), 48/162 and65/176] 4-7 September New York 36G I(ACEFIR) T – Three-periods for the year 184. Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions[General Assembly resolutions 14(I), 173 (II), 32/103 and 64/243] 4 deseptember14dediciembre NuevaYork 16E I(ACEFIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperaño 185. UNCTAD, Working Group on the Strategic Framework and the Programme Budget (cooperation), sixty-second session[UNCTAD resolution 114 (V) and Trade and Development Board decision 156 (XVII)] 5 to9 September Geneva ^(d) I(ACEFIR) T – Ap. Thirty-first Meeting of States Parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights [General Assembly resolution 2200 A (XXI)]^(b) 6 September New York 145G I(AEFIR) T AR 187. UNICEF, BoardExecutive, second regular session of sessions[General Assembly resolutions 57(I) and 48/162] 10 a13deseptember New York 36G I(ACEFIR) T – Threeperiodsdes for the year 188. Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, 17th session period[General Assembly resolution 45/158]^(b) 10 a14deseptember Geneva 10E I(ACEFIR) T AR Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 189. United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, Board of Trustees, seventeenth session [General Assembly resolution46/122] 10 a14deseptember Geneva 5E I(EFI) T - Unperioddes for the year 190. Human Rights Council, twenty-first session[General Assembly resolution 60/251] 10-28 September Geneva 47G I(ACEFIR) T AR Nomenosdetresperíodosdesperíodosdesperaño 191. UN-Women, Executive Board, second regular session [General Assembly resolution 64/289]^(c) 17-19deseptember^(j) New York 41G I(ACEFIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesdespersions for the year 192. UNCTAD, Board of Commerce and Development, fifty-ninth session[General Assembly resolution 1995(XIX) and UNCTAD resolution114 (V)] 17-28 September Geneva 153G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 193. Committee on the Rights of the Child,61st period of sessions[General Assembly resolutions44/25, 47/112 and49/211]^(b) 17deseptember 5th Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T AR Tresperiodosdesperaño 194. General Assembly, Sixty-seventh session[Charter] 18deseptember-December New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T AL/AR^(k) 195. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Working Group on Communications under the ProtocolFaculty of the Convention, twenty-fourth session[General Assembly resolutions55/70 and 62/218]^(b) 26-28deseptember Geneva 5E I(EFI) T – Tresperiodosdesdesdesdesperaño 196. Committee on Conferences, substantive session[General Assembly resolution 43/222 B] September(5days) New York 21G I(ACEFIR) T - 197. Committee of RepresentativesPermanents to UN-Habitat, 46th meeting [General Assembly resolution56/206] September Nairobi ^(f) I(ACEFIR) T – Cuatroreunionesporyear 198. Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, eighth session[General Assembly resolution 61/106 and article 34 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]^(b) September(1semana) Geneva 12E I(ACEFIR) T AR Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 199. UNEP, Comité deRepresentantesPermanentes, 120th meeting[Management Council decision 19/32] September Nairobi ^(g) I(ACEFIR) T – Cuatroreunionesporyear 200. UNRWA, CommissionAssessor [General Assembly resolution302 (IV)] September(1day) Amman 10G I(AFI) T – Unperioddes for the year 201. Human Rights Council, intersessional forum on economic, social and cultural rights (Social Forum), fifth session[Human Rights Council resolution 6/13] 1-3 October Geneva 10E I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 202. UNHCR, Executive Committee, sixty-third session[General Assembly resolutions 1166(XII) and 62/123] 1 a5 October Geneva 78G I(ACEFIR) T AR Unperioddes for the year 203. Working Group on the Question of Discrimination against Women in Lalegislation and Practice [Human Rights Council resolution 15/23] 1 a5 October Geneva 5E I(ACEFIR) T – Threeperiodsdes for the year 204. Human Rights Council, Working Group on theUniversal Periodic Review, fifteenth session[Human Rights Council decision 1/103 and Human Rights Council resolution 5/1] 1-12th Geneva 47G I(ACEFIR) T – Three-periods for the year 205. Committee for the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, fifty-third session[General Assembly resolutions34/180 and 62/218]^(b) 1-19th Geneva 23E I(ACEFIR) T AR Tresperíodosdesperaño 206. Committee on the Rights of the Child, working group for the session, sixty-second session[General Assembly resolutions44/25, 47/112 and49/211]^(b) 8-12-October Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T – Three-periodsdes for the year 207. Committee on Human Rights, Working Group on Communications to the session,106th session [General Assembly resolution 2200 A (XXI)]^(b) 8-12-October Geneva 9E I(EFIR) T – Three-periods for the year 208. UNCTAD, Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Standards of Accounting and Reporting, twenty-ninth session[Economic and Social Council resolution 1982/67] 15-18th Geneva 34E I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 209. Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, sixth session[General Assembly resolution 55/25 and United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime]^(b) 15-19th Vienna 160G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddescadados. United Nations Children ' s Fund for Victims of Latorture, Board of Trustees, thirty-seventh session[General Assembly resolution 36/151] 15-19th Geneva 5E I(EFI) T - Dossy wishes for the year 211. Special Committee on the Human Rights Council on the Elaboration of Complementary Standards on Racism, Fifteenth Period of Sessions [Human Rights Council decision3/103 and resolution6/21] 15-26-October Geneva Determine I(ACEFIR) T - 212. Committee on Human Rights, 106th session[General Assembly resolution 2200 A(XXI)]^(b) 15-year-old Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T AR Tresperíodosdesperaño 213. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, fifty-fifth session, pre-sessional working group[General Assembly resolutions45/124, 47/94 and62/218]^(b) 22-26th Geneva 4E I(EFI) T - Three-periods per year 214. Human Rights Council, Working Group on the Use of Demercenarios as a means of violating human rights and obstructing the exercise of the right of peoples to free determination, seventeenth period of sessions [Human Rights Council resolution7/21] 22 a26deoctubre Geneva 5E I (AEIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesdesperaño 215. Voluntary Fund for Technical Cooperation in the Field of Human Rights, Board of Trustees, thirty-seventh session [Economic and Social Council decision 1993/283] 29deoctubrea2 November Geneva 5E I(EFI) T – Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 216. Human Rights Council, Intergovernmental Working Group on the Effective Implementation of the Declaration and Programme of Action for Urban Development, tenth session[Human Rights Council resolution 1/5] 29-year Geneva Pordeterminar I(ACEFIR) T – Unperiododesperaño 217. Committee against the Torture, forty-ninth session[resolution39/46]^(b) 29deoctubrea23November Geneva 10E I(EFIR) T AR Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 218. International Narcotics Control Board, 105th session[article 11 of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961]^(b) 30th October 16th November Vienna 13th I(ACEFIR) T – Dosotresperidosdes for the year 219. Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tributation Questions, eighth session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1273 (XLIII),1765 (LIV) and 2004/69] October(1semana) Geneva 25E I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 220. Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Working Group on Technical Assistance, annexed period of sessions [General Assembly resolution 2/6]^(b) October(to confirm) Vienna 160G I(ACEFIR) T - 221. Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Open-ended Working Group of ExpertsGubernamentals on Extradition,Mutual Legal Assistance and International Cooperation for Confiscation Alignments,fourth session of sessions[Parts 2/2 and3/2]^(b)IR October(perconfirm) Vienna 160G I. Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Working Group on the Illicit Traffic in Migrants, first session[Parts Conference resolution 5/3]^(b) October(confirm) Vienna 160G I(ACEFIR) T - 223. Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Working Group on the Treatment of Persons, first session [General Assembly resolution 5/2]^(b) October(confirm) Vienna 160G I(ACEFIR) T-224. Fourth Meeting of the States Parties to the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment [Part I, article 2, of the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, and report of the Human Rights Council (A/61/53)](IRD) Security Council, Governing Council of the United Nations Compensation Commission established pursuant to Security Council resolution 692(1991), 72nd session October/November(3 weeks) Geneva 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR Up to four sessions with a total of 12 working days per year 226. UNCITRAL, Working Group II (Arbitrajey Conciliation), fifty-seventh session[General Assembly resolution 33/92] October Vienna 60G I(ACEFIR) T – Dossiersdes per year 227. UNCITRAL, Working Group IV (Electronic Commerce), forty-sixth session[General Assembly resolution 33/92] October (by confirming) Vienna 60G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 228. UNCITRAL, Working Group I(Acquisitions), twenty-third session [General Assembly resolution 33/92] October(by confirming) Vienna 60G I(ACEFIR) T – Dossiersdesperation for the year 229. UNCITRAL, Working Group V (Insolvency Law), forty-second session[General Assembly resolution 33/92] October/November (perconfirm) Vienna 60G I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperioddes for the year 230. Staff Pension Committee of the United Nations[General Assembly resolution 248 (III)] October/November(1 meeting) New York 12E - - - Dosperiodosdesdesdesdes de unareunióncadaunoporaño 231. United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, second session [Economic and Social Council decision 2001/321] October/November New York 26ST I(FI) T – Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 232. Human Rights Council, Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, 98-period sessions[Human Rights Council resolution 7/12] 1-9 November Geneva 5E I(AEFI) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperaño 233. Disarmament Commission, organizational session[General Assembly resolution S-10/2] 5 November^(j) New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T AL Unperioddes for the year 234. Committee against Enforced Disappearance, third session [General Assembly resolution 61/177] 5 to9 November (by confirming) Geneva 10E I(ACEFIR) T AR Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 235. Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, Panel on the Review of the Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, continued to period of sessions [General Assembly resolution58/4 and Conference resolution3/1 of the States Parties] 5 to9 November Vienna 144G (ACEFIR) T - Unperioddes per year 236. WFP, Executive Board, second session[Economic and Social Council decision 1995/227 and General Assembly resolution50/8]^(c) 5-9 November Rome 36G I(ACEFIR) T – Three-periods for the year 237. Annual Conference of the High Contracting Parties to Protocol V amended to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious to Indiscriminate Effects[Article 10 of theProtocol Amended]^(c) 9 and10 November Geneva 72G I(ACEFIR) T 238. United Nations Conference on Contributions for Development Activities[General Assembly resolution 32/197] 12-year-old New York 195G I(ACEFIR) T-Overnodes for the year 239. Committee against Torture, Sub-Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Eighteenth Sessions[Part I, Part I, Article 2, of the ProtocolFaculty of the Convention against Torture and Other Treatments or PunishmentsCrueles, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Report of the Human Rights Council (A/61/53) Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, forty-ninth session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1982/33,1985/17 and 1995/39] 12-30th (perconfirm) Geneva 18E I(AEFIR) T AR Dosperiodsdes for the year 241. Fourteenth Annual Conference of the High PartiesContrators of the Amended Protocol to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on Conventional Certainarms that may be considered to be excessively injurious of indiscriminate effects[Article 13(1) of theProtocol Amended]^(c) 14th November Geneva 92G I(ACEFIR) Human Rights Council, Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, sixty-fifth session [Human Rights Council resolution 6/4] 14-23 November Geneva 5E I(EFI) T – Three-periodsdes for the year 243. Annual Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Determinedexcessively Injurious of Indiscriminate Effects[Convention]^(c) 15 and16November Geneva 114G I(ACEFIR) T AR Unperiods for the year 244. UNCTAD, Working Group on the Strategic Framework and the Programme Budget, sixty-third session[UNCTAD resolution 114 (V) and Trade and Development Board decision 156 (XVII)] 19-23 November Geneva ^(d) I(ACEFIR) T – 245. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Conference of the Parties to the Convention, eighteenth session, and meetings of the subsidiary bodies[General Assembly resolution 62/86] 27th November, 8th December, Finalization of 189G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 246. Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, External Meeting of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People[General Assembly resolutions32/40 B and 33/28] 29th November New York 25G I(ACEFIR) T AL Unperioddes for the year 247. Human Rights Council, Forum on Mining Questions, fifth session[Human Rights Council resolution 6/15] 29-30 November Geneva 5E I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 248. Consultative Committee on the United Nations Programme of Assistance in the Teaching, Study, Dissemination and Wider Appreciation of International Law, Forty-fifth Sessions[General Assembly resolution 2099 (XX)] November(2days) New York 25G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes per year 249. Investments Committee[General Assembly resolution 248 (III)] November(1day) New York 11a12E - - - Cuatroocincoreunions for the year 250. States parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions, third meeting[General Assembly resolution 64/36]^(c) November(1semana) Pordeterminar 59G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddesporyear 251. UNCITRAL, Working Group III (Online Dispute Resolution), twenty-sixth session[General Assembly resolution 33/92] November Vienna 60G I(ACEFIR) T - Dossiersdes for the year 252. Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production and Almacenamiento dearmas bacteriológica(biológica) ytoxinicas y sobre sudestrucción [decision of the States Parties in their sixth conference]^c) November/December(1semana) Geneva 164G ACEFIR T 253. Panel of AuditorsExternals of the United Nations, the specialized organizations and the International Atomic Energy Agency[General Assembly resolutions 347(IV) and 1438 (XIV)] November/December Determine 9E I(CFI) T – Unperioddes for the year 254. States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Elimination of All Forms, of All Forms, of Anti-Personnel Demins and on Their Destruction,12th Period of Sessions [Article 11(2) of the Convention]^(c) November/December(1day) Determine 156G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddesperiodsfor the year 255. United Nations Board of Auditors,extraordinary period of sessions [General Assembly resolution 74 (I)] November/December Determine 3E I(CFI) T – Unperioddes for the year 256. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, pre-sessional working group, fiftieth session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1982/33,1985/17 and 1995/39] 3 a7 dediciembre(forconfirming) Geneva 5E I(EFIR) T – Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 257. Sub-Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous, forty-second session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1989/104 and 1999/65] 3-11 December Geneva 22G I(CEFIR) T – Oneodosperiodsdes for the year 258. Ad Hoc Committee of the General Assembly for the Announcement of Voluntary Contributions to UNRWA[General Assembly resolution 1729(XVI)] 4 dediciembre^(j) New York 195G I(ACEFIR) T – Unareuniónporaño 259. Commission of Experts, resuming the fifty-fifth session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 9 (I) and 1991/39] 6 December Vienna 53G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 260. Commission for the Prevention of Crime and Criminal Justice,continued at its twenty-first session[Economic and Social Council decision 2009/251] 7 December Vienna 40G I (ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 261. Ad Hoc Committee of the General Assembly for the Announcement of Involuntary Contributions to the Programme of UNHCR[General Assembly resolution 55/75] 11 December Geneva 195G I(ACEFIR) T – Unareuniónporaño 262. Sub-Committee of Experts on the SystemWorldly Harmonized ofQualification and Labeling of Chemicals, twenty-fourth session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1989/104 and 1999/65] 12-14 December Geneva 23G I(CEFIR) T – Unodosperíodosdesperaño 263. Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Mechanics and on the Globally Harmonized System ofChemicalProducts Classification and Labeling, second sessional period[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1989/104 and 1999/65] 14dedication Geneva 23G I(CEFIR) T – Unperioddescadadoscadados años 264. States parties to the Convention on the Rights of the Child,14th meeting[General Assembly resolution 44/25]^(b) 18dediciembre^(j) New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T AR Unperioddescadadoscadados años 265. Advisory Committee on AuditingIndependent, 20-Year Sessions[General Assembly resolution 61/275] 18-20December^(j) New York 5E I(IR) T – Four-Years for the year 266. Committee of RepresentativesPermanents to UN-Habitat, 47th meeting [General Assembly resolution56/206] December Nairobi ^(f) I(ACEFIR) T – Cuatroreunionesporyear 267. UNCITRAL, Working Group VI (Garanteereal), twenty-second session[General Assembly resolution 33/92] December Vienna 60G I (ACEFIR) T - Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 268. UNEP, Comité deRepresentantesPermanentes,121st meeting[Management Council decision 19/32] December Nairobi ^(g) I(ACEFIR) T – Cuatroperiodosdesdesperaño 269. UNU, Council, fifty-ninth session[General Assembly resolution 3081(XXVIII)] December(1seman) Tokyo 28E I(FI) T – Unperioddes for the year 270. Committee on Conferences[General Assembly resolution 43/222 B] New York 21G I (ACEFIR) T-Accessary 271. Committee on Relations with the Host Country[General Assembly resolution 2819(XXVI)] New York 19G I(ACEFIR) T-Accessary 272. Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People[General Assembly resolution 3376(XXX)] New York 25G I(ACEFIR) T AR According to the Committee 273. ECE, committees and working groups[Economic and Social Council resolution 36 (IV)] Geneva, 55G. Economic and Social Council, informal/official meetings[Charter and Assembly resolutionsGeneral 50/227 and61/16] New York 54G I(ACEFIR) T AR^(e) Executive Board of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS, informative meetings and informal consultations[General Assembly resolutions 2020(XX), 48/162 and 65/176] NewYork 36G I (ACEFIR) T - 276. Human Rights Council, deorganization and inter-sessional meetings and inter-sessional sessions [General Assembly resolution 60/251] Geneva 47G I(ACEFIR) T AR^(e) 277. International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994[resolution 955(1994) International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991[Security Council resolution 808(1993) and General Assembly resolution 47/235] The Hague 11E I(FI) T-Secondance 279. Consolidation Commission of the Peace [General Assembly resolution 60/180 and Security Council resolution1645 (2005)] NewYork 31G I (ACEFIR) T AR According to the Committee. Security Council[Charter] New York City 15G I(ACEFIR) T AL According to the Second Committee 281. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolutions 1267(1999) and 1989 (2011) relating to Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities New York 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR A/C. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1373 (2001) concerning counter-terrorism law Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1518(2003) NewYork 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR According to the Committee. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1521(2003) concerning Freedom of Association New York 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1533(2004) concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo, New York 15G I (ACEFIR) T AR. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540(2004) NewYork 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR According to the Committee. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572(2004) concerning Côte d’Ivoire, New York, 15G I (ACEFIR) T AR. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1591(2005) concerning the NewYork 15G I (ACEFIR) T AR. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1636(2005) NewYork 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR According to the Secretary-General 290. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718(2006) NewYork 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR (Accordant) 291. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1737(2006) NewYork 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR According to the Committee, 292. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970(2011) concerning Arab JamahiriyaLibya-Seasonist New York 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR According to the Committee on Security Council 293. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1988(2011) NewYork 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR According to the Committee. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) Relative to Somalia New York 15G I (ACEFIR) T AR According to the Committee 295. Committee of Experts of the Security Council [approved by the Security Council at its 1st meeting,1946] New York City 15G I (ACEFIR) T AR According to the Committee of Experts. Security Council, Committee on Meetings of the Council away from Headquarters[decision adopted by the Security Council at its 1625th session] New York 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR According to the Second Committee 297. Security Council, Committee on Admission of New Members[decision adopted by the Security Council in its 42nd session, 1946] New York 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR According to the Second Committee 298. Security Council, Governing Council of the United Nations Compensation Commission established pursuant to Security Council resolution 692(1991) Geneva 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR. Security Council Special Task Force on Conflict Prevention and Resolution in Africa (S/2002/207) New York 15G I (ACEFIR) T-Accessary 300. Security Council Working Group established pursuant to resolution 1566(2004) (Al-Qaida and the Taliban) New York 15G I(ACEFIR) T-Accessary 301. Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict established pursuant to resolution 1612(2005) NewYork 15G I(ACEFIR) T-Accessary 302. Security Council Working Group on Peacekeeping Operations established envirtud deS/PRST/2001/3 NewYork 15G I (ACEFIR) T-Accordant 303. Ad Hoc Committee on the Maintainment of the Peace and its Working Group [General Assembly resolution2006 (XIX)] New York 144G I (ACEFIR) T-Accessary 304. Board of Trustees (and drafting committees) [Charter] New York 5G I(CFIR) T AL^(e) According to the Meeting 305. UNCTAD, consultations of the Secretary-General and the President of the Trade and Development Board [Trade and Development Board decision-making at its thirteenth executive session (8 July 1996) and General Assembly resolution 51/167] (up to 30 meetings) Geneva ^(d) I(ACEFIR) T-Appointed 306. UNCTAD, executive meetings of the Trade and Development Board [drafted by the Trade and Development Board at its thirteenth executive session (8 July 1996) and General Assembly resolution 51/167] Geneva ^(d) I(ACEFIR) T – A.S.A. 307. UNCTAD, other conferences and reunions on commodities[Commerce and Development Board decision at its thirteenth executive session (8 July 1996) and Assembly resolution51/167] General Assembly resolution (up to 30 meetings) Geneva ^(d) I(ACEFIR) T – According to the year 308. UNCTAD, seminars and study groups[Trade and Development Board decision at its thirteenth executive meeting (8 July 1996) and General Assembly resolution51/167] Segúnseanecesario(up to20reunions) Geneva ^(d) I(ACEFIR) T – According toseanecesario 309. UNICEF, Executive Board, briefings and informal consultations[General Assembly resolutions 57(I) and 48/162] New York 36G I (ACEFIR) T-Accessary 310. United Nations Commission for Peace [General Assembly resolution 194 (III)] Ad Hoc Committee of the Indian Ocean[General Assembly resolutions 299(XXVIII) and 62/14] Determine New York 43G I(ACEFIR) T AR Unperiododescadadoscadados años 312. United Nations Conference on the Arms Trade[General Assembly resolution 63/309] Pordeterminar(4semanas) New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T AR 313. Commission of Experts, 22nd Meeting of Heads of the National Agencies Responsible for Combating the Illicit Traffic in Drugs, Africa[Economic and Social Council resolution 1985/11] Determine Addis Ababaoacapital 53G I(AFI) T – Unperioddesporyear of region 314. Commission of Experts, 36th Meeting of Heads of the National Agencies Responsible for Combating the Illicit Traffic in Drugs, Asia and the Pacific[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1985/11 and1988/15] Pordeterminar Bangkokounacapitaldela 51G I(CFIR) T – Unperioddessperyear region 315. Commission of Experts, 22nd Meeting of Heads of the National Agencies Responsible for Combating the Illicit Traffic in Drugs, Latin America and the Caribbean[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1987/34 and1988/15] Pordeterminar Santiagouotracapitaldela 41G I(EFI) T – Unperioddessperyear region 316. Commission of Experts, Subcommission on Illicit Traffic in Drugs and MattersConnections in the Near East and the EastMedium, 47th session [Economic and Social Council resolution 1776 (LIV)] Determine Unacapitaldelaregion 23G I(AIR) T – Unperioddesperyear 317. Committee on Conferences, deorganizational session[General Assembly resolution 43/222 B] Determine New York 21G I(ACEFIR) T - 318. Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations, organizational session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 3 (II) and 1296 (XLIV) and decisions 1995/304 and 1997/297] Pordeterminar NuevaYork 19G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddesporyear 319. General Assembly, Sixty-seventh session,First Committee[General Assembly resolutions 173(II) and 47/233] Determine New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T AL^(k) 320. General Assembly, Sixty-seventh session,Second Committee[General Assembly resolutions 173(II) and 47/233] Pordeterminar NuevaYork 193G I(ACEFIR) T AR 321. General Assembly, Sixty-seventh session, Third Committee[General Assembly resolutions 173(II) and 47/233] Pordeterminar NuevaYork 193G I(ACEFIR) T AR 322. General Assembly, Sixty-seventh session,Fourth Committee[General Assembly resolutions 173(II) and 47/233] Pordetermina NuevaYork 193G I(ACEFIR) T AR 323. General Assembly, Sixty-seventh session, Fifth Committee[General Assembly resolutions 173(II) and 47/233] Pordeterminar NuevaYork 193G I(ACEFIR) T AR 324. General Assembly, Sixty-seventh session, Sixth Committee[General Assembly resolutions 173(II) and 47/233] Pordetermina NuevaYork 193G I(ACEFIR) T AR 325. General meeting on cooperation between the representatives of the secretariats of the United Nations system and the General Secretariat of the League of Arab States and their specialized organizations[General Assembly resolution61/14] Determine New York Determine I(AFI) T – Unperiododescadados años 326. General meeting of the organizations and organizations of the United Nations system and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and their subsidiary bodies[General Assembly resolution 61/49] Determine New York Determine I(AFI) T – Unperiododescadadosyears 327. Group of intergovernmental experts to review the operation and refinement of the Conventional Arms Register, first session [General Assembly resolution 64/54] Pordeterminar(5days) Geneva 15E I(ACEFIR) T - 328. Group of ExpertsGubernamentals in the Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production and Almacenamiento dearmas bacteriológica(biológica) ytoxínicas y sobre sudestrucción [decision of the States Parties in its sixth Review Conference]^(c) Pordeterminar(2semanas) Geneva 164G ACEFIR 329. Open-ended Working Group to Review the Financial Situation of the United Nations[General Assembly resolution 49/143]^(i) Determine New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T - 330. Human Rights Council, Working Group of Experts on African Descent, twelfth session[Human Rights Council resolutions 5/1 and 9/14] Pordeterminar Ginebra 5E I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodosdesdesdesperaño 331. Open-ended Working Group on the Peace Programme and its Subgroups[General Assembly resolution 47/120]^(i) Determine New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T - 332. Nineteenth Regional Carthographic Conference of the United Nations for Asia and the Pacific (Council decision2010/240) Pordeterminar Bangkok 51G I(CFIR) T – Unperiododescadatrescadatres años 333. Open-ended working group for the fourth-year period of sessions of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, first session [resolution65/66]^(i) Pordeterminar(5days) New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T – 334. United Nations Convention againstDesertification, Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention, eleventh session[General Assembly resolution 62/193]^(b) Pordeterminar(8days) Pordeterminar 185G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperiododescadados años 335. UNCTAD, meeting of experts from the Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission [Part IV, section B, of the Accra Accord adopted at the twelfth session of UNCTAD, held in Accra from 20 to 25 April 2008] Determine(3days) Geneva Determine I(ACEFIR) T – 336. UNCTAD, meeting of the Trade and Development Commission [part IV, section B, of the Accra Accord adopted at the twelfth session of UNCTAD, held in Accra from 20 to 25 April 2008] Determine(3days) Geneva Determine I(ACEFIR) T – 337. UNITAR, Board of Trustees, fifty-first session[General Assembly resolutions 1934(XVIII) and 47/227]^(c) Pordeterminar(2-3days) Geneva 28E I(AEFIR) T – Unperiododesperyear 338. United Nations Appeals Tribunal[General Assembly resolutions61/261, 62/228,63/253, 64/233 and65/251] Pordeterminar NuevaYork/Geneva/Nairobi Pordeterminar T – 339. United Nations Dispute Tribunal [General Assembly resolutions 61/261,62/228, 63/253,64/233 and 65/251] Pordeterminar NuevaYork/Geneva/Nairobi Pordeterminar T - 340. United Nations Seminar on Assistance to the Papal People[General Assembly resolutions65/13 and 65/14] Pordeterminar(2days) Pordeterminar 193G Pordeterminar T - 341. Asia-Pacific Meeting on the Question of Palestine Organized by the United Nations[General Assembly resolutions65/13 and 65/14] Determine(3days) Determine 193G EI T - 342. United Nations International Meeting in Support of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process[General Assembly resolutions 65/13 and65/14] Determine(3days) Determine 193G I(AEFI) T -",
"^(a) The languages in which interpretation will be provided are indicated. The languages in which translations and records of meetings will be provided vary according to the rules of procedure applicable to the relevant body and, in the case of some working groups and similar bodies, according to the actual requirements, where they are less than the rules of procedure.",
"^(b) Treaty bodies.",
"^(c) Conference services are funded from extrabudgetary resources.",
"^(d) Open to the participation of all interested States members of UNCTAD (UNCTAD resolution 80 (III), paragraph 9,).",
"^(e) Only for plenary sessions.",
"^(f) In accordance with UN-Habitat Governing Council resolution 19/1, the Committee of Permanent Representatives will be open to all permanent representatives of States Members of the United Nations and members of its specialized agencies accredited to UN-Habitat.",
"^(g) In accordance with paragraph (h) of UNEP Governing Council decision 19/32, the Committee of Permanent Representatives shall consist of representatives of all States Members of the United Nations and members of its specialized agencies, and the European Union, accredited to UNEP, reside or not in Nairobi.",
"^(h) Pursuant to paragraph 4 of General Assembly resolution 53/208 A, and as previously decided by the Assembly, intergovernmental bodies are requested to avoid holding meetings on Orthodox Good Friday in 2012 on 13 April.",
"^(i) Conference services will be part of those allocated to the General Assembly.",
"^(j) Subject to approval of the General Assembly.",
"^(k) Verbatim records of the plenary meetings of the General Assembly and the First Committee are prepared.",
"B. List of bodies to be submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session for extension",
"Body Dates(2012) Composition Place Service^(a) Periodicity 1. Special Committee established pursuant to General Assembly resolution51/210 [General Assembly resolutions59/46 and 65/34] 9-12 April New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T - 2. Open-ended informal ad hoc on marine biodiversity[General Assembly resolutions 19/24 and65/37] 10 a14deseptember New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T 3. Working GroupSpecial on the Revitalization of the General Assembly[General Assembly resolution 63/309] Pordeterminar NuevaYork 193G I(ACEFIR) T - 4. Ad Hoc Committee on the Demand for Decriminal Responsibilities to Officials and Experts of the United Nations Envoyance [General Assembly resolution 62/63] To determine New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T – 5. Open-ended Working Group on the Question of Representation on and Increase in the Number of Members and Other Matters Related to the Security Council[General Assembly resolution 48/26]^(b) Determine New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T - 6. Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Occupied Ithrian Palestinian People ' s Chamber[General Assembly resolutions 2443(XXIII) and 62/106] Determine Geneva 3G I(AFI) T AL^(c) 7. Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization[General Assembly resolutions 3349(XXIX) and 65/31] 21defebreroa 2demarzo NewYork 193G I(ACEFIR) T - 8. Working Group on the Financing of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East[General Assembly resolution 2656(XXV)]",
"^(a) The languages in which interpretation will be provided are indicated. The languages in which translations and records of meetings will be provided vary according to the rules of procedure applicable to the relevant body and, in the case of some working groups and similar bodies, according to the actual requirements, where they are less than the rules of procedure.",
"^(b) Conference services will be part of those allocated to the General Assembly.",
"^(c) Only for oral hearings.",
"C. Draft calendar of United Nations conferences and meetings for 2013",
"(as at 29 July 2011)",
"Body Dates(2013) Place Composition Service^(a) Periodicity 1. Committee of StateMayor [Charter] 4 deenero, later New York 5G I(CFIR) T AL Fridayalternos 2. Executive Board of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS, election of the Mesa [General Assembly resolutions2029 (XX), 48/162 and65/176 and Council decision2007/221] 7 deenero NewYork 36G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddesperyear 3. Group of intergovernmental experts on the development of information and telecommunications in the context of inter-country security, second sessional period[General Assembly resolutions61/54, 62/17, 63/37,64/25 and 65/41] 14-18-year New York 15E I(ACEFIR) T - 4. Economic and Social Council, election of officers [Charter] 15-year New York 54G I(ACEFIR) T AR 5. UN-Women, executive board, first regular session of sessions [General Assembly resolution 64/289]^(b) 21 a25 New York 41G I(ACEFIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesdesperaño 6. Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations, Regular Period of Sessions[Economic and Social Council resolutions 3 (II) and 1296(XLIV) and decisions1995/304 and 1997/297] 21-30 January NewYork 19G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddesperyear 7. Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions[General Assembly resolutions 14(I), 173 (II), 32/103 and 64/243] 22 January 26 April New York 16E I(ACEFIR) T – Three-periods for the year 8. Committee on the Granting of the United Nations Population Award, organizational meeting[General Assembly resolution 36/201] 23-year-old New York 10G I(EFI) T - 9. UNDP Executive Board, UNFPA and UNOPS, first session[General Assembly resolutions 2029(XX), 48/162 and65/176] 28 a31-year New York 36G I(ACEFIR) T – Three-periods for the year 10. Committee on the Rights of the Child, sixty-second sessional period[General Assembly resolutions44/25, 47/112 and49/211]^(c) January(3semanas) Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T AR Tresperiodosdesdesperyear 11. Human Rights Council, Working Group on Situations, eleventh session[Human Rights Council resolution 5/1] January(1seman) Geneva 5G I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodosdesdespersionesperyear 12. Human Rights Council, Working Group on theUniversal Periodic Review, sixteenth session[Human Rights Council decision 1/103 and Human Rights Council resolution 5/1] January(2weeks) Geneva 47G I(ACEFIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperaño13. Conference on Disarmament, first part [General Assembly resolutions 1722 (XVI),S-10/2 and 34/83 L] January-April(10weeks) Geneva 61G I(ACEFIR) T AL Unperioddes for the year in three parts 14. Joint meeting of the Executive Boards of UNDP, UNFPA, UNOPS, UNICEF, WFP and UN-Women[General Assembly resolutions52/12 B and 65/176] 1 and 4 defebrero New York 36G/36G/36G/41G I(ACEFIR) T - 15. International Narcotics Control Board, 106th session[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961]^(c) 4 to8 defebrero Vienna 13E I(ACEFIR) T – Dosotresperiods for the year 16. UNCITRAL, Working Group II (Arbitrajey Conciliation), fifty-eighth session[General Assembly resolution 33/92] 4 to8 defebrero New York 60G I (ACEFIR) T - Dossiersdesperation for the year 17. Committee on the Granting of the United Nations Population Award, first regular meeting [General Assembly resolution36/201] 5 defebrero New York 10G I(EFI) T - 18. UNICEF, BoardExecutive, first regular session of sessions[General Assembly resolutions48/162 and 57 (I)] 5 a8 defebrero New York 36G I (ACEFIR) T – Threeperiodsdes per year 19. Commission for Social Development, fifty-first session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 10 (II), 1139(XLI) and 1996/7] 6-15th New York 46G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 20. Group of intergovernmental experts to review the operation and refinement of the Conventional Arms Register, second period of sessions [General Assembly resolution 64/54]^(c) 11 to 15th February New York 15E I(ACEFIR) T - 21. UNCITRAL, Working Group IV (Electronic Commerce), forty-seventh session[General Assembly resolution 33/92] 11-15February New York 60G I (ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 22. Economic and Social Council, period of de-organization [Charter] 12 to 15 years old New York 54G I (ACEFIR) T AR 23. Committee on the Use of SpaceUltraterrestrial with Pacific Fines, Subcommission of Scientific and Technical Affairs, fiftieth session[General Assembly resolution 1472 A(XIV)] 12 a22defebrero (perconfirm) Vienna 69G I(ACEFIR) T - Unperiododesperyear 24. Advisory Committee on AuditingIndependent, twenty-first session[General Assembly resolution 61/275] 13-15February New York 5E I(IR) T - Four-periods per year 25. UNEP, Governing Council/Global MiddleMinisterial Forum, twenty-seventh session[General Assembly resolutions 2997(XXVII), 42/185 and53/242] 18-22February Nairobi 58G I(ACEFIR) T - Unperiododesordinarioy unperiododespidodesextraordinarioenañosalternos 26. Ad Hoc Committee on the Maintainment of the Body and its Working Group, substantive session[General Assembly resolution 2006(XIX)] 19defebreroa 15demarzo NuevaYork 144G I(ACEFIR) T - 27. Statistical Commission, forty-fourth session[Economic and Social Council resolution 1999/8] 26 defebreroa 1demarzo NuevaYork 24G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddesperyear 28. Committee against Torture, Sub-Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, nineteenth session[Part I, article 2, of the ProtocolFaculty of the Convention against Torture and Others or PenasCrueles, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and report of the Human Rights Council (A/61/53)]^(c) Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Working Group on Communications under the ProtocolFaculty of the Convention, twenty-fifth session[General Assembly resolutions55/70 and 62/218]^(c) February(4days) Geneva 5E I(EFI) T – Tresperíodosdesdesperaño 30. Committee on the Rights of the Child, working group for the session, sixty-third session[General Assembly resolutions44/25, 47/112 and49/211]^(c) February(1semana) Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T – Three-periods of dissensions for the year 31. Human Rights Council Advisory Committee, tenth session[Human Rights Council resolution 5/1] February(1seman) Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T AR Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 32. Investments Committee[General Assembly resolution 248 (III)] February New York 11a12E - - - Cuatroocincoreunions for the year 33. United Nations Voluntary Fund for Indigenous Peoples, Board of Trustees, twenty-sixth session[General Assembly resolution 40/131] February(1week) Geneva 5E I(EFIR) T - Unperioddes for the year 34. United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Latorture, Board of Trustees, thirty-eighth session[General Assembly resolution 36/151] February(1week) Geneva 5E I(EFI) T - Dosperiodosdesdesdesperaño 35. WFP, Executive Board, first session[Economic and Social Council decision 1995/227 and Assembly resolution50/8]^(b) February Roma 36G I(ACEFIR) T – Tresperíodosdespersionesporyear 36. Working Group on the Question of Discrimination against Women in Lalegislation and Practice [Human Rights Council resolution 15/23] February(1week) Geneva 5E I(ACEFIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesdesperyear 37. Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, fifty-ninth session [General Assembly resolution 37/99 K] February/March New York 15E I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodosdesdesperations for the year 38. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, fifty-fourth session[General Assembly resolutions34/180 and 62/218]^(c) February/March(3semanas) Geneva 23E I(ACEFIR) T AR Tresperíodosdesperaño 39. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, eightieth session[General Assembly resolution 2106 A(XX)]^(b) February/March(4semanas) Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T AR Dosperiods per year 40. Human Rights Council, twenty-second session[General Assembly resolution 60/251] February/March(4semanas) Geneva 47G I(ACEFIR) T AR Nomenosdetresperiodosdesperíodosdesperaño 41. Ad Hoc Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples[General Assembly resolution 1654(XVI)] February/March New York 28G I(ACEFIR) T AR^(d) 42. Committee on Human Rights, Working Group on Communications to the session,107th session [General Assembly resolution 2200 A (XXI)]^(c) 4-8 demarzo NewYork 9E I(EFIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperyear 43. Commission on the Status of Women, fifty-seventh session [Economic and Social Council decision1999/257] 4-15th session New York 45G I (ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes per year 44. Committee on the Granting of the United Nations Population Award, second session of the General Assembly [General Assembly resolution36/201] 7 demarzo NuevaYork 10G I(EFI) T - 45. Committee on Human Rights, 107th session[General Assembly resolution 2200 A(XXI)]^(c) 11-28 New York 18E I(AEFIR) T AR Tresperíodosdesporyear 46. Special meeting at the level of the Economic and Social Council with the Bretton Woods institutions, the World Trade Organization and UNCTAD [General Assembly resolutions 50/227 and61/16 and Council decision2005/211Economic and Social Council] 14-15th meeting New York 54G I(ACEFIR) T AR^(d) 47. Commission of Experts, fifty-sixth session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 9 (I) and 1991/39] 8 and 11 a15demarzo Vienna 53G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 48. Committee for Development Policy, fifteenth session[Economic and Social Council resolution 1998/46] 18-22th meeting New York 24E I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 49. Commission on Limits of the Continental Platform, 31st period of sessions [Article 2.5 of the Annex II of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea] 25demarzoa 5deabril NewYork 21E I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodsdes for the year 50. Committee of RepresentativesPermanents to UN-Habitat, 48th meeting [General Assembly resolution56/206] March Nairobi ^(e) I(ACEFIR) T – Cuatroreunionesporyear 51. Committee against Enforced Disappearance, fourteenth session [General Assembly resolution 61/177] March(1seman) Geneva 10E I(ACEFIR) T AR Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 52. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, pre-session working group, fifty-sixth session[General Assembly resolutions45/124, 47/94 and62/218]^(c) March(1semana) Geneva 4E I(EFI) T - Three-periods for the year 53. ECA, Conference of African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, forty-sixth session of the Commission [Economic and Social Council resolution671 (XXV)] March Addis Ababa 53G I(AFI) T – Unperioddes for the year 54. ECA, Committee of Experts of the Conference of African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, thirty-second meeting [Economic and Social Council resolution 671 (XXV)] March Addis Ababa 53G I(AFI) T – Unperioddes for the year 55. General Assembly, Fiftieth Committee, continued sessional period[Charter] March(4weeks) New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T AR 56. Human Rights Council, Working Group of Experts on African Descent, twelfth session[Human Rights Council resolutions 5/1 and 9/14] March(1semana) Geneva 5E I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 57. Human Rights Council, Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, ninety-ninth session[Human Rights Council resolution 7/12] March(1semana) Geneva 5E I(AEFI) T – Tresperiodosdesperaño 58. Human Rights Council, Working Group on the Use of Demercenarios as a means of violating human rights and obstructing the exercise of the right of peoples to free determination, eighteenth period of sessions [Human Rights Council resolution7/21] March(1seman) Geneva 5E I(AEIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperaño 59. ICSC, seventy-sixth session [General Assembly resolution 3357 (XXIX)] 21demarzoa 1deabril New York 15E I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodosdesdesdesperaño 60. UNCTAD, Working Group on the Strategic Framework and the Programme Budget, sixty-fourth session(programme budget)[UNCTAD resolution 114 (V) and Trade and Development Board decision 156 (XVII)] March(3days) Geneva ^(f) I(ACEFIR) T – 61. UNEP, Comité deRepresentantesPermanentes,122nd meeting[Management Council decision 19/32] March Nairobi ^(g) I(ACEFIR) T – Cuatroreunionesporyear 62. ECE, 65th session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 36 (IV) and 2006/38] March/April(3days) Geneva 55G I(FIR) T – Unperiododescadadoscadados años 63. Group of intergovernmental experts on the measures of transparencies and the enhancement of space-based relative activities, second period of sessions [resolution65/68] 1 a5 deabril Geneva 15E I(ACEFIR) T - 64. Disarmament Commission [General Assembly resolution S-10/2] 1-19 April New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T AL Unperioddes for the year 65. Group of intergovernmental experts to review the operation and refinement of the Conventional Arms Register, third session [General Assembly resolution 64/54] 8-12 April New York 15E I(ACEFIR) T - 66. UNCITRAL, Working Group I (Acquisitions), twenty-fourth session [General Assembly resolution 33/92] 8-12 April New York 60G I (ACEFIR) T - Dossiersdesperations for the year 67. Commission on the Utilization of the Ultraterrestrial Space with Pacific Fines,Subcommission of Legal Affairs,52nd Sessions [General Assembly resolution1472 (XIV)] 8-19th April(perconfirm) Vienna 69G I(ACEFIR) T AR^(d) Unperioddesperyear 68. United Nations Forum on the Bosques, tenth session[draft decision II, contained in document E/2011/42, adopted by the Council on Wednesday,27 July at its 46th session] 8-19th April Istanbul (Turkey) 195G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddescadadosyears 69. Advisory Committee on AuditingIndependent, twenty-second session[General Assembly resolution 61/275] 9-11 April New York 5E I(IR) T - Four-periods per year 70. Committee of Experts on Public Administration, twelfth session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 2001/45 and2003/60] 15-19April New York 24E I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 71. UN-Habitat Administrative Council, twenty-fourth session [Economic and Social Council resolution1978/1 and General Assembly resolution 56/206] 15-19 April Nairobi 58G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddescadadoscadados años 72. UNCITRAL, Working Group V (Insolvency Law), forty-third session[General Assembly resolution 33/92] 15-19April New York 60G I (ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodsdesperyear 73. Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, twenty-second session [Economic and Social Council resolution1992/1] 19 and 22 a26deApril Vienna 40G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 74. Commission on Population and Development, forty-sixth session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 150 (VII), 87(LVII) and 1995/55] 22 a26deApril New York 47G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 75. Committee on Information, thirty-fifth session[General Assembly resolution 33/115] 22deabrila3 demayo NuevaYork 112G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 76. Committee for Programme and Coordination, organizational session[Economic and Social Council resolution 2008 (LX) and General Assembly resolution31/93] 25 April New York 34G I (ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 77. Economic and Social Council, continuation of the period of deorganizational sessions [Charter] 25 y26deApril New York 54G I(ACEFIR) T AR 78. Committee for the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families,18th Session [General Assembly resolution45/158]^(b) April(1week) Geneva 10E I(ACEFIR) T AR Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 79. Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, ninth session[General Assembly resolution 61/106 and article 34 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]^(c) April(1semana) Geneva 12E I(ACEFIR) T AR Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 80. Expert Group of the States Parties to the Amended Protocol and Meeting of Experts of the States Parties to Protocol V of the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on Conventional Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious of Indiscriminate Effects[CCW/AP.II/CONF.12/6yCCW/P.V/CONFdes/2010/11]^(b) Group of intergovernmental experts from the States parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be DeemedExcessively Injurious of Indiscriminate Effects[Decision of the States Parties,December 2001]^(b) April(1semana) Geneva 114E I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 82. Human Rights Council, Open-ended Working Group on the Right to Development,14th Session [Human Rights Council resolution9/3] April(1week) Geneva Determine I(ACEFIR) T Unperioddes for the year 83. Human Rights Council, Working Group on Communications, twelfth session[Human Rights Council resolution 5/1] April(1semana) Geneva 5E I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 84. Voluntary Fund for Technical Cooperation in the Field of Human Rights, Board of Trustees, thirty-eighth session [Economic and Social Council decision 1993/283] April(1semana) Geneva 5E I(EFI) T – Dosperiodsdes per year 85. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, fiftieth session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1982/33,1985/17 and 1995/39] April/May^(h)(3semanas)(perconfirm) Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T AR Dosperiodosdesperyear 86. Human Rights Council, Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, 66th Session [Human Rights Council resolution 6/4] April/May^(h)(1week) Geneva 5E I(EFI) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperaño 87. Human Rights Council, Working Group on theUniversal Periodic Review, seventeenth session[Human Rights Council decision 1/103 and Human Rights Council resolution 5/1] April/May^(h)(2weeks) Geneva 47G I(ACEFIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperaño88. Security Council, Governing Council of the United Nations Compensation Commission established pursuant to Security Council resolution 692(1991), 75th session April/May^(h)(3days) Geneva 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR Up to a total of 12 working days per year 89. UNCTAD, Commission on Investment, Enterprise and Development, fifth session[Part IV, section B, of the Accra Accord adopted at the twelfth session of UNCTAD, held in Accra from 20 to 25 April 2008] April/May^(h)(2days) Geneva ^(f) I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 90. UNCTAD, Commission of Commerce and Development, fifth session[Part IV, section B, of the Accra Accord adopted at the twelfth session of UNCTAD, held in Accra from 20 to 25 April 2008] April/May^(h)(2days) Geneva ^(f) I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes per year 91. United Nations Staff Pension Committee[General Assembly resolution 248 (III)] April/May^(h)(1 meeting) New York 12E - - - Dosperiodosdesdesdesdes de unareunioncadaunoporaño 92. United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, first session [Economic and Social Council decision 2001/321] April/May^(h) Pordeterminar 26ST I(FI) T – Dosperiodesdesdesdesperaño 93. High-level Committee on South-South Cooperation, De-Organization Period[General Assembly resolutions33/134 and 58/220] 2 demayo NewYork 195G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperiododescadadoscadados años 94. International Narcotics Control Board, 107th session[article 11 of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961]^(c) 6-17May Vienna 13E I(ACEFIR) T – Dosotresperiodsdes for the year 95. International Law Commission, sixty-fifth session[General Assembly resolution 174 (II)] 6 demayoa 19dejulio Geneva 34E I(ACEFIR) T AR Unperiododesperaño 96. Meeting of open-ended intergovernmental experts to discuss key yoportunities for implementation related concussions and thematics, such as inter-country cooperation and assistance[General Assembly resolution 63/72] 13-17May New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T-97. UNCITRAL, Working Group VI (Garanteereal), twenty-third session[General Assembly resolution 33/92] 13-17May New York 60G I (ACEFIR) T - Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 98. Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions[General Assembly resolutions 14(I), 173 (II), 32/103 and 64/243] 14-May 26 New York 16E I(ACEFIR) T – Three-periods for the year 99. UNCITRAL, Working Group III (Online Dispute Resolution), twenty-seventh session[General Assembly resolution 33/92] 20 a24-May New York 60G I (ACEFIR) T - Dossier wishes for 100 years. Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations,continued session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 3 (II) and 1296 (XLIV) and decisions 1995/304 and 1997/297] 20-29 New York 19G I (ACEFIR) T - Unperioddes for the year 101. Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, twelfth session [Economic and Social Council resolution2000/22] 20-31demayo New York 16E I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 102. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Raditions, fifty-eighth session [General Assembly resolution913 (X)] 23-27th (perconfirm) Vienna 21G I(CEFIR) T - Unperioddesperyear 103. States parties to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, second meeting [General Assembly resolution 65/209]^(c) 28demayo New York Pordeterminar I(ACEFIR) – AR Unperiododescadados años 104. Commission on Science and Technology for Development, sixteenth session [General Assembly resolution46/235 and General Assembly resolutions 2002/37y 2006/46 and Council decision2003/291 Economic and Social Council] May^(h)(1semana) Geneva 43G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperiododesperyear 105. Committee against theTorture, fiftieth session[General Assembly resolutions39/46 and 65/204]^(c) Mayo^(h)(4semanas) Geneva 10E I(EFIR) T AR Dosperiodosdesdesdesperaño 106. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, pre-sessional working group, fifty-first session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1982/33,1985/17 and 1995/39] May^(h)(1semana) Geneva 5E I(EFIR) T – Dossier wishes for the year 107. Commission on Sustainable Development, twentieth session[Economic and Social Council decisions 1993/207 and2005/228] May^(h)(2weeks) New York 53G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 108. ESCAP, sixty-ninth session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 37 (IV), 69(V) and 723 B (XXVIII)] May^(h) Bangkok 53G I(CFIR) T – Unperioddesporyear 109. General Assembly, Fifth Committee, continued sessional period[Charter] Mayo^(h)(4semanas) New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T AR 110. International Committee for the Coordination of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, twenty-sixth session[Human Rights Commission resolution 1994/54] May^(h)(3weeks) Geneva 92G I(EFI) T – Unperioddes for the year 111. Investments Committee[General Assembly resolution 248 (III)] May^(h)(1day) New York 11a12E - - - Cuatroocincoreunions for the year 112. Open-ended intergovernmental working group to study the possibility of developing an inter-country framework for the regulation, improvement and monitoring of the activities of the military and security companies, third-party session[Human Rights Council resolution 15/26] Mayo^(h)(1semana) Geneva 193G I(ACEFIR) T Wish - Unperiod 113. Regional seminar to examine the situation in the noautonomous territories in the framework of the Second International Decade for the Eradication ofColonialism[General Assembly resolutions54/91 and 63/110] Mayo^(h)(3days) To determine 28G I(EFI) T – Unperioddes for the year114. Conference on Disarmament, second part [General Assembly resolutions 1722 (XVI),S-10/2 and 34/83 L] Mayo^(h)(7semanas) Geneva 61G I(ACEFIR) T AL Unperioddesporyears between parts 115. Committee on the Rights of the Child,63rd sessional period[General Assembly resolutions44/25, 47/112 and49/211]^(c) May/junio^(h)(3semanas) Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T AR Tresperíodosdesperyear 116. Human Rights Council, twenty-third session[General Assembly resolution 60/251] May/June^(h)(3 weeks) Geneva 47G I(ACEFIR) T AR Nomenosdetresperíodosdesperyear 117. Group of intergovernmental experts on the development of information and telecommunications in the context of international security, third session[General Assembly resolutions61/54, 62/17, 63/37,64/25 and 65/41] 3 a7 dejunium New York 15E I(ACEFIR) T - 118. Executive Board of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS, annual session[General Assembly resolutions 2029(XX), 48/162 and65/176] 3-14June New York 36G I(ACEFIR) T – Threeperiods per year 119. Committee on Contributions,73rd session [General Assembly resolution14 (I), sect. A] 3-21-June New York 18E I (ACEFIR) T-Operiododes per year 120. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, meetings of the subsidiary bodies of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention[General Assembly resolution 62/86] 4-15 June Bonn(Germany) 189G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 121. United Nations Board of Auditors, sixty-seventh regular session[General Assembly resolution 74 (I)] 9-11 New York 3E I(CFI) T - Unperioddes per year 122. Commission on the Utilization of the Ultraterrestrial Space with Pacific Fines, fifty-sixth session[General Assembly resolution 1472 A(XIV)] 10 a21dejune(perconfirm) Vienna 69G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddesperyear 123. Meeting of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, twenty-second meeting[General Assembly resolutions37/66, 49/28 and65/37]^(c) 10 a21dejunium New York 138G I(ACEFIR) T – Unodosperíodosdesperaño 124. Committee for Programme and Coordination, fifty-third session [Economic and Social Council resolution 2008 (LX) and General Assembly resolution 31/93] 10dejunioa 5dejulio NuevaYork 34G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperiododesporyear 125. UNICEF, BoardExecutive, annual session[General Assembly resolutions 57(I) and 48/162] 17 a21dejune NewYork 36G I(ACEFIR) T – Tresperiodosdespersionesporyear 126. Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea,14th Meeting[General Assembly resolutions60/30, 63/111 and65/37] 24 a28-June New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T - 127. Sub-Committee of Experts on the Transport ofMercadesDangerous, forty-third session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1989/104 and 1999/65] 24 - 28th Geneva 23G I(CEFIR) T - Oneosperiodsdes for the year 128. UN-Women, Executive Board, annual session[General Assembly resolution 64/289]^(b) 24 to28th June New York 41G I(ACEFIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperaño 129. Committee against Torture, Sub-Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 20-Year Sessions[Part I, article 2, of the ProtocolFaculty of the Convention against Torture and Others or PunishmentsCrueles, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and report of the Human Rights Council (A/61/53)]^(c) Committee of RepresentativesPermanents to UN-Habitat, 49th meeting [General Assembly resolution56/206] June Nairobi ^(e) I(ACEFIR) T – Cuatroreunionesporyear 131. Committee on the Rights of the Child, working group for the session, sixty-fourth session[General Assembly resolutions44/25, 47/112 and49/211]^(c) June(1semana) Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T – Threeperiodsdes per year 132. Human Rights Council, Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, 100-period session[Human Rights Council resolution 7/12] June(1semana) Geneva 5E I(AEFI) T – Tresperiodosdesperaño 133. Human Rights Council, Working Group on Situations, 12-Year Sessions[Human Rights Council resolution 5/1] June(1week) Geneva 5G I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodosdesdesdesperaño 134. Meeting of the Presidencies of the Human Rights Treaties, 25-Year Sessions[General Assembly resolutions46/111 and 49/178] June(1week) Geneva 8E I(EFI) T – Unperioddes per year 135. Meeting of Special Rapporteurs, Special Representatives, Dependent Experts and Chairs of the Working Groups of the Human Rights Council, twentieth session[Commission on Human Rights resolution 2002/84 and decision 2005/113] June(1week) Geneva Determine (EFI) T – Unperiododesperyear 136. UNEP, Committee of Permanent Representatives,123rd meeting[Management Council decision 19/32] June Nairobi ^(g) I(ACEFIR) T – Four Meetings for the year 137. WFP, Executive Board, annual session [Economic and Social Council decision 1995/227 and General Assembly resolution 50/8]^(b) June Rome 36G I(ACEFIR) T – Three-periods per year 138. Advisory Board on Disarmament Affairs, sixty-fifth session [General Assembly resolution 37/99 K] June-July(3days) New York 23E I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodsdes for the year 139. UNCITRAL, forty-sixth session[General Assembly resolution 2205(XXI)] June-July Vienna 60G I(ACEFIR) T AR Unperioddes per year 140. International Law Seminar[General Assembly resolution 49/51] June-July(3weeks) Geneva 30E I(EFI) – Unperioddes for the year 141. Ad Hoc Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples[General Assembly resolution 1654(XVI)] June/July(one maximum of20 meetings) New York 28G I(ACEFIR) T AR^(d) 142. Advisory Committee on AuditingIndependent, twenty-third session[General Assembly resolution 61/275] 1 to3 dejulio New York 5E I(IR) T - Four-periods per year 143. Sub-Committee of Experts on the SystemMundially Harmonized ofQualification and Labeling of Chemicals, twenty-fifth session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1989/104 and 1999/65] 1 a3 dejulio Geneva 23G I(CEFIR) T – Unodosperíodosdesdesperaño 144. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Working Group on Communications under the ProtocolFaculty of the Convention, twenty-sixth session[General Assembly resolutions55/70 and 62/218]^(c) 2 a5 dejulio NuevaYork 5E I(EFI) T – Tresperiodosdesdesdesperaño 145. Group of intergovernmental experts on the measures of transparencies and the enhancement of space-based relative activities, third period of sessions [resolution65/68] 8-12 New York 15E I(ACEFIR) T - 146. Human Rights Council, Working Group on the Use of Demercenarios as a means of violating human rights and obstructing the exercise of the right of peoples to free determination, nineteenth period of sessions [Human Rights Council resolution7/21] 8-12 New York 5E I(AEIR) T - Three-periods for the year 147. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, fifty-fifth session[General Assembly resolutions34/180 and 62/218]^(c) 8 a26dejulio NuevaYork 23E I(ACEFIR) T AR Tresperiodosdesperaño 148. Committee for the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, pre-session working group, fifty-seventh session[General Assembly resolutions45/124, 47/94 and62/218]^(c) 29dejulioa 2deagosto NewYork 4E I(EFI) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperaño 149. Economic and Social Council, substantive session[Charter] July(4weeks) Geneva 54G I(ACEFIR) T AR 150. Committee on Human Rights, Working Group on Communications to the session,108th session [General Assembly resolution 2200 A (XXI)]^(c) July(1semana) Geneva 9E I(EFIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperaño 151. Committee on Human Rights, 108th session[General Assembly resolution 2200 A(XXI)]^(c) July(3 weeks) Geneva 18E I(AEFIR) T AR Tresperíodosdesperaño 152. Human Rights Council, Mechanism of Experts on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Sixth Period of Sessions [Human Rights Council resolution6/36] July(1week) Geneva 5E I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 153. ICSC, seventy-seventh session [General Assembly resolution 3357 (XXIX)] Julio Pordeterminar 15E I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodsdesporyear 154. Investments Committee[General Assembly resolution 248 (III)] July(1day) New York 11a12E - - - Cuatroocincoreunions for the year 155. Joint Committee on the Personal of the United Nations, fifty-ninth session[General Assembly resolutions 248(III), 46/200 and 61/240] July New York 33E I(FI) T – Unperioddes for the year 156. Joint Committee on the Personal of the United Nations, Committee of Actuaries[General Assembly resolution 1561 (XV), articleXXIX] Julio NuevaYork 5E I(FI) T – Unperioddes for the year 157. Joint Committee on the Personal Issues of the United Nations, Standing Committee[General Assembly resolution 248 (III)] July(1 meeting) New York 15E I(FI) T - Unperioddesperyear 158. Working Group on the Question of Discrimination against Women in Lalegislation and Practice [Human Rights Council resolution 15/23] July(1week) New York 5E I(ACEFIR) Three-periods per year159. Conference on Disarmament, third party [General Assembly resolutions 1722 (XVI),S-10/2 and 34/83 L] July-september(7weeks) Geneva 61G I(ACEFIR) T AL Unperioddesporyears between 160 parts. Commission on Limits of the Continental Platform, thirty-second session [Article 2.5 of the Annex II of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea] 5 a16deagosto NuevaYork 21E I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperioddesdesdesdes for the year 161. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, eightieth session[General Assembly resolution 2106 A(XX)]^(c) August(4semanas) Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T AR Dosperiodosdesdesperyear 162. Group of intergovernmental experts from the States parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be DeemedExcessively Injurious of Indiscriminate Effects[Decision of the States Parties,December 2001]^(b) August(1semana) Geneva 114E I(ACEFIR) T – Up to25days of the 17th century. Human Rights Council Advisory Committee, eleventh session[Human Rights Council resolution 5/1] August(1week) Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T AR Dosperíodosdesperaño 164. Human Rights Council, Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, sixty-seventh session [Human Rights Council resolution 6/4] August(1week) Geneva 5E I(EFI) T – Three-periodsdes for the year 165. Human Rights Council, Working Group on Communications, 13-year session[Human Rights Council resolution 5/1] August(1week) Geneva 5E I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodosdesdesdesperaño 166. UNDP Executive Board, UNFPA and UNOPS, second regular session of sessions[General Assembly resolutions 2029(XX), 48/162 and65/176] 3 a6 deseptember New York 36G I(ACEFIR) T – Three-periods per year 167. Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions[General Assembly resolutions 14(I), 173 (II), 32/103 and 64/243] 3 deseptember 13dediciembre New York 16E I(ACEFIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperaño 168. Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, fifth session[General Assembly resolution 61/106 and Article 40 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]^(c) 4 a6 deseptember New York 96G I(ACEFIR) T AR Unperioddescadados. UNICEF, BoardExecutive, second regular session of sessions[General Assembly resolutions 57(I) and 48/162] 9 a12deseptember New York 36G I(ACEFIR) T – Threeperiodsdes for the year 170. UN-Women, Executive Board, second regular session [General Assembly resolution 64/289]^(b) 16 to18deseptember^(i) New York 41G I(ACEFIR) T – Threeperiodsdes for the year 171. General Assembly, Sixty-eighth session[Charter] 17 September-December New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T AL/AR^(j) 172. UNHCR, Executive Committee, sixty-fourth session[General Assembly resolutions 1166(XII) and 62/123] 30deseptember 4deoctubre Geneva 78G I(ACEFIR) T AR Unperioddes for the year 173. Committee on Conferences, substantive session[General Assembly resolution 43/222 B] September(5 days) New York 21G I(ACEFIR) T - 174. Committee of RepresentativesPermanents to UN-Habitat, 50th meeting [General Assembly resolution56/206] September Nairobi ^(e) I(ACEFIR) T – Cuatroreunionesporyear 175. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Working Group on Communications under the ProtocolFaculty of the Convention, twenty-seventh session[General Assembly resolutions55/70 and 62/218]^(c) September(3days) Geneva 5E I(EFI) T – Tresperiodosdesdesdesperaño 176. Committee for the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Their Families, nineteenth session[resolution45/158]^(c) September(1week) Geneva 10E I(ACEFIR) T AR Dosperiodosdesdesdesperyear 177. Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, tenth session[General Assembly resolution 61/106 and Article 34 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]^(c) September(1semana)(perconfirm) Geneva 12E I(ACEFIR) T AR Dosperiodosdesdesdesperaño 178. High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Rule of Law at the national and international levels[resolution65/32]^(k, l) September New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T AL 179. Human Rights Council, twenty-fourth session[General Assembly resolution 60/251] September(3 weeks) Geneva 47G I(ACEFIR) T AR Nomenosdetresperiodosdesperíodosdesperaño 180. UNCTAD, Board of Commerce and Development, sixtieth session[General Assembly resolution 1995(XIX) and UNCTAD resolution114 (V)] September(2 weeks) Geneva 153G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 181. UNCTAD, Working Group on the Strategic Framework and the Programme Budget (cooperation), sixty-fifth session[UNCTAD resolution 114 (V) and Trade and Development Board decision 156 (XVII)] September(3days) Geneva ^(f) I(ACEFIR) T - 182. UNEP, Comité deRepresentantesPermanentes,124th meeting[Management Council decision 19/32] September Nairobi ^(g) I(ACEFIR) T – Cuatroreunionesporyear 183. United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, Board of Trustees, eighteenth session [General Assembly resolution46/122] September(1week) Geneva 5E I(EFI) T – Unperioddes for the year 184. UNRWA, CommissionAssessor [General Assembly resolution302 (IV)] September(1day) Amman 10G I(AFI) T – Unperioddes for the year 185. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, fifty-sixth session[General Assembly resolutions34/180 and 62/218]^(c) September/October(3semanas) Geneva 23E I(ACEFIR) T AR Tresperíodosdesperaño 186. Committee on the Rights of the Child,64th sessional period[General Assembly resolutions44/25, 47/112 and49/211]^(c) September/October(3semanas) Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T AR Tresperiodosdesperaño 187. Human Rights Council, Working Group on theUniversal Periodic Review, eighteenth session[Human Rights Council decision 1/103 and Human Rights Council resolution 5/1] September/October(2weeks) Geneva 47G I(ACEFIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperaño 188. International Narcotics Control Board, 108th session[article 11 of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961]^(c) 28-year-old Vienna 13E I(ACEFIR) T – Dosotresperiodsdes for the year 189. Special Committee on the Human Rights Council to develop complementary standards for racism, the period of sessions [Human Rights Council decision3/103 and Human Rights Council resolution6/21] October (2 weeks) Geneva Determine I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 190. Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tributation Questions, ninth session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1273 (XLIII),1765 (LIV) and 2004/69] October(1week) Geneva 25E I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes per year 191. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, pre-session working group, fifty-eighth session[General Assembly resolutions45/124, 47/94 and62/218]^(c) October(1semana) Geneva 4E I(EFI) T – Three-periods per year 192. Committee on the Rights of the Child, working group for the session, sixty-fifth session[General Assembly resolutions44/25, 47/112 and49/211]^(c) October(1semana) Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T – Threeperiodsdes for the year 193. Fourteenth Meeting of States Parties to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment[General Assembly resolution 39/46 Ade]^(c) October(1day) Geneva 139G I(EFIR) T AR Unperioddescadadosyears 194. Committee on Human Rights, Working Group on Communications to the session, 109th session [General Assembly resolution 2200 A (XXI)]^(c) October(1semana) Geneva 9E I(EFIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperaño 195. Committee on Human Rights, 109th session[General Assembly resolution 2200 A(XXI)]^(c) October(3 weeks) Geneva 18E I(ACEFIR) T AR Tresperíodosdesperaño 196. Human Rights Council, intersessional forum on economic, social and cultural rights (Social Forum), sixth session[Human Rights Council resolution 6/13] October(3days) Geneva 10E I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 197. Human Rights Council, Working Group on the Use of Demercenarios as a means of violating human rights and obstructing the exercise of the right of peoples to free determination,20th period of sessions [Human Rights Council resolution7/21] October(1seman) Geneva 5E I(AEIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperaño 198. UNCITRAL, Working Group II (Arbitrajey Conciliation), fifty-ninth session[General Assembly resolution 33/92] October Vienna 60G I(ACEFIR) T – Dossiersdesperations per year 199. UNCITRAL, Working Group IV (Electronic Commerce), forty-eighth session[General Assembly resolution 33/92] October Vienna 60G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 200. UNCITRAL, Working Group I(Acquisitions), twenty-fifth session [General Assembly resolution 33/92] October(by confirming) Vienna 60G I(ACEFIR) T - Dossiersdesperation for the year 201. United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, second session [Economic and Social Council decision 2001/321] October New York 26ST I(FI) T – Dosperiodsdes for the year 202. United Nations Voluntary Fund for the Victims of Latorture, Board of Trustees, thirty-ninth session[General Assembly resolution 36/151] October(1week) Geneva 5E I(EFI) T – Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 203. Voluntary Fund for Technical Cooperation in the Field of Human Rights, Board of Trustees, thirty-ninth session [Economic and Social Council decision 1993/283] October(1semana) Geneva 5E I(EFI) T – Dosperiodsdes for the year 204. Working Group on the Question of Discrimination against Women in Lalegislation and Practice [Human Rights Council resolution 15/23] October(1week) Geneva 5E I(ACEFIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesdesperyear 205. Committee against theTorture, fifty-first session[General Assembly resolution 39/46]^(c) October/November(4 weeks) Geneva 10E I(EFIR) T AR Dosperiodosdesdesdesperaño 206. Human Rights Council, Intergovernmental Working Group on the Effective Implementation of the Urban Declaration and Programme of Action, eleventh session[Human Rights Council resolution 1/5] October/November (2 weeks) Geneva Determine I(ACEFIR) T – Unperiododesperyear 207. Human Rights Council, Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, 101-Year Sessions[Human Rights Council resolution 7/12] October/November (1week) Geneva 5E I(AEFI) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperaño208. Security Council, Governing Council of the United Nations Compensation Commission established pursuant to Security Council resolution 692(1991), seventy-sixth session October/November(3days) Geneva 15G I(ACEFIR) T Until a maximum of four sessions with a total of 12 working days per year 209. UNCITRAL, Working Group V (Insolvency Law), forty-fourth session[General Assembly resolution 33/92] October/November (to be confirmed) Vienna 60G I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 210. Staff Pension Committee of the United Nations[General Assembly resolution 248 (III)] October/November(1 meeting) New York 12E - - - Dosperiodosdesdesdesdes de unareunióncadaunoporaño 211. United Nations Conference on Contributions for Development Activities[General Assembly resolution 32/197] 11-year-old New York 195G I(ACEFIR) T - Unperioddes for the year 212. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,Conference of the Parties to the Convention, nineteenth session, and meetings of the subsidiary bodies[General Assembly resolution 62/86] 12-23 November By the end of 189G I (ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 213. Sub-Committee of Experts on the Transport ofMercadesDangerous, forty-fourth session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1989/104 and 1999/65] 25th November 4th December Geneva 22G I(CEFIR) T – Oneodosperiodosdesdesperaño 214. Consultative Committee on the United Nations Programme of Assistance in the Teaching, Study, Dissemination and Wider Appreciation of International Law, 46-Year Sessions[General Assembly resolution 2099 (XX)] November(2days) New York 25G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 215. Annual Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Consideredexcessively Injurious of Indiscriminate Effects[Convention]^(b) November(2days) Geneva 114G I(ACEFIR) T AR Unperioddes per year 216. Committee against Torture, Sub-Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, twenty-first session[Part I, article 2, of the ProtocolFaculty of the Convention against Torture and Others or PenasCrueles, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and report of the Human Rights Council (A/61/53)]^(c) Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, fifty-first session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1982/33,1985/17 and 1995/39] November(3 weeks) Geneva 18E I(AEFIR) T AR Dosperiods for the year 218. Committee against Enforced Disappearance, fifteenth session [General Assembly resolution 61/177] November(1week) Geneva 10E I(ACEFIR) T AR Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 219. Annual Conference of the High Contracting Parties to Protocol V amending the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Considered Excessively Injurious of Indiscriminate Effects[Article 10 of theProtocol Amended]^(b) November(2days) Geneva 72G I(ACEFIR) T Unperiods for the year 220. Fifteenth Annual Conference of the Highest PartiesContrators of the Amended Protocol to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on Conventional Certainarms that may be considered to be excessively injurious of indiscriminate effects[Article 13, paragraph 1, of theProtocol Amended]^(b) November(1day) Geneva 92G I(ACEFIR) Human Rights Council, Forum on Mining Questions, sixth session[Human Rights Council resolution 6/15] November(2 days) Geneva 5E I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 222. Human Rights Council, Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, 68th Session [Human Rights Council resolution 6/4] November(1week) Geneva 5E I(EFI) T – Three-periodsdes for the year 223. Investments Committee[General Assembly resolution 248 (III)] November^(i)(1day) New York 11a12E - - - Cuatroocincoreunions for the year 224. States parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions, fourteenth meeting[General Assembly resolution 64/36]^(b) November(1week) Pordeterminar 59G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddesporyear 225. UNCTAD, Working Group on the Strategic Framework and the Programme Budget, sixty-sixth session[UNCTAD resolution 114 (V) and Trade and Development Board decision 156 (XVII)] November(3days) Geneva ^(f) I(ACEFIR) T-226. UNCITRAL, Working Group III (Online Dispute Resolution), twenty-eighth session[General Assembly resolution 33/92] November Vienna 60G I(ACEFIR) T - Dossiersdesperation for the year 227. WFP, Executive Board, second session[Economic and Social Council decision 1995/227 and Assembly resolution50/8]^(b) November Rome 36G I(ACEFIR) T – Tresperiodosdesdesperaño 228. States parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Elimination of All Forms, of All Forms, and on Their Destruction, 13th Period of Sessions [Article 11(2) of the Convention]^(b) November-December(1semana) Determine 156G I(ACEFIR) T – 229. Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production and Almacendation of Etoxin Bacteriological Dearms and on Their Destruction [decision of the States Parties in their sixth Conference of Examination](b) November/December(1semana) Geneva 164G I(ACEFIR) T 230. Panel of AuditorsExternals of the United Nations, the specialized organizations and the International Atomic Energy Agency[General Assembly resolutions 347(IV) and 1438 (XIV)] November/December Determine 9E I(CFI) T – Unperioddes for the year 231. Board of Auditors of the United Nations, extraordinarily long period of sessions [General Assembly resolution 74 (I)] November/December Pordeterminar 3E I(CFI) T – Unperiododesperaño 232. Disarmament Commission, organizational session[General Assembly resolution S-10/2] 4 November^(i) New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T AL Unperioddes for the year 233. Sub-Committee of Experts on the SystemWorldly Harmonized ofQualification and Labeling of Chemicals, twenty-sixth session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1989/104 and 1999/65] 4 a6 dediciembre Geneva 23G I(CEFIR) T – Unodosperíodosdesdesperaño 234. Commission of Experts, resuming the fifty-sixth session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 9 (I) and 1991/39] 12 December(beginning) Vienna 53G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 235. Ad Hoc Committee of the General Assembly for the Announcement of Voluntary Contributions to the Programme of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees[General Assembly resolution 55/75] 10 December Geneva 195G I(ACEFIR) T – Unareunion for the year 236. Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, twenty-second session resumed [Economic and Social Council decision 2009/251] 13 December (beginning) Vienna 40G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 237. Advisory Committee on AuditingIndependent, twenty-fourth session[General Assembly resolution 61/275] 17-19dediction^(i) New York 5E I(IR) T – Four-periods for the year 238. Ad Hoc Committee of the General Assembly for the Announcement of Voluntary Contributions to UNRWA[General Assembly resolution 1729(XVI)] 3 dediciembre^(i) New York 195G I(ACEFIR) T – Unareuniónporaño 239. Committee of RepresentativesPermanents to UN-Habitat, 51st meeting [General Assembly resolution56/206] December Nairobi ^(e) I(ACEFIR) T – Cuatroreunionesporyear 240. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, pre-sessional working group, fifty-second session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1982/33,1985/17 and 1995/39] December(1semana) Geneva 5E I(EFIR) T – Dossy wishes for the year 241. States parties to the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, sixth meeting [General Assembly resolution57/218]^(c) Decemberi NewYork. UNCITRAL, Working Group VI (Garanteereal), twenty-fourth session[General Assembly resolution 33/92] December(confirm) Vienna 60G I(ACEFIR) T - Dosperiodosdesdesperaño 243. UNEP, Comité deRepresentantesPermanentes,125th meeting[Management Council decision 19/32] December Nairobi ^(g) I(ACEFIR) T – Four-periods per year 244. UNU, Council, 60-Year Sessions[General Assembly resolution 3081(XXVIII)] December(1week) Tokyo 28E I(FI) T – Unperioddes per year 245. Committee on Conferences[General Assembly resolution 43/222 B] New York 21G I (ACEFIR) T-Accessary 246. Committee on Relations with the Host Country[General Assembly resolution 2819(XXVI)] New York 19G I(ACEFIR) T - 247. Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People[General Assembly resolution 3376(XXX)] New York 25G I(ACEFIR) T AR According to the Second Committee 248. ECE, committees and working groups[Economic and Social Council resolution 36 (IV)] Geneva 55G. Economic and Social Council, informal/official meetings[Charter and resolutions of the General AssemblyGeneral 50/227 and61/16] New York 54G I(ACEFIR) T AR According to the Meeting. Executive Board of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS, informative meetings and informal consultations[General Assembly resolutions 2020(XX), 48/162 and 65/176] NewYork 36G I(ACEFIR) T-Accessary 251. Human Rights Council, deorganization and inter-sessional meetings and inter-sessional periods of sessions [General Assembly resolution 60/251] Geneva 47G I (ACEFIR) T AR A/C. International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994[resolution 955(1994) International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991[Security Council resolution 808(1993) and General Assembly resolution 47/235] LaHaya 11E I(FI) T-Accordant 254. Consolidation Commission of the Peace [General Assembly resolution 60/180 and Security Council resolution1645 (2005)] NewYork 31G I(ACEFIR) T AR A.A. Security Council[Charter] New York City 15G I(ACEFIR) T AL According to the Committee 256. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolutions 1267(1999) and 1989 (2011) relating to Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities New York 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1373 (2001) concerning counter-terrorism law Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1518(2003) NewYork 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR According to the Secretary-General 259. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1521(2003) concerning Freedom of Association New York 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1533(2004) concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo, New York 15G I (ACEFIR) T AR. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540(2004) NewYork 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR According to the Committee Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572(2004) concerning Côte d’Ivoire, New York, 15G I (ACEFIR) T AR, A.D. 263. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1591(2005) concerning the New York City 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1636(2005) NewYork 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR According to the Committee. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718(2006) NewYork 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR According to the Committee. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1737(2006) NewYork 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR According to the Committee. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970(2011) concerning Arab JamahiriyaLibya-Seasonist New York 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1988(2011) NewYork 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR According to the Committee. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) relating to Somalia New York 15G I (ACEFIR) T AR According to the Second Committee 270. Committee of Experts of the Security Council [approved by the Security Council at its 1st meeting,1946] New York City 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR According to the Committee 271. Security Council, Committee on Meetings of the Council away from Headquarters[decision adopted by the Security Council at its 1625th session] New York 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR According to the Second Committee 272. Security Council, Committee on Admission of New Members[decision adopted by the Security Council in its 42nd session, 1946] According to New York 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR According to the Secretary-General 273. Security Council, Governing Council of the United Nations Compensation Commission established pursuant to Security Council resolution 692(1991) Geneva 15G I(ACEFIR) T AR. Working GroupSpecial of the Security Council on the Prevention and Resolution of Conflicts in Africa (S/2002/207) Security Council Working Group established pursuant to resolution 1566(2004) (Al-Qaida and the Taliban) New York 15G I(ACEFIR) T-Accordant 276. Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict established pursuant to resolution 1612(2005) NewYork 15G I(ACEFIR) T-Accessary 277. Security Council Working Group on Peace-keeping Operations established in document S/PRST/2001/3 NewYork 15G I (ACEFIR) T - 278. Ad Hoc Committee on the Maintainment of the Peace and its Working Group [General Assembly resolution2006 (XIX)] New York 144G I (ACEFIR) T-Accessary 279. Trusteeship Council (and drafting committees) [Charter] New York 5G I(CFIR) T AL According to the Secondary Order 280. UNCTAD, consultations of the Secretary-General and the President of the Trade and Development Board [Trade and Development Board decision-making at its thirteenth executive session (8 July 1996) and General Assembly resolution 51/167] UNCTAD, executive meetings of the Trade and Development Board [drafted by the Trade and Development Board in its thirteenth executive session (8 July 1996) and General Assembly resolution 51/167] Geneva ^(f) I(ACEFIR) T - Apseanecessary 282. UNCTAD, other conferencing and reunions on commodities[Commerce and Development Board decision at its thirteenth executive session (8 July 1996) and Assembly resolution51/167] General Assembly resolution (up to 30 meetings) Geneva ^(f) I(ACEFIR) T – A.S.A. 283. UNCTAD, seminars and study groups[Commerce and Development Board decision at its thirteenth executive meeting (8 July 1996) and Assembly resolution51/167] General Assembly resolution (up to 20 meetings) Geneva ^(f) I(ACEFIR) T – ANNEX 284. UNICEF, Executive Board, briefings and informal consultations[General Assembly resolutions 57(I) and 48/162] New York 36G I (ACEFIR) T-Accordant 285. United Nations Commission for Peace [General Assembly resolution 194 (III)] New York 3G I(FI) T-According to 286. Ad Hoc Committee of the Indian Ocean[General Assembly resolutions 299(XXVIII) and 62/14] Determine New York 43G I(ACEFIR) T AR Unperioddescadadosyears287. Commission of Experts, Twenty-third Meeting of Heads of the National Agencies Responsible for Combating the Illicit Traffic in Drugs, Africa[Economic and Social Council resolution 1985/11] Determine Addis Ababaoacapital 53G I(AFI) T – Unperioddesporyear of region 288. Commission of Experts, 37th Meeting of Heads of the National Agencies Responsible for Combating the Illicit Traffic in Drugs, Asia and the Pacific[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1985/11 and1988/15] Pordeterminar Bangkokounacapitaldela 51G I(CFIR) T – Unperioddessperyear region 289. Commission of Experts, 23rd Meeting of Heads of the National Agencies Responsible for Combating the Illicit Traffic in Drugs, Latin America and the Caribbean[Economic and Social Council resolutions 1987/34 and1988/15] Pordeterminar Santiagouotracapitaldela 41G I(EFI) T – Unperioddessperyear region 290. Commission of Experts, Subcommission on Illicit Traffic in Drugs and Matters Connections in the Near East and the EastMedium, forty-eighth session [Economic and Social Council resolution 1776 (LIV)] Determine Unacapitaldelaregion 23G I(AIR) T – Unperioddesperyear 291. Commission of Experts,Tenth Meeting of Chiefs of National Organizations in charge ofCombating Drug Trafficking,Europe [Council resolution 1993/36] Pordeterminar Viena 46G I(EFIR) T – Unperiododescadados años 292. Committee on Conferences, session of deorganization[General Assembly resolution 43/222 B] Determine New York 21G I(ACEFIR) T - 293. Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations, organizational session[Economic and Social Council resolutions 3 (II) and 1296 (XLIV) and decisions 1995/304 and 1997/297] Determine New York 19G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddes for the year 294. Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, External Meeting of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People[General Assembly resolutions32/40 B and 33/28] Determine New York 25G I(ACEFIR) T AL Unperioddes for the year 295. Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, Panel on the Review of the Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, fourth meeting[General Assembly resolution 58/4 and State party Conference resolution 3/1] Determine Vienna 144G I(ACEFIR) T - Unperioddes for the year 296. Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, Open-ended Intergovernmental Working Group on the Prevention of Corruption, Third Meeting [General Assembly resolution 58/4 and State party Conference resolution 3/2] Determine Vienna 144G I(ACEFIR) T - Unperioddes for the year 297. Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, Open-ended Intergovernmental Working Group on Asset Recovery, 5th Session [General Assembly resolution58/4 and Conference resolution3/3] Determine Vienna 144G I(ACEFIR) T - Unperioddes for the year 298. Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, fifteenth session [General Assembly resolution58/4] Pordeterminar Vienna 144G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperiododescadadoscadados años 299. General Assembly, High-level Dialogue on Financing for Development[General Assembly resolution 65/145] Determine New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T AL Unperioddescadadoscadados años 300. General Assembly, Sixty-eighth session,First Committee[General Assembly resolutions 173(II) and 47/233] Pordeterminar NuevaYork 193G I(ACEFIR) T AL^(j) 301. General Assembly, Sixty-eighth session,Second Committee[General Assembly resolutions 173(II) and 47/233] Pordeterminar NuevaYork 193G I(ACEFIR) T AR 302. General Assembly, Sixty-eighth session, Third Committee[General Assembly resolutions 173(II) and 47/233] Pordetermina NuevaYork 193G I(ACEFIR) T AR 303. General Assembly, Sixty-eighth session,Fourth Committee[General Assembly resolutions 173(II) and 47/233] Pordetermina NuevaYork 193G I(ACEFIR) T AR 304. General Assembly, Sixty-eighth session, Fifth Committee[General Assembly resolutions 173(II) and 47/233] Pordeterminar NuevaYork 193G I(ACEFIR) T AR 305. General Assembly, Sixty-eighth session, Sixth Committee[General Assembly resolutions 173(II) and 47/233] Pordetermina NuevaYork 193G I(ACEFIR) T AR 306. Group of ExpertsGubernamentals in the Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production and Almacenamiento dearmas bacteriológica(biológica) ytoxínicas y sobre sudestrucción [decision of the States Parties in their sixth Review Conference]^(b) Pordeterminar(2semanas) Geneva 164G ACEFIR 307. High-level Committee on South-South Cooperation, eighteenth session[General Assembly resolutions33/134 and 58/220] Determine New York 195G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperiododescadadoscadados años 308. High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Comprehensive Review of Progress Made in the Implementation of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS and the Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS (resolutions 60/262y 65/180) Determine New York 195G I(ACEFIR) T AL 309. Open-ended Working Group to Review the Financial Situation of the United Nations[General Assembly resolution 49/143]^(k) Determine New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T - 310. Human Rights Council, Working Group of Experts on African Descent,13th Session of the Human Rights Council[Human Rights Council resolutions 5/1 and 9/14] Pordeterminar Ginebra 5E I(ACEFIR) T – Dosperiodosdesdesdesperaño 311. Open-ended Working Group on the Peace Programme and its Subgroups[General Assembly resolution 47/120]^(k) Determine New York 193G I(ACEFIR) T - 312. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, Conference of the Parties to the Convention, eleventh session, and meetings of the subsidiary bodies[General Assembly resolution 62/193]^(c) Pordeterminar Bonn(Germany) 185G I(ACEFIR) T – Unperioddescadadosyears 313. States parties to the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, twenty-fifth meeting[General Assembly resolution 2106 (XX)]^(c) Pordeterminar NuevaYork 155G I(ACEFIR) T AR Unperiododescadados años314. Tenth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for the Americas [Economic and Social Council decision2010/240] Determine New York 41G I(EFI) T Unperioddescada cuatro años 315. UNCTAD, Intergovernmental Group on Competition Law and Policy, 13-Year Sessions[Commerce and Development Board decision at its thirteenth executive session (8 July 1996) and Assembly resolution51/167] Determine(1seman) Geneva Determine I(ACEFIR) T-Asseanecessary 316. UNCTAD, Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Standards of Accounting and Reporting [Economic and Social Council resolution1982/67] Pordeterminar(4days) Geneva 34E I(ACEFIR) T – Unperiododesperyear 317. UNCTAD, meeting of the Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission [part IV, section B, of the Accra Accord adopted at the twelfth session of UNCTAD, held in Accra from 20 to 25 April 2008] Determine(3days) Geneva Determine I(ACEFIR) T – 318. UNCTAD, meeting of the Trade and Development Commission [part IV, section B, of the Accra Accord adopted at the twelfth session of UNCTAD, held in Accra from 20 to 25 April 2008] Determine(3days) Geneva Determine I(ACEFIR) T – 319. UNITAR, Board of Trustees, fifty-second session[General Assembly resolutions 1934(XVIII) and 47/227]^(b) Pordeterminar(2-3days) Geneva 28E I(AEFIR) T – Unperiododesperaño 320. United Nations Appeals Tribunal[General Assembly resolutions61/261, 62/228,63/253, 64/233 and65/251] United Nations Dispute Tribunal [General Assembly resolutions 61/261,62/228, 63/253,64/233 and 65/251] Pordeterminar Geneva Pordeterminar T - Segúnseanecesario 322. International Conference of the United Nations Civil Population Organizations in Support of Israeli-Palestinian Peace[General Assembly resolutions65/13 and 65/14] Pordeterminar(3days) Pordeterminar 193G I(ACEFIR) T - 323. United Nations International Meeting in Support of the Process of Peace between Israel andPalestine[General Assembly resolutions 65/13 and65/14] Determine(2days) Determine 193G Determine T - 324. United Nations Meeting for Latin America and the Caribbean in support of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace[General Assembly resolutions65/13 and 65/14] Determine Pordeterminar 193G I(EI) T - 325. United Nations Seminar on Assistance to the Papal People[General Assembly resolutions65/13 and 65/14] Determine Determine 193G I(AEFI) T – 326. Group of intergovernmental experts from the States parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Determinedexcessively Injurious of Indiscriminate Effects[Decision of the States Parties,December 2001]^(b) Pordeterminar Ginebra 90G I(ACEFIR) T – Up to 25daysofreunionesa lolargodelyear",
"^(a) The languages in which interpretation will be provided are indicated. The languages in which translations and records of meetings will be provided vary according to the rules of procedure applicable to the relevant body and, in the case of some working groups and similar bodies, according to the actual requirements, where they are less than the rules of procedure.",
"^(b) Conference services are funded from extrabudgetary resources.",
"^(c) Treaty bodies.",
"^(d) Only for plenary sessions.",
"^(e) In accordance with UN-Habitat Governing Council resolution 19/1, the Committee of Permanent Representatives will be open to all permanent representatives of States Members of the United Nations and members of its specialized agencies accredited to UN-Habitat.",
"^(f) Open to the participation of all interested States members of UNCTAD (UNCTAD resolution 80 (III), para. 9).",
"^(g) In accordance with paragraph (h) of Governing Council decision 19/32, the Committee of Permanent Representatives shall be composed of representatives of all States Members of the United Nations and members of its specialized agencies, and the European Community, accredited to the United Nations Environment Programme, reside or not in Nairobi.",
"^(h) Pursuant to paragraph 4 of General Assembly resolution 53/208 A, and as previously decided by the Assembly, intergovernmental bodies are requested to avoid holding meetings on Orthodox Good Friday, held in 2013 on 3 May 2013.",
"^(i) Subject to approval of the General Assembly.",
"^(j) Verbatim records of the plenary meetings of the General Assembly and the First Committee are prepared.",
"^(k) Conference services will be part of those allocated to the General Assembly.",
"^(l) The modalities will be finalized during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.",
"D. Draft calendar of conferences and meetings for 2012 of the main bodies of the specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency and treaty bodies under the auspices of the United Nations",
"Body Dates(2012) Location 1. WHO, Executive Council, 130th meeting 16-23 January Geneva 2. ICAO, Committee, 195th Session January Afebrero Montreal(Canada) 3. Preparatory Commission for the Organization of the Comprehensive Test Ban TreatyNucleares, Working Group B and informal/expert meetings, thirty-eighth session 6 to 24 defebrero(to be confirmed) Vienna4. IAEA, Board of Governors 13 defebrero Vienna 5. UPU, Board of Directors 13 defebrero a2 demarzo Berne 6. UPU, Postal Operations Council 13 defebrero a2 demarzo Berna7. IFAD, Council of Governors, thirty-fifth session 20-24 February Rome 8. Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Executive Council, sixty-seventh session February LaHaya 9. ICAO, Council, 195th session February-March Montreal, Canada.10 IAEA, Board of Governors 5 and 9 Vienna 11. ILO, Governing Council and its Committees, 313rd meeting 15-30 March Geneva 12. IFAD, Executive Board, 105th session 9-13 Rome 13. UNESCO, Executive Council April Paris 14. UNIDO, Industrial Development Board, fortieth session 14-18 May(by Vienna confirm) 15. IAEA, Board of Governors, Programme and Budget Committee 7-11 May Vienna 16. WHO, 65th World Health Assembly 21 May Geneva 17. Preparatory Commission for the Organization of the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty, Working Group B and informal/expert meetings, thirty-ninth session, part 21-25 of May (for confirmation) Vienna 18. Preparatory Commission for the Organization of the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty, Working Group A and informal/expert meetings, forty-first session 29 from May to 8 June (to be confirmed) Vienna19. ILO, General Conference, 101st meeting 30 May to 15 June Geneva 20. ICAO, Committee, nineteenth session Mayo Montreal, Canada.21 Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Executive Council, sixty-eighth session May LaHaya 22. WHO, Executive Council, 131st meeting May Geneva 23. IAEA, Board of Governors 4-8 June Vienna 24. FAO, Council, 144th session 11-15 June Rome 25. Preparatory Commission for the Organization of the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty, thirty-eighth session 11-15 June (to be confirmed) Vienna26. ILO, Governing Council and its Committees, 314th meeting 15 June Geneva 27. WMO, Executive Council, sixty-fourth session 17-27 June Geneva 28. IMO, Council, 108th session 18-22 June London 29. ICAO, Council, 196th session June Montreal (Canada)30. WTO, Executive Council, 93rd Sessions June Determine 31. International Seabed Authority, Assembly, eighteenth session 9-27 Kingston 32. Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Executive Council, sixty-ninth session July LaHaya 33. Preparatory Commission for the Organization of the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty, Working Group B and informal/expert meetings, thirty-ninth session, second part August-September Vienna 34. IFAD, Executive Board, 106th session 10-14 September Rome35. UNIDO, Programme and Budget Committee, twenty-eighth session 5-6 September Vienna 36. IAEA, Board of Governors 10-14 September Vienna 37. IAEA, General Conference, fifty-sixth meeting 17-21 September Vienna38. IAEA, Board of Governors 24 September Vienna 39. ITU, Council September Geneva 40. ICAO, Committee, nineteenth session September-October Montreal, Canada. 41. ICAO, Council, nineteenth session September-October Montreal, Canada.42 WIPO, Assemblies of Member States September/October Geneva 43. UNESCO, General Conference September/October Paris 44. Preparatory Commission for the Organization of the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty, Working Group A and informal/expert meetings, forty-second session 3-5 deoctubre(perconfirm) Vienna45. IMF/World Bank, annual meetings of the Boards of Governors 12-14, Washington, D.C. 46. Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Executive Council, seventeenth session October LaHaya 47. Preparatory Commission for the Organization of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, thirty-ninth session October Vienna48. UNESCO, Executive Board October Paris 49. UPU, Board of Directors October-November Bern 50. ILO, Governing Council and its Committees, 315th meeting 1-16 November Geneva 51. UNIDO, Industrial Development Board, forty-first session 19-23 November (by Vienna confirming) 52. FAO, Council, 145th session 26-30 November Rome 53. IAEA, Board of Governors, Technical Assistance and Cooperation Committee 26-28 November Vienna 54. IAEA, Board of Governors 29-30 November Vienna 55. IMO, Assembly, 29th Session November London 56. IMO, Council, 109th session November London 57. WTO, Executive Council, 94th Session October/November Determine 58. Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, seventeenth session November-December LaHaya59. IFAD, Executive Board, 107th session 10-14 December Rome 60. Assembly of States Parties to the State of Rome of the International Criminal Court Determine LaHaya 61. Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statue of the International Criminal Court, Committee on Budget and Adjustments Determine LaHaya 62. Conference on measures to facilitate the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty",
"E. Draft calendar of conferences and meetings for 2013 of major bodies of the specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency and treaty bodies under the auspices of the United Nations",
"Body Dates(2013) Place 1. WHO, Executive Board, 132nd Session January Geneva 2. ICAO, Committee, nineteenth session January-February Montreal, Canada 3. IFAD, Council of Governors, thirty-sixth session 11-15 February Rome 4. IAEA, Board of Governors, Programme and Budget Committee February Vienna 5. Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Executive Council, seventy-first session February LaHaya 6. ICAO, Council, nineteenth session February-March Montreal(Canada) 7. Preparatory Commission for the Organization of the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty, Working Group B and informal/expert meetings, 40-year session February-March Vienna 8. UPU, Board of Directors February-March Berna9. UPU, Postal Operations Council February-March Bern 10. ILO, Governing Council and its Committees, 316th meeting March Geneva 11. IAEA, Board of Governors March Vienna 12. IFAD, Executive Board, 108th session 8-12 Rome 13. FAO, Council, 146th session 22-26 April Rome 14. UNESCO, Executive Council April Paris 15. UNIDO, Programme and Budget Committee, twenty-ninth session 21-24 May (by Vienna confirming) 16. IAEA, Board of Governors, Programme and Budget Committee May Vienna 17. ICAO, Committee, 199th Session Mayo Montreal(Canada)18. Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Executive Council, 72nd session May LaHaya 19. Preparatory Commission for the Organization of the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty, Working Group B and informal/expert meetings, forty-first session, first part May Vienna 20. Preparatory Commission for the Organization of the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty, Working Group A and informal/expert meetings, forty-third session May Vienna21. WHO, 66th World Health Assembly May Geneva 22. WHO, Executive Board, 133rd Session May Geneva 23. ILO, General Conference, 102nd May-June Meeting Geneva 24. FAO, Conference, thirty-eighth session 15-22 June Rome 25. FAO, Council, 147th session 24-25 June Rome 26. UNIDO, Industrial Development Board, forty-second session 24 - 28 June (by Vienna confirming) 27. IAEA, Board of Governors June Vienna 28. ICAO, Council, 199th session June Montreal (Canada)29. ILO, Governing Council and its Committees, 317th meeting June Geneva 30. IMO, Council, 110th session June London 31. Preparatory Commission for the Organization of the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty, 40th session June Vienna32. WTO, Executive Council, 95th Sessions June Determine 33. WMO, Executive Council, 65th Session June Geneva 34. Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Executive Council, seventh session July LaHaya 35. International Seabed Authority, Assembly, nineteenth session July/August Kingston 36. Preparatory Commission for the Organization of the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty, Working Group B and informal/expert meetings, forty-first session, second part August-September Vienna 37. IFAD, Executive Board, 109th session 16-20 September Rome38. IAEA, Board of Governors September Vienna 39. IAEA, General Conference, 57th meeting September Vienna 40. IAEA, Board of Governors September Vienna 41. ICAO, Committee, 200th session September-October Montreal, Canada.42 WIPO, Assemblies of Member States September/October Geneva 43. UNESCO, General Conference September/October Paris 44. IMF/World Bank, annual meetings of the governing boards October Washington,D.C. 45. ITU, Council October Geneva 46. Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Executive Council, seventy-fourth session October LaHaya 47. Preparatory Commission for the Organization of the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty, Working Group A and informal/expert meetings, forty-fourth session October Vienna 48. Preparatory Commission for the Organization of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, forty-first session October Vienna49. UNESCO, Executive Board October Paris 50. WTO, Executive Council, 96th Session October/November By Determine 51. WTO, General Assembly, 20th Session October/November By Determine 52. WTO, Executive Council, 97th Session October/November By Determine 53. UPU, Board of Directors October-November Bern 54. ICAO, Council, 200th Session October-November Montreal(Canada)55. FAO, Council, 148th Session 25-29 November Rome 56. ILO, Governing Council and its Committees, 318th meeting November Geneva 57. IAEA, Board of Governors, Committee on Technical Assistance and Cooperation November Vienna 58. IAEA, Board of Governors November Vienna 59. IMO, Assembly November London 60. IMO, Council, 111th Session November London 61. Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, eighteenth session November-December LaHaya 62. UNIDO, General Conference, Fifteenth Sessions, 2-6 December, Vienna63. IFAD, Executive Board, 110th session 9-13 December Rome 64. Assembly of States Parties to the State of Rome of the International Criminal Court Determine LaHaya 65. Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statue of the International Criminal Court, Committee on Budget and Adjustments Determine LaHaya 66. Conference on measures to facilitate the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty"
] |
[
"Carta de fecha 29 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad",
"Tengo el honor de responder a su carta de fecha 26 de julio de 2011 (S/2011/477), en la que hace referencia al párrafo 14 de la resolución 1284 (1999) del Consejo de Seguridad, por la que el Consejo estableció el mandato del Coordinador de Alto Nivel que se ocuparía de los nacionales desaparecidos de Kuwait y de terceros países, así como de los bienes kuwaitíes desaparecidos.",
"Los miembros del Consejo reiteran su apoyo continuado a la importante labor del Coordinador de Alto Nivel.",
"Deseo informarle de que el Consejo de Seguridad ha decidido consignar 214.600 dólares con cargo a las reservas operacionales y al saldo de la cuenta de garantía bloqueada destinado a sufragar gastos administrativos y operacionales para financiar la prórroga de las actividades del Coordinador de Alto Nivel y de su personal de apoyo hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2011.",
"(Firmado) Peter Wittig Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad"
] | [
"Letter dated 29 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General",
"I have the honour to respond to your letter dated 26 July 2011 (S/2011/477) in which you referred to paragraph 14 of Security Council resolution 1284 (1999), by which the mandate of the High-level Coordinator for missing Kuwaitis and third-country citizens and missing Kuwaiti property was established.",
"Members of the Council reiterate their continuing support for the important work of the High-level Coordinator.",
"I wish to inform you that the Security Council has decided to earmark $214,600 from the operating reserves and the fund balance of the escrow account intended for administrative and operational costs to finance the continuation of the activities of the High-level Coordinator and his support staff until 31 December 2011.",
"(Signed) Peter Wittig President of the Security Council"
] | S_2011_478 | [
"Letter dated 29 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council to the Secretary-General",
"I have the honour to reply to your letter dated 26 July 2011 (S/2011/477), referring to paragraph 14 of Security Council resolution 1284 (1999), by which the Council established the mandate of the High-level Coordinator to deal with missing Kuwaiti and third-country nationals, as well as missing Kuwaiti property.",
"Council members reiterate their continued support for the important work of the High-level Coordinator.",
"I should like to inform you that the Security Council has decided to appropriate $214,600 from the operational reserves and the balance of the escrow account for administrative and operational costs to finance the extension of the activities of the High-level Coordinator and his support staff until 31 December 2011.",
"(Signed) Peter Wittig President of the Security Council"
] |
[
"Carta de fecha 26 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Secretario General",
"Quisiera informar a los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad de las actividades emprendidas para cumplir el mandato enunciado en el párrafo 14 de la resolución 1284 (1999) y que se solicitan en una carta de fecha 26 de marzo de 2008 dirigida al Secretario General por el Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad (S/2008/206). Los gastos correspondientes a esas actividades ascendieron a 168.405 dólares de los Estados Unidos desde el 1 de enero hasta el 30 de junio de 2011. Los fondos se proporcionaron mediante transferencias de la cuenta de garantía bloqueada para el Iraq.",
"He tomado nota del comunicado de prensa del Consejo de Seguridad de 22 de junio de 2011 sobre el Iraq y Kuwait, en que el Consejo indicó que sus miembros habían acordado financiar la continuación de las actividades del Coordinador de Alto Nivel por un período de seis meses.",
"Todas las partes deberían convertir las declaraciones políticas de buena voluntad en medidas concretas que permitan realizar progresos en los próximos meses a fin de resolver las cuestiones pendientes. Por consiguiente, será preciso que en ese período el Coordinador de Alto Nivel siga intensificando sus actividades. Con tal fin, sería necesario asignar recursos suficientes para financiar las actividades del Coordinador de Alto Nivel y de su personal de apoyo hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2011, por un monto de 214.600 dólares. Se propone que esos fondos se asignen con cargo al saldo de la cuenta de garantía bloqueada que se creó en cumplimiento de la resolución 1958 (2010) del Consejo de Seguridad.",
"Si el Consejo estuviera de acuerdo con esta propuesta, los fondos, una vez transferidos dentro de la cuenta de garantía bloqueada, se pondrían a disposición del Departamento de Asuntos Políticos de la Secretaría, que presta apoyo a las actividades del Coordinador de Alto Nivel.",
"Le agradecería que señalara la presente carta a la atención de los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad.",
"(Firmado) BAN Ki-moon"
] | [
"Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council",
"I should like to inform the members of the Council about the activities undertaken to fulfil the mandate outlined in paragraph 14 of Security Council resolution 1284 (1999) and requested in a letter dated 26 March 2008 from the President of the Security Council to the Secretary-General (S/2008/206). Expenditures for such activities amounted to $168,405 from 1 January to 30 June 2011. The funds were provided through transfers from the Iraq escrow account.",
"I have taken note of the statement made to the press on 22 June 2011 by the Security Council on Iraq/Kuwait, in which the Council noted the agreement of its members to finance the continuation of the activities of the High-level Coordinator for a further period of six months.",
"All parties should translate political statements of goodwill into concrete actions to enable progress during the coming months to resolve outstanding issues. Therefore, the period ahead will require further intensification of the activities of the High-level Coordinator. To that end, it would be necessary to allocate resources sufficient to finance the activities of the High-level Coordinator and his support staff until 31 December 2011 in the amount of $214,600. It is suggested that these funds be earmarked from the fund balance of the escrow account created pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010).",
"Should the Council agree with this proposal, the funds will be transferred within the escrow account and made available to the Department of Political Affairs of the Secretariat, which backstops the activities of the High-level Coordinator.",
"I should be grateful if you would bring the present letter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.",
"(Signed) BAN Ki-moon"
] | S_2011_477 | [
"Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council",
"I would like to inform the members of the Security Council of the activities undertaken to fulfil the mandate set out in paragraph 14 of resolution 1284 (1999) and requested in a letter dated 26 March 2008 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General (S/2008/206). Expenditures for these activities amounted to $168,405 from 1 January to 30 June 2011. The funds were provided through transfers of the Iraq escrow account.",
"I have taken note of the Security Council press release of 22 June 2011 on Iraq and Kuwait, in which the Council indicated that its members had agreed to finance the continuation of the activities of the High-level Coordinator for a period of six months.",
"All parties should turn political declarations of goodwill into concrete measures to make progress in the coming months in order to resolve outstanding issues. It would therefore be necessary for the High-level Coordinator to continue to intensify its activities during that period. To that end, it would be necessary to allocate sufficient resources to finance the activities of the High-level Coordinator and his support staff until 31 December 2011, in the amount of $214,600. It is proposed that these funds be allocated from the balance of the escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010).",
"If the Council agreed with this proposal, the funds, once transferred within the escrow account, would be made available to the Department of Political Affairs of the Secretariat, which supports the activities of the High-level Coordinator.",
"I should be grateful if you would bring the present letter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.",
"(Signed) BAN Ki-moon"
] |
[
"Resolución 2003 (2011)",
"Aprobada por el Consejo de Seguridad en su 6597ª sesión, celebrada el 29 de julio",
"El Consejo de Seguridad,",
"Reafirmando todas sus anteriores resoluciones y declaraciones de su Presidencia relativas a la situación en el Sudán y subrayando la importancia de que se cumplan cabalmente,",
"Reafirmando su firme compromiso con la soberanía, la unidad, la independencia y la integridad territorial del Sudán y su determinación de colaborar con el Gobierno del Sudán, respetando plenamente su soberanía, para ayudar a resolver los diversos retos que se plantean en el Sudán,",
"Recordando también sus resoluciones 1674 (2006) y 1894 (2009), relativas a la protección de los civiles en los conflictos armados, en las cuales se reafirman, entre otras cosas, las disposiciones pertinentes del Documento Final de la Cumbre Mundial de las Naciones Unidas; 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) y 1998 (2011), relativas a los niños y los conflictos armados; 1502 (2003), relativa a la protección del personal de asistencia humanitaria y de las Naciones Unidas, y 1325 (2000) y las resoluciones conexas sobre la mujer, la paz y la seguridad, así como sobre los niños y los conflictos armados,",
"Recordando sus resoluciones en las que reafirmó que no puede haber paz sin justicia y recordando la importancia que concede el Consejo a terminar con la impunidad y asegurar la justicia para los delitos cometidos en Darfur,",
"Teniendo presente la Convención sobre el Estatuto de los Refugiados, de 28 de julio de 1951, y su protocolo adicional de 16 de diciembre de 1966, así como la Convención de la Organización de la Unidad Africana que regula los aspectos propios de los problemas de los refugiados en África, de 1969, y la Convención de la Unión Africana para la protección y asistencia a los desplazados internos en África, de 29 de octubre de 2009,",
"Recordando el informe sobre los niños y el conflicto armado en el Sudán de fecha 10 de febrero de 2009 (S/2009/84), incluidas sus recomendaciones, y recordando las conclusiones que hizo suyas el Grupo de Trabajo del Consejo de Seguridad sobre los niños y los conflictos armados en el Sudán (S/AC.51/2009/5), así como el informe del Secretario General sobre los niños y el conflicto armado en el Sudán de fecha 5 de julio de 2011 (S/2001/413),",
"Expresando su firme compromiso y determinación de apoyar el proceso de paz de Darfur liderado por la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas y auspiciado por el Estado de Qatar, y deplorando el hecho de que algunos grupos se sigan negando a unirse a este proceso e instándolos encarecidamente a que lo hagan sin más dilación ni condiciones previas,",
"Acogiendo con beneplácito el documento final de la Conferencia de todas las partes interesadas de Darfur, de 31 de mayo de 2011, y la firma el 14 de julio del Acuerdo entre el Gobierno del Sudán y el Movimiento por la Liberación y la Justicia sobre la aprobación del Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur como importante paso adelante en el proceso de paz y como base para las consultas sobre un proceso de paz imparcial celebrado en el entorno propicio necesario, y exhortando al Gobierno del Sudán y todos los movimientos armados a que hagan todo lo posible por alcanzar un acuerdo general de paz sobre la base del Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur y a que acuerden sin dilación una cesación del fuego permanente,",
"Acogiendo con beneplácito el establecimiento del Comité de Seguimiento de la Aplicación de los Acuerdos de Darfur, presidido por el Estado de Qatar, y la constante colaboración de Qatar con la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas para apoyar un proceso de paz en Darfur con la mediación internacional, que incluya al Gobierno del Sudán y todos los movimientos armados, y alentando a la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas a que a que prosigan activamente sus esfuerzos,",
"Subrayando, sin perjuicio de la responsabilidad primordial que incumbe al Consejo de Seguridad con respecto al mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad internacionales, la importancia de la colaboración entre las Naciones Unidas y la Unión Africana, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el Capítulo VIII de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, en lo referente al mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad en África, en particular en el Sudán, y acogiendo con beneplácito, en particular, las diligencias del Grupo de Alto Nivel de la Unión Africana encargado de la aplicación de las recomendaciones para el Sudán, bajo la dirección del Presidente Mbeki y en cooperación con la UNAMID, para ocuparse de manera general e inclusiva de los desafíos de la paz, la justicia y la reconciliación en Darfur,",
"Acogiendo con beneplácito el informe del Secretario General de 8 de julio (S/2011/422) sobre la UNAMID,",
"Destacando que es necesario que el Consejo siga aplicando un planteamiento riguroso y estratégico en los despliegues de mantenimiento de la paz a fin de aumentar la eficiencia de las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz; acogiendo con beneplácito y alentando además el cumplimiento cada vez más pleno del mandato de la UNAMID con arreglo al Capítulo VII, y subrayando a ese respecto la importancia de ocuparse de la necesidad de que la UNAMID esté en condiciones de hacer frente a los intentos de impedir la ejecución de su mandato, así como a la seguridad de su personal de mantenimiento de la paz, de conformidad con la Carta de las Naciones Unidas,",
"Expresando profunda preocupación por el deterioro de la situación de la seguridad en algunas partes de Darfur, incluidas las violaciones de la cesación del fuego, los ataques de grupos rebeldes, los bombardeos aéreos realizados por el Gobierno del Sudán, los enfrentamientos entre tribus y los ataques contra el personal humanitario y el personal de mantenimiento de la paz, que han restringido el acceso humanitario a las zonas de conflicto donde vive la población civil vulnerable, como se indica en el informe del Secretario General, y el desplazamiento de decenas de miles de civiles, y exhortando a todas las partes a que pongan fin a las hostilidades, incluidos todos los actos de violencia cometidos contra la población civil, y faciliten con urgencia un acceso humanitario irrestricto,",
"Expresando su preocupación por el retorno de las hostilidades entre el Gobierno del Sudán y la facción Minni Minawi del Ejército de Liberación del Sudán, así como por la persistencia de las hostilidades entre el Gobierno del Sudán y la facción Abdul Wahid del Ejército de Liberación del Sudán, y el Movimiento por la Justicia y la Igualdad, y reiterando que no puede haber una solución militar al conflicto de Darfur y que un acuerdo político inclusivo es esencial para restablecer la paz,",
"Reiterando su condena de todas las violaciones de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos y del derecho internacional humanitario cometidas en Darfur y en relación con Darfur, exhortando a todas las partes a que cumplan las obligaciones que les incumben en virtud de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos y del derecho internacional humanitario, poniendo de relieve la necesidad de hacer comparecer ante la justicia a los autores de tales crímenes e instando al Gobierno del Sudán a que cumpla sus obligaciones a este respecto,",
"Reafirmando su preocupación por los efectos negativos de la violencia reinante en Darfur para la estabilidad del Sudán en su conjunto, así como la de la región, acogiendo con beneplácito el mejoramiento de las relaciones entre el Sudán y el Chad, así como el despliegue de una fuerza conjunta, incluidas fuerzas de la República Centroafricana bajo mando conjunto a lo largo de la frontera, y alentando al Sudán, al Chad y a la República Centroafricana a seguir cooperando a fin de lograr la paz y la estabilidad en Darfur y en toda la región,",
"Expresando preocupación por los supuestos vínculos existentes entre movimientos armados de Darfur y grupos fuera de Darfur,",
"Habiendo determinado que la situación en el Sudán constituye una amenaza para la paz y la seguridad internacionales,",
"1. Decide prorrogar el mandato de la UNAMID establecido en la resolución 1769 (2007) por otros 12 meses, hasta el 31 de julio de 2012;",
"2. Acoge con beneplácito la intención del Secretario General de examinar, en consulta con la Unión Africana, el personal uniformado necesario para la UNAMID a fin de garantizar la aplicación más eficiente y eficaz del mandato de la misión, y solicita al Secretario General que le informe sobre esta cuestión en el marco establecido en el párrafo 13 y a más tardar 180 días después de la aprobación de la presente resolución;",
"3. Subraya la necesidad de que la UNAMID aproveche al máximo su mandato y capacidades, dando prioridad en las decisiones sobre el uso de la capacidad y los recursos disponibles a a) la protección de los civiles en todo Darfur, incluso mediante el despliegue proactivo y patrullas en zonas de alto riesgo de conflicto, brindando protección a los campamentos de desplazados internos y las zonas adyacentes, y la aplicación de una estrategia de alerta temprana en toda la misión y la consiguiente capacidad y b) a garantizar el acceso humanitario seguro, oportuno y sin trabas, y la seguridad del personal humanitario y las actividades humanitarias, a fin de facilitar la prestación sin obstáculos de asistencia humanitaria en todo Darfur; y solicita a la UNAMID que maximice el uso de sus capacidades, en colaboración con el equipo de las Naciones Unidas en el país y otros agentes internacionales y no gubernamentales, en el cumplimiento de su estrategia global para toda la misión en pos del logro de esos objetivos;",
"4. Reafirma la importancia de promover el proceso político y de paz para Darfur dirigido por la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas, y acoge con beneplácito la prioridad que se da a los continuos esfuerzos de la UNAMID para apoyar y complementar esta labor de acuerdo con los párrafos 6, 7 y 8, y acoge con beneplácito los esfuerzos del Grupo de Alto Nivel de la UA para el Sudán a este respecto;",
"5. Pone de relieve el mandato de la UNAMID establecido conforme al Capítulo VII, como se lo define en la resolución 1769, para que desempeñe sus tareas fundamentales de proteger a los civiles, sin perjuicio de la responsabilidad primordial del Gobierno del Sudán y de garantizar la libertad de circulación y la seguridad del propio personal de la UNAMID y los trabajadores humanitarios;",
"6. Exige que todas las partes en el conflicto, incluidos todos los movimientos armados se comprometan de inmediato y sin condiciones previas a hacer todo lo posible para llegar a una cesación permanente del fuego y un acuerdo de paz general sobre la base del Documento de Doha para la paz en Darfur, a fin de crear una paz estable y duradera en la región;",
"7. Reconoce, en ese contexto, el posible papel complementario de un proceso político con base en Darfur, dirigido por la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas; exhorta al Gobierno del Sudán y a los movimientos armados a que contribuyan a crear el entorno propicio necesario para un proceso de paz con base en Darfur que permita la participación sistemática y sostenida de todos los interesados de Darfur en un diálogo constructivo y abierto; observa que, a pesar de algunos avances positivos en el proceso de paz, aún faltan elementos importantes del entorno propicio necesario para un proceso político con base en Darfur, incluidos, sin excluir otros, el respeto de los derechos civiles y políticos de los participantes, para que puedan ejercer sus opiniones sin temor a represalias, la libertad de expresión y de reunión para permitir la celebración de consultas abiertas, la libertad de circulación de los participantes y la UNAMID, la participación proporcional de los habitantes de Darfur, la protección del hostigamiento, la detención arbitraria, la intimidación y la injerencia del Gobierno y de los movimientos armados;",
"8. Solicita al Secretario General que incluya en sus informes periódicos a que se refiere el párrafo 13 evaluaciones de los elementos establecidos en el párrafo 7 para que el Consejo, teniendo en cuenta las opiniones de la Unión Africana, determine la participación ulterior de la UNAMID en el apoyo al proceso político con base en Darfur;",
"9. Acoge con beneplácito la intención del Secretario General de elaborar una hoja de ruta para el proceso de paz de Darfur, y solicita al Secretario General, en este sentido, que trabaje en estrecha consulta con la Unión Africana, y que consulte asimismo, cuando proceda, a todas las partes interesadas del Sudán y al Comité de Seguimiento de la Aplicación de los Acuerdos de Darfur, y teniendo en cuenta los párrafos 6, 7 y 8, y solicita al Secretario General que le informe acerca de la hoja de ruta en su próximo informe de 90 días;",
"10. Encomia la contribución realizada a la UNAMID por los países que aportan contingentes y fuerzas de policía y los donantes; condena enérgicamente todos los ataques contra la UNAMID; subraya que cualquier ataque o amenaza de ataque contra la UNAMID es inaceptable; exige que no se reiteren esos ataques; destaca la necesidad de aumentar la seguridad y protección del personal de la UNAMID, así como la necesidad de poner fin a la impunidad de los que atacan a las fuerzas de mantenimiento de la paz, y en este sentido insta al Gobierno del Sudán a que haga todo lo posible para llevar a los autores de esos delitos ante la justicia;",
"11. Encomia la sólida labor del mecanismo tripartito, pero expresa profunda preocupación por las constantes restricciones impuestas a los movimientos y operaciones de la UNAMID, particularmente en las zonas del conflicto reciente; exhorta a todas las partes en Darfur a que eliminen todos los obstáculos para el cumplimiento pleno y apropiado del mandato de la UNAMID, incluso velando por su seguridad y libertad de circulación; y en este sentido, exige que el Gobierno del Sudán cumpla plenamente y sin demora con el acuerdo sobre el estatuto de las fuerzas, en particular con respecto a las autorizaciones de vuelo y equipos, la eliminación de todos los obstáculos para el uso de los aviones de la UNAMID, y el suministro oportuno de visados para el personal de la UNAMID; deplora las constantes demoras en la entrega de esos visados, que amenazan seriamente con socavar la capacidad de la misión para cumplir su mandato, e insta al Gobierno del Sudán a que cumpla su compromiso ponderable de tramitar todas las solicitudes de visados pendientes; y expresa profunda preocupación por el hecho de que el Gobierno del Sudán haya detenido a funcionarios nacionales de la UNAMID en contravención del acuerdo sobre el estatuto de las fuerzas, y exige que el Gobierno del Sudán respete los derechos del personal de la UNAMID conforme a dicho acuerdo;",
"12. Exige que se dé a la UNAMID licencia para la utilización de su propio transmisor de radio, con arreglo a las disposiciones del acuerdo sobre el estatuto de las fuerzas, para que pueda comunicarse libremente con todas las partes interesadas de Darfur;",
"13. Solicita al Secretario General que lo siga informando cada 90 días sobre los progresos realizados en el cumplimiento del mandato de la UNAMID en todo Darfur, incluidos los progresos realizados con respecto a la aplicación de la estrategia a que se hace referencia en el párrafo 3, y los obstáculos que la impiden, y que incluya asimismo una evaluación de los progresos con respecto a los parámetros e indicadores establecidos en el anexo II del informe del Secretario General, de 16 de noviembre de 2009, a la seguridad y la situación humanitaria, incluidos los emplazamientos de desplazados internos y los campamentos de refugiados, los derechos humanos, las violaciones del derecho internacional humanitario y las normas internacionales de derechos humanos, y la recuperación inicial y el cumplimiento por todas las partes de sus obligaciones internacionales;",
"14. Exige que todas las partes en el conflicto de Darfur pongan fin de inmediato a la violencia, los ataques contra la población civil, el personal de mantenimiento de la paz y el personal humanitario, y cumplan las obligaciones que les incumben en virtud del derecho internacional humanitario y las normas internacionales de derechos humanos; afirma, en este contexto, la condena del Consejo de las violaciones graves del derecho internacional humanitario y las normas internacionales de derechos humanos; pide la cesación inmediata de las hostilidades y que todas las partes se comprometan a aplicar una cesación del fuego sostenida y permanente; solicita al Secretario General que consulte a las partes interesadas con miras a establecer un mecanismo más eficaz de vigilancia de la cesación del fuego; y subraya la necesidad de que la UNAMID informe de los casos de violencia más importantes que obstaculicen los esfuerzos plenos y constructivos de las partes en favor de la paz;",
"15. Expresa su seria preocupación por el deterioro de la situación humanitaria en algunas zonas de Darfur, las amenazas constantes a las organizaciones humanitarias y la restricción del acceso humanitario a Darfur como consecuencia de la mayor inseguridad, los ataques contra los trabajadores humanitarios y la denegación de acceso por las partes en el conflicto, pide que se aplique plenamente el comunicado del Gobierno del Sudán y las Naciones Unidas sobre la facilitación de las actividades humanitarias en Darfur, entre otros aspectos en lo que respecta a la concesión oportuna de visados y permisos de viaje a las organizaciones humanitarias; y exige que el Gobierno del Sudán, todos los grupos armados y milicias y todos los demás interesados garanticen el acceso pleno, seguro y sin trabas de las organizaciones humanitarias y el personal de socorro, y la prestación de asistencia humanitaria a la población necesitada, y recalca la importancia de que se respeten los principios de neutralidad, imparcialidad e independencia en la prestación de asistencia humanitaria;",
"16. Condena las violaciones de los derechos humanos en Darfur y en relación con Darfur, incluidos las detenciones y los arrestos arbitrarios, expresa profunda preocupación por la situación de las personas detenidas de esa manera, incluidos miembros de la sociedad civil y desplazados internos, y pone de relieve la importancia de asegurar la capacidad de la UNAMID, en el marco de su mandato actual, y de otras organizaciones pertinentes para vigilar ese tipo de casos; exhorta al Gobierno del Sudán a que cumpla plenamente sus obligaciones y a que, en este sentido, entre otras cosas, cumpla su compromiso de levantar el estado de excepción en Darfur, ponga en libertad a todos los presos políticos, permita la libertad de expresión y procure efectivamente que quienquiera que haya perpetrado violaciones graves de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos y del derecho internacional humanitario tenga que rendir cuentas de sus actos, y pone de relieve la importancia de que la UNAMID, en aras de promover los derechos humanos, señale las transgresiones a la atención de las autoridades e informe de las violaciones graves al Consejo de Seguridad;",
"17. Observa que el conflicto en una zona del Sudán afecta a otras zonas del Sudán y a la región en general, e insta a que se mantenga una estrecha coordinación entre las misiones de las Naciones Unidas en la región, incluidas la UNAMID, la Fuerza Provisional de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas para Abyei (UNISFA) y la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Sudán del Sur (UNMISS), y solicita al Secretario General que asegure la cooperación eficaz entre misiones;",
"18. Destaca la importancia de alcanzar soluciones dignas y duraderas para los refugiados y los desplazados internos y de asegurar su participación plena en la planificación y gestión de esas soluciones, exige que todas las partes en el conflicto de Darfur establezcan condiciones conducentes al regreso voluntario, seguro, digno y sostenible de los refugiados y los desplazados internos, o su integración local; hace notar las noticias potencialmente alentadoras sobre el regreso voluntario de algunos desplazados internos a sus aldeas y localidades de origen, a las que se hace referencia en el informe del Secretario General, destaca la importancia del mecanismo conjunto de verificación para comprobar que las personas que regresan lo hagan de forma voluntaria y expresa profunda preocupación por los obstáculos burocráticos que socavan su eficacia e independencia;",
"19. Observa que la seguridad y la libertad de circulación facilitarán mucho las actividades de recuperación inicial y el regreso a la normalidad en Darfur; destaca la importancia de los esfuerzos de recuperación inicial en Darfur cuando las intervenciones son adecuadas y, a este respecto, alienta a la UNAMID a que, en el marco de su mandato actual, facilite la labor del equipo de las Naciones Unidas en el país y de los organismos expertos en lo tocante a la recuperación y reconstrucción iniciales de Darfur, por medios como el establecimiento de la seguridad en la zona; y exhorta a todas las partes a que permitan el acceso sin trabas y al Gobierno del Sudán a que levante todas las restricciones de acceso, a que trate de resolver las causas profundas de la crisis de Darfur y a que incremente la inversión en las actividades de recuperación inicial;",
"20. Encomia los resultados de la Conferencia Internacional sobre el agua en Darfur, celebrada en Jartum los días 27 y 28 de junio de 2011, como medida para lograr la paz sostenible, y exhorta a la UNAMID, de conformidad con su mandato, y a todos los demás organismos de las Naciones Unidas, en particular el UNICEF, el PNUD y el PNUMA, así como a los agentes y los donantes internacionales, a que cumplan los compromisos que asumieron en esa conferencia;",
"21. Expresa profunda preocupación por la persistencia de los conflictos y la violencia localizados y su efecto en la población civil, si bien, en este contexto, observa una reducción de los enfrentamientos entre tribus y exhorta a todas las partes a que pongan fin a este tipo de enfrentamientos y traten de lograr la reconciliación; expresa profunda preocupación por la proliferación de armas, en particular armas pequeñas y armas ligeras, y, a este respecto, solicita a la UNAMID que siga apoyando los mecanismos locales de solución de conflictos, que vigile la posible presencia de armas o material conexo en Darfur, en cumplimiento de su mandato, enunciado en el párrafo 9 de la resolución 1769 (2007), y, en este contexto, siga cooperando con el Grupo de Expertos establecido en virtud de la resolución 1591 (2005) con el fin de facilitar su labor;",
"22. Exige que las partes en el conflicto adopten de inmediato medidas apropiadas para proteger a los civiles, sobre todo a las mujeres y los niños, contra toda forma de violencia sexual, de conformidad con la resolución 1820 (2008); y solicita a la UNAMID que presente un informe sobre la violencia sexual y la violencia basada en el género, así como que evalúe los progresos alcanzados en la eliminación de estos tipos de violencia, y pone de relieve además la necesidad de incluir la protección de las mujeres y los niños contra la violencia sexual y la violencia basada en el género en la estrategia para proteger a los civiles en toda la misión mencionada en el párrafo 3 de la presente resolución, y solicita al Secretario General que asegure que la UNAMID aplique las disposiciones pertinentes de las resoluciones 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) y 1960 (2010), incluidas las relativas a la participación de las mujeres mediante el nombramiento de asesores en materia de protección de las mujeres, y que se refiera a ello cuando informe al Consejo;",
"23. Solicita al Secretario General que asegure a) la vigilancia constante de la situación de los niños y la presentación de información al respecto en los informes mencionados en el párrafo 13, y b) la continuación del diálogo con las partes en el conflicto al objeto de preparar planes de acción con plazos precisos para poner fin al reclutamiento y la utilización de niños soldados y otras violaciones del derecho internacional humanitario y de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos en relación con la infancia;",
"24. Solicita al Secretario General que examine y actualice periódicamente el concepto de las operaciones y las normas de intervención de la UNAMID de conformidad con el mandato de la misión, establecido en las resoluciones pertinentes del Consejo de Seguridad, y que, como parte de los informes mencionados en el párrafo 13 de la presente resolución, informe al respecto al Consejo de Seguridad y a los países que aportan contingentes;",
"25. Decide seguir ocupándose de la cuestión."
] | [
"Resolution 2003 (2011)",
"Adopted by the Security Council at its 6597th meeting, on 29 July 2011",
"The Security Council,",
"Reaffirming all its previous resolutions and presidential statements concerning the situation in Sudan and underlining the importance of full compliance with these,",
"Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, unity, independence and territorial integrity of Sudan and its determination to work with the Government of Sudan, in full respect of its sovereignty, to assist in tackling the various challenges in Sudan,",
"Recalling also its previous resolutions 1674 (2006) and 1894 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, which reaffirm, inter alia, the relevant provisions of the United Nations World Summit outcome document; 1612 (2005) 1882 (2009), and 1998 (2011) on children and armed conflict; 1502 (2003) on the protection of humanitarian and United Nations personnel, and 1325 (2000) and associated resolutions on women, peace and security and children and armed conflict,",
"Recalling its resolutions reaffirming that there can be no peace without justice, and recalling the importance that the Council attaches to ending impunity and to ensuring justice for crimes committed in Darfur,",
"Bearing in mind the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951 and its additional protocol of 16 December 1966, along with the 1969 Convention of the Organization of African Unity governing the specific aspects of refugee problems in Africa, as well as the African Union Convention of 29 October 2009, on the Protection of and Assistance to of internally displaced persons in Africa,",
"Recalling the report on Children and Armed Conflict in Sudan dated 10 February 2009 (S/2009/84), including its recommendations, and recalling the conclusions endorsed by the Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict in Sudan (S/AC.51/2009/5), and recalling the report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict in Sudan dated 5 July 2011 (S/2001/413),",
"Expressing its strong commitment and determination to support the African Union (AU)-UN Darfur peace process hosted by the State of Qatar, and deploring the fact that some groups continue to refuse to join this process and strongly urging them to do so without further delay or preconditions,",
"Welcoming the outcome of the 31 May 2011 All Darfur Stakeholders Conference (ADSC), and the signature on 14 July of the Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement (LJM) on the adoption of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD) as a important step forward in the peace process, and as a basis for consultations on an impartial DPP held in the necessary enabling environment, and calling on the Government of Sudan and all the armed movements to make every effort to reach a comprehensive peace settlement on the basis of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, and to agree a permanent ceasefire without delay,",
"Welcoming the establishment of the Implementation Follow-up Committee (IFC), chaired by the State of Qatar, and Qatar’s continued engagement with the AU and the UN to support an internationally facilitated Darfur peace process, including the Government of Sudan and all the armed movements; encouraging the AU and the UN actively to pursue their efforts,",
"Underlining, without prejudice to the Security Council’s primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, the importance of the partnership between the UN and the AU, consistent with Chapter VIII of the UN Charter, with regard to the maintenance of peace and security in Africa, particularly in Sudan, and welcoming, in particular, the efforts of the AU High Level Implementation Panel for Sudan under the leadership of President Mbeki working in cooperation with UNAMID, to address in a comprehensive and inclusive manner the challenges of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur,",
"Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General of 08 July (S/2011/422) on UNAMID,",
"Stressing the need for the Council to pursue a rigorous, strategic approach to peacekeeping deployments, with a view to enhancing the effectiveness of peacekeeping missions; welcoming and further encouraging the increasingly full implementation by UNAMID of its Chapter VII mandate, and underlining, in this regard, the importance of addressing the requirement for UNAMID to be able to deter threats to the implementation of its mandate, and the safety and security of its peacekeeping personnel in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations,",
"Expressing deep concern at the deteriorating security situation in some parts of Darfur, including ceasefire violations, attacks by rebel groups, aerial bombardment by the Government of Sudan, inter-tribal fighting, attacks on humanitarian personnel and peacekeepers, which have restricted humanitarian access to conflict areas where vulnerable civilian populations reside, as contained in the report in the Secretary-General, and the displacement of tens of thousands of civilians, and calling on all parties to cease hostilities, including all acts of violence committed against civilians, and urgently facilitate unhindered humanitarian access,",
"Expressing its concern at the return to hostilities between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Army, Minni Minawi faction (SLA/MM), and the ongoing hostilities between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Army, Abdul Wahid faction (SLA/AW), and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), and reiterating that there can be no military solution to the conflict in Darfur, and that an inclusive political settlement is essential to re-establishing peace,",
"Reiterating its condemnation of all violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in Darfur and in relation to Darfur, calling on all parties to comply with their obligations under international human rights and humanitarian law, emphasizing the need to bring to justice the perpetrators of such crimes, and urging the Government of Sudan to comply with its obligations in this respect,",
"Reaffirming its concern over the negative effect of the ongoing violence in Darfur on the stability of Sudan as a whole as well as the region, welcoming improved relations between Sudan and Chad, as well as the deployment of a joint force, including forces from the Central African Republic (CAR) under a joint command along the border, and encouraging Sudan, Chad and CAR to continue to cooperate in order to achieve peace and stability in Darfur and the wider region,",
"Expressing concern about alleged links between armed movements in Darfur and groups outside Darfur,",
"Determining that the situation in Sudan constitutes a threat to international peace and security,",
"1. Decides to extend the mandate of UNAMID as set out in resolution 1769 (2007) for a further 12 months to 31 July 2012;",
"2. Welcomes the Secretary-General’s intention to review, in consultation with the African Union, the uniformed personnel required for UNAMID to ensure the most efficient and effective implementation of the mission’s mandate, and requests the Secretary-General to report on this issue within the framework set out in paragraph 13 and no later than 180 days from the adoption of this resolution;",
"3. Underlines the need for UNAMID to make full use of its mandate and capabilities, giving priority in decisions about the use of available capacity and resources to (a) the protection of civilians across Darfur, including through proactive deployment and patrols in areas at high risk of conflict, securing IDP camps and adjacent areas, and implementation of a mission-wide early warning strategy and capacity and (b) ensuring safe, timely and unhindered humanitarian access, and the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and humanitarian activities, so as to facilitate the unimpeded delivery of humanitarian assistance throughout Darfur; and requests UNAMID to maximise the use of its capabilities, in cooperation with the UN Country Team and other international and non governmental actors, in the implementation of its mission-wide comprehensive strategy for the achievement of these objectives;",
"4. Reaffirms the importance of promoting the AU-UN led peace and political process for Darfur, and welcomes the priority given to UNAMID’s continuing efforts to support and complement this work in accordance with paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 below, and welcomes the efforts of the AU High Level Panel for Sudan in this regard;",
"5. Emphasizes UNAMID’s Chapter VII mandate, as defined in resolution 1769, to deliver its core tasks to protect civilians without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Government of Sudan and to ensure the freedom of movement and security of UNAMID’s own personnel and humanitarian workers;",
"6. Demands that all parties to the conflict, including all armed movements engage immediately and without preconditions to make every effort to reach a permanent ceasefire and a comprehensive peace settlement on the basis of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD), in order to bring a stable and durable peace to the region;",
"7. Recognizes, in this context, the potential complementary role of a Darfur-based Political Process (DPP) led by the AU and the UN; calls on the Government of Sudan and the armed movements to contribute to the creation of the necessary enabling environment for a DPP that allows the systematic and sustained engagement of all Darfurian stakeholders in constructive and open dialogue; notes that, despite some positive developments in the peace process, important elements of the necessary enabling environment for a DPP, including but not limited to respect for the civil and political rights of participants, such that they can exercise their views without fear of retribution, freedom of speech and assembly to permit open consultations, freedom of movement of participants and UNAMID, proportional participation among Darfurians, freedom from harassment, arbitrary arrest, and intimidation, and freedom from interference by the Government or the armed movements, are not yet in place;",
"8. Requests the Secretary-General to include in his regular reports referred to in paragraph 13 below, assessments of the elements set out in paragraph 7 above to enable the Council, taking into account the views of the AU, to determine UNAMID’s further engagement in support of the DPP;",
"9. Welcomes the Secretary-General’s intention to develop a roadmap for the Darfur peace process, and requests the Secretary-General, in this regard, to work in close consultation with the AU, also consulting, as appropriate, all Sudanese stakeholders and the Implementation Follow-up Committee (IFC), and taking into account paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 above, and requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council on the roadmap in his next 90-day report;",
"10. Commends the contribution of troop and police contributing countries and donors to UNAMID; strongly condemns all attacks on UNAMID; underlines that any attack or threat of attack on UNAMID is unacceptable; demands that there be no recurrence of such attacks, stresses the need to enhance the safety and security of UNAMID personnel, as well as the need to bring an end to impunity for those who attack peacekeepers, and in this regard urges the Government of Sudan to do its utmost to bring the perpetrators of any such crimes to justice;",
"11. Commends the credible work of the Tripartite Mechanism but expresses deep concern at continuing restrictions placed upon UNAMID movement and operations, particularly to areas of recent conflict; calls on all parties in Darfur to remove all obstacles to UNAMID’s full and proper discharge of its mandate, including by ensuring its security and freedom of movement; and in this regard, demands that the Government of Sudan comply with the Status of Forces Agreement fully and without delay, particularly regarding flight and equipment clearances, the removal of all obstacles to the use of UNAMID aerial assets, and the timely provision of visas for UNAMID personnel; deplores the continued delays in the provision of such visas, which threaten seriously to undermine the ability of the mission to implement its mandate and urges the Government of Sudan to deliver on its welcome commitment to clear the backlog of visa applications; and expresses deep concern that UNAMID national staff members were detained by the Government of Sudan in violation of the Status of Forces Agreement, and demands that the Government of Sudan respect the rights of UNAMID personnel under the SOFA;",
"12. Demands that UNAMID be given a licence for its own radio transmitter in line with the provisions of the Status of Forces Agreement, so that it can communicate freely with all Darfuri stakeholders;",
"13. Requests the Secretary-General to continue reporting to the Council every 90 days on progress made towards implementing UNAMID’s mandate across Darfur, including on progress towards and obstacles to the implementation of the strategy referred to in paragraph 3 above, also including an assessment of progress against the benchmarks and indicators set out in Annex II of the report of the Secretary-General of 16 November 2009 as well, the security and humanitarian situation, including in the IDP sites and refugee camps, human rights, violations of international humanitarian and human rights law, and early recovery and all parties compliance with their international obligations;",
"14. Demands that all parties to the conflict in Darfur immediately end violence, attacks on civilians, peacekeepers and humanitarian personnel, and comply with their obligations under international human rights and humanitarian law; affirms, in this context, the Council’s condemnation of serious violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law; calls for an immediate cessation of hostilities and for all parties to commit themselves to a sustained and permanent ceasefire; requests the Secretary-General to consult with relevant parties with a view to developing a more effective ceasefire monitoring mechanism; and underlines the need for UNAMID to report on major instances of violence which undermines the parties’ full and constructive efforts towards peace;",
"15. Expresses its serious concern at the deterioration of the humanitarian situation in some parts of Darfur, the continued threats to humanitarian organisations, and the restricted humanitarian access in Darfur resulting from increased insecurity, attacks against humanitarian workers, denial of access by the parties to the conflict, calls for the full implementation of the Communiqué between the Government of Sudan and the United Nations on Facilitation of Humanitarian Activities in Darfur, including regarding the timely issuance of visas and travel permits for humanitarian organisations; and demands that the Government of Sudan, all militias, armed groups and all other stakeholders ensure the full, safe and unhindered access of humanitarian organizations and relief personnel and the delivery of humanitarian assistance to populations in need and underscores the importance of upholding the principles of neutrality, impartiality and independence in the provision of humanitarian assistance;",
"16. Condemns human rights violations in, and relating to, Darfur, including arbitrary arrests and detentions, expresses deep concern about the situation of all those so detained, including civil society members and IDPs, and emphasizes the importance of ensuring UNAMID, within its current mandate, and other relevant organisations’ ability to monitor such cases; calls on the Government of Sudan fully to respect its obligations, including by fulfilling its commitment to lift the state of emergency in Darfur, releasing all political prisoners, allowing free expression and undertaking effective efforts to ensure accountability for serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, by whomsoever perpetrated, and emphasizes the importance of UNAMID acting to promote human rights, bring abuses to the attention of the authorities, and to report gross violations to the Security Council;",
"17. Notes that conflict in one area of Sudan affects other areas of Sudan and the wider region; and urges close co-ordination among UN missions in the region, including UNAMID, the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) and the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), and requests the Secretary-General to ensure effective inter-mission cooperation;",
"18. Stresses the importance of achieving dignified and durable solutions for refugees and internally displaced persons, and of ensuring their full participation in the planning and management of these solutions, demands that all parties to the conflict in Darfur create the conditions conducive to allowing the voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced persons or their local integration; notes potentially encouraging reports of some voluntary returns of IDPs to their villages and places of origin, as indicated in the report of the Secretary-General, stresses the importance of the Joint Verification Mechanism in verifying the voluntariness of returns and expresses deep concern over some bureaucratic obstacles that undermine its effectiveness and independence;",
"19. Notes that security and freedom of movement will greatly facilitate early recovery initiatives and a return to normalcy in Darfur; stresses the importance of early recovery efforts in Darfur when such interventions are suitable, and in this respect encourages UNAMID, within its current mandate, to facilitate the work of the UN Country Team and expert agencies on early recovery and reconstruction in Darfur, inter alia through the provision of area security; calls on all parties to provide unhindered access and on the Government of Sudan to lift all access restrictions, work to resolve the root causes of the Darfur crisis and to increase investment in early recovery activity;",
"20. Commends the outcome of the Darfur International Conference on water held in Khartoum on 27 and 28 June 2011 as a step towards sustainable peace, and calls on UNAMID, where consistent with its mandate, and all other UN agencies in particular UNICEF, UNDP, UNEP, as well as international actors and donors to meet their commitments made in that conference;",
"21. Expresses deep concern over the persistent localized conflicts and violence and their effect on civilians, but, in this context, notes a reduction in inter tribal clashes and calls on all parties to put an end to such clashes and to pursue reconciliation; expresses deep concern over the proliferation of arms, in particular small arms and light weapons, and, in this regard, requests UNAMID to continue to support local conflict resolution mechanisms, to monitor whether any arms or related material are present in Darfur in accordance with its mandate as set out in paragraph 9 of resolution 1769, and in this context, to continue to cooperate with the Panel of Experts established by resolution 1591 (2005) in order to facilitate their work;",
"22. Demands that the parties to the conflict immediately take appropriate measures to protect civilians, including women and children, from all forms of sexual violence, in line with resolution 1820 (2008); and requests UNAMID to report on sexual and gender based violence, as well as to assess progress towards the elimination of sexual and gender-based violence, and further emphasizes the need to include protection to women and children from sexual violence and gender based violence, as part of the mission-wide Protection of Civilians strategy identified in paragraph 3 above, and requests the Secretary-General to ensure that the relevant provisions of resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) are implemented by UNAMID, including the participation of women through the appointment of women protection advisors, and to include information on this in his reporting to the Council;",
"23. Requests the Secretary-General to ensure (a) continued monitoring and reporting, as part of the reports referred to in paragraph 13 above, of the situation of children and (b) continued dialogue with the parties to the conflict towards the preparation of time bound action plans to end the recruitment and use of child soldiers and other violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law against children;",
"24. Requests the Secretary-General periodically to review and update the concept of operations and rules of engagement of UNAMID in line with the mission’s mandate under relevant Security Council resolutions and to report, as part of the reports referred to in paragraph 13 above, on this to the Security Council and troop-contributing countries;",
"25. Decides to remain seized of the matter."
] | S_RES_2003(2011) | [
"Resolution 2003 (2011)",
"Adopted by the Security Council at its 6597th meeting, on 29 July",
"The Security Council,",
"Reaffirming all its previous resolutions and statements of its President concerning the situation in the Sudan and stressing the importance of their full implementation,",
"Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, unity, independence and territorial integrity of the Sudan and its determination to cooperate with the Government of the Sudan, fully respecting its sovereignty, in order to help resolve the various challenges facing the Sudan,",
"Recalling also its resolutions 1674 (2006) and 1894 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, reaffirming, inter alia, the relevant provisions of the Final Document of the United Nations World Summit; 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011) on children and armed conflict; 1502 (2003) on the protection of humanitarian and United Nations personnel, and 1325 (2000) and related resolutions on women,",
"Recalling its resolutions reaffirming that there can be no peace without justice and recalling the importance attached by the Council to ending impunity and ensuring justice for crimes committed in Darfur,",
"Bearing in mind the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951 and its additional protocol of 16 December 1966, as well as the Organization of African Unity Convention regulating the specific aspects of refugee problems in Africa of 1969 and the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa of 29 October 2009,",
"Recalling the report on children and armed conflict in the Sudan of 10 February 2009 (S/2009/84), including its recommendations, and recalling the conclusions endorsed by the Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict in the Sudan (S/AC.51/2009/5), as well as the report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in the Sudan of 5 July 2011 (S/2001/413),",
"Expressing its firm commitment and determination to support the Darfur peace process led by the African Union and the United Nations and sponsored by the State of Qatar, and deploring the fact that some groups continue to refuse to join this process and urging them to do so without further delay or prior conditions,",
"Welcoming the outcome document of the Conference of all Darfur stakeholders of 31 May 2011 and the signing on 14 July of the Agreement between the Government of the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement on the adoption of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur as an important step forward in the peace process and as a basis for consultations on an impartial peace process held in the necessary enabling environment, and calling upon the Government of the Sudan and all armed movements to move to Darfur",
"Welcoming the establishment of the Darfur Implementation Follow-up Committee, chaired by the State of Qatar, and the continued engagement of Qatar with the African Union and the United Nations to support a peace process in Darfur through international mediation, including the Government of the Sudan and all armed movements, and encouraging the African Union and the United Nations to actively pursue their efforts,",
"Underlining, without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security, the importance of collaboration between the United Nations and the African Union, in accordance with Chapter VIII of the Charter of the United Nations, with regard to the maintenance of peace and security in Africa, in particular in the Sudan, and welcoming, in particular, the efforts of the African Union High-level Panel on Peace",
"Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General of 8 July (S/2011/422) on UNAMID,",
"Stressing the need for the Council to continue to pursue a rigorous and strategic approach to peacekeeping deployments in order to enhance the efficiency of peacekeeping missions; welcoming and further encouraging the fuller implementation of the mandate of UNAMID under Chapter VII, and underlining in this regard the importance of addressing the need for UNAMID to be in a position to meet the United Nations peacekeeping mandate,",
"Expressing deep concern at the deteriorating security situation in some parts of Darfur, including violations of the ceasefire, attacks by rebel groups, aerial bombardments by the Government of the Sudan, inter-tribe clashes and attacks on humanitarian personnel and peacekeepers, which have restricted humanitarian access to areas of conflict where the vulnerable civilian population lives, as indicated in the report of the Secretary-General, and the displacement of civilians",
"Expressing its concern at the return of hostilities between the Government of the Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Army Minni Minawi faction, as well as the persistence of hostilities between the Government of the Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Army Abdul Wahid faction and the Justice and Equality Movement, and reiterating that there cannot be a military solution to the Darfur conflict and that an inclusive political agreement is essential to restoring peace,",
"Reiterating its condemnation of all violations of international human rights and international humanitarian law in Darfur and in relation to Darfur, calling upon all parties to comply with their obligations under international human rights and international humanitarian law, emphasizing the need to bring to justice the perpetrators of such crimes and urging the Government of the Sudan to fulfil its obligations in this regard,",
"Reaffirming its concern at the negative impact of the violence in Darfur on the stability of the Sudan as a whole, as well as that of the region, welcoming the improvement of relations between the Sudan and Chad, as well as the deployment of a joint force, including forces of the Central African Republic under joint command along the border, and encouraging the Sudan, Chad and the Central African Republic to continue to cooperate in order to achieve peace and stability in Darfur,",
"Expressing concern at the alleged links between armed movements in Darfur and groups outside Darfur,",
"Determining that the situation in the Sudan constitutes a threat to international peace and security,",
"1. Decides to extend the mandate of UNAMID established in resolution 1769 (2007) for a further 12 months, until 31 July 2012;",
"2. Welcomes the intention of the Secretary-General to review, in consultation with the African Union, the uniformed personnel required for UNAMID in order to ensure the most efficient and effective implementation of the mandate of the mission, and requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly on this matter within the framework set out in paragraph 13 and no later than 180 days after the adoption of the present resolution;",
"3. Stresses the need for UNAMID to maximize its mandate and capabilities, giving priority to decisions on the use of available capacities and resources to (a) the protection of civilians throughout Darfur, including through proactive deployment and patrols in high-risk areas of conflict, providing protection to IDP camps and adjacent areas, and the implementation of an early warning strategy throughout the mission, and the consequent capacity to ensure timely access,",
"4. Reaffirms the importance of promoting the political and peace process for Darfur led by the African Union and the United Nations, and welcomes the priority given to the continued efforts of UNAMID to support and complement this work in accordance with paragraphs 6, 7 and 8, and welcomes the efforts of the AU High-level Panel for the Sudan in this regard;",
"5. Emphasizes the mandate of UNAMID established under Chapter VII, as defined in resolution 1769, to carry out its fundamental tasks of protecting civilians, without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Government of the Sudan and ensuring the freedom of movement and security of UNAMID and humanitarian workers themselves;",
"6. Demands that all parties to the conflict, including all armed movements, commit immediately and without preconditions to make every effort to reach a permanent ceasefire and a comprehensive peace agreement on the basis of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, in order to create a stable and lasting peace in the region;",
"7. Recognizes, in this context, the possible complementary role of a Darfur-based political process led by the African Union and the United Nations; calls upon the Government of the Sudan and armed movements to contribute to the creation of the enabling environment for a Darfur-based peace process that would allow the systematic and sustained participation of all Darfur stakeholders in a constructive and open dialogue; notes that, despite some positive developments in the peace process, there is still a need for significant elements of the political environment",
"8. Requests the Secretary-General to include in his periodic reports referred to in paragraph 13 assessments of the elements set out in paragraph 7 for the Council, taking into account the views of the African Union, to determine the further involvement of UNAMID in supporting the Darfur-based political process;",
"9. Welcomes the intention of the Secretary-General to develop a road map for the Darfur peace process, and requests the Secretary-General, in this regard, to work in close consultation with the African Union, and to consult also, where appropriate, all interested parties in the Sudan and the Follow-up Committee on the Implementation of the Darfur Accords, and taking into account paragraphs 6, 7 and 8, and requests the Secretary-General to report on the road map in his next 90 days;",
"10. Commends the contribution made to UNAMID by troop- and police-contributing countries and donors; strongly condemns all attacks against UNAMID; stresses that any attack or threat of attack against UNAMID is unacceptable; demands that such attacks not be repeated; stresses the need to increase the security and protection of UNAMID personnel, as well as the need to end impunity for those who attack the peace-keeping forces, and in this regard urges the perpetrators of such crimes",
"11. Commends the robust work of the tripartite mechanism, but expresses deep concern at the continuing restrictions on the movements and operations of UNAMID, particularly in the areas of the recent conflict; calls upon all parties in Darfur to remove all obstacles to the full and appropriate implementation of the mandate of UNAMID, including by ensuring their safety and freedom of movement; and in this regard requires the Government of the Sudan to comply fully and without delay with the agreement on the special status",
"12. Demands that UNAMID be licensed for the use of its own radio transmitter, in accordance with the provisions of the status-of-forces agreement, to enable it to communicate freely with all Darfur stakeholders;",
"13. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to report to the General Assembly every 90 days on the progress made in the implementation of the UNAMID mandate throughout Darfur, including the progress made in the implementation of the strategy referred to in paragraph 3, and the obstacles that impede it, and to include an assessment of the progress with respect to the parameters and indicators set out in annex II to the report of the Secretary-General of 16 November 2009 on the security and humanitarian situation, including",
"14. Demands that all parties to the conflict in Darfur immediately cease violence, attacks on the civilian population, peacekeepers and humanitarian personnel, and comply with their obligations under international humanitarian law and international human rights law; affirms, in this context, the condemnation of the Council of serious violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights law; calls for the immediate cessation of hostilities; and that all parties undertake a more effective ceasefire",
"15. Expresses its serious concern at the deterioration of the humanitarian situation in some areas of Darfur, the continuing threats to humanitarian organizations and the restriction of humanitarian access to Darfur as a result of increased insecurity, attacks on humanitarian workers and denial of access by the parties to the conflict, calls for full implementation of the communiqué of the Government of the Sudan and the United Nations on the facilitation of humanitarian activities in Darfur, including the provision of safe visas and permits;",
"16. Condemns human rights violations in Darfur and in relation to Darfur, including arbitrary arrests and arrests, expresses deep concern at the situation of persons in such detention, including members of civil society and internally displaced persons, and emphasizes the importance of ensuring the capacity of UNAMID, within the framework of its current mandate, and of other relevant organizations to monitor such cases; calls upon the Government of the Sudan to fully implement its obligations and",
"17. Notes that the conflict in one area of the Sudan affects other areas of the Sudan and the wider region, and urges close coordination between United Nations missions in the region, including UNAMID, the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) and the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), and requests the Secretary-General to ensure effective inter-mission cooperation;",
"18. Stresses the importance of achieving dignified and durable solutions for refugees and internally displaced persons and ensuring their full participation in the planning and management of such solutions, requires all parties to the Darfur conflict to establish conditions conducive to the voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced persons, or their local integration; notes the potentially encouraging news of the voluntary return of some internally displaced persons to their villages and localities of origin,",
"19. Notes that security and freedom of movement will greatly facilitate initial recovery and return to normal in Darfur; stresses the importance of initial recovery efforts in Darfur where interventions are appropriate and, in this regard, encourages UNAMID, within its current mandate, to facilitate the work of the United Nations country team and of the expert agencies on the initial recovery and reconstruction of Darfur, through means such as the establishment of the Sudan;",
"20. Commends the outcome of the International Conference on Water in Darfur, held in Khartoum on 27 and 28 June 2011, as a measure to achieve sustainable peace, and calls upon UNAMID, in accordance with its mandate, and all other United Nations agencies, in particular UNICEF, UNDP and UNEP, as well as international actors and donors, to fulfil their commitments at that conference;",
"21. Expresses deep concern at the persistence of localized conflicts and violence and its impact on the civilian population, while in this context it notes a reduction in inter-tribal clashes and calls upon all parties to put an end to such clashes and to seek reconciliation; expresses deep concern at the proliferation of weapons, in particular small arms and light weapons; and in this regard requests UNAMID to continue to monitor the related local mechanisms,",
"22. Demands that the parties to the conflict immediately take appropriate measures to protect civilians, especially women and children, against all forms of sexual violence, in accordance with resolution 1820 (2008); and requests UNAMID to submit a report on sexual violence and gender-based violence, as well as to assess the progress achieved in eliminating these types of violence, and further emphasizes the need to include the protection of women and sexual violence (2008)",
"23. Requests the Secretary-General to ensure (a) the continued monitoring of and reporting on the situation of children in the reports referred to in paragraph 13, and (b) the continuation of the dialogue with the parties to the conflict with the aim of preparing time-bound action plans to end the recruitment and use of child soldiers and other violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights standards in relation to children;",
"24. Requests the Secretary-General to regularly review and update the concept of operations and rules of engagement of UNAMID in accordance with the mandate of the mission, as set out in the relevant Security Council resolutions, and to report to the Security Council and troop-contributing countries, as part of the reports referred to in paragraph 13 of the present resolution;",
"25. Decides to remain seized of the matter."
] |
[
"Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte: proyecto de resolución",
"El Consejo de Seguridad,",
"Reafirmando todas sus anteriores resoluciones y declaraciones de su Presidencia relativas a la situación en el Sudán y subrayando la importancia de que se cumplan cabalmente,",
"Reafirmando su firme compromiso con la soberanía, la unidad, la independencia y la integridad territorial del Sudán y su determinación de colaborar con el Gobierno del Sudán, respetando plenamente su soberanía, para ayudar a resolver los diversos retos que se plantean en el Sudán,",
"Recordando también sus resoluciones 1674 (2006) y 1894 (2009), relativas a la protección de los civiles en los conflictos armados, en las cuales se reafirman, entre otras cosas, las disposiciones pertinentes del Documento Final de la Cumbre Mundial de las Naciones Unidas; 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) y 1998 (2011), relativas a los niños y los conflictos armados; 1502 (2003), relativa a la protección del personal de asistencia humanitaria y de las Naciones Unidas, y 1325 (2000) y las resoluciones conexas sobre la mujer, la paz y la seguridad, así como sobre los niños y los conflictos armados,",
"Recordando sus resoluciones en las que reafirmó que no puede haber paz sin justicia y recordando la importancia que concede el Consejo a terminar con la impunidad y asegurar la justicia para los delitos cometidos en Darfur,",
"Teniendo presente la Convención sobre el Estatuto de los Refugiados, de 28 de julio de 1951, y su protocolo adicional de 16 de diciembre de 1966, así como la Convención de la Organización de la Unidad Africana que regula los aspectos propios de los problemas de los refugiados en África, de 1969, y la Convención de la Unión Africana para la protección y asistencia a los desplazados internos en África, de 29 de octubre de 2009,",
"Recordando el informe sobre los niños y el conflicto armado en el Sudán de fecha 10 de febrero de 2009 (S/2009/84), incluidas sus recomendaciones, y recordando las conclusiones que hizo suyas el Grupo de Trabajo del Consejo de Seguridad sobre los niños y los conflictos armados en el Sudán (S/AC.51/2009/5), así como el informe del Secretario General sobre los niños y el conflicto armado en el Sudán de fecha 5 de julio de 2011 (S/2001/413),",
"Expresando su firme compromiso y determinación de apoyar el proceso de paz de Darfur liderado por la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas y auspiciado por el Estado de Qatar, y deplorando el hecho de que algunos grupos se sigan negando a unirse a este proceso e instándolos encarecidamente a que lo hagan sin más dilación ni condiciones previas,",
"Acogiendo con beneplácito el documento final de la Conferencia de todas las partes interesadas de Darfur, de 31 de mayo de 2011, y la firma el 14 de julio del Acuerdo entre el Gobierno del Sudán y el Movimiento por la Liberación y la Justicia sobre la aprobación del Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur como importante paso adelante en el proceso de paz y como base para las consultas sobre un proceso de paz imparcial celebrado en el entorno propicio necesario, y exhortando al Gobierno del Sudán y todos los movimientos armados a que hagan todo lo posible por alcanzar un acuerdo general de paz sobre la base del Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur y a que acuerden sin dilación una cesación del fuego permanente,",
"Acogiendo con beneplácito el establecimiento del Comité de Seguimiento de la Aplicación de los Acuerdos de Darfur, presidido por el Estado de Qatar, y la constante colaboración de Qatar con la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas para apoyar un proceso de paz en Darfur con la mediación internacional, que incluya al Gobierno del Sudán y todos los movimientos armados, y alentando a la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas a que a que prosigan activamente sus esfuerzos,",
"Subrayando, sin perjuicio de la responsabilidad primordial que incumbe al Consejo de Seguridad con respecto al mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad internacionales, la importancia de la colaboración entre las Naciones Unidas y la Unión Africana, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el Capítulo VIII de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, en lo referente al mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad en África, en particular en el Sudán, y acogiendo con beneplácito, en particular, las diligencias del Grupo de Alto Nivel de la Unión Africana encargado de la aplicación de las recomendaciones para el Sudán, bajo la dirección del Presidente Mbeki y en cooperación con la UNAMID, para ocuparse de manera general e inclusiva de los desafíos de la paz, la justicia y la reconciliación en Darfur,",
"Acogiendo con beneplácito el informe del Secretario General de 8 de julio (S/2011/422) sobre la UNAMID,",
"Destacando que es necesario que el Consejo siga aplicando un planteamiento riguroso y estratégico en los despliegues de mantenimiento de la paz a fin de aumentar la eficiencia de las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz; acogiendo con beneplácito y alentando además el cumplimiento cada vez más pleno del mandato de la UNAMID con arreglo al Capítulo VII, y subrayando a ese respecto la importancia de ocuparse de la necesidad de que la UNAMID esté en condiciones de hacer frente a los intentos de impedir la ejecución de su mandato, así como a la seguridad de su personal de mantenimiento de la paz, de conformidad con la Carta de las Naciones Unidas,",
"Expresando profunda preocupación por el deterioro de la situación de la seguridad en algunas partes de Darfur, incluidas las violaciones de la cesación del fuego, los ataques de grupos rebeldes, los bombardeos aéreos realizados por el Gobierno del Sudán, los enfrentamientos entre tribus y los ataques contra el personal humanitario y el personal de mantenimiento de la paz, que han restringido el acceso humanitario a las zonas de conflicto donde vive la población civil vulnerable, como se indica en el informe del Secretario General, y el desplazamiento de decenas de miles de civiles, y exhortando a todas las partes a que pongan fin a las hostilidades, incluidos todos los actos de violencia cometidos contra la población civil, y faciliten con urgencia un acceso humanitario irrestricto,",
"Expresando su preocupación por el retorno de las hostilidades entre el Gobierno del Sudán y la facción Minni Minawi del Ejército de Liberación del Sudán, así como por la persistencia de las hostilidades entre el Gobierno del Sudán y la facción Abdul Wahid del Ejército de Liberación del Sudán, y el Movimiento por la Justicia y la Igualdad, y reiterando que no puede haber una solución militar al conflicto de Darfur y que un acuerdo político inclusivo es esencial para restablecer la paz,",
"Reiterando su condena de todas las violaciones de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos y del derecho internacional humanitario cometidas en Darfur y en relación con Darfur, exhortando a todas las partes a que cumplan las obligaciones que les incumben en virtud de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos y del derecho internacional humanitario, poniendo de relieve la necesidad de hacer comparecer ante la justicia a los autores de tales crímenes e instando al Gobierno del Sudán a que cumpla sus obligaciones a este respecto,",
"Reafirmando su preocupación por los efectos negativos de la violencia reinante en Darfur para la estabilidad del Sudán en su conjunto, así como la de la región, acogiendo con beneplácito el mejoramiento de las relaciones entre el Sudán y el Chad, así como el despliegue de una fuerza conjunta, incluidas fuerzas de la República Centroafricana bajo mando conjunto a lo largo de la frontera, y alentando al Sudán, al Chad y a la República Centroafricana a seguir cooperando a fin de lograr la paz y la estabilidad en Darfur y en toda la región,",
"Expresando preocupación por los supuestos vínculos existentes entre movimientos armados de Darfur y grupos fuera de Darfur,",
"Habiendo determinado que la situación en el Sudán constituye una amenaza para la paz y la seguridad internacionales,",
"1. Decide prorrogar el mandato de la UNAMID establecido en la resolución 1769 (2007) por otros 12 meses, hasta el 31 de julio de 2012;",
"2. Acoge con beneplácito la intención del Secretario General de examinar, en consulta con la Unión Africana, el personal uniformado necesario para la UNAMID a fin de garantizar la aplicación más eficiente y eficaz del mandato de la misión, y solicita al Secretario General que le informe sobre esta cuestión en el marco establecido en el párrafo 13 y a más tardar 180 días después de la aprobación de la presente resolución;",
"3. Subraya la necesidad de que la UNAMID aproveche al máximo su mandato y capacidades, dando prioridad en las decisiones sobre el uso de la capacidad y los recursos disponibles a a) la protección de los civiles en todo Darfur, incluso mediante el despliegue proactivo y patrullas en zonas de alto riesgo de conflicto, brindando protección a los campamentos de desplazados internos y las zonas adyacentes, y la aplicación de una estrategia de alerta temprana en toda la misión y la consiguiente capacidad y b) a garantizar el acceso humanitario seguro, oportuno y sin trabas, y la seguridad del personal humanitario y las actividades humanitarias, a fin de facilitar la prestación sin obstáculos de asistencia humanitaria en todo Darfur; y solicita a la UNAMID que maximice el uso de sus capacidades, en colaboración con el equipo de las Naciones Unidas en el país y otros agentes internacionales y no gubernamentales, en el cumplimiento de su estrategia global para toda la misión en pos del logro de esos objetivos;",
"4. Reafirma la importancia de promover el proceso político y de paz para Darfur dirigido por la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas, y acoge con beneplácito la prioridad que se da a los continuos esfuerzos de la UNAMID para apoyar y complementar esta labor de acuerdo con los párrafos 6, 7 y 8, y acoge con beneplácito los esfuerzos del Grupo de Alto Nivel de la UA para el Sudán a este respecto;",
"5. Pone de relieve el mandato de la UNAMID establecido conforme al Capítulo VII, como se lo define en la resolución 1769, para que desempeñe sus tareas fundamentales de proteger a los civiles, sin perjuicio de la responsabilidad primordial del Gobierno del Sudán y de garantizar la libertad de circulación y la seguridad del propio personal de la UNAMID y los trabajadores humanitarios;",
"6. Exige que todas las partes en el conflicto, incluidos todos los movimientos armados se comprometan de inmediato y sin condiciones previas a hacer todo lo posible para llegar a una cesación permanente del fuego y un acuerdo de paz general sobre la base del Documento de Doha para la paz en Darfur, a fin de crear una paz estable y duradera en la región;",
"7. Reconoce, en ese contexto, el posible papel complementario de un proceso político con base en Darfur, dirigido por la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas; exhorta al Gobierno del Sudán y a los movimientos armados a que contribuyan a crear el entorno propicio necesario para un proceso de paz con base en Darfur que permita la participación sistemática y sostenida de todos los interesados de Darfur en un diálogo constructivo y abierto; observa que, a pesar de algunos avances positivos en el proceso de paz, aún faltan elementos importantes del entorno propicio necesario para un proceso político con base en Darfur, incluidos, sin excluir otros, el respeto de los derechos civiles y políticos de los participantes, para que puedan ejercer sus opiniones sin temor a represalias, la libertad de expresión y de reunión para permitir la celebración de consultas abiertas, la libertad de circulación de los participantes y la UNAMID, la participación proporcional de los habitantes de Darfur, la protección del hostigamiento, la detención arbitraria, la intimidación y la injerencia del Gobierno y de los movimientos armados;",
"8. Solicita al Secretario General que incluya en sus informes periódicos a que se refiere el párrafo 13 evaluaciones de los elementos establecidos en el párrafo 7 para que el Consejo, teniendo en cuenta las opiniones de la Unión Africana, determine la participación ulterior de la UNAMID en el apoyo al proceso político con base en Darfur;",
"9. Acoge con beneplácito la intención del Secretario General de elaborar una hoja de ruta para el proceso de paz de Darfur, y solicita al Secretario General, en este sentido, que trabaje en estrecha consulta con la Unión Africana, y que consulte asimismo, cuando proceda, a todas las partes interesadas del Sudán y al Comité de Seguimiento de la Aplicación de los Acuerdos de Darfur, y teniendo en cuenta los párrafos 6, 7 y 8, y solicita al Secretario General que le informe acerca de la hoja de ruta en su próximo informe de 90 días;",
"10. Encomia la contribución realizada a la UNAMID por los países que aportan contingentes y fuerzas de policía y los donantes; condena enérgicamente todos los ataques contra la UNAMID; subraya que cualquier ataque o amenaza de ataque contra la UNAMID es inaceptable; exige que no se reiteren esos ataques; destaca la necesidad de aumentar la seguridad y protección del personal de la UNAMID, así como la necesidad de poner fin a la impunidad de los que atacan a las fuerzas de mantenimiento de la paz, y en este sentido insta al Gobierno del Sudán a que haga todo lo posible para llevar a los autores de esos delitos ante la justicia;",
"11. Encomia la sólida labor del mecanismo tripartito, pero expresa profunda preocupación por las constantes restricciones impuestas a los movimientos y operaciones de la UNAMID, particularmente en las zonas del conflicto reciente; exhorta a todas las partes en Darfur a que eliminen todos los obstáculos para el cumplimiento pleno y apropiado del mandato de la UNAMID, incluso velando por su seguridad y libertad de circulación; y en este sentido, exige que el Gobierno del Sudán cumpla plenamente y sin demora con el acuerdo sobre el estatuto de las fuerzas, en particular con respecto a las autorizaciones de vuelo y equipos, la eliminación de todos los obstáculos para el uso de los aviones de la UNAMID, y el suministro oportuno de visados para el personal de la UNAMID; deplora las constantes demoras en la entrega de esos visados, que amenazan seriamente con socavar la capacidad de la misión para cumplir su mandato, e insta al Gobierno del Sudán a que cumpla su compromiso ponderable de tramitar todas las solicitudes de visados pendientes; y expresa profunda preocupación por el hecho de que el Gobierno del Sudán haya detenido a funcionarios nacionales de la UNAMID en contravención del acuerdo sobre el estatuto de las fuerzas, y exige que el Gobierno del Sudán respete los derechos del personal de la UNAMID conforme a dicho acuerdo;",
"12. Exige que se dé a la UNAMID licencia para la utilización de su propio transmisor de radio, con arreglo a las disposiciones del acuerdo sobre el estatuto de las fuerzas, para que pueda comunicarse libremente con todas las partes interesadas de Darfur;",
"13. Solicita al Secretario General que lo siga informando cada 90 días sobre los progresos realizados en el cumplimiento del mandato de la UNAMID en todo Darfur, incluidos los progresos realizados con respecto a la aplicación de la estrategia a que se hace referencia en el párrafo 3, y los obstáculos que la impiden, y que incluya asimismo una evaluación de los progresos con respecto a los parámetros e indicadores establecidos en el anexo II del informe del Secretario General, de 16 de noviembre de 2009, a la seguridad y la situación humanitaria, incluidos los emplazamientos de desplazados internos y los campamentos de refugiados, los derechos humanos, las violaciones del derecho internacional humanitario y las normas internacionales de derechos humanos, y la recuperación inicial y el cumplimiento por todas las partes de sus obligaciones internacionales;",
"14. Exige que todas las partes en el conflicto de Darfur pongan fin de inmediato a la violencia, los ataques contra la población civil, el personal de mantenimiento de la paz y el personal humanitario, y cumplan las obligaciones que les incumben en virtud del derecho internacional humanitario y las normas internacionales de derechos humanos; afirma, en este contexto, la condena del Consejo de las violaciones graves del derecho internacional humanitario y las normas internacionales de derechos humanos; pide la cesación inmediata de las hostilidades y que todas las partes se comprometan a aplicar una cesación del fuego sostenida y permanente; solicita al Secretario General que consulte a las partes interesadas con miras a establecer un mecanismo más eficaz de vigilancia de la cesación del fuego; y subraya la necesidad de que la UNAMID informe de los casos de violencia más importantes que obstaculicen los esfuerzos plenos y constructivos de las partes en favor de la paz;",
"15. Expresa su seria preocupación por el deterioro de la situación humanitaria en algunas zonas de Darfur, las amenazas constantes a las organizaciones humanitarias y la restricción del acceso humanitario a Darfur como consecuencia de la mayor inseguridad, los ataques contra los trabajadores humanitarios y la denegación de acceso por las partes en el conflicto, pide que se aplique plenamente el comunicado del Gobierno del Sudán y las Naciones Unidas sobre la facilitación de las actividades humanitarias en Darfur, entre otros aspectos en lo que respecta a la concesión oportuna de visados y permisos de viaje a las organizaciones humanitarias; y exige que el Gobierno del Sudán, todos los grupos armados y milicias y todos los demás interesados garanticen el acceso pleno, seguro y sin trabas de las organizaciones humanitarias y el personal de socorro, y la prestación de asistencia humanitaria a la población necesitada, y recalca la importancia de que se respeten los principios de neutralidad, imparcialidad e independencia en la prestación de asistencia humanitaria;",
"16. Condena las violaciones de los derechos humanos en Darfur y en relación con Darfur, incluidos las detenciones y los arrestos arbitrarios, expresa profunda preocupación por la situación de las personas detenidas de esa manera, incluidos miembros de la sociedad civil y desplazados internos, y pone de relieve la importancia de asegurar la capacidad de la UNAMID, en el marco de su mandato actual, y de otras organizaciones pertinentes para vigilar ese tipo de casos; exhorta al Gobierno del Sudán a que cumpla plenamente sus obligaciones y a que, en este sentido, entre otras cosas, cumpla su compromiso de levantar el estado de excepción en Darfur, ponga en libertad a todos los presos políticos, permita la libertad de expresión y procure efectivamente que quienquiera que haya perpetrado violaciones graves de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos y del derecho internacional humanitario tenga que rendir cuentas de sus actos, y pone de relieve la importancia de que la UNAMID, en aras de promover los derechos humanos, señale las transgresiones a la atención de las autoridades e informe de las violaciones graves al Consejo de Seguridad;",
"17. Observa que el conflicto en una zona del Sudán afecta a otras zonas del Sudán y a la región en general, e insta a que se mantenga una estrecha coordinación entre las misiones de las Naciones Unidas en la región, incluidas la UNAMID, la Fuerza Provisional de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas para Abyei (UNISFA) y la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Sudán del Sur (UNMISS), y solicita al Secretario General que asegure la cooperación eficaz entre misiones;",
"18. Destaca la importancia de alcanzar soluciones dignas y duraderas para los refugiados y los desplazados internos y de asegurar su participación plena en la planificación y gestión de esas soluciones, exige que todas las partes en el conflicto de Darfur establezcan condiciones conducentes al regreso voluntario, seguro, digno y sostenible de los refugiados y los desplazados internos, o su integración local; hace notar las noticias potencialmente alentadoras sobre el regreso voluntario de algunos desplazados internos a sus aldeas y localidades de origen, a las que se hace referencia en el informe del Secretario General, destaca la importancia del mecanismo conjunto de verificación para comprobar que las personas que regresan lo hagan de forma voluntaria y expresa profunda preocupación por los obstáculos burocráticos que socavan su eficacia e independencia;",
"19. Observa que la seguridad y la libertad de circulación facilitarán mucho las actividades de recuperación inicial y el regreso a la normalidad en Darfur; destaca la importancia de los esfuerzos de recuperación inicial en Darfur cuando las intervenciones son adecuadas y, a este respecto, alienta a la UNAMID a que, en el marco de su mandato actual, facilite la labor del equipo de las Naciones Unidas en el país y de los organismos expertos en lo tocante a la recuperación y reconstrucción iniciales de Darfur, por medios como el establecimiento de la seguridad en la zona; y exhorta a todas las partes a que permitan el acceso sin trabas y al Gobierno del Sudán a que levante todas las restricciones de acceso, a que trate de resolver las causas profundas de la crisis de Darfur y a que incremente la inversión en las actividades de recuperación inicial;",
"20. Encomia los resultados de la Conferencia Internacional sobre el agua en Darfur, celebrada en Jartum los días 27 y 28 de junio de 2011, como medida para lograr la paz sostenible, y exhorta a la UNAMID, de conformidad con su mandato, y a todos los demás organismos de las Naciones Unidas, en particular el UNICEF, el PNUD y el PNUMA, así como a los agentes y los donantes internacionales, a que cumplan los compromisos que asumieron en esa conferencia;",
"21. Expresa profunda preocupación por la persistencia de los conflictos y la violencia localizados y su efecto en la población civil, si bien, en este contexto, observa una reducción de los enfrentamientos entre tribus y exhorta a todas las partes a que pongan fin a este tipo de enfrentamientos y traten de lograr la reconciliación; expresa profunda preocupación por la proliferación de armas, en particular armas pequeñas y armas ligeras, y, a este respecto, solicita a la UNAMID que siga apoyando los mecanismos locales de solución de conflictos, que vigile la posible presencia de armas o material conexo en Darfur, en cumplimiento de su mandato, enunciado en el párrafo 9 de la resolución 1769 (2007), y, en este contexto, siga cooperando con el Grupo de Expertos establecido en virtud de la resolución 1591 (2005) con el fin de facilitar su labor;",
"22. Exige que las partes en el conflicto adopten de inmediato medidas apropiadas para proteger a los civiles, sobre todo a las mujeres y los niños, contra toda forma de violencia sexual, de conformidad con la resolución 1820 (2008); y solicita a la UNAMID que presente un informe sobre la violencia sexual y la violencia basada en el género, así como que evalúe los progresos alcanzados en la eliminación de estos tipos de violencia, y pone de relieve además la necesidad de incluir la protección de las mujeres y los niños contra la violencia sexual y la violencia basada en el género en la estrategia para proteger a los civiles en toda la misión mencionada en el párrafo 3 de la presente resolución, y solicita al Secretario General que asegure que la UNAMID aplique las disposiciones pertinentes de las resoluciones 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) y 1960 (2010), incluidas las relativas a la participación de las mujeres mediante el nombramiento de asesores en materia de protección de las mujeres, y que se refiera a ello cuando informe al Consejo;",
"23. Solicita al Secretario General que asegure a) la vigilancia constante de la situación de los niños y la presentación de información al respecto en los informes mencionados en el párrafo 13, y b) la continuación del diálogo con las partes en el conflicto al objeto de preparar planes de acción con plazos precisos para poner fin al reclutamiento y la utilización de niños soldados y otras violaciones del derecho internacional humanitario y de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos en relación con la infancia;",
"24. Solicita al Secretario General que examine y actualice periódicamente el concepto de las operaciones y las normas de intervención de la UNAMID de conformidad con el mandato de la misión, establecido en las resoluciones pertinentes del Consejo de Seguridad, y que, como parte de los informes mencionados en el párrafo 13 de la presente resolución, informe al respecto al Consejo de Seguridad y a los países que aportan contingentes;",
"25. Decide seguir ocupándose de la cuestión."
] | [
"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: draft resolution",
"The Security Council,",
"Reaffirming all its previous resolutions and presidential statements concerning the situation in Sudan and underlining the importance of full compliance with these,",
"Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, unity, independence and territorial integrity of Sudan and its determination to work with the Government of Sudan, in full respect of its sovereignty, to assist in tackling the various challenges in Sudan,",
"Recalling also its previous resolutions 1674 (2006) and 1894 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, which reaffirm, inter alia, the relevant provisions of the United Nations World Summit outcome document; 1612 (2005) 1882 (2009), and 1998 (2011) on children and armed conflict; 1502 (2003) on the protection of humanitarian and United Nations personnel, and 1325 (2000) and associated resolutions on women, peace and security and children and armed conflict,",
"Recalling its resolutions reaffirming that there can be no peace without justice, and recalling the importance that the Council attaches to ending impunity and to ensuring justice for crimes committed in Darfur,",
"Bearing in mind the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951 and its additional protocol of 16 December 1966, along with the 1969 Convention of the Organization of African Unity governing the specific aspects of refugee problems in Africa, as well as the African Union Convention of 29 October 2009, on the Protection of and Assistance to of internally displaced persons in Africa,",
"Recalling the report on Children and Armed Conflict in Sudan dated 10 February 2009 (S/2009/84), including its recommendations, and recalling the conclusions endorsed by the Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict in Sudan (S/AC.51/2009/5), and recalling the report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict in Sudan dated 5 July 2011 (S/2001/413),",
"Expressing its strong commitment and determination to support the African Union (AU)-UN Darfur peace process hosted by the State of Qatar, and deploring the fact that some groups continue to refuse to join this process and strongly urging them to do so without further delay or preconditions,",
"Welcoming the outcome of the 31 May 2011 All Darfur Stakeholders Conference (ADSC), and the signature on 14 July of the Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement (LJM) on the adoption of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD) as a important step forward in the peace process, and as a basis for consultations on an impartial DPP held in the necessary enabling environment, and calling on the Government of Sudan and all the armed movements to make every effort to reach a comprehensive peace settlement on the basis of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, and to agree a permanent ceasefire without delay,",
"Welcoming the establishment of the Implementation Follow-up Committee (IFC), chaired by the State of Qatar, and Qatar’s continued engagement with the AU and the UN to support an internationally facilitated Darfur peace process, including the Government of Sudan and all the armed movements; encouraging the AU and the UN actively to pursue their efforts,",
"Underlining, without prejudice to the Security Council’s primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, the importance of the partnership between the UN and the AU, consistent with Chapter VIII of the UN Charter, with regard to the maintenance of peace and security in Africa, particularly in Sudan, and welcoming, in particular, the efforts of the AU High Level Implementation Panel for Sudan under the leadership of President Mbeki working in cooperation with UNAMID, to address in a comprehensive and inclusive manner the challenges of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur,",
"Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General of 08 July (S/2011/422) on UNAMID,",
"Stressing the need for the Council to pursue a rigorous, strategic approach to peacekeeping deployments, with a view to enhancing the effectiveness of peacekeeping missions; welcoming and further encouraging the increasingly full implementation by UNAMID of its Chapter VII mandate, and underlining, in this regard, the importance of addressing the requirement for UNAMID to be able to deter threats to the implementation of its mandate, and the safety and security of its peacekeeping personnel in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations,",
"Expressing deep concern at the deteriorating security situation in some parts of Darfur, including ceasefire violations, attacks by rebel groups, aerial bombardment by the Government of Sudan, inter-tribal fighting, attacks on humanitarian personnel and peacekeepers, which have restricted humanitarian access to conflict areas where vulnerable civilian populations reside, as contained in the report in the Secretary-General, and the displacement of tens of thousands of civilians, and calling on all parties to cease hostilities, including all acts of violence committed against civilians, and urgently facilitate unhindered humanitarian access,",
"Expressing its concern at the return to hostilities between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Army, Minni Minawi faction (SLA/MM), and the ongoing hostilities between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Army, Abdul Wahid faction (SLA/AW), and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), and reiterating that there can be no military solution to the conflict in Darfur, and that an inclusive political settlement is essential to re-establishing peace,",
"Reiterating its condemnation of all violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in Darfur and in relation to Darfur, calling on all parties to comply with their obligations under international human rights and humanitarian law, emphasizing the need to bring to justice the perpetrators of such crimes, and urging the Government of Sudan to comply with its obligations in this respect,",
"Reaffirming its concern over the negative effect of the ongoing violence in Darfur on the stability of Sudan as a whole as well as the region, welcoming improved relations between Sudan and Chad, as well as the deployment of a joint force, including forces from the Central African Republic (CAR) under a joint command along the border, and encouraging Sudan, Chad and CAR to continue to co-operate in order to achieve peace and stability in Darfur and the wider region,",
"Expressing concern about alleged links between armed movements in Darfur and groups outside Darfur,",
"Determining that the situation in Sudan constitutes a threat to international peace and security,",
"1. Decides to extend the mandate of UNAMID as set out in resolution 1769 (2007) for a further 12 months to 31 July 2012;",
"2. Welcomes the Secretary-General’s intention to review, in consultation with the African Union, the uniformed personnel required for UNAMID to ensure the most efficient and effective implementation of the mission’s mandate, and requests the Secretary-General to report on this issue within the framework set out in paragraph 13 and no later than 180 days from the adoption of this resolution;",
"3. Underlines the need for UNAMID to make full use of its mandate and capabilities, giving priority in decisions about the use of available capacity and resources to (a) the protection of civilians across Darfur, including through proactive deployment and patrols in areas at high risk of conflict, securing IDP camps and adjacent areas, and implementation of a mission-wide early warning strategy and capacity and (b) ensuring safe, timely and unhindered humanitarian access, and the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and humanitarian activities, so as to facilitate the unimpeded delivery of humanitarian assistance throughout Darfur; and requests UNAMID to maximise the use of its capabilities, in cooperation with the UN Country Team and other international and non governmental actors, in the implementation of its mission-wide comprehensive strategy for the achievement of these objectives;",
"4. Reaffirms the importance of promoting the AU-UN led peace and political process for Darfur, and welcomes the priority given to UNAMID’s continuing efforts to support and complement this work in accordance with paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 below, and welcomes the efforts of the AU High Level Panel for Sudan in this regard;",
"5. Emphasizes UNAMID’s Chapter VII mandate, as defined in resolution 1769, to deliver its core tasks to protect civilians without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Government of Sudan and to ensure the freedom of movement and security of UNAMID’s own personnel and humanitarian workers;",
"6. Demands that all parties to the conflict, including all armed movements engage immediately and without preconditions to make every effort to reach a permanent ceasefire and a comprehensive peace settlement on the basis of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD), in order to bring a stable and durable peace to the region;",
"7. Recognizes, in this context, the potential complementary role of a Darfur-based Political Process (DPP) led by the AU and the UN; calls on the Government of Sudan and the armed movements to contribute to the creation of the necessary enabling environment for a DPP that allows the systematic and sustained engagement of all Darfurian stakeholders in constructive and open dialogue; notes that, despite some positive developments in the peace process, important elements of the necessary enabling environment for a DPP, including but not limited to respect for the civil and political rights of participants, such that they can exercise their views without fear of retribution, freedom of speech and assembly to permit open consultations, freedom of movement of participants and UNAMID, proportional participation among Darfurians, freedom from harassment, arbitrary arrest, and intimidation, and freedom from interference by the Government or the armed movements, are not yet in place;",
"8. Requests the Secretary-General to include in his regular reports referred to in paragraph 13 below, assessments of the elements set out in paragraph 7 above to enable the Council, taking into account the views of the AU, to determine UNAMID’s further engagement in support of the DPP;",
"9. Welcomes the Secretary-General’s intention to develop a roadmap for the Darfur peace process, and requests the Secretary-General, in this regard, to work in close consultation with the AU, also consulting, as appropriate, all Sudanese stakeholders and the Implementation Follow-up Committee (IFC), and taking into account paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 above, and requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council on the roadmap in his next 90-day report;",
"10. Commends the contribution of troop and police contributing countries and donors to UNAMID; strongly condemns all attacks on UNAMID; underlines that any attack or threat of attack on UNAMID is unacceptable; demands that there be no recurrence of such attacks, stresses the need to enhance the safety and security of UNAMID personnel, as well as the need to bring an end to impunity for those who attack peacekeepers, and in this regard urges the Government of Sudan to do its utmost to bring the perpetrators of any such crimes to justice;",
"11. Commends the credible work of the Tripartite Mechanism but expresses deep concern at continuing restrictions placed upon UNAMID movement and operations, particularly to areas of recent conflict; calls on all parties in Darfur to remove all obstacles to UNAMID’s full and proper discharge of its mandate, including by ensuring its security and freedom of movement; and in this regard, demands that the Government of Sudan comply with the Status of Forces Agreement fully and without delay, particularly regarding flight and equipment clearances, the removal of all obstacles to the use of UNAMID aerial assets, and the timely provision of visas for UNAMID personnel; deplores the continued delays in the provision of such visas, which threaten seriously to undermine the ability of the mission to implement its mandate and urges the Government of Sudan to deliver on its welcome commitment to clear the backlog of visa applications; and expresses deep concern that UNAMID national staff members were detained by the Government of Sudan in violation of the Status of Forces Agreement, and demands that the Government of Sudan respect the rights of UNAMID personnel under the SOFA;",
"12. Demands that UNAMID be given a licence for its own radio transmitter in line with the provisions of the Status of Forces Agreement, so that it can communicate freely with all Darfuri stakeholders;",
"13. Requests the Secretary-General to continue reporting to the Council every 90 days on progress made towards implementing UNAMID’s mandate across Darfur, including on progress towards and obstacles to the implementation of the strategy referred to in paragraph 3 above, also including an assessment of progress against the benchmarks and indicators set out in Annex II of the report of the Secretary-General of 16 November 2009 as well, the security and humanitarian situation, including in the IDP sites and refugee camps, human rights, violations of international humanitarian and human rights law, and early recovery and all parties compliance with their international obligations;",
"14. Demands that all parties to the conflict in Darfur immediately end violence, attacks on civilians, peacekeepers and humanitarian personnel, and comply with their obligations under international human rights and humanitarian law; affirms, in this context, the Council’s condemnation of serious violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law; calls for an immediate cessation of hostilities and for all parties to commit themselves to a sustained and permanent ceasefire; requests the Secretary-General to consult with relevant parties with a view to developing a more effective ceasefire monitoring mechanism; and underlines the need for UNAMID to report on major instances of violence which undermines the parties’ full and constructive efforts towards peace;",
"15. Expresses its serious concern at the deterioration of the humanitarian situation in some parts of Darfur, the continued threats to humanitarian organisations, and the restricted humanitarian access in Darfur resulting from increased insecurity, attacks against humanitarian workers, denial of access by the parties to the conflict, calls for the full implementation of the Communiqué between the Government of Sudan and the United Nations on Facilitation of Humanitarian Activities in Darfur, including regarding the timely issuance of visas and travel permits for humanitarian organisations; and demands that the Government of Sudan, all militias, armed groups and all other stakeholders ensure the full, safe and unhindered access of humanitarian organizations and relief personnel and the delivery of humanitarian assistance to populations in need and underscores the importance of upholding the principles of neutrality, impartiality and independence in the provision of humanitarian assistance;",
"16. Condemns human rights violations in, and relating to, Darfur, including arbitrary arrests and detentions, expresses deep concern about the situation of all those so detained, including civil society members and IDPs, and emphasizes the importance of ensuring UNAMID, within its current mandate, and other relevant organisations’ ability to monitor such cases; calls on the Government of Sudan fully to respect its obligations, including by fulfilling its commitment to lift the state of emergency in Darfur, releasing all political prisoners, allowing free expression and undertaking effective efforts to ensure accountability for serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, by whomsoever perpetrated, and emphasizes the importance of UNAMID acting to promote human rights, bring abuses to the attention of the authorities, and to report gross violations to the Security Council;",
"17. Notes that conflict in one area of Sudan affects other areas of Sudan and the wider region; and urges close co-ordination among UN missions in the region, including UNAMID, the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) and the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), and requests the Secretary-General to ensure effective inter-mission cooperation;",
"18. Stresses the importance of achieving dignified and durable solutions for refugees and internally displaced persons, and of ensuring their full participation in the planning and management of these solutions, demands that all parties to the conflict in Darfur create the conditions conducive to allowing the voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced persons or their local integration; notes potentially encouraging reports of some voluntary returns of IDPs to their villages and places of origin, as indicated in the report of the Secretary-General, stresses the importance of the Joint Verification Mechanism in verifying the voluntariness of returns and expresses deep concern over some bureaucratic obstacles that undermine its effectiveness and independence;",
"19. Notes that security and freedom of movement will greatly facilitate early recovery initiatives and a return to normalcy in Darfur; stresses the importance of early recovery efforts in Darfur when such interventions are suitable, and in this respect encourages UNAMID, within its current mandate, to facilitate the work of the UN Country Team and expert agencies on early recovery and reconstruction in Darfur, inter alia through the provision of area security; calls on all parties to provide unhindered access and on the Government of Sudan to lift all access restrictions, work to resolve the root causes of the Darfur crisis and to increase investment in early recovery activity;",
"20. Commends the outcome of the Darfur International Conference on water held in Khartoum on 27 and 28 June 2011 as a step towards sustainable peace, and calls on UNAMID, where consistent with its mandate, and all other UN agencies in particular UNICEF, UNDP, UNEP, as well as international actors and donors to meet their commitments made in that conference;",
"21. Expresses deep concern over the persistent localized conflicts and violence and their effect on civilians, but, in this context, notes a reduction in inter tribal clashes and calls on all parties to put an end to such clashes and to pursue reconciliation; expresses deep concern over the proliferation of arms, in particular small arms and light weapons, and, in this regard, requests UNAMID to continue to support local conflict resolution mechanisms, to monitor whether any arms or related material are present in Darfur in accordance with its mandate as set out in paragraph 9 of resolution 1769, and in this context, to continue to cooperate with the Panel of Experts established by resolution 1591 (2005) in order to facilitate their work;",
"22. Demands that the parties to the conflict immediately take appropriate measures to protect civilians, including women and children, from all forms of sexual violence, in line with resolution 1820 (2008); and requests UNAMID to report on sexual and gender based violence, as well as to assess progress towards the elimination of sexual and gender-based violence, and further emphasizes the need to include protection to women and children from sexual violence and gender based violence, as part of the mission-wide Protection of Civilians strategy identified in paragraph 3 above, and requests the Secretary-General to ensure that the relevant provisions of resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) are implemented by UNAMID, including the participation of women through the appointment of women protection advisors, and to include information on this in his reporting to the Council;",
"23. Requests the Secretary-General to ensure (a) continued monitoring and reporting, as part of the reports referred to in paragraph 13 above, of the situation of children and (b) continued dialogue with the parties to the conflict towards the preparation of time bound action plans to end the recruitment and use of child soldiers and other violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law against children;",
"24. Requests the Secretary-General periodically to review and update the concept of operations and rules of engagement of UNAMID in line with the mission’s mandate under relevant Security Council resolutions and to report, as part of the reports referred to in paragraph 13 above, on this to the Security Council and troop-contributing countries;",
"25. Decides to remain seized of the matter."
] | S_2011_471 | [
"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: draft resolution",
"The Security Council,",
"Reaffirming all its previous resolutions and statements of its President concerning the situation in the Sudan and stressing the importance of their full implementation,",
"Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, unity, independence and territorial integrity of the Sudan and its determination to cooperate with the Government of the Sudan, fully respecting its sovereignty, in order to help resolve the various challenges facing the Sudan,",
"Recalling also its resolutions 1674 (2006) and 1894 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, reaffirming, inter alia, the relevant provisions of the Final Document of the United Nations World Summit; 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011) on children and armed conflict; 1502 (2003) on the protection of humanitarian and United Nations personnel, and 1325 (2000) and related resolutions on women,",
"Recalling its resolutions reaffirming that there can be no peace without justice and recalling the importance attached by the Council to ending impunity and ensuring justice for crimes committed in Darfur,",
"Bearing in mind the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951 and its additional protocol of 16 December 1966, as well as the Organization of African Unity Convention regulating the specific aspects of refugee problems in Africa of 1969 and the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa of 29 October 2009,",
"Recalling the report on children and armed conflict in the Sudan of 10 February 2009 (S/2009/84), including its recommendations, and recalling the conclusions endorsed by the Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict in the Sudan (S/AC.51/2009/5), as well as the report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in the Sudan of 5 July 2011 (S/2001/413),",
"Expressing its firm commitment and determination to support the Darfur peace process led by the African Union and the United Nations and sponsored by the State of Qatar, and deploring the fact that some groups continue to refuse to join this process and urging them to do so without further delay or prior conditions,",
"Welcoming the outcome document of the Conference of all Darfur stakeholders of 31 May 2011 and the signing on 14 July of the Agreement between the Government of the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement on the adoption of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur as an important step forward in the peace process and as a basis for consultations on an impartial peace process held in the necessary enabling environment, and calling upon the Government of the Sudan and all armed movements to move to Darfur",
"Welcoming the establishment of the Darfur Implementation Follow-up Committee, chaired by the State of Qatar, and the continued engagement of Qatar with the African Union and the United Nations to support a peace process in Darfur through international mediation, including the Government of the Sudan and all armed movements, and encouraging the African Union and the United Nations to actively pursue their efforts,",
"Underlining, without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security, the importance of collaboration between the United Nations and the African Union, in accordance with Chapter VIII of the Charter of the United Nations, with regard to the maintenance of peace and security in Africa, in particular in the Sudan, and welcoming, in particular, the efforts of the African Union High-level Panel on Peace",
"Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General of 8 July (S/2011/422) on UNAMID,",
"Stressing the need for the Council to continue to pursue a rigorous and strategic approach to peacekeeping deployments in order to enhance the efficiency of peacekeeping missions; welcoming and further encouraging the fuller implementation of the mandate of UNAMID under Chapter VII, and underlining in this regard the importance of addressing the need for UNAMID to be in a position to meet the United Nations peacekeeping mandate,",
"Expressing deep concern at the deteriorating security situation in some parts of Darfur, including violations of the ceasefire, attacks by rebel groups, aerial bombardments by the Government of the Sudan, inter-tribe clashes and attacks on humanitarian personnel and peacekeepers, which have restricted humanitarian access to areas of conflict where the vulnerable civilian population lives, as indicated in the report of the Secretary-General, and the displacement of civilians",
"Expressing its concern at the return of hostilities between the Government of the Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Army Minni Minawi faction, as well as the persistence of hostilities between the Government of the Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Army Abdul Wahid faction and the Justice and Equality Movement, and reiterating that there cannot be a military solution to the Darfur conflict and that an inclusive political agreement is essential to restoring peace,",
"Reiterating its condemnation of all violations of international human rights and international humanitarian law in Darfur and in relation to Darfur, calling upon all parties to comply with their obligations under international human rights and international humanitarian law, emphasizing the need to bring to justice the perpetrators of such crimes and urging the Government of the Sudan to fulfil its obligations in this regard,",
"Reaffirming its concern at the negative impact of the violence in Darfur on the stability of the Sudan as a whole, as well as that of the region, welcoming the improvement of relations between the Sudan and Chad, as well as the deployment of a joint force, including forces of the Central African Republic under joint command along the border, and encouraging the Sudan, Chad and the Central African Republic to continue to cooperate in order to achieve peace and stability in Darfur,",
"Expressing concern at the alleged links between armed movements in Darfur and groups outside Darfur,",
"Determining that the situation in the Sudan constitutes a threat to international peace and security,",
"1. Decides to extend the mandate of UNAMID established in resolution 1769 (2007) for a further 12 months, until 31 July 2012;",
"2. Welcomes the intention of the Secretary-General to review, in consultation with the African Union, the uniformed personnel required for UNAMID in order to ensure the most efficient and effective implementation of the mandate of the mission, and requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly on this matter within the framework set out in paragraph 13 and no later than 180 days after the adoption of the present resolution;",
"3. Stresses the need for UNAMID to maximize its mandate and capabilities, giving priority to decisions on the use of available capacities and resources to (a) the protection of civilians throughout Darfur, including through proactive deployment and patrols in high-risk areas of conflict, providing protection to IDP camps and adjacent areas, and the implementation of an early warning strategy throughout the mission, and the consequent capacity to ensure timely access,",
"4. Reaffirms the importance of promoting the political and peace process for Darfur led by the African Union and the United Nations, and welcomes the priority given to the continued efforts of UNAMID to support and complement this work in accordance with paragraphs 6, 7 and 8, and welcomes the efforts of the AU High-level Panel for the Sudan in this regard;",
"5. Emphasizes the mandate of UNAMID established under Chapter VII, as defined in resolution 1769, to carry out its fundamental tasks of protecting civilians, without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Government of the Sudan and ensuring the freedom of movement and security of UNAMID and humanitarian workers themselves;",
"6. Demands that all parties to the conflict, including all armed movements, commit immediately and without preconditions to make every effort to reach a permanent ceasefire and a comprehensive peace agreement on the basis of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, in order to create a stable and lasting peace in the region;",
"7. Recognizes, in this context, the possible complementary role of a Darfur-based political process led by the African Union and the United Nations; calls upon the Government of the Sudan and armed movements to contribute to the creation of the enabling environment for a Darfur-based peace process that would allow the systematic and sustained participation of all Darfur stakeholders in a constructive and open dialogue; notes that, despite some positive developments in the peace process, there is still a need for significant elements of the political environment",
"8. Requests the Secretary-General to include in his periodic reports referred to in paragraph 13 assessments of the elements set out in paragraph 7 for the Council, taking into account the views of the African Union, to determine the further involvement of UNAMID in supporting the Darfur-based political process;",
"9. Welcomes the intention of the Secretary-General to develop a road map for the Darfur peace process, and requests the Secretary-General, in this regard, to work in close consultation with the African Union, and to consult also, where appropriate, all interested parties in the Sudan and the Follow-up Committee on the Implementation of the Darfur Accords, and taking into account paragraphs 6, 7 and 8, and requests the Secretary-General to report on the road map in his next 90 days;",
"10. Commends the contribution made to UNAMID by troop- and police-contributing countries and donors; strongly condemns all attacks against UNAMID; stresses that any attack or threat of attack against UNAMID is unacceptable; demands that such attacks not be repeated; stresses the need to increase the security and protection of UNAMID personnel, as well as the need to end impunity for those who attack the peace-keeping forces, and in this regard urges the perpetrators of such crimes",
"11. Commends the robust work of the tripartite mechanism, but expresses deep concern at the continuing restrictions on the movements and operations of UNAMID, particularly in the areas of the recent conflict; calls upon all parties in Darfur to remove all obstacles to the full and appropriate implementation of the mandate of UNAMID, including by ensuring their safety and freedom of movement; and in this regard requires the Government of the Sudan to comply fully and without delay with the agreement on the special status",
"12. Demands that UNAMID be licensed for the use of its own radio transmitter, in accordance with the provisions of the status-of-forces agreement, to enable it to communicate freely with all Darfur stakeholders;",
"13. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to report to the General Assembly every 90 days on the progress made in the implementation of the UNAMID mandate throughout Darfur, including the progress made in the implementation of the strategy referred to in paragraph 3, and the obstacles that impede it, and to include an assessment of the progress with respect to the parameters and indicators set out in annex II to the report of the Secretary-General of 16 November 2009 on the security and humanitarian situation, including",
"14. Demands that all parties to the conflict in Darfur immediately cease violence, attacks on the civilian population, peacekeepers and humanitarian personnel, and comply with their obligations under international humanitarian law and international human rights law; affirms, in this context, the condemnation of the Council of serious violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights law; calls for the immediate cessation of hostilities; and that all parties undertake a more effective ceasefire",
"15. Expresses its serious concern at the deterioration of the humanitarian situation in some areas of Darfur, the continuing threats to humanitarian organizations and the restriction of humanitarian access to Darfur as a result of increased insecurity, attacks on humanitarian workers and denial of access by the parties to the conflict, calls for full implementation of the communiqué of the Government of the Sudan and the United Nations on the facilitation of humanitarian activities in Darfur, including the provision of safe visas and permits;",
"16. Condemns human rights violations in Darfur and in relation to Darfur, including arbitrary arrests and arrests, expresses deep concern at the situation of persons in such detention, including members of civil society and internally displaced persons, and emphasizes the importance of ensuring the capacity of UNAMID, within the framework of its current mandate, and of other relevant organizations to monitor such cases; calls upon the Government of the Sudan to fully implement its obligations and",
"17. Notes that the conflict in one area of the Sudan affects other areas of the Sudan and the wider region, and urges close coordination between United Nations missions in the region, including UNAMID, the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) and the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), and requests the Secretary-General to ensure effective inter-mission cooperation;",
"18. Stresses the importance of achieving dignified and durable solutions for refugees and internally displaced persons and ensuring their full participation in the planning and management of such solutions, requires all parties to the Darfur conflict to establish conditions conducive to the voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced persons, or their local integration; notes the potentially encouraging news of the voluntary return of some internally displaced persons to their villages and localities of origin,",
"19. Notes that security and freedom of movement will greatly facilitate initial recovery and return to normal in Darfur; stresses the importance of initial recovery efforts in Darfur where interventions are appropriate and, in this regard, encourages UNAMID, within its current mandate, to facilitate the work of the United Nations country team and of the expert agencies on the initial recovery and reconstruction of Darfur, through means such as the establishment of the Sudan;",
"20. Commends the outcome of the International Conference on Water in Darfur, held in Khartoum on 27 and 28 June 2011, as a measure to achieve sustainable peace, and calls upon UNAMID, in accordance with its mandate, and all other United Nations agencies, in particular UNICEF, UNDP and UNEP, as well as international actors and donors, to fulfil their commitments at that conference;",
"21. Expresses deep concern at the persistence of localized conflicts and violence and its impact on the civilian population, while in this context it notes a reduction in inter-tribal clashes and calls upon all parties to put an end to such clashes and to seek reconciliation; expresses deep concern at the proliferation of weapons, in particular small arms and light weapons; and in this regard requests UNAMID to continue to monitor the related local mechanisms,",
"22. Demands that the parties to the conflict immediately take appropriate measures to protect civilians, especially women and children, against all forms of sexual violence, in accordance with resolution 1820 (2008); and requests UNAMID to submit a report on sexual violence and gender-based violence, as well as to assess the progress achieved in eliminating these types of violence, and further emphasizes the need to include the protection of women and sexual violence (2008)",
"23. Requests the Secretary-General to ensure (a) the continued monitoring of and reporting on the situation of children in the reports referred to in paragraph 13, and (b) the continuation of the dialogue with the parties to the conflict with the aim of preparing time-bound action plans to end the recruitment and use of child soldiers and other violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights standards in relation to children;",
"24. Requests the Secretary-General to regularly review and update the concept of operations and rules of engagement of UNAMID in accordance with the mandate of the mission, as set out in the relevant Security Council resolutions, and to report to the Security Council and troop-contributing countries, as part of the reports referred to in paragraph 13 of the present resolution;",
"25. Decides to remain seized of the matter."
] |
[
"Orden del día provisional de la 6597ª sesión del Consejo de Seguridad",
"Que se celebrará el viernes 29 de julio de 2011, a las 18.00 horas",
"1. Aprobación del orden del día.",
"2. Informes del Secretario General sobre el Sudán",
"Informe del Secretario General sobre la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur (S/2011/422)."
] | [
"Provisional agenda for the 6597th meeting of the Security Council",
"To be held on Friday, 29 July 2011, at 6 p.m.",
"1. Adoption of the agenda.",
"2. Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan",
"Report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (S/2011/422)."
] | S_AGENDA_6597 | [
"Provisional agenda for the 6597th meeting of the Security Council",
"To be held on Friday, 29 July 2011, at 6 p.m.",
"1. Adoption of the agenda.",
"2. Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan",
"Report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (S/2011/422)."
] |
Subsets and Splits